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UNIVERSITY OF-
MASSACHUSETTS

AMHERST, MASS.

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ENT:?KEP .47? JHB POST OFFICE, MEDINA, OHIO, AS SECOND-Ci.ASS MATTER.

GLEANINGS t:s BEE CULTURE.

jAJf.

-A.iD"VEi^xiSE:R/a:E i>3rTS-

We require that eveiy advertiser satisfy us of re-
sponsibility and intention to do all that he agrees,
and that his goods are really worth the price asked
for them.

Rates for Advertisements.

All advertisements will be inserted at the rate of
20 cents per line. Nonpareil space, each insertion ;
13 lines of Nonpareil space make 1 inch. Discounts
will be made as follows:
On 10 lines an^. upward, 3 insertions, .5 percent; 6

insertions, 10 per cent; 9 insertions, 15 per cent;

13 insertions, 20 per cent; 24 insertions, 25 per cent.
On 50 lines (!4 column) and upward, 1 insertion, 5 per

cent; 3 insertions, 10 per cent; 6 insertions, 15 per

cent; 9 insertions, 30 per cent; 13 insei-tions,25 per

cent; 24 insertions, 33}a per cent.
On 100 lines (whole column) and upward, 1 insertion,

10 per cent; 3 insertions, 15 per cent; 6 insertions,

20 per cent; 9 insertions, 25 percent; 12 insertions,

SS}^ per cent; 34 insertions, 40 per cent.
On 200 lines (whole page), 1 insertion, 15 per cent; 3

insertions, 20 per cent; 6 insertions, 35 per cent; 9

insertions, 30 per cent; 13 Insertions, 40 per cent;

24 insertions, 50 per cent. A. I. Root.

piLiTJBEIl^Gh LIST.

We will send Gleanings—

With the American Bee-Journal, W'y (fl.OO)

$1.75

With the Bee-keepers' Magazine, (1.00)

1.75

With the Bee-keepers' Guide, ( ..50)

1.40

With the Canadian Bee Journal, W'y (I.OO)

1,90

With all of the above journals.

4.25

With American Agriculturist, (*1..50)

3.25

With American Garden. (*1.00)

1..5(l

With the British Bee-Journal, (1.40)

2 25

With Prairie Farmer, (3.00)

2.75

With Rural New-Yorker, (3.00)

2.90

With Scientific American, (3.30)

3..50

With Ohio Farmer, (1.35)

3,00

With Fruit Recorder and Cottage Gard'r, ( ..50)

1.40

With U. S. Official Postal Guide, (1.50)

3.35

With Sunday-School Times, weekly, (2.00)

3.25

lAbove Rates include all Postage in U. S. and Canada.1

HEADQUARTERS FOR

Imported and home-bred ; nuclei and full colonies.
For quality and purity, my stock of bees can not be
excelled in the United States. I make a specialty
of manufacturing the Dunham foundation. Try it.
If you wish to purchase Bees or Supplies, send for
my new Circular containing directions for introduc-
ing queens, remarks on the new races of Bees, etc.

Address
Itfd Dr. J. P.H. BROWW, Augusta, Ga.

FliAT

BOTTOjn come foundation.

High side-walls, 4 to 14 square feet to
the pound. Circular and samples free.

J. VAN DEUSEN &SONS.

4tfd Sole Manufacturers,

SPROUT BROOK. MONT. CO., N. Y.

TESTED QUEENS, $2.00. Untested, «1.00. 4-frame nu-
clei, $3..50 and *4.,50. Mississippi wax-extractor,
$3.00. OSCAR F. BLEDSOE, Grenada, Miss. 3tfd

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. Sbtfd

VANDERVORT
COMB FOUFDATIOF MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
2tfdb JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

Cash for Beeswax!

Will pay 20c per lb. cash, or 25c in trade for any
quantity of good, fair, average beeswax, delivered
at our R. R. station. The same will be sold to those
who wish to purchase, at 28c per lb., or 35c for best
selected wax.

Unless you put your name on the box, and notify
us by mail of amount sent. 1 can not hold myself
responsible for mistakes. It will not pay as a gen-
eralthing to send wa.x bv e.vpresft.

A. 1. l.CCT, Medina, Ohio.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

Read what J. I. Parent, of
ChakIjTon, N. Y., says — "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chaff
hives with 7 inch cap, 100 honey
racks, .500 broad fi-ames, 2,000
honey-boxes and a great deal of
other work. This winter we
have double the amount of bee
hives, etc., to make and we ex-
IK'ct to do it all with this Saw.
Jt will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List Free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, 68 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.
5tfd

' PATENT

Foundation

Mills ,g'nii

W.e.PELHAM

MAYSVILLE,KY.

RUBBEE STAMPS

DATING, ADDRESSING, BUSINESS,
LETTER HEADS, ETC.

No. 3.

Address only, like
No. 1, $1..50; with busi-
ness card, like No. 2,
$2.00 ; with movable
months and flguresf or
dating, like No.3,S!3.00.
Full outfit included—
pads, ink, box, etc.
Sent by mail postpaid.
Without ink and pads,
50 cts. less.

Put your stamp on
every card, letter, pa-
per, liook, or anything
else that you may send
out by mail or express
and you will save your-
self and all who do business with you a " world of
trouble." I know, you see.

We have those suitable for druggists, grocery-
men, hardware dealers, dentists, etc. Send for cir-
cular. A. I. Root, Medina, O.

No.

1886

GLEAKINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

25

Contents of this Number.

Alsike Clover 5

Ants, Red 24

Banner Apiary 5

Bees by the Pound 5

Bees Eating Clay 9

Bees from Egg in 17 Days 16

Bees. Smothering with Ice.. .28

Bee-disease. Nameless 29

Bohemian Oats 30

Buried Alive 17

C.vlifornia, Tempeiature of. 23

Cary's Memoriara II

Cellar, Temperature of 22

Clipping Wing,-; 16

Combs. Reversing 5

Comb Honey, To Keep 5

Contraetioa 8

Conventions 33

Cook's Article 14

Cornell's Report 19

Cotters and Hooks 7

Cows in .\piary 28

Detroit Convention [5

Doolittle's Article 13

Doubling up 18

Drones, Rearing Good Ones. 6

Editorials 31

Egg-laying of Queens 14

Eggs not Hatching 15

Eggs, Artificial 9

Eight or Ten Frames? 8

False Statements 6

Few or Many Colonies? 13

Foundation 5

Frames from Upper Stor.y. . .12

Gould's Poem 27

Hart's Report 30

Hawk's Park 17

Heads of Grain 24

Hives, Disturbing 16

Hives, Hilton's 28

Honey and Grape Sugar 25

Honey for Embalming 15

Honey Column 4

Honey-market of New York. 8

Introducing 14

Jane Meek & Bro iO

KindWords 31

Lake Superior 25

Milkweed. Plea for -H

Mica for Veils 27

Moths 24

Moths, To Raise 27

Mrs. Cotton 27

Notes and Queries 10

Preparing for Winter 15

Queens Hatching Suddenl.y . .13

Queens, Two in Hive 16

Races, Different, 6

Reports Encouraging 29

Report of C. C. Miller 22

Reversing Devices '28

Screens for Fish 10

Sections. Glassed 5

Sections, Size of 'i6

Sorghum, Scorched 24

Stahl'sReport 10

Sugar Syrup, to Make 5

Sweet Clover, No Nectar 26

Temperature of the Earth.. .10

Tile, Laying 17

Trout Culture 28

Wax-Extractors, Solar... 16, 23

Wheat Chaff 16

Wintering, Questions about. 26
Wintering in Cellar 6

CATALOGUES RECEIVED FOR 1886.

G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown, Wis., send us an
18-page catalogue, fully illustrated; specialties,
bee-hives and section boxes.

Smith & Goodell, Rock Falls, 111., send an 8-page
circular; specialties, hives and section boxes.

We have just printed tor P. L. Viallon, Bayou
Goula, La., a 4 - page supplemental catalogue, con-
taining changes since his catalogue for 1885 was
sent out.

For J. D. Rusk, Milwaukee, Wis., we have just
printed a 4-page list of bee-supplies.

As we go to press we are printing for G. W. Stan-
ley & Bro., Wyoming, N. Y., a one-page circular.
Gleanings size, relative to their automatic ex-
tractor, and smokers.

For F. Boomhower, Gallupville, N. Y., we are also
pi'inting a 13-page list of hives, sections, etc.

irr^D C A T 17 Five pair fine Pekin ducks, at

run Oill^Ci. «4.00 per pair.

Itfdb D. D. FARNSWORTH, Clive, Polk Co., Iowa.

FOR SALE.— 2000 lbs. of extracted honey, in kegs
of 160 lbs. each. Quality of honey first class. I
will deliver, freight paid, to parties within 800 miles
for 8 and 9 cts. per lb. ('HAS. T. GEROULD,
East Sniithfleld, Bradford Co., Pa.

Recent Additions to the Counter Store.

Postage.] [Pr. of 10, of 100

TEN-CENT COUNTER.

9 I SGEAP-ALBUU. Size, 9x11, 13 pages | 80 | 7 50

These neatly made scrap-books are getting to be quite a
plaything for the children, and they may be made quite con-
venient and instructive for the older people. I u.'se one for
clipping such articles as I want to preserve from the various
agricultural papers, and have them safe and secure; and the
book is a handsome piece of furniture, even if it does cost on-
l.y a dime.

FIFTY-CENT COUNTER.
10 I BtJTCHEE-KNIFE. J. Russell &Co.'sbest

hand forged steel. Blade 9 in. long.. | 4 00 | 35 00
A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

p<%n Cjalp Two steam-engines. The twoengines
r Ul OalCi advertised on page 808, Issue for Dec.
1, are not sold up to date. The engines must be
sold. How much do I hear bid? Engines are all in
good running order. I will pay freight one way to
any one who will come and buy one or both of
said engines. J. B. MURRAY,

Id Ada, Hardin Co., Ohio.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any of the following departments, at a uniform
price of 30 cents each insertion, or $3.00T)er year,
when given once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names inserted in this de}Mrtr)icnt the first time with-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anj'thiug of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatient of such dela.v as may be unavoidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sends the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will probably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa. Itf
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. Itfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. Itfd

*Win. Ballantine, Mansfield, Rich. Co., O. Ufd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. 21tfd
*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Ala. Itfd

*S. C. Perry, Portland, Ionia Co., Mich. 21tfd

*E. T. Lewis, Toledo, Lucas Co., O. 3-1

S. H. Hutchinson & Son, Claremont, Surry Co., Va.

5-3
*E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. 23tfd
D. McKenzie, Camp Parapet, Jeff. Parish, La. Itfd
Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp. Co., N.C.

Itfd
G. F. Smith, Bald Mount, Lack'a Co., Pa, 31tfd

Jos. Byrne, Baton Rouge, Lock Bo.x 5,

East Baton Rouge Par., La. 21tfd

Hive Manufacturers.

DACAITT'S F07KSATI0K rACT0B7, WHOLESALE andBETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3btfd

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.

A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. ]tfd
C. W. Costellow,"Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
Kennedy & Leahy, Higginsville,Laf. Co., Mo. 23tfd
E. T. Lewis, Toledo, Lucas Co., Ohio. 3-1

H. F. Moeller, cor. 5th st. and Western Ave.,

Davenport, la. 3-1
E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. 23tfd
C. P. Bish, Petrolia, Butler Co., Pa. 15-1

CONTRACTS WANTED

-WITH-

SUPPLY DEALERS

FOR NEXT SEASON'S STOCK OF GOODS.

CHAFF, STORY AND HALF CHAFF, AND SIM-
PLICITY HIVES, SMOKERS, EXTRACTORS,
COMB FOUNDATION, FRAMES, SEC-
TIONS, BOOKS, ETC.,

At wholesale and retail. Unexcelled facilities.
Circulars and estimates free. Successors to S. C. &
J. P. Watts. Sta. Kerrmore, B. C. C, & S. W. R .R.

WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Itfdb.

'TT'i^Xy ^ ZS T XT Eureka Safety Engine
JrV^XV ^^■ni.L^M-^m and boiler, 4 horse-power.
l-2d. A. A. Fkadenburo, Port Washington, O.

GLEANJKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

P0NEY Gdmm-

CITY MARKETS.

New York.— Ho7iej/.— The market for comb hon-
ey in this city is very inactive, which we attribute
to the continued warm weather, in consequence of
which, prices are g-radually shading. We quote
prices at present as follows: Fancy white comb
honey, 1-lb. paper cartons, 14®15c; same glassed or
unglassed, 13@14c. 2-lb. cartons, glassed, 10%(a;13c;
same unglassed, 13(§il3c. Fancy buckwheat comb
honey, 1-lb. paper cai-tons, ll@13c; same in 3-pound
paper cartons, WfllOc. Extracted, white clover,
6'/^(§i8c; buckwheat, 5;4@6i/2.

MCCAUL & HiLDRETH BROS.,

Dec. 23, 1885. 3t Hudson St.. New York, N. Y.

New York.— Honey.— There is still a good de-
mand for all grades of comb honey. Receipts are
few and small, as the bulk of honey has been sent
to market. We quote: Fancy white, 1-lb. sections,
14@1.5c; 2-lb. sections, ll(gil3c. Olf grades, 1-lb. sec-
tions, 12(a;13c; 3-lb. sections, 10(g 11. Buckwheat, 1-
Ib. sections, ll(a;13c; 3-lb. sections, 10^,11. Extract-
ed, white, 6'/4@7i4; buckwheat, SiaCaBc.

Thurber, Whyland & Co..

Dec. 21, 1885. Reade & Hudson Sts., New York.

Chicago.— Houejy.— Our stock of best grade of
white comb honey is low; and now that a thaw is
promised by the weather-prophets, it would be a
good time to ship honey. One-pound sections bring
16c; 1^4 to 1/2 to21b8., 13(5>-15. Extracted is also in
demand at from 6@8c, according to quality and
color. Beeswax, 2b^26c. R. A. Burnett,

Dec. 21, 1885. 161 S. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cincinnati.- Honey.— There is no change in

f)rices since our last. The stock seems to accuniu-
ate on the market, while demand is exceedingly
slow. Beeswax.— Thar Q is a fair demand for bees-
wax, with no change in prices.
Dec. 33, 1885. Chas. F. Muth,

S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

St. Louis.— Ho?iej/.— Our honey market is quiet.
Southern, in barrels, S&SVic. Northern, in kegs,
about 7c. Combhoney, white-clover, 1.5(516. Fancy,
worth more. Dark honey hard to sell — normal.
Beeswax, 22'/i@23 for choice.

Dec. 23, 1885. W. T. Anderson & Co.,

104 N. 3d Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Boston.— Honey.-Best 1-pound sections, 14@16;
best 2-pound sections, 12@14. Slow sale. No de-
mand for extracted. Blake & Ripley,

Dec. 21, 1885. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Western headquarters for bee-men'^ supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clanii)S, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
22 31db Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

MV^B W^ILL SELL

Chaff hives complete, with lower frames, for $2.5T;
in flat, $1.50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicitj' hives. Section Boxes, Comb Fdn., arid
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have naw
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Itullau Bees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 23 22db

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

NEWFOUNDLAND PUPS

For sale, $10.00 apiece. Beautiful little fellows-
children's best friend in times of trouble. Address
3, 24,ld. A. J. NORRIS, CEDAR FALLS, IOWA.

MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

SQUARE GLASS HONEY-JARS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, &c., &e.
PERFECTION COIiD- BLAST SMOKERS,

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

LOOK HERE!

To introduce my strain of pure bright Italians,
equal to any in the United States, I will offer
tested queens, fl.OO each; extra fine, selected,
$1.50 each; one-frame nucleus, consisting of one
extra select queen, one frame of brood, >4 lb. bees,
for $2.00. If you want any bees, send me 'your ad-
dress on postal and 1 will send you sample by re-
turn mail. Beeswax or honey taken in exchange.
22ttdb TH<».TIAS HORN,

Box 691, Slierburne, Chen. Co., N. Y.

Bee -Hives, Sections,

FOUNDATION, ETC.

WBTH a capacity of 7000 square feet of floor, we
claim the best facilities for furnishing Supplies,
in the southeast. OUR NEIV FACTORY IS
KQUIPVEB with the best and latest improved
Machinery, which enables us to furnish our goods
"up to the times." and will furnish all kinds at
very reasonable prices. Parties needing Sup-
plies would do well to see our Price List before buy-
ing.

S. VALENTINE & SON,

21tfd HAGERSrOWN, MB.

AUTOMATIC HONEY - EXTRACTOR

Is acknowledged by all practical bee-keepers to be
the best honey-extractor made. Strongly indorsed
by A. I. Root, L. C. Root, A. J. Cook, Ira Barber,
.Tames Heddon, and hundreds of other prominent
bee-keepers throughout the world. Send at once
for our new circular, with cut and full description.

Address C. W. STANLEY & BRO.,
Id Wyoming, N. Y.

LEGS AND ARMS

(AKTinCIAL)

WITH RUBBER HANDS AND FEEL

Tii« Most Katural, Com.
fortable ai.d Durable.

THOUSANDS IN USE.

New ratcnts and Impor

tant Jinprovemenls.
Special attention given to

SOLDIERS,

)I11. Pamphlet of 160 Pages
SENT FREE.

A. A. MAEKS,

701 Broadway, New York.

Please mention this paper.

Oldest Bee Paper in America— Estahlished in 1861.

AMERICAN BEE JODBNAL,

16-pagc Weekly— $1.00 a year.

Sample Free. THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON,

925 West Madison Street, Clilcago, 111.

WANTED.— Situation on salary or shares from
some bee-keeper. Have had 7 years' experi-
ence. E. Sandford, Nokomis, IIL

Vol. XIV.

JAN. 1, 1880.

No. 1.

2C?Dlfsf'oV«'l^9r<!'V«r«9'7^Vf^^«rnn'1 F^fnhh'ahprl in 1^7'R < Clubs to different postoflloes. not l
loZ7Zre^fcu:iJ^U.%i^^^^^^^ ^^T^f^OaSnea m l d id. I thanSOcts. each. Sent postpaid.ln

r -•.- .jj.,. . , . . -.1. PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

' LESS

postpaid, In the
at^club r-'^ii"°^l„*e/'"^-^ may be made [ p^'blisi.ed semi-monthly by \ trie's oftife'^SnivlrsJi^pSi'talCniolirZ-

! per year extra.

NOTES FBOM THE BANNER APIARY.

NO. 73.

OR, TO BE MORE EXACT ABOUT THE FACT, NOTES
, FROM THE DETROIT CONVENTION.

SECTIONS.

TN the east, glassed sections sell better than un-
M g-lassed; but Western people object to paying
ll 15 cts. a pound for useless glass. The market
-*- demands sections of different sizes; but the
one-pound leads the van. Spruce and poplar
should be substituted for basswood, as they are
harder, and it " saves the basswood."

FOUNDATION VS. EMPTY FRAMES.

Have small brood-nests, put only starters in the
brood-frames when you hive a swarm. Try it, ye
doubters.

EXTRACTED HONEY LOSES ITS FLAVOR

by being exposed to the air.

KEEPING CO.MB HONEY.

Comb honey can be licpt by having it in a dry
warm atmosphere. Have no pollen in it, and the
moth will not trouble it. The fumes of burning
sulphur settle. Have the honey at the bottom of
the room. Set fire to the sulphur by throwing into
it a hot iron.

50 LBS. OF SUGAR SYRUP.

Two parts sugar and one water, fed to a colony of
bees in the fall, will enable them to build combs in
empty frames, store the syrup, and winter v/ell
in a cellar.

ALSIKE CLOVER

can be grown at a profit, as a hon«y-plant, on land
worth $50 per acre. It has yielded more than $25
worth of seed per acre. Sow the seed of honey-
producing plants, those that produce honey alone,
upon waste places only.

BEES BY THE POUND

should not be gorged with honey, and, when shipped,
should be furnished with "Good" cand3^ and kept
out of the sun. To secure good results, the bees
should be young and the apiarist skillful.

BEE-STINGS, GLOVES, CLOTHING.

Cut off the ends of the fingers of rubber gloves;
it allows the sweat to escape. They are then more
comfortable, and last longer. Wear smooth cloth-
ing, singe the hairs from the hands and wrists, and
the number of stings received will be lessened.

COMB FOUNDATION.

If the wax is the same, the "make" of fdn. has
but little to do with its acceptance by the bees.
Com.b drawn from fdn. is tougher than natural
comb, hcuce the fdn. in surplus honey should be
very thin. Roller-mills can make thin fdn. if the
wax is not sheeted thin; presses can not. Fdn.
that has been closely boxed is hardened but little
by age. Soaking old fdn. in warm water will re-
move the bluish color that it has acquired, and
make it soft.

BEE-KEEPING AS A BUSINESS.

Whether bee-keeping " pays " as compared with
other business, depends upon the " other " business.
If one can make more at some other business, then
it doesn't "pay;" if not, then it does. Each one
must take every thimj into consideration, and decide
for himself.

REVERSING COMBS.

Besides the oft-repeated advantages of reversing
combs, there is now claimed the additional one of
its discouraging swarming by enlarging the brood
capacity of the hive, and sending the honey into
the surplus apartment. If inverted at the right
time, queen-cells will be destroyed. Mr. Heddon
has invented a reversible hive and section-case.

B

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

Jan.

WINTERING BEES IN CELLARS.

The temperature of our bee-cellars can be kept
higher than we have generally supposed. From 60°
to 90° have given excellent results. With a high
temperature, no absorbents are needed. A damp
cellar requires a higher temperature than a dry
cellar. But little ventilation is needed. Bee-bread
in the hives does no harm, if the conditions are such
that the bees do not eat it; and it appears that a
high temperature is one of the conditions. In a
warm cellar, bees will breed in the latter part of
the winter, and weak colonies thus become strong.
Prof. Cook explained that bees could breed without
taking pollen into their intestines; but Wm. F.
Clarke asserted (and was supported by Bro. Jones),
that the rearing of young was the harc1ci<t kind of
work, requiring the consumption of nitrogenous
food by the hees tJtcmselves.

DIFFERENT RACES OF BEES.

Pure Syrians and Cyprians are excellent bees for
warm countries, but not for Canada. When pure
races meet the requirements it is well to have them
in all their purity. Crosses between Italians and
Cyprians or Syrians, and between Carniolans and
Cyprians or Syrians, give the best result. The
blacks are excellent comb-builders, and keep the
honey out of the brood-nest.

TAKE PAINS IN REARING DRONES,

the same as in i-earing queens. Remember that
prepotency is on the male side.

PUT THE BROOD-COMBS CLOSE TOGETHER,

and it will " squeeze" the bees into the sections.
The combs can be close together as l^.i inches from
center to center. This also discourages the build-
ing of di-one-comb.

" ACCORDING TO NATURE."

This phrase has been a stumbling - block in the
way of advancement. It is not a question of " nat-
uralness," but it is, "all things considered, is it
best?"

If I have not, in the above brief notes, given the
proper expression of the convention, I hope to be
corrected. W. Z. Hutchinson, Sec.

Eogersville, Mich.

Friend H., you have given the sum and
substance of tlie principal points discussed
while I was present at the convention, and
we owe you a vote of thanks for having suc-
ceeded in boiling it down so well, only you
have got it a little too brief, if aiw thiiig. I
would remind our friends that tne conclu-
sions arrived at which you have, I believe,
truthfully reported, were, at least many of
them, decided upon only by prolonged and
exhaustive discussion ; and the intelligence
that was brought to bear on these subjects,
and such keen, strong intellects that grasped
the different points, are not often brought
together in one meeting. I was not present
when the point you mention, ''According to
Nature," was discussed ; but 1 have often
felt what you express there. We do not
manage bees according to nature, nor straw-
berries, nor anything else, nowadays; but
we make even the frost and the snow, the
thunderbolt and the torrents, do our bid-
ding ; and who shall say that we may not
some time, after a feeble fashion, perhaps,
make the winds and the waves obey us,
something in the way they obeyed the Mas-
ter in olden time?

FALSE STATEMENTS IN REGARD TO THE HON-
EY BUSINESS OF OUR COUNTRY.

As a protection to our bee-keeping population, we propose in
tliis department to publish the names of newspapers that per-
sist in publishing false statements in regard to the purity of
honey which we as bee-keepers put on the market.

ARTIFICIAL EGGS AS WELL AS ARTIFICIAL COMB
HONEY.

TNCLOSED I send you a slip cut from the New-
11? York Trihiine of Dec. 1.5th, in regard to artificial
^l eggs. As things artificial are being much dis-
"*" cussed, and as some claim that a poultry-yard
is a necessary auxiliar.y to an apiary, I inclose
the above, hoping that, if you find it interesting, I
shall hear your views in regard to it in Gleanings.

Yonkers, N. Y., Dec. 10, 1W5. G. Wiederhold.

Friend W., I am very much obliged to you
for the slip inclosed. Since you sent it, it
has been copied widely into other papers. I
will make a few extracts for the benefit of
our readers :

In the back room of a Broadway office a curious
invention was exhibited yesterday to several pro-
vision dealers and merchants. The invention con-
sisted of a number of artificial eggs, which re-
sembled the real article so exactly that none but an
expert could distinguish them. The shells were
made of a clear, transparent composition, and the
shape was perfectly modeled. The portion sur-
rounding the yolk was made of albumen, and the
yolk itself ot ground carrot and satfron. Three of
these artificial eggs were placed on a platter by the
exhibitor with half a dozen real ones, and the men
present were told to select the bogus ones from the
collection. The first expert exposed his ignorance
by picking out three real eggs and declaring them
to be artificial. The second, with a little better
luck, owing partly to his avoiding the three select-
ed by his unfortunate predecessor, managed to
pick out two of the real eggs and one of the arti-
licial ones. Thus with varying results each of the
six men tried his skill in determining the difference
between the eggs by their appearance. When
each had had a trial, and failed, the exhibitor said:

"Now, gentlemen, you can test them in another
way." A frying-pan was then placed on the stove,
and in a few minutes it began to simmer. Two of
the artificial eggs were picked up, their shells
brolten, and the contents dropped into the hot pan
where they soon began to simmer and sputter. A
little salt and pepper, a brisk two minutes' stirring
Avith a fork, and as fine a dish of scrambled eggs as
could be prepared at a restaurant was placed before
the expectant guests.

" Help yourselves, gentlemen. They are as good
as the real article. Nothing poisonous or disagree-
able about them."

This invitation Avas complied with at once, and
the several verdicts were: "Delicious," "Better
than the real article," " What are they made of ?"
"They are not artificial, but fresh eggs from the
country."

" Well, gentlemen," smilingly responded the ex-
hibitor, " whether real or artificial, 1 can make any
quantity of those eggs at a cost of about half a
cent apiece, while you can not bu.y their equal for
less than two or three cents. You have just had
proof that you can not tell them from the real
article by their appearance or by their taste when
scrambled. In an omelette there is equally no per-
ceptible difference, but vvhen boiled the imposition
is much more easily detected. But even then nine
people out of ten would be deceived, as the only
difference lies in the fact that the yolk and sui--
rounding white portion will not harden separately
as they do in the real egg. The flavor is about the
same, which after all should be the main considera-
tion. It is my intention to put these artificial eggs
on the market soon, and my object in inviting you
here to-day was to make you favorably impressed
with them. I think I have done it. Good-day,
gentlemen."

Of course, the above is a newspaper can-
ard, and nothing else ; but I do think the
N. Y. Tribune might draw a little stronger

1886

glp:xVxings in bee culture.

line between truth and fiction. As if to mis-
lead such of their readers as might not read-
ily comprehend the above sell and joke, they
go on in the same article as follows :

There is some stir in Paterson over a theory
entertained by some provision-dealers that some-
body has been imposing- on them with artificial
eggs. Garrett Onderdonk, a farmer from Rockland
County, N. Y., came into Paterson on Saturday with
a lot of eggs which he sold to various dealers.
George W. Saunders, a grocer, bought some, and
found, as he alleges, that they were not genuine,
as they had been represented to be. Saunders went
before the Recorder and made a comi)laint against
Onderdonk, alleging that the eggs were sold as fresh
country eggs, whereas they were what are known
in the trade as " pickled eggs," and that thereby a
law of the State of New Jersey against the sale of
adulterated food products was violated, the eggs
having been treated by some peculiar process so as
to look like a recent barnyard product. Onderdonk
was arrested and pleaded guilty, and Recorder
Greaves fined him S.50, which Onderdonk paid and
left the city. He has not returned since.

But, what has this transaction to do with
artificial eggs V Why, nothing at all, of
course ; but the Cleveland Leader of Dec. 16
lays hold of it, and then announces :

In our telegraphic columns will be found an ac-
count of the arrest and punishment of a man who
pretended to be a Rockland Co., N. Y., granger, and
sold to Paterson, N. J., merchants several dozen bo-
gus eggs. The shells were made of a transparent
composition, and were perfect in shape; the whites
of albumen, and the yolks of ground carrots and
saffron. In boiling, the bogus character of the eggs
was easily seen, but it is evident that the imitation
was a very good one.

This is a fair illustration of the way in
which unscrupulous editors pass about these
fraudulent statements. T am glad they have
got to telling such abominable falsehoods
that any one of good common sense knows
better. At our teachers' meeting a few
nights ago our minister made the remark,
that when people commence telling false-
hoods about us if we let them alone they
will soon overstep the mark so far that no
one will believe them, thereby killing what
influence they possessed themselves; or, if
you choose, branding themselves as liars,
without any necessity for the innocent party
to say a word. It seems as if it were going
to turn out so in this case. And now I have
been wondering if it were not about time
for bee-keepers to write to editors who have
been publishing these statements, and give
them to understand that we as a body of
bee-keepers propose to refuse to subscribe to
any paper that gives place to these slander-
ous statements. If they have been giving
place to them innocently or by falsehood, is
it going too far to demand that they recall
or contradict the slanders cast upon us ? I
hardly need say, that it is beyond the power
of man to make any thing that could be
called even a tolerable imitatiem of an egg.
The stories in regard to it now going through
the press are a disgrace to an enlightened
nation. One editor, as if to shame his co-
temporaries, has already announced that
these artificial eggs are not as yet rjidte capa-
ble of being hatched into chickens, but that
the inventor thinks he will fetch even that in
a. few days!

Later.— The following is sent us by one
of our subscribers, who clipped it from the
Cincinnati Commercial :

ARTIFICIAL EGGS.

New Yobs, pec. 15.=-A number of dealers in eggs

and produce in Paterson were called on, Saturday
last, by a man representing himself as Garrett On-
derdonk, of Rockland Co., N. Y. He sold each a
load of fresh country eggs at a remarkably low fig-
ure. The eggs were delivered by another man, to
whom the dealers refused payment. Yesterday
Onderdonk called for his money, but was arrested,
under an act prohibiting the sale of adulterated
food. He i>leaded guilty, whereupon he was fined
$50.00 and costs. This he paid promptly, and left the
city without attempting to collect for the eggs de-
livered. He admitted to several dealers that the
eggs were artificial, and were manufactured by a
firm in Newark, whose name he declined to disclose.
The shells were made of a clear, transparent compo-
sition, and the shape was perfectly modeled. The
portion surrounding the yolk was made of albumen,
and the yolk itself of ground carrot and saffron.

Onderdonk was simply arrested and fined
for selling stale eggs ; the Leader changes it
to "several dozen ''^ artificial eggs, and the
Conunercial iumps to a ''load "to each of a
'' number of dealers.''''

SPRINGCOTTERS AND GIMLET-POINT-
ED HOOKS.

SOME USEFUL HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES.

SPRING COTTER, OR LINCH-PIX.

no has not felt the need of a better
*•' linch-pin," not only for children's
carts, wagons, and carriages, but for
different kinds of agricultural ma-
chinery y A bent wire is often used,
but it is not strong, and gets twisted, and
drops out, and then something must be pro-
cured as a substitute. A nail is driven, and
this either drops out again, or splits the
axle. If you try to bend it over it breaks off,
and is unsatisfactory any way. A wire nail
does better, for it can be bent so as to pre-
vent dropping out ; but this same bending
property makes it bend when you don't want
it to, allowing the wheel to wabble, etc.
The cut adjoining ^„.^ fc"-^

shows what is call-
ed a spring cotter.
It is made of tem-
pered steel wire,
shuts up easily with the fingers when you
wish to put it into the hole, but springs open
again so it can neither rattle nor drop out.
1 found them in the price list of a wire-goods
circular, and we have procured and now
keep in stock 10 different sizes, length as fol-
lows : 1 inch, H inch light, U inch heavy, \i
in. light, H inch heavy. If inch light, 2i inch
heavy, 2i inch light, 2i inch heavy, and 8
inch heavy. The first 6 are sold at 10 for 5
cts. ; the next 3 are sold at 5 for 5 cts., and
the largest size at 3 cts. each. This last is
just right to fill a i-inch hole.
Besides the above, we find, in the same
catalogue, gimlet-
pointed wire hooks
whichwe illustrate
in the cut adjoin-
ing. We keep all
of these in stock,
4 sizes — H inches
long, 2 inches. Si inches, and H. The first
two are JO for 5 cts.; the next largest, 6 for 5
cts.; largest size, 3 cents each. The largest
size would probably hold 500 lbs.; the small-
est size, perhaps 10 lbs. If these goods are
wanted by mail, add one-fourth the amount
for postage.

GIMLET-rOlNTED IlOoK.

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTUKE.

Jan.

EIGHT OB TEN FRAMES, "WHICH?

GOOD REASONS FOB PREFERRING THE LATTER;
CONTRACTING.

J^% EFORE this question drops out of discussion I
Oc wish to say a few words on the subject. For
""^l the two last seasons I have been testing hives
^^ of eight-fi-ame capacity. My ex])erience is
not extensive with such small brood-apart-
ments, but suflBcient to furnish a pointer in the
right direction. Since quite a small boy I have
kept an apiary of an average of 75 colonies. I am
now 43 years old. This gives me, as you see, a deal
of experience, especially when I tell you that I have
used hives holding all the way from one peck to five
bushels, and have used frames of nearly all shapes
and sizes.

About twelve years ago I settled down to the use
of a hive containing ten L. frames, which seems to
me to be the nearest the proper size of any other
for most localities. By the use of contractors,
suitable space may quickly be arranged to suit the
requirements of any size of colony; and by the use
of chaff division - boards, or contractors, made to
take the place of the two outer frames, the space is
reduced to the capacity of an eight-frame hive, and
that, too, without interfering with the size of the
surplus apartment. Cases and crates used for ten-
frame hives in the surplus apartment may also be
used on the so-arranged eight-frame hives, and no
confusion. So much argument was produced in
favor of eight-frame hives, I decided to reduce the
brood-apartment of a dozen hives to this number,
which was done by the before-described method.

During the first season's experience with these
hives, ray bees were at no time, by a good honey-
flow, led up to the swai-ming-point.

About the same amount of surplus was taken
from these eight-frame hives that was taken from
my ten-frame hives. By a close estimate the small
hives contained 9 lbs. less honey to begin the winter
on than the ten-frame hives had; and as no honey
was gathered the following season before June 10th
1 had to draw on the ten-frame hives for honey to
run the small hives through.

Here it may be well to remark, that as it is true
that farmers and nearly all beekeepers having less
or more bees, but making this branch of rural econ-
omy but a secondary matter, will be found negli-
gent in the care of their bees, and, in consequence,
would lose more extensively with hives of small
capacity. Hence it may be easily seen that even
the specialist must give more time, more labor, and
more frequent manipulations where small hives
are used.

As my second season's experience with the eight-
frame hives was even worse than the first, I soon
abandoned the use of them. Soon after the honey-
flow began, and just as my bees had made a fine
start in the sections, the swarming fever broke out
in the apiary, and within three days 11 of the 13
eight-frame hives had swarmed, while but one in
six of the ten-frame hives swarmed that season;
and as I wished to conduct my apiary as far as pos-
sible on the non-swarming principle, I at once was
out of conceit of hives of less capacity than ten
frames. There is a difference of opinion about this
matter of running bees on the asfar-as-possible-
non-swarming plan; but with me this plan is the
most profitable, and reduces the running expenses,
as well as the labor of the apiary, to the minimum.

If I may be indulged further I should be pleased
to say a few words on the question of

CONTRACTION.

Taking into consideration the extra time and
labor of, first, contracting the brood-nest to five or
six combs, at the time of putting on sections, trou-
ble in disposing of the extra combs removed, the ma-
terially lessened room leit immediately ahove hvooA-
combs for sections; and, second, the returning to
place combs that were taken away, cost of sugar,
preparation and feeding of same, expense of feed-
ers, etc., would the apiarist be any better off with
this system of management than he would be were
all the frames left undisturbed in the brood-apart-
ment throughout the year, and take what surplus
the bees were able to produce? I am of the opinion,
that, taking a number of years in succession, the
best results would be obtained by leaving all the
frames in their proper place. What can be gained
by forcing all the honey into the surplus receptacles,
to be extracted and sold in a hard market at 7 cents
per lb., "keg thrown in," then go home, buy sugar
at about the same price to feed up again for winter?
Yes, I've tried this too. Why not take just what
your bees can spare, stored in sections, or surplus
combs for the extractor, and, when removed, re-
place your slatted honey-board, put on quilt, then
chaft' cushion, and go away from them? They are
ready for the winter. J. A. Buchanan.

Holliday's Cove, W. Va., Dec. 10, 1885.

Friend B., although 1 have not experi-
mented as you have, I had come to the same
conckision you do, and for about the same
reasons. The greatest reason besides the
above is, that the eiglit-frame and ten-frame
Iiives could not be made interchangeable
when used on the Simplicity plan. I think
it would be a serious mistake to commence
making narrow hives.

THE HO-NEY-MARKET OF NEW YORK.

SINGLE-TIERED CRATES VERSUS THE DOUBLE-TIER-
ED; ADULTERATION OF FOOD.

JT^ URING my stay in New York I have taken
f\ cl some pains to look into the honey-trade of
"^1^ that city, and the results of my investiga-
^^ tions are as follows. Thurber, Whyland &
Co., have on hand from 50 to 60 tons of as
fine a lot of honey as I have seen. Messrs. McCaul
& Hildreth Bros., who give quotations of honey in
Gleanings, have about 35 tons. Something over
half of these lots of honey is comb honey, put up
in single-tiered crates; that is, those having but
one layer of sections. These crates are very sim-
ilar to the Heddon - Hutchinson style — a cut of
which appeared in the last issue, and do not hold
over 15 or 20 lbs. of honey. Neither of these firms
cares to handle honey in the double-tiered crates.
The reasons given by them for rejecting the double-
tiered crates are about as follows, and are similar
to those given by Heddon:

The sections are not as easily gotten out, are
more apt to be daubed, and during shipment are
not as liable to be broken. I am satisfied, from
conversation with these gentlemen, that the 48 or
50 lb. crate or case is undesii-able, being both un-
wieldy by reason of its weight, and not as salable
as the smaller package. It is no easy ta,sk to lift
a .50-lb. crate of honey to or from a wagon or car.
A smaller crate will always insure more careful

1885

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE

handling, and therefore be less liable to breakage.
Again, consumers prefer to buy the smaller pack-
ages to the larger. These reasons have already
been considered before, but are the opinions of the
largo wholesalers. Although honey is selling well
at present, these wholesalers state that it is diffi-
cult to conceive the amount of damage and per-
nicious effect these newspaper canards have had up-
on the trade. They can scarcely convince their
customers that their honey is the pure article, such
has been the effect of these sensational falsehoods
on the market of New York.

THE ADULTEK.4TION Of EGGS AND IIONEY.

Now that the papers have proven to their entire
satisfaction that comb honey can be successfully
manufactured, they come out, with unblushing
ignorance, with a sensation more ridiculous; name-
ly, the manufacture of eggs, a clipping of which I
sent, and appears in another column. You observe,
that they atif(((/Hf Uiat comb honey has been man-
ufactured, and that " Yankee ingenuity " (of which
we ought to feel so proud) has made another big
stride (?) in manufacturing the egg. They even
claim that not only the yolk and the white of the
egg have been imitated, but assert that the film
just outside, and adhering to the shell, has been
made. Then with apparent candor that savors of
the false statements of the honey trade, state that
these eggs can not be detected from the gen-
uine, except as they are boiled. In conversation
with a number of prominent New Yoik merchants
dealing in dairj' products, I learned, as I had ex-
pected, that the thing was a falsehood, and an utter
impossibility. Below will be found a clipping that
is just to the point— taken from Harper's ^Vecldy,
page 859 :

Of all things that are ridiculous one Avould least
like to believe that an artilicial egg can be made so
nearly resembling a hen's egg that a man will
break it. and put salt on it, and eat it with a spoon,
without suspecting that it was not laid by a hen.
Such eggs, ho^ve^■er. have been exhibited in this
citj'. according to (false) report, and it is declai-ed
that the.y can be made and sold at a profit for half a
cent apiece. It beats all; nothing is impossible if
this is true. Will it. however, be too much to ask
the inventor, after the world has become convinced
of the reality of the perfect imitation, to make a
new and more convenient style of shell for the
eggs intended for common use? The shells should
be a trifle tougher, if it is not impertinent to say so,
and should be made to unscrew, and be provided
with some sort of little antiphlogistic handles, so
that one may open them, when boiled, neatly and
without pain.

Now, if the same inventors referred to in the
above will turn their miraculous genius (?) to man-
ufacturing an article of comb honey whose cells
will be like india-rubber, will not melt down, break,
smash, or leak, and yet retain the appearance of
comb honey, they will confer an everlasting boon
on humanity. We shall then have eggs that " un-
screw," honey that won't smash. If said papers
continue at this astounding rate, " Yankee in-
genuity " will produce artificial fish, oysters, lob-
sters, and what not at a very small cost. I do not
mean to condemn all newspapers. They have their
legitimate place, and are almost indispensable to
the public; but when they meddle with business
that they know nothing of, I think it is time to pro-
test. No doubt milk and butter have been adulter-
ated to some extent, and it is proper that such
frauds should be shown up; but it is not a fair con-
clusion to infer that all other foods are adulterated
as well. Ernest K, Boot.

Passaic, N, J-, PP?. 34, 1885,

BEES EATING CLAY.

ALSO SOME KIND WORDS FROM AN OLD FRIEND,

FOR GLEANINGS AND HIS BROTHER

BEE-KEEPERS.

TT is now nearly half a century since I coramenc-
,g|[ ed to handle bees. I have been engaged in bee
^l culture ever since, and found it profitable,
■^ and very interesting, and pleasant. My apiary
is nicely located near the public highway,
most of it shaded with gi-apevines. My hives com-
bine mostly the modern improvements of the age.

Within a few rods of our apiary we have a beauti-
ful vineyard, and keep many sheep, all on the same
farm, where white clover is abundant; yet I have
never discovered that any one of them has been a
serious injury or detriment to the other. If any
distinction can be made, I should think it would be
in favor of the bees. As it has been quite cold, and
the ground frozen for some time, the bees could
not venture out. But as it has now thawed, and
teams have cut up the fresh yellow clay, while the
bright sun and wind are drying this clay it reminds
one of fresh maple sugar just stirred off.

Well, on the 31th the air was so balmy, the sun
shining bright, my bees concluded that now is the
appointed time to get a good dinner from the soft
fresh clay, preparatory to another cold blast-
guided, no doubt, by the same instinct and desire
that directs large animals, such as horses, hogs,
sheep, and other clay-eating animals.

Now, let me tell you how I was delighted with the
bees yesterday. While I was helping one of my
sons, who are farmers, to put a new bottom in a
wagon-box (as I am a wood mechanic), and working
on the opposite side of the public highway near the
apiary, we were busily at work when I heard a
sound of bees, much like that of swarming. We
stopped work to discover what they were up to;
the air appeared to be filled with bees, flying thick
as in June. They were flying in various directions,
and alighting on the ground. I soon discovered
what they were up to, so I laid down my tools to
watch them, as I have often done at other times.
The road was dotted thick with bees, as I could dis-
tinctly see when looking toward the sun. I ob-
served them in many other places where the clay
had been lately disturbed. I do not think they
were seeking water, as it was plentiful and not
difficult to get. After closely watching them they
Invariably seemed to select the dryest clods, and,'as
nearly as I could ascertain, they appeared to me to
be eating clay. If so, perhaps the want of it;is the
cause of diseases which the long cold weather is
very likely to bring. Well, the result was, the
wagon-box did not get finished that day, as such a
fine opportunity offered to go about watching these
little creatures, to find just what they were really
doing.

It is a rare thing to see bees out in such force, and
at this season of the year up here near the] north-
ern lakes, and so deeply and busily engaged on the
ground as to take little or no notice of anything
else, although when I would put my glassltoo near
their little nose in order to find out what they were
really doing, by my prying into their business mat-
ters too much they would become indignant at my
impertinence, and reluctantly tly away in such a
manner that I almost fancied I could see them lay
their little ears back with " pure mad."

Well, just at this time a bundle of mail mnttcr

10'

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

came, so I went to the house and opened the pack-
age, when out tumbled Gleanings. On the wrap-
per the word, in large capitals, " Notice." Then
followed, in smaller lype, these words: " If we are
correct, your subscription expires with the present
month." (Just like Mr. Hoot; he did not want to
be too positive, although he felt quite sui-e.) Oh,
If all men would be as careful, what a world of
pleasure this would be! Then on the wrapper I
further read: "If you have found Gleanings so
far a good investment, we shall be pleased to con-
tinue your name on our list. As this is a question
that rests with you alone to decide, we can only
tender you our thanks for past patronage, and wish
you success in bee culture for the future, whether
your decision should favor ours or not."

Now, how was I to decide such a case as that? In
my library and on my table is a copy of nearly all
the bee-journals published. I can not well afford to
take all of them, nor would it be good economy to
do so. Well, friend Root, I have not a word of dis-
paragement to say of any of these bee-journals;
but I find, as Gleanings has been coming regularly
for yeai-s, not one copy was missing or out of regu-
lar time. It has more than filled my expectations,
and proved of great value and satisfaction to me.
I consider it a very good investment, even if I keep
no bees. As to its arrangement as a bee-journal, T
would not attempt to dictate, nor could I make any
suggestions that would be an improvement; so, as
ray name is on your list, I will send you in this mail
an order for another year's subscription.

Remembering you for your kindness and fair
dealings, with the many good things I have read in
the ABC and Gleanings, permit me to thank you,
wishing you a happy Christmas and prosperous new
year; extending the same to all the bee-friends, and
especially those who have contributed so many
good things to me through Gleanings, I am, re-
spectfully, John W. Niman.

Spring Mills, Ohio.

Thank you, friend N., for your very kind
letter ; but it seems to me your experiment
is hardly conclusive, that the bees really
gathered the clay and not the water it con-
tained, unless you saw them pack the yellow
clay, like pollen, into their pollen-baskets.
We have had reports of bees packing black
peaty soil, just as they pack pollen, and car-
ry itinto their hives, and I should not think
it very strange if they sometimes used some
kinds of yellow earth. It is w'ell known,
the way in which they appropriate sawdust ;
and why may not this material answer as
well? Can any other friend give us any
light on the subject? and do they pack clay
on their legs?

■^0¥ES JiJU) QaEl^IEg.

A REPORT FROM MRS. L. H.ARRISON.

fp^ HE winter thus far in this locality has been
§)" very favorable for bees on their summer
f stands. I notice that, from hives protected
most, fewest dead bees are carried out.
Bees flew finely several days this week; and
after they were quiet, part of them were stored
in the cellar. The dozen queens purchased of you
ast summer all proved satisfactory.
Peoria, 111., Dec 36, 1885. MRS. L. Harrison.

temperature OF THE EARTH AND WELLS.

I have just tested the water in my well, which is
25 ft. deep. The temperature is 45°, water pumped
from the bottom. Temperature of the atmosphere,
24 above zero at the time of test. I made a test
during the warm weather of summer, and the tem-
perature was no higher than now.

H. R. BOARDMAN.

East Townsend, Ohio, Dec. 26, 1885.

TEMPERATURE OF DEEP WELLS.

I have just read friend Doolittle's remarks, and
j'our comments, on "Temperature of the Earth,"
and tested my 60foot well with two good thermom-
eters by completely immersing- them in a freshly
drawn bucket of water. The bath showed exactly
54 degrees. Terre Haute lies between 39th and 40th
degree north latitude. T. H. Kloer.

Terre Haute, Ind., Dec. 25, 1885.

HONEV-PAILS; wire CLOTH AS A FRUIT-TREE
PROTECTOR.

I was well pleased with my honey-pails, and find
it the best way to handle extracted honey. I think
ray experiment with the wire cloth as a fruit-tree
protector is going to be a success. If so, look out
for orders for wire cloth from this locality next sea-
son. I will send my honey report for this year
soon. W. G. Condon.

Clinton, Mo., Nov. 10, 1885.

FROM 300 STANDS TO 500; 8925 LBS. OF HONEY, $150
IN CASH, AND 500 LBS. OF BEESWAX.

Bees are in good condition. I coraraenced in the
spring with 300 stands of bees; sold 50 stands at $3
a stand; increased the remainder to over 500 colo-
nies, all in good condition; also got 15 barrels of
honey, each barrel holding 45 gallons, and got 1500
pounds of corab honey in sections; also by pruning
and cutting out all drone-comb I have accumulated
500 pounds of beeswax, which I think is not a very
bad crop for this year's work. E. Stahl, Jr.

Kenner, La., Dec. 28, 1885.

SCREENS FOR PISH; SWINDLES.

Yours with zinc, received. If thicker, this mate-
rial would answer for small screens, temporarily.
There would be danger of breaking them when
cleaning. Heavy, substantial galvanized - wire
screens are safest, and consequently best and
cheapest.— Look out for the newspaper swindler
"Bain," with his pretended "Fish-Cultural book,"
alias LeMorris, alias U. S. Fish Co., Columbus, Ohio.
Milton P. Peirce.

Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 24, 1880.

[The above refers to the Jones perforated zinc
which I sent friend Peirce, with inquiry if it would
not answer for outlets to carp-ponds.]

A woman's success.
Mrs. Thomas, of Phihiclelphia, reported at a meeting of bee-
keeper.s in Trenton last month that she had obtained an aver-
age of 150 lbs. of honey from 20 colonies, or a total crop of 3000
lbs. This was extracted honey, for which she received 25 cts.
per lb., netting her. therefore, $37.50 per hive. She also clear-
ed last year $1000 from her poultry-yard, and runs a twenty,
acre farm besides.

[The above was clipped from one of the news-
papers. The price our friend received for her hon-
ey, it seems to us, was extravagant; but the yield
mentioned is not extraordinary. Perhaps we should
make some allowance for newspaper exaggeration,
but 1 am rejoiced to know that women can manage
these rural industries with as much wisdom, and
many times more, than our own sex.]

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

11

IN MEMORIAM-\VM. W. GARY.

FROM OUH OLD FRIEND MR. L,ANGSTROTH.

SE was born in Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 34, 1815,
and died Dec. 0, lS8t.
It affords me a melaneholy satisfaction to
review my long acquaintance with tiie late
Mr. Wm. W. Cary, and to set out more fully
than has yet been attempted, some of the important
services which he rendered to bee keeping-. To do
this seems to me the more obligatory, as he so sel-
dom used his pen for the press that these services
might fail to be put on record.

After testing quite largely my movable - comb
frames in West Philadelphia, in the bee-season of
1852, in the fall of that year I went to Greenfleld,
Mass., to inti'oduce my hive were I was best known
as a bee-keeper. Mr. Cary kept some bees in the
adjoining town of Coleraine, and was among the
hrst to take an interest in my invention. He was
very fond of bees, and more than usually familiar
with their habits— and as soon as he saw the work-
ing of the hive, he believed that it would make a
revolution in bee-keeping. For the si.Y years that
I remained in Greenfleld, we were in such frequent
communication that, in furthering my expeiiments,
his apiary was almost as much at ray service as my
own.

WILLIAM W. CARY.

In the spring of 1860 I was invited by Mr. S.

B.

Parsons, of Flushing, L. I., to advise him how best
to bi-eed and disseminate the Italian (Ligurian) bees
which he had recently imported. Finding that the
person who came in charge of most^of these bees
could not do the woi'k that was expected of him, I
advised Mr. Parsons to secure the services of Mr.
Cary. To great energy of character, and good bus-
iness habits, he united long experience in the man-
agement of movable-frame hives, with an enthusi-
astic desire to see the introduction of these foreign
bees made a success. From my intimate acquain-
tance with him I ooiUd further assure Mr. Parsons
that, with all these ira-jiiuisites for the position, he
possessed in as ilaiige ;6- degree as any one I had
ever known, t)!ft«t *' higiV^est fidelity " which Columel-
la, nearly 2880 years ag^, declared to be an essential
<lualiflcalAj>p for the s^^rintendence of an apiary

—and which he thought was very rarely to be met
with. Is it much easier to find that now than it
was then?

Mr. Gary's work in Mr. Parsons' apiary fully jus-
tified his selection. While the foreigner, in a sey)-
arate apiary established by Mr. Parsons, and fur-
nished with just the same facilities for breeding
queens, failed to rear enough even to pay for the
black bees and feed he used in his operations, Mr.
Cary supplied all the queens needed in Mr. Parsons'
apiary, and flllu I all his numerous orders.

No better proof could i^ossibly be given of the ex-
tent and thoroughness of his work, than the fact
that ir? queens bred by him that season were so
carefully prepared for shipment, under the joint
supervision of himself and Mr. A. G. Biglow. that
all except two of them were safely carried by Mr.
Biglow from New York to San Francisco! Mr. B.
had stopped over one steamer on the Isthmus of
Panama to give his bees a cleansing flight, and one
queen entering the nucleus of another, both were
killed. The colonies to which they belonged, when
examined on their arrival at California, were each
found to have reared another queen.

To appreciate fully the extraordinary success of
Mr. Cary as a breeder and shipper of Italian
queens, it needs but to be stated that during this
very year but few queens came alive, out of the
many sent from Europe, and that, for years after,
a large part of our imported queens either died on
the way, or arrived in such poor condition as to be
of little or no value. It will be remembered by
some of theold readers of the Amerimn BeeJinirnal,
that Mr. Cary was the first person to send a queen
across the ocean, in a single-comb nucleus, with a
few workers. She was consigned to my lamented
friend, Mr. Woodbury, of Exeter, England, and
reached him in excellent condition. Those who
now receive the queens which are sent by mail
from Europe, and even from Syria, should bear in
mind that only after many and costly experiments
has such admirable success been secured.

After his splendid achievements in Mr. Parsons'
service, Mr. Cary greatly enlarged his own apiary,
and placed himself in the front rank of reliable
breeders of Italian queens.

When Dr. E. Parmly, of New York, imported a
number of Egyptian queens, ho entrusted them to
Mr. Cary, having, as I know, as strong confidence
as myself in his sagacity and fidelity. Mr. Cary
first called my attention, in his own apiary, to the
inferior appearance of the comb honey of those
bees. It was capped in such a way as to look like
honey damaged by " sweating "— so called — after
being kept in too damp a place. He was also the
first to notice that Egyptian bees, in extending their
combs, built their lower edges almost perfectly
square throughout their whole length — in marked
contrast to the way in which black bees build them
— and improving in this respect even upon the
Italians. Although I imported the first Egyptian
queen, Mr. Cary had the largest experience with
this variety, and after a fair trial we both discarded
them as very much inferior to the Italians.

While Mr. Cary was a great enthusiast in bee
culture, and always ready to accept every dis-
covery and improvement, he was not carried away
by plausible novelties or conceits. Whennear him,
I always took peculiar pleasure in communicating
to him all matters that from time to time were en-
gaging my attention, and our occasional, raeetinga

12

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

in later years were highly prized. He seldom failed
to detect any flaw in what was submitted to his
judg-ment, and his deliberate "yes" or " no " had
greater weight with mo in bee-matters than that of
almost any other person.

Mr. Gary's location was inferior in honey-resourc-
es to those who in this countiy have achieved the
greatest pecuniary success from the keeping of
bees; he was also quite lame, from an accident in
his youth; yet notwithstanding these and other ob-
stacles, he built up gradually a large apiary. He
was not only a strictly honest man, but a highly
honorable one in all his dealings; and in cases of
doubt he made it his rule to give his customers the
benefit of tluit doul.t, instead of claiming it for him-
self. Jiike myself he had the help of an only son in
the niarmgement of his business; but, happier in
this respect than myself, he was not called to la-
ment his premature death.

Mr. Gary's interest in bees ceased only with his
life. A few weeks bcfoi-e his death he was able to
be out iu his apiary, where he witnessed with much
pleasure some novel arrangements for the safe
wintering of a colony in the open air.

Samuel Wagner, Moses Quinby, Richard Colvin,
Adam Grimm, Koswell C. Otis, Wm. W. Gary — they
have all passed away I And probably no one knows
better or appreciates more highly than their old
friend who still survives to honor their memories,
how much their various labors contributed to the
splendid success of the movable-frame principle in
American bee-keeping. L. L. Langstboth.

0.\ford, O., Nov. 10, 1885.

Perhaps we should apologize to our readers
for giving the above so long after it has ap-
peared in other journals, especially as the
main part of Gleanings is, as a rule, orig-
inal matter. In sending to lis the coj)}'.
friend L. requested that it should not be
put in print until the engraving of friend
Cary was sent us, and it has only just come
to hand.

REMOVING THE FEAMES FROM THE
UPPER STORY OF CHAFF HIVES.

AN ADVERSE IIEPOIJT FROM SOUTHERN OHIO.

fOR some years past I have been a silent but ap-
preciative reader of your .iournal, and have
gained many valuable hints from its pages.
It is always up to the times in advocating the
use of new implements that are of real value
to bee-keepers, and its columns are alw.,ys open to
suggestions as to any alterations of implements,
hives, etc., which have cheapness, practicability,
and real merit to commend them. As I am some-
what engaged in the manufacture and sale of hives,
etc., using and advocating the Simplicity and chaff
hive, 1 am interested in their being as near perfect
as it is possible to make them. The chaff hive, as
far as I can see, has but one objection as to the ma-
nipulation of the frames; that is, having the frames
in the upper story run crosswise of the lower-story
frames. This subject, 1 know, has been brought up
many times; but I have never seen it settled to my
satisfaction. Almost every one that I have ever
talked with upon the merits and demerits of the
chaff hive raises this objection. Friend Stansbury,
of Long Bottom, Ohio, made me a short call a few
days ago, and he objected very strongly to this fea-
ture of the chaff hive, and thought it a great detri-

ment to its use. I think 1 have arrived at a solution
of the problem; and though it may not be entirely
new, I have never seen it mentioned. It consists of
a movable bo.x inside of the upper story, made of
about 94-inch lumber, and of same inside dimen-
sions as the lower story, which makes about 20 in.
long by Ib'S wide. In fact, a Simplicity body, if a
trifle short, will answer the purpose admirably, es-
Dccially if the upper story of the chaff' hive is, in
turn, a little long. This inside story being only
about 16 inches in width, leaves ample room to get
the hands down at the sides to catch in the hand-
holds to raise the story out of the hive. Now place
your frames in this and you have as near a Simplic-
ity hive inside of a chaff hive as you would wish. If
you would utilize the vacant space left, you can
easily arrange it for a single brood-frame at each
side, and give the bees access to them. But I think
the bo.x will give sufficient room for most localities.

Now, any one can see that the tiering-up sjstem,
of which Mr. Heddon is so earnest an advocate, can
be easily used by making a thin upper story for the
chaff' hive, just high enough to admit of another box
or Simplicitj' body being placed on top of the one in
the upper story of the chaff hive. The advantages
of this system are, that free access can be had to the
bi-ood-chamber, and no necessity for having 10 wide
frames standing around in every direction while
you iieiform the necessary manipulations.

But there are seldom great advantages without
some disadvantages. The only disadvantage, so far
as I can see, is, that when the upper and lower
frames are fastened together with comb, the lower
frames (especially if metal-cornered) will sometimes
follow the upper story when it is lifted out, and
there is no way to loosen them as in the Simplicity.
But I think if they are adjusted so as not to have
over 'i-inch bee-space there will be no trouble. I
think, also, that a modification of the Heddon hon-
ey-board could be used advantageously.

Now, friend Root, do not bring in the verdict of
" too many contrivances, contraptions, etc.," for the
hive need not be changed in the least. Although I
have not put this into practice yet, I believe it will
be a success, and therefore submit it to the bee-
keepers for trial ne.xt season. This plan lessens the
cost of a complete hive, as it dispenses with three
wide frames, and requires only a cheap body instead.

MY REPORT.

As yet I have seen no reports of this season's
work from this section of Ohio. I suppose one rea-
son is, that there are no reports to make. The
freezing weather of last winter, while there was no
snow on the ground, resulted in an entire failure of
the white clover, and therefore a failure of the
honey crop. My report is about as follows: Increas-
ed from 18 to 25, and doubled back to 21; took four
sections of honey, worth about 10 cents apiece, and
extracted about .'^O lbs. of sumac honey. I shall
have to feed about 100 lbs. of sugar. I suppose this
is about as good a report as any bee-keeper in this
section of the counti-y can give. We hope for a bet-
ter season ne.xt year.

QUEENS HATCHING FROM THE CELL WHILE EXAM-
INING THEM.

I had a rather unusual occurrence iu the queen-
hatching line this summer. While waiting for an
after-swarm to settle I opened the hive from which
it issued, to save some queen-cells. The first cell I
came to I laid upon a hive near by in the shade.
While looking further I happened to glance around,

188(5

LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

13

and I saw a queen running around oit top of the
hive where the cell was laid. She was caged, and
further seai-ch resulted in finding two more cells in
which the queens were pushing the caps up so with
their heads that I had to hold the caps down until
I got them caged. Thi-ee queens hatched within
three minutes. E. E. Cuoss.

Kacine, Meigs Co., O., Nov. 26. 1885.

Friend C, this matter has been up be-
fore, and I believe quite a number of the
friends have been usinj? Simplicity hives in
the upper story of a chaff liive. Ileddon's
slatted honey-board would probably help us
entirely over the difficulty of having- the up-
per and lower frames built together; in oth-
er words, enable us to lift out the upper sto-
ry at any time without trouble. You will
need to take into account that you thus re-
duce tlie capacity of the upper story of the
chaff hive. Instead of having 80 sections to
till, you have only ryii sections, and a strong
colony will very likely lill the whole hO
about as quickly as they would the 56.

FEW OR MANY COLONIES: WHICH?

SHALL WE HAVE A FEW 1JEE.S IN MANY HIVES, Oil
MANY BEES IN A FEW HIVES?

'HILE reading the quotations from Peter
Henderson's " Gardening for Profit," found
on page 783 of Gleanings for 1885, I fell to
wondering If a lesson could not be drawn
from it for many of us who think we are
on the right road to successful apiculture. There
seems to be a growing tendency of late to multiply
our number of colonies, rather than see how good
results can be obtained from a few. In other words,
we are using four acres of land, and expending
more labor, to produce the same results which Pe-
ter Henderson's man achieved on his one aci'e. The
question which arises is, Can or can not the bees be
worked on the same plan, so that 50 colonies will
produce as good results, with less laboi-, than is got-
ten from 200 worked in the way many apiaries are
worked? 1 believe they can, and think the day is
not far distant when one colony will be made to
produce as good results as two are now doing, if
they do not equal four. I have carefully watched
the papers for the past few years, and I find it not
uncommon to find where .50 colonies of bees are re-
ported to have produced 5, 6, 7, and even 8000 lbs. of
honey, while I have yet to see a report quadrupling
such where four times the number of colonies were
kept. I oftener find that 200 colonies give but little
If any better results than do 50, while I know that
more work is required to care for 200 during a year,
than is required for .50. To this work we have to
add the extra expense of hives, sections, etc., to-
gether with the large amount of honey it takes to
feed those extra 1.50 colonics. This last, in my opin-
ion, is wherein lies the main trouble in making a
large number pi-oduce as many pounds per colonj'
as do a few. From careful experiments and obser-
vations I am led to believe that it takes at least 60
lbs. of honey to carry one colony of bees through
fhe year; hence if we get only 30 lbs. from a colony
(an average yield that some bee-keepers say they
are satisfied with), we get only one-third of the hon-
ey our bees gather,to pay us back for all our labor
and capital invested ; and also one-third of the prod-
uct only, of pur field- This product of the Seld can

not bo overlooked, as 1 have every reason to be-
lieve, from the past season's experience.

A few years ago 1 was enabled to get an average
of 166 lbs. of honey from each of 67 colonies of bees,
as the average result of a single season. This caus-
ed a great excitement in my neighborhood, and
many went into bee-keeping, until I could count
over 50J colonies of bees within a distance of two
miles of my house, the result of which was a gradu-
al lessening of the surplus honey per colony, so
that little more honey in the aggregate was obtain-
ed from the 50.) colonies than I obtained from the 67.
The past winter reduced the number of bees by
about three-fifths; and the result was, that during
the past season my average per colony was about
120 lbs. of surplus, and the aggregate amount of
surplus about tlie same as from the 50(J. At 60 lbs.
of honey as food for a colonj% it will take 30,000 lbs.
for .500 colonies. To this add a surplus of 15,000
lbs., which is about what was obtained where the
500 were kept, and we have 45,000 lbs. as the product
of our field, two-thirds of which was consumed bj'
the bees. This season wo had but about 200 colonies
on the same field, which consumed only 12,000 lbs.
for their wants, leaving 33,000 lbs. as surplus. As
the 290 gave about 120 lbs. each as surplus, or 24,000
lbs., we have 90"0 lbs. going to waste for lack of
gatherers, thus giving 250 colonies as about the
right number for our field, providing that 120 lbs. is
set down as a surplus with which all should be sat-
isfied. But I claim that our bees can be so work-
ed that 200 lbs. can be secured as a surplus from
each old colony in the sjjring, in which case 175 colo-
nies would be sufficient for our field. Now, I can-
didly ask the reader if wo had not better keep the
number in our field at 175, thus securing 35,C00 lbs. of
the 45,000 as a surplus, rather than keep 500 colonics
and get only 15,000 of the 45,000 as pay for our labor,
letting the bees consume the rest. In other words,
can we not make a few bees do for us what the mar-
ket gardeners of the large cities make a small piece
of land do for them; namely, get as much profit
from an acre of land as some of our c unty people
do from their tens of acres? I know this line of
reasoning can not be nuide mathematically correct,
yet there is in this thing a large and unexplored re-
gion well deserving of our best thoughts and ef-
forts. Who will be the first to work it out for us
practically? G. M. Dooi.ittle.

Borodino, N. Y., Dec, 188.5.

Friend D., I agree exactly with you in
this matter. The mania for rapid increase
is oftentimes a very sad one, and beginners
often seem to thiiik it is a great thing to be
able to say they are the owners of 100 or 200
colonies. Over and over again have I seen
men wdio could winter 25 or 50 colonies, al-
most without loss, get demoralized, and fail,
when they got up into the hundi-eds. It is not
a very difficult matter to go over 25 colonies
and put each and every one of them in the
best possible shape for winter; but when it
comes to undertaking to do the same thing
with 100 or more, even the best of us are lia-
ble to get demoralized, as it were, lose our
energy, and fail. IJy looking over the back
numbers of Gleanings, especially the de-
partment headed Reports Encouraging, we
lind reports without number wdiere some
one, comparatively new at the business, has
secured surplus in astonishing quantities
frona a small number of stocks. These same

u

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

individuals, when they get a large apiary on
their hands, find that it is next to impossible
to obtain the same results per colony, even
if the locality would give it. I have myself
secured over 300 lbs. surplus from a single
colony. Now, an apiary of even 2o colonies,
each and every one of which was made to do
this, would afford a pretty fair income, and
the labor to get it from 2-5 hives would be
nothing like going over 200 colonies. I be-
lieve it would be pretty good advice for all
of us to keep our bees in few hives ; keep
crowding them back, and discourage in-
crease ; and then when winter comes,
instead of having 100 hives with bees
enough in the whole lot to make only 10
good colonies, we should have, say, 25 hives
with bees enough in the 25 to make 50 ordi-
nary colonies. You know I am one of those
who never yet saw too many bees in a hive
at any time of the year.

A HINT ON INTRODUCING.

UlSTUKBING THK COLONY AFTER HAVING LIBEK-
ATED THE QUEEN.

fHE case of O. p. Phillips (see No. 21, current
V^ol. Gleanings), calls to mind my own ex-
perience. I have learned that the bees must
not be disturbed, neither at the time nor
soon after the queen is liberated. Having
learneJ this by sad experience I devised a way to
do it on the sly. I place the cag-ed queen between
the frames, pressing them to it tightly, to hold it in
place. To the stopper in one end of the cage I
attach a strong string, and pass the end through a
small hole made in the end of the hive (I use the
Langstroth). After leaving this at least 48 hours I
draw the stopper by the string in the night, and do
it so quietly the bees will not know any thing- has
happened, and all is well.

It will be seen that this plan is much the same as
that given by E. M. Hayhurst, at the late meeting
of the Western B. K. Association at Independence,
Mo. The reason these precautions are needed is
well stated by him (see Gleanings, p. 770): " If the
bees are disturbed before the queen begins to
lay she will become frightened, running and piping,
and the bees will chase and kill her." He says,
" Before she begins to lay." I had one balled this
summer after she had been laying, because of the
bees being distui'bed by my search to s*e if she was
all right. I have never failed with the plan I have
given. ,]. T. GoDDARU.

Muscatine, la., Nov. 27, 1885.
Friend G., I am well aware that bees oft-
en attack the queen, and sometimes kill her,
just because the hive is opened, and they are
stirred up about the time the queen is liber-
ated. But I am also sorry to say, that they
often kill queens where the cage is opened
by pidling a stiing, or by letting the bees
eat out tiie candy, or in other ways where
the queen is liberated quietly. We have
never found any way to answer so well in
the long run, as liberating them by the Peet-
cage plan ; but even tlien we always think it
best to look the colony over, and see how
things are getting along. If the queen is
killed we want to take immediate steps to
put in another. If she is balled, give the
colony a good smoking, and keep it up until

they behave themselves. If she is all right,
just as soon as you discover she is so, close
the hive very quickly, and tlien let them
alone.— By tlie way, I must say once more
that I think the 'metal corners which so
many object to, very greatly facilitate open-
ing a hive and closing it, without getting
the bees stirred up. When we can open a
hive so quickly that no bee thinks of stop-
ping his work, we certainly are not doing
very much harm.

EGG -LAYING OF QUEENS

A MATTER OF VOLITION, AND N<n' AUTOMATIC.

T will be remembered that the greatly lamented
" Mr. Samuel Wagner suggested that the queen
was merely an automaton as to laying eggs,
whether they should be worker or drone eggs.
He suggested that the mechanical pressure of
the small worker-cells so compressed the sperma-
theca that the sperm -cells were forced out, and
brought into connection with the germ-cells. On
the other hand, the larger drone-cells would not
exert such compression, so the spermatoza would
not be extruded from the spermatheca, and so the
eggs would leave the oviduct unfecundated, and so
would develop into drones, or males. We know
now that this view is no longer maintained. The
muscular arrangement for forcing the germ-cells
out of the spermatheca; the fact that worker-eggs
are often laid in cells which are hardly more than
commenced; the fact that impregnated eggs are
laid in the large queen-cells; and the further fact
that young queens, when they first commence lay-
ing, before they have fairly " learned the ropes,"
as it were, very frequently lay quite a number of
drone-eggs in worker-cells. All this is more than
enough to convince us that the adding or withhold-
ing the sperm-cells from the eggs is merely a mat-
ter of volition with the queen. It is pi-obably true,
that young queens desire and mean to lay only
worker-eggs in the worker-cells, as they rarely lay
any other the first months of their existence; but
lack of experience, and awkwardness in managing
the delicate muscular apparatus of the spermatheca
at first, cause a few slips in the early work of egg-
laying; hence the scattering di"Oue-brood, which re-
sults from a few of the first-laid eggs of young
queens.

That eminent English statesman and naturalist.
Sir John Lubbock, has recently given some facts
that have interest in this connection, and can not
but interest evei'y reader of Gleanings, as they
have me. As is well known, wasps are very closely
related to bees in structure, and in their physiologi-
cal economy; hence any fact in regard to wasps
may be, gJiould be, considered and studied by the
bee-keeper as of importance in his work and study
of his little servants.

Sir John finds, that when a wasp provisions her
nest with spiders of the same kind she always takes
the same number. Wasps of different species take
more or less, according to the size; and, strangest
of all, the mother-wasp invariably places more in-
sects in the cell with an egg that is to produce a
female, than in a cell with an egg that is to produce
a male. The female wasp is the larger. Here we
see that the mother-wasp not only knows the kind
of an egg she is to lay, but she provisions the cells
with exact reference to the necessities of the case.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

15

Who shall be so prejudiced as to say that her wasp-
ship does not consider her act in laying: the special
egg, and does not think and plan in maternal acts
looking to the larders of her yet unborn? Now, if a
wasp realizes what she is doing- as she adds or with-
holds the sperm-cells, to such an extent that it in-
fluences her daily acts, and modifies her perform-
ance of daily duties, who shall say that the queen-
bee, of higher development and structure, does
not think upon her act as she places the eggs in
drone or worker cells? So we have here another
proof that egg-laying, with the queen, is a matter
attended with intelligent volition; and far be it
frond me to say that the queen does not consider
the size of her home, the population of her family,
and the dimensions of her larder, as she passes in
stately mien over the combs, stocking tlie worker
or drone cells as circumstances dictate. If volition
and discretion are exercised, we can easily see why
the affairs in different hives vary. Each queen has
her own notions. A.J.Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Dec. 15, 1885.

ANOTHER USE FOB HONEY.

EGGS NOT H.\TCHING; WINTERING.

TN the Medical Times for Nov. 28, 1885, in its Paris
j^ letter, written by Thomas Linn, M. D., there is
^r given an important new use for honey, discov-
•*■ ered by Dr. Comi, of Rome, by which the hu-
man body can be preserved for many years
with its " natural color, form, and consistence.

" To preserve organic bodies in a flexible state, all
that is required is to steep them in honey, the finest
and clearest that can be found. The cephalic, tlio-
racic, and abdominal cavities must be filled with
tannin. The result obtained here is due to a sort of
fermentation, alcoholic in its nature, that keeps the
parts for a long time: afterward they harden."

The above facts are given on excellent authority,
and are doubtless reliable.

EGGS NOT HATCHING.

A little more than a year ago I returned to you a
Howard queen-daughter, with the statement that
" her eggs would not hatch." Within a -week after
I wrote you, "Her eggs have been,.si/ice her removal,
hatching."

About two months since, I came across a queen
in my apiary that was fourteen days old, with a
large patch of eggs deposited in one comb, and I
marked her " laying." A week after that I again
examined the colony, and was surprised to find
there was no brood nor larvse sealed; but again, I
saw a good space filled with eggs. I waited again a
week, having in remembrance the queen I returned
to you, and hoping her eggs would finally begin to
batch; but at the end of this week I again found
only eggs; and on Nov. 4 I killed the queen, to be
followed by regret that I had done it, when, on Nov.
8, 1 found larvt« and queen-cells started, which duly
matured, but too late, I fear, for the fertilization of
the young queen. I believe such cases have never
been published before, but T am without any doubts
as to all the facts given above. I do not know what
became of the eggs, whether they hatched and were
Immediately carried out, or eaten by the queen,
workers, or drones, until the removal of the queen
inclined them to a more sensible course. I am in-
clined to think that this is the explanation, for
there was not more than one larva to five eggs

which the queen left in the comb at the time of her
removal. The colony in which this has just occurred
was a very strong Palestine stock, entirely too wick-
ed to "fool" with until after I had destroyed a
virgin queen which had accidentally been allowed
to hatch, and destroy the " grafted " Carniolan cell;
since that they have been comparatively easy to
manipulate. The colony has to-day several hun-
dred drones in it, and I fear a virgin queen, for
there has been only one day when any number of
drones have been flying, and then the queen was
but three days old.

PREPARING BEES FOR WINTER.

I have no new thing to offer on this subject; but
judging from the many colonies lost every winter
in every section of the United States and Canada,
because of ignorance or carelessness on the part of
apiarians, I think the cardinal points of the subject
should constantly be presented in Gleanings.
There are three of these.

1. Contraction. This is never to be neglected
where a hive as large as the Simplicity is used. If
the colony is one of the strongest, I would remove
three of the lightest combs and substitute division-
boards. If the colony is weaker, remove enough
frames to croit'd the bees on the remaining combs;
or if the colony will only fairly cover one comb,
remove all but one comb.

2. Stores. In this provision the important thing
to attend to is to see that there is an abundance.
Give me a single comb as full of pollen as you can
get it, and I will take enough bees to thoroughly
cover it, have them store syrup over the pollen by
building out the comb, and I will insure as good
wintering of the colony as can be had with any
other stores. As food, I should prefer g:ranulated-
sugar syrup to honey; and as I can always sell hon-
ey and buy sugar with profit to myself, I never feed
honey back.

3. Ventilation. As illustration, take four colonies,
like the very weak ones relerred to above, there be-
ing only enough bees in each to thoroughly cover
one comia, and this one full of syrup as dii^cted
above. I take a two-frame nucleus hive, make
thi-ough its center a division by means of new
enameled cloth, place a colony with one frame on
each side of the division, covering each with two
folds of strong canvas. I prepare another nucleus
hive as above, but remove the bottom, placing this
one on top of the other one, but with its entrance
revei-sed. I pack them both, with their four queens
and retinues, in a box with ten inches of space on
every side, prepai-ing entrances ?« XI inch, diverg-
ing toward the outside so that they will be ten inch-
es apart. I will now carefully pack them with chaff
around and above, and leave them undisturbed out
of doors all winter. Of course, it must be seen to
that the roofs do not leak, and a hole should be
made at either end of the box just under the lid
that would admit air but not rain. If the packing
of these nuclei is undisturbed, the same principles
can be easily e-xtended to the larger colonies. It is
not unusual to experience a temperature here of
4 to 5° below zero; hence in this latitude I am not
in favor of cellar wintering; but If I were in a
much colder one I should be. I winter strong col-
onics in the single-walled Simplicity hive, without
any packing, except to replace the enameled cloth
above, with a chaff cushion, having only attended
well to the two first cardinal points; viz., contrac-
tion and stores. If there is but one nucleus colony

16

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

in the apiary, put it on one comb in a hive having
space only lor one comb; pack it in a box with ten
or twelve inches of chaff all around, above and be-
low, and it, too, can be saved. I have tried these
experiments for ten years past, and I know winter-
ing bees can thus be made successful, even when
the colony is but a nucleus. I have 50 colonies in
my Garniolan apiary. S. W. Morrison, M. D.

Oxford, Pa., Dec. 7, 188,5.

Friend M., the fact you mention in regard
to the preservative power of honey corrobo-
rates what friend Muth says in reference to
its use for pork-packing, if you will excuse
the illustration. — What yovi say about eggs
not hatching has been up once or twice be-
fore ; but I believe we have no good explana-
tion of the reason Vvdiy eggs sometimes fail
to hatch for quite a time, and then all at
once begin to develop larvie all right. Friend
Doolittle wrote an article on a similar sub-
ject some years back.— I agree with you in
regard to pi'eparing bees for winter ; but we
have not been successful with two -frame nu-
clei, e\en when prepared very much in the
same way in which you direct.

AN ABC SCHOLAR'S EXPERIENCE.

17 DAYS FROM THE EGG TO THE BEE.

TT WAS but a novice in the spring. I never owned
(Mf a colony of bees before, but by the information
^t of Gleanings and A B C I have increased from
"*" 1 to 3 by artificial swarming. I commenced
very late, on account of the weakness of the
old colony, then being careful not to lessen the old
stock, in my judgment, below thirty thousand, so as
to have surplus honey for home use. I was reading
and putting this to practice, and I found no devia-
tion but this; you say: " Twenty-one days elapse
from the egg to the bee." Well, here is my experi-
ence: I put down the date of every thing I under-
took. June 24th I placed two empty racks, with-
out foundation, in the old hive, and took them out
July 13th, and young bees were coming out of their
secluded spot, and moving among the busy thi'ong
while I held the racks in my hands, and there was
evidence that some hatched a day, or perhaps sev-
eral days, before near the top-bar of the rack, and
had been replaced with eggs, so this makes but 19
days, and perhaps 17 days, from the egg to the bee,
although you say there are exception?.

Now, here is the question: I see two colonies are
fult below of beautiful capped honey, while the
last one is full with comb, but none capped, so I
gave them a rack of capped honey from another
hive, and, to my surprise, I found that they un-
capped every cell and removed most of the honey,
and the queen laying in them. Why is this? Can
they winter safely in this or not? S. R. Briner.

North Springfield, Ohio.

Friend B., I do not know where the mis-
take comes in ; but I am just as sure you
made a mistake, as if you had told me you
planted corn one day and it was up two
inches high the next day. As you state it,
it seems very hard to tell where the mistake
came in ; but these dates are so well estab-
lished, by thousands of careful experiments,
that I should think it more probable some-
body swapped those combs without your
knowledge, than that a perfectly formed bee

was hatched in the time you mention. Of
course, it does not seem very likely any one
would meddle with the combs in your hives ;
but you know it is possible. Try the exper-
iment again, and see if I am not right. Ex-
ceedingly favorable circumstances may short-
en the period perhaps 24 hours. The way to
count is to mark the very hour the queen
laid the eggs ; and then watch when these
same eggs produce perfect bees. — Bees will
very frequently luicap the honey when a
frame of capped honey is put into the hive.
They are more likely to do this when they
have no capped honey of their own. I do
not know why they do it, tmless it is be-
cause they recognize it is not their own
work, and they want to look in and see if it
is all right. Young bees, which have not
much to do, are partictdarly up to such
tricks.

SOME GLEANINGS FROM GLEANINGS.

WHEAT chaff; CF-IPPING QUEENS' AVINGS ; SOLAR
WAX-EXTRACTORS.

TN Gleanings for Nov. 15, p. 766, Ernest speaks of
|l[ the difference in value of oat and wheat chaff.
^l This point, which he just brought up, is exactly
''■*' the one which I have told in j'our and other
journals. My experiments proved, many years
ago, that there is little or no difference in the vari-
ous kinds of chaff' so far as protection from cold is
concerned; but the difference is very marked as re-
gards retaining the moisture thi-own off by the
bees. I find the different kinds of chaff are valua-
ble for this quality of not retaining moisture, in the
following order: Timothy, wheat, oats, and buck-
wheat chaff.

TWO QUEENS, NOT RELATED, IN ONE HIVE.

On the same page Mr. Broers, in speaking about
two queens in a hive, takes it for granted that they
are both the original queens that were hived with
the swarm in April. As no observations were made
in this case between April and October it is more
than probable, in my opinion, that both of these
queens were not the same ones seen in April, but
that one cf the queens seen last was a young queen
raised late in the season, to supersede the other.
The fact that the queen being superseded was less
than a year old, and a perfect one, is no reason why
the bees might not be superseding her, as they oc-
casionally act on just such foolish notions as that
would be.

DISTURBING HIVES AFTER A QUEEN HAS JUST
BEEN INTRODUCED.

I see, on p. 770. that even as accurate an observer
as our friend Hayhurst usually is, he makes the
old statement about the danger to a lately intro-
duced queen in opening the hive before she has got
to laying. I have never yet known of having lost a
queen under these circumstances, although it has
been my general practice for years to open hives
the first opportunity I have after introducing my
queens, and I have certainly opened scores of them
before the queens commenced to lay. I presume,
however, that the manner of opening the hive has
something to do with it. I certainly shouldn't open
them, if the frames were stuck so they would have
to be pried apart with a chisel, nor if robbers were
about.

CLIPPING WINGS— HOW.

I also see, on p. 773, that friend Doolittle still ad-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

17

vises catching the queen with the fingers while
clipping her wings. I have clipped the wings of
certainly more than a thousand queens with scis-
sors, and have clipped off just one leg of a queen
while doing so, and I have no fears of such a " hap-
penstance" occurring again. I couldn't see in that
case that the loss of a leg caused the queen to be-
come less valuable; but even the accidental clip-
ping-off of a leg is not advised. It is now years
since T abandoned the method of holding queens
with the fingers while clipping their wings, and ]
think that no one who gives tweezers a fair trial
will ever return to finger-catching. I use, for that
purpose, a pair of sharp-pointed tweez?rs, such as
jewelers use, with which 1 catch and hold the
queen by a wing while clipping. You keep the
right kind of tweezers for this work on your ten-
cent counter; but only the ones with sharp points
are suitable for this work. I have described this
way of using tweezers before; but if Mr. Doolittle
has overlooked it, many others must have done so
too.

SOLAH WAX-EXTRACTORS.

On p. 775 friend Israel, of California, describes his
solar wax-extractor, which is on the same principle,
but not so good, as the one I described nearly three
years ago in Gleanings. That old sacking he
speaks of laying in the bottom of the extractor, and
which seems to be such a favorite idea with manj',
is not only absolutely unnecessary, but would al-
most ruin the efficiency of the instrument in the
latitude of our Northern States. It will work bet-
ter, of course, in California, or any of the Southern
States; but even there it is more damage than
good. In our Northern States we have to utilize all
the heat from the sun's rays we can, and we can not
afford to let old sacking or any other unnecessary
article absorb any of the heat. The object for
which the sacking is used is arrived at by dipping
off the melted wax, as described in the original arti-
cle referred to (page 521, 1883).

Another mistake made by friend Isi-ael, I think, is
in allowing the wax to remain in the dish, or receiv-
ing-pan, for several days. Instead of removing each
daj'. Wax becomes perfectly clarified in a single
day, and any further exposure of it to the sun sim-
ply results in hardening and bleaching the wax.
I have used these solar wa.\-extractors about ten
years, and am foolish enough to think I know some-
thing about them. I was in hopes, when I wrote my
first description of them, that they would be mate-
rially improved by some one; but so far, all pub-
lished experiments seem to be in line with the one
we have just criticised. What is wanted, in the lati-
tude of Northern Iowa, at least, is some device for
increasing the power of the sun's rays, and not
something that will absorb some of those rays. I
wish, friend Root, that whenever a description of
some straining device is sent in, you would call at-
tention, in your foot-notes, to the fact that, while
such devices are practically unnecessary anywhere,
they are a positive damage in the latitude of our
Northern States.

AVHERE IS hawk's PARK?

Quite a number of bee-keepers have asked me,
both verbally and by letter, "Where is Hawk's
Park?" "How far from New Smyrna?" Hawk's
Park is a newly established postoffice about three
miles south of New Smyrna, in Volusia Co. Nearly
or quite all the bee-keepers in this section used to
get their mail at New Smyrna, but about a half of

them have changed their mail to the new oflBce.
Messrs. Sheldon, Detweiler, Dr. Goodwin, Lewis,
and others, are at New Smyrna, while Hart, Har-
dee, Olcson, Mitchell, Packwood and others are near-
er Hawk's Park. Both places are on the shores of
the Hillsboro Itiver, or lagoon, a sheet of tidal water,
and about two miles in a direct line from the ocean-
beach. Steamers come into the river from the
ocean at the inlet, some seven miles north of this
place. O. O. POPPLETON.

Hawk's Park, Fla., Dec. 7, 1S£5.

Many thanks, my good friend P., for your
kind suggestions and criticisms. No doubt
we liave overlooked the facts you gave us in
your former valuable paper, but we will now
try to '■'■ make a note of it," so it will not
slip our memory so easily. We shall pro-
ceed at once to make experiments in regard
to solar wax-extractors.

ALMOST BURIED ALIVE.

A STORY WITH A MORAL TO IT; LAVING TILE.

JAM feeling tolerably stiff and sore this evening,
but will give you an item of interest. lam
now laying a 10-inch tile from the north-west
corner of my 8'2-ft. cellar that is dug in a dry
bank of sand. We found evidence that the
blue-grass sod and hard streak of clay at the top
had not wet thi-ough this summer or fall. The dirt,
or sand, after it got two or three feet from the top
of the ground, was as dry as it would be were it un-
der a good roof, for nearly a rod from the house,
then it got damp, when it made a "cave " on me.
I was down on the tile that was laid, on my hands
and knees, when it strucli me without warning.
We were nine feet deep. I tell you, I thought 1
was going to be buiied alive; for as the weight of
the sand increased, it moved me flat down on the
tile that was under me; and when I did move a
muscle it took up every particle of vacanc}', so I
soon thought I was in a tight place. Thanks to an
active, energetic Irishman, a hand that was help-
ing lue, who was raised in the old country, and who
knew how to shovel the few cart-loads of sand that
struck me, I was got out before the rest of the
bank fell in to about 0 feet deep. I say I was got
out, for no one knows how a strong or tolerably
strong man's strength is taken out of him till he is
crushed under a few tons of bank sand.

I write this, as it has its own moral, though some
may think it of no use to bee-keepers; but all do
not work with bees only, who keep bees; some are
farmers, as I am, who was raised on a farm, and
have to do such work as his hands are not used to
doing or can not do. We found the black ants 6
feet in the sand, where frost will never reach them,
in great numbci'S. Where they had burrowed it
looked like a very comfortable place for them to
winter, so they could eat honey next summer.
They ate lots of it, I guess, last summer, but they
rather prefer the sugar-barrel, I think, to honey. I
will close by saying we have over 100 feet of tile
laid 9 feet at the house, running to 7 feet where we
are now. I think we shall get in 200 feet. You
would hardly think one man could throw out such
a large pile of sand and dirt iu three days. I have
helped some to-day, but was bothered a good deal
to have the tile carried to me and handed down

18

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

(ditch 2 to 4 feet at top, and where it caved in it was
some two rods). J. D. Adams.

Nira, la., Nov. 25, 1885.

Friend A., I should suppose, from the size
of your tile, and the depth you were work-
ing, that you intended it for a sub-earth
ventilator. My experience lias been, that
such sandy soils as you describe seldom need
tiling at all, unless there are springs. I
hope your experience may be a warning to
our readers when digging in the ground at
such a depth as you mention. In our clay
soil there would have been no trouble. I
hardly need say, that great numbers of
good people have lost their lives in a manner
similar to the one you describe.

SOME QUERIES FROM AN ABC
SCHOLAR.

DOUBLING UP, ETC.

'P^ RNEST R. ROOT:— I am so pleased that you
'^Elj have begun a series of articles, "Our Own
p r Apiarj'," in Gleanings, that I am going: to
-*" sit down and tell you so. I am just an A 1? C
pupil in bee - keeping. I began with one
swarm late last year. There is so mucli I want to
learn, I am often puzzled to know the liest way of
managing my bses, and I think I wish I knew just
how they would do in Mr. Root's apiary; for though
I read most of the articles in Gleanings from dif-
ferent writers, it some way seems to me that Mr.
Root's way is usually the most easily understood,
the simplest, and most practical. And now your
articles are going to be a help to me.

In your first article you say, " Doubling up has
already commenced." Now, undoubtedly, that is
perfectly understood by apiarists who know their
business; but, will not Ernest, or some one else,
through Gleanings, be kind enough to explain,
for the benefit of myself and others just beginning,
just how that is done— every little item precisely?
Suppose you have two small swarms of cross hy-
brids in Simplicity hives, and you wish to unite them
into a chaflf hive for winter; what is the first thing
—smoker, bee-hat, or neither? You can not get all
the frames into the new hive. Do you alternate a
part of them, and brush the bees from the remain-
ing combs in front of the hive? Do jou hunt out
one queen and kill her, or let tlip bees do that?
Would you set the chaff hive where one of the old
ones stood, or in a new place? Very simple ques-
tions, no doubt, to one who has worked for years
among bees, but not so much so to one who knows
but little about them. Also please tell me, how do
you know when a colony has stores enough for win-
ter? How do you know when they have 25 lbs.?
Guess at it? You surely do not take the trouble to
brush the bees from every comb and weigh it, do
you? Do snails do any harm to bees? After a
swarm has filled the brood-combs, and you have put
on one layer of sections, and they have nearly
filled them, is it better to add more sections above
the first, or remove the first and place new ones
with foundation starters in their place? How do
you get your extra frames of honey that you save
in case the bees need them? Do you use a Sim-
plicity hive on top of a chaff hive, and put brood-
combs in these? When you want to form a nu-
cleus, how far from the old hive must you place the

new one? Which is better for packing— wheat or
oat chaff? My husband says he thinks the wheat
chaff would keep dryer, but it seems to me the oat
chaff would be warmer.

I use the Falcon chaff hive, which is made at Fal-
coner's, seven miles from here. It is packed with
fine shavings, and so are the chaff cushions. Do you
think shavings would be as warm as chaff?

I have not as yet made my bees very profitable.
Increased from one to two last year, and wintered
nicely. This season they increased from two to six,
and took up about 70 lbs. of beautiful section
honey. I am learning all the time, and I think I
can manage them much better next year.

I am going to try Mr. Heddon's plan, and Mr.
Doolittle's, for preventing after-swarms. I think
either one will work nicely.

My only bit of bad luck with my bees so far is the
loss, just before basswood-bloom, of my best swarm,
and a tested queen I sent to you for. And, by the
way, she was such a nice queen, and came through
in splendid condition. Some four days before, I
had taken three frames of bees and brood and put
in a now hive. I put the queen on a frame of hon-
ej'-comb in the cage, and hung it in the hive. In
less than half an hour they had worked the comb
away and let her out. In four weeks' time— per-
haps two or three days over— they had filled 7 brood-
frames and nearly the side sections, then sent out a
nice swarm, and left a fair quantity of bees in the
hive. I hived them and they seemed contented,
and went to work. They stayed that day and the
forenoon of the next; but toward night, when I
went out to look at them, behold, they were miss-
ing. The weather was very warm, and, the hive not
shaded. That was probably the reason why they
left— rather an expensive lesson, and I was so sorry
to lose my nice queen! Perhaps if I had known
just how, I might have clipped her wings at first;
but it seems almost cruel to cripple the pretty
creatures.

Notwithstanding directions for managing are
plain in the ABC book, I often wish they were
more explicit in little things which I suppose tact
and common sense ought to teach me. Perhaps I
am unusually dull; but I often think, " If I could
only ask Mr. Root a few questions!"

lam much pleased with Gleanings, and like it
much better because it is not wholly devoted to
bees. My children enjoy the Juvenile department,
and I read the children's sermons to them. The
Home sermons are also read, and I feel thankful
that at least one man is trying to prove to the world
that religion is our daily life— not that 1 wish to be
understood that there are not many more than one,
but the ranks ought to be much fuller, both of men
and women, who realize that, every day, home and
business life should be our religious life.

I always read Mrs. Chaddock's letters. There is
much lively human nature in them, and they dem-
onstrate to me that other farmers' wives in the
land are busy, and trying to make the best of sur-
rounding circumstances, as well as myself.

I also feel that 1 should like to thank Mrs. Gulp
for her letters, teaching us Christian charity, love,
and trust.

Count on me as a subscriber as long as my bees
make honey enough to pay the subscription price.

Fluvanna, N. Y. Sarah M. Bently.

" Doubling up " is only another name for

J8b6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

19

uniting. Tiie ABC \uu\ev this head, page
271, gives the inecise method of doubling up,
or uniting, that we used in the apiary this
fall. As to the rest of your questions, I will
leave it to father, for it takes an old head to
answer questions, though of themselves
seemingly simple. Ernest.

Many thanks, my good friend, for your kind
words. I am glad, also, to know that you
like the A B C book because it is so very

glain, and goes into minute details so much,
ome have objected to it on this account ;
but it seems you want still further details. —
In regard to the use of smoker and bee-hat,
use them if you fmd them a convenience,
and I presume you will get along better with
both, from what you say. In uniting, take
the frames with the most brood and stores ;
and if there are still more containing honey,
and the weather is warm, you can put these
additional ones in the upper story. I do not
think it matters very much whether you al-
ternate a frame, or simply place the two
colonies side by side. The most important
thing is to be sure tlie bees do not get to
quarreling ; and if they do, you must make
them behave by using smoke freely until
they do behave. You can kill the poorest
queen yourself ; or if there is no difference,
and you have no choice, let the bees do it. —
I would set the chaff hive where the strong-
est of the old ones stood, and take the other
hive entirely away, so the bees will not go
into it and die when they fly again. — An old
bee - keeper will tell by looking the colony
over, and lifting the hive, whether they have
stores enough ; but until you have learned
by experience, I think it an excellant plan
to weigh them. You can weigh the combs
one at a time with a pair of ten-cent spring
balances, or you can weigh the whole hive,
subtracting the weight of the empty hive
and combs. You need not brush the bees
away from the combs in order to weigh it.
They weigh so little they need not be count-
ed.—Neitlier snails nor hardly any thing
else will harm the bees if the" colony is a
strong one.— We give the preference to the
wheat packing, for the reasons you mention.
Fine shavings, prepared just right, will prob-
ably answer nearly or quite as well ; but
all things considered, we have preferred the
chaff. Ilad you given your new swarm a
frame of brood, as we so emphatically advise
in the A B C, I think you would not have
lost them. — We do not practice clipping
queens' wings now.

AN INTERESTING LETTER FROM AN
ABC SCHOLAR.

QUEEN CELLS BUILT IN A HIVE WITH A LAVING
QUEEN.

'ILL yovi listeu to an A B C scholar a short
time while he reports his experience with
bees? In the spring of 1881 my father had
two swarms of hybrids in L. hives. I be-
came interested in them, and sent for an
ABC book. I increased them to five colonies, but
they were so cross I concluded that I must have
Italians. I sent to you for five " dollar " queens.
They came all right in Pcet cag-CB. I caged the old
queens and fastened the new ones on the combs, as

directed. The next day I looked them over, and
found that they were all out, but I found something
else which almo8t made me feel weak — every
swarm had started queen-cells. Well, thought I,
they are all dead; just my luck, exactly. 1 am glad
I saved the old queens. I can put them back.
There is some consolation in that. I put one of the
queens among the bees, when one of them grabbed
her by the wing and tried to sting. I caged her im-
mediately, closed the hive, and sat down, complete-
ly "stumped." I didn't know what to do. Perhaps
you can imagine how I felt. I can't describe it. I
saw bees and queens all that night. The next day
I thought I would try to give to another hive the
old queen. I opened the hive, lifted out a frame,
and right on the center was the new queen. She
seemed, to my astonished eyes, to be about four
times as large as the one I had inti'oduced. She
had commenced laying. I went to the other hives,
and found the same condition of things. I looked
in the ABC book, but I failed to find any mention
of bees starting cells with a queen in the hive. On
page 192 I found it said, that " it is a sure indication
of queenlessness to find a nucleus building queen-
cells." Well, thought T, this is not a nucleus; per-
haps that makes the difference. All the queens
proved to bo purely mated and very prolific.

I have worked away from home since then until
this summer, when, being at home again, and finding
three swarms alive (one, by the way, contains
one of those dollar queens, as lively and prolific as
ever), and having lost none of my interest in bees I
thought I would raise some queens and make nu-
clei of the old dollar queen's swarm, and build them
up and so get more bees and experience. 1 have
the experience; and unless I have some more un-
expected trouble 1 think I shall get the bees. I fol-
lowed the directions, and a couple of days before
the cells were to hatch I divided up the old swarm,
putting two frames of brood, covered with bees,
into each nucleus. The next day I found that they
had all started queen-cells, and concluded that the
old queen must have got lost in some way. 1 in-
serted cells in each, and they waxed them all in;
but they did not hatch. In five or six days they all
had cells of their own building capped over, except
one, and that one contained eggs and larva?, so the
old queen was all right after all. The only reason I
can suggest for the cells not hatching is, that the
next two nights after I inserted them were frosty,
and they might have been chilled. Now, here are
some questions: Why did the nucleus containing
the old queen start cells, and why did they accept
the cell I gave them, and wax it in nicely? Is the
rule I have quoted from the ABC book incorrect,
or do my bees act differently from every one's else?

A LITTLE STORY WITH A MORAL TO IT.

I am taking Gleanings, with one of my neigh-
bors. I think it is " splendid," as the girls say.
The criticisms from some of the friends make me
think of what I saw in a village last spring. A man
was fixing the sidewalk in front of his house. In a
short time there were several men around him,
telling him how to do it. He kept right on, and fixed
it to suit himself. I guess that is the best way.

Rockwell's Mills, N. Y. Elmer D. Cornell.

Friend C, it is very singular indeed that
all live of your colonies built queen-cells
while they had a queen, although it is not
very unusual for a colony to persist in build-
ing queen-cells when a new queen has just

20

GLEAKIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JaiT.

been given them, indicating that all the
memb>-is uf tlie commonwealth are not
quite satisliecl to accept her. It is a pretty
hard matter to have tlie A B C boolv touch
all these minor points.— I do not think that
frosty nights Avould injure a queen - cell if
put right into the brood-nest, especially if
the cluster of bees were enough to make a
tolerable colony or nucleus. — The conditions
of your little story are not quite like those
of a bee -journal, friend C. The sidewalk
belonged entirely to the man. He was not
building it for his neighbors who were mak-
ing suggestions. But a journal belongs to
the people ; in fact, it is made for them, and
they have a right to suggest how it should
be made. I am glad to say, however, that
the general decision of the people seems to
be just in accordance with my own ; that is,
by far the greater number of friends seem to
prefer to have Gleanings with a variety,
and, I believe, such a variety as I have giv-
en. That those who subscribe may not be
disappointed, we have changed the front page
of our journal so as to read, " Devoted to
Bees, Honey, and Home Interests," so as to
say we are not getting away from our text,
even if we do touch on other industries as
they come before the people.

THE FIRM OF JANE MEEK & BROTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

BY llEV. W. D. RALSTON.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

JT was a lovely day, late in autumn. The Rev.
John Meek had been in his study all the morn-
ing, busy at work on his sermons for the com-
ing Sabbath. Looking out on that beautiful
Indian-summer day he felt that a walk would
do him good; and, picking up his hat and cane, he
started forth to take one.

As he stepped througli his gate into the highway
he noticed some object up the road which he at first
thought was a team approaching; but on looking
more intently he saw it was not a team, but his two
children running toward him at the topi of their
speed. His wife, noticing him earnestly gazing up
the road, came to the gate to see what was the mat-
ter; and after a look at the children she exclaimed,
"That is our Jane and Tommy. I sent them on an
errand to Mr. Brown's. What can be wrong, that
they are running so?"

By this time both children were crying out some-
thing to their parents; but the children were so
short of breath from running, and so eager to tell
the tale, that the parents could not understand
them. However, they managed to catch the words,
"Mr. Brown — bees — keg — killed — home!"

Mrs. Meek remarked, " I fear Mr. Brown's bees
have stung him to death."

Her husband replied, "I hope not, but we shall
soon learn."

By this time the children had arrived, and began
to tell their story, both at once; but Tommy was
told to stop and let his sister tell it. It was all about
a colony of bees which Mr. Brown had offered them

as a present. Mr. Brown was a friend and neighbor,
living on a large farm not far from Mr. Meek's
house. Although he kept a few bees he made nc
claim to undei'Standing bee culture. His bees re-
ceived very little care or attention from him. His
hives stood in a row upon a bench in his orchard,
and were merely rough boxes, some cf which he
made himself, while he picked up others around the
village stores. He obtained his surplus by boring
holes in the tops of his hives, and placing on these
some smaller boxes. At the approach of winter, if
any colony had not suflBcient stores the bees in it
were killed and the honey talien. Mr. Brown had
been examining his bees that morning, to see what
stores they had. He found all well supplied but
one, which came off very late, and which, for want
of a suitable box, he had placed in an old nail-keg.
This one he decided to destroy, and was preparing
to do so when the children arrived. His children
explained to their little friends what their father
was doing, and urged them to wait and have some
of the honey. The kind-heai-ted Jane's eyes filled
with tears as she thought of the poor little bees in
the old keg, peaceful and happy, clustered as usual
on their combs, but soon to meet, a horrible death.

Mr. Brown's plan of killing bees was to smother
them to death with the fumes of burning brim-
stone. As she watched Mr. Brown digging the
brimstone-pit she ventured to say to him, " I hate
to think of your killing the bees."

He replied, " 1 hate to kill them; but they haven't'
sufficient honey to suppoi't them through the win-
ter. They will eat up what they have, and then die
of starvation; and surely it is better to kill thern
now, and obtain some honey, than to let them starve
and obtain nothing. I kill them to keep them from
dying of starvation."

Jane asked if they could not be fed, and their
lives preserved until spring.

Mr. Brown replied, " I believe some people do
feed bees, bu 1 1 do not know how it is done ; besides,
I have so many horses, cows, and pigs to feed that I
can find no time to feed bees. But," said he, " I'll
give you and Tommy this nail-keg hive, bees and
all, as a present, if you will take them 'aome, feed
them up, and preserve their lives. Your father
knows something about bees, because I have heard
him talk about them, and he can tell you how
to feed them."

Jane replied, "I would willingly take the bees,
but I shall have to ask papa and mamma about it
first."

"Very well," said Mr. Brown; "you run home
and ask them, and I will not kill the bees until I
hear from you."

The children certainly did "run" home, and, hav-
ing related the facts in the case, stood waiting for
the important question, as to whether the gift
should be accepted or not, to be decided.

Mrs. Meek laughed heartily, saying, "Is that all'i"
Your pa and I thought, from the way you ran, that
something dreadful had happened; and now you
say your reason for running was to obtain leave
from us to keep bees. Children, I am sure you do
not know what j'ou ask. If you knew how bees
sting, and how it hurts to be stung, I am sure you
would not ask to keep them. I think you had better
let Mr. Brown keep them."

"But, ma," said Tommy, "Mr. Brown will kill
them. He said he would kill them unless we took
them."

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

21

"Now, ma, think about the poor little bees being
smothered to death with brimstone," chimed in
Jane. Then, turning to her father, she said, coax-
inglj^, "Please, pa, may we not keep them? Mr.
Brown said we could have them, and welcome, and
that you could tell Tommy and me how to take care
of them."

Mr. Meek replied, " I was starting to take a walk,
and the day is so fine I do not want to miss it. As I
walk along I will think the matter over, and I will
meet you at the dinner-table, when we will talk
it over." With that he walked away.

While Mr. Meek studied his Bible and his books on
theology very faithfully, he also studied about
m.any other things. He had read several works on
the management of bees. His father kept bees aft-
er the old plan, and when a boy he had become fa-
miliar with its workings. He thought it cruel to
kill the bees in a hive to obtain their stores. In his
travels since entering the ministry he had visited
many modern bee-keepers, and noticed with glad-
ness the advances which had been made. All the
bees near where he now lived were kept upon the
old plan. He had often talked to Mr. Brown and
others about trying the modern improvements; but
they had never been persuaded to try them. He
often thought of buying a colony and showing the
people around what modern bee-keeping is, in
hopes that they might be led by his success to adopt
some of the improvements. He knew that the
country afforded plenty of bee-pasture. White clo-
ver, that best of all honey-plants, abounded along
the roadsides and in all the ppsture-flelds and mea-
dows. He was certain that many thousands of
pounds of honey were wasted every j'ear, near his
home, for lack of bees to gather it. He also believ-
ed it would benefit the children, to have the care of
bees. He said to himself, "They will learn some-
thing, even if this colony does not live until spring."
His conclusion was, that the children might ac-
cept the offered gift. He understood very well why
tender-hearted Jane pitied the bees in the doomed
hive. When a boy, he himself had often shed tears
over the unhappy fate of similar colonies when he
saw them placed in the brimstone-pit. As Jane was
only ten years old, and Tommy eight, they knew
very little about any kind of work, and nothing at
all about working with bees. They would need
much counsel and help, which he was willing- to
give, provided they did their part cheerfully.

As they sat at the dinner-table the children were
very impatient to learn the decision; but having
been well taught they waited for their parents to
introduce the subject. At length their father re-
marked, "I think Mr. Brown's offer a very good
one, and we had better accept it."

Jane said, "Oh! thank you, papa; thank you, pa-
pa!" But Tommy dropped his piece of bread and
butter, and, clapping his hands together, said,
"Good! good! good!"

It was always his custom, when much pleased, to
dance around on one foot, clapping his hands to-
gether, exclaiming, "Good! good!" but as he was
now sitting at the table he could not very well in-
dulge in the dance on one foot.

Mr. Meek continued, " I allow you to accept the
offer, for various reasons. One is, pity for the poor
little bees doomed to die. They are now under the
sentence of death, and will bo killed unless we take
them and save them. Another is, that you children
may learn how to keep bees. The art of bee-keep-

ing is a trade. If the bees live, and you care for
them, you will learn this trade; and the knowledge
you will thus acquire may be very useful to you in
after-life. Another reason is this: I should like to
set before our neighbors and friends the example
of a well-kept bee-yard. I am sure that many col-
onies of bees might be kept in our vicinity; and I
think if I could show the people how to keep them
profitably, I might advance bee culture in this
neighborhood. And now, Jane and Tommy, I want
you to remember that Mr. Brown gave the bees to
you. You are the owners of them; you are the bee-
keepers, and you must do the work. I will direct
you what to do, and will help you do what I think
too hard or too difficult for you. You must, in re-
turn for my services, furnish us some of your honey
for our table."

We can not record all the conversation which
lasted through the meal, and was continued after
they had left the table. They then went out into
the yard, selected a spot where the hive should be
placed, and prepared a stand on which to place it.
Then the question arose, how best to remove it.
Mr. Meek's advice M'as asked. He said, "There is
in our barn a large sack. It will hold a nail- keg
nicely. Take it, put the keg into it, then tie it se-
curely. Take the buggy, place the keg it the buggy,
and drive carefully home, and not a bee can escape
to trouble you. When you place the keg in the
buggy, be sure to turn it bottom up, and then the
combs will not be so likely to break."

Thus equipped the children drove away about
sundown, and a little after dark a shout at the front
gate announced that they had returned with their
precious load. Mr. Meek went out, and cai-ried in
the hive. He thought it best not to open the sack
nor place it on the stand until all the bees had
crawled back into the hive. He placed it in a posi-
tion favorable for their doing so; and in the morn-
ing, all being quiet in the hive, the keg was gently
drawn from the sack, and placed upon the stand.
Mr. Meek pronounced it light in stores, the combs
not filling more than half the keg.

" They must be fed," said he ; and as it was now late
in the season, no time was to be lost. The children
prepared feed after directions given by their father.
They possessed a dollar, which they expended for
granulated sugar. They then made this into a thick
nice syrup by adding some water, and heating it.
A tin pan was borrowed from their mother, tilled
with this feed, a little warm, and the surface of the
syrup was covered with little strips of pine, split
from the kindling - wood, to keep the bees from
drowning in it. Jane then stood behind the hive
and gently tipped it back, while Tommy slipped
the pan of feed upon the bottom-board; the hive
being then let down he covered it and kept out
robber-bees.

In the evening the children took the horse-blank-
ets and the buffalo-robe and covered the hive, com-
pletely protecting it from the cold, and enabling
them to take up the feed. The 'feed was always
warm when placed in the hive; and being thus
protected it was all taken by morning. They were
thus fed repeatedly. When the dollar's worth of
sugar had been fed, Mr. Meek said, "They surely
will do until spring, when they can be fed some
more if they need it. Now," says he, " thej' can re-
main here until the severe weather comes, when
we must place them in their winter quarters."
To he continued Fch. 1st.

22

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

C. C. MILLER'S EEPORT.

TKiMPKKATURE OF CELLARS AND OF THE EARTH.

«S Mr. Rcot (p. 813) inquires how I succeeded in
carting my bees around, and about the hon-
ey and money I made, I will try to answer in
full. First as to the success of carting
around, I consider it a matter of necessity,
and would not think of keeping all my bees in one
apiary; and as I winter; in cellar I am obliged to
haul home the bees every fall and take them away
in the spring. This I have done for six years, but I
never hauled them away at any other time, except
in the summer of 1880, when I took them three
miles to the edge of a large buckwheat field. I
think they did enough better than those left at
home to pay for the hauling.

Now as to the result of the year. I'm not proud
of it. I don't glow with pride as I contemplate it.
Never a glow. Nov. 5 to 13, 1884, 1 put my bees in
the cellars, 300 colonies. March 38, 1885, I began
taking them out, and took out the last April 13,
making a confinement of 1£6 to 159 days. By the
time fruit-trees were in bloom I had 179 colonies left,
a loss of about 40 per cent. I increased these to 340
colonies, and took about 1700 lbs. of comb honey,
making 9'2 lbs. per colony, and 90 per cent increase.
I might theorize and philosophize as to why 40 per
cent should have been lost in wintering and spring-
ing, but I will try to limit myself mainly to what I
know. There were some plain cases of starving—
not a drop of honey left in the hive. The winter
was very cold— 37° below zero at one time, and the
cellars were allowed to become quite cold. In one
of them the mercury reached one degree below the
freezing-point. I will allow myself to theorize far
enough to say, that a smaller number in each cel-
lar would have done better— at any rate, they win-
tered better in former years when not so crowded.
1 can not tell just how many were alive last spring
when taken out, but I think the heaviest loss oc-
curred after taking out. Some dwindled, and some
swarmed out. Some of the latter seemed pretty
fair colonies, and the deserted hives showed plenty
of honey left, and also of brood — perhaps more
brood than the bees could cover.

Mine is not a good honey region, white clover be-
ing about my only dependence for surplus. Last
summer the clover bloom was more abundant than
I ever knew it, but for some reason the honey was
not forthcoming. When the flow of^ honey was
over, many colonies had scarcely any honey, and
one actually starved to death— a thing I never ex-
perienced at that season of the year befoi-e. I
ought to have mentioned, that a great many col-
onies were verj' slow about building up in the
spring and summer. Soon after the failure of clo-
ver I began to feedisyrup of granulated sugar, and
in all 1 fed about 1700 lbs., to make them ready for
winter.

TEMPERATURE OF CELLAR.

I read your remarks, Bro. Root, on p. 8.30, with
some surprise. You say, replying to J. F. Redd,
" Your cellar will very likely run from 58° to 60° in
spite of any thing you can do," etc. Is it possible
there is so much difl^erence between your place and
this, in latitude 43°? I am not sure that I ever
knew the thermometer in my cellar to run up to 60°
when there were bees in it. I happen to have be-
fore me the record of the winter of 1876-7, in which
the thermometer ranged as high, or higher, than

the average. Dec. 10 it was 33°, and was no higher
than 41° till Jan. 39, when it reached 43°, going no
higher than 4G° till April 1, when it stood at 4S°, the
highest point it reached during the bees' confine-
ment. So you see in this region there seems little
difficulty in keeping below 58° or 60°, and I do not
-now so much wonder that you prefer outdoor win-
tering in your locality. I think it is pretty well
agreed, that, for best results, a cellar should be
kept at about 45° ; and the testimony agrees so gen-
erally on this point that 1 suppose for the majority
of persons and places it is correct; but I have never
succeeded in keeping my cellar lo average more
than 40°, if that. Indeed, it has taken a good deal
of artificial heat to keep it up anywhere near that
point, lam not sure whether 5° warmer would be
any better; for in the v.'inter already mentioned,
137 colonies were put in, in the fall, and 137 taken
out in good condition in the spring; still, three were
lost in springing— whether from queenlessness or
otherwise, I can not now say. Probably the best
plan is for each one who winters in a cellar to note
carefully at what temperature his bees are quiet-
est, and be governed accordingly. Is not a cellar
with sub-ventilation warmer than one without?
The air as it enters my cellar through the sub-ven-
tilating-pipe has been no lower than 43° this winter,
although the cellar has been as low as 36°, and out-
doors 14° below zero. Later in the winter, the air
from the pipe has, other winters, gone as low as 36°.

Since writing the above I have received Glean-
ings for Dec. 15, and read with very great interest
the talks about temperature by Bro. Doolittle,
Ernest, and yourself. Why should there not be a
great difference in temperature between the north
and south? After all, the practical questions come.
What is the best temperature to keep a cellar?
Should it gradually become warmer toward spring?
What are the best means to secure the desired
temperature? What is the best depth, all things con-
sidered, to run a ventilating-pipe? For, Bro. Root,
although you prefer outdoor wintering, for many
of us in other localities the cellar is the safer place,
and ansAvers to the above and kindred questions
will be read by us with the keenest interest. If you
will try your hand at it, and get others to do so,
you will merit, and no doubt get, many thanks.

C. C. Miller, 179—340.

Marengo, 111., Dec. 31, 1885.

Friend M., we are very sorry to hear that
you have had so poor a season ; but before
deciding that your locality is not a good one,
I would consider the enormous yields you
have made two or three seasons in succes-
sion, even though you had so large a number
of bees in one locality. Would it not be
better to take a little of the advice Doolittle
gives in the present number, and get larger
yields from fewer colonies, or else have them
scattered more in different localitiesV The
dwindling and swarming out in the spring
seems to be a sort of mania, as we have
many times mentioned, when things get to
going wrong. We have had, in our locality,
bees starve to death in June and July. Aft-
er such experiences they seem to be always
slow in building up.— In regard to my reply
to friend Redd, I meant that during a warm
night in the middle of the winter (such as
we are having now this 24th day of December,
and there has been no freezing night or day
for three days, and one night was almost as

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

warm as any night in June) the bees would
sometimes raise the temperature of the cellar
to 58 or 60^. I put this temperature from
memory, as I don't Ivnow that I made a rec-
ord ; but had you been at the recent con-
vention at Detroit you would have heard
about cellars going up to even 90^, and that
in Canada. To my great astonishment, the
friend who gave this temperature is one of
our most successful men in wintering his
bees. AVhen questioned, he admitted that
the bees came out of their hives and cluster-
ed against and all over them, and all be-
tween them. But he said they went back
all right when the temperature lowered. I
have seen just such a state of affairs, but it
resulted in the loss of several valuable
queens. My experience in wintering in cel-
lar, as a rule, ^ave about the temijerature
you mention. You have given us some very
important facts in regard to sub-earth ven-
tilation ; namely, when the temperature is
14^ below zero outside, your sub-earth tube
delivered air in the cellar at a temperature
not lower than 4o-'. 1 do not see why there
should be a difference in the temperature of
the earth north and south, if we get down
deep enough to be beyond the influence of
winter or summer— say eight feet deep, or
may be a little more. And, by the way,
friend M., will you please tell us how low
down your sub-earth pipe is laid, and how
large it is in diameter? In regard to the
best temperature of a cellar, the different
temperatures mentioned at the convention
preferred by different individuals varied so
gi-eatly that it leaves one quite at sea. In
the A B C book we have put it at 40^; but
Ave mention there that some of the bee-keep-
ers of York State prefer it as high as 50'^.
Now, very likely half way between tlie two,
or 45°, will come as near it as we shall be
able to agree on.

HOW TO USE THE SOLAR WAX-
EXTRACTOR.

THE TEMPERATUKE OF CALIFORNIA AS COMPARED
WITH THE EASTERN STATES.

fN page 775, in a toot-note to my report you say,
"I do not quite understand what you say
about extraoling- honey as well as wax," re-
ferring to the solar wax-extractor. I have a
case that will explain the operation very
clearly. After we had done taking ofl" our honey
in August, I was requested by a friend who is in ill
health to come down and takeoff his honey for him.
He lives some fifteen miles nearer town than we do.
Myself and nephew went down, never doubting but
that we could take off the honey from the hundred
hives, and house it, in one day. Imagine our con-
sternation when we found there never had been any
boxes put in the top stories, and that the bees had
built just according to their "own sweet will."
Well, we had to cut the honey out of the top stories
of that whole hundred hives. We did that in two
days, and stowed it away in barrels and five-gallon
cans, in the houey-house. Now, you can't sell mass
honey here at aniy price, so the only thing to be done
was to get all this broken and mashed-up comb into
extracted hone3'. I will here give you the modus
operandi, remarking, by the way, that a great deal

of the extracted houey produced in this county, and
country too, is produced in just this way.

A SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOR— HOW CONSTRUCTED.

A solar extractor is made exactly as you would
make a trough out of two boards. This, you see,
would produce two angles of reflection. But I
made a half-octagon, so you see I have two angles
of reflection on each side. Now you are ready for
your tin lining. This must be all fitted neatly to the
box, and well soldered together. Then put in your
spout. If you intend to use this spout out of doors
it must be of leather or rubber, so you can stick it
into the honey-can and wrap a cloth around it, or
you may get more bees than honey. Now make a
light strong frame, to fit just half way down in your
solar extractor. Cover it with wire cloth, well
tacked on. Lay on this a piece of clean sacking, for
a strainer. Now pile in your honey, keeping it as
much in the middle as possible. The reason for
this is, that 3'ou want the sides clear, to act as re-
flectors. Put on your sash and stop up your pipe.
Of course, no bees must get into this honey, or they
will never get out alive. The action of this sun ex-
tractor is thus:

The honey and comb both run through the cloth
and wire screen into the lower part of the extract-
or. The honey sinks below, while the wax floats on
top of it. The wax gets hard much sooner than the
honey gets cold. You can therefore draw off the
honey while it is warm, as it will run much easier
and cleaner from the extractor. In the evening,
when the bees are all in their " little beds," you can
take off the sash and lift out the wax in great
chunks that would " knock an ox down."

What do I melt small cakes of wax for? Well, I
had that ton of honey at the end of the season, that
the bees would not seal up. In each box of sec-
tions there would be one section at the end whose
outside was not sealed np. It was unsalable. I
therefore cut that cake out and left the box whole,
so that it would pack right in the case. I made
these cakes into extracted honey.

It is not a fact, that the heat of the sun is much
greater here in our climate than it is in the States.
In fact, it is not, to use a common saying, " half as
hot." I have known )iiY//ifs, bothin Pennsylvania and
Ohio, that I think would have come pretty near to
melting beeswax; nights when the denizens of
great cities had to crowd out of doors to get even a
breath of free air. The thermometer here general-
ly ranges from 50 to 70° in the winter, and from 70 to
85° in the summer. It rarely gets up to 90°. This
summer it was exceedingly hot — got to 90 several
times. People thought they were burned up — en-
tirely consumed. To day I am melting beeswax,
with the thermometer 70° in the shade. It is run-
ning in a swift stream about the thickness of a very
thick darning-needle.

It is very singular to me that you can not melt
beeswax there, with a temperature of from 85 to
10.5"^, as you have it in the summer. Very singular,
too, that you have to make shade for your hives, to
keep the honey from melting down, and yet can not
melt wa.x under glass, with a bright tin bottom and
sides as reflectors. We don't have to shade our
hives here. There is not one hive shaded in ten
thousand, in this county. They are all U lumber at
that. This speaks as loud as the thermometer, docs
it not':* If you make your solar extractor right, and
can't melt beeswax in it, it must be — climate. Ah !
there we have got you. The only climate worth

24

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

Jan.

talking- about is here. No other climate on the
broad globe will melt beeswax with the thermome-
ter at 70°. I am so glad! This— this is happiness.

Italy,

With all her sunshine and her wealth of flowers,
Can never be thy equal. O'er her lowers
Malaria's gaunt and naked form. The sea
That sweeps her shores is not like this of ours.
She is not, then, thy peer, nor e'er can be,
O thou unclouded land along the sea!

J. P. Israel,.
San Dieguito, San Diego Co., Cal., Dec., 1885.
Friend Israel, I beg pardon, and own up,
but some way I had got tlie idea into my
head that yonr summers are mucli hotter
than ours.— See what friend Poppleton has
got to say about solar wax-extractors, on
page 10. Truly there is a great deal to
learn in regard to solar wax-extractors and
some other things. That reminds me of
what somebody said when Horace Greeley
wrote his book, " What I Know about Farm-
ing." They said it would take a great deal
larger book to hold what Horace Greeley did
not know about farming.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELOC,

KANSAS CHIPS; KIND WORDS FOR GLEANINGS.

T^ AST spring I purchased three colonies of Ital-
ic ian bees (this being my first experience in the
c^r business) ; and during the spring and summer
-^" they were very " good natured," and we got
along very pleasantly; but after the honey
season commenced in July they became very cross,
and, like Josh Billings' mule, "seemed to take espe-
cial pride in exhibiting the part where their strength
lay." I suffered myself to be stung for awhile; but
it finally got old, and I donned the veil and gloves,
then I had them; and unless their disposition
changes, or confidence in myself increases, I think
I will keep on the safe side in the future. But I
hope that, with Prof. Cook's Manual, and Glean-
ings, as counsel, and the veil and gloves for pro-
tection, I shall be able to succeed.

Apiculture is an experiment in this Western coun-
try at present; but I think, by raising sweet clo-
ver, alsike, and buckwheat, we may be able to make
it profitable, to some extent at least.

I now have seven colonies— four new, and the
three old ones. They are well stored for winter;
but the new ones, being rather lat*, are not as
strong as I should like.

1 prize Gleanings very highly; and while I con-
tinue to try to handle bees I will be a subscriber;
so that, when I say " stop," you may know that I
am stung out of the business.

The supplies ordered of you all came in splendid
condition, and gave perfect satisfaction. The foun-
dation I thought very fine.

I am wintering in cellar. I did not get any honey
this season, it being very wet here.

Jewell City, Kan. D. A. Atkins.

A beginner's enthusiasm; moths; scorched
sorghum, etc.
About nine years ago I paid five dollars for a
large swarm of hybrids in an old American hive,
with two or three frames of brood and honey, to
start with. I also procured an old volume of King's
text-book on bee-keeping, in cennection with a few
copies of King's periodicals. In perusing these

books my enthusiasm for bee culture was aroused.
It was here I first noticed A. I. Root's advertise-
ment of Gleanings and supplies. His talk was
quite homelike-so reliable, and not puffed up.
The idea that he opposed patents — all things free—
was so much to my taste that I at once sent for a
sample of Gleanings. The sample came and I in-
vestigated until mj^ enthusiasm caught to a flame.
I was soon a subscriber to Gleanings, and really
calculated the time that I should have 100 colonies,
of thousands each, of living beings to gather in the
luscious sweets of the country, and jilace it right at
my feet. But, alas for a continued burning ambi-
tion without some realizations' I have barely suc-
ceeded in keeping the flame aglow. The burning is
really painful at times. If apiculture is ever a
success in these parts it will be of a cultivated
source. Hitherto the profit (which consists mainly
of "anticipation") does not cover expenses.

Last fall, a year ago, the " water" being dried up
in my mouth for the taste of honey (hopes being
blasted), I decided to try the queen business, and
sent to friend Koot for a choice imported Italian
queen, which proved a "daisy" with me. Early
last spring the yellow bands began to appear, and
in a short time 1 had a full corps of Italian workers.
Here my hopes took another " boom," as they
seemed to work with more determination than I
had been accustomed to see. In spite of the bad
season last year, these bees did better, every way,
than usual.

ITALIANS A SURE CURE FOR MOTHS.

Tell all who are troubled with moths, to Italianize.
I firmly believe, if I were to place a frame, riddled
with moths, in the midst of one of my hives, the
bees would caoy it out in less than two days.

SCORCHED SORGHUM. '

Last fall I went into winter quarters with five
stands, in good trim, as I thought. In the after
part of the winter I noticed the bees of one hive
coming out, at every warm spell, and perishing on
the ground in every direction. By investigation I
found solid sheets of sealed stuff which tasted like
scorched sorghum. A part of the stores seemed to
be grains of sugar, and some thick water mixed.
When I overhauled the other four hives I found
this watery substance would run out of the combs
when tilted over. I threw a great deal of it out
with my hands. A. P. Stair.

Whitney, Ala.

red ants killing QUEENS IN THE CELL; SIM-
PLICITY CHAFF HIVES.

My bees have acted very strangely indeed. One
colony, consisting of a first and second after swarm,
cast a swarm; and no one being near, it flew away.
When it was time for the young queens to hatch I
examined the hive and found that the bees were
tearing down the queen-cells, so I began examining
those not torn open, and I found that, in every case,
the immature queen was dead, and the cell infested
with very small red ants, hardly visible to the
naked eye. Do you think that the ants destroyed
the queens, or did they get in after the queens died?
I believe they killed the queens, else why should
evei-y cell be infested, and every- queen dead?
About a week afterward I gave the colony a hatch-
ing queen, and three days afterward there were
eggs in all the combs but one.

On the 6th of Sept. an absconding swarm from a
neighbor entered a hive containing a swarm. They
killed my queen, and, having brought none with

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

them, they had to wait until some of the cells (a
number were already capped) should hatch. In the
mean time t divided them. On the 13th the colony
above mentioned cast a swarm, which I put in with
a nucleus, but about half of the bees went back to
theold hive. A day or two afterward another swarm
issued and absconded. Tins all happened during- a
great dearth of honey.

Bees did very well on buckwheat, goldenrod, as-
tei', ironweed, smartwced, and another weed that
grows in damp places or on low lands, to the hcig-bt
of two or three feet, and has a bushy top, thickly
set with small white blossoms. Stocks that had
scarcely any honey have now enough for winter.

The select tested queen I bought of you is doing
nicely; she has quite a large family of her own
raising.

I have made a. simple chatf hive as a kind of ex-
periment. It is made just like a Simplicity, e.xcept
that it is four inches longer, and the rear end is
fastened in with three wood screws in each side, so
as to be movable. When you wish to pack up your
bees for winter, take out the screws, move the end-
board back, and put in the screws. Slip in two 2-
inch crosswise chaff cushions (made like your chaff-
cushion division - boards), then a chaff cushion on
each side; hang in your 7 frames of bees and stores;
put on the winter covering, and, presto, you have a
chaff hive all complete. What do you think of it?
Has an}' one ever tried a hive of tliis description?
IE you think it worth naming, call it a " Simplicity
chatf hive." Alwin S. Heim.

Chandler, Tnd., Oct. 0, 1885.

For many years we have liad reports in
regard to red ants destroying queens ; also
in regard to their propensity to bite into
queen-cells and destroy the inmates. We
have learned some sad lessons in losing im-
ported queens by leaving the cages contain-
ing them where the ants had access. You
will find a foot-note referring to the matter,
in the ABC book. 1 have known ants to
do considerable damage where combs were
left uncovered by tlie bees— especially combs
containing queen-cells ; but I do not know
that we have had a report before where tliey
invaded the hives. Very likely your hive
was left comparatively unprotected, by cast-
ing a heavy swarm. In such a case I would
try to find the nest of the red ants and treat
them to boiling water or turpentine.— Sim-
plicity hives made with a movable end-board
have been suggested before. Tlie objections
are, that where you find it but little labor to
fix over one hive, or, say, a small number of
hives, with a large apiary you would find it,
I think, altogether too much machinery.
Another thing, such a hive is much more
liable to be invaded by frost than tlie reg-
ular permanent chatf hive.

510 COLONIES IN WINTER QUAUTEHS.

I suppose you know we are in the bee-business
pretty heavily, having gone into winter quarters
with 510 colonics, kept in six different j'ards, or api-
aries. We have a great many letters of inquiry
about our management of bees in so many places,
and v/hy we don't Avrite more for the papers, etc.
Now, if you wish I will try to talk to the friends
some this winter through Gleanings.

Plattevilc, Wis. Edwin France.

To be sure, we know you are one of the

big bee-keepers, friend F., and we are al-
ways glad to get reports from those who
have such large experience as this number
of colonies must give. Send us on your
talks, and we will at least try to pay you for
the time and trouble it takes.

CAN HO.NEY he adulterated WITH GRAPE SUGAR,
AND N;)T be NOTICED?

I mail you a sample of honey (?). I bought it
for white clover honey, as advertised in Glean-
ings for September 15. It has occurred to me that
something similar could be made of grape sugar
and water with a greater or less proportion of hon-
ey; but 1 reserve judgment until I hear from you.
What I wish to ask is. Would jou be willing to sell
this honey to your customers for pure honey? By
giving your opinion you will greatly oblige.

Mt. Vernon, Iowa, Nov. B, 1883. Oliver Foster.

Friend F., the sample of honey you send
is about the nicest clover honey I ever tast-
ed, and its being candied so perfectly white
and solid is the best proof of its purity.
The addition of even a very small quantity
of grape sugar, by some means whicli I can
not explain, prevents candying, instead of
hastening it. Two or three years ago Prof.
Cook made some careful experiments in this
matter. The addition of grape sugar also
gives the honey a peculiar flavor, which
I think I should recognize readily. I am
sure the honey from the friend you men-
tion is absolutely pure; and, by the way,
ought we not to be very careful about letting
such ideas get into our heads? In regard to
adulteration, if we as bee-keepers have not
charity and faith in our fellow bee-keepers,
how shall we expect the great world at large to
hold fast to the beautiful thought contained in
the sermon on charity— ''thiiiketh no evil"?
During the past year a great many samples
have been sent to me, asking if I did not
think such a sample was adulterated ; but
every single i sample, so far, I have pro-
nounced pure honey ; and, what is still more
strange, the most of the samples have been
extra nice honey.

bee-keeping in the region of lake superior.

As I think it probable that j'ou never have had a
correspondent from this region, and have probably
no idea that bees can exist, or that they have ever
had a chance to up here, 1 send you a few lines.

The bee business is in its infancy in this region of
country; and whether it will ever get beyond that
is generally conceded to be r.n uncertainty. I
think that there arc not more than fifteen hives
of bees in the upper peninsula of Michigan. I have
started in the business to make a success if I possi-
bly can. I got two hives from Own Sound, Ont.,
last June. I have now four i^-.s the result. I have
put my bees in the cellar, as our winters are more
severe than yours, although a neighbor of ours Is
going to try his out of doors. What I fear the most
is our late cool springs. Am I correct in thinking
the snow ought to be mostly or all off' in the spring-
before taking the bees out? R. N. Adams.

Sault de St. Marie, Mich., Nov. 19, 1885.

Friend A., as a rule the weather is hardly
fit for bees to lly before the snow is all off,
but circumstances may alter the case. AVe
have occasionally a season when bees work
quite industriously while considerable snow

26

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

remains in the fields. AVhere there are
high hills or mountains, the bees often work
in valleys while snow covers the high lands.

SWEET CLOVER NOT YIELDING NECTAR.

My neighbor sowed about V2 acre in sweet clover
last fall, and now it is iu full bloom. He says there
is not a bee at work on It yet, and it has been in
bloom for 10 days. C -n you tell us why they arc
not at work on it?

I commenced this spring- with three colonies, Ital-
ians, and they have increased to 14, all in good con-
dition now, and plenty of honey besides. I had 15
colonies of black bees in the spring, and they have
increased to 28 colonies, and three of these colonies
did not swarm at all, so 1 have about 42 colonies in
all from 18 in the spring, and all natural swarms.
I have no report yet on honey. R. S. Rains.

Lovelady. Texas.

Friend R., we have had the same experi-
ence with sweet clover, but the next sea-
son it seemed to yield honey bountifully,
and has every season since that. Sometimes
the bees will not touch it while basswood or
red clover is yielding, but they go on to it in
great numbers as soon as the honey from
these sources is gone.

THIN SECTIONS TO HOLD A POUND— HOW LARGEV

I want to make a section box 1 7-16 inches wide,
of such size as to hold a pound. Can any of the
readers of Gleanings give me the necessary infor-
mation? How near will AH xi'ia x 1 7-16 be to the
right siz J to hold 1 lb.? W. S. Vandruff.

Kirby, Pa , Nov. 19, 1885.

Friend V., it all depends on wliether you
expect to use separators or no separators.
Without separators, I think the size you
give would be pretty nearly right. If sepa-
rators are used, you will want it, I should
say at a rough guess, nearly 5 inches square;
for 7-16 is no thicker than a good many
brood-combs where honey is stored in the
upper part.

A beginner's experience in transferring.

I must tell you about my progress at beeing.
First my father kept bees for about 20 years, always
afraid of them, and never took any honey, only
" maby eight or nine pound " a year from seven or
ten swarms; so I read ABC, bought a smoker
from you, then I tackled the box hives and shook
the bees in a Simplicity hive that I made. I took
one hive of bees in the wood-shed, and was going to
transfer (by book form), but I had trouble in get-
ting the side off the hive until one hee took me
" kazip " on the ear, then I settled to " biz." I got
"astraddle" the hive, with hatchet and chisel in
hands, and went to work. I got along finely, and
kept on until I transferred ten hives (different
days). I liked it, for it is so much fun; if I'd get
stung 25 or 30 times, it soon would be forgotten
while working with the bees. I had several swarms
this summer, and several left. Honey was not very
good for yield, but nice eating, although I got a fair
supply— enough to sell some, and kept plenty to eat,
which is about 150 to 300 lbs. for my brother and me.
We are both small boys— about 180 lbs. apiece is our
weight, and we like honey. I tried to get m3^ broth-
er to eat too much honey, so he would get sick, and I
could try the remedy for colic— that is, only plenty
of sweet milk, and drink it; but h was not subject
to any such ailings.

1 had some sections partly filled, so I took all out
except one hive, and in front of that I put a box
filled with these partly filled sections, for the bees
to take up the honey from below and finish filling
their partly filled ones; so 1 completed some sec-
tions, and the I'est are emptj', ready for next year.
I noticed last spring with my bees that I could tell
(by smelling) the difl'erence between drone and
worker comb. Is it a common thing? Can bees
hear any sound that is loud, such as loud talking?

Aviston, III. J. J. Randall.

Friend R., your plan for getting the bees
to complete partly filled sections. I should
think, would be in great danger of inciting
robbing. However, if you have got along all
right, that is all that is wanted.— I have nev-
er before heard of anybody who could tell
drone from worker comb by the smell. We
should be glad to have others try it and re-
port.—The matter in regard to bees hearing
has been pretty fully discussed in our back
volumes. The general decision seemed to be
that they could not hear unless the sound
were accompanied by some sort of a jar ; but
as more or less jar accompanies every sound
that is made, I do not see how the question
can be very definitely answered.

questions from a beginner in regard to
wintering.

I do not like to bother you very much; but if you
will answer two or three questions I shall be obliged.
I have got my bees all in two-story chaff hives, with
oat-chaff cushions on top, and three one-inch pieces
under the cushion to hold it up. The cushion fits in
pretty close, but the frost comes up around it. Do
you think it will do any harm? They have got all
of their frames of honey, nine and ten, the same as
they had all summer. Wo have lots of snow here
now. The wind blcv.' so the other night that it
filled the entrances full of snow, and it froze in
there so full that no air can get out. Is it safe to
leave it in there, or would you dig it out? I tried to
dig out some of it, and the bees came out on the
snow and died. I have a swarm of bees that arc
very sick now. They are crawling out and dying
all the time. The queen is a daughter of the import-
ed queen I got of you. As it is a good colony I do
not like to lose it. If you can tell me any thing
about it I shall be very glad. Francis C. Smith.

Kilmanaugh, Mich., Dec. 7, 18S5.

I do not think the frost is any thing out of
the way, friend S. The moisture from the
breath of the bees ought to come up around
the cushion ; and where the weather is very
severe, of couise it will make frost around
the openings. Don't bother with the snow
at all. I can not remember where I have
ever known snow to do harm. On the con-
trary, it is the bee-keeper's best friend; and
yet we have more inquiries every winter in
regard to snow around the entrances than
almost any other one subject. Disturl)ing
the bees by trying to clear the entrances re-
sults just about as you mention. I do not
know what is the troiible with your sick bees,
unless it is that they have bad honey. Put-
ting lumps of candy right over the bees, so
that they may subsist on candy stores in-
stead of the honey in the combs, will some-
times stop the trouble until we have weather
warm enough to permit them to fly out.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

27

AVASTE MICA FOR BEE- VEIL FRONTS.

I notice, in June Gleanings, your remarks about
bee-veils bavins' g'lass fronts. Now, there are sever-
al objeetions to glass, which are too obvious to
mention. I sent for some samples of waste mica
from the works here, where it is mined and cut for
use in stoves. Would not this material be e.xcellent
for the bee-veils? It will not break, and can be pei--
forated with a needle, and sown on to the netting'.
It is also cheaper than glass, as it can be got here
for a dollar a pound, and a pound would have sever-
al hundred pieces in it. You will notice how easily
it can be split to any thinness, and can be cut with
scissors. If you would like some of it to test I
shall be glad to send you some. H. Stewart.

Webster, N. C.

Thanks, friend S.; l)ut mica has ah-eady
been nsed for the purpose you mention. A
few years ago it was advertised in Glean-
ings, and tested considerably ; but although
it does not break like glass, it has the same
objection of being made obscure by damp-
ness from the breath, and by getting soiled
and dusty, so it must be wiped almost every
time a veil is used. On these accounts it
has been dropped. Thanks for the beautiful
specimens you send.

an apology to MRS. COTTON.

I send you a letter, i-eceived from Mrs. Cotton,
asking me if I authorized you to publish her as a
humbug. Now, friend Root, I think that I owe
Mrs. Cotton an apology. At the close of our cor-
respondence in regard to that colony of bees, Mrs.
C. made a proposition that she would send nic an-
other colony in the spring. I wrote her that I was
perfectly satisfied, and I have now no reason to
doubt that she will do just as she agreed to. There-
fore I had no reason to write what I did, and I feel
that I did ISIrs. C. a great injury', and I am willing to
acknowledge it. H. Adams.

Port Austin, Mich., Dec. 14, 1885.

We are glad indeed to hear so much in
Mrs. Cotton's favor; and I agree with you,
friend A., that it is a manly thing to do, to
make acknowledgment when we fear we
have been unwise.

HOW I RAISED SOME MOTH.

Now for the moth. I took two nice frames of
comb, one containing 3 or 3 lbs. of honey capped
over, and I put some sugar syrup into the other
card. I have had these right in the house where
I live for nearly two months. There was no sign of
moth or worms in either card of comb when I
brought them in, and the other day I took out the
card that I had put the syrup in, and it was destroy-
ed by the moth. Some of the worms were over one
inch in length, while others were half grown, and
still others not over one-fourth of an inch long.
Now, how is this? 1 thought that a gray miller laid
the eggs that pi'oduced these worms. Had these
eggs all been laid while the comb was in the hive,
why did they not all hatch at once, and the worms
all be of one size? or do the worms produce eggs?
which will you have it? There could possibly no
miller get at these two cards, for I had them in a
close-fltting box, with fine wire over the entrance.

Mineral Point, Mo., Dec. 16, 188.5. O. F. Deal.

Friend B., it is well established that moth is
almost sure to hatch out from brood-combs
when removed from the hives during warm
weather. \"ou will tind the same thing

mentioned in the A B 0 book. Without
question, the combs contained eggs that re-
mained in a dormant state until the warm
temperature of the house caused them to
hatch. I believe it is pretty well decided,
however, that the worms do but little harm
unless tlie combs contain pollen. With
plenty of pollen for them to feed on, there is
no trouble in getting moth worms an inch
long, or even longer. I do not know how
long the eggs will remain in the combs with-
out hatching, but perhaps a year or more, if
the temperature is not warm enough for
them to hatch, nor cold enough to kill the
eggs ; for the eggs are not always killed un-
less they are subjected to a freezing as se-
vere as 15 or 20 above zero.

FRIEND GOULD INTRODUCES HIMSELF TO OUR
READERS IN POETIC MEASURE.

Good morninsf, Messrs. bee-men, and bee-women too,

For I'm bound to be a bee-man, what else I may do.

On the sea of bee-fame I've launched my canoe,

So here is my HW with a "how do you do?"

As an ABC scholar, about the first of .June

I commenced handling ticcs. ami f^i-ttiTiK used to their tunc.

Twelve tour-frame nuclei aiul two full stocks

Was the shape of my lesson, and size of my Hock.

Seven divides and fifteen introductions I ve successfully done,

Including four queenless colonies, with fertile worker one.

Made twenty-four hives of Simplicity style.

With inside flxin's, but haven't struck ile.

The gathering:, in this section, has been so slim

That the bees havn't biought in the sweets with a vim.

So that, instead of BIG yields, which so many boast,

I've hardly enough to spread on my toast.

But where there is life, they say " there is hope,"

So, if my bees live, I will " give them more rope,"

As I've twelve Simplicities buried in a hill.

And thirteen on summer stands— they can't freeze if they will.

While two swarms took wing and got out of my range.

Counting one, which I sold, and you can see the Increase,

.iVllowing two, which I doubled, to save me their fleece.

Of foundation, I've used thirty pounds or less.

Which has initiated me in most of the manipulations, I guess.

I've done all this work unaided and alone.

Without having once been stung— by a drone.

So, whether I'm well up in my class, or to be placed at the foot,

I leave the decision to— A. 1. Root.

Corunna, Mich. J. T. Gould.

A PLEA FOR THE MUCH-ABUSED MILKWEED.

I inclose a slip cut from the Planter and Stochman,
of St. Louis. Either the editor must be mistaken,
or the milkweed acts differently in different local-
ities; for I can truly say, that if it had not been for
milkweed the writer would have been in Blasted
Hopes long ago, for three-fourths of our honey
crop is from that same milkweed. Though I have
diligently searched for bees that were so loaded
down as to be unable to leave the blossom at all, I
have not yet found any. I know that the bees go
in at the entrance, and out of sight, with milkweed
honey, but I do not know that they climb the
combs; but I do know that the honey gets into the
section boxes in very nice shape. I never yet saw
any fighting when milkweed was in bloom, but I
have seen quite a little pile of the balls that stick
to their feet on the ground in front of the hive,
sometimes as much as a small handful. I often
see bees come out of the hive fastened together
with it, and fly away after more stores, sometimes
separating on the bottom-board, and sometimes
after flying a few feet, and sometimes going out
of sight together. Long live the milkweed !

Geo. L. Hubbard.
Fairview, Dak., Dec. 26, 1885,

Friend II., I have long suspected that the
damage done the bees by the milkweed was
somewhat exaggerated, therefore I am very
glad to have you give us positive facts in re-
gard to the matter. From your statement I
should infer that your bees were troubled
about as much as bees ever are with these
impediments on their feet.

28

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

REPORT FROM THE REVERSING DEVICES, ETC.

Thanks for the bellows spring-. It came just in
time for use; it works admirably. I will see that
you lose nothing-. I shall need some more reversers
in the spring-. 1 couldn't make the bees take the
honey out and store it in the sections. I would
break their capping-s, but they would repair them
and seal them up. But they are very handy to have,
and I prefer them to the tins. If any one has been
successful in getting the honey taken out and stor-
ed above, I should like to see a report, in Glean-
ings, of the manner and mode of operation gener-
ally.

ASTONISHING THE " OLD WISDOMS."

I had six colonics in the spring-, all in good shape.
One lost the queen early in April, and didn't do very
much till I put on a new queen. I had no increase,
and took out 359 full sections of white clover and
basswood honey, and have from .50 to 7.5 lbs. in part-
ly filled sections. I took 94 full sections from one
young swarm, and there is fully 15 lbs. left in partly
filled sections. This large result astounds the " old
wisdoms," who still put their trust in box hives and
nail-kegs, and now they are "goin' to git" some of

" THESE 'ere new FIXIN'S."

I prevented increase by following the directions
of Prof. Cook, by hiving No. 3 where No. 1 went out.
There was a great yield in basswood, but the buck-
wheat yield was almost nothing, though there was
100 acres within a radius of two miles. With us,
buckwheat usually gives a large yield; but it was
wet and cold this year, just when the buckwheat
blossomed. I raise honey for my own amusement
generally, and to give to my friends; but I like to
make a success of it. A.Potter.

Bennington, Vt., Sept. 33, 1885.

A poor season.

Our bees are laid up for their winter repose. We
have no large reports to make, but still the ball is
rolling. This has been one of the poorest j-ears
known for fifteen years. We have been using the
Heddon cover, but do not like them, for the bees
build ladders of wax to them; and when the covers
are raised it.pulls the frames with them, killing a
number of bees. One desirable point is their cheap-
ness. "Where there is a will there's a way," is an
old saying, but a good one. We are not in Blasted
Hopes, but our bees have gathered but little honey
—about 30J lbs. in all, or not enough to supply our
home market. We have been helping some of the
brethren out of the fire by selling th^r honey. We
also have to show for our work a fine lot of home-
bred Italians. W. S. Dornan.

Mechanicsville, la., Dec. 5, 1885.

EIGHT SWARMS LOST BY COWS KNOCKING THEM
OVER.

As I am a beginner in bee culture, I do not know
that my report will be of any advantage to the
science of bee culture. This is my third year in the
business. The winter of 1884 I carelessly lost eight
colonies out of 16 by my cow getting to my hives
one night when it was raining hard, and knocking
the tops off to get the leaves they were filled -with;
so this past winter I concluded to remedy that trou-
ble by covering with old carpet, setting my stand
on the ground with only inch pieces under them.
I then put boards to the sides and back, as high as
the first story, and banked with dirt; and as we had
an unusual amount of snow, my bees were covered
■with nearly 18 inches of snow and two heavy cx-usts,

so I know they did not freeze. I had 19 stands to
start with, but three of them I knew could not get
through without being fed through the winter; but
when winter once set in, the feeding played out, so
they " went."

INTERFERING WITH THE LOWER STORY.

That hive I bought of you I filled with a swarm.
They filled the lower story full, and then 28 1-lb.
boxes on top. Had I taken the top crate off, and
let the lower story alone, I am sure they would
have gone through all right; but I took out the 16
pound boxes from belovv, when they could make no
more honey; consequently they starved. So I have
learned that it will not do to risk interfering with
the lower stores in this countr}\

SMOTHERING BEES WITH ICE AND SLEET.

Last winter I had two stands I think smothered,
as the whole hive was hermetically sealed under
two crusts of ice, and at one time the sleet sealed
the entrance for a few days before I discovered
their condition ; and when I opened them this spring
the covers were as wet as water. They had 15 or 30
lbs. of honey apiece left. I have about 3 hives,
where I ought to turn in, on the racks of comb, a
pound of bees and a queen, but I know of no bee-
man handy for me to get them.

Daleville, Ind. W. W. Cornelius.

Friend C, had your hives been made prop-
erly, I do not think your bees could have
smothered, even under two crusts of ice, as
you mention. What I mean by "properly
made " is, with ventilators under the cover
that can not be stopped with ice and snow,
and a porous covering over the brood-nest.

A good word for GEO. E. HILTON'S CHAFF HIVES.

I have noticed the cut of friend Hilton's hive and
apiarjs with a great deal of admiration. I have
used this hive for the past three years by the side of
others; and for a hive to produce comb or extract-
ed honey, as a non-swarming and wintering hive, I
feel it would be hard to excel. The large capacity
for stoi-ing surplus in crates or super he uses, gives
them so much room at the right time, and the ad-
vantage of replacing empty sections has a tendency
to retard if not prevent swarming. The heavy
walls and winter cushions with large air - space
above make them an excellent wintering hive. I
now have 57 of those hives in my apiary, painted in
six colors, which renders them very atti-active. In
this part of the country, where losses by wintering-
are quite heavy, I can especially recommend them.

TROUT CULTURE.

I notice, also, you are interested in fish culture.
'Well, I raise speckled trout, the common brook
trout. I now have specimens which will weigh 2'/4
pounds— little beauties. I am hatching 40,000 this
winter. My ponds ax'c not completed, which will be
seven in number. The work, however, is being rap-
idly pushed by the contractor. They are costing
$1300, and it remains a conundrum whether I ever
get back my money. The trout is not as easily
raised as the carp. They require cold water; they
can not live in water above 70°. The price of trout
is usually 50 cts. per lb. here, and often more. Per-
haps I may write you again upon my success or
failure. W. D. French.

Grand Rapids, Mich., Nov. 16, 1885.

Friend F., I am very glad indeed to know
that speckled trout can be propagated in the
way you mention. Has the matter ever

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

29

been made a success? At half the price you
mention, it seems to me it would be a won-
derful achievement, and speckled trout
would sell in our city markets at good prices
in immense quantities, without doubt. By
all means tell us how your experiment turns
out. It seems to me you are starting in
pretty heavily, if it is indeed an entirely
new industry.

THAT NAMELESS BEE-DISEASE.

I had some questions to ask, concerning- one
swarm, but I see you have satisfied me in a late is-
sue of Gleanings, except dates. Yours is August
38, mine is July 3. One queen, with 1 lb. of bees,
boug-ht July 3, has all the symptoms named in that
piece, that unknown bee-disease, and it is fast
dwindling away. I don't think there are bees
enoug-h left to make one pound. Thej^ have been
thinning their ranks for six weeks. I have been
watching them very closely, and never, in all ray
experience in 35 years, have I seen any thing like it.
It produces such odd-looking, mangled bees. Some
look like beetles and flies, small head and neck, and
shoulders large; black and shiny abdomen.

Spencer, Ohio. W^m, Dague, Sr.

FROM 39 TO 51, AND 3100 LBS. OF HONEY.

Y report for 1885. I went into winter quar-
ters in the fall of li-^St with 47 colonies, and
came through with 31— three-fourths of
them very weak. I sold two, leaving 29 to
commence the season with. I increased to
51 and got 3100 lbs. of surplus honey, extracted, ex-
cept 150 lbs. comb honey. Nearly all is sold at 10
and 13»2 cts. per pound for extracted and 15 to 20 cts.
for comb. Bees have plenty of honey of a good
quality for winter supplies. L. G. Purvis.

Forest City, Mo.

FROM 15 TO 48, AND 3500 LBS. HONEY.

This is the way our bees panned out this year.
Spring count, 15 colonies. Increased to 48, and
took 3500 lbs. surplus honey— 1800 comb, and 700 ex-
tracted, worth on an average 15 cents per lb. In-
ci-ease of bees, 33 colonies, at SfS.OO per colony,
$165.C0; 2503 lbs. honey at 15 cents, 8(375.00; total,
$540.00, or $36.00 per colony. I attribute much of
this success to sweet clover. E. W. Pitzer.

Hillsdale, Iowa, Dec. 25, 1885.

ver), and the Langstroth chaff hive. Our spring
dwindling Vvas mostly of those wintered in the cel-
lar. Ila Michener.
Low Banks, Ont., Doc. 4, 1885.

FROM 84 TO 129, AND 9,)0J POUNDS OF HONEY.

I commenced the season with 84 colonies, all
blacks but 6. I increased to 129. and took 9O0O lbs.
of honey. I have about 120 hybrids and Italians
now. The black bees did no good this season. The
spring honey crop was a failure, but wc had a
honey-flow in the summer and fall. 1 am very well
satisfied with the season's work, but count it about
half a crop. 3— D. M. Edwards, 84—129.

Uvalde, Tex., Dec. 2, 1885.

FROM 18 TO 51, AND ICOO LBS. OF HONEY.

Our bees were reduced to 18 swarms last spring,
and nine were weak. We increased to 51 good colo-
nies, with abundance of natural stores for winter,
and have taken about 1000 lbs. of honey, mostly ex-
tracted, clover and basswood, and some fall honej\
I like the Syrio-Italians, large red clover (pastured
for seed it has smaller heads than the small red clo-

5000 LBS. OF COMB HONEY FROM BASSWOOD.

With the aid of vei-y fine weather I have secured
about 5000 lbs. of basswood honey in sections— a
very light crop, though it is one of the poorest sea-
sons we have had for years. Our basswood began
to bloom on June 14, and I saw this day on the high-
est ridges trees which had not bloomed, and they
were full of young buds. A. W. Cheney.

Kanawha Falls, W. Va., July 10, 1885.

FROM 83 TO 160, AND 3500 LBS. OF HONEY.

I Started this season with S3 colonies of pure and
hybrid Italians; increased by natural swarming to
160 colonics (did not accept any after-swarms).
Amount of surplus, 2300 lbs. of white-clover honey
in l?4-lb. sections, and 130ft lbs. extracted. This was
a poor season, too wet and cold. I have now 140
colonies all ready for cellar, but we are having very
mild weather. Last year bees were taken into cel-
lar Nov. 3J, and wintered very well.

W. Addenbrooke.

North Prairie, Wis., Dec. 4, 1885.

A good report from VERMONT.

I commenced bee-keeping in the fall of 1884, by
buying two swarms of black bees in Langstroth
hives. One died out in the winter. The other came
out all right; swarmed once, and made 68 lbs. of
surplus. The new swarm made 30 lbs. of surplus,
besides enough to winter on. They had only one
frame of comb, no fdn. I bought five swarms of
Italians this fall at ^6.00 a swarm. If they live this
winter, I shall get foundation another spring.
There are acres of raspberries about here.

Barre, Vt., Nov. 33, 1885. H. W. Scott.

FROM 10 to 30, AND 400 LBS. OF HONEY.

Here is my report for 1885: I purchased this spring
ten colonies in movable-frame hives, paying $45.00
for the ten. The hives were not the same size as
the one I use, so I transferred most of them to the
standard Langstroth hive. These bees were most-
ly hybrids, with one pure Italian and one black
stock; every original stand cast one swarm, but I
did not allow them to cast any more than one. The
Italian stock was the first one to swarm; and from
this swarm and the parent stock I got over 100 lbs.
of comb honey. My total yield was 300 lbs. comb
and 100 extracted, and increased from 10 to 30, good
strong colonies. I introduced five of A. I. Root's
dollar queens, of which I lost two in introducing.
I took a case of comb honey and a few jars of ex-
tracted to our county fair, and was awarded first
premium on comb and second on extracted. The
premiums amounted to six dollars, which was quite
a help to one just starting in the business. This
has been a very poor honey season in this county.
Bee-keepers who had a large number of stands did
not get any surplus, so I am well satisfied with my
gains, and am thankful. Harry Lathrop.
Browntown, Wis.

128 LBS. OF BUC'KWHEAT FROM ONE POUND.

I bought one pound of silverhull buckwheat of
you last spring, and I thrashed 128 lbs. from that
one pound. My bees went into winter quarters iu
good condition, and with plenty of stores.

Blairtown, Iowa. O. P. Nichols.

I should think the above was a very ex-

30

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

traordinary yield, friend N. It. is worth
something, any way, to know the capabili-
ties of silverhull buckwheat. We presume
you gave it every advantage of soil and cul-
tivation.

SHORT REPORT FROM FRIEND HART.

KOBBINO IN FLORIDA.

Uf U. HARRY MITCHELL, who has been witli
rac for the past four years, and had full
ii|3 control of my bees for the past two, has
now left me, and g-one to his own place,
half a mile away. When he went away I
sold him twenty-flve colonies of bees to start an
apiary of his own with, and it's my opinion that
those twenty-flve colonies will never disgrace the
apiarian interests of this State while under Harry's
charge. This sale leaves me with 135 colonies to
start with next season, "if I carry them through
the winter," a Northerner might say; but that is
hardly necessary here, as I can work Avith them
almost any day, and can commence to raise queens
in February, if need be. I have just finished
looking them all over, having been at work on them
the past four days, Sunday excepted, and I find
them in prime condition. There are five out of the
lot that were sufficiently short of bees so that I
thought best to take off the top sections, to econ-
omize heat. I also have two very small colonies in
one-story hives, made a few weeks ago by uniting
four small nuclei, two nuclei to the colony. These
seven are in good shape, although small in num-
bers, and will no doubt be strong colonics early in
March. The rest are in two and three story hives,
and are as strong in bees as I have ever known
them to be at this time of year. I believe that they
will average from 30 to 40 pounds of honey each,
and some three-story hives have at least .50 pounds
each.

It has been my custom, at the close of the main
honey-fiow, early in August, to leave twenty
pounds of honey in each hive, and I think Harry
has done the same. If so, the bees have done quite
well during the fall from small wild flowers. Mr. O.
O. Poppleton, from Iowa, who is now stopping on
his property here, and Mr. Storer, from Nebraska,
were both with me for a while this afternoon, and
both pronounced ray bees to be in fine condition.
They seemed surprised at my bein^ able to open
hive after hive, and handle the combs freely, many
of them containing considerable new uncapped
honey and pollen, and j^et not start robbing. Many
Northerners have an idea that bees in this State are
always ready to start a robbing spree on the least
encouragement, and some of the beemen near here
declare that this is the case; but I believe that
their trouble comes from educating their bees to it.
It is true, that robbers here, as anywhere else, have
to be guarded against for a while after a honey-
flow ceases; but my experience has never shown
any greater tendency in my bees toward that direc-
tion here than I am led to believe exists elsewhere,
although they have much more time dui-ing each
year in which to develop the trait. I have never
seen a case of robbing here among the bees that
could not be quickly stopped by placing wet cloths
at the hive-cntranccs, so that all bees going in or
out had to pass over and under them. To hasten
matters it is well to Sprinkle those that are flying

about, with water from a fountain pump. The wet
hay used by some bee-keepers answers the same
purpose.

While at work in the apiary to-day I have noticed
quite a number of wasps, or yellow-jackets, as they
are called, tearing the abdomen of the bees from
the thorax so that they could get at the honey-sack
and its contents. If I ever noticed any thing of
the kind before, I have forgotten it. A small
swarm came to me daj' before yesterday which I
hived on six frames. The queen is now laying, and
evidently intends to remain and raise a family. I
am liable to come out at the beginning of next sea-
son with more than I had at the close of last season,
as this is the second swarm to come this winter.
My oranges aro cracking quite badly on the trees
this year; and the bees, knowing a good thing when
they see it, are helping themselves to the juice.

9-W. S. Haut, 125.

Hawk's Park, Fla., Dec. 21, 1885.

Friend II., I quite agree with you that
this whole matter of robbing depends upon
the management. During the past season,
although we have had between 800 and 400
colonies at one time, and many of them
quite weak, comparatively, for they are used
for queen - rearing, yet we had scarcely a
case of robbing. The bees didn't get once
started, and therefore it was but little work
to keep them from it. Attending to little
things at just the right time is the great se-
cret of avoiding such disasters. I have
sometimes, in utter discouragement, almost
concluded there were certain people who
could never learn to be successful with bees,
just because no amount of exhortation or
entreaty, and, in fact, no amount of disas-
ters and heavy losses, could teach them by
experience the importance of keeping every
drop of honey, or any other kind of sweet, so
carefully out of the way that not one bee ev-
er got one load, and got home with it. The
same rule applies to bees troubling candy-
shops on the fair-grounds. Tell the propri-
etor to kill the first bee that commences to
load up on his lemonade or pop-corn balls ;
and if he will do as you direct, a very little
time will make him master of the situation

HUMBUGS AND SWINDLES.

MOltE ABOUT nULLESS OATS.

Ohio;

HERE are men going around here selling Bo-
hemian oats at Ave doUai'S a bushel, and
agree to give one dollar a bushel for all the
farmers can raise from this seed. There is a
'■ Bohemian Oats" association some place in
do you know where it is? I did not take any
myself, but flve of my neighbors are in for flfty
dollars apiece. Hiram We.wer.

Scircleville, Clinton Co., Ind., Nov. 7, 1885.

Friend W., the swindles of the Bohemian-
oat men are now so thoroughly published in
almost all our agricultural papers that it seems
to me strange that a man can be found any-
where who is not well enougii posted to turn
a cold shoulder to them at once. A good
many associations have been formed in our
State ; and although a few men may have
got some money out of it, they have got a
bad name that will last them to the end of
their lives, unless they repent and restore
the money to its rightful owners.

1886

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTUHE.

SI

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

Published Scmi-Monthlij.

J^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: SI.OO PER YEAR, POSTPAID,

For Clnlsbins Bates, Seo First Fago of Scadis^ Hatter.

He that is greatest amone vou. lot him he as the younger;
and he that is chief, as he that dotli serve.- Like 22: 2C.

DISCOUNTS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY, 1886.

As business is still moderate, a discount of 4 per
cent on all orders sent us during this month will be
allowed.

The discount of 10 per cent on foundation will
be continued so long as the price of wax remains
where it is.

THE KANSAS BEE-KEEPER.

In i-esponse to the editorial in our issue for Nov.
1, friend Scovill replies as follows in regard to
the unexpired time on his subscription-list:

I am now paving back amounts due, as fast as I can, and
shall continue till all are paid. H. Scovill.

Galena, Kan, Dec. 2, 1885;

AN OMISSION.

My attention is called to the fact that I omitted to
say that the beautiful volume of Paradise Lost was
presented to me as a birthday present. Remember,
I told you, in an editorial in our issue of Dec. 1, that
I should be 46 years old on the second day of the
convention.

FATHER LANGSTROTH'S BOOK UNDERGOING RE-
VISION.

I AM pleased to make the above announcement,
and also to be able to tell the bee-friends that the
work is in the hands of such able men as Charles
Dadant & Son. I can not say just how soon it will
be out— may be some little time yet; but when it
comes it will be fully abreast of the times.

NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS TO GLEANINGS ON THE

LAST DAY OF 1885.

Although we hav'e not as many as we had one
year ago to-day, friends, I am happy to find that, by
actual count, we have 4045 to start the year with.
Considering the general depression in business,
losses during the winter of a year ago, and the low
prices in almost every thing, we think we have
abundant reason to say, " Thank you."

FRIEND HEDDON ALSO AT WORK ON A BEE-BOOK.

We are also pleased to note that friend Heddon is
hard at work embodying the many good things he
has given us in years past, in a book on bee culture.
No matter how many bee-books j-ou have already, I
presume every one will want to add Heddon's book
to his collection. We do not know when it will
make its appearance, but we presume friend Hed-
don means to take time enough to do it well while
he is about it.

BOUND VOLUMES OF GLEANINGS FOR 1885.

As we have quite a good many left over, we will
furnish these, neatly bound in cloth, for an even
^1.00, and pay postage besides. If you want a
bound volume by express or freight, with other

goods, the price will be 80 cents. If any one should
want to know what we will charge to swap one of
these bound volumes for your old ones unbound,
the price will be 40 cts., you paying all postage both
ways.

THE BRITISH BEE JOURNAL A WEEKLY.

We have now three weekly bee-journals well es-
tablished—the A. B. J., the B. B. J., and the C. B. J.
The B. B. J. commences as a weekly during this
present year, 1886. We have not completed ar-
rangements yet with the publishers for our usual
exchange; but until further notice we will furnish
it with Gleanings for $3.50 per year. Since it is
weekly, the postage amounts to something like 50
cts. a year.

CHARLES F. MUTH & SON.

We are infomed by postal card that hereafter the
above will be the name of the firm that does busi-
ness in place of the usual C. F. Muth. And that is
the way to do it. When we old folks get well along
in life, let us allow some of these responsibilities to
rest on the shoulders of the younger ones, while we
attend conventions, make neighborly visits, and
stir around enough to knock off the sharp corners.
Best wishes to the new firm.

REPORT OF THE N. A. B. K. A. AT DETROIT.

As both the American Bee Journal &nd Canadian
Bee Journal have given such very full and excellent
reports of the proceedings of this convention, it
hardly seems to me to be worth while for Glean-
ings to go over the same ground again. So many
of our bee-keepers have the journals, it seems hard-
ly advisable to have the same matter in all of them,
especially while there is such a great amount of
good original matter before us. If you do not take
either of the above journals you can get, for only a
few cents, copies containing these reports. I shall
i-efer to the points considered there as they come up
occasionally in oOr discussions, perhaps for a year
to come. The report will occupy 63 columns of the
American Bee Jinirnal.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

The imported queen and bees came all right. I
introduced her to a frame of brood last evening.
They are all right this morning. I am well pleas-
ed with her. J. E. Windle.

Lafayette, Ind., Sept. 23.

becoming A CHRISTIAN CHANGES ONE'S VIEWS.

Having had some deal with you, I take the priv-
ilege to write you. 1 want to say a word in regard
to mixing up subjects in Gleanings. I will say,
I like to have it mixed with ditlerent subjects. Be-
fore I was a subscriber I would borrow Gleanings
of a friend of mine, and I was one of those fault
finding ones; and when I received your ABC
book 1 found more fault than ever, because there
was so much" religion " in it, as I called it. But
about one year ago I gave my heart to God.
Though it was dai-k at first, those clouds have all
passed away, and Gleanings has been a great help
to me. Those Home readings are good. I love to
have the subject of religion mi.\ed up with all of
my doings, and put on the whole armor of God.

1 have kept bees for seven years, and have not
had very good luck until the last year, when they
did well for increase, but not much honey. But I
have learned to love God and all his creatures. My
home is happier, which accounts for my bees doing
better, and 1 am happier, all because we are trying
to follow the path our Savior has laid out for us.

I have 17 swarms of bees. The most of them are
in chaff hives, very strong, part Italians and part
blacks. Ir.a D. Granger.

Madison, O., Nov. IC, 1885.

82

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

TELEPHONE.

The little telephone does the work. J. B. CoOL.
Ked River, Darke Co., O.

Poultry netting arrived on the 8th all O. K.
Thanks for promptness. J. M. Hyne.

Stewartsville, Ind., Dec. 11, 1885.

OUR EXTRACTORS.

The honey-extractor I bought of you works to a
charm. I am well pleased with it. It is well worth
the money. I took 30 lbs. of honey in 6 days from
one colony of Italians. C. D. Farnham.

Fleetville, Pa.

I am well pleased with the extractor you sent me
last week. It does its work up to the handle, and
the knife gives good satisfaction. It came to hand
in good trim. W. F. Matzdorff.

Goshen, Ind.

HOW IT P.iVS TO ADVERTISE IN GLEANINGS.

By advertising in Gleanings my honey is all
sold; and as I am still getting orders, please tell the
public my honey is all sold. J. B. Murray'.

Ada, O., Dec. .5, 18S5.

Please find small advertisement inclosed. By ad-
vertising lust fall you sold for me 339 colonies of
bees, and I hope your printer's ink will do as well
for me this winter and spring. Anthony Opp.

Helena, Ark., Oct. 39, 1885.

The A B C of Bee Culture came to me yesterday
in good shape and condition. Many thanks for your
very prompt attention and kindness. You shall
hear from me again of tener in the future.

Dayton, O., Dec. 13, 1885. Leo P. Dhein.

never stop gleanings.

Inclosed find one dollar. Stop Gleanings? Nev-
er! Too many good things in it for one dollar, so
send it>long. Wm. Battles.

Blairsville, Pa.

GROWLER Y NO MORE.

Goods received in good shape. No wonder the
Growlery has died out in Gleanings. Many
thanks. The order was filled perfectly, though it
was so badly mixed. A. L. Light.

Pastoria, Ark.

The advance in apiculture knows no bounds. The
ice chains, wrought by November storms, did not
prevent the sate arrival of the tested queen sent
by you Nov. 3;3d. Bees and queen were as lively as
though there were no snow. J. F. Michael.

German, O., Nov. 25, 1885.

The'queen was received in good order, and is bet-
ter marked than one I have seen which was very
black. Thanks. I shall cross some of her drones
next season on some of my Syrio-albino queens,
and see the result. I think she is safely introduced.

New Philadelphia, O., Oct. 23. G. L. Tinker.

20-cent shears.

I sent to you last fall and got a pajr of your 30-
cent shears, and I must say that I was surprised,
when I untied the package, to find such a nice pair
for so small a sum of money. They are as good as
we could find at any price, as far as 1 can see, and
they cut nicely. I want 7 more pair just like them,
to supply my neighbors. Adelbert Cook.

Norwich, N. Y.

The three tested queens I bought of you in May
did well; also the other queens — that is, the $1.25
queens. I bought three of you, but I did not get
the queen-cage fastened rightly on the comb of one
of them, and she got out too soon; and during the
same night some time, the bees killed her; but I
have two skeps from the other two queens that are
the nicest- marked Italians I ever saw, and fine
workers. They are now, I think, my last queens.

Loudonville, O. J. P. Reed.

While I have been away from home nearly all
svimmer, in the discharge of official duties, and
have seen but little of Gleanings, 1 have lost none
of my love tor the business, and hope I may now
have time in the coming months to read all you
may have to say, for I have become interested in
what you say outside of the question of bees and
honey. Although you are peculiar, I can't help
admiring your very frank, honest, and earnest

ways. I intend sending for your book on cai-p cul-
tul'e. Ed. R. Allen.

Kansas City, Mo., Oct. 19, 1885.

OUR carload OF CALIFORNIA HONEY; MELTING
CLOVER HONEY, ETC.

My order for honey has brought it in good time,
and with very reasonable freight chai'ges. It was
received in best condition on the 18th, and the Cali-
fornia honey is simply magnificent. I wish my or-
der for it had been much larger. The clover is can-
died, aiyl stays white and slushy, even when put in-
to hot water. Can it be perfectly thawed and clear-
ed? F. M. Potts.

Media, Pa., Dec. 24. 1885.

[Friend P., your clover honey has not been warm-
ed enough, or you have not waited long enough. It
will surely become perfectly clear and transparent,
vi-hen melted, as you have pi'obably found out by
this time.]

KIND WORDS FROM THE AUTHOR OF "THE STORY
OF THE BIBLE."

[After the very favorable notice I gave "Fables
and Allegories "was submitted to the author I re-
ceived from him the following kind letter, which he
doubtless did not ititend for publication; but 1 want
to give it to you, as it illustrates so fully the point
that there is no great excellence withovit great la-
bor. Friend Foster tells us of the long, faithful,
and earnest work required to get up such a book,
and the world is just beginning to appreciate it.]
My Dear Sir:

Anybody who undertakes to get up a book full oS
new pictures, 350 of them, to have them drawn first,
then engraved, then printed (not to speak of the
money laid out), finds he has big job on hand, and it
is a long one. Good things can't be done in a day.
Your good artist wants time, so does your engrav-
er, and so does your printer. But there is such a
thing as fighting through it, and getting it all done,
and done handsomely. Well, then to have it appre-
ciated does come good. There is something about
that, that pays a man (in a certain sense) better
than the money profit. Now, my friend, I want to
thank you for the appreciation you have shown of
the pictures in the " Fables," by your advertise-
ment. Numbers of pleasant things have been said,
but I don't remember that a single customer has
seemed to feel the beauty of the "get-up " of that
book as you have. I am also delighted that you
can conscientiously recommend so strongly the fa-
bles themselves. They have all come out of my
own experience and my own heart, where the best
things of all of us come from. My son generally
writes the letters; but I told him I would reply to
yours received this morning, and we both thought
that your handsome notice deserved a gilt-edge
copy, which we send by mail, with wishes for a
happy Christmas. Charles Foster.

Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 21, 188.5.

OUR supplies "JUST SUPERB."

It is with a troubled conscience I inform you at
this late date, of the safe arrival of goods ordered
Oct. 27. The fact that I have been pretty busy at
the office, left me little or no spare time to write;
and when I got home in the evening 1 was so impa-
tient to go to ray work-room, and start nailing those
nice hives, frames, etc., that I have entirely neg-
lected to let you know how delighted and highly
pleased I am with every thing you sent; and al-
though there are ten two-story hives, and all the
frames and accessories in the flat, to make them
complete, every part fits so nicely, it is a real plea-
sure to piit them together; and. by the way, those
iron frames are just the thing for nailing hives;
they keep the four sides together splendidly, and
each hive must fit the other. I advise every one
who has only a few hives to nail to get them; they
will pay for "themselves, in having a good fit, and
saving time.

The sections are very pretty indeed— beautiful, to
say the least. They bend up and are driven togeth-
er so nicely and easily, while the Gray fdn. fastener
caps the climax, by fastening the starters in those
snow white sections very quickly, and without soil-
ing them in the least, for you hardly need touch
them, and that by one simple motion of the foot on
the treadle. I was surprised, how you can sell a
machine, so perfect in its working, and so neatly
and strongly made, for the remarkably small sum of
75 cents.

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

33

The extractor is just superb, and I think it can't
be beat. The revolving basket Is so nicely balanc-
ed that, when it is turned, the outside can is not
jarred or moved in the least, althoug-h not fastened
to the floor; and when I put in a couple of combs of
honey previously uncapped with the Quinby honey-
knife, it threw the honey out so clean that no one
would believe they ever contained honey, and not
a cell injured. You can imag-ine how delighted I
was, never having seen, much less run. an extract-
or before, to have succeeded so well for the first
time.

And now allow me to beg pardon for being so
selfish, as it were, not to share my pleasures,
and thank you ere this, for you were really instru-
mental in bringing them about, by filling my order
so satisfactorily and promptly ; for to i-eceive my
goods, as I did in V.! days from date of order, and
8 days from time of shipment, considering distance,
by freight, is quick time, and jou deserve the pat-
ronage of all who like fair and honest dealing.

Chas. M. Thkuekath.

Newark, N. J., Dec. 10, 1885.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Northern Ohio Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold a meeting in the Baptist Hall, in Wellington,
Ohio, Fridaj-, January H, lt->6. A si)eeial etlort will
be made to secure a full attendance.

East Townsend, O. H. R. Boaudm.\n, Sec.

The NorthEastern Ohio and North-Western Penn-
sylvania Bee-Keepers' Association will hold its sev-
enth annual convention in Meadvillc, Pa., Wednes-
day and Thursday, Jan. 20 and 21, 1886.

New Lyme, O. C. H. Coon, Sec.

The next meeting of the Maine Bee-keepers' As-
sociation will be held at Skowhegan, Maine, Jan. 19,
20, 21, 1886. Wm. Hoyt, Sec'y.

Ripley, Me.

The Indiana Bee-Keepers' Association will meet
in Indianapolis, Jan. 21, at 1 p. m., in the State
Board of Agi-icultural Rooms, opposite the new
Statehouse. We should be pleased to have all meet
with us, and hereby send au earnest invitation to
come. Jonas SCHOLL, Pres.

Lj-ons Station, Fayette Co., Ind.

The Sixth Annual Meeting of the Cortland Union
Bee-Keepers' Association will be held Jan. 12, 1886,
at Cortland, N. Y., in Union Hall, at ten o'clock
A. M. It is hoped that all interested in apiculture
will make an extra ettort to be in attendance at
this meeting, also to be present promptly at the
time appointed, so that there need be no time lost.
Those unable to attend the meeting are requested
to send a report of their apiary from May 1, 1885, to
Dec. 1, 1885, to the Secretary.

M. H. Fahbanks, Pres.

W. H. Beach, Sec'y, Cortland, N. Y.

FARM AND APIARY FOR SALE.

160 Acr«'s, 120 in a good state of cultivation, and
well fenced; the rest in timber. Good bearing or-
chard, well watered, and splendid outside range, 4
miles from railroad and County Seat, and a good
live town, and plenty of churches, and U mile from
school. Will he sold chaap, and on long time.
Splendid bee range; lots of basswood and white
clover; 24 stands of bees, mostly Italians, in Lang-
stroth hives. For further T)ai-ticulars. .iddress tdd
JAMES HUMPHEYS, BOS 200, MX. ATE, EINQGOLD CO., IOWA.

HAVm MOVED TO NEWARK, Y.J.,

My friends will please take notice, while reading
my advertisement, of the change of address.
F. Holtke, 89 Waverly Place, Newark, N. J.
In care of Mrs. Kitterer.

"~ FOR SALE.

One second-hand fdn. mill that will roll sheets 14
inches wide. The mill is at present in New Ham-
burg, Ont., Can. The original price on it was $40.00,
but we will now sell it at half price, or $20.00.

A. I. HOOT, lUediua, O.

HONEY AND BEESWAX.

We are now in the market, and will be during the
entire season, for all honey ottered us, in any quan-
tity, shape, or condition, just so it is pure. We will
sell on commission, charging f) per cent; or if a sam-
ple is sent us, we will make the best cash offer the
general market will afford. We will handle bees-
wax the same way, and can furnish bee-men in
quantities, crude or refined, at lowest market prices.
Our junior member in this deparment, Mr. Jerome
Twichell, has full charge, which insures prompt and
careful attention in all its details.

Sample of comb honey must be a full case, repre-
senting a fair average of the lot. On such sam-
ple we will make prompt returns, whether we buy
or not. CLEITIOrVS, CLOON & CO.,

15-2db Kansas <'ity. Mo.

BEE-HIYES, V SECTIONS,

HONEY- BOXES, ETC.

GREJIT REI3I7CTI02T.

All Dealers and lai-ge consumers will find it to
their interest to write us for special stocking-up
prices, either for present or future delivery. 16tfdb

G. B. LEWIS & CO., Wateetown, Wis.
BLACK JAVA COCKERELS.

A few fine bii-ds for sale at .¥3.00 each. Warrant-
ed to be as good as the best. 23,24, l,2d.
S. M. DAKRAH, CUcuoa, Ills.

ADANT'S FOaNBATION FACT0E7, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

D

JOB LOT OF WIRE CLOTH

AT GltEATT^Y REDUCEJ) VJilCES.

SE0015D QUALITY WIRE CLOTH AT I'i CTS.PEE SaUAEE TT.

SOME OF THE USES TO ■VVIIICII THIS WIRE CLOTH C.\N BE AP-
PLIKD.

This wire clotli is second quality. It will answer nicely

for covering doors and windows, to keep out fliis; for

covering bee-hives and cages for shipping bees; making

sieves for sifting seeds, etc.

Number of Square Feet contained in each Koll

Respectively.

?«

3 rolls of 75, 72 s. f .
2 rolls. 100 s. f. each.
.3 rolls of 16B s. f. each
2 rolls of 181, 1 of 169 s. f.

4 rolls of 200, and 1 of ISO s. f .
22 rolls of 217, 38 of 216, 2 of 195, 1 of 156, 2 of 215, 1 of 210 s. f.

28116
3l| 7
36 1

"" --^ 28 rolls of 316, 3 of 285, 2 of 317, 1 each of 190, 032, 120, and
215 s. f .

1 roll of 245 s. f .

1 roll of 366, 1 of 318 s. f.

1 roll of 152 s f.
18 12 9 rolls of 400, 1 of 100 s. f.

FIEST QUALITY WIEE OLOTH AT lU GTS. PEE SQUAEE FT.
The following is first qualitj-, and is worth \% cts.
per square foot. It can be used for any purpose
for which wire cloth is ordinaril.y used; and even at
1?4 cts. per sq. ft. it is far below" the prices usually
charged at hardware and furnishing stores, as you
will ascertain by making inquiry. \fc were able to
secure this very low price by buying a quantitj' of
over one thousand dollars' worth.

I 20

26
|28
^30
232

1 roll of 155 t

1 roll each of 88, 143. 92 s. f.

43 rolls of 200 sq. It. each; 1 each of fO, 96, ISO, 108, 190, 100

150 140 sq. ft.
58 rolls of 216 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 195, 195, 201, 200, 201, 227,

204 sq. ft.
76 rolls of 233, 6 of 221. 3 of 219. 8 of 222. 7 of 22t. 2 of 219, 1 of
117 sq. ft. ; 1 each of 70, 210.245, 2.57, 240, 215. 110 93, 82 sq. ft.
rolls of 2.50 sq. ft.; 1 each of 82, 137, 225, 117, 125, 125, 220,

36 ro

227, 237, 235, 275, 240, 157
13 of 266, 7 of 250, 2 of 263 square ft. ; 1 each of 233, 251,

■q. ft.

31 rolls of 283 .sq. ft. each ; 1 each of 60, 113, 198 sq. ft.
736122 rolls of oOO sq. ft. each; 2 of 72, 1 each of 288, 150, 279, 285
I sq.ft.

38jl roll each of 300 and 310 sq. ft.
I 40 1 roll of 233 square feet.
I 42,1 roll of 350 square feet.
[46 1 roll of 192 square feet.

A. I. ROOT, ITIedina, Oltio.

34

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

jAlf.

HEllDOUARTEaS IN THE SOUTH

FOE THE UANUFACTUEE AND SALE OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES

The Only Steam Factory Erected in the South, Ex-
clusively for the Manufacture of Hives, Frames,
Sections, Etc.

The Viallon and Root Simplicity hives, and the
4i.ix4'4 Sections aspecialty; Comb fdn., Extractors,
Honey-knives, Bee-veils, etc.

^ITALIAN QlJEENS.e^

Untested, in April, $1.25 each; S;i3.00per doz. From
May 5 to .June 1, $1.10 each, ifW.OU per doz. Alter
June 1, $1.00 each, f lO.OJ per doz. Tested, $3.50
each; select tested, $3.00 each. After June 1, 50c
less. Contracts taken with dealers tor the delivery
of a certain number of queens per week, at special
figures.

FOUR-FRAME NUCLEUS,

With pure Italian queen, in April, $•1.00. Three-
frame nucleus, with pure Italian queen, in April,
$;3.50. Two-frame do., do., in April, $8.0J. After
May 15, 25 cents lesss.

BEES=?Ih^POUND,

In lots of five or more, at $1.00 per lb., no queens.
If queens ai-e wanted, add price of queens. Safe
arrival and satisfaction guaranteed in every in-
stance. For more particulars, send lor my de-
scriptive illustrated catalogue for 1886.

P. L. VIALLON,

Bayou Goula, Iberville Parisli, La.

1-IM

IMPORTED iEENS.

In April, 11 francs in gold.

May and June, - - - - 10 " " "
July and August, - . - tj .. .. .>

September and October, - . r- i. 4. »i

No order received for less than 8 queens. Queens
which die in transit will be replaced only if sent back
in a letter. CHARLES BIANCONCINI & CO.,
1-lld Bologna, Italy.

FOR SALE.

100 lbs. Beeswax, choice yellow, per lb., 30 cents; 100
lbs. dark,at 2d cts. per lb., warranted pure and good
wa.x.

8(Uh.'*. l^i-inch Wire Nails (barbed) 13 gauge; in
lots of 10 lbs. and over, per lb., 7c.

Stencil and Key Check Die Outfit. Price and full
list on application.

Four Horse-Power Enyive and Boiler (B. AV. Payne
& Sons' make), not used over three months. War-
ranted in good order. Also IS inch French Burr Corn
and Feed Mill.

One BarrelSteamer for cooking feed. Furnace,
IVi-inch boiler iron, "T" pipe, brass cocks. In good
order. Prices, etc., on application.

H. L. GRAHAM,
l-2d GEANDVIEW, LOUISA CO., IOWA.

Bee-Hives, Honey-Boxes, Sections.

Laegest Eee-Hive Faotoey in the Woeld.

CAPACITY, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAY.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

NOTICE I

The partnership heretofore existing between F.
A. & H. O. Salisbury has been dissolved by mutual
consent. The business will be carried on by F. A.
Salisbury at 318 W. Genesee St., Geddes, N. Y.
Id F. A. SALISBURY.

SUMNER & PRIME,

BRISTOI-, -* VERlvIOlTT.

—MANUFACTURERS OF —

Pee - }{^eepers^ Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping
Crates a Specialty. Price List and samples free. l-2d

iyr^ COLONIES OF BEES FOR SALE.
i fj Address J. JS. ^^etlSL.t&'T,

Itfdb Corinth, Alcorn Co., Miss.

ANTED.— 6000 ONE-PIECE SECTIONS.
Send lowest cash price. L. D. Worth,

Heading Center, N. Y.

W

Id

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended tor this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
paitment, or we will not be responsible for any error.

WANTED.— To exchange circular-saw machine
for hive-making, machine for making dove-
tailed sections, light saw-mandrels, or bee-supplies,
for extracted honey. Clover and basswood pre-
ferred. Id D. S. Hai.l, South Cabot, Vt.

WANTED.— To exchange one-half bushel of ex-
tra tine white-clover seed for alsike-clover
seed. IQtfdb M. A. Gilt., Viola, Richl'd Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Friends, I
have 15 pairs of the celebrated Bonney's
stock of Brown Leghorns that 1 will sell atSS.OO per
pair, or will exchange lor good beeswax at 25 cts.
jier pound. Circulars free. Kc-f., A. I. Hoot.
Mtfilb A. H. Duff, Creighton, Guern. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange, Scott's Commentary
on the Holy Bible, 6 vols., quarto, bound in
sheep, in good order, weight 19 pounds. As I have
other commentaries, I will exchange this for some-
thing else useful. Address A. H. Van Dohen,
21tfdb Liberty, Bedford Co., Virginia.

WANTED.— To exchange golden-willow cuttings
lor Italian queens. 1 will book orders now,
and send the willows as early as will do next spring:
queens wanted in May and .lime, 1886. 2 dozen cut-
tings for a warranted, and i dozen for a tested; also
one weeping-willow cut with each dozen. Will
send by mail. S. C. Frkdekick,

24, 5db Coal Vale, Craw. Co., Kan.

WANTED.— To exchange pure-bred German Ca-
nary birds; also Brown and White Leghorn
eggs in season, for beeswax, sections, or Italian
bees. F. H. Chapin, Hinsdale, Catt. Co., N. Y.

l-2d Dealer in ail /fuids of country produce.

I F you wish to exchange strawberry, blackberry.

1 or raspberry plants for Italian bees, send list of
varieties and prices to E. A. Gartman,

Itfdb Decatur, Macon Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange, a Barnes foot power
circular saw, with three saws and two man-
drels; also one circular-saw mandrel, for either
honey or poultry. Make otters.
Idtfb Otto Lestina, Derby, New Haven Co., Ct.

Untested Queens from tha South.

I have several young queens, which I will send by
return mail to any one wishing them, for one dol-
lar. MRS. A. A. NEEDHAM,
Sorrento, Orange Co., Florida.

1S8G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Contents of this Number.

Advance (Junrd, The •>5

Bees, Barf headed 51

Bees, Disturbing 61

Hees, Movine in Wagon fi9

Bee-disease, Nameless 53

Blind Horse in Apiiiry ti8

Buckwheat, A Xew 75

Clark's Trials .nl

(\inveiitic>us 76

Cook on Temperance 47

Detroit Convention 04

Diarrhcea in Bees 48

Kditoriais 7n

P.xtractor, Stanley's 52

Eve ot Bee 41, 4:!

False Statements 49

Feeder. Jones's 5:<

Foster's Mode of Shippinj?. . .Bii

Heddon's New Book 45

Hives, Jarring 05

Honey Column 40

Humbugs and Swindles 41

Italians vs. Blacks liX

Juvenile Letteis b7

Kind Words S9

Lite of Bee Alter Stinging.. .51

JjiZiUds. Slinging fiK

M.irtius Visit 50

lloviiif:: Knlibed Colonies tift

My .Ni-u-iihors 55

Pip.-s. Ventilating 51

Pollen, Color of 51

Kejiort from Juvenile 85

Seals 71)

Te.\as, trood Report 54

TienuH- D^wnwaid fi9

To.id.-and Flies 70

Tub lueo Column :f>

Upper Absorbents 42

W ater in Florida 54

Winterina:, Disastrous 4(i

Wire Cloth, Sirbstitute lor..G9

MINl'TES OF THE DKTHOIT CONVENTION.

The procpediiifrs of the N. A. B. C. at Detroit is be-
ing published in pamphlet I'orni, and a eopy will he
sent to each member of the society ^vh() was in at-
tendance. All others who so desire will receive a
copy on payment of ^5 cts. to the society.

Frank L. Doughehty, Sec.

Indianapolis, Ind.

Awarded

First Premium
twice, and the
only instances
they ever com-
peted, in 1884 at
Michigan State
Fair, and in 188.5
at the Inter-
State Fair, held
at St. Joseph,
Mo. The e.xcel-
lence ot these
sections is ac-
knowledged by
many leading bee-keepers amongst whom are the
following, who handle and use them:

Chas. Dadant & Son, Hamilton, 111.; F. L. Dough-
erty, Indianapolis, Ind.; M. H. Hunt, Bell Bi'aneh,
Mich.; Hemphill & Goodman. Elsberry, Mo.; G. W.
Demaree, (Jhristiansburg, Ky.; Theo. Thomas,
Pleasant Valley, N. Y.; H. R. Boardnian, East Town-
send, Ohio. J

The last-named gentleman writes us, " The lot of
sections I got of you (10,000) were very nice and per-
fect. I am not satistied in saying 1 was pleased with
them— I was delighted. The.v were bright and per-
fect as new-made coin. I have no hesitancy in say-
ing that your make of sections is superior to an.v I
ever saw. There is practically no breakage in fold-
ing. In trying them 1 folded 1000 without breaking
a piece."

Our improved facilities for manufacturing these
sections enable us to offer them at greatly reduced
rates. Send lor price list. Address as above. We
also make the best berrv-baskets in the market.
2-;j-4d

WANTED.— To exchange strawberry and rasp-
berry plants for $1.03 or tested queens, or
pounds of bees (in spring). Address 2 tfdb

C. VV. Phelps & Co., Tioga Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED.

(Best quality, and clean), per bush., $7.80; for less
than 1 bush., add 20 cts. for bag. Carefully bred
Ital. Queens, if ordered now, 75 cts. each. B. Leg-
liorn eggs (from premium birds), peri:}, 50c. Rasp-
berry and strawberry plants, verv low. Inclose
stamp for reply. C. M. GOODSFEED,

2tfdb Thorn Him., N. V.

APPLE SEEDS, Sl.OO per peck; *3.00 per bushel. :i d
M. ISBELL, Norwich, N. Y.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOET, WHOLESALE andEETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. libtfd

JTJ/ST OTJT.

rieiti BooH

-BY-

JAMES HEDDON,

DOWAGIAC, MlCri.

Send your address for his

PROSPECTUS^

-AND—

->31886 CIRCULAR.

Stfdp

SECTIONS & BROOD-FRAMES.

WIDE FRAMES, SHIPPINC-CSATES, ETC.
Dealers and large consumers should write us for

PRICES

before buying. We make a specialty of the above
goods; and being able to v)urchase lumber very
cheaplj% we can furnish them

SURPRISINGLY LOW.

State about what you want, and we shall be pleas-
ed to quote bottom prices. 2-3 tfd

Smith & Smith, Kenton, 0.

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

COMB FOUNDATION,
/IT GREAT REDUCTION.

DEALERS AND LARGE . CONSUMERS WILL

FIND IT TO THEIR INTEREST TO WRITE

FOR PRICES FOR 1886.

JOHN J. HUBLBERT,

LYNDON, WHITESIDE CO., ILLINOIS.

2tfd

FOR SALE.

One second-hand Idn. mill that will roll sheets 14
inches wide. The mill is at present in New Ham-
burg, Ont., Can. The original price on it was $40.00,
but we will now sell it at half price, or $30.00.

A. 1. KOOT, Medina, O.

Pee-Jleepers^ Supplies.

NORTH-WESTERN CHAFF HIVES, 4 -PIECE
SECTIONS DOVETAILED, FRAMES, HON-
EY-BOXES, ETC.

Address R. SCHMIDT,

2tfdb Caroline. Sha'vrano Co.. Wis.

CARP

Tlie National Journal of Carp
Culture,

—ESTABLISHED IN 1885.—
(8-Page Monthly, Illustrated, .50 cents
a year.) The only Journal in the United States de-
voted to the interests of Carp Culture. Sample free.
2 X Address I^. M. liOGAN, Akron, Ohio.

GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICES.

Our beautiful all-in-one-piece sections, smooth
inside and out, at $4.0U per 1000. For larger lots,
write for prices. Send for price list of other sup-
plies. M. H. HUNT.

2 tfdb Bell Branch, Wayne Co., Mich.

40

(JJ.EAA'INGS IN BEE CULTITIIK.

Jak^

JI0JNIEY GdhUW,

CITY MARKETS.

Boston.— HoHey.— Best 1-pound sections, 14@,16;
best 2-pound sections, 12@14. Slow sale. No de-
mand tor extracted. Bi.ake & Kipley,

Jan. 11, 1880. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Kantas City. — Huneu- — Sales extremely light,
and prices very low. Choice comb, 1-lb. sections,
14(r'.15c; 2-lb., 12@1.3c. Dark fall honey, 1(5 2c. less.
Extracted, very dull, and slow sale. AVe had to un-
load some first-class extracted honey this weelj
at 5c, and stocks I'ootinvie to accumulate.

Bi'.eswax, scarcer and lilgher, 22rt(25c.

.Jan. 7, 1886. Ci.emons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. Fourth & Walnut St's, Kansas City, Mo.

Chicago.— Konejy.— The market has changed but
little since last quotation, there being- a moderate
demand tor all grades and styles. Perhaps extract-
ed is in better demand than comb, but both are
needed here, as the supply is light. There has al-
ways been a good demand for honey about the be-
ginning of February, and the stock should be here
to meet it. R. A. Buknett,

Jan. 11, 1886. 131 S. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cleveland.— Honey.— Since the holidays, the de-
mand for honey has been very limited in all lines;
A^alues remain unchanged. Choice white 1B>. sec-
tions, 14(g;15; 2-Ki., 12fal.3. Second grade very hard to
sell at 10@12. Old honey, lOfc'll. Extracted, 7@.8.
Beeswax, very scarce at 25. A. C. Kendel.

Jan. 9, 1886. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Milwaukee. — Honey. — The demand for choice
white-clover honey is vei'y fair, and supply not
large. 1 can encourage shipments. Extracted in
very good demand. I will quote, 1-lb. seeJions,
white, l.^fTf 16; I'i and 2-tb. sections, white, 15; dark
honey, J:."^'^' 14. Extracted in kegs and bbls., white,
T'^CZ/.K; extracted, in kegs and bbls., colored, 6016' a.

Jan. 5, 1h;s6. A. \'. Bishoi',

142 W. Water St., Milwiuilsee, Wis.

lESWAX.

We are now in the market, and will be during the
entire season, for all honey offered us, in any quan-
tity, shape, or condition, just so it is pure. We will
sell on commission, charging 5 per cent; or if a sam-
ple is sent us, we will make the best cash otfer the
general market will afford. We will handle bees-
wax the same way, and can furnish bee-men in
quantities, crude or refined, at lowest market prices.
<Jur junior member in this deparment, Mr. Jerome
Twichell, has full charge, which Insures prompt and
careful attention in all its details.

Sample of comb honey must be a full case, repre-
senting a fair average of the lot. On such sam-
ple we will make prompt returns, wliether we buy
or not. CLEMONS, CLOON A: <;0.,

15-2db Kanisas <'ity, Mo.

LOOK HERE !^"'

To introduce my strain ot piu-e bright Italians,
equal to any in " the United States, 1 will otter
tested queens, !?1.00 each; extra fine, selected,
$1..50 each; one-frame nucleus, consisting of one
extra select queen, one frame of brood, ',2 lb. bees,
for $2.00. If you w£:n: any bees, send lue your ad-
dress on postal and 1 will send you sample by re-
turn mail. Beeswax or honey taken in exchange.
22tfdb 'J-MOMAS HO]le^,

Box 691, SlJerburne, Ciicii. Co., N. Y.

Bee-Hives, Honey-Boxes, Sections.

Laegest Bee-Hive Pactoe? in the Woeld.

CAPACITY, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAY.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 6 lines, and you must .say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error.

WANTED.— To exchange one-half bushel of ex-
tra fine white-clover seed for alsike-clover
seed. 19tfdb M. A. Gill, Viola, Richl'd Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Friends, T
have 15 pairs of the celebrated Bonney's
stock of Brown Leghorns that I will sell at !f3.00 per
pair, or will exchange for good beeswax at 25 els.
perpound. Circulars free. Kef ., A. I. Root.
24tfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton, Guern. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange, Scott's Commentary
on the Holy Bible, 6 vols., quarto, bound in
sheep, in good oi'der, weight 19 pounds. As I have
other commentaries, I will exchange this for some-
thing else useful. Address A. H. Van Doren,
24tfdb Liberty, Bedford Co., Virginia.

WANTED.— To exchange golden-willow cuttings
for Italian queens. I will book orders now,
and send the willows as early as will do next spring:
queens wanted in May and June, 1888. 3 dozen cut-
tings for a warranted, and 4 dozen for a tested; also
one weeping-willow cut with each dozen. Will
send bj^ mail. S. C. Frederick,

24, 5db Coal Vale, Craw. Co., Kan.

WANTED. — To exchange pure-bred German Ca-
nary birds; also Brown and White Leghorn
eggs in season, for beeswax, sections, or Italian
bees. F. H. Chapin. Hinsdale, Catt. Co., N. Y.

l-2d Dealer in ail kinds of country produce.

IF you wish to exchange strawberry, blackberry,
or raspberry plants for Italian bees, send list of
varieties and prices to E. A. Gastman,

Itfdb Decatur, Macon Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange, a Barnes foot-power
circular saw, with three saws and two man-
drels; also one circular-saw mandrel, for either
honey or poultrj\ Make otters,
idtfb Otto Lestina, Derby, New Haven Co., Ct.

WANTED. — To exchange Italian bees and
queens for a second-hand engine, Shipman
or Payne & Sons. L. Heine,

2d Bellmore, Queens Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange a buzz and scroll saw
combined, one polyoptican, new, one Smith
American cabinet organ (catalogue price $310.00),
ail in perfect condition, for Plymouth Rocks, Ches-
ter or Poland pigs, Holstein or Jersey calves, or
young cattle. L. W. Lighty,

2tfdb Mulberry, York Co., Pa.

SUMNER & PRIME,

BniSTOI-, 0 VER2vIOITT.

— m.-vntfactureks of —

Pee - J^eepers^ Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping-
Crates a Specialty. Price List and samples free. l-2d

^^ COLONIES OF BEES FOR SALE.

i tJ Address

Corinth, Alcorn Co., Miss.

DAUANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, AVhole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. Sbtfd

VANDERVORT
COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
3tfdb JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

Vol. XIV.

JAN. 15, 1880.

No. 2.

TEK.MS: $1.00 Pkr ANNUM, IN At)VANCK;l IT' ,,4- r^TJ ^ dn r> rl t'^-i 1 Q 'y ^ f (Miibs to different postofficf's. NOT I.FHS
2Copiesfor3l.90;3tor82.75;5tor84.00, I Jlii^ ittU L Lb) ItlyiO ili ±0 i O. | than KOcts. ea.li. St-iit postpaid, in t)ie
lOor more, 7S r!ta. each. Sinjtle Number, ! ', U. S. and Canadas. To all other conn-

5 cts. Additions to clubs maybe m.ade f rUBLlsi!Er> skmi-montiily by '; tries of the Universal Postal Union. IRc

at ehih rates. Above are all to be sent ', . -r ~nr\(\Ty ivrxT'TkTXT a /~»ttt/'^ pervenr extra. To all conntTiepNOT of
To ONEPOSTOFFICK. I A. i. ilUU i , IM iliJJijN iV, UlilU. I the U. V. U.,42ci

•per year extra.

MORE ABOUT THE BEE'S EYES.

TALK TO THE .lUVENILES ON HOW TO rOMI'KE-
IIENP MERE NUMBERS.

[j S Prof. Cook has opened the way, T now ven-

9l\^i ture forth with a few more notes upon the i
jPP bee's eye— such facts as I have been enabled i
'*""*^ to glean fi-om the field of the microscope. [
This is not intended to supplement Prof. |
Cook's able article on the above subject, but is sim- I
ply the result of independent research. I therefore j
will take up the eye of a bee, presenting- it in a
slightly different phase. i

Let me see— I was going- to write to the little
folks, so T am. First, I desire you to read Prof. 1
Cook's article over carefulli% for you surely will ,
find it interesting; then if you choose you can see
what I have to say.

The compound eyes that Prof. Cook told you
about are called " compound " because there area
great number of eyes in one. If I should tell you
that in one of these compound eyes there are over
3000 little eyes you would hardly know how many this
meant. When I tell you that the sun is over ninety
millions of jniles away, you could then form but a
small idea of its immense distance. Figures have
but little meaning to us, unless we can have some-
thing for comparison. Astronomers — men who
study the stars— have a way of comprehending dis-
tances, and I will try to explain it so jou can un-
derstand it.

You are accustomed to regard this earth as very
large. You can travel a whole week over its sur-
face, and then you will have gone over but a small
portion of its circumference. Now, did you e^■er

think that light travels? If you are old enough,
and have been at school long enough, you will find
that it travels exceeding Ij- fast. Why! it can go
around this great earth more than seven times a
second; and yet, with this enormous speed, wise
men tell us that it taKes eight full minutes for the
light to travel from the sun to our earth. In other
words, it takes eight minutes for the light to travel
90,000,000 of miles— the distance from the sun to us.
Nov/, can you understand what a lot of ciphers
mean? If you do not, get your mother to help you.
A moment ago I told you that a bee had, in one of
his compound eyes, over 3000 simple eyes, or COOO
in both his large eyes. These figures I obtained
with the aid of my microscope by counting a cer-
tain number, then estimating. By referring to Car-
penter—an authority on the microscope— I find that
a liy has in two of his compound eyes 4000 simple
eyes; the cabbage-butterfly, 17,000; dragon-fly, 24,000.

These numbers arc by no means as large as those
standing for the distance to the sun; yet three oi-
four thousand, I fancy, will have little meaning to
our little folks. Let me see— arrry large hall or
church will hold perhaps three thousand people.
Now, suppose you crowd every one of these people
into an area cf little OA^er an eighth of an inch
sfiuare, how small do you suppose each person
would become? He would be about the size of one
of these simple eyes in the compound eye of a bee.

Little friends, I have given you these comparison
in order that you may better understand what
mere numbers signify, and also that you may bet-
ter comprehend how very small are the simple
eyes of the bee.

Let us next glance for a moment at the general

42

GLEANINGS IN BEE OULTUiiii.

Jan.

appearance of the bee's eye, a cut of which appears
below, showing the form of each simple ej'e, or
"ocellus;" their combined surface resembles,
somewhat, sealed comb lioney (or brood). In the
drawing-, the simple eyes are ex-
aggerated; for if given in their
exact proportion they would be
hardly visible. Thi-ough the mi-
croscope, however, these simple
eyes appear like a lot of little
beads nicely imbedded over the
surface of the large eye, and I
do not know of any part of the
bee that is more beautiful under
the microscope than this.
EYE OF A BEE. You noticciuthe engraving,

that part of the eye looks as if the central portion
had been torn out. This is to show the shape of
each little eye when dissected. You observe that
the outer surface of each is hexagonal (having six
sides like honey-cells), and tapers down to a point.
To this is attached the optic nerve, communicating
with the brain. Perhaps you would liken the whole
to a sunflower head tilled with ripened seed, the
whole head answering for the compound ej'e, and
the separate seeds the simjjle eye.

When we reflect that each one of the simple eyes
is so small and yet so perfect, having nearly all the
parts belonging to our eyes, are we not again led to
say," How wonderful are thy works, O Lord I"? Yes,
he has made great worlds, millions of miles away,
and yet even the little insects have not been neg-
lected, so perfect are they. Ernest R. Root.

UPPER ABSORBENTS.

CAN BEES WINTER IN OPEN-MOITTHED ISOTTLES.'

fHERE is no business or occupation in exist-
ence, that 1 am aware of, in which there are
so many prominent, vital questions unset-
tled, as in bee-keeping. There are numerous
points, important to all and doubly so to the
beginner, on which we will find leading and suc-
cessful apiarists holding diametrically opposite
views. We see this at every bee-keepers' conven-
tion and in nearly every bee-journal we read.

To the experienced bee-keeper this want of unity
in thought with the argument which it brings, is
not only of no injury, but often of decided benefit,
by leading him to question more closelj^his reasons
for his own line of action, and thereby detect any
possible flaws therein. To beginners, though,
Avhose ideas ai-e not yet matured by experience,
this variety of oj)inion is, to say the least, some-
what bewildering. Still there is no help for it. By
discussion we shall the sooner arrive at truth; and it
is but justice to the beginner to present both sides
of the question, in order that he may decide for
himself on those points where "doctors disagree."
Very often what is right for one locality or system
of management is all wrong for another, and so
both sides may be right, and no doubt frequently
are. We are apt to get so deep into our own groove
that we do not see ourjneighbor in liis groove, al-
though it may run almost alongside of our own, and
coming out at just the same place.

I am led to write this by the article which appear-
ed on page 824 of Dec. Gi>eanings. The writer
takes alarm at the statement by Mr. Heddon, that
he is "becoming of the opinion that our upper

absorbents are usually useless and ofttimes
worse," and expects the editor, as a matter of
course, to join him in attacking the heresy. I
have read Mr. Heddon's reply with interest; but as
he is probably'busy with his new book and reversi-
ble hive, he does not go into the subject with his
usual thoroughness.

Several years ago, in giving in Gleanings the
results of some extensive wintering experiments, I
said that, while it seemed to make little difference
during the winter whether an enameled cloth or a
porous covering were used over the bees, a porous
covering was a decided detriment during the spring
months. Further experiments since then have con-
vinced me that, if other conditions are observed,
there is never any real advantage to be derived
from upper absorbents, while with a small swarm
or a large hive, or at any time when brood is being
raised before warm weather comes, there is a
great disadvantage from their use. I find, too, that
many of those most successful In wintering have
come to the same conclusion. Moreover, 1 have no
doubt that the reason why bees in box hives, with-
out care, often winter better than those that have
the advantage of all the modern improvements is
that the latter are frequently ventilated to death,
while the former are more often allowed to her-
metically seal the top of the hive, and absorbents
are never thought of.

I consider that the essential points in outdoor
wintering are, 1. Plenty of good honey, or its equiv-
alent, with but little pollen; 3. Strong colonies;
;{. A contracted hive, a covering impervious to
moisture, and a large entrance; 4. A protection
from the cold (on top, and, if possible, on all sides)
of chatf or other non - conducting material, the
thicker the better.

To carry out this system, as soon as spring comes
the bees should be crowded on still fewer combs,
and the entrance made quite small, until the size of
the colony and the heat of the season make enlarge-
ment necessary.

WHY ABSORBENTS ARE IN.JURIOUS.

Bees at all times exhale a certain amount of wa-
tery vapor. In cold weather this must pass out of
the hive, or be condensed on its combs or walls as
water or frost. To prevent this condensation many
place porous materials inside the hive, which are
supposed to keep the hive dry by absorbing the
moisture. Very often they do this very well for a
time; but if no provision is made for drying them
they become damper and damper as the winter
continues, until finally they can hold no more mois-
ture. Any thing wet is, under such circumstances,
necessarily cold, and this damp cushion often
proves a veritable " wet blanket " on the prosperity
of the unfortunate colony, extending its malign in-
fluence long after cold weather is past, compelling
the bees to dry this soaked and often frozen cushion
bj' the heat of their bodies befoi-e they can be com-
fortable.

Instead of absorbents some employ upper venti-
lation, carrying the moisture out of the hive along
with an upward current of air through the top.
There are but few who advocate that this current
should be unrestrained, as when an opening in the
top of the hive communicates directly with the out^
er air, because the folly of this course is usually
easily seen after a hard winter or with weak colo-
nies. The heat of the colony is carried off so rapid-
ly that eitherall die during some cold snap, or they

I88(i

GLEANINGS IN J5EE CULTrUE.

4:*.

rtwindle away by degrees and die in the spriiiji-. or
come through with but a fraction of a workinj>-
force.

Others prefer a medium course; viz., upward
ventihition throug-h a thick layer of chatf or other
porous material. Here tlie chatf is not really an
absorbent, but only serves to restrain the upward
current of air. If any moisture is absorbed it is
soon dried out by the rising- air. This is much
better than unrestrained upward ventilation, or
absorbents without upward ventilation, but it is
also very wasteful of the heat of the colony. Any
thing- like an upward current is injurious, causing-
the bees to become uneasy, and consume a greater
quantity of food, rendering- them more liable to
starvation and diarrh(ea.

It is scarcely necessary to remind any of the read-
ers of Glbanings that warm air is lighter than
cold, and therefore has a tendency to rise; that the
top of an apartment containing any source of heat
is warmer than the bottom, or that, if a hole be
made in top of such an apartment, a draft will be
created which will lower the temperature of the
room by removing the warm air; neither is it nec-
essary to remind you that moist aii- is heavier than
dry air, especially when cool.

In the face of these facts I can hardly see why
bee-keepers follow the unscientilic and unnatural
plan of using absorbents or upward ventilation to
remove the moist air which would run out of the
hive itself if permitted, carrying- very little heat
with it. " All-out-of-doors " is the best, cheapest,
and most extensive absorbent of moisture we can
find. To gain this end, the entrance should be
large— I would have it not less than 12X '-'i, the win-
tering apartment small, so that the bees can warm
all parts of it, and its walls protected by some non-
conducting material, the thicker the better, in or-
der that they may be kept warm so that moisture
will not condense on them. These walls, sides, and
top, should be of some material imi^ervious to air or
moisture; then the watery vapor generated bj' the
bees, being- heavier than the air, will sink to the
bottom and flow out at the entrance, while the
warm air will remain confined at the top of the hive.

The prime cause of our wintering troubles is cold.
Retention of moisture in the hive, or ventilating it
out at the top, must lower the average tempera-
ture, which is something we should carefully guard
against. 8— J. A. Ghken, 85—100.

Dayton, III., Jan. 6, 1886.

Friend Green, your reasoning is good, and
the most of it I am prepared to follow. But
it seems to me you are going a little to the
e.xtreme when you recommend a small win-
tering apartment, impervious to air or moist-
ure. Of course, you recommend that this
small apartment should be well protected by
some non-conducting material, and that the
entrance be large. I agree with the latter,
and may be with the whole of it ; but to be
sure we understand you exactly, suppose you
put your bees into a bottle having a large
mouth, the bottle to be just the size to con-
tain the colony, and to be protected abund-
antly by warm packing over all the bottle
except the mouth. Would this be just the
thing y I am rather inclined to think it
would, if the mouth of the bottle were of
just the right size ; and VJ, inches by I, or an
equivalent, would probably be rtbout right

for an iiveiage colony. Yon will see, by
looking at llie A I> (' book, that I come pret-
ty near on to your ground, though I confess
I should li;ivt' feared to recomend a glass
bottle. I say (jUass. l)ecause glass is a better
non-L'onductoi- of heat than metals, or, 1
might have said, a water-tight tin box.
Now, if your position is the right one (that
we can confine every bit of the animal heat,
provided we keep the frost entirely away
from the impervious covering), I do not knovv
but we are going to make a l)ig step in this
matter of wintering. J notice the poultry
journals are recommending just this thing
exactly. Let the fowls roost in an air-tight
apartment, except an oi)ening below, where
they hop up on to their roosts. This, of
course, is for zero weathei-.

VISION IN INSECTS.

.\N INTEKESTING T.\LK ON EYES IX (i IC.N EK.\I,.

J' SUPPOSE many of the readers of Gle.4.nings
'' know that the eye is a verj' complex organ.
t The window of the eye- the cornea, marked C
■ in the drawing— is transi)arent as clearest glass.
This bends the rays of light that pass it, as
does water. We all l^now that this is why the stick
in a glass of water appears to bend. The rays of
light do bend, and so the stick appears to bend.
The aqueous, or watery humor. A, back of the cor-
nea, is simply a filling; it varies the ray of light
leaving the cornea, almost none at all. The iris, I,
is what gives color to the eye. It is the window-
curtain, which the eye dexterously raises or lowers
as it wishes more or less light. This is to the eye
what the diaphragm is to Ernest's microscoi)e.
The reason that the iris is colored is from its con-
taining- a coloring material called pigment. The
same material in the hair or skin gives color to
those parts.

The albino has none of this pigment, so his hair
is white, his skin pink as a baby's — the blood-
vessels show through— and his eyes are pink for the
same reason. The albino
can not close the shutters,
as his iris Is transparent,
and soin daylight his vision
is dazzled, and, like an owl,
he can see better bj- night
than by day.

The pupil is the little
Iblack hole in the center of
jthe iris, where all rays of
A. SECTION. >FMiiMAx EYE. \^g\^^ ^ust cntcr ovcry eyc
—except those of the albino. This little port-hole is
black, only because it opens into a black chamber.
Just back of the ))upil and iris is the beautiful
crystalline lens, C L. This is a double-convex lens
in form, and no crystal is clearer. My students, in
their dissections and study of the eye, always ex-
claim at the marvelous beauty of this crystalline
lens. This crystalline lens,'like the cornea, bends
the rays of light still more, so that all from any
point of an object Uvhercver thej' Imay enter the
eye come to a focus on the retina, K, the part of
the eye that is able to perceive or take note of light
and color. Thio focusing is absolutely necessary to
lierf ect vision. In near-siglited people the rays are
bent too much ; in old pcoplc^too little. The cry8-

(f~R An

44

GLExVNINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

talline lens bulges more as we look at vei-y near ob-
jects, and less as we gaze at things distant, and so
we are able to see distinctly in every case. In
" cataract " this crystalliuo lens becomes opaque,
and the person, of course, is blind in that eye. The
operation tor cataract consists in the removal of
the crystalline lens, Avhich is often done in case of
cataract in both eyes. Isn't it marvelous that a
surgeon can cut right into the eyes, take out a part,
and thus restore vision?

Bnckofthe crystalline lens ia the .ielly-like, per-
fectly transparent vitreous humor, V H. This
seems to be a sort of packing to fill up the space
between the crystalline lens and retina. Of course,
it must be transparent, else how could the light
pass to the retina? The retina, R, is the e.vpansion,
away back in the eye, of the optic nerve. This ret-
ina is the tell-tale. Itrepoi-ts to the brain all the
beauty of form and coloi-ation in the outside world.
What a terrible blank in the life, when no such re-
ports arc made! The retina is very complex, and I
will not describe it.

Just outside, or back of the retina, is the black
choroid coat, the dotted line marked C H. This is
black because of pigment, and it also contains the
blood-vessels that nourish the eye. To see well,
the eye must be a black chamber, and so this cho-
roid coat is black; the same is true of the micro-
scope and the photographers camera. Indeed,
every perfect optical instrument has a black lining.
Now, all insects— and so our bees— have eyes of
similar structure to our own. The bees have two
large compound eyes— one on each side of the head,
and three simple eyes. The compound eyes consist
of many simple eyes close together. Sometimes
each compound eye is made up of thousands of sim-
ple eyes. Each one of these simple eyes has a
cornea, humors, crystalline lens, and retina, from
wliich a nerve runs to the brain.

We detect form in objects, it is supposed, because
we have two eyes, and see a little more to one side
of an object with one eye, and to the other side
with the other eye. Miiller held tliat bees and all
insects could, in the same way, detect form as well
as motion and color. His was termed the mosaic
theory of vision. E.xner opposed this view, and
held that insects could not perceive form. Plateau,
of Belgium, has just reported to the Belgium Acad-
emy many experiments, and concludes with Exner
that bees can not detect form. He also says that
the simple eyes are imperfect, or rutl^mentary eyes.
That, as he says, bees have no better eyes than flies,
is certainl.y a reasonable conclusion.

Now, what do our hee-kecpers say to this theory,
that bees can not detect form? Are we not certain
that a skmting board, or a slight change in position
of the hive, is at once detected? 1 believe facts, as
gained in that large laboratory, theapiary, are often
stronger than facts gleaned in a much smaller way
by the scientist in his laboratory.

Again, theory would assei't quite as readily that
the compound eyes could, from their peculiar
structure, detect form as quicklj' as motion. True,
motion is ever throwing the image in diflerent snn-
ple eyes; but varying form would also affect differ-
ent simple eyes, and why might not different eyes,
as well as a varying position in two eyes, detect
form? That the single simple eyes are imperfect, is,
I think, true. Often they are so covered with hairs
as to make them useless; and the very fact that in
many insects they have been snatched away entirely.

suggests that they are useless in all. If any reader
wishes to study an eye, let him procure a head at a
slaughter-house, freeze the eye after it is carefully
cut out, then it can be dissected and examined in all
its parts. A. .1. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.
Thanks for the very able manner in wliich
you have treated tliis subject. I am sure
our little friends will tind great pleasure in
reading from your pen. It was ray intention
to give the children a little talk on the eye,
but I felt myself not '• big enough " for the
task. I had thought of writing you for
wliat information I lacked, Init I see, by a
kind of special pro^■idence you have antici-
pated my (luestions. In anotlier column,
since yoti have opened the Avay, will be
fomid a few more notes on this subject.

IIow I shoiUd enjoy being one of your stu-
dents in this special kind of workl It was
my hope, after linishing my classical educa-
tion, to take a special course under you ; but
fate, if that be the term, has denied me that
privilege. Ernest.

pnpBass WB Dwindles

PERTAINING TO BEE CULTURE.

We respectfully solicit the aid of our friends in conducting
this department, and wouid conMder it a lavor to have them
send us all circulars that have a deceptive appearance. The
greatest care will be at all times maintained to prevent injus-
tice beinK done any on-*.

JIONEY FOK THE POOR MAN ; THE GKEAT ACME
PENETHATIVE.

fNDEIi the above title, or something
like it, you v.'ill notice, in many of the
papers, a picture of a stump on lire,
with an advertisement of a chemical
that will be sent for a dollar, sufhcient
to burn tiny stump, green or dry. and the
dollar's worth will burn up. root and branch,
V2 large stumps or 18 medium-sized ones.
Tlie advertisement says the compound con-
tains no saltpeter. We sent our dollar and
obtained a pinkish-colored compound thai
docs contain saltpeter. A circular came
along with it, headed, ''Money for the Poor
Man.'" On the last page of said circular are
quite a number of testimonials from farmers,
relative to the wonderful results obtained
by the use of tlii.s Acine penetrative. Every
(jite of these testimonials, however, is desti-
tute of address and date. The advertise-
ment comes from F. E. Eross iv: Co.. New
Carlisle, Ohio. In writing to the above tirm
in reference to sending out such testimonials
tliev make no reyjly. The paper wrapped
aro'und the Acme i)enetrative was part of an
advertising circular of a tirm in New Car-
lisle who formerly dealt in bee-supplies.
The 0/i*o /'\(rj/ie/- contains a caution to far-
luers about a new kind of seed wheat, also
coming from this Fross & Co.. with thename
spelled a little dilferently. The Eiiral Ncir-
Yorler also has a caution in regard to swin-
dles about a chemical for burning out stumps.
The whole matter seems to be in some way
mixed up with the names of those who for-
merly advertised bee-supplies from New
Carlisle, therefore our bee-friends will prob-
ably get an abundance of circulars from this

1SS(J

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CL'LTIHE

4->

place. If tliere are some lionest men doing
business in seed wlieat or bee-supplies at
New Carlisle, we would caution them about
letting their name be mixed up. or their cir-
culars, with F. E. Fross & Co. If they
want a hearing, we shall be glad to give it.

1 should have said in the outset, that tlie
directions for using this Acme penetrative
tell us we must wait two months and a half
after putting it in the stump, before the
stump is readj^ to burn ; so you see they
have two months and a half to run their
advertisement before any one can gainsay
their claims.

HEDDON'S NEW BOOK. "SUCCESS IN
BEE CULTUKE.^'

ALSO SOMETHING AIIOUT HEUDON 8 NEW HIVE.

fllE book in question is paper boimd,
128 pages. It is profusely illustrated,
but we are sorry to note that a good
many of the new illustrations are not
engraved as they should be ; in fact,
the book explains that the engraver did not
do his duty. Friend I led don has evidently
had experience in trying to make engravers
picture things as they are, instead of some
heedless plan of their own. It is an excel-
lent plan to have the engraver make a draw-
ing first on the block, a"nd don't let him en-
grave it until the drawing is as you want it.
The book contains many terse and valuable
thoughts, characteristic of friend Heddon's
vigorous brain. And novv^, however much we
may lind in the book to criticise, it is well
worth half a dollar. The food for thought
that it gives to every bee-keeper, young and
old, it seems to me, is well worth the cost of
the book. I think, however, it should be
read in connection with other works on bee
culture, as so many things are passed over
in a brief w^ay, from necessity, on account of
the size of the volume. The principal fea-
ture of the book is, to me. Ileddon's new
hive. The hive we talked so much about a
year ago is described in the book; but the
new one is to throw the old plan entirely
aside. The principal feature of the new
hive is in making the brood-apartment in
two stories. Eacli story contains frames
only 5| inches in deptli. "These frames are
closed-end frames. On account of their
shallowness this will probably be no great
obstacle in the way of manipulation, and
friend Heddon claims that almost all neces-
sary operations can be ])erformed without
i-emoving these shallow frames at all. To
facilitate this, the top and bottom bars are
made only 13-1(5 inch wide— a little narrower
than I, you will notice. Years ago I thought
of making a hive without frames, somewhat
on this principle, having the combs shallow,
and pretty widely spaced with narrow top
and bottom bars. ]\Iy plan then was that
we could reach down between these narrow
top and bottom bars, widely spaced, so as to
cut out queen-cells, or see lirood, even to a
depth of two or three inches ; turn the hive
over, and a depth of two or tluee inches on
the other siile would put all the combs mi-
<ler our control or under our eye— at least
without taki'ig the combs put. Two of these

shallow brood-nests give a capacity of an
ordinary lower stoiy. The sectionsare put
in shallow wide frames. It is a little amus-
ing to see friend Ileddon go back and de-
clare in favor of wide frames, and separators
also, after the way lie h;is denounced both
for a year or two back. Jf I were he, L
would bealittie mild in denouncing any
thing, esi)e('ially if I expected to change my
plans within a year or less. It is true, how-
ever, that a very progressive mind must
change in opinion as it explores new and
different llelds. The wide frames, with sep-
arators to hold the sections, ai'e exactly the
same as the case for three section boxes,
which has been for so many years illustrated
in our price list, only it is made to hold four
sections instead of three. IJoth the brood-
frames and wide frames are closed-end. and
rest on a strii) of tin at the bottom of tlie
hive or case. Like C^)uinb> "s closed-end
frames they have no projecting arms, ])ut
are alike either side up. This makes the
frames reversible, and the hive is also re-
versible. Of course, you can not get the
frames out of any hive or section unless it is
a certain side up. The ends of these closed-
end frames come close against the ends of
the hive, for the frames themselves, outside
dimensions, are only 1-1(> inch less than the
inside of the hive.

A good many things may be accomplished
by dividing a liive horizontally into two sets
of shallovv frames. It occurred to me at
once that this shallow hive would be a si)len-
did thing for shipping bees, especially so
since friend II. makes the whole thing solid,
and lixed by a wooden thinnbscrew to put
through the hive at the proper i)lace to
screw up the frames tight, the screw strik-
ing the middle of tlie end-bars of the frames.
In this shape it is reversible at pleasure.
The bottom-board is cleated around its out-
side edge so as to give the necessary bee-space
when the first story is placed on the bottom-
board. Friend Ileddon enumerates a great
many advantages to be secured by this shal-
low frame. 1 believe he has not mentioned,
however, whHt seems to me to be a great
and serious disadvantage. It is this: lie is
dividing the brood in every coml) right
through the center, or heart of it, and inter-
posing two sticks and the |-inch air-space.
It is true, the queen may be made to do
very fair work in a comb only five inches
deep ; but from the way in which queens
seem to prefer to lay their eggs in a circle,
say from six to eight inches in diameter. 1
can not think you can get this circle down
to less than live inches without loss. It is
true, she may make the circle embrace the
combs in the upper story as well as the
combs in the lower story ; "but then we have
this division above spoken of in the heart of
the brood-nest.

Friend II. has a patent on the hive. Of
course, he has a perfect right to have a pat-
ent on it if he thinks it is the better way ;
but in view of the fart that so many of the
features of his new hive have been in com-
mon use. if I were in his place I think I
would not have had a patent on it. I hope
he will excuse me for venturing to give my
Hdvice when it has not been asked. ^V^e have

4H

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

discussed patents so much already, I do not
believe it will be worth while to go all over
it again ; but that these shallow frames will
answer tolerably well, has been proven re-
peatedly. T. F. Bingham has used for years
a hive with frames only six inches in depth,
and lleddon's are only' a little shallower, as
you will see. R. Wilkin, when lie used to
live in Ohio, also used a shallow - depth
frame ; but after a great many years of ex-

Seriment with them he abandoned them,
'he closed-end feature is not new ; the idea
of putting screws through the side of the
hive to tighten up the frames together is not
H patentable idea. The whole arrangement,
however, is sufficiently different from any
thing heretofore in use. and friend H. is,
without question, entitled to a valid patent,
if he thinks it best to have one.

We should like to know how many sea-
sons lie has tested this, if more than one. I
should like to give illustrations of the whole
hive ; but I confess I sliould want some bet-
ter engravings than are found in the book.
If friend II. will send me a hive just right I
will have some good engravings of it made,
at my own expense. We can mail the book
on receipt of price, 50 cents.

DISASTROUS AATIWTERING.

HOW THE BROKEN RANKS WERE KECRUITED.

N 1884, white clover j'ielded bountifully iu this
vicinity. I began the season with 74 colonies,
which I increased bj^ natural swarming' to 103,
besides receiving' a nice harvest of light honey.
There was no fall honey. In the fall I removed
sixteen miles to a new home. I found it quite a
tasli to remove my bees. I took charge of their
removal myself, and did it as carefully as I could;
still, 1 lost one colony by the combs melting- down.

At my new home I arranged my hives south of
the house. Tlicy were arranged in six rows, facing-
south. The hives were painted, and looked nicelj',
standing on the green gi-ass beneath the trees. I
remember looking- at them from the window, and
thinking- of them as an army placed there to de-
fend my home from want.

As the fall flowers yielded no honey my hives
grew light in stores, and less poijulous. I fed,
doubled up, and cared for them until they were re-
duced to '.13, and at that time I was compelled to
leave homo for a time. When winter set in ray
wife hired two men who carried the bees into the
cellar. On March ^^6 1 carried them out and placed
them on their stands. I found many dead, and
none seemed more than half alive. That evening I
looked out ag-ain at my arm.y, but its ranks were
fearfully broken. The spring- in this region was
cold and backward; and althoug:h I fed, nursed, and
tended, they dwindled, were robbed, and swarmed
out, until my army was reduced to 17 colonies. Of
these, 5 might be termed fair; the other 12 were
little moro than nuclei. When I looked out at those
17 colonics, all that remained of my army, I ex-
claimed, " How are the mighty fallen !"

To relate this tale of disaster Avould do no good
unless the supposed causes were pointed out. I
believe that, on account of the ssarcity of fall hon-
ey, there wag but little brood raised in the fall, and
therefore winter found my colonies weak in bees,

and those few mostly old l:)ees. destined by the law
of their nature to die before spring.

Last winter is destined to be remembered on ac-
count of its intense and long-continued cold. As I
was in a new home the cellar deceived me, not be-
ing so frost - proof as it appeared. As mj' hives
were not populous, it was impossible for the small
cluster to keep up the heat necessary to a healthy
condition in that cold cellar. Then to crown the
disaster, after they were placed upon their summer
stands 1 think the weather was unfavorable for
them as it could well '^e, and the result was spring-
dwindling.

From the reasons I have mentioned, the spring of
1885 yielded me a bountiful harvest of empty hives
and combs. After duly considering the condition
of affairs, 1 went out among the farmers to buy
bees, and succeeded in picking up 38 colonies in
box hives, at an average cost of $3.87 per colony,
and therefore began the season with 55 colonies.
By what is termed the Heddon method 1 transfer-
red those 1 purchased to my own combs and hives.
The past summer was not counted a honey year in
this vicinity, yet I increased to 75 good colonies,
and received enough honey to pay for the colonies
purchased. Fearing a repetition of the experience
of last spring I prepared my collar with care, bank-
ing up the house, and closing up every ci-evice with
lime mortar. 1 also placed a stove in it, so that, if
the thermometer should fall too low, a fire could be
started. Up to the present time my bees seem to
be wintering nicely. W. D. Ralston.

ITopkinton, Iowa, Dec. 31, 1885.

^EPei^fg ENC0aR^6iN6.

1.58 LBS. PER COLONY SECURED BY THE DIREC-
TIONS GIVEN IN A 15 C.

{HAVE no bees now, but shall open up an apiary
; in the spring, for it is the best paying business
that 1 ever worked at. I am told that bees did
not do well here this season. I did some trans-
ferring for two parties, and they seemed to
have done well enough. The great trouble is, the
bees don't get the attention they should. The first
four years after I read your A B C 1 made 158^0 lbs.
of salable honey p(!r colonj', per annum; the high-
est yield, 30J lbs. per colony, two years ago.
East Newbern, III., Nov. 8, 1885. II. S. Giberson.
But. friend G.. you don't tell how^ many
colonic s you had". If only three or four, the
report would not be nearly as large as if you
made forty or fifty give thiit amoTint.

$7ii.00 received, and no outlay.

1 must send in our report, even if it is poorer than
ever. We started last sju-ing with 36 poor weak
orilonies (as we lost more than half of our bees last
M'inter and spiing), and increased to 55; went into
winter quarters with .54 nice rich colonies. We did
not get much honey this year, as the bees did not
make any honey from the first of July to Septem-
ber. Then there was s couple of weeks that there
was quite a tlow of honey, and they filled up their
hives, and made a very little surplus. We sold
about 470 lbs. of honey; came to 873.00. Not a very
big paying summer's work; but one thing is in our
favor, we were at no expense.

Louisa C. Ke^^nedv,

Farmjngdale, 111., Dec. 29, 1885.

1880

GLEANINGS IN r>EE CUJ/rUKE.

47

PROF. COOK ON THE PRESENT AS-
PECT OF TEMPERANCE.

ALSO SOME VERY KIND AVOHDS IN UEOAKI) TO
GLEANINGS.

a EAR FRIEND ROOT:— You already know that
I have always approved your course in niak-
iog Gleanings the medium of other thought
and suggestion than that which belonged
solely to the bee-keeping industry. I think
you have done no little good, perhaps as much in
helping people to happier and better lives, as in ad-
vancing bee - keeping. The firm hold and warm
place which Gleanings has in the hearts of its pa-
trons is proof enough that I am right. The peojjle
i-ecognize the great truth, that we do not live by
bread alone. In your calling the attention of so
many to the words, lite, and teachings of Him in
whom was no guile, and who " spake as never man
spake;" who gave to the world such inspiring words
as, "Let him that is without sin cast the first
stone," and, " Father, forgive them, they know not
what they do," you have builded, though perhaps
not better than you knew, but so well that the
structure reaches to hearts all over the land, and
bears hope, cheer, and encouragement. Then, again,
your good wholesome words on the tobacco habitl
Who can tell how many men are cleaner for your
timely exhortations? I have sometimes wondered,
if Shakespeare had lived in our day, Avhen tobacco
drags its horrid presence into so many homes, if he
would have said: "What a piece of work is man!
so noble in reason, .... in action xi> like an
angel! the beauty of the world!" for when we think
of it, what more Irrational than that men should
form and continue a habit that renders them filthy
and disagreeable to associates; robs — yes, worse
than robs the pockets, often injures, and even de-
stroys health, and, worst of all, blunts those finer
feelings of courtesy and good taste which it be-
hooves us all so studiously to cultivate? I am glad,
dear brother, that you have fired such telling shot
into the ranks of the armj' of tobacco-slaves. It
must have pleased you to see how very few at De-
troit used tobacco; and those who did, so far as I
saw, were those whose locks tell that they are be-
j'ond the years when advice finds ear, or good
counsel takes root.

But thei'e is another habit whose wrongs, whose
evil tendencies, whose blasting work of sin and
ruination, so pales the tobacco habit that you and I,
and every patriot, not to say Christian, feels that to
stay its ghastly tread would be the glory of the age.
Slavery blasted the hopes and lives of only a por-
tion of one race: Intemperance reaches its horrid,
blasting hand into the homes of all races, and is
cursing homes in every land. So great an evil can
not long go unchecked. If. as I believe, the John
the Baptist in this glorious liberation is to be edu-
cation, then Gleanings, and every voice and press
in the country should make bold strokes toward
this desired enlightenment.

Prohibition has always had my sympathy, and I
would gladly give it my heartiest support; but it
seems not to touch the key to the problem, and is
more helpful as an index to improved sentiment, I
fear, than as an active means in destroying the evil,
which all good men would see banished from the
world. It seems to me that at present, prohibition
is not practicable. So many of our best temper-
ance workers have no confidence in it, and so give

it no aid, that our ranks in that line are fatally
weakened. Again, prohibition does not prohibit
where prohibition is most desired. True, if it work
only a partial stay of the curse, it Is good; but if it
holds back some stronger force that would wield a
far mightier power, then surely its presence as a
law or a scheme to be urged, is unwise and im-
politic.

We all know that prohibition, in places where
there is not a moral force to sustain it, is inopera-
tive; and the fact that it fails where most needed is
made a strong argument against it. Again, while
many of us shrink from licensing any evil, least of
all so terrible an evil, yet if a license Avill stop in
any degree the sale and use of this demon alcohol
in places where prohibition is impotent to do good,
then surely on that axiomatic authoritj-, of two
evils choose the least, we should favor license un-
der a heavy fee. Now, why would not a law like
that already adopted in some of the States suit all,
do most good, and get the support of all temper-
ance people? That is a license with a heavy fee, in
conjunction with local option in every town and
village or city where it can be carried? That gives
us prohibition where it can do any good, and does
not remove license where only license can be effec-
tive. It seems to me this is where we can all unite,
and is worthy our best consideration. Why not all
of us urge it, and work the people up to its adop-
tion. Gleanings can do much in this line. I do
not see how this plan can fail of general support,
and I am glad to urge it in season and out of sea-
son. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

Friend Cook, I am glad to know that yon
are deeply anxious in regard to this matter
that lies so heavily on the hearts of our best
people ; and the greatest cause for anxiety
now seems to me is. that people's convictions
differ so much on what is best to be done.
Many of our best Christians are positive that
a certain course is exactly the course, and
that no other can be right, while I find those
who seem to be equally honest and earnest
feel just as strongly that it is not the best
way nor the right way. Many of the read-
ers of Gleanings will feel hurt, no doubt,
at some things in your kind article above
(please turn to Our Homes for July 15th,
1883), while many others will rejoice to
know that you have decided just as they have
decided. Now, even if we can not think
alike, let us try to have charity and kind feel-
ing toward each other ; and let us always be
open to conviction. At one time during our
I civil war, when General Grant was pushing
ahead, even thougli disaster and loss of life
resulted, as it seemed, continually, many of
our best and wisest people thought he ought
to be stopped ; and even his friends began to
tremble for the consequences. Who "vvas
right aiul who was wrong? began to be the
teVrible question to meet. Who shall dare to
take such awful responsibilities in matters
where such terrible consequences are con-
stantly following V Wlio should decide when
none but (Jod C(udd know the outcome V
(fiant was allowed to go on. and it eventu-
ally transpired that he was wiser than all of
us. He knew exactly what he wanted to do,
and he did it. May God help us now in this
present crisis.— I am very, very thankful to
you for the encouraging words you have giv-

48

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

en Gleanings. What little I have been
able to accomplish I never could have done
had it not been for the kind and earnest sup-
port and encouraging words from God-fear-
ing friends like yourself.

BEE DIARRHCE A : WHAT DO WE KNOW^
ABOUT IT?

MAY IT BK THE FAULT OF THE QUEEN AND NOT
THE BEES?

fOR the past three or four years I have been of
the opinion, that if our bees could fly every
two ^veeks or oftener we should never
know of such a thing as bee-diarrhoea; and
while I am of the same opinion still, as far as
our losing large apiaries is concerned (with the
above conditions present), yet I have had an experi-
ence the past fall and this winter which shows that
bees can have the bee-diarrh(ea when they have a
chance to fly often. This experience also points
toward the trouble being caused by the queen, and
wholly upsets uearly if not quite all of the theories
which have been advanced regarding this dreaded
disease of the bees.

The fore part of September, 1885, 1 commenced to
prepare ray bees for winter by looking each one
over carefully, taking out the frames to see if they
had honey enough, and to know their condition gen-
erally, as I gave on page 731. In this way I prepar-
ed a few colonies a day, along as I had time from
ray other cares, so that I did not fully complete the
job till October 15. In thus preparing thera I found
that only 5 out of the 95 colonies had any brood in
their hives, four of which had young queens which
began to lay about Sept. 25th, the colonies of which
were formed by uniting several nuclei together,
and one other which was the colony which cast the
third prime swarm cf the season; consequently it
had one of the first queens reared during 1885, as
the colony was allowed to rear its own queen. This
last-named colony happened to be one of the 15 last
gotten ready for winter, and was prepared on Oct.
12th. At this time I noticed a little patch of bi-ood
in one comb about as large as a silver dollar, which
looked similar to the first brood started by a colony
in the spring. The queen looked rather larger than
the other queens in the yard, and more as a queen
does in early spring. They had plenty of well-
ripened basswood honey, and a fair awiount of pol-
len. A few days after this the hive was packed for
winter, as were the most of the rest of them at that
time. From the 20th to the 31st of October, all my
bees had three or four flights, as they also did on
one or two occasions in November, at which time
those colonies formed by uniting nuclei, which had
brood in them, carried in pollen from the witch-
hazel quite freely; but from long continued watch-
ing I failed to see a bee carrying pollen into the
hive above mentioned. Instead of this they acted
as nearly all colonies of Italian bees do in early
spring; i. c, they were standing thickly about the
entrance, with many bees flying; those not flying-
were acting as if they were trying to guard the
hive from robbeis. As it came late in November I
would see them flying upon days when not a bee
would be stirring from any other hive, and now
they began to show outward signs of diarrhoea, as
they would spot the tops of tjie hives abopt thpni Jn

tiieir fl}sr)itg:

I was resolved, that if a day occurred that was
warm enough to handle bees I would open this hive
and see what I could learn regarding them; but so
far there has been but one day on which this could
be done, and that was when I was at Detroit at the
bee convention. The day before Christmas they
flew some, with the mercury at 44°, jDut I did not
think it best to open them when so cool. The next
day after I got back from Detroit I raised the hive
from the bottom-board and found several imma-
ture j'oung bees, all of worker size, on the bottom-
board, at which time I cleared off all the debris
found. At that time the hive seemed filled with
bees, some of which flew out while I was cleaning
the bottom-board, spotting the snow, and soon dy-
ing, as all bees do when they have the diarrhoea,
and can get out. I have again this morning cleared
the bottom-board, getting about a quai't of dead di-
arrhoetic bees, together with quite a number of
immature bees, the most of which are now dwarf
drones. There was also a large quantity of as nice
white wax scales fallen to the bottom with these
dead bees, said scales being as perfect as any I ever
saw in July. The bees, instead of occupying the
whole hive, are now reduced so that they are between
only five combs, occupying four spaces. Those
on the outside of the cluster (if they can be said to
be clustered) are bloated to nearly bursting, while
the combs and surroundings are soiled, and smell
as badly as do such hives having had diseased col-
onics in them, and dying in Mai-ch. In fact, to-day,
Jan. 1, 1886, they are in the last stages of beediar-
rhnea, which disease, it is evident, began about Oct.
1, when that little patch of brood was started.
Now, what caused it? Did the queen and bees
know that she was to become a drone-layer, and
th\is try to rear brood out of season so as to get a
new queen? Or what did that desire for brood spring
from? Surely it w^as not cold nor confinement nor
dampness, nor their being obliged to eat pollen,
nor any of the many causes heretofore given as
producing said disease. Perhaps friend W. F.
Clarke, of Canada, will say it was lack of hibernat-
ing. Well, perhaps it was; for all the other 94 col-
onies, both in the cellar and outdoors, even to the
four colonies made of united nuclei, are in that qui-
escent state Mr. Clarke calls "hilternation."

Borodino, N. Y. 0. M. Doolittle.

Friend D.. this matter was discussed some
years ago, you may remember, and the
thought Drought prominently forward then
was, that it so often happens a colony will
winter all right, year after year, so long as
the old queen lives ; but when a new one
takes her place, then we have losses in win-
tering. Almost every bee-keeper has had
particular hives that always wintered nicely,
and gave a good yield of honey, and large in-
crease in bees, until the queen was changed
or superseded, and then troubles came. 1
have been strongly of the opinion for some
time that queens sometimes have much to
do with this matter ; at other times the pe-
culiar good qualities of a set of combs seem
to have something to do with it ; and, again,
the location of the hive, where wintered out-
doors— its protection from the prevailing
winds, etc., has seemed a factor. I am glad
you have called attention to the matter of
the queen in regard to this matter of dysen-
tery, for may l)s tUere is more tbgre than wp

1886

gleaxi:n^gs in bee clj/ii'iie.

-If)

have suspected. You know the " nameless !
disease '' is often cured by exchanging" !
queens. \

FALSE STATEMENTS IN REGARD TO THE HON-
EY BUSINESS OF OUR COUNTRY.

As a protection to our bee-keeping population, we propose in
this department to publish the names of newspapers that per-
sist in publishing false statements in regard to the purity of
honey which we as bee-keepers put on the market.

WORSE AND AVORSE; BUT, GREAT IS TRUTH. AND
WILL, PRE V All,.

'E copy the following f ronithe Cliicago
Advance of Dec. 31 , ISSo. You will
notice that it is not hearsay, but
something from the editor's own per-
sonal experience.

Pliny, the historian, laments that in his ilegener-
ate times men had learned to imitate realities and
practice frauds tipon the people. In proof of this
he mentions a case in which Eg'3'ptian priests, who
understood the natural sciences better, perhaps,
than any others in the world at that time, had palm-
ed off on the public counterfeit precious stones.
They had learned to color glass, and take stones
of varied values and cement them so that the un-
trained eye could not disting-uish the combination
from real gems. Rut what would Plinj- think if he
lived to-day and found what prog-ress had been
made in the art of imitationV We have laws
against counterfeiting' money, but none against
adulterating food. I believe that thousands of peo-
ple every year are seriously injured, if not killed,
by the use of impure food.

I have recently had some personal experience in
this matter. I tried in vain to g'et pure butter at
prominent groceries in this city. It was oleotnar-
garine, or something else, every time, 'i'hen 1 sent
to the country, and procured some real butter from
a family that I knew, but when it came it was artifi-
cially colored and wholly unpalatable. At last by
writing to the interior of Iowa to a personal ac-
(luaintance I succeeded in getting- ]>ure butter.
The time was, until recently, that if one got honey
in the comb, he was sure about it. But all that is
changed. Men have learned not only to manufac-
ture the comb much more rapidly and cheaply than
the bees can do it, but now All it, capping the so-
called honey cells by machinery, and sell it at a low-
er figure than any at wnich the real ho!iey can be
produced. Some of our readers know unscrui)u-
lous men in the country who having bought a few
hives of bees, almost immediately began selling
great quantities of honey in the comb. They pro-
cured it from the manufacturers of the adulterated
article, but any one familiar with the taste of the
real honey easily detects the fraud. I went to one
grocer in this city, who had recently purchased,
from Ohio, a thousand pounds of what he honestly
supposed real honey, and convinced him in Ave
minutes that almost the entire quantity was made
up of s.vrups, deftly secured in the comb. He sim-
ply said, "What are we coming to':'" We have no
State laws sufficiently guarded in their provisions
to reach these rascals, and punish them as they de-
serve. It may be permissible to manufacture the
stuff called oleomargarine, or butterine, but to sell
either as butter should l)e made a criminal offense
and punished accordingly.

One of the most unique cases of adulteration that
has yet been mentioned is reported from New
.Jersey, where a man was arrested a few days ago
for selling false eggs. The shell was made of some
translucent substance; the white of an albuminous
preparation, and the yolk of saffron and carrot.
Strangest of all, they made a very good omelet.
The fraud was detected only when they were boiled.
The ingenious manufacturer exhibited his wares to
a New York dealer, and declared that they could
be made on a large scale for half a cent apiece,
while real eggs cost from three to four cents. I
should think these conspirators would be ashamed
to look an honest hen in the face.

You will notice that the editor goes back
to Pliny, and laments the degenerate times.
He tloes not tell what he has heard, nor

does he copy from other papers, but he tells
his own personal experience. In regard to
the butter part of his story, I will leave that
to the dairy.people and dairy journals; but,
Mr. Editor of ihe^UlvdiK-e, we beg leave to
inform you that men have not learned to
manufacture comb, and fill it with honey or
any substitute.

If you have a desire to be fair and just (and
the editor of a Christian journal certainly
should have), we ask youto give us the name
and address of the grocer who purchased
that thousaiKl i)ounds of honey from Ohio,
that we may correct him as well as yourself;
and when you give satisfactory proof that
that comb honey was manufactured that you
saw. we will pay you SlOOO for the informa-
tion. In behalf of tiie State of Oiiio I also
call upon you to give the name of the man
from whoin that honey was puichased.

■' What are we coming to?'" surely. In re-
gard to youi- wind-up on tlie egg business,
we beg leave to submit to you the article in
our last issue on this matter. Now, if you
refuse to notice this, or to do simple justice
to a large class of i)eople whom you have in-
jured by your statements, we, as a body of
))ee-keepers, refuse to subscribe to your paper;
and we call upon Christian peoide in general
to aid us in bringing about justice. We are
thus vehement in the matter, because, month
after month, agricultural and leligious pa-
pers persist in publishing such tlaraaging
false statements : and not only that, they
almost without exception refuse to correct
the mischief they have done. The Bural
Xctr-Y(>ik( r iim\ Pndrir FaniK r have given
us a hearing ; but the rest of the press, at
present writing, seem almost wholly given
over to persistent falsehood. They remind
us of the text, • lie. that being often re-
l)roved hardeiieth his neck, shall suddenly be
destroyed, and that without remedy.'' and I
have not a bit of doubt but that the warning
in the text will be ultimately fulfilled. Xo
doubt the man who manufactured (V) artifi-
cial eggs will be ashamed to look an "honest
hen ■' in the face; but, how about the editors
who get up these stories?

Since the above was written, Ernest has
returned from New York. Among his wife's
relations is an inspector, appointeil by the
State of New York, to look up artificial but-
ter, or oleomargarine. This State inspector
visits the restaurants and groceries in the
city of New York. lie does not tell them
who he is— goes into a restaurant as anybody
does. Whenever '^ oleo " is given him for
butter, the proprietor is punished according
to law. Well, how much do you suppose he
has found that was not butter V compara-
tively little— at any rate by no means such a
large amount as the newspapers state. Very
likely you will say he is bribed ; but, dear
friends, we happen to know better. Now, of
course, I do not know about butter as I do
about lioney and— eggs ; but I will submit
to your own good sense, readers of Glean-
ings, is it not quite probable that the editor
of the Witness tasted some poor butter, and
jumped to the conclusion that it was manu-
factured y By the way, another fact has
come out in regard to artificial lioney. A
good majiy have been calling poor dark hon-

50

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Jan.

ey in the combs, especially where it had a
disasreeahle flavor, manufactured " stutf."
Most of the readers have had some experi-
ence in honey-dew stored in combs, and
know to their sorrow that it is stuff, without
question, but not manufactured, by any
means. If one were goinj? to manufacture
lioupy he would piobably have something a
good de;)l better than a good deal of the bug-
juice that tlie bees have gathered and put
iiitocoml)s. I begpardon for using the term
'' bug-juice. " but nothing else would fit
under the circumstances.

A SLEIGH-BIDE OF 150 MILES.

From 400 to 850, and Over 20 Tons of Comb
Honey.

PURSUIT OF BEE - KNOWLEDGE, AND THE RESULT.

i^ URTNG the last week of March, 1885, the sleigh-
tM ing- being excellent and the weather fine,
y and having business near Rutland, Vt., 40
^ miles from my home, I resolved to perform
the journey with my little black pony " Nig."
The journey was easily and safely made; and the
next day at 3 o'clock, my errand having been ac-
complished, I called for a map of Vermont, and
sought out the location of Bristol, the home of A. E.
Manum. I found I should have to travel about 3.5
miles further to i-each that highly favored place.
At 8: 30 in the evening. Nig had put 23 miles under
her feet, and we found ourselves at the Addison
House, in Middlebury, Vt.

While entering the State of Vermont from New
York, one would think, from the nature of the
view before him, that very hilly roads were to be
encountered; but an agreeable disappointment is
in store for the traveler. The roads follow up the
streams; and though there are rugged mountains
upon each side, the road is comparatively level;
and as we pursue our winding way the scenery is
ever shifting, showing us beautiful and romantic
A'iews, and which occasionally i-each the point of
grandeur.

From Rutland we follow up the Otter-Creek Val-
ley; and from the amount of dairying and stock-
raising that is carried on here I should judge it to
be a good honey locality; and from appearances
there are many locations that are not occupied with
bees. There is much alsike clover raised upon
these low meadows, and an abundance of basswood
upon the mountains.

Learning that J. E. Crane, one of the great bee-
men of Vermont, had moved to Middlebury, I soon
found him and had a brief visit with him. At that
time Mr. C. had about 800 swarms, in several api-
aries. It is needless to say that Mr. C.'s yield of
box honey is many tons. Mr. C. occupies a new
house, which is a model of taste, and, I suppose, so
fair an exterior must have a convenient Interior.

A ride of 13 miles from Middlebury brought me to
my objective point, Bristol. This little manufactur-
ing village nestles snugly in a notch in the famous
Green Mountains; a considerable stream tumbles
through here, and gives power to several manufac-
tories for working up wood. Among these ig Mr.
Manum's manufactoi-y of bee-hives, and the fa-
mous white -poplar section. The manufacture of
these is now conducted by Messrs. Drake & Smith.
I found Mr. M., as we should find all bee-men who

count their colonies by the hundreds, busily en-
gaged in preparing for the coming season. I told
Mr. M. that the object of my journey of 75 miles
was to learn, if possible, how to winter bees.

After looking over the factory we adjourned to
his residence, where is located his home apiary. At
the time of my visit Mr. M. had about 400 swarms,
in several apiaries. The well-known Bristol hive is
used. This and the N. E. hive, manufactured by
H. D. Davis, are vei-y similar, and are largely and
successfully used thi-oughout the N. E. States for
wintering outdoors. The packing used by Mr. M.
is poplar shavings. The peculiarity of this wood is
the amount of water it will absorb, and the shav-
ings will absorb much moisture, and not become
damp. We examined several hives, digging down
through the loose shavings, and turning back the
quilt. We found the hives full of bees, and very
lively. The entrance to this hive is from the under
side toward the center, and nearly all dead bees
soon find their way to the ground. I think the hive
would answer for W. F. Clarke to try his hibernat-
ing theory with. Mr. M.'s method is to leave a por-
tion of honey and pollen. These frames of honey
are all placed at one side of the hive. If there ia
any brood it is placed at the other side, and empty
combs inserted, and the bees are fed up on granu-
lated sugar. The stores are in such shape that the
sugar is mostly consumed through the winter,
while the honey and pollen are consumed in the
spring. Mr. M. claims that honey is far better th an
sugar for stimulating brood-rearing in the spring.
Not only the method of preparing for winter, but
the hardiness of the bees, is of importance; and
Mr. M. claims to have bred that good quality; and
if we are to judge from his successful wintering of
them, he has attained success in that direction.
His yields of honey have also been i-emarkable.
The 400 swarms in the spring increased to 850, and a
yield of upward of 30 tons of comb honey, I believe,
has been obtained. One swarm on scales gained
911/2 lbs. in three days— 30, 90%, 31, during basswood
bloom.

Mr. M. has many appliances of his own invention.
His appliance for reversing frames is simpler and
better than any thing I have ever seen. It is sim-
ply a piece of hoop iron, one end bent to form a pro-
jection and hook; the other end is provided with a
hole by which it can be attached to the middle of
the end-piece of a frame. A small notch is sawed
in the frame for the hook to catch into.

I could spend but a few hours with Mr. M., and at
4 o'clock Nig and I were on our way back to Middle-
bury. The next day we got over the distance of 50
miles through another portion of the State, and
parallel with Lake Champlain. We passed several
apiaries of Bristol hives, and longed to call upon
the owners; but the beautiful snow was wasting,
and we had to speed homeward or encounter much
bare ground. After passing the night in Whitehall,
an easy drive put us home again.

As a result of the trip, I am wintering ICO swarms
of bees outdoors, not in Manum hives, but packed
very similar to them, and fed to a certain extent on
granulated sugar. I also have nearly 100 in the cel-
lar. Should any one desire a more full description
of Mr. M.'s method they will find an article from
his pen in Alley's Handy Book, latest edition.

Hartford, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1885. J. H. Martin.

I am sure, friend M., we are very much

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

51

obliged to you for your vivid accoiint of
your profitable visit. At the Detroit con-
vention a pleasant - looking man came up
and said he wanted to shake hands with his
benefactor, or something of that sort. I
asked him what he meant by that, and he
said he was A. E. Manum, and asked me if
I remembered the time I advised everybody
to send for a sample of his white-poplar sec-
tions. I told him I ought to remember it,
because it was a pretty hard struggle with
conscience before I decided to admit that
somebody else was making better goods
than I was, and to advise the friends to send
there for them. He said my notice so over-
whelmed him with orders tliat it gave him
his first start in business, and enabled him
to build up such an apiary as friend Martin
tells us about.— Over twenty tons of comb
honey as the px-oduct of a single season !
Just think of it !— In regard to tlie reversing
device used by friend JVL, I will explain that
it is quite similar to our own, only that it is
made of a strip of heavy hoop iron ; and the
last end, where it comes up over the top-bar,
is turned straight downward, and snaps into
a saw-cut maae at the proper place across
the top-bar to the friime. This device was
submitted to us some time last summer,
■but we can not remember now who sent it.

ma I ^

DISTURBING BEES IN CELLARS.

FACTS AND SUGGESTIONS FROM C. C. MILLER.

X CAN not believe it is a good thing for bees to
/aP be disturbed in winter, and j-et I am obliged to
^l confess it is by no means so harmful as I for-
■*- merly thought. One winter I had a hive so
placed that it got a pretty good kicli about
once a day. I could not see that it was any the
worse for it.

LENGTH OF LIFE AFTER STINGING.

In trying to ascertain how long a bee will live aft-
er losing its sting, the experiments, so far as I rec-
ollect, have been faulty in one particular. The
bee, after losing its sting, is caged or confined, and
this alone would shorten its life. To make the ex-
periment at all satisfactory, an uninjured bee
should be confined along with the stingless one,
and the difference in length of life noted. Care
should be taken that the bees should not be injured
in handling. I have many times seen so much of
the viscera of the bee come away with the sting
that I can hardly believe the bee could live very
long; but I have a good many times been surprised
to see bees that showed evident marks of having
lost their sting, lively and bright in appearance, in
colonies that I had no reason to believe had been
in any way disturbed for a day or two, and no sting-
ing going on at the time of my handling them. Of
course, ihey may have stung some person or other
bees, without my knowledge, but I am afraid we
don't know much positively about this matter.

BAREHEADED BEES.

I have just been looking in A B C to find what Mr.
Root says, but can't find it. I feel pretty sure,
however, that somewhere he has said it is all right
and properto have young bee& in cells nearly ready
to hatch, with no capping over them. For several
years I have had the impression that such things
were not all right, and rather settled upon it that.

when 1 found bareheaded bees to any extent in a
hive, I wanted a new queen in that hive. I still
lean in the same direction; but until the past sum-
mer 1 had no idea what was the immediate cause of
the trouble. I think it is the wax-worm. Did you
never notice that the bareheaded bees were more
or less in rows, somewhat as you leave uncapped
cells when digging out their galleries in search of
worms? Another thing: Did you ever see any
bareheaded or uncapped grubs older than the or-
dinai'y age for remaining uncapped, say about a
week from the egg, and yet so young that the head
of the young bee was not plainly formed? I don't
think I ever did. Now, the young bee is ordinarily
sealed up about 11 days; and if the bees leave them
unsealed, we should be able to find them at all
stages of development; but I never saw one un-
sealed presenting the appearance of a larva within
two or three days after the time of sealing. Since
writing the above I find this in A B C: "You can
rest assured that the bees almost always know
when it is safe to let the children's heads go uncov-
ered." Now, I don't quite think they ever leave them
uncovered, till the wax-worm uncovers them, or
runs a gallery over the bees in the cells for the bees
to dig away, thus leaving the cells uncovei'cd. If
the bees think it safe to leave some of them un-
covered, why not in larger patches? and yet, did
you ever see a patch so large that you could laj' a
silver dollar upon it, and have all the cells under it
uncovered? Perhaps by observing next summer
we can settle the matter.

COLOR OF POLLEN.

It is a thing of some interest, and at times may
beof importance, to knowthe sources of pollen; and
it would be a help in this direction if we knew the
color of the different pollens. Suppose the juve-
niles, and elders too, for that matter, send in, next
summer, lists of the ditt'erent colors of the pollens
they have observed by seeing the bees at work on
the plants. From this, Ernest might make a pretty
full table; and then if it were put in the A B C it
could be referred to at any time. I will start by
giving: Plantain, white; poppy, black (1 think like-
ly, however, the color of poppy pollen may vary
with the color of the flower); burdock. I thiuK it is
white, but I'm not sure; then I was going to give
white clover, brown; but I don't feel very sure
without having it before me, showing pretty plain-
ly that my powei's of observation have not been as
carefully educated as they should have been. For
the young, this may be an important step in their
education.

LENGTH AND CALIBER OF SUB- VENTILATING PIPE.

Perhaps we are not far out of the way in settling
upon three or four feet as the best depth, all things
considered, to lay tiles for sub-ventilation. Now,
what is the best length, and what sized tile is best?
The larger the pipe, the more air it will admit, but,
at the same time, the colder it will be. The longer
the pipe the warmer the air; but a pipe a mile
long would probably not make the air much warmer
than one 200 feet long. If one tube is made of four-
inch tile, and another of six-inch, the six-inch one
will admit more than twice as much air as the four-
inch, but it would have to be longer to admit air as
warm as the four-inch. If the cost of the tile be
the main item of expense, then it may be best to
liave six or eight inch tile, and run it deep enough
and far enough to secure the desired warmth. If
labor is principally considered, it might be better to

Ii2

GLEANtNGS IN liEE OuLTUllE.

AN.

lay two lour-inch pipes about a foot apart. This
would require only one trench to lie dug-, and g'ive
warmer air than if larger tile were used. I wonder
if we can get answers- to these questions: What
sized tile is best, in genera!, to use? When laid, sa3'
four feet deep, how long- a pipe of six-inch tile will
admit air of same temperature as 150 feet of four-
inch tile? My sub-ventilating i)ipe is of four inch
tile, laid three to four feet deep.

C. C. Milieu, 1T!I— 340.
Marengo, 111., Dec. 28, 1885.

After I had written my reply to Nettie
Cranston, page 70, we received the above
communication from you. You observe
that I took the same ground ; namely, that
we are liable to err in supposing that bees
invariabh/ die after losing their sting. Since
your opinion confirms Avhat I have read
somewhere, I feel better satisfied that a bee
may live a number of days after the loss it
has" sustained ; but I do not see why caging
on the Good candy necessarily hastens the
death of an injured bee when the latter, ac-
cording to the repoits so far, survive not more
than 20 hours, and a perfectly sound bee,
with similar treatment, lives on an average
a week or ten days.

If any one by actual observation knows of
a case in which a bee deprived of its sting
lived and gatliered honey, let us have it. I
have seen instances that led me to suppose
that such might be true, but I never could
fully convince myself.

Thanks for your suggestion in regard to
the color of the pollen; but a juvenile has
already anticipated your idea, as you will
see, page 872, last year. You notice the lit-
tle girl has given the color of pollen from
quite a variety of flowers. When the weath-
er opens up 1 intend to get the juveniles to
make a collection of pollen, nicely arranged
on a card, much in the way that bugs and
geological specimens are gotten up. The
sources of the pollen are, of course, to be
plainly written below the specimen. With
a collection of this kind an inexperienced
hand could easily tell what the bees were
working on, providing the specimens were
accurately named. Eknest.

I feel sure, friend M., I have seen patches
of bareheaded bees a good deal larger than a
silver dollar ; but it is so many y^ars since I
have given the matter very much attention,
I may be somewhat mistaken. I know we
marked the combs, and the bees batched out
perfectly formed, and all right so far as we
could observe. As to whether they were cap-
ped a spell and then afterward uncapped,!
can not answer ; but I suppose they had been ,
for I never noticed those uncovered until
they were almost ready to hatch, fully
formed, and partially turned dark. My im-
pression is, the bees opened them for some
reason best known to themselves. The open-
ings are nicely arranged with a little edge
turned up, something like cells just under
the process of construction.— In regard to
marking bees that have lost their sting, I
would suggest putting a drop of Avhite paint
on their backs. This will enable us to hunt
them out, even though they have the regu-
lar run of the hive.— In regard to sub-earth
ventilating-pipes, you say yours is a four-
inch tile laid three or four feet deep ; but I

can not find in either of 5;our articles how
long the pipe is. Please give us the length .
and then Ave shall have something to start
on.

STANLEY'S IMPBOVED HONEY - EX-
TRACTOR.

A HONEY-KXTRACTOK TO KEVERSE THE COMBS BY

TURNING THE CRANK IN THE OPPOSITE

DIRECTION.

fVll readers will recollect that we have
described this machine before ; but in
the absence of a good engraving we
could not give a very clear explana-
ation. Our own en^ravei-s have, how-
ever, tried their hand on it. and give us the
good picture shown below.

STANLEY'S AUTOMATIC HONEY-EXTRACTOR.

You will notice that the baskets to hold
the combs are hung by a sort of hinge at the
top, with a kind of double hinge at the bot-
tom. Tliis double hinge is after the plan a
great many gate -hinges are made; viz., a
double bearing, so the frame is thrown off to
one side as it is pushed back either way, let-
ting the force of gravity operate to bring.it
into position again. Well, around the shaft,
toward tlie bottom, you will notice a little
ring. Four chains are attached to this ring,
with their other ends fastened to the swing-
ing comb-baskets. Take hold of the crank
and give a quick impulse, and the baskets,
by "mutual consent,'' swing off their cen-
ters. As you continue to turn, centrifugal
force would swing them against the side of
the extractor were it not for the four chains
just described. The little ring jumps up to
about the middle of the shaft, and the four
chains are drawn taut.

When you have extracted the honey from
one side of the four combs, stop long enough
for the baskets to commence swinging to-
ward the center, then start up the other
way, and they by common consent turn
t'other side oiit. ^ The machine works very

1SS6

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

53

prettily. "VVe can furnish them at Stanley's
prices, as given below:

The following- is our list of prices for machines
taking the L. frame, Q'exlV^s, outside measure:
3 frames $13 00 I 4 frames *21 00 I 8 frames f40 00
:{ " 16 00 I ti " 30 00 I 10 " 50 00

The above prices are for machines with no gear,
but with crank attached to the top of center-strips
instead. We add a good strong horizontal gear for
$1.00 e.\tra, or our best vertical gear with crank at
side of can for $3.00 extra.

If an}' size of frame is used e.x'cept the L. frame,
jjlease mail us a sample frame in tiat, and write,
stating how many combs you want your machine to
carry, and we will give you prices by return nuiil.
Do not send measurements, trusting to that to have
your baskets made, but always seud a sample
frame, as we absolutely refuse to make baskets for
any other than the L. frame unless we have one of
your frames to work by. Thin mlc nnist lie nhseivcd
in all cases, and then we will guarantee our ma-
chines to work perfectly.

The macliine is representul willi a plain
crank on top of tiie shaft, and for four
combs I sliould most assuredly prefer it in
that shap?.

— I fi

THE NAMELESS BEE-DISEASE.

SOME FACTS AND SUGGKSTIONS IN REGARD TO IT.

T» AST September I noticed one of my colonies
1^ acting strangely. The bees began dragging
iTl o"t others that were not yet dead, but acted
■*" as though they were partially paralyzed
They would lie on their sides, and their legs
would keep constantly twitching. Sometimes a bee
with its body greatly distended Avould rush out of
the hive with its wings spread out and in constant
motion, and hurri' otf into the grass, as though try-
ing to escape from something in pu7suit. The
queen was a young one that had got mismated, and
the colony had plenty of natural stores, for it had
worked better than any colony I have. Thinking
that the trouble might be in their stores, in Novem-
ber I gave them all the sugar syrup they would
take, which was not much. I thought 1 could see
some improvement, hut it may have been a mis-
take.

•January 5 was warm, so all the Iocs had a good
fiy. They are all in your chaff hives. A good
many dead bees were drawn out of this colony,
some looking as though their insides had been eat-
en out. I caught one that was largely distended,
and fluttering off into the grass, and I put it under
a microscope. Its body seemed to be filled to the
point of bursting with a pale amter-colorcd fluid
which appeared to have exuded in some way, and
covered the body with a coat of varnish. The bee
panted badly, and kept up a constant jerking mo-
tion with its legs. It died while I was examining
it. Before it died it voided a perfectly white sub-
stance, hard and glistening, and afterward a hard
amber-colored substance. 1 then tcok a dead bee
just drawn out, and put it under the microscope,
and found its body covered with the same thick
varnish that had hardened, somewhat, and could be
scraped off with my knife. I think these diseased
bees burst open, and the others ate out the contents
of their bodies; for in taking out the dead bees
from time to time I have always found live ones in
the bottom. Dr. Scranton, who lives near me, has
some colonies troubled this way. Is this the
" nameless disease "? A. Potter.

Bennington, Vt., Jan. 7, 1886.
Friend P.. yon have described the disease

exactly, and it is this glutinous liquid, prob-
ably, that causes the shiny appearance of
the black, emaciated bees as they creep out
from the entrance of the hive.

JONES'S FEEDER.

D. A..I(1NES'S WINTER BEE-FEEDER; A FEEDER THAT

Wll.Ii PROBABI-Y WINTER BEES WITHOUT ANY

COMB.

ITp MONG a lot of other inventions brought
5l|b to Detroit by our clever and Irberal

j^l' Bro. Jones was the above bee-feeder ;
'*-'^'*^ and before describing it I want to say
that the more credit is due friend J.,
from the fact that he has very little induce-
ment to exhibit these things in the way of
making sales, because of the duty. He
shows us his inventions, explains to the ful-
lest particular how they are to be made, and
does not receive one copper, and no prospect
of receiving any. It is solely his generous
good will to the bee-keeping brethren.

FEEDER FOR FEEDING THE GOOD CANDV.

The arrangement is a little box about six
inches square and a foot long. The sides
are nailed into the ends ; but before the box
is nailed up, the ends have grooves plowed
in tliem lengthwise, about an inch apart.
These grooves are made about half way
through the end-board ; and sticks, i inch
by i inch, and as long as the end-board, slip
into these grooves, projecting enough to
hold the grooved shelves shown in the pic-
ture. These shelves are made by running
strips, i inch thick, over a set of dovetailing
saws, so as to give them the fluted appear-
ance shown in tlie picture. The boards are
of two widths, as you notice. Those against
the sides are 2i inches wide. The middle
ones are 3i inches. We copy the directions
for use, and the prices, from the C B. J. for
November.

Take pure pulverized or granulated sugar— the
former preferred— and stir it into honey, nicely
warmed up, until the honey will not contain fur-
ther additions. Allow it to stand in the dish until
both are thoroughly mixed through each other,
then place in feeders and set (hem on top of the
frames, packing all around nicely to allow no heat
to escape.

Each, made up, -30

Per 10, 3.75

Each, in flat, .20

Per 10, 1.75

D. A. Jones.

Our friends who live in Canada will, of
course, get them from friend Jones ; and
those in the United States who would like to
try them can have them at the above prices
from our establishment.

54

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JaK.

A GOOD HEPOKT FROM TEXAS.

HONEY FROM THE BROOMWEED; FROM 70 TO 100,
AND 10,000 LBS.'OF HONEV.

'HEN 'giving- you ^my report in Oct. Gi.ean-
INGS, page 679, 1 believed our honey crop
to be all gathered; but since that time',1
have taken 2000 lbs. more from the same
apiary, making a total of 6500 lbs. The
above report is only from my" home ! apiary, of
which I began thej season of 1885 with 70 swarmd,
and have increasedyto 100 by natural swarming.
The last 2000 lbs. has been from broomweed alone,
and is the first time it has yielded in the four years
I have resided In Texas, and it is entirely different
from any honey 1 have ever seen before. It has a
peculiarity of becoming solid without granulating;
in color it is white, v.'ith a yellow tinge, and will be-
come solid in 24 hours if it is exposed to the cold.

On Christmas day, bees were making honey from
the mistletoe, which Is now in bloom.

My honey crop this season was over 10,000 lbs.,
and has netted me 8 cts. per lb. My plan of selling
is to allow only one firm to handle my honey in each
town or city, and to sell on its merits alone. One
house has sold 2250 lbs. this season for me.

I have sold out my sheep interests, and next sea-
son I shall devote my time to bee-keeping; and if
the season is good I shall try to make a good report.

I have a water-wheel for motive power to run my
saws in cutting out hives. It is one of my own con-
struction, and works finely. I shall use only the
Simplicity hive, as for convenience in handling,
cheapness, etc., I think it stands without an equal.
AVishing you and Gle.\nings every success'in the
new year, I will close. Wm. Whigglesworth.

Crawford, Texas, Dec. 28, 1885.

FRIEND CLARK'S TRIALS AND SUC-
CESSES.

FROM i TO 18, AND 200 LBS. OF HONEY.

T BEGAN to keep bees in the spring of 1878 by the
^f purchase of one old box hive. I was fortunate
jt enough shortly after to spy the advertisement
■^ of A. I. Root in some journal or other, and ever
since I have been a very interested reader of
Gleanings. I went through the ABC, Quinby's
New Bee - keeping, and other such as I could get
hold of, devouring the entire contents with a relish
that would have done credit to a Doolittle or an
A. I. Root; but I have never realized any great
yields such as I read of, nor have I been able to
number my colonies by the hundreds, but I have
received a good fair return for all money and time
spent, besides the pleasure and recreation, which
were worth a great deal to me, for I have been
afHicted with heart disease for the last seven years,
and it has grown so serious of late years that 1
have not been able to do any hard work at all. To
make things worse, my wife was taken down with
fever at the birth of our little girl one j-car ago, and
has never been able to rise from her bed. God only
knows whether she ever will or not. It seems aw-
ful hard, but we believe all things work together
for the best to those who love and serve the Master.
But, to return. In the fall of 1884 I had 22 colonies,
very heavy in natural stores, but it was honey-dew
which hardened in the cells as fast as gathered, and
could not be thrown out with the extractor. Hav-

ing no empty combs to feed up on, I was compelled
to let them take their chances, expecting the worst,
and I wasn't disappointed; for 19 out of 22 died, and
the three that were left were not able to cover one
frame each. But I pulled them through, and
bought one more. From the four I took 200 lbs. of
section honey, and increased to 18, and one went to
the woods. I doubled back to 14 in the fall, which
have clover honey to winter on, so we feel compar-
ativelj' safe for next season. Our honey was all
sold at 25 cts. net. J. A. Clark.

Summersville, Pa., Dec. 23, 1885.

A POSTAL-CARD LETTER. WITH SEV-
ERAL MORALS TO IT.

SENDING FROM FLORIDA TO OHIO FOR QUEENS;
TEMPERATURE OF WELLS IN FLORIDA, ETC.

fRIEND ROOT:— I thank you for your reply to
my inquiry; but by accident (if accidents ev-
er do happen) I found that a former member
of your business family, INIiss N. Adams, was
engaged in bee-keeping about six miles from
here, and from her I obtained the needed queens.
In view of the experiments that Ernest has recent-
ly been conducting, it may be of interest to you to
know that the temperature of water as it comes
from wells in this part of Florida is about 70°, vary-
ing a trifle with the wells. Bees are gathering pol-
len nicely. Not much honey. The letter was writ-
ten with a Hall type-writer, made by the Hall Type-
writer Co., New York. C. H. Longstreet.
Mount Dora, Fla., Dec. HO, 1885.

Now, friends, you see that friend L., wlio
writes the above, wrote us about queens;
but l)y accident, or providentially, if that is
abetter word, he foiuul out that one of our
former pupils, Miss Adams, was raising
queens for sale, within only six miles of his
place. Just think of it ! Very likely it
would have been nothing very strange had
we purchased queens of Miss Adams, had
them shipped all the way from Florida clear
up here to Medina, and then sent the same
ones right back again to fill his order, when,
had we known enough about each other, he
could have got the queens witliin six miles
of his home. I like to sell queens, audi like
to sell any thing when I can benefit the pur-
chaser as well as myself; but it does me a
great deal more good to hear of some of our
former employes taking our trade by doing
the business in the way above mentioned ;
that is, where they can do it so much better
and so much easier. — Why, friend L., if you
do not have any water to drink out of your
wells that is colder than 70 degrees, 1 am
real sorry for you. Perhaps you have not
got down deep enough. Uan some one give
us the figures from Florida on artesian wells,
say several hundred or a thousand feet deep?
May be I shall have to give up my pet theory,
that the temperature of the earth is about
the same, either north or south, Avhen weget
down deep enough.— Now in regard to the
concluding sentence. The letters have been
so very nicely written that I asked the wri-
ter what kind of a type-writer he used, and
you have the name and address of the maker.
I am sorry, however, that he did not tell us
the price.

l8S(.i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CLLTL I'J:.

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

Continued from Dec. l'>.
CHAPTER VII.

For dust thou art, and unto dust Shalt thou return.— Gen. 8: lit.

While on the cars on my way to New Or-
leans, nearly a year ago, I wrote something
like this : " I have jnst made a great inven-
tion." The above was pnt into an article
for Gleanixgs ; and as months passed and
nothing further was said in regard to the
matter, several of the friends inquired,
" What about the ' great invention'':"' Well,
the reason why I delayed giving further par-
ticulars was because it is a rather delicate
subject to handle ; and I do not know now
but that some of my good friends will turn
away in disgust from what I have to say in
regard to a matter that seems to me is one
of the great matters before the people of the
present age. My thought was directed into
this channel by the imperfect arrangements
on many of our best railroads for the accom-
modation of the traveling public in the way
of water-closets. On my return from New
Orleans, while occupying a l)eautiful cush-
ioned seat in one of the best palace cars, I
was suddenly surprised and annoyed by a
most intense steaming-up of foul odors. At
first I looked at my fellow-passengers suspi-
ciously. Then I noticed that my seat was
not very far away from the closet. And this
was in a palace car that cost an immense
sum of money. The makers had taken every
pains, and gone to great expense, in order to
have these things fit for cultured and intel-
ligent people. In some of our hotels we
have found much the same state of affairs.
It has seemed to me that this is the great
unsolved problem of the age. Princely ho-
tels, steamboats, palace cars, schools and col-
leges, expositions, and other places where
people of intelligence and culture do congre-
gate, have been planned and devised in vain.
Money has been expended lavishly, but only
to meet disappointment, and oftentimes
disgust. One great difficulty jn this matter
is the stubbornness of humanity. People
will be — I dislike to say it ; but, to come
right down to the plain truth, the word to be
used is,— nasty. Even well-bred people, or at
least those whom we should expect to be
well bred, and to be neat and orderly in their
habits, look on and see how money has been
expended, and how carefully the plans have
been laid to make these necessary places o

they can be easily kept sweet and clean, but
they don't care.

The most 2)ci'fect III uwfid place of the kind
leversaw^ anywhere in my life was at the
Ohio State Fair. I know it is not in good
taste to complain and find fault, but I know
there are others like myself who feel almost
desperate about the way this matter stands.
When I meet the great minds of our age ;
when I hear them talk at our conventions ;
when I witness what mind has succeeded in
accomplishing with inert matter and nature's
forces, I feel as if man were created in.
God's own image ; and when I meet good
earnest Christian people, I feel strongly that
there is a God part in tisall, as well as a rem-
nant of a savage and animal nature. At
such times I feel proud of my fellow-men :
but when I over and over again meet such
sights as I have hinted at, if I have not de-
scribed them, a kind of feeling comes over
me that man is largely animal still, and an
animal, too, of which some of the four-footed
dumb brutes might be ashamed.

When I call attention to these things I am
met with the remark, "Well, what is a body to
do? " or, ''I do not see that there is any thing
to do but to put up Avith it as the rest do."
Probably the bad state of affairs comes about
as it does at our country schoolhouses (or,
if you choose, our town and city]scliool-
houses). Somebody goes a little way in
transgressing the rules of neatness and pro-
priety, and the next one thinks that, as that
seems to be the fashion, there is no way but
to follow suit ; and probably, without intend-
ing it, he is a little worse than his predecessor,
and pretty soon all scruple is trampled under
foot, and then we have sights that are just
awfid. Our sweet, clean, w^ll-dressed little
boys and girls are forced to see sights that
pretty soon break down all that a fond mother
has accomplished at home in the way of in-
stilling into the little minds a love for clean-
liness, order, and purity. I hope this state
of atfairs is not universal. I can not bear to
think it is. And, by the way, if any of my
readers know of a schoolhouse, college, or
academy, where they have something] to be
proud of in this direction, and, keep it up
month after month and year after year, when'

56

GLExVNJ^^GS I>x' UEE CUJ/IUUE.

Jan.

ever I come that way please ask me to
come and see it. I know there are private
homes where these things are managed nice-
ly, and even where money is not plentiful,
as well as among the rich ; and I have many
times inwardly thanked God for these excep-
tions. One case of this kind comes to my
mind now. It was a minister's home. His
salary was not large, and the good wife was
obliged to do her own work, even though three
little ones claimed her as their mamma.
Bat these little ones evidently took as much
pride as their mamma did, in being careful
and cleanly in all their habits, and in making
the best of such accommodations as were to
be found in a rented home, and quite an hum-
ble one at that.

Well, how about that invention? Why, it
was an invention in this line that made me
. pencil down, while riding in the cars, that I
liad " just made a great invention." I felt
sure then that it was, and I feel sure yet. It
would prove so, could humanity be made or
induced to fall in with the end to be accom-
plished. When I got home I submitted the
matter to my wife, before putting it in print,
and she pointed out objections that I had
overlooked, so I reluctantly kept still about
it ; but now I will tell it to you, for it is go-
ing to be a factor or step, perhaps, in getting
at something which I think is a real im-
provement.

No doubt many of you will ask what is the
matter with the dry-dust arrangement— such
a one as I mentioned finding at the Agricul-
tural College in Michigan. Well, in the first
place, even if the dry dust will work splen-
idly year after year in such a home as Prof.
Cook's, or where you have only intelligent
and cultured people, yet years have passed
since this was fully explained, and I have not
yet found a public jilace where it^was adopt-
ed. The traveling public would laugh at
you, probably, if you should suggest the idea.
They are too impatient, too much in a hurry,
and too selfish, perhaps, to bother them-
selves over any such matters. 'J he univer-
sal system in vogue everywhere seems to be
by the use of water, washing away the offen-
sive matter as quickly as possible ; and
where the traveling public will not take any
pains to operate the simple machinery, a
hired janitor keeps an eye on the apartment,
and keeps every thing in nice order. I pre-
sume one of the most difficult points of the
problem is to get a faithful hired janitor. I
judge it is difficult, because I have heard ho-
tel proprietors severely upbraiding the jani-
tor because he did not keep things more

orderly and sweeter-smelling. 1 have also
heard the sleeping-car conductors reproving
the porters with terrible oaths, because the
porters neglected their regular appointed
work. And it is not only the public places
where these things are neglected, but it is in
private and humble homes as well. Dear
reader, I hope you will not be offended if I
ask, if it is not true that you have, at some
time in your life at least, failed to care for
these outbuildings as they ought to be cared
for. As a rule, I believe our wives have done
their part faithfully ; and sometimes when
they call attention to the matter, when ur-
gent business is crowding, I am afraid we
men-folks get a little cross and impatient.
Well, in considering these things, and in
considering, also, the w^ell-known fact that
the contents of these outbuildings make an
excellent fertilizer for the garden, I decided
on my plan while riding on the cars. The
plan was, briefly, this : I wDuld have this
necessary outbuilding made much as it is
now ; but instead of being under ground I
would have it on top of the ground, and have
it raised up high enough so that, by opening
a door on the back side, or such side as is
most cut off from view, an all-metal wheel-
barrow, such as^^we picture below, can be
pushed under so that the metal box would
come in the right position to be loaded up
automatically.

ALL-METAL W^np:ELBAKKOAV.

Of course, a good layer of dry dust is to be
placed on the baiTow, and a barrel or box full
in a convenient place, and each member of
the family carefullv instructed in regard to
the use of this dry dust. AVhen the wheel-
barrow is sufficiently full it is simply pull-
ed out and run out to the garden, and the
contents spaded into the plat of ground that
needs enriching. If the good man of the
household is an enthusiastic gardener or
fruit-grower, no doubt the plan would work
nicely The wheelbarrow, as you will no-
tice, is all metal. There is not a particle of
wood about it. If it should get soiled, how-
ever, or if wanted for other purposes, it can
be quickly cleansed with boiling water. One
objection to the plan is the expense of such

188G

GLEAXINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

57

a wheelbarrow. It is, I believe, about $7.00.
Another is, it is such a splendid implement
to have around for a hundred different pur-
poses, that it could not well be spared for my
sanitary arrangement. You might say, then,
that two wheelbarrows should be procured,
keeping one for this express purpose. But
even $7.00 would be pretty expensive for a
good many of us— or, rather, the interest on
$7.00, year after year. Another objection to
the dry-dust arrangement (and this is the
one my wife emphasized) is, that the chil-
dren will manage to raise a cloud of dust, be
they never so well taught. Then the out-
building must be (?«,stoZ as well as washed,
or, first you know, your Sunday clothing will
show dust-marks. Dust is easily brushed
off, it is true ; but it takes time to go after
the clothes-brush, and then put it away ex-
actly where you found it. Besides, you
might not notice the dust, and therefore un-
consciously appear among respectable people
with more " dust of the earth " visible on
your outer person than is desirable. And
that reminds me of my text at the head of
this chapter. We are made of dust, and to
dust we must return ; and in regard to dis-
posing of the contents of our closets and
outbuildings, I am firmly persuaded that
the only right plan is to restore this troiible-
some accumulation right back to mother
earth, whence it came. It came from the
dust of the earth, and it must ultimately go
back there.

I wonder if it occurred to any of you while
reading Chapter v., about " The Waters Led
Captive," that friend Cole was, whether he
knew it or not, opening up an avenue (I guess
avenue is the word, is it notV) for the dis-
posal, not only of the sewage and soapsuds
from our kitchens and laundries, but also
for the disposal of the contents of these out-
buildings of which I have been talking. Aft-
er I had studied the matter over a little it
came into my mind that we had arrived to
at least one happy solution of a great part of
these troubles, and I wrote to him about it.

Here is his reply :

Home on the Hillside, (
Weilsville, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1885. j'
Friend Eoot:—

As regards the privy-vault, my own methods tell
the story. At the termination of my reservoir
trenches above my house, are three successive
wells, at different levels, with overflows. These are
severally five, six, and eight feet deep, filled with
round stone up to the overflow, and as perfectly
shing-ied, sodded, capped, and scaled with clay,
with surface soil finishing- up, as can be well con-
ceived. The water falls into the first, and passes
through filters in succession, till from the last, near
the bottom, there issues from a pipe an inch stream

of water, as fine as the best in the world, a flowing
well, which supplies the household, and waters all
of our horses, cows, etc. (not a large number, but
of sufficient intelligence to refuse to drink from
anj^ other fountain). The bore of the pipe being
only an inch, the water rises in the well and over-
flows, running down, passing in constant stream
through our privy-vault, and liquidating the solids;
the stream moves on into a deep trench across the
garden, from which, overflowing through filters,
and flowing through surface and percolating
through subsoil, my spring brook is reached, the
water being perfectly clarified.

Next spring I begin work to drop all surface
washings about the barns, sty, hen-house, etc., into
trenches, saving all liquids and solids operating as
food for plants, and filtering and completely purify-
ing all waters. The rains, dews, and snows are all
run through the soil, nor are any at all seen upon
the surface; and to this Complexion will it come at
last, when ushered in shall be the new heaven and
the new earth, with their good time coming. I
shall see only its advent here, but shall go where
it has been already realized, and I am content.
Hoping to meet you there, if not here, I am very
truly your friend, A. N. Cole.

You will notice that friend Cole has al-
most unconsciously, as it were, accepted the
present condition of things, admitting that
the plan followed by most of our institutions
is the most feasible plan ; viz., using water
as a means of cleansing these places. Here-
tofore the question has been. What shall we
do with these washings, and sewage in gen-
eral? I do not know exactly how large cities
dispose of their sewage ; but, I believe, as a
rule it is run into the rivers, lakes, or ocean.
The town of Pullman, in Illinois, has set an
example by utilizing the sewage of that city
for raising vegetables ; but I do not know
how it is distributed among the growing
plants— probably by a system of pipes rmder
ground. If any of our readers can give me
any more information in regard to the mat-
ter, I shall be very glad of it.

I will now tell you what we have already
done in this matter at the Home of the Hon-
ey-Bees. In accordance with friend Cole's
instructions I have dug a system of under-
ground reservoirs. We did it during the
mild weather in the latter part of December
and first of January. The engraving on the
next page will make it plain to you how we
constructed them.

Perhaps I should preface my explanation
by saying that stone is so scarce on our
ground we are obliged to purchase broken
fragments from the quarries at $2.00 a car-
load, as I have mentioned before. Well, al-
though the stone costs only $2.00, the freight
on the carload was $9.00, making in all, per-
haps, a dollar for a good two-horse wagon-
load of broken stone. Now, as the purpose

o8

GLEANINGS JtN Ufil: CUlTURt:.

JAN.

of our reservoirs was to get as much room
for water as possible, at the same time using
as little stone as possible, we placed them
as figured in the cut, so as to make inter-
stices, or water-passages. C, C, represent the
stones ; A, the earth ; B, aboard put in tem-
porarily to keep the bank from caving into
the last-made pit. In practice we use two
such boards, 14 or 15 inches wide. The ends
are let into the bank so that they will keep
the dirt from caving in when the dirt is
thrown in on the front ; when they are no
longer needed they are pried out with a pick,
and moved along to the next excavation. F
is the solid earth before being dug.

AK UNUKKGllOUND HKSEKVOIK, CO .N' ST K U CT E D POU
THE "NEW AGKICULTUHE."

In accordance with friend Cole's instruc-
tions, I made my first two reservoirs, along
the highest part of our garden, between five
and six feet deep, and six feet in width.
The main reservoir is about 150 feet long ;
but as the ground is not (luite level, in order
to get the bottom to a water-level we dug
down six feet on the highest ground, and
about four feet on the lowest. To avoid
handling this great amount of earth more
than once, we proceeded as follows: We made
a wooden frame six feet wide and eight feet
long. This frame was laid on the ground at
the place of starting, and then with a spade
we cut all around it. The frame was then
moved away, and the earth dug out with
spade and sliovel and pick, and tluown on
three sides of the excavation. After it was
all dug out, stone were placed in, as shown
in the cut, to the depth of 2i feet. On top
of the stone we tluew tin scrap from our
tin-shops, broken glass and ci-ockery— any
sort of rubbish we wanted to dispose of, to
be found anywhere on the premises. Old
tinware was also used to take tlie place of

the stone ; old stove-pipes Und sheet iron —
any thing that was lumbering up the prem-
ises, being sure to place it so the weight of
the earth above would never crush it down
into the water. After the tin scrap, etc.,
we put on scraps of leather, old boots and
shoes; lastly, coarse manure for two or
three inches. Now, instead of throwing the
earth back into this pit from the sides, we
took the outline frame used before, and made
another excavation south of the first one,
the dirt being thrown from the first to the
north end and on the east and west sides. Per-
haps I should explain, that our ground has
ordinarily from six inches to a foot of vege-
table mold on top. I^nderneath this is a
subsoil of yellow clay. I was inclined to
think that this yellow clay should be carried
away ; but friend Cole says not. Now, let
A represent the bank of earth on the north
side. The one foot of vegetable mold, or
good dark-colored soil, was spaded out ; but
instead of throwing it out on the stone cov-
ering, we pitched it on A. When it was all
off so as to leave nothing but yellow earth
in the second pit, this yellow earth was
pitched on to the manure covering the
stones, throwing first a few inches of yellow
earth, and then a few inches of manure, so
that the contents of the pit above the stone
was manure and this yellow subsoil, about
half and half. Loads of manure had been
previously piled on each side of the path of
this reservoir. You will observe that the
trench was carried along in this manner,
putting the good soil on top of the banked
earth at A.

Well, after this reservoir had been carried
about 75 feet southward, it passed close be-
side one of the outbuildings belonging to
the factory ; but the covered reservoir was
at such depth in the ground that the top of
the stones was still a little lower than the
bottom of the vault of this outbuilding ; so
you Avill see all that was needed was to make
an inclined plane luider the outbuilding so
as to permit the contents to be easily washed
by the water into the reservoir. When this
was done, the garden soil was nicely banked
all around this outbuilding, making it warm
enough so a zero freeze would not at all af-
fect the contents. ^Vho has not been an-
noyed during zero weather by a freezing-up
of the contents of these outbuildings'? Per-
haps I should here state, that during a very
severe shower of rain, or when the snows
melt in the winter, we have a flood of water
coming on the west side of our garden. I
have laid luiderdrains with large-sized tile

188G

(iLEANiNGS IN iifeE ciiittttuii.

;3y

repeatedly, but still qv\ite a freshet sends a
little flood doAvn among our honey-plants
and flowers. Well, before finishing up the
piece of work I have been describing, we
constructed open ditches on the west side
of the garden, to connect with large-sized
tile so as to empty all the water, from the
west, under this outbuilding, so you see the
effect of a rain will be to wash the contents
into my large underground reservoir, where
the roots of our plants and trees can help
themselves. If yoii look at friend Cole's
letter you will notice that in the last para-
gi-aph he suggests an arrangement whereby
our poultry -houses, pig-sties, and even sta-
bles, maybe so arranged as to allow the con-
tents to either drop directly into one of these
reservoirs, or so they can be washed in with
very little pains. Liquid manure and all, is
thus quickly and almost automatically sent
to the fields to fertilize growing plants. In-
stead of laborious carting and teaming, and
then more laborious plowing and harrowing
to get these substances into the soil, the
rains are taught to do this disagreeable and
laborious work. May be you will think
friend Cole and I are borrowing from our
imagination somewhat; but I think every
candid reasoner will allow that friend Cole
has accomplished a great deal, any way.
even if it should transpire that all he pro-
poses to do may not be secured.

In connection with this matter of out-
buildings, there is another thing I want to
be excused for calling attention to. Many
such b\iildings are so arranged, or made so
loose with joints and cracks above and be-
low, that in the winter time there is great
danger of delicate people, women and chil-
dren, taking cold by cold drafts and ex-
posure. When it is nicely banked up as I
have described, and made close and tight,
no cold air can gain access anywhere, so as
to make a draft dangerous to the health.
I'^irthermore, if close-fitting lids are provid-
ed, and kept closed when not in use. no un-

pleasant or unhealthful odors can escape ;
and as it is all a dark cellar below, even a
child would meet with no repulsive sight if
the little one should happen to look into the
dark depths. From motives of economy
and durability I would by all means have
the foundation of brick or stone ; then bank
it up and plant grapevines or other choice
fruit around it. A Niagara grapevine is
growing near the one belonging to our home.
After we get to the end of our under-
ground reservoir we shall have one pit con-
taining no earth, and there is none to put
into it. But the dirt from the first pit lies
where it was thrown out. This may be cart-
ed so as to fill up the last one, or you can
spread it over the surface and fill the last
with dirt taken from the surroimding soil.
We meet the same thing in ordinary trench-
ing for market gardening. Of course, where
we put in as much manure as I have men-
tioned, the heap of dirt at A will be raised
up much above the general level of the
ground. I propose to let this lie until the
frosts of winter work it up fine for use, and
this morning, Jan. 12, the thermometer is
6 degrees below zero, so you see I am going
to make this severe weather serve me. Our
potatoes and apples are safe from the effects
of the frost, in that new outdoor cellar I
have mentioned a few pages back. Our
poultry and bees and other stock have com-
fortable accommodations ; we have a large
factory at least tolerably warm by steam-
pipes this brisk morning, so we can go on
with our work in spite of the frost.

Of course, I do not know what we shall be
able to raise over those reservoirs, and on
the ground between them. W^e have placed
them from 20 to 30 feet apart. We shall, as
soon as spring opens, test them with straw-
berries, raspberries, celery, cabbages, etc.,
and we think it (|uite likely we shall be able
to get splendid crops on a soil heavily ma-
nured for two feet or more in depth, with a
reservoir of water underneath it all.

CHAPTER VIII.

Whatsoever thy hand flndeth to do, do it with thy mig-ht.— Ecc. 9: 10.

Now, friends, if you will pardon the di-
gression which the advent of friend Cole's
book has made necessary in our new book,
we shall go on with " What to Do, and How
to Be Happy Avhile Doing It." The digres-
sion will, however, I hope, furnish many of
you something to do ; and if you are as hap-

py while doing it as I have been during the
past three or four weeks, I think the chap-
ters which it occupies are right in place in
our book. A good deal that I tell you how
to do here I suppose will be done when you
would not otherwise do much of any thing
else. In fact, this book is wiitten particu-

eo

GLEANlKGS IN BEE CllLTUKE.

Ja^.

larly for people who have spare hours, and
times when they have not much to do.

Some of the things I describe cost consid-
erable money, I know ; but I do not intend
to recommend things that will not ultimate-
ly save money in the end, or save health,
which is more than money. It is now^ to-
ward the middle of January, and the weath-
er is such that many of you doubtless think
ordinarily there is not much to be done out-
doors. However, we should try to improve
all weather suitable for oiitdoor work •, and
when you can not work outdoors, let us
work inside. As a general thing, I believe
it pays to have one or more thermometers
about your premises. By watching the
thermometers you can tell how the weather
is turning, and make your plans accordingly.
A thermometer is also needed in the cellar,
to tell when your fruit and vegetables are at
the proper temperature. By opening the
doors and windows you can keep many
things about as safely as they are kept in
the cold-storage rooms ; that is, keep them
just as near freezing as you can, and not
have them freeze. Apples will frequently
begin to rot badly during mild spells in the
winter, where, by the simple use of a ther-
mometer, and keeping tlie matter in mind
so as to close the doors and windows, a
cellar full of apples might have been kept
entirely frre from rot. Friend Terry takes
advantage of this in keeping his seed pota-
toes so they will neither rot nor sprout.
Suppose you decide by the thermometer
that it is too cold, or the roads are too bad,
or that there is nothing outdoors that can be
done profitably ; or may be it is after dark
during these short Avinter days that you
have unoccupied time on your hands— what
shall we do? We will do this: Learn how to
make seeds grow. Have you ever tried mak-
ing things grow? Very likely you"Yiave. May
be you are one of these people who can
make every thing grow that you get your
hands on. The chances are against it, how-
ever, because there are not many such peo-
ple. You can learn how to do it, however,
just as surely as you can learn the multipli-
cation-table.

MAKING THINGS GROW.

If you haven't good seed, the first thing is
to get some. If you have seeds of lettuce
that have produced just such heads as you
wanted in former years, use that. If you
haven't, get a five-cent paper of one kind,
or have different kinds, if you think proper.
Last season I had niiieteen kinds of lettuce
growing in one bed, and the experiment

was worth to me certainly all it cost. There
is one advantage in commencing with seeds
in the middle of January, because you can
have them nicely tested indoors before it is
time to work in the open air. May be you
have only a window, or two or three win-
dows, in which to raise plants. If you have
a little greenhouse, cold frame, or hotbed,
all tltfe better ; or if you have not these lat-
ter appliances, you can start the seeds be-
fore the window noAv, and get some sash
and make preparations for them while they
are getting larger. Whatever you do, econ-
omize your space and make use of every bit
of sunshine. If you learn to use economy in
managing a square yard of sunshine, you
will be prepared to use economy when you
get outdoors on an eighth of an acre, a whole
acre, or many aci-es. It seems to me every
farmer will be a better farmer for having at
some time in his life had practice with a
single square yard of earth, and tried to see
how much he could make that yard produce.
The first thing needed is boxes to hold your
earth. I would have these boxes uniform,
and all just alike, even if it does cost some
time and trouble. Here is a picture of one
of them.

A BOX FOR RAISING PLANTS TO SET BEFORE THE
WINDOW.

To have them light to handle I would
have them made of f pine, except the ends,
which are made I. The bottom is made of
two pieces — not necessarily, but they are
better so, because then each piece can be
nailed into the side-boards, making the box
strong, even though the bottom is all thin
stuff. For drainage, the two pieces that
form the bottom should be, say, i inch apart.
Then I would have a dozen | holes bored as
shown in the cut. The box is Si feet long,
15 inches wide, and 4i inches deep, outside
measurements. Should you make a little
greenhouse or cold frame, these boxes will
be just right to set on the benches ; or if you
have the benches filled with earth, Si
feet is about as far as you can reach over
while standing in the path. More of this
anon.

SOIL TO rUT IN THE BOXES.

Much depends upon this, and the basis of
it should be good well-rotted stable manure.
I would rather have this than bone dust.

1885

gleani:ngs in bee culture.

61

guauo, phosphate, or any other fertilizer.
The best thing to mix with the stable ma-
nure I know of is rotted sods, but you can
not always get these handy. Perhaps the
best you can do will be to get some soil from
the richest part of your garden. If your
manure and garden soil are both fi'ozen up
it will give you an appetite to dig out enough
to fill a box or two so as to get things started.
You can thaw them out near the fire, or per-
haps in the cellar. If you can get hold of
some peat from a peat - swamp, you want
some of that also. A heap of it in the cellar
will be nice to have. You will remember
how much Mr. Terry and other prominent
agricultural writers have said in favor of
tine tilth. If they can afford to plow and
harrow^ acres so as to get it worked up fine,
we can afford to take some pains with a lit-
tle box full. The nicest way to get soil for
plants in a fine state of subdivision, and at
the same time get out all the sticks, stones,
trash, etc., is to sift it. By all means, /reezc
it thoroughly, and then thaw it before you
undertake to sift it. If you have not a
good sieve suitable for tbe purpose, you can
purchase one for about ten cents. We give
a picture of three such sieves in the figure
below.

they should be sifted, and every thing that
does not go through the sieve should go back
into the tire. Coal ashes are sometimes
treated in the same way, and the coal and
coke you get out of the ashes to burn over
again will well repay you for the time and
trouble. Some wood ashes will be tiptop to
put in your seed-bed, but you do not want
more than a teacupful in a whole box of
earth, and it must be very thoroughly mixed
with soil by stirring it up and sifting it in.
Your muck, or peat, also wants sifting ; and
where you have much sifting to do, soil,
peat, ashes, etc., a regular ash-sifter to put
over a barrel is a nice and cleanly arrange-
ment. We give a pictui'e of the ash-sifter
below.

SQUARK SIEVES FOR GAKDENERS' I'SE.

vSift the stable manure if you can. If you
can't, break it up into little bits. If it is old
enough and rotted enough, so you can break
it up and make it go through the sieve, it is
just what you want ; but if it is the kind
that is 'black, and can be cut up, something
like cheese (beg pardon for the illustration),
it will do very well, for it will soon work up
fine by use. While speaking of the sieves, I
wish to say that such sieves are very handy
for many pm"poses in the household. The
ashes from your stove, if you burn Avood,
make an excellent fertilizer, and are to be
saved very carefully. Before using them

You will notice that this sifter sifts your
material nicely in a barrel. The lids shut
down so that the ashes do not fly around the
room and make your wife trouble. Such a
machine costs about ^1.25. If your soil is a
clay soil, a mixture of sand is excellent for
raising most vegetables. Eadishes, for in-
stance, grow nicer in sand or gravel, proper-
ly enriched, than almost any thing else.
While speaking of sand I want to say that a
sand-sieve is a splendid thing for sifting
soil, peat, etc., especially where you have
enough to do to take it outdoors. We use
one such as is show^n in the cut on next page.

They are also nice for sifting gravel for
making gravel walks; also for sifting coal.
One end is to be propped up at such an an-
gle that, when you shovel the dirt, sand,
or gravel, against the upper end, it slides
down of itself. An economical way to use
such a machine is to have two wheelbarrows
side by side. Stand the screen so it rests in
one wheelbarrow, sloping over the other.
Pitch your mellow soil against the top end ;
the fine dirt goes through into the wheelbar-
row below, while the coarse particles run
down into the other wheelbarrow, then
wheel the contents of each where you want

62

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIJE.

J AX.

it. Such a screen, or sieve, made of galvan-
ized iron wire, so it can not rust, costs $5.00.
It is 2 feet wide by o-i feet long. They are
used by masons, coal-dealers, and for many
other purposes. If you live near a large
city, you can often get the sweepings from
the pavements, which Peter Henderson con-
siders worth as much as barnyard manure.
Run it tjirough the sieve as above, and it is
ready for business. Below is a cut of this
last sifter.

SCREEN r(n< COAL, SAND, ASHES, on GARDEN SOIL.

Where yon are going over a still larger ex-
tent of ground, and wish to get out sticks,
stones, hard lumps, etc., but don't care
about being so very particular, a still coarser
screen is sometimes handy— such a one as
dealers in coal use largely. A very handy
one is shown below, with a foot-board and
leg.

COAL-SCREEN, TO HE T'SED FOR OARnENING FUR-
POSES.

This last machine is the one we shall use
for preparing the soil over our covered res-
ervoirs, described in Chapter VII. We pass
the surface soil through this to make it fine,
and to get out all the stones and other im-
pediments to high culture. This debris
which is screened out is used for tilling the
overflow Alters, which permit the water to
flow from one reservoir to the other.

Now as we have discussed soils and sieves,
let us sow our seeds. As no plan has given
us such success as the one described by Peter
Henderson, in his book entitled (4arden and
Farm Topics, we give it in his own words
here :

Since 1886 we have made many important improve-
ments in culture under glass, particularly in the
methods in use in starting ])lants of cabbage, cauli-
flower, and lettuce. The old plan of sowing the
seeds for these plants in the open air in Sept., and
pricking them off in Oct., and keeping them in cold
frames, is gradually giving way to sowing in green
houses or hotbeds in February, and pi-icking out in
March, which gives a far healthier and nearly as
strong a plant, by the first week in April, as those
that have been wintered over. The past season we
raised nearly half a million of plants in this manner,
which we sold at $5.00 per thousand, a price as
profitable to us as the plants were satisfactory to
the buyers. We sowed the seed the first week iu
February, in one of our greenhouse benches, so
thick that they, stood twenty plants to the square
inch. These we began to thin out, to prick in hot-
beds, just as the first rough leaf appeared, placing
a thousand plants in a 3X6 sash.

The handling of that quantity was a big job, but I
doubt if one plant in a thousand failed, owing, I
think, to a plan we used in preparing the bed on the
greenhouse bench for the seeds; a plan that I think
well worthy of imitation in preparing a bed for
seeds, that have to be transplanted, of any kind,
whether outside or under glass. We used only two
inches in depth of "soil "for our seed-bed, which
was made up as follows: For the first layer, about
an iuch, we used a good friable loam, run through
a half-inch sieve. This was patted down with a
spade, and made perfectly level and moderately
firm. On this was spread about one-fourth of an
inch of sphagnum (moss from the swamps), which
had been dried and run through a sieve nearly as fine
as mosquito wire, so that it was of the condition of
fine sawdust. On top of the moss the ordinary soil
was again strewn, to a depth of about three-fourths
of an inch. This being leveled, the seed were sown
very thickly, and then pi-essed into the soil with a
smooth board. On this the fine moss was again
sifted, thick enough to cover the seed only. The
bed was then freely watered with a fine rose, and in
a week every seed that had life in it was a plant.

Now, this seems a long story to tell about what
most consider a very simple operation, but it is
necessary to give these details for a thorough un-
derstanding of the advantages of the method.
When the seeds of most plants germinate, where
they are thickly sown, the stem strikes down into
the soil, the roots forming a tap-root with few
fibers, unless arrested by something. Here comes
the value of our one-fourth of an inch of sifted
moss, placed three-quarters of an inch from the
top. As soon as the rootlets touch the moss they
ramify.in all directions, so that when a bunch of
seedlings is lifted up and pulled apart, there is a
mass of rootlets, to which the moss, less or more,
adheres, attached to each. To the practical gai-deii-
er, the advantage of this is obvious: the tiny seed-
ling has at the start a mass of r )Otlets ready to
work,'.which strike into the soil at once.

The advantage of the moss covering of the seed
isinot so apparent, in the matter of afree germinat-
ing seed, such as cabbage, as in many others; but
in many families of plants it is of the greatest
value. For example, last November I took two
lots of 10.000 seeds of Ccntaurea Candida (one of the
dusty-miller plants so much used for ribbon lines);
both were sown on the same day, and exactly in
the same manner, in boxes two inches deep filled
with soil; but the one lot was covered with the
sifted moss, and the other with fine soil. From the
moss-covered lot I got over 9000 fine plants, while
from that covered by soil only about 30(X1. The
same results were shown in a large lot of seeds of
the now famous climbing plant Ampclopsis Vcitchii,
and in the finer varieties of clematis. The dust
from cocoa-nut fiber will answer the purpose even
better than sifted moss, when it can be obtained.
The reason is plain: the thin layer of sifted moss
never bakes or hardens, holding just the right de-
gree of moisture, and has less tendency to generate
damp or fungus than any substance that 1 know of.

To he continued Feb. 15, 1S8U,

j^)

He that Is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— Luke 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBOKS.

anj' thing that is

Thou shalt not covot . .
thy neighbor's.— Ex. 'iSS: IT.

flllS subject of our iieiglibors has been
brought prominently to my mind this
morning by contemplating the Bohe-
mian-oat swindle. \\\ order to bring
- the subject before the friends, I quote
the following from the Farm and Fireside of
Jan. 1, 1886:

Originating- in northeastern Ohio, the Bohemian-
oats scheme has spread like a poisonous fungus
throughout this and most of the neighboring States,
until it promises to permeate the length and breadth
of the land. Certainly it would seem that no man
of average intelligence could fail to see at a glance
that somebody must eventually be a heavy loser by
this scheme, even were those primarily engaged in
it to fulfill their contracts; yet we have been as-
tounded to hear mentioned in connection with it
the names of men who had previously stood above
reproach. This scheme has frequently been de-
nounced as a swindle by the local press where it
has appeared, but these denunciations have not
prevented its reappearance in some distant quarter.
Moreover, it has been quite difficult to get at the
real plan upon which the scheme was being work-
ed, and conscquentlj" the sharpers operating it, by
the aid of a few stool-pigeons employed in each
new neighborhood, have been able to work it over
and over again. In this and the preceding issues
of Farm and Fireside we have presented the most
complete expose of this business we have yet seen.
The reader who follows this expose carefully will
see that the scheme is most cunningly devised to
feed upon the greed of unprincipled tricksters on
the one hand, and Ihe credulity of ignorance on
the other; and that unless checked it will bring up-
on the farmers of the country an enormous load of
distress.

Even the little boys and girls, I think, can
understand this matter if I try to make it
plain, and perhaps many of them have heard

the matter talked over in their families al-
ready. When the agricultural papers came
out and announced that these oats could be
bought for 7-5 cents or $1.00 a bushel, while
this association was calling them worth
$5.00, and in some cases $10.00 a bushel, it
would seem that any child should understand
that there was something wrong ; but men
who have before been considered good men,
and some of them, perhaps, professors of re-
ligion, have still pushed aliead, made crazy
and greedy by speculation. Some of them
have even gone so far as to say, " I don't
care if the oats are w'orth only 75 cts. or $1.00
a bushel ; so long as these men give me my
$5.00 a bushel, what does it matterV"

When anybody goes to reasoning in that
way, you may be sure he is in a bad state of
mind. We all of us get into bad states of
mind occasionally — that is, the most of us
do. Just yesterday morning Iluber was
cross and peevish. I reasoned with him a
little, but the "cross''' would not go away,
lie saw the force of my reasoning, and he
knew he ought to be a good boy; but he
told the truth, even if he was bad. In reply
to my question, he said, " No ! bad boy." I
presume he reasoned as I often have, in re-
gard to this element of evil that sometimes
gets such linn hold of us. lie did not say so,
but I thought by his looks he was thinking
something this Avay : '' Papa. I know I
am a bad boy; but I am trying to be good,
and the good won't come. I do not know
what it is that makes me bad."' Pretty soon
he came to the point where he might have
honestly said, " I am sorry T am bad.'' Just

64

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan+.

one step more, and he could think, "I want
to l:e good."" AVhen he got to that point he
was out of the filthy mire. A smile began to
show itself dimly around the corners of his
mouth, and finally out it came, and we had
a bright good l)oy at the breakfast-table
once more. Now', then, children, for the
application: When these men get crazy for
money gotten without any fair equivalent,
they say, "I do not care if the oats cm? be
bought' for a dollar a bushel ; if I can get
five dollars for mine, and have a sure thing
of it, I am not going to l)other myself any
further about it."

I will tell you, my little friends, how they
get the five dollars for what is worth only
one dollar. A whole neighborhood gets
crazy over this new speculation, or new
species of gambling, if you choose. A
smooth-tongued agent manages, by hook or
crool?, to get a few good men among them,
usually by telling them that it will not cost
them any thing, and arranging it so they
can't possibly lose; then after awhile he
slips out of it and lets the responsibility of
it rest on the members of the association.
Men of capital, and usually those who are
posted in all the tricks of the business, slip
out through loop-holes previously arranged
expressly for them. ]Men who are compara-
tively poor, who have mortgages on their
small farms, perhaps, and who are, may be,
not quite as well posted as their neighbors,
in the end have to shoulder the responsibili-
ty; in other words, they have to make up
the difference between one dollar a bushel
and five dollars a bushel, so the scheme is
one to rob poor men, and to put tlie proceeds
into the pockets of the richer ones. What
shall we do to avoid such traps and tricks?
AVhy, keep entirely oiit of them, and keep
out of temptation's way ; don't even ialk
with these kid-gloved, smooth-tongued spec-
ulators. Shun even the appearance of evil.
If your heart is full of love for God and love
for your fellow-men, especially your neigh-
bors, there will surely be no danger of your
getting into any siich scheme. Kemember
the commandment, " Thou shalt not covet
. . . any thing that is thy neighbor's.''

In connection with this subject I wish the
friends, young and old, would tm-n to the
first chapter of Proverbs, and read from the
10th to the 20th verse. It would almost
seem as if Solomon had the Bohemian-oat
business in mind when he wrote these verses.
If you know any Christians who have any
thing to do with "this awful piece of villainy,
just ask them to read these verses.

Now, lest you think I am too severe from
what I have said, I want to make two other
extracts from the Farm and Fireto'de, furnish-
ed by Mr. Henry Talcott, a member of the
State Board of Agriculture, and a banker,
and a prominent citizen of Ashtabula Coun-
ty, this State. He replies to the editors as
follows:

You have got hold of the elephant, exactly. We
had one Henry L. Bacon to come here four years
ago as the head-center of this business. I wrote up
the business for our papei-s instantly, and tried my
best to prevent our farmers from being swindled.
1 told Bacon, when he brought his first notes to my
bank to try to get them cashed, that he ought to be
put in the penitentiary at once, and, thank God, he
is there now for seven years— sent from the Sum-

mit County courts in Akron. He made a big run
of the business first, however. Our farmers were a
set of fools over the business, and now lots of law-
suits are on hand in our courts as the result of it,
and many good people are in trouble. I hope you
will push this light before the farmers as fast as
you can. Henry Talcott.

And this:

As a rule, the Bohemian oats will not yield over
two-thirds as many pounds of grain per acre as the
Norway, Russian, or Welcome oats. I know this,
and do not guess at it, because I have given all
these kinds a most systematic and thorough ti'iai.
The Bohemian -oat swindle has been here four
years, and I have seen and know the bottom facts.

A number of lawsuits, grown out of this business,
are now on our court dockets, and so far the swin-
dlers get beaten every time under the equity provi-
sion of the common law. No man can collect pay
for a Bohemian-oat note, because the giver does
not get value received, and the only way they at-
tempt to do it here is to sell the notes, before due,
to a third party, who can set up the claim of inno-
cent purchasers. Fifty cents per bushel is all our
courts have yet allowed as the value of the oats.

Ashtabula, O. Henry Talcott.

LETTER FROM MRS. HARRISON.

something about the DETROIT CONVENTION.

^^ HILDKEN:— I didn't sec any of you at the con-
r^ ' ventioii at Detroit. Would you like to know
l*fj who was tliereV I know you would, because
^^ I'm a child myself, only a little bit old. First
and foremost was father Langstroth, cane in
hand, his face beaming with happiness and good
will to all. He said he had not made any money
out of his invention; but whenever he met a bee-
keeper he was warmly grasped by the hand, which
was worth more to him than nioneii-. He told a
friend, that whenever he needed any thing he told
the Father about it, and he sent it. Father Lang-
stroth used to preach; but he got sick, and could
not do it any more, and he told his wife, " If I could
only invent a hive, so that every poor family could
have honey all the time, I should be happy," and so
he is happy; and not only happj-, but beloved, and
first in the affections of bee-keepers. Strong men
shed tears as they watched him leave the i-oom to
take the cars for his home at O.xford, Ohio.

Mr. Root, the president of the convention, mar-
ried a daughter of Mr. Quinby. Now, I always feel
as though Mr. Langstroth were the father, and Mr.
Quinby the fathei--in-law of bee culture. If I tell
you a secret about Mr.|Root you won't tell, will you?
He'gets lots and lots of honey from his bees, and
won't tell how he docs it. Never mind; we'll find
out ourselves, and we'll feel so good over it. When
I went to school I never liked to have any one do a
hard e.\ample for me; for if I did it alone I could
snap my fingers and cry out, "I've got it! hurrah I"
You have all heard of Mr. Jones, of Canada, haven't
you? He went to Italy, Cyprus, and Palestine, aft-
er bees, and raised queens on islands a long way
from shore. He is a good talker, and. Englishman
like, he brags a dood deal; but nobody cared until
he had the impudence to start a bee-journal in the
queen's domain, just as if the United States could
not furnish enough for all Noi-th America and the
rest of the world besides.

The second day of the convention was Mr. Root's
birthday (Uncle Amos). You all like presents on
your birthdaj% don't you? Mr. Root got one— a
nice book. He was surprised. Some thought, that
because a woman was on the committee she would
tell; but she didn't, and so ho hadn't any speech

l88o

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTtTfiE.

65

ready, and could only Sdy, "(iod bless you, my
friends; God bless you."

Professor Cook was feeling first rate— was in the
best of humor. He looks as if he lived on apples,
pears, peaches, strawberries and cream, with oat-
meal and o:rahani bread, and never tasted of pon-
horse, pigs' feet, sausage, headcheese, and mince
pies. I tell you, it makes a pile of dififerenco what a
man is made of.

I could talk to you by the ho\ir of what I saw
at the convention, but I am afraid of the editor's
gavel, " Out of order! " Mus. L. Harrison.

Peoria, 111.

Now, my good friend Mrs. II., I ain going
to add to the list of people who were there.
In the first place, you were there yourself,
and It always does me good to see your geni-
al face when I get to any of the bee-conven-
tions. Miss LettieWilkins was also there,
and quite a goodly number of ladies whose
names I have forgotten. And now you have
told about what ive did, I am going to tell
the children that, when I had to leave to
take the train, you said you wanted to throw
your old shoes after me for good luck, and I
remembered it too. You say that President
Koot wouldn't tell how he got such lots and
lots of honey. Perhaps the reason why is
because he has already told it in his excel-
lent book, Quinby"s New Bee-Keeping, and
he does not want to be telling it over and
over.

GOOD REPORT FROM A JUVENILE.

AT„SO A KIN I

WOIiD roR OVH FKIKM) OI.IVKR
FOSTER.

CHARLIE'S EXPERIENCE WITH BEES.

WHY DO BEKS RVSH TO THE FIELDS WHEN FED IN
THE HIVE?

T WILL send our report for 1885. My brother
^ Herbert started in the spring with a stand (if
^t hybrids. He bought a nucleus (one pound of
■*■ bees), with tested queen, of Oliver Foster (and
he is a square man to deal with). We got it
May 2L In all my brother obtained ~05 lbs. of comb
honey, of which 70 lbs. came from the nucleus, be-
sides moving the nucleus when they were sti'ong in
bees, and letting the field-bees go to make another
swarm. He sold all his honey at from 1.5 to ITiJ cts.
per lb., giving him fljl..50 for his honey. Herbert
has now 3 stands, strong in bees and honey. The
rest of us had 3 stands in the spring, and increased
to 8. We bought two more nuclei of friend Foster,
after July 15. They did well, and mine made 20
lbs. of surplus in sections, besides being full below.
All together we sold .535 lbs. of comb honey, selling
the most of it for 15 cts. per lb. We have 13 hives
in all. They are packed for winter on their sum-
mer stands, with plenty of honey in the hives, and
about 200 lbs. in frames, to feed in the spring. We
have the ABC book, and could not get along with-
out Gleanings. We keep our bees mostly in the
Kretchmer Simplicity hive. Florence Green.
Emerson, Iowa, Jan. 5, 1886.

Friend Florence, your report is a i-eal good
one. And so a nucleus, bought after July
1-5, gave you 20 lbs. of comb honey, did it V
Now, this 20 ll)s. of comb honey probably
paid the cost of the nucleus, and you have
the bees and stores left. If we could all do
as well as that, bee culture Avould be fun,
wouldn't it V We are glad, also, to know
that friend Foster succeeds so well in pleas-
ing all his customers.

R. IK^OT:— This winter has been a mild one
so far. The thermometer has ranged be-
tween 30° and 40° nearly every daj', and
many nights it has not got down to freez-
ing. The bees have had several flights
during December, and they also Hew on New Year's
day. The way we prepared our bees for winter was
to fill the upper story of the hive with soft dry oat
chaff thrown in loosely. Most of our swarms gath-
ered enough honey to winter on, but some of them
had to be fed in the fall. To avoid robbers we fed
at night. If we fed them before it was really dark,
sometimes one of the swarms that we fed would
rush out in great clouds, roar about through the
air, come into the house, and some of them in their
e.\citement would go out to the buckwheat flowers,
although it would be nearly dark. They were very
cross at these times. They would return at dark,
and in the morning would be as peaceful and quiet
as if nothing of the kind had happened. While do-
ing this, not a bee would be moving about the other
hives, so it could not be robbing. 1 think that a bee
may liave stolen a load from the vessel containing
syrup when it was sometimes set out to cool, for
often I saw a robber at the syrup. When be emp-
tied his load and again started forth, part of the
swarm followed him. Do you think this was the
cause of it? From this we took warning not to put
syrup within the robbers' reach any more. We also
fed some in December when the days were warm
enough for the bees to fly.

moving a weak colony THAT HAS BEEN ROB-
BING, A COUPLE OF MILES AWAY.

Last spring we had a box hive that got so weak
that only a small handful of bees remained, and
they could scarcel.v be seen at all, away back
among the combs. The robbers bothered it so that
we at last moved it a couple of miles away. This
was during locust bloom, and before basswood
blossomed it had built up to a heavy swarm. We
had another swarm a little larger than this one that
built up and cast two swarms.

THE ADVANCE GUARD THAT PRECEDES THE SWARM;
PUTTING A LARGE SWARM INTO A SMALL HIVE.

In swarming time last summer a runaway swarm
came past me, in which I noticed that a little band
of bees were going along in advance, followed bj'
the main body. In 1884 we put a large swarm into a
hive that was too small for it. It absconded; and
while attempting to get them into another hive the
queen must have accidentally got killed, for the
swarm attempted to return to the hive that they ab-
sconded from, and were nearly all killed, because
they got into another hive near by containing bees.
They rushed through the hive and into the air with
sad, wailing sounds, clearly indicating trouble and
distress, and that trouble was undoubtedly the loss
of their queen.

A CAUTION IN REGARD TO .I.^RRING HIVES UN-
NECESSARILY.

Will bees consume honey wastefully when .jarred?
In the fall, one of our swarms was jarred so that it
tore open some of its honey, and filled themselves
with it, and every time for some time after that,
that I looked into them (although I would not jar
them at all), they would seem excited, and would

GG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

dive iiito the cells. When disturbed some of the
toecs n-iiike quick, sharp sounds which I can hear by
pressing my ear to the side of the hive. On warm
days this is kept up all day, and on cold ones for a
few minutes only. They also make this sound
while at work on a feeder. Will the slight jarring-
that will sometimes be made cause them to waste-
fully eat honey? and are they any more liable to
do so in winter than in summer? Are hybrids any
more apt to do It than Italians?

CHARmE L. Gbeenfield, age 14.
Somerville, Ohio, Jan. 2, 1886.

Friend Charlie, you have given ns some
most valuable facts. You have also called
attention to the other strange phenomenon
connected with bees. We have placed to
your credit on our ledger one dollar, and we
hope you will be able to give us more such
items from actual experience. Your letter
plainly indicates that you have been among
the bees, and that you are a thinking boy.
In regard to the bees starting out for the
buckwheat when you fed them, I have no-
ticed the same thing. They had doubtless
been at work on tlie buckwheat in the fore
part of the day ; and as they had scoured
the country in the afternoon, they knew
pretty well that the buckwheat was the only
source of honey ; so when their comrades
came in laden from tlie feeders, they con-
cluded, according to the best bee-sense they
possessed, that the buckwheat must have
taken a sudden freak of yielding honey at
dusk instead of dawn, so off they put for the
buckwheat Held. You see, they jumped at
conclusions just as boys and girls do some-
times. In the ABC book I have mentioned
feeding a colony one evening that had been
getting honey during the day time out of the
honey - house, because sornebody had left
the door open. Well, as soon as a few bees
got loaded up from my feeder, and walked
leisurely into the hive, a regular stampede
occurred. The bees just poured out of that
hive, flew in my face, and buzzed past me
and put for that honey-liouse door. They
thought somebody had left the door open
again ; at least they could not think of any
other place from which their comrades had
obtained such loads in so short a time.
Now, there is a valuable point indicated
here. Bees understand each other a great
deal as we do, only they do not have a lan-
guage as we do. Had their comrades been
able to tell them, " Hurrah, boys! the boss
has just put a saucerful of feed right on the
alighting - board for us,"' the bees in the
hive would have tumbled pell-mell to see
who would get to the saucer lirst. But you
see they did not tell them any thing. They
only came in with great loads, and made
haste to dump it into the cells. Perhaps
they buzzed their wings and wiggled their
bodies as they do when the honey hrst comes
from the dandelions and apple-bloom..— A
great many times the best thing to do with a
hive that has been almost used up by rob-
bers is to carry it a couple of miles away.

What you saw in front of that swarni was
what the bee-books have termed the "ad-
vance guard " that leads the swarm to the
particular tree selected by this same scout-
ing party.— Bees will consume honey waste-
fully, I think, when they are stirred' up dur-

ing a dearth of honey, or when the weather
is too cold. They are more liable to do it in
winter; and cross hybrids, or cross bees of
any race, are more liable to do it than pure
Italians or gentle bees.

HOW OLIVER FOSTER PUTS UP AND
SHIPS HIS BEES.

THE CALITHUMPIAN BEES.

fACK a few numbers of Gleanings you said
that you would like to have a report of the
way in which Mv. Oliver Foster puts up his
bees to make such successful shipments.
Pa got I'l lbs. of bees, a comb of brood, and a
tested queen from Mr. Foster last May. They were
in a light ease 4 inches wide, and deep and long
enough to hold a Simplicity frame, a wire nail
driven down through the ends of the frame and
into the case, the nail sticking up just far enough
to get the claws of the hammer under to pull it out
easily; then a piece of old tough brood comb was
wedged between the comb and case to hold all
steady; a wire cloth was tacked over the top, two
screws in each side of case, and wire fastened to
them, and passing o\ er the top for a handle.

They came through (800 miles) in splendid condi-
tion. They were thi-ee days and four nights in the
case. We took them out of the case and got
them in the hive in short order, and in a few min-
utes they were cari-ying in pollen from fruit-bloom
for all they were worth. Pa said they just took
the oath of allegiance, and went right to work like
good and loyal subjects of "Her Majesty."

I have something funny to tell you about No. 16,

the hive with the Foster queen. Bennie A ■, a

boy 14 yeai-s old, who had never seen Italians, was
standing in front of the hive watching the bees,
when he asked, "Are these Calithumpian bees ?"
You see he could not think of "Italians," so he
did the best he could. Such a laugh as we all had,
and pa laughed until he almost cried. Of course,
you know what we call Calithumpian. Those fel-
lows who parade in the processions on the 24th of
May and other holidays, dressed in ridiculous cos-
tumes and masks. We have dubbed that hive the
Calithumpian, ever since. It is too bad, too, to give
them such af unny name, for they have done wellhis
summer, and pa says that is one of the best queens
he has. Our bees are nearly all in sawdust hives,
with sawdust cushions in the section-case on top. -

I have a brother, Koy, 8 years old, and a sister.
Ruby, .') years. We are all interested in the bees.
Isn't it a funny little fellow, who knows every
thing just as soon as he is born, as a bee does?

Now, Mr. Root, I have trie(l to write this just as
the printers want it, on one side of the paper, and
all that. You see my pa writes for the county pa-
per. If you think it would do for Gleanings, I
will write and tell how we made an aquarium, with
a pretty fountain in the middle, for our dining-
room. Sperry Dunn. ,

Ridgeway, Ont., Can.

Very good, Sperry; but we wanted to
know liow Mr. Foster puts up bees without
any brood or combs. The package you got
was a one-frame nucleus, which is all right,
but it takes a comb of brood and honey out
of the hives every time he sells a pound of
bees.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

67

Every boy or girl, under 15
••^" years of age, who writes a

letter for this department, containing

SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
KNOWN, ON BEES OR OTHER MATTEHS,

will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent five - cent Sunday - school books.
Many of these bool.s contain the same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school hooks
costing from $1.00 to $1.50. If you have had
one or more hooks, give us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six different books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off, The Uiant - Killer. The Roby
Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in
a Bar-Koom. We have also Our Homes, Part l.,and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself, Blue Ej'es. .and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, (lowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of any one of the above pictures
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

f;'<

' A chiel's amang ye takln' notes;
An' faith, he'll prent it. "

TS it not a little strange why young birds
M should leave their cosy nestsV why bees
W swarm, and why grown-up young folks
-*■ should abscond and leave the old house
with its fond recollectionsV Yet it is
not so very strange after all ; at any rate that
first swania from the "Root Bee-Hive'' thinks
so! Yes, they have recently been visiting
New York — the great metropolis where the
busy hum of busy life prevails. As the par-
ent stock has said, it seems a wonder that
some one does not get run over. Amid such
a hum - drum, rattle and roar, ears are no
surety against impending danger, and when
crossing the street yoft have to look several
ways at once, if that be possible, or jou
may get knocked down by a cart-wheel or a
liorse tugging at a street-car. The streets of
Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago, where there
are no elevated railways, bear little compar-
ison to those of New York, in the amount of
noise and seeming confusion.

We visited many different places which
you may have read of, or, possibly, have seen,
such as the Brooklyn Bridge, from whose
height we see in the distance Hell Gate, of
which we have read so much of late; Central
Park, a wonder in itself, occupying a vast
domain of rocky land in the heart of the city;
a Japanese village, modeled after these seen
in the native country, and where all the
various arts are represented; the Eden Musee
and many other places, to say nothing of the
various streets which are celebrated in them-
selves.

As these things are all quite familiar, or
have been fully described in some of our best
magazines, suppose, little folks, we take a
boat-ride in N. Y. Bay, our point of destina-
tion being Staten Island. As we start we
can begin to form an idea of the size of the
Bridge as seen on our left. Yonder is Gov-
enor's Island, upon which is situated an old

fort. Further on to the right as we glide along,
is the pedestal upon which is to be placed the
Goddess of Liberty, of which we have read so
much. All along bur couise are tugs, yachts,
and sail vessels. Here is a steamer just
coming in from the ocean ; there is one just
going out to sea. Thus the water in the
bay is a fair sample of the life seen upon the
streets. Pursuing our course a little further
we finally arrive at Staten Island. From
this the old Commodore Vanderbilt formerly
ran his ferries. On landing, after a long
walk we arrived at Fort Wadsworth, at the
upper end of the island, and just opposite the
Narrows. From this point we see dimly the
ocean, and across the Narrows two other
forts— the names of which we do not know.
As we look at these vast masses of earth-
works like mountains, and the solid walls of
masonry, with huge guns mounted here and
there, as if about to sweep every thing on the
water, we feel like exclaiming,'' Woe unto you
foreign nations that dare to invade this har-
bor.'' A little inquiry, however, reveals the
fact, that these guns are of but little service
now, being relics of past v.'ars. The iron-
clads of to-day would pass these forts un-
harmed. Nothing short of a. torpedo, or a
cable stretched across the Narrows, could
prevent them going down. Neither would
the stone walls oft'ei' any resistance to the
heavy breech-loading rifled cannon. Wise
men are asking the question why Uncle Sam
does not build a navy and refit these forts,
thus rendering ourselves more secure from
invasion. I suspect Uncle Sam thinks there
are other things of vastly more importance.
Our resources are a,lmost endless, and if any
one can put himself in fighting trim on short
notice, it's Uncle Sam. More than all, "It is
not by might nor by power, but by my
Spirit," saith the Lord.

Well, well! my little (?) letter is already too
long and I'll have to stop short right here.
Perhaps you inquire whether tlie "better
half " was along. I reply, that said " half ''
loas on hand, and really tired vie out walk-
ing. ' Ernest.

BEES, HICKORYNUTS, ETC.

We are wintering three stands of bees. We have
two packed in sawdust, and one in the cellar. We
extracted 100 lbs. of honey last season. Last year
was a good year for bees here, but there was no
sale for honey. Last fall was a good year for hick-
orynuts. My brother and I gathered about three
bushels. Albert McCurdv.

Trafalgar, Can., Dec. 27, 188.5.

FIVE CENTS FOR SEEING THE FIRST SWARM.

My pa has some bees, and so has my grandpa.
Last summer we little ones had to watch them at
swarming time; the one who saw the flrst swarm
come out got five cents. I go to day-school, and to
Sunday-school. I had a nice piece to speak the
evening before Christinas.

Freddie A. Lahosh, age 8.

Fekin, 111., Dec. 27, 1885.

FROM f) TO 12, AND 405 LBS. OF HONEY.

Pa took the first premium on Italians and black
bees, and extracted honey, and second on rabbits,
at our county fair. We made a flsh-pond this fall,
and have now made applications to the U. S. Fish

68

GLEANIXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

Comraissioner for carp. Pa wauts to know if the
fish that ho gets this winter will spawn next sum-
mer. We took 465 lbs. of honey last summer from 6
colonies, spring- count, and increased to 12 and sold
three. James Sheneman.

Pharisburg, Ohio.

No, James, tlie tish the Commissioner sent
you this fall will not spawn next season un-
less they send out larger ones than any I
have seen coming from the various State
hatcheries.

ANOTHEH BEE LIVED 19 HOURS AKTEK STINGING.

I let a bee sting me at 1 : .30 o' clock p. M. Wednes-
day, and he died at 8:30 A.M.Thursday. He lived
19 hours. Our bees are wintering nicely. 1 have 4
of my own. I hived our bees last summer. My
brother got 3000 lbs. of honey this year. He has
100 swarms. He ventilates the cellar by a stove-
pipe from the sitting-room stove, and an opening in
the cellar wall, to let the air from outdoors come
into the cellar. Herbert HuTrtiiss, age 13.

Massena, N. Y., Jan. 1, 188.5.

STINGING LIZARDS.

1 am a boy 14 years old, and I like bees. We have
14 hives. We had them Italianized last spring, and
lost only 2 queeiis out of the 14. Isn't that pretty
well for beginners? There are a good many bees
around here. Beestings do not hurt me. We have
sheep and 1 like them too. There are lots of "sting-
ing lizards" here. The winter is very late here.
Some of the trees have leaves on them yet. There
are a great many wild flowers in this countiT, and
"bucking ponies" too. Eugene Fowler.

Davilla, Texas, Dec. 8, 1885.

S.IMMIE TELLS HOW THE BEES CLUSTERED UPON
THE GROUND.

My papa keeps 23 hives. He commenced with
one swarm. I will tell you what a time my papa
had to save them. One bright sunny day last
spring the bees came out to take a Hy. They flew
all around the yard, and when my ma went out in the
evening to feed the chickens, she happened to see
that the bees that were having such a nice fly were
all lying on the ground. So my ma took a large
crock and picked them all up and brought them bj'
the stove, and they soon commenced to Hy. It was
then about five o'clock, and a little later the bees
were all on the window. So my ma then sent to
have papa come home and see to tllfem. My papa
brought the hive in the kitchen, thinking the bees
would go in; but instead of that, those that were in
the hive came out on the window with the rest, so
pa moved the hive up to the window and made
some syrup of sugar, and filled some comb and
laid it near the entrance, and then lighted the lan-
tern and set it next to the comb, and the next
morning when we got up the bees had all gone back
into the hive. Sammie Seitz.

Clarence, N. Y., Dec. 7, 1885.

Sammy, my impression is, from your de-
scription, that those l)ees were out of stores,
and they came out on the groiuid because
they were starved. I suppose you fed them
enough to prevent any such mishap occm--
ring again.

TWO hives KNOCKEP over by a blind HORSE.

My pa takes Gleanings, and thinks it is a most
excellent paper, and I am taking quite an interest in
reading the children'? letters- T hftvc flually been

seized with the idea that I should like to try and
write you a letter myself, but I suppose thei'e is
notbit^g that I can tell you about bees which j-ou do
not know already, except it be some little incidents
that have fallen under my observation. There is a
small boy living here. His father and mother are
dead, and he has no other home, so pa and ma have
given him a home with us. His name is Roy.
When he first came here he did not know much
about bees. Pa told him he must keep away from
them or they would sting; but he did not seem to
believe that those little Hies could hurt him very
much. So one day when he thought no one was
seeing him, he went up to a hive, stuck his tare toes
right into the entrance, and you may be sure that it
did not take the bees very long to convince him
that he had better keep away. One day this fall pa
let the horses into the orchai"d to feed down the
grass among the trees. One horse being blind, he
wandei-ed down among the hives and got stung.
He then started to run; but not being able to see
where he was going, he ran "kersmash" against a
hive of bees, and sent it tumbling two or three
times over. He turned short about, and ran right
against another hive, and upset that also. No great
damage was done. Through all this excitement pa
got but one sting, and that was by a bee which was
tangled in the horse's mane, where ho took hold to
lead him away. Pa takes four bee-papers and a
number of other papers. I take the Yuitth's Com-
Ijanio)). LiLLiE Bull, age 13.

Seymour, Wis., Dec. 31, 1885.

Thank you, little friend. 1 can imagine
the scene that ensued. Your father certain-
ly did well to have only sting ; but, how about
the old horsey The number of accidents
we have had of this kind, ought to warn us
to be, careful about allowing horses a chance
to gain access to the apiary. Eknest.

Lillie, there is a big moral to your little
story. Never let a blind horse loose where
it is" possible for him to get at bee-hives.
First, because the poor horse is made to suf-
fer, possibly; second, \ye have no right to
make the poor bees suffer, as they do when
their hives are turned over ; and third, the
owner of the horse and bees suffers from t he
loss of his property, more or less.

" ITALIANS A (iUEAT DEAL BETTER THAN BLACKS."

We went into winter quarters with 68 colonies,
stores rather light. Our apiary is well Italianized
from Hayhurst's best Italian queens. We like them
a great deal better than the blacks, on account of
their gentleness and being so easy to handle. We
use the Langstroth hive, four inches short. Should
such a hive be called Simplicity, or not? If not,
then what should it be called? Bees are not so
plentiful in this vicinity as they were a year ago.
But very little honey was made during the latter
part of the season; in fact, the season has been
poor for section honey. Father traded two hives
with bees for a sulky for my brother to carry the
nuiil with ne.xt summer. Father hires it cairied
through the winter. Charlie H. Black, age '■).

Ellis Mound, 111., Dec. 14, 1885.

Friend Charlie, the name " Simplicity "
hive has been given to it principally because
of the simple way in which it is made — a
box withont top or bottom, and so made
that any number can be tiered up, exclud-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

B9

iug wiud and rain. A hive thus made I
should call '' Simplicity," no matter what
dimensions the frames are.

A LITTLE GIHL WHOSE ORANDMA HAS 5~' VOIA)-
NIES; CANARY BIRDS.

I am staying- with luy gnindrua this winter, and
going to school. My grandma has lots of bees. She
has 52 colonies, 42 in the cellar and 10 outdoors,
packed in leaves. I helped to rake the leaves to
pack them in. The bees did not make much honey
last season. We have a pair of nice canary birds,
and they arc just beginning to sing. I feed them
every morning before I go to school.

Nellie G. Martin, age 11.

Grandview, Iowa, Jan. 7, 1886.

Sister Maude has a canary bird something
over a year old. You just ought to see how
saucy he can be. Why, he seems to have a
particular spite at me. When he sees me
coming he will begin to scold and bristle up
for a figlit. How he does delight in pecking
at my linger! and he can hurt too. Some-
times we put before him a looking-glass.
Do you think he admires himself? not a bit
of it. He thinks it is another bird, and the
little "• goose " will light at his imaginary
foe for nearly half an hour sometimes.

Ernest.

KROM 2 TO 10, AND CO LBS. OF HONEY; TIERING
DOWNWARD.

My papa had two box hives of bees in the spring,
and he transferred them as the ABC book said,
and had vevy good luck. He increased to ten hives;
got about HO lbs. of honey from them, and made two
nuclei. Thej' did very well and papa fed them. I
like to see the bees take their feed. Papa has
packed eight of them in sawdust, as James Heddon
says, and one as Cyula Linswik says, and one is not
packed at all. The one that he packed as Cyula
Linswik said, came out of a hole there was in be-
tween the chamber floor and the wall below, and
papa sawed out a piece of the floor Avhere they were,
took out the bees and honey, and gave the honey to
a man. Papa fed them vrith sugar sjrup, and they
are in good shape now. He tried some in two other
houses, and could not got them. They l)uilt the
comb down between the walls, and carried ofl:' some
of the feed down there. Papa got stung once, try-
ing to got them out of the house.

My brother wrote about papa buying the bees at
auction. There was a man who bought a hive of
bees when papa did, and put them up high under
an old shed. They did not swarm, but built comb
on the under side of the hive. They have been
there two years now. Papa went to see them last
summer. They had as much comb under the hive
as they did in it. The comb under the hive was
covered with bees, and the man said the bees cov-
i»red the comb the fall before that way, and they
wintered so last winter, only they kept working up
into the hive through the winter, but did not all
get up until spring. Belle M. Wanzer, age !•.

Litehfteld, Ct., Dec. 10, 1885.

.MOVING BEES IN A SPRINGLESS WAGON OVER A
ROUGH HOAD.

Mr. Ernest R. Root t—As you have charge of the
juvenile department I shall address you instead of
your father. As I was named after you, I think
you will be more apt to give room to my report, if
report you call it. I swpp ).se I was named after you.

I am eleven years old, so you will know whether 1
was named after you or not. My papa is taking
Gleanings; and of the dozen papers he is taking,
I am quite sure he likes it best. Pa is much inter-
ested in bees. The Kev. Granville Houchins, who
is going to assist pa this year in bee-keeping, says
pa has the bee-fever. Mr. Houchins has had much
experience in keeping bees. He is a preacher and
a school-teacher. I am going to school to him now.
Mr. Houchins has an A B C book that your father
wrote. Pa has " Quinby's Now Bee-Keeping."

Jlr. Houchins and pa bought 19 stands of bees out
on Flat-Top Mountains, about 25 miles from here,
and the way is verrj rough. The bees were in hol-
low-log gums. Now, the way they got the bees
home is what I wish to report. They hired a heavy
two-horse wagon, without sp/niys, as they could not
get one strong enough loiUt springs to bear the bees
up over the rough roads. The wagon-bed was not
large enough to hold all the gums, so they took out
the hind gat? and laid some long plank in the bot-
tom of the bed; then they turned the gums bottom
up and tacked some old cloth on the bottom of the
gums. They filled up the wagon-bed with the gums,
after they had put some straw in first; what gums
were left they put on the ends of the planks that
were put in the bottom of the bed, and which were
longer than the bed. Then they put some plank on
the sides, and fastened all in with rope. Mr. Houch-
ins thought the bees would smother, so he got an
old wire fly-trap and cut it up in small pieces; then
he cut some pieces out of the old cloth he had nail-
ed on the mouth of the gums, the same size of his
wire pieces; then he sewed the wire pieces over
the hole. This was to give the bees fresh air.

AN original SUBSTITUTE FOR WIRE CLOTH.

He did not have wire enough, so he got a lot of
goose-quills and cut the ends off so as to leave them
hollow; then he cut beards on the quills, on each
end, commencing in the middle; then he put the
ouills through the cloth. The beards would not
allow the quills to work out. The quills were to
give the little fellows breath. The bees were three
days and nights on the road, owing to the bad
roads, rainy weather, and high water. They all
came through all right e.\ccpt one hive, and it only
had two or three dozen dead bees in it. This was
because it was not quite so well ventilated as the
others. Ernest B. Hughes.

Pipestem, W. Va., Dec. Ill, 1885.

Your father must be one of the old origi-
nal subscribers of Gleanings to have named
you after me. Let me see : Gleanings is
18 years okl this month— just the age of Blue
Eyes, and I at the time was 10 years old. I
declare, it makes me feel old, and yet I hope
1 shall never be too old to be young. — Your
father certainly did well to move 15» swarms
2) miles over a rough mountain road on a
wagon Avithout springs.— You have a ver>'
original substitute for wire cloth, but iit
what respect do the bearded goose-quills as-
sist in the ventilation? I should think that
small holes through the cloth woukl answer
equally well. Perhaps I do not '' catch on "
to the idea. Ernest.

has lost ONLY ONE SWAHM IN SIX YEARS.

My pa has 55 swarms of bees. He has lost but one
swarm of bees in six years. We got over a ton of
comb honey this year. I help with the bees what
I cm- I have a little brother six years old, {Je

70

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

J AX.

and I go to school one mile. I also have a little
baby-brother. He never saw Christmas till the one
just past. He is three months old, and can laugh
and play. Alton D. Harmon, ag-e 9.

Cambridg'eboro, Crawford Co., Pa., Dec. 39, 1885.

SEALS.

When I was at Santa Barbara last I heard that
there were some seals in cages on the wharf, so [
went down to see them. There was an old mother
and her little one in one cage, and three larger ones
in another cage. They caught them from one of
the islands twenty miles from Santa Barbara. They
caught them with the lasso; and when they saw
one they would all throw their lasso at him and
catch him by different parts of the body and drag
him on shore and put him in a cage that they had
ready for him. They repeated this until thej* had
caught those that I mentioned before. They then
sent them to Santa Barbara for the people to see.
The next morning they took them to San Francisco
for Mr. Woodward, for his garden. They had very
mild eyes, but for all that thej' were very fierce.
They would snap at you if you put your hand near
them. They are so very quick that they would turn
clear over and grab a stick so quick that you could
hardly jerk it away in time to keep them from
grabbing it. Some of the boys were trying to pull
out their whiskers, when the owner came along and
made them stop. Ernest C. Hilton.

Los Alamos, Cal., Dec. 26, 188.5.

At Chicago, a couple of years ago, after I
had visited T. G. Newman's place of busi-
ness, I went to Lincoln Park. Among the
notable features of this resort was a seal, or,
perhaps, a sea-lion. At any rate, he would
swim in the water at an astonishing speed,
and bark very much like a dog at the passer-
by. I remember that one old gentleman
pointed his gold-headed cane at the animal's
nose. At this the seal seemed immediately
to take affront, and, a\ ith wonderful sagaci-
ty, swam to the other end of the pond. Here
he disappeared under tlie water, and almost
immediately reappeared directly in front of
his offender, and then with one tremendous
splash almost drenched the possessor of the
cane. As you say, they seem to be wonder-
fully quick and keen. Ernest.

THREE BEES DIE i'ROM THE EFFECTS OF THEIR
STINGS IN EIGHT, SEVENTEEN, AND TWEN-
TY HOURS RESPECTIVELY.

My brother keeps bees, and we let three sting a
piece of soft buckskin, and they lost their stings.
We put them in a cage and feed them all they want-
ed to eat. One lived eight hours, one seventeen,
and the other twenty. I have Our Homes, part
first and second. I read them out loud to mother
and father, and ray sistei-s and brothers. Mother
says the books are worth one dollar. I have two
brothers and two sisters; my brother likes Our
Homes. Nettie H. Cranston.

Woodstock, Ohio, Dec. 33, 1885.

Thanks for the additional light you fur-
nish. In former cases bees have lived four,
live, and six hours after having stung ; but
you give an incident of one surviving 20
hours. Now, while we think we have estab-
lished with almost certainty that bees die
after the operation, yet this may not be in-
variably the case. We have been led to sup-
pose, or, rather, an opinion has prevailed.

that bees have not only lived, but have even
gathered honey, after losing their sting. I
have seen this statement somewhere in one
of the bee-books. Does any juvenile or any-
body else know of such a case, or that a bee
lived two days or after? In dealing with
science we must deal exactly, and must not
jump to the conclusion too soon, that bees
always die soon after losing their sting.

Eknest.

report from a carp-pond; also about the

CALADIUM ESCULENTUM."

Grandpa has 75 hives with bee?, and pa has 4
stands. We live with grandpa. I have five broth-
ers and two sisters. My ma is dead. I have a little
blue-eyed sister nine months old. My ma died when
she was just eight days old. Grandma has the baby
to take care of. Grandma says she writes grand-
pa's letters to you. She says she sent you a Caladi-
um-esculentum root. Did you ever get it? Grand-
pa has a fish-pond with lots of German carp in.
Last summer we ate some fish. Grandpa says they
are about as good as shad.

Pekin, 111. Ida B. Lauosh, age 10.

Yes, friend Ida, we got the Caladium escu-
lentum, and it grew nicely ; but we did not
see water dripping from the leaves, unless it
was kept very wet. I presume if it grew in
a swampy place where the ground is very
rich it would have water on its leaves all the
while, (iive my thanks to your grandma,
friend Ida.

A LIVING fly-trap; HOW MANY FLIES WILL A
TOAD EAT?

Your article in Gleanings last summer, about
toads, was very interesting; and as we are now al-
lowed to write about our pets, I will tell you about
a pet toad we once had. A few years ago one came
into our summer kitchen thi'ough a hole in the
floor. We allowed it to stay and catch flies, so aft-
er that it would come up every day. One day we
put some sugar on the floor to attract the flies, and
when the toad came up we counted the flies it
caught. It ate 1.50; and seeming to think that
enough for one meal, it went awa)-. I think a toad
is a splendid fly-trap. Papa says: " If you go to
your carp - pond next spring about the time the
little ' pets ' close their concert for the season, you
will likely hear a musical note in a trilling mono-
tone; and if you look closely you will see Mr. Toad,
with head erect and chest expanded, pouring forth
his song of love." He also says: "The little blacU
polliwogs become toads, and the brown ones frogs."
I will tell you about our bees in my next.

Ethel J. Beatty.

Shaw's Landing, Pa., Dec. 38, 1885.

Thank you, Ethel, for your very interest-
ing letter about your little pet. ^ou have a
capital fly - trap indeed, and I should say
that master Toad would not have much
room left after having dined upon 1-50 flies.
Whew ! I wonder if he felt aH little l^oys do
after they have had their Cluistmas dinner.
I fancy l)ees would go down the same wide
mouth to destruction, could his toadship
but have the chance. Most certainly we
like to hear about pets when the spirit of
the fine print at the head of this department
is adhered to. This you certainly have
done ; and to encourage others I think we
shall send you a chrome, Ernest.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

71

0u]R peMEg.

Thou shalt.love thy neighbor as thysell'.— Matt.
1<J:19.

fRIEND ROOT:— You arc a Christian, and have
had long- experience, hence I ask your advice.
1 was once a professor of religion. I was

young, and became a backslider. 1 have nev-

er since enjoyed myself. I saw more happi-
ness while an active member of the church than I
have ever seen in the long years since. Now, on
the tirst day of January, 1886, 1 started again, and
am going to join the church and try to be willing to
bear my cross in every instance. I owe a good
many debts, most of them small ones, and I am go-
ing to write or call on all my creditors and let them
know that I am now going to make restitution for
my sinfulness just as fast as the Lord will let me.
My prospects are at present very flattering for the
coming season. Ha\-e I the right, as a Christian, to
invest in one or two bee-journals as long as I am
owing debts? Now, it seems to me that it would be
right for me to invest in about two good journals,
as I believe by such an investment that I could then
make enough more than I would if I took no joui--
nals. Am I right? If right, will you let me have
Gleanings for 1886, and let me send you untested
Italian queens, or monej', Mhichever is most conve-
nient, in June, 1886, subscription for 1886 full?

I want to be able, from this time onward, to do
just what my conscience tells me Is right— to pay
every man just what I owe him, and always do a
little more than I think right, rather than to do any
less than my conscience tells me is right. I always
thought I was a sort of moral man, but I can now
see how useless my life has been, to what it might
have been had it been spent in the service of my
Master. I could write much more, but it seems to
me wrong to occupy any more of your time. Pray
for me that I may ever be a servant of God hence-
forth. X. Y. Z.

Altlioiigli the above letter was not written
for publication, I am sure our friend who
writes it will excuse me for using it in this
way when I assure him I think the story of
his'experience and trials may be a means of
helping many another brother. I thank
you, friend X. Y. Z, for the great confidence
you repose in me in wishing for my advice,
and most gladly do I give it, and most glad-
ly do I pray for you that you may hold out
and prove faithf id ; for if you do, I hww
that God will bring you safely through all
your troubles.

In regard to the question you ask, and all
other questions of this kind, there may be
differences of opinion ; and very likely many
of the brothers and sisters will think'l am a
little extreme and a little severe in the plan
I would recommend; but, dear friends. I
have had years of experience in this matter
in watching boys and girls who had foolishly
let their expenses go beyond their income,
as well as older people ; in fact, this one sin
of contracting debts that can not be paid
has been one of the most grievous in leading
astray those who seemed to have started
well, but got off from the track. As I under-
stand the matter, I am not the one to advise
as to w^hether you should take a bee-journal
or not, or make other investments of a like

nature. So long as you are owing an honest
debt, the money you* have in your possession,
as I see it, is not yours : it belongs to these
friends who have been so kind as to credit
you ; and when any question comes up as to
investments, aside from the one investment
of using what little money you have to pay
debts. l" think the;/ should be consulted. It
is not only that you want to succeed in
eventually paying all you owe, but it is that
you may honor the Master, not only at some
future time, but even now. You may meet
sickness or death, and be absolutely unable
to pay these debts. How shall you honor
the Master meanwhile — that is, before you
are able to pay your debts ? What ought a
Christian to do*^ in such cases V It is true,
you must have a little money for necessary
expenses ; for if you decide it best to hand
over cvcri/ dollar to your creditors as fast as
you carnit, it might so cripple your abilities
that you could not work to' advantage.
Now, whether the amount is large or small,
I would try to do it on a basis something
like this : I would first sit down with pencil
and paper, and make a neat and accurate
list of all I was owing my friends ; then I
would go to them personally, or write them,
and tell them just how tlie matter stood,
and ask permission of them to use wdiat lit-
tle money I might have, in such ways as
might seem best and wisest. If you are ow-
ing these friends money that ought to be
paid, the money you have in your possession
is theirs and not yours. If you can make
an arrangement with them to wait on you
until some set future time, all well and good.
Then you can meet them and look them in
the face without fear or shame, and without
the recollection of broken promises. My ex-
perience has been, that there are very few
people in the world who will not willingly
agree to wait for money, with a reasonable
expectation ; and especially is this the case
where you mutually agree upon a fair rate
of interest, and keep the interest paid.
Where it is impossible to pay the debt, it is
oftentimes within the debtor's power to pay
the interest — say yearly, semi - annually,
quarterly, or monthly, as may be agreed up-
on. Now, even if this payment t.s only a few
cents it is a sort of guarantee that you mean
to be straightforward and honest. It goes a
very great way toward giving confidence. I
woxdd advise one who is in debt, as you say
you are, to sacrifice a great deal, and go to a
great deal of trouble to pay this matter of
interest pi'omptly ; and it has often seemed
to me as if God took pleasure in honoring a
man who pays interest promptly, by helping
him very soon to pay the principal also. This
matter of paying interest seems to get one
who is down, upon his feet again. If he is
not paying up the principal as he agreed and
expected to do, he is doing the next best
thing. A dollar is a small amount of money,
and some may laugh at me when I say that,
if I were you, I would not even subscribe
for a bee-journal until I had the consent of
my creditors. There may be several other
investments you would like to make. Put
them down in writing, submit them to your
creditors, with the reasons you have given
me ; and if they say, ''All right, old fellow,

GLEANIXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

semi for your l)ee-journal,"'' tlien you can do
it with a clear conscience. Just try it and
see how mucli liappier and liglit-hearted you
feel at once. The idea is, tliat you have ob-
tained an honorable discharge from the debt
for the time being, and no one whom yoa
are owing can say, as you take your period-
icals from the office, '■' I think "Mr. X. Y. Z.
liad better pay me what he is owing me be-
fore he spends money in that kind of way.''
AVhen you want to go to prayer-meeting,
and are called upon, as God calls upon us
all, to stand up and testify for the Master's
sake, how much better you will feel when
tloing it, if you have "made honorable ar-
I'angements for all these outstanding debts!
It seems to me, dear friend, you do not
know how much it helps the world to have
faitli in Christianity and in a Christian pro-
fession, to have each follower of Christ at-
tend to these little things— these small items.

You say you were once a professor of re-
ligion when you were young. I suppose
you know, my friend, that the danger is ten-
'fold greater that you go back, when you
have once wandered away from the fold.
The horse that has run away once is very
apt to run away again ; and after he has run
away three or four times the world generally
settles down to the conviction that there is
no cure for him — lie is always nothing but a
runaway horse. I do not say this to hurt
your feelings, but I say it to warn you of the
very great need there "is of being careful in
your second start. It is not at all impossible
for one to repent and come back afterward,
when he has wandered away, or even if he
has repeatedly deserted his Savior. It is
only a simple matter of the will. By dally-
ing with sin, the will power becomes weaken-
ed ; and when temptation comes we are apt
to think it does not make very much, differ-
ence if we go back to our sins, and then at
some future time make still another start ;
and by and by the poor deluded victim of
Satan does not care to try any more — he
gives up to his fate : therefore, one who
has once slipped back, and starts again,
must recognize that it is of the greatest im-
portance to watch every little thing, even
small trifles like taking a dollar to subscribe
for a bee-journal. The laws of God and the
laws of our land are terribly severe on those
who take what belongs to" tl^eir neighbors,
without rendering a proper equivalent.
(Jur text says, '' Thou shalt love thy neighbor
as thyself v' and the law of our 'land says,
'• If you do not respect the property of your
neighbor, you shall be severely punished."

Last Sunday I met tvv'o of our neighbors
in jail, who were bowed down with grief.
One of them is the father of a little family.
He was sentenced to thirty days in the work-
house, in a neighboring city, and a tine be-
sides. 'What do you suppose it was forV
The two men together stole four chickens of
a neighbor. They Avere drawing this neigh-
bor some wood, and the chickens were very
tame, and came so near where they were un-
loading that it was an easy matter to pick
them up. They took two apiece, and took
them home ; but aftei'ward their consciences
troubled them so much that they went to
this neighbor and paid him to jiis full satis-

faction for the fowls. The matter was sup-
posed to be all pleasantly settled. Not so,
however. A third party heard about il.
and had them arrested. The fact that they
had settled for their folly, and paid over tlie
cash for twice what the fowls were worth,
did not alter it. They were in heart, and
before God, guilty of stealing, and the law
did. not release them, even if they were sorry
afterward, and settled it. Now, forgive me
if I cut close. Suppose these two men had,
by entreaties, urged this neiglibor to trust
them for a few days for the fowls, but aftei-
ward, tinding themselves cramped tor mon-
ey, had put it olf from time to time, and
finally never paid him. Suppose, too, that
when" he was importunate for his money for
the chickens the men should get angry, and
tell him fhitly they would not pay it until
they got ready, and to help himself if he
could. In this latter case the law could not
touch them— that is, in most States at least,
they could own considerable personal prop-
erty, exempt from any claims the creditors
could make. If my knowledge of the law in
the above matter is at fault, please excuse it;
but I think I have it substantially correct.
In one case the ovrner of the fowls is wrong-
ed as much as in the other, or a great deal
more ; because, in the first case, he lost no
money at all— in fact, he got a big price for
the fowls. In the latter case he never gets
any thing, and perhaps spends a good deal
more time in trying to get it than the fowls
are worth. I have dwelt on this, because 1
wish to have the friends all understand, es-
pecially the younger ones, what a grievous
thing it is to" incur a debt one can not pay.

Perhaps I might touch on another phase
of this matter of debt. There are those who
deliberately contract debts knowing there is
very little or no prospect of being' able to
pay them. The law can punish a thief, but
it can not punish tliis class. I believe, how-
ever, that this latter class is comparatively
small. I have never met many people who did
not fully intend to give value received when
they made purchases ; but even with honest
intentions, we often harm ourselves and
harm our neighbors. The class of people
who do these things are often those who are
bright, cheerful, and hopeful; and, my good
friend X. Y. Z., 1 hope you Avill excuse me
for saying that I feel almost alarmed to
hear you say. '• My prospects are at present
very f!atterin"g for the coming season . '■ May
be they are ; but judging from past experi-
ence, I believe I would rather you felt as if
they were the other way. I believe 1 have
known young men to get along better when
they looked at the future something like
this : " It is a sad truth, that the prospect
before me is not flattering. If I succeed il
will be only by earnest, faithful, hard woik,
early and late; therefore T have no money
to spend on amusements. 1 can not affoi'd
to stop and listen to gossip. 1 must )je at
work by daylight, and work while the day-
light lasts, or I shall never be able to meet
my honest obligations." One who feels this
way will come out all right.

In regard to taking queens of you in June.
188G, we have been obliged to tell our friends
that we dare not promise to take queens so

1SS5

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

long ahead. ^\'e don't know what the fu-
ture is. I should fear to make promises six
months ahead, whicli it may trouble us to
keep. Another thing, friend X. Y. Z., it
would be, at least to a small extent, encour-
aging you in adding to the debts you have
already. It is putting it off a long time
ahead, I know ; or, in other words, you have
a good while in which to make the money.
But this very thing I fear : A good many
who, like yourself, have become involved,
often seem to think if they can get an ac-
commodation for a long time it is all right ;
but when the long time has expired, nine
times out of ten they tind themselves just
as badly off, or worse, than when the debt
was coiitracted. You ha^•e come to me for
advice, and 1 have spoken my convictions
very plainly and fully. Dear friend, 1 woidd
not go in debt to tlie extent of one dollar,
even if you can have six months" time in
which to pay it, if I were situated just as
you are, and wanted to pay up my debts and
follow my Savior. The concluding part of
your letter is excellent, and the spirit of it
"is right.

There is a part of your letter, back a little,
that I wisli to refer to. You say you are go-
ing to make restitution '" just as" fast as the
Lord will let you;"' that is, if he prospers
you, you will pay your debts ; but if he does
not, how can you V I know there are two ex-
tremes in both ways here. Unless the Lord
gives yon health and strength you can not
earn liny thing at all, so you are dependent
upon him. But we are all of us prone, I am
sure, to get into a way of thinking, when we
fail of doing what we know we ought to do,
to give up and content ourselves by saying,
'' Tlie Lord did not see fit to help me do
what 1 wanted to do," when the truth is, we
liave not made proper use of the blessings
already given us without stint. Those who
have once gone astray, and started back
again, are specially apt to get into this way
of reasoning. 1 believe it is very seldom that
(iod does not provide a way in such matters
as this, where the one who is striving to fol-
low him is in dead earnest in the matter.
^V'hat I mean by ''dead earnest" is to be
self-sacrificing, careful, sober, and wise. In
our zeal to pay our debts we might overwork
ourselves, and thus defeat the object in view.
l)ut I do not think this oftens happens.
I'eople tell me I am overworked, a great
many times, and doubtless they think so ;
but it is not true. It i*^ true, however, that
I waste m\ strength and energies, often-
times, on things comparatively trifling and
unimportant, and then I can not do the im-
])ortant work that ought to have taken the
place of these.

Now, then, to the last ])oint before us.
How shall friend X. Y. Z. get a bee-journal,
or several bee-journals, when they Avould no
doubt be worth several times their cost to
liim V Candidly, dear friends, I do not know.
1 would give him Gleanings without charge,
most gladly and willingly, were it for his
best spiritual good that I did so. Yes, I
would give him a hundred copies if I were
sure it would result in building up Christ"s
kingdom. But my experience in gifts in this
way has not been pleasant. I can look l)ack

through the years, and see a great many
times when Itried to make the path easier
for some poor sinner, by gifts of money or
other things that he had not earjied, that I
made it harder because I relieved him a little
from the responsibilities that God wanted
him to bear. I dare not do it any further.
I have asked God to give me money that I
might use it in saving soids. The money
has come sometimes bountifully, and I have
used it, as I thouglit, wisely ; but it has al-
most always done harm unless I used it as a
reward for fair and honest work. Friend X.
Y. Z. has not asked me for any gift, it is
true ; but this thing had to be considered :
What will be the best course for our boys
and girls— yes, for our sons and daughters, in
helping them to build a good Christian char-
acter ? My reply is, that I know of no way
but to let them eai'u tlie things they want,
by the sweat of their face— by the exercisn
of their minds and muscles. I said I did
not know of any way our friend could get a
bee-journal, under existing circumstances.
Wliat I meant was, that I did not know any
way except the one I tirst pointed out— get
the consent of his creditors before he uses
money belonging to them. I did not mean
to say that I would not trust him for
Gleanings for six months or a year, be-
cause I will gladly, if he wishes me to.
Yes, he need not pay for it for five years, if
he thinks best to do that way, after what I
have said. I meant simply this : If lie
wants my advice, and wants me to stand in
his shoes, to use a common expression, my
advice for him is, not to run in debt one
copper for any thing; get the consent of his
creditors in the way I have marked out, and
then pay cash down for every thing he buys,
or else go without it. The accumulation of
debt has made him enough trouble already.
Don"t have any more of it ; and if there are
other brothers or sisters situated in like cir-
cumstances, I say the same to them. Look
at it as you look at any other temptation
that Satan may hold before you. Say to him,
" No, sir; get thee behind "me, Satan," and
then make him get behind. Do the same
with other besetting sins, and ask God to
help you to do it; and if a happy, useful,
prosperous Christian life does not open up
before you, then I shall be much mistaken.

Our text says,'" Thou slialt love thy neigh-
bor as thyself." Well, dear friend, sui)pose
you were owing a neighbor money wliich
you have promised him, and failed to get.
Suppose, too, lie needs it badly. You know
it is not unlikely that he may 'be failing in
his promises because you have failed in
yours. HiK good name must suffer because
he lias been forbearing and patientwith you.
Well, now, under such circumstances sup-
pose when you have some money that you
might pay him, you should, instead of hand-
ing it over to him, use it for something you
didn't like to give up yourself. Do you not
see how very far you would be from obeying
the spirit of the text V Do you not in reality
act as if the text read this way : " Thou
shalt love thyself better than thy neighbor,
and under all circumstances let self come
first when you are obliged to choose between
the two?" The spirit of the text is to the

74

go GLEANJNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jan.

effect that we sliould consider our neigh-
bor's own good or liis best good, just as roucli
us we should consider our own good. But
when it comes to choosing who should be
Hccommodated, j^ourself or neighbor, when
the accommodation is due him, and is not
due you, theobligation on your part becomes
a veiy sacred one. If I owed a neighbor
some money, and he needed it, and wanted
it, I think I'would do Avithouta bee-journal,
and, in fact, almost every thing else, until
lie willingly granted me permission to delay
payment.

I do not by any means think it wrong for
people to borrow money, or to borrow things.
We confer great favors on our neighbors by
borrowing things they want to lend, and
many of us have money that we are very
glad to loan to somebody who can make use
of it so that it will be a mutual accommoda-
tion. Such transactions are right and prop-
er. But the great important thing for a
Christian to do is to keep on safe ground, so
that he can not only pay the interest prompt-
ly, but pay the principal, say twice over, any
time it may be asked for, and that, too,
without any great sacrifice. I have some-
times invoiced myself something like this:
'•' I am owing, say, one thousand dollars, or
paying interest on one thousand dollars,
borrowed money ; but I own property that
would sell readily right here at home, witli-
out much effort or time, for ten thousand
dollars ; therefore I can not in any case be
very badly cramped."' But suppose the cir-
cumstances should show like this : '' I am
owing one thousand dollars, but my whole
effects would not probably sell for moret han
four thousand, if I were obliged to sell."
Now, the above is not so bad ; but still not
what I should call really safe ground. I do
not like to be in that predicament ; and when
our personal effects are not all together
worth more than twice what we are owing,
we are in great danger. Sickness, decline
in values, tires, robbery, or things of that
sort, are liable at times to place us where we
can not show such a record before the world
as every follower of Christ ought to show.

Now, why can we not be happy and satis-
lied and contented with the things we are
able to buy, without running deeply into
debt V Why, almost anybody will tell you
that the satisfaction and real» enjoyment is
in being out of debt — or, at least, in owing
so little that you shall never be distressed in
paying it, should it be suddenly wanted.
J las it ever been proven to you that happi-
ness necessarily follows good speculations,
or doing a large amount of business V

Now, friends, what is to be gained, after
all, by running risks, and even succeeding
in making good speculations? Is the good to
be secured m any measure to be compared
to the danger? What shall it proht a man if
he gain the whole world, and lose his own
soul? May God in his great and loving mer-
cy watch over you, friend X. Y. Z., and give
you wisdom ; and may he bless these words
that have come from one who is but a weak
brother after all, not only for vour use, but
to the multitude of others like you whose
eyes may fall upon this Home Paper. May
he teach you the way to that only real enjoy-

ment and peace ; and may he in the end
lead us all to the golden gates of eternal life,
where we shall comprehend and understand
the very, very great importance of trying, at
all times to love these neighbors all round
about us as we love ourselves.

Gleanincs in Bee Cdltdre.

Published Semi- Monthly .

.^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For ClalDting Rates, See First Fage of Beading Matter.

:m:ei3ii;t..^t!^^. is, less.

Be diliproiit that ye may be foiiiKl of him in ])eace, without
sjiot, anil blameless.— II. Peter 3; 11.

PEAT INSTEAD OF MOSS FOR COVERING SEEDS.

Since writing " What to Do, etc.," for this issue,
our g-ardener tells us that dried and sifted peat will
answer nearly or quite as well as the dried and
sifted moss that Peter Henderson recommends.

naming the seeds.
The Rural New-Yorker sends out a kind of field
corn which they have labeled " Angel of Midnight."
Ti'uly, the Rural folks are booming with enter-
prise and " go ahead." They send all their patrons
a good lot of nice seeds, any way.

the heat of old mother earth, vs. steam

HEAT.

Our poultry-house, warmed by steam, gives us.
during this zero weather, one egg a day— perhaps a
dozen hens. A neighbor gets nine or ten a day
from thirty or forty fowls. When I asked him how
it came that they laid in the depth of winter, he
said they were in a cellar under his barn, built on a
side-hill. The heat of old Mother Earth keeps them
warm. Are we all of us making the best of such
natural facilities for warm underground quarters
for our stock? The heat of the earth, when we
once get fixed so as to utilize it, is cheaper than
fuel.

A NEW SILVERHULL BUCKWHEAT.

Peter Henderson mentions, among his novel-
ties for 1886, European silverhull buckwheat. We
wrote him for particulars in regard to it. Even if it
has but a little advantage over the old kind, we
bee-keepers must have the benefit of it. Here is
what he has to say in reference to it:

This is a most desirable acquisition fortius country, and it
liax done remarkably well the past two seasons as far north
as Northern Vermont, where the seed we now offer has been
prown expiessly for us. It may be depended upon to ripen in
any thinpr like a favorable season from ten days to two weeks
earlier tlian the native American silverhiill or eomnioii
IniokwlieiU. Berrj' is small, with rounded corners, and of :i
beautiful silvei-grny color; Krow.s to the iiniJoini height of
three feet, staTidintr up well and branchinfc luxuriantly.
Straw, a dcip rich wine color when ripe, It is a heavy yield-
er and thvis fur is not so easily alfected by drought and' fro>t
as other buckwheat.

We can furnish the seed in five-cent packages, or
in larger quantities, at about three times the price
of the old silverhull. We shall give it. a thorough
test this coming yejir on our hopcy-fariu, and re-
port.

!88(i

GLEAKlNCxS tN liEI-i (UTLTlTRE.

75

DOES IT PAY TO HAVE AN IMPORTED QUEEN IN
YOUR APIARY?

This question often comes up, and I should be
glad of the experience of honey-producei-s in the
matter. Do you get more honey from Italian bees,
say only one or two generations from Italy, than
from stock bi-ed four or five years in our own coun-
try? Selecting for many generations the best hon-
ey-gatherers to breed from would probably improve
on the stock received direct from Italy; but, how
has it turned out in practice? A few years ago it
was decided that bees from stock not very long
from their native clime gathered more honey than
Italians that had been a long time on our shores.
Let us have some facts from actual experience.

OUR CATALOGUE OF VEGETABLE SEEDS, PI,ANTS,
HONEY-PLANTS, ETC.

When our last issue went to press, the type was
already up for this catalogue, or nearly so; but we
have been so crowded to get off promptly the circu-
lars and price lists for the bee-brethren, that our
own was obliged to stand still and is standing still
yet. We hope it will be out, however, within the
ne.vt ten days. Besides seeds and plants, it includes
also supplies for market gardeners, and some sup-
plies for the poultry business; also galvanized wire
cloth for carp-ponds, fruit-dryers, etc., etc. Our fa-
cilities for getting the above goods at a low price
are such that we believe we confer a favor in han-
dling them ; for by buying in large lots as we do, we
are enabled to give prices on such things at retail,
heretofore unknown.

hatching CHICKENS IN .lANUAHV.

There, I have gone and counted my chickens be-
fore they are hatched. Itis one of our nice Brahma
hens that is going to do the hatching, and she is un-
der one of the benches in the greenhouse. When I
put her there she would not sit down on her nest;
but after I took thirteen rggs out of my pocket,
and placed them beside her, she took her bill and
pushed them under with great satisfaction, and sat
down as motherly as one could wish. When itcame
breakfast time, however, she got into one of the
boxes of lettuce plants, and don't you believe she
made them fly? Some of them must have hit the
glass overhead; and after she did the same thing
next day, Mr. Weed, the gardener, wanted to have
her discharged forbad behavior. We didn't, though;
we just put some poultry netting around her, and
now she sits in one corner, and sits equal to any
new-fangled incubator. She started New- Year's
daj', so the chickens ought to hatch out on the 31st.
In our next number I will tell you how many she
brings out. I presume likely Huber will be able to
count them.

SOLAR WAX-EXTUACTORS.

Our friend Arthur Todd, of Germautown, Pa.,
sends us a copy of the Bulletin de la Societe d' Api-
culture de la Somme, one of the most enterprising of
our foreign exchanges, dated July and August, 1879,
containing a picture of a solar wa.v - extractor,
made by putting a pane of glass over the top of a
machine that closelj' resembles Dadant'suncapping-
can; so it seems that solar wax - extractors have
been a good many years in use. And, by the way, I
do not know why an uncapping-can might not an-
swer excellentlj-, with a circular piece of glass
dropped down in the top a few inches, and then the
whole machine inclined at the proper angle toward
the sun. If the inside of the upper can is kept

scoured with whiting it will be an excellent reflect-
or. I would drop the piece of gla^s down a few
inches, to be out of the waj- of the wind a little
more. Please let us have reports from this ar-
rangement. Meanwhile we extend thanks to friend
Todd, who was, we notice, an apicultural delegate
to the Paris Exposition in 1.878.

THE NECESSITY OF LARGE PROFITS ON SEEDS OF
DIFFERENT KINDS.

We oftentimes wonder why seedsmen pay, say a
dollar a bushel for a certain kind of seeds, and re-
tail them out for two or three dollars a bushel.
One reason why there must be large profits is this:
Every seedsman wants to have enough seeds to
suppl3' all demands; but in order to do this there is
no way but to bu3' a good deal more than enough;
and as it is not advisable to use many seeds more
than one year old, the surplus remaining on hand
must be burned up, or sold at an insignificant price
compared with first cost, or be fed to stock. Al-
most every year we have to throw away seeds of
spider plant and flgwort that cost us a good many
dollars, or else face the other dilemma of being un-
able to supply the demand.

A BRANCH SUPPLY - HOUSE FOR THE FRIENDS IN
THE SOUTH.

For years there has been much talk about some
arrangement whereby our friends in the South
might have their supplies, without paying the enor-
mous express and freight charges that they have
had to pay for years back. For instance, if a man
wants ten pounds of foundation, and wants it right
away, there is no way he can get it very well by
mail, freight, or express, without paying about half
its worth to him in the way of charges— that is, pro-
viding he deals with us, and a great part of our
trade comes from the Southern States, especially
the latter part of winter and early in spring. It is
true, we have supply-dealers in the South, whom I
would by no means forget; but none of them have
ever felt like keeping the extensive and varied as-
sortment that wc keep. Well, for months past we
have been corresponding with Mr. J. M. Jenkins,
of Wetumpka, Ala., and he has recently paid us a
visit, and looked the whole matter over, and we may
say the arrangement is now completed. The goods
are to be shipped to fi-iend Jenkins by the carload,
so that the freight is really but a small item. Where
he has customers near to us be will have the orders
filled from our place, and vice verm, and he will fur-
nish nearly all we advertise, at our prices. Friend
J. is not only a bee-keeper, but he is a railroad man,
and has been for many years perfectly conversant
with the whole matter of freights, north and south;
and as he has also served as express agent, he is at
home in regard to all express business. Further-
more, he is a man held in high estimation by all rail-
road companies in his section, and many of the
managers of the different companies have express-
ed their willingness to assist him in the enterprise.
Friend J. being a railroad man, has, by the assist-
ance of other railroad officials, arranged to secure
a wonderfully, low rate of freight from our place
to his. He manufactures Simplicity hives from
southern Avhite pine, so as to sell them at our prices
in Wetumpka.

Now, then, if we can not help in this great matter
before us, of bringing about friendlj' relations, and
especially friendly Jnisinrsn relations, between the
North and South, it will be funny.

7G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Jan.

T6B^CC6 C©MMN.

TOBACCO AND HEART DISEASE.

fHEKE is one evil, and I think one of the ^reat-
• est, yet I have never seen it in print. That is,
sudden death from heai-t disease; but I saj-,
tobacco disease. These deaths have increas-
ed a hundredfold since mj' young- days. I
am over 81 years old ; TO years a^o I saw but one
smoker, and he an old man or old woman, where we
now see a thousand among' the same number of
people. Young' men commenced smoking about ten
years after; and about forty years later 1 saw, for
ihe first time, little boys smoking.

We had no matches nor cigars till about 1830,
hence smoking was more difficult. I never saw, in
any newspaper of that date, an account of any
children falling dead, although I read several week-
ly papers, but now I see accounts of several boys
and girls who dropped dead at the age of about 14
or 15 years old. This evil increases as smoking in-
creases. If the increase of smoking is as great for
f>(\ years to come, I believe the sudden deaths will be
1000 times as great. And why? Because these chil-
dren now smoking will raise children who will in-
herit the tobacco poison from them. Many infants
in these days inhale this poison into their tender
lungs the first days of their lives, from a smoking
father, in a tight room. Since 1830, cook-stoves
have been introduced; hence smoking in a shut-up
room is much harder on an infant in the cradle, and
all others, than it was when there were none but a
few old people who smoked, and that in a chimnej^-
corner, where nearly all the poison would go up
the chimney.

1 find that; railroad offices are filled more with
tobacco poison than elsewhere, and officers fre-
quently drop dead, one lately in Cincinnati. No
railroad officer should be allowed to smoke. It di-
vides their attention, addles their brains, and hin-
ders sober thoughtfulness; hence the danger of life
and liml:), so frequently of late, on railroads.
Plainville, O. Isaac LarranEk.

HOW THE "dose" CURED.

T did not think to explain myself. I used tobacco
for about 30 years. I quit 4 years ago this fall. I
have "never used any since, and never e.xpect to
again. I am now 51 years old. 1 have read the
"Dose," and it is the best I have?*ver seen. I ■will
do all that I can to stop the use of tobacco. I will
lend the Dose to others to read. I have been hand-
ling bees for five years. I have never had more
than 20 colonies at one time. I have sold down to
four this winter. I don't think this country is very
good for honey. Thei-e has been but one good year
since I came here. Lewis N. Cooper.

Tehama, Cherokee Co., Kansas, Dec. 24, 188.5.

1 hereby promise to pay for the smoker, what-
ever the price may be, if I ever am weak enough to
chew or smoke any more tobacco, or use it in any
other form. .1. C. Parks.

Seottsboro, Ala., Nov. 10, 1885.

T have quit the use of tobacco, after five years'
use; and if you think me entitled to a smoker, send
me one; and if 1 ever use the weed I will pay you
for it. T take a deep interest in bees.

Warren Kev.

Victory, Carroll Co., Ga., Nov. 30, 1885.

AN HONEST OWN-UP FROM ONE OF OUR BOYS.

I returned home fi'om Sioux City last Monday;
that is why I failed to answer your letters. I was
gone two months. The 75 cts. is for the smoker you
gave me for quitting tobacco. I have broken my
pledge. I smoked a cigar to ease my toothache
Avhile in Iowa, but it makes no difference. I broke
my pledge. Hoivever, I have quit again. Don't put
me in the Tobacco Column this time until I see if [
can hold out. Reese Powell.

Mineral Point, Wis., Dec. IS, 1885.

May God bless you, friend Reese, for your
truthfulness, even though you /(ace broken
your pledge. You have fulhlled your prom-
ise to the very letter, and I am very, very
glad to hear you say you are going to try
again. 1 ha-.-e disobeyed you a little in put-
ting this in print ; but since I do it for the
encouragement of lots of other boys who are
looking on, I am sure you will excuse me. I
believe if I were you 1 would bear the tooth-
ache rather than take the risk of starting
the old habit again. May God bless you, my
young friend, and help you to hold out.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The North-EasternOhio and North-Western Penn-
sylvania Bee-Keepers' Association will hold its sev-
enth annual convention in Meadville, Pa., Wednes-
day and Thursday, Jan. 20 and 21, 1886.

New Lyme, O. C. H. Coon, Sec.

The ne.xt meeting of the Maine Bee-keepers' As-
sociation will be held at Skowhegan, Maine, Jan. 19,
20, 21, 1886. Wm. Hoyt, Sec'y.

Kipley, Me.

The Bee-Keepers' Association of Hancock Co.,
Ohio, will meet in Findlay, Sat., Jan. 2:$, 1886.
Stanley, Putnam Co., Ohio. S. H. Bolton, See.

The Twelfth Annual Convention of the Cham-
plain Valley Bee-Keepers' Association will be held
in the basement of Town Hall, Middlebury, Vt.,
Thursday, January 21, 1886. A general invitation is
extended to all. K. H. Holmes, Sec.

Shoreham, Vt.

The Indiana Bee-Keepers' Association will meet
in Indianapolis, Jan. 21, at 1 p. al, iii the State
Board of Agriculture Rooms, opposite the new
Statehouse. We should t)e pleased to have all meet
with us, and hereby send an earnest invitation to
come. Jonas Soholl, Pres.

Lyons Station, Fayette Co., Ind.

The Eastern New York Bee-Keepers' Association
will hold its Annual Convention In Agricultural
Hall, Albany, Tuesday, Wednesdaj', and Thursday,
January 2(ii 2V, and 28, 1886. There will be three
sessions each day after the first. First session
Tuesday, 26, at 2 o'clock p. m. All interested in
bee-keeping are requested to attend, and bring
apiarian supplies for exhibition. The programme
will consist of essays on important subjects, dis-
cussion of questions of interest, etc.

HaUmoon, N. Y. C. VV. Philo.

The North-Eastern Michigan Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation Avill hold its fourth annual convention,
Wednesday, Feb. 3, in the Council rooms at East
Saginaw, Mich. The Sherman House, one block
from place of meeting, will entertain those present,
at .tl.Oi) per day. Saginaw folks are working hard
to make every thing pleasant for those from
abroad. Let us tiu-n otit and show that we appre-
ciate their efforts. W. Z. Hutchinson, Sec.

Rogersville, Mich^

The Seventeenth Annual Convention of the New
York State Bee-Keepers' Association (formerly
North-Eastern) will be held in Rochester, N. Y., on
16th, 17th, and 18th of Feb., 1886. This will be one of
the largest meetings ever held in the State. A
large number of our most experienced bee-masters
will take part in the discussions, and several essays

188G

(CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTtTRE.

Avill be read from a number of our most practical
men throughout the country. The programme is
complete. Jf you are young' in the work, you can
not afford to stay away. If older, j-ou may give
some g-ood hints, if you get none.

We want a good displaj' of all kinds of supplies
and li.x'tures. We have a i-oom on purpose for e.v-
hibits, and an.v goods sent to the secretary', in care
of the "National Hotel," Rochester, N. Y., will be
placed on o.xhibit and either sold or returned to the
exhibitor, as directed.

Reduced rates at the hotels h.avc been secured,
also rates on some of the I'ailroadn. All will have to
pay full fare one May; return ticket at 'if are, by
presenting- certific:ite from the secretary, who will
I urnisVi them on application. We want an active
\icepresiflent in every county in the State. Please
name or send the name of some one for your coun-
ty. F. C. Bknkdict. Sec.

Perry Center, N. Y. L. C. Hoot, Pres.

.EGS AND ARMS

(.ARTIFICIAL)

WITH RUBBER HANDS AMD FEET.

The Most Katural, Com.
I'ortHblo ai.J KurabUi.

THOUSANDS IN USE.

New rutcnts and Impor

tain liiipiovi. mollis.
Special atti-iitiuii givun to

SOLDSERS,

jni. r^aphlet of IGO Pages
SENT FREE.

A. A. MAHES,

701 Broadway, New York.

Please mention this paper.

FOR NEXT SLASON'S STOCK OF GCQDS.

CHAFF, STORY AND HALF CHAFF, AND SIM-
PLICITY HIVES, SMOKERS, EXTRACTORS,
COMB FOUNDATION, FRAMES, SEC-
TIONS, BOOKS, ETC.,

At wholesale and retail. Unexcelled facilities.
Circulars and estimates free. Successors to S. C. iV
.1. P. Watts. Sta. Kerrmore, B. C. C, & S. W. R .R.

WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Itfdb.

MUTH'S
nOKSY-EZTS,ACTOE,

TIN BigJCIiETS, BEE-HBVK««i,
I«ONEY-SE<!TIOWS, &<•„ A;e,
PKKFECTHON <■«!,«»- ML. I ^T SMOKER*.",

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send iO-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Rce-ivecpers." Itfdb

Chaff hives complete, with lower frames, for S3. 5',);
in Hat, ^1.50. A liDeral discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Boxes, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
uiid Qlleen^!i. Send for Price List. ~3 \iMh

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, ills.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

CONTRACTS WANTED"

- WITH -

We have just purchased a large lot of fine bees-
wax at a bai'gain, which will enable us to sell fdn.
very cheap for cash.

-^Um 8S YOUR imi TC5 PORGHASE.s^-

Our fdn. will all be manufactured on the celebrat-
ed Given press. Write for special rates to dealers
and large consumers, stating how much you want,
and what kind.ljwi.cther thick or thi;i. We send
sample of foundation free. Our Price List of

APSARiAN SUPPLEES

for 1SS6 sent on application. Estimates given on
almost all kinds of I'.ives and frames. Address

MJiub HiSOiNSVSllE, LAFAYETTE SO., MO.

THE GAf«AO!AM BEE JOyRS^AL

Wl<:i£7€Lr, $1.0 O J'EK YKAi:.

D, A. Jonss & Co., Publishers, Eeeton, Cut., Can.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and iiiteresting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year u
volujue of 833 pages. 9tfb

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialt3'. Flory's corner-clamp's, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. NIADARY,
22 3ldb Boxt72. Fresno City, Cal.

COLON8ES OF BEES.

Will exchang'e for good horses and mules.

ANTHONV OPP,
2tfdb Helena, Pliillips Co., Ark.

is asserted bj- hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of anj' that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Di.xon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong-, Jei'seyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
C. T. Dale, Mortonsville, Ky.; Clark .lohnson &
Son. Covington, Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, INIaine; C.A.Graves, Birmingham,
O. ; M.J. iJickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; . I. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.,N. Y.; J. A. Huma-
son, Vienna, O., and numerous other dealers.

Write for samples free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Complimentary and uiiso-
liclted teHtimonials, from as many Ijee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee even/ inch of our foundation equal
to i^ample in every respect.

CHAS. DADANT & SON,
3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

XT^^Ti ^ A T 'C' Eureka Safety Engine TnP Q A T 17 Vive pair fine Pekin ducks, at

x^wl\. iSI\L^J^a and I)oi ler. 4 horse-power. I r Un. Oi-lljlJ. ^4.00 per pair.

1-;.M. A. A. I'KADF.NiirRO, I'ort Washington, O. I Itfdli I). 1). FARNSWORTH, Clive, Polk Co., Iowa.

78

GLEAKIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jam.

FOR SALE.

100 lbs. Beemcax, choice yellow, per lb., 30 cents; 100
lbs. dark, at 2(3 cts. per lb., warranted pure and good
wax.

80 Wj.s. 114-inch Wire NailH (barbed) LS gauge; in
lots of 10 lbs. and over, per lb., 7c.

Stencil and Key Check Die Outfit. Price and full
list on application.

Four Horse-Power Engine and Boiler (B. W. Payne
& Sons' make), not used over three months. War-
ranted in good order. Also IS-inch French Burr Corn
and Feed Mill.

One Barrel-Steamer for cooking feed. Furnace,
IJi-inch boiler iron, "T" pipe, brass cocks. In good
order. Prices, etc., on application.

H. L. GRAHAM,
l-3d GEANDVIEW, LOUISA CO., IOWA.

BE SURE

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN eTs^XrrTt^^^'r SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing-
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE LiOWEST PRICES.

XTJi^XjXJi^l<T QTTEEZ^S Ji^3:^lD BEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

3 tfd Hartford, "Washington Co., "Wis.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACT0E7, WHOLESALE AND
KETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

Recent Additions to the Counter Store.

Hostage.] [Pr. of 10, of 100

THREE-CENT COUNTER.

4 I TOOTHPICES, in wooden holders, all

ready to set on table | 28 | 2 7.5

H I PAIL, TOY TIN, painted ditterent colors,

with or without cover | 28 | 2 iiO

2 I SGEEW-DEIVEE, sewing-machine, wood

handle; handy for many purposes. 1 29 | 2 85
FIVE - CENT COUNTER.

4 I ENVELOPES, white, medium size, bunch

of 2.5, good quality I 4.5 | 4 00

I ESSENCE Cinnamon and Wintergreen,

2ounce bottles | 47 | 4 .50

.1 I STAND FOE HOT DISHES, tinned wire | 42 | 4 00

KM JUTE TWINE, ii-lt). balls | 48 | 4 75

t; I INKSTAND, no cover, a little beauty . . . | 45 | 4 25

TEN-CENT COUNTER.
78 I ASLE-GEEASE, MICA, of wide reputation | 05 | 0 00
U I PILE, slim taper | 90 | 8 .50

2 I FILE, EOUND BASTAED. 5 in I 80 | 7 00

10 I MEMOEANDUM-BOOIiS, 64 pages, 10c per doz | 95 | 9 00

A laij^e one 5x11, 114 pages, ruled foi- aecounts, for lOe.

3 I SOISSOES, 6 in., nickel-plated; a wonder

for a dime | 90 | 8 .511

5 I UTILITY MEASUEE, tin, 'i-pint, with fun-

nel attached 1 95 | 9 00

.lust the thing f.)r tilling bottles.

I LAMP-SHADE HOLDEE: this is glass, and

takes the place of a chimney I 95 | 9 00

2 I POULTEY B00E,48 pages, full of pictures | 75 | 6 50
FIFTEEN - CENT COUNTER.
I COFFEEPOT, 3 qt., fire-proof bottom . 1 1 40 | 13 .50
It won't leak, even when solder melts off.

7 I UTILITY MEASUEE, tin, 1 pint, with

funnel attached | 1 HO | 13 00

fi 1 FILE, or WOOD EASP, cither flat or half

round, 8 inch 114511400

TAVENTY-CENT COUNTER.

4 I ZNIFE. one-blade, large, fine steel ... | 1 90 1 18 00
9 1 UTILITY MEASUEE, 1 qt., with funnel at-
tached ; a very useful size II 75 | 15 00

TliVENTY-FIVE CENT COUNTER.

8 I BEUSH, CLOTHES, genuine bristle; good | 3 35 | 21 00
7 ) BEUSH, HAIE, a beauty 1 2 25 | 30 00

I OIL-CAN, a graduated glass one in tin

ease holding % gallon | 2 25 | 21 00

I COAL-HOD, japanned, good size | 2 40 | 2:5 00

10 I LADLE, or CUP-DIPPEE, agate-iron ware 1 3 40 | 2;J 00

I FEY-f AN, 10 inch 13 2512100

Made of heavy, polished sheet iron, all in one piece. Handle
covered with tin, to keep it cool and prevent it from heatintc
the hand; a be.iut,v.

THIRTY-FIVE CENT COUNTER^
1 CELEEY-DISH, beautifully engraved

glass I 3 25 I 31 00

18 I HAMMEE, bell-face. No. 3, best steel | 3 35 | 31 OtI
I OIL-CAN, tin, 2 gal., good . | 3 35 | 30 00

A graduated glass oilcan in tin case, 1 gal., same price.

I TEA-KETTLE, medium size, made of

the very best tin I 3 .35 I ,33 00

15 I UTILITY MEASUEE, "2 gallon | 3 35 | 33 00

An accurate measure with a funnel attached; a most useful
utensil.

15 I WASH-BASIN, 9'/^ in., agate-iron ware | 3 40 | 33 00
FIFTY-CENT COUNTER.

i FEY-PAN, agate-iron ware, 10 inch ... | 4 50 | 43 00

I KETTLE, agate-iron ware, ixT/2 in . . . | 4 .50 j 40 00

30 I WASH-BASIN, agate-ironware, 13 in.. | 4 75 1 45 OU

This wai-e loolcs like polished granite, and will last a lifetime
with careful use.

I UTILITY MEASUEE, 1 gallon; with fun-
nel attached | 4 25 i 40 00

SEVENTY-FIVE CENT COUNTER.

I KETTLE, agate-iron ware, 4.>:10 I 7 00 | 68 00

ONE-DOliIiAR COLNTER.

I KETTLE, agate-iron. .5.\11 | 9 00 | 85 00

I TEA and COFFEE POTS, agate-iron, 2 qt | 8 50 | 80 00

ITIISCELLANEOUS COUNTER.

FOR $1.50.

STAR BUTCHER SAW. ^^^

STAE BUTOHEE-SAW FEAME. The frame is beautiful-
ly nickel-plated, and the saws are tempered very
hard, and are thrown away when dull, as a new one
is cheaper than filing it. They stay sharp many
times as long as an ordinary saw. Blades are 16 in.
long; price of blades 10c each or fl.OO per doz. A
larger frame for $2.00.

Agate-iron ware, DISH-PAN, 14 qt.; KETTLE, 5^x13;
TEA and COFFEE POTS, 4(|t.: TEA-KETTLE, 4-qt., .'B1..50
each.

FOB. $3.50.

An 8 DAY COTTAGE STEIKING-CLOCK, in a very pretty
wood frame, gilt trimmed. If you want an alarm,
it will be .50 cts. extra.

The following Counter Goods have
been reduced from

1,5 CENT TO 10 CENT COUNTER.

3 I FILE. DOUBLE-ENDEE, with handle | 90 | 8 .50

We have been aide to get these so clieap as to otfer tlieiii,
handle and all, for a dime.

20 CENT" TO 15 CENT COUNTER.
18 I SOEEWS, Bessemer steel, gross boxes,

two sizes, 1 inch, Nos. 8 and 6 | 1 30 | 12 50

25 CENT TO 20 CENT COOUNTER.

25 I SCEEWS. Bessemer steel, per gross, 4
sizes, P4 in., Nos. 9 and 10, and lib
in., Nos. 8 and 10 | 1 80 | 17 .50

.50 I WASHBOAED, " O. K.." double | 1 75 | 15 Oo

This is 11 nice, light, good washboard, and with each one
goes a verj prettv oiul uselul little lecipe book, worth almost
the 2.5 cents of itself.

35 Cent to 25 Cent Counter.

38 I SCEEWS, Bessemer steel, per gross, 3
sizes, \U in.. No. 10, 2 in., No. 11,

and 2'4 in., No. 11 | 2 30 | 23 .50

50 Cent to 35 Cent Counter.
.50 I SCEEWS, Bessemer steel, per gross, 2

sizes, 2 in.. No. 1.5, and 2! 2 in.. No. 12 | 3 25 1 .31 00
75 Cent to 50 Cent Counter.
I SCEEWS, Bessemer steel, per gross. 3
sizes, 2'i4 in.. No. 14, and 3 in., No. 15 | 4 50 | 42 GO
$1.25 to $1.00 Counter.
I STEEL SQUAEE, '» and I4 in. divisions,

a first-quality square | 9 00 | 85 00

Same nickel-plated, one-half more.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Olilo.

ima

GLEAXIXGS IN JJEE CUJ/rUllE.

Contents of this Number.

Apinrv. Hoxio's 10."i

UHinif 1- Apinrv '•••'

Her i-fll:us, To Heiit Kid

HoHs. Mi'Xiraii Stiiiffli'ss PHI

Kecs sreoliiiH- Kprt;^ "'•'

Hccs. Tfmpt ratuif of '.M

Hi'i-s. LitV niteiStintriiijr ..^ '.Ml
Rrood. H.Mds riir.n I'led. . . IW
Krii^his f.>i' I'ainliMk' Hive- W

Cirriihirs KiTfivcd in->

I v. Till.,- Kiiiiifd by Cold lii»

Cnok oil Hc<ldon's liook '.IS

IiadiiiUs Aitiole '.I.-.

I'lii-t lor I'olk'il 111.')

Kartli, Teinpcnituie of 88

Kditorials P«

V'.(?ir-Ia>"ing: or Queens 'J.j

V;nooufagin^and l>iscour'(rl(l6

KxtractiiiK Close !I4

Kxtiactor, Stanley 10.")

Kre.PiiK Back Unjirolitahle.Ull

Florida; )'ro and Con «H

FosteisKeport Sfl

Iliads of (iiain ]»:')

llrddon on Roofs Crilieism !)9

ll..n.-v Colninn S4

Itoiiev ill Cookery Si

lloniets. Smoking' 9'a

Jane Meek .V lirotlu-r 1(1-.;

K>iisas !!•.'

Kiii.l Words m,

I/intrstroth's Hook IIHI

Many or Few t'oioiiies.' XK

Miller's Article S8

Moflafs Heport '.U

Moths ill Calilornia ii;

(I'll- 11,111 Apiary '.>.<

rara<li.~c I.o>t ." Hit

I'olleii. HoNv Tacked lO.")

I'ol'cn, KeinoyiiiK from CIslO.')
giuens Matiiiyti4 Hours Old 92

Saw, a riaiier 109

Stinys, Pain of 9«

Su^ar Syrup for Winter.... ilS

Sun Fxtraclor '-H

Tar for Propolis 111.")

Teniperatuie of VentilatorsIII8

Texas— Colli 'Weather lilt

Cpper Story on in Winter

Names of losiionsililc partii's \vill lie iiiscr(e<l in
any ol tho foilowinj.!- ilepartiiionts, at a uniform
price of ~i) eenis each insertion, or $2. (HI per annum,
when gi\eii once a inontli. or $4.00 per year if given
in rrrii) issue.

$1.00 Queens.

^Yio/ics ititiCitcU ill tliimkpartmciit tlif firgt time icilli-
init charye. After, 2(>c eacli insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Wj

ctor-

■Seiir,

Wax IX tractor— Pouder's.
Wide Frames and Sep's....

Window Fastener

Wintering in Glass Bottle.

Yello\y-jaekets

Zinc, Perforated

FOR SALE.

One scconil-haiul fcln. mill that will roll sheets l-t
inches wide. The mill is at ijresent in New Ham-
luirg-, Ont., Can. Theoriginal price on it was $40.00,
but we will now sell it at half price, or $30. OJ.

Also one exactly like it, owned by W. W. liliss, of
Duartc, liOS Ang-cles Co., Cal. There is nothing-
wrong- with these mills, except that the rolls are of
smaller diameter than those we now make, in eon-
sCQuence of which they do not make quite so thin
Idn. right in the middle of the rolls as those made
now with rolls of a larger diameter. They will, how-
ever, roll narrow sheets eijual to any, and will roll
sheets a foot wide; but when of so great a width,
the center is a triHe thicker, as explained above.
A. I. ROOT, ITIediiiii, O.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sertious, Extractors, Smokers, Separators*,

A:Cm or Root's ITIaniifactiire, Sliipped

IVom Ikcre at ROOT'S PRICES.

Also 8. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price List Fra-.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

iitfdb

FOUNDATION, j SECTIONS.

WARSANTSE naST GLASS. | OF FINE QUALITY.
Samples and reduced prije list of supplies, free.
J.D.GOODRICH,
3-5-7-9-11— ]9d East H.\kdwick, Cal. Co., Vt.

Those whose names ai>i)ear below agree to fiirnish
Italian t)ueens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
Ol- anything of tlic kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed li-oiii a clidice. pure mother, and had coinnience<l
to lay when the.\- were shijtped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatient of such (ielayasmay be unavoidable.

iicAv in mind, that he who sends the best (jueens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will probalilj-
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested (lueeiis, furnished on ai)plication to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. 1 f the <iucen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for *1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Hoot. Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. IJrown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Tu. Itl
*Paul L. \'iallon, Hayou Ooula, Im. Itfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk. Huron Co., O. Itfd

*\Vm. Ila-Hantinc, Mansfield, Rich. Co., O. Itfd

*D. G. Ediniston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. :i3tfd
*S. G. Wood, Birmingham. Jeff. Co., Ala. Itfd

*S. C. Perry, Portland, Ionia Co., Mich. ~';itfd

S. H. Hutchinson \- Son, Claremont, Surry Co., Va.

*E. Kretchnier, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. ^;Jtfd
D. McKenzie, Camp Parapet, Jeff. Parish, La. Itfd
Ira D. Alderman, Tayhn-'s Bridge, Samp. Co., N.<\

Itfd
G. F. Smith, Bald Mount, I.ack'a Co., Pa, 23tfd

*Jos. Byrne, Baton Rouge, Lock Box .5,

East Baton Rouge Par., La. :,'3tfd
J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jeff'. Par.,

New Orleans. La. 3tfd
*K. Burke, Vinccnnes, Kno.v Co., Ind. 3-1

HAVING moved my larg-e iiueeni'earing apiary
from Lewisville to Milton, I will still furnish
j)ure Italian bees and queens in any quantity and
shape. Those wanting to start apiaries should write
for prices. I also will furnish eggs from Californin
bronze turkeys, at $1..50 per sitting of ii.
3-19d GEO. W. BAKER, Milton. Ind.

Illus-
trated catalogue, 48 pages; FEEE to all
bee-keepers sending address to
3tfdb JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

y> 1^1 ^-HEEPEES' GUIDE, Memoranda, and

March

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Untested queens, - - - - $L.50
Tested queens. - - - - ;},(k.i
Two-frame nuclei, no queen, 4.<Hi
3-Bdb Dozen rates on a]iplicatioii

ANiTA M. BTtOOKS, SOEEENTO, OKAN?E '

April
May

:J..")0
3.00

June
July

ifl.OO
a.lKI
3..i0

CO.. FLOEIBA.

PI.ANEF?

$70,.0,0.

Franks' make; used about a month, and warrant-
ed in good order. Address E.Y.PERKINS,
3tft) .refferson, Greene Co., Iowa,

18-INCH GEM

FOR SAI^E, FOR

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.

A. I. Root. Medina. Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. Itfd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
Kennedy* Leahy, Higginsville,Laf. Co., Mo. 33tfd
E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co.. la. ~'3tfd
S. I>. Buell, L'nion City, Branch Co., Mich. 3

DADANT'S rOUNDATION FACTOET, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

BASSWOOD-TREES."

Basswood-trees, 1 to 3 feet high, per hundred, *l..50

Hard Maple " 3 to 5 1-50

Black-raspberrv i)lauts, 7 different kinds.

per hundred. $I.(K); per thousand O..'>0

Address H. WIRTH, Borodino,

:3-.5-Vd Onoudaga Ct)., N. Y.

50 COLONIES BEES FOR SALE.

I liave ."lO stands of bees for sale, hybrids and
blacks, and in the Mitchell hive, l.j frames in hive,
well painted, and metal rabbets. I live on the Ar-
kansas Midland R. R., and can ship by R. R. or
water via Helena. PETER METZ,

3 Hdb Poplar Grove, Phillips Co., Ark.

APE SEEI> at ten cents a pound, or 3 lbs. for
;J5c. The seed is new, and will grow. Address
.\. J. SilKi'.xnr), Walker. Lii]ii Co., fowa,

R

84

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CULTURE.

Feb.

pej^EY CeMPN.

CITY MARKETS.

New York.— Hodfjy.— The market remains quiet,
and rloes not show much activity. Since September
], 18S5, on r receipts of comb honey have exceeded
11.500 crates, and to-day we have on hand about 1500
crates. Buyers and jobbers who bought heavily
last fall have not disposed of their stock as yet,
which causes the present state of the niarket.
However, we expect a fair demand during- Februa-
ry and March. We quote at present: Fancy white
1-lb. caps, 13@14c: 2-lb. caps, ll(?>l:3e; fair and off
grades, Mb. caps, ll@13c; 2-lb. caps, 10(5 lo'oc; buck-
wheat, 1 lb. caps, 10(r«llc: Sib. caps, 9@10c; extract-
ed, clover and basswood, O'jffl'T'^ ; buckwheat, 5(?it)C.
Thukbeh, Whvland & Co.,

Jan. 21, 1S86. Iteade & Hudson Sts., New York.

New York.— 7/o?icy.— The market for comb honey
continues dull and inactive, and prices are ruling
lower. The present cold weather, however, should
it continue, may improve trade in a short time.
We quote as follows:
Fancy white comb, lib. paper cartons, ]3(0il4c.

" " " " glassed or unglassed, 12(gsl3c.

" 2-lb. glassed, 9i/3@llc.

" unglassed, ll(§)lJJc.

" Buckwheat, " " glassed, 9c.

." " " 1 lb. glassed or unglassed, lOiSillc.

No change in extracted. Beenmx, pure yellow,
2TCsi28c. McCaui. & HiLunETH Bros.,

Jan. 13, 1886. 34 Hudson St., cor. Duane St.,

Nevr York.

Chicago.— Houeiy.— Sales are quite good at pres-
ent in both comb and extracted honey. Comb
brings from 15@17c, and from HfmlSc. The stocks
here are very light, and honey is wanted. Shippers
should see to the loading of honey in a through car
to destination. Bcc.nvax,-M(^i2Ci. Extracted honey,
6@8c. R.A.Burnett,

Jan. 3 1, 1886. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Milwaukee.- //ofifi/.— The market is without ma-
terial change since my last report. The supply of
choice white comb in 1-ib. sections is not large, and
I can encourage shipments of such. Quote M^hito
1-lb. sections, ]5((< !6c; largo sections or dark, ISrt^llc;
extracted, in barrels or kegs, white, T'i^^'S; colored,
6^@7c. A. V. Bishop,

Jan. 31, 1886. 143 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Boston.— Ho/fcjy.— Best 1-pound sections, 14(5il6;
liest 2-pound sections, 13@14. Slow sale. No de-
mand for extracted. Blake & Ripley,

Jan. 31, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Cincinnati.— I/oJicy.— There is nothing uew to
report on the market for honey and beeswax. An
exceedingly slow demand for all kinds, and low
prices, make matters very unsatisfactory. Demand
would not be stimulated by lowev offerings. No
change in prices. Chas. F. Muth,

S. E. Cor. Fi-eeman and Central Avenues,

Jan. 26, 1886. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Cleveland.— Honey. — The market has not chang-
ed materially since Jan. 1st, except it exhibits the
usual stagnation prevalent at this season. The
stock of new 1-lb. sections of white is very small,
and prices 14@15c; 3-lb. are in better supply, but
very slow at 13(«tl4. Other descriptions ai-e entirely
unsalable at any price. Bccsiva.r, very scarce at
23®35. A. 0. Kendel,

Jan. 20, 1886. 1 15 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

St. Lovis.— Honey.— Our honey market is very
dull. No inquiry for any kind. Prices normal.
Southern, in bbls., .5f?!i5'/3C. Northern, in cans,
h'/aS*' , retail. Comb honey, white clover, held at
].5@16c, hi 1-1 h. sections. Dark not wanted at any
price, iicf'.xwa.r, 33' 2(rtj23c; not much arriving.

Jan. 13, 1885. W. T. Anderson & Co.,

104 N. 3d Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Detroit.— Hoiipy.— No change in Detroit honey
market. Best white comb honey, in 1-lb. sections,
15 cts. Dark, almost unsalable. Extracted selling
in a small way from 10 to 13 cts. per pound. Bees-
ivax, 25@27c, wholesale. The above quotations in
^oney are fi-om my actual sales. M. H. Hunt.

Bell Brapch, Mich., Jan, 23, }886,

HONEY AND BEESWAX.

We are now in the market, and will be during the
entire season, for all honey offered us, in any quan-
tity, shape, or condition, just so it is pure. We will
sell on commission, charging 5 per cent; or if a sam-
ple is sent us, we will make the best cash offer the
general market will affoi-d. We will handle bees-
wa.x the same way, and can furnish bee-men in
quantities, crude or refined, at lowest market prices.
Our junior member in this deparnient, Mr. Jerome
Twichell, has full charge, which insures prompt and
careful attention in all its details.

Sample of comb honey must be a full case, repre-
senting a fair average of the lot. On such sam-
ple we will make prompt returns, whether we buy
or not. CLEiMOiNS, Cl.«<»N & €0.,

15 Tdb ICaiiiiiaH <'ity, Itlo.

SECTIONS CHEAPER THAN EVER.
THE '^BOSS" ONE-PJECE SECTION.

L

rn tented Jnne 'iS, ISSl.
Bee-keepers will find it to their interest to send
for our price list, just issued, before ordering their
sections for 1886. We have our machinery in first-
class order, and can turn out more sections per
hour than other manufacturers in the United States.
3AS. FORNCISOOK & CO.,
Feb. 1, 1886. Watertown, Wis.

EVERY BEE-KEEPER,

-send for-

PRICE LEST OF

BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

H. W. WILLIAMS Si SDKS, BATAVIA, ILL.

THE PRACTICAL BEE-HIVE, oneof the best, L. frame,
a complete hive, sent on recipt of S'2..50. Bees,
queens, and supplies; also Plymouth Rock and
Brown Leghorn eggs, f 1.50 per sitting. Address

T. G. ASHMEAD, Williamson, Wayne Co., N. Y.
3-5-7d.

SIMPUCITY HIVES, SIMPLICITY FRAMES
SECTIONS, SMOKERS, COMB FDN.,ETC.

In fact, we manufacture and keep in stock every
thing that live bec-mou need, and at low rates.
Write for price list, free. Address
KENNEDY & LEAHY,

3tfdb HlGGINSVILLE. LAFAYETTE Co., Mo.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Specialists in Italian-Queen Rearing

Order eai-ly, to give us the pleasure of fllliug
orders promptly, by return mail — a pleasure to
the sender and to the buj^er. All from imported
stock. We have no others. Prices: Untested, $1.00;
tested, $3.00; dozen, $10.00. To dealers, special rates.
3-4d lioreacville, Iberia Parish, l^a,

ONE IVIOMENT, PLEASE.

It will pay j^ou to send for my circular. A choice
lot of my noted strain of Jtalian bees and queeng
for sale cheap. My bees work largely on Ked
€lover. 1 challepge the world on Fine Oees
and tlueciis, also flue large English Rabbits.

F. BOOITIHOIVER,
35d ?Ja!lis|»vllle, Sclioljarte Co., N. V.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. Spe s),dyeft.iseiiieiit in another
(jpltiRin. 3btfd

Vol. XIY.

FEB. 1, 1880.

No. 8.

TK){.\IS:«1.00Prr.Vxnijm, IN advance;! T/"",,/ >^, 7. /V <-• 7i /? /7 v'tt 1 Q 'Y <?> < Clubs to different postofflces, >fOT LK.'s
3 Copies for Si. 90; :UorS2. 75; 5 for 34. 00; | XL, .S f UOIloflCCV lILlO i O . \ thanPOets. each. Sent postpaid, in the

10 or more, 7.5 cts. each. Sin(?le Number,
s cts. Additions to chibs maybe made ]
.It club rates. Above are all to be sent ]

TO ONE POSTOFFICE. J

I'LBLISHED SK.III-MONTIILY BY

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO. [fhelj':p.u.:itc

U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
tries Of the Universal Postal Union. iRc
r extra. To all coiintiiesNOT of

per year extra.

NOTES FROM THE BANNER APIARY".

How SHALL WL MAKE TKL SV-.'^T I'liOFiT';'

#^ UU HT not .Mr. Doolittlc's heudiiiji- to bis aiti- :
1^ c-!e, on pajre 13, to have been, " Few or many \
k1 ''<'f''-' ^vhich?" instead of "Few or many cofo- i
*** nic^: which''"? It is hta, not r<)li>nics, that !
overstock our fields. Mr. Doolittle discusses |
i<vnr)<t<jckin(i, but not one word in regard to his sub- '
licad, " Shall we have a few bees in many hives, or '
many bees in a few hivesV" You know Mr. Heddon,
Mr. Dadant, and myself, ha\e been discussing
" Small vs. large hives," and when I read Mr. Doo-
littlc's two titles I was, of course, interested, and
read the article eagerly, only to be disappointed in |
not finding- a word upon the subject. 1 fully agree I
with Mr. Doolittle, however, in thinking that so
nian.v bees can be kept in an area that the profits !
would be greater were a less number kept; but ',
whether they shall be kept in few or man.y hives, is
entirely another question. In my opinion, we lose '
>vhen we go too far in pither direction in the size of
hives. I would have a hive of such a size that a
(lueen of average prollttcness would ./f7? the combs
with eggs, and keep them full of brood, dui-ing the !
fore part of the season; but as this question lias
been discussed at length in the A . B. J., it will hardly ■
be advisable to go into it here. The large amounts'
of grain, fruits, or vegetables, that has'C been pro- '
duccd upon an acre as the result of high manuring- '
and much labor, arc not proper comparisons for the
profitableness of the raising- of large amounts of
honey from .only a few colonies. "Circumstances
alter cases," and. these cases are ontirelv different. I

All products are the result of labor and capital; and
not onlj' in bee-keeping, but in all industries, we
should strive to secure the greatest profits with the
least e.vpcndiiure of eajjital and labor. Where " in-
tensified " farming, as it is called, is practiced, is
usually whore laud is high. The largest part of the
capital is invested in land, hence ii follows that la-
bor is used freely in order that the immense amount
of capital may be utilized. But let us go " out west,"
where " I'nclc Sam " will "give us all a farm;" will
"intensified farming" pay there? No. When the
settler has put one acre into crops, with ordinar.v
care it will pa.y him better to put the same amount
of labor upon another acre (that costs ne.xt to noth-
ing), rather than to bestow it upon the first acre.
" Circumstances alter cases;" and which is the more
expensive factor should be well considered, not
only in farming- and bee-keeping, but in all indus-
tries.

The question is something like; Here is an area
of bonej-producing- ttora; how shall we secure the
nectar, with the least expenditure of capital and
labor? or let us ])ut it in a little ditt'erent form. A
man wishes to engage in bee-keeping-. He has an
unlimited amount of eai)ital and labor; in what
proportion shall he combine them? In bee-keeping,
capital is the less expensive] factor, and should be
substituted for labor when possible. As to hoiv
in-Dfji bees should be kept iu one locality, is a ques-
tion of over.stockiii.u-, and i^ a very difficult one to
(ieeiile; but when the question is one of many bees
and little labor, vs. few bees and much labor, the
former is to be chogen.

There is, however, another i)haso to this question.
Many bee-keepers are limited as tq capital, and it is
impossible for thoni to se<;urc so many bees as couUl

86

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

be kept to an advantage in their locality; such bee-
keepers will probablj' find it to their advantage to
einploj' all the labor /itrrssa/// to secure all the hon-
ey that their bees can gather.

T agree with you, friend Koot, in advising us to
keep our colonies strong, c.rtfipt that I would have
them strong per comh: or, to be more explicit, I see
no advantage in Inroe colonies, but I want a large
number of bees per comli.

EIGHT OH TKN FUAMES: WHICH?

As Mr. Buchanan, on page 8, brings up some points
that have not been touched in the discussion upon
this subject in the *1. B. ./., it is with pleasure that
1 reply to them. He must have put some very poor
workers into the S-t'rame hives thetirst year, to have
received no more surplus, and then had to feed
them the next spring. Had he received more sur-
plus from the 8-frame hives, and t?if)i had to feed
the bees, it would have appeared reasonable; but
the statement as now given appears to prove too
much. If there were more bees in the 10-frame
hives, then they should have eaten more honey,
and needed feeding, just the same as the bees in
the 8-frame hives. If thei-e were no more bees in
the 10-frame hives, why should they have stored
more honey?

It is true, as Mr. B. says, that bees in small hives
are more likely to need feeding; but the reason is,
that the brood-nest occupies the combs to the ex-
clusion of the honey, which is, of necessity, placed
in the surplus apartment. My comb honey, some
part of which the contraction method forced into
the sections, netted me this last year about 16 cts.
per lb., and was replaced in the brood-nest with su-
gar syrup at a cost of about .5 cents per lb. It is true,
that Mr. Heddon is selling his fall honey at 7 cents;
but I believe he has explained why he raised extract-
ed honey this year. It was because he had a large
stock of empty combs, and wished to utilize them.
When extracted honey is raised, there is, of course,
but little advantage in contracting the brood-nest;
at least, so far as pieces are concerned; but when a
bee-keeper finds it necessary to substitute sugar for
honey in the fall, in order to winter his bees, it is a
great point. It may not be advisable for farmers or
careless people to use small hives ; perhaps they had
better not keep bees at all; at least, so far as profit
is concerned; but this question is one of considera-
ble importance to the professional bee-keeper.

It is true, that bees in small hives are more likely
to swarm; hence small hives are not advisable, for
this reason, for those who wish littl^ or no increase.
The question of swarming vs. no swarming is too
large to be handled in this article. I will say this
much, however: I have (with the exception of one
season, when the harvest came early and was cut
short early) secured more honey from a colony (and
its increase) that swarmed, than from one that did
not. If swarming could be prevented entirely it
might be an advantage, as an apiary could be left
to itself part of the time; but when part of the col-
onies swarm, and some one must be present all of
the time, they might as well all swarm.

Mr. B. speaks of the trouble of contracting the
brood-nest, disposing of combs i-emoved, returning
them again when needed, cost of sugar for feeding,
preparation and cost of fccdiny, and the lessened
room above tjie brood-combs for sections. The only
valid objection is the one I have put in italics. It
is no more work to remove the combs than it would
l>e to remove the same number of combs from any

hive when running for extracted honey. The con-
tractors, or "dummies," not mentioned by Mr. B.,
cost something, about 10 cts. per hive; that would
be about one cent a year per hive. It takes no long-
er to extract the honey from these combs than from
any. Extracting-combs have to be stored away for
winter, so we will store away these where they arc
to remain all winter. In lioth instances the combs
must be replaced in the spring. Sugar does not cost
so much as the honey that it is used to replace.
When every thing is conveniently arranged for
feeding, the cost of prejiaration and feeding, includ-
ing feeders, will not exceed 5 cts. per hive, (an
we not bear this expense, if it will enable us to suc-
cessfully winter our bees, even if there were no
other advantages? The lessened room above the
brood-combs is no objection when the bees are
crowded for room.

You, friend Koot, say (hat the greatest objection
to an S-franie hive, aside from those given by Mr. B.,
is, that it could not be made interchangeable with 10-
frame hives, when made on the Simplicity plan.
Let us first decide which sized hive is the licttrr. If
the narrow hive is the better, then it is a serious
mistake to make any more 10-frame hives. It might
not seem so at first, perhaps; but, in iimr, the liest
will be used. I am aware that it is an advantage if
a new thing can be used with an old one, and that
the old one will not have to be thrown away; but in
a progressive industry like bee-keeping, the old must
give way to the new, provided the new is better. The
old box hive had to give way to the movable-comb
hive, and ""twas ever thus," the hest will be used,
and those who cling to poorer implements because
they don't like to throw them away, are left in this
race.

WIDE FRAMES AND SEPARATOKS.

I should like to say a few words about your re-
view of Mr. Heddon's book; but this article is al-
ready becoming quite lengthy. I feel that I must
notice one thing, however, and that is the following:
" It is a little amusing to see friend Heddon go back
and declare in favor of wide frames, and separator:*
also, after the way he has denounced them a year
or two back. If I were he, I would be a little more
mild in denouncing any thing, especially if I ex-
pected to change my plans within a year or less."

Can j'ou show, friend Hoot, where he has harshly
denounced Avide frames or separators? I have
spent half a day in " reading up " what Mr. H. has
written upon the subject, going back not only " a
year or two," but/uiir years, and it seems to me that
the remarks of yours are too severe. Away back i n
1883, page 31.5, A. B. J., he says: " Several corres-
pondents have asked me if I considei-ed it advisable
to use separatoi's with wide frames. I will reply,
that I do. When I run ?A wide-frame supers, I tried
omitting the separators. 1 find that, while the 'case'
seems not to need separators to get reasonably
straight combs, the wide frames are almost a total
failure." In the fall of 1884, at the Northwesterii
Convention, see A. B. J., page 679, "a vote was
taken, and about three - foui-ths of the members
could dispense with separators." Mr. Heddoi]
said: "We have used a large number of one-
story wide frames, in supers with separators,
and a large number of cases in which no separators
were used; and although there are advantages and
disadvantages in separators, yet they hjive nothing
to do with the amount of honey stored. Althougl^
only one-fourth of you now vote in favor of separa-

l88G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

87

tors, the time may come when you will i^ote the other
way." (Italics mine.) " l"f you can produce honey
without separators, so that it will suit yourself,
your commission mau, the consumer, and every-
Viody, all rig-ht; if you can not, then use thenl."

hast May, in (ii,EANiNGS, pag-e Sii. was an article
entitled " Wide Frames and Separators." Mr. Hed-
don gives us all, upon this subject, that I have been
able to find from his pen in Oleanjncs for the
past four years. In that article thej' arc certainly
not denounced. Please allow me to quote: "I
would rather abandon separators than use them in
two-stoi-y supers. I do not think there is any sys-
tem of using' separators, equal to the wide frame,
when lifted one utory liigh. There are many advantag-
es in the use of separators, and many in the non-
use. 1 mean to continue the use of separators, and
am now perfecting- a different style of supers
which I think will aid us greatly in their quick and
easy manipulation, as well as their usefulness."

Please turn to the article, and read the whole of
it. I can not find that Mr. Heddon has ever de-
mninced separators; he has claimed, and still
claims, that marketable combs can be secured
without them; he has alwayii admitted that there
were advantages in their use, especially when used
in connection with wide frames. He has always
opposed wide frames two ticr>i of sect ions higlt; but
he has freely admitted, that, when used one tier of
sections high, wide frames have decided advan-
tages, and has at times been at a loss to know which
to use, the frames or his case. Before he had
proved the advantage's of reversing the sections, he
had about decided in favor of the case. The advan-
tages of reversing the sections turned the balance
in. favor of wide frames and separators. Is there
any thing anmsinu about this?

I should also like to say something aboui "inter-
posing two sticks and a '„-inch aii--space " in the
center of the broodnest, but must wait until next
time. W'.'A. Hctchtnso.v.

Kogeisville, Mich.

Friend II., I think from wliat yen say.
that perhaps I icas a little severe on friend
Ileddon in regard to the separator business.
I beg his pardon, and I thank you for cor-
recting me. Perhaps it was wide frames to
liold two tiers of sections that I had in mind.
J>ut I tliink yon will agiee to this: That
when he adopted his new arrangement of a
year ago or more, he decided to abandon
separators ; for it is almost out of the ques-
tion to think of nsing separators with a case
made in that way, and I believe the breth-
ren generally tniderstood that Ileddon, by
adopting that style of case, conclnded that
tlie advantage of separators was not sufli-
(;ient to think of retaining them. Now,
however, just as a good many of us are
thinking of abandoning our old arrange-
ments, and nsing the Ileddon case so much
talked abont, he has dropped it and sid)sti-
tuted a wide frame with separators. Of
course, the wide frames hold only one tier of
sections. J suggested that he had, very
likely, good reasons for the change ; but in
view of making such changes, would it not
be best for all of us to l>e a little slow in
declaring or even deciding we have got the
thing just right where it ought to be?
These changes in implements, hives, and
arrangements, are very demoralizing, and T

don't blame a good many for saying, " I am
not going to change any more until I can
see some very good reason," and that this
very good reason shall continue for at least
a year or two.

COULD A COLONY OF BEES WINTER
IN A GLASS BOTTLE?

A HINT IN REGARD TO MORE VENTII.-iTION FROM
THE ENTR.A.NCE.

XN your comments on my article in Gleanings of
j^f Jan. 15, you ask the above question. Theoreti-
^l cally, if there is any truth in what I believe
"*■ and act upon, a globular bottle made of thin
glass, of a size only sufficient to contain a col-
ony and its stores, the neck pointing downward,
and about 2'/2 inches in diameter, with all except
the opening protected by some non-conducting ma-
terial, would be a perfect wintering hive. Of
course, in practice we can not use hives of this
shape, nor would I recommend glass as a good ma-
terial to mpke hives of.

I do not mean to say that we could confine all the
animal heat in such a hive, nor do I think that this
can be done in any hive we can use, unless the out-
side air is of the same temperature as that on the
Inside. Two bodies of air of different temperatures
can not be prevented from intermingling as long as
there is a passage between. A good colony, packed
as I would have them, will send a constant current
of warm air out of the entrance. If openings are
permitted in the top of the hive, the amount of
heat thus lost will be vastly greater.

I wonder how many of those who claim that bees
hibernate, or, in fact, of bee-keepers in general,
know how much heat a colony of bees gives off.
When the heat is allowed to pass thi'ough the top of
the hive into the open air, there is no way of deter-
mining this waste. When a hive is closely sealed
at the top, and well protected from the cold, almost
all escape of heat is by means of the entrance.
When this is covered with snow, something of an
inde.\ is afforded as to the amount of waste heat by
the melting of the snow. I am a firm believer In the
letting-alone policy during winter, and consequent-
ly my hives are frequently covered with snow for a
month or two. When covered in this way, the snow
soon begins to melt away from the entrance, and I
have often seen a wedge-shaped space thus melted,
the width of the hive, five or six inches thick at the
base, and almost as high as the hive. After this
(juantity is melted, the melting stops, as the snow
gets so far away from the entrance that the out-
coming air is cooled before reaching it. By careful
estimation and experiment I have found that five
pounds of snow are often melted by a colony in
this way. I am sorry to say that I do not know just
how long it takes them to do this. The present
winter has not been a good one for finding this out.
Speaking from memory, I should say that when
the weather continues not much below the free/iug-
point, this amount may be melted in less than a
month.

Now, to melt five pounds of snow requires 400 heat
units (pound centigrade). This is an amount of
heat sufficient to raise four pounds of water from
the freezing to the boiling point, or enough to
warm nearly ten and a half pounds of ice water to
100°, the natural temperature of the bee-hive. Re-

88

GLEAA'IXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

FEr..

member, this is only the waste heat flowing out of
the entrance during- a period of certainly not more
than a month and a half, and I think not over half
that time.

It would be impossible to confine all the heat
generated by a colony of bees by any method of
outdoor wintciung-. The plan 1 have advocated
comes nearer to it than any thing- else.

Some mig-ht say, "Why not close or contract the
entrance, and thus save more, or all of the heaf?"
The difficulty then would be to get rid of the mois-
ture. We should have to run the risk of its ill ef-
fects, or employ upward ventilation, and thus
waste more heat than by free downward ventila-
tion.

Perhaps we may yet find out how to do it. I in-
tend to keep on e.\perimenting-; but in the mean-
time my main dependence will be on small hives,
larg-e entrances, and enameled cloth above, well
protected by chatf. 8—.]. A. Green, S.'i— lOO.

Dayton, 111., Jan. 21, 1880.

Friend G., you strike on a point tiiat has
often been in my mind, and lias been a good
deal talked about in years past, and I can
not now see why it is that we have not made
more of it than we have. It is this: Mak-
ing the hive close and tight, all around, ex-
cept the entrance, and leave that large
enough to give all ventilation needed. The
best colonies of bees I ever had were those
that were strong enough to send a draft of
warm air out of a good-sized entrance all
winter long. You remember that this mat-
ter is touched upon in the A B (' book; and
while we are about it, 1 should like to see
tlie experiment tried, of wintering a colony
of bees in a large-mouthed glass bottle, say a
two-gallon candy- jar. I believe with you,
that it could be done, and I should not
wonder if it would be one of the keys to
success. The way to do it is to put some
foundation in the candy-jar, and get the bees
to build it full of comb, then fix it upside
down, with three or four inches of chaff
covering every part of the jar except the
mouth. Leave the mouth open all winter,
like a good many suspended box hives with-
out any bottom. It is my impression, that
tlie bees would take care of themselves, even
if their stores were not extra. Who will
trvit V

MANY OR FEW COLONIES: WHICH V
khienii c. c. mii.i>er considers the matter

PRETTY THOHOl'OHT.V.

0N pag-c ~;i Mr. Root asks me, "Would it not be
better to take a little of the advice Doolittle
gives ill the present number, and get larger
yields from fewer colonies, or else have them
scattered more in different localities?" Now,
Bro. Root, don't you know you ought not to rile me
in that reckless numuer? You needn't think, be-
cause I'm little, and you have Doolittle to help you,
I'll stand rirry thing; so, here's at you both. As
you ought to know, from my saying I hauled my
bees away in the spring, I did not keep them in one
apiary, but in two. That made about 90 colonies
in each. Do you think a less number would have
done any better? Moreover, my spring- count, 179,
was only "i more than I had in 188;J, when from 17+ I

took i6,.'>49 lbs., to which you refer as an enormous
yield. I have read Bro. DooUttle's article twice
over. It is exceedingly interesting, and a valuable
contribution toward the exploration of that region
which, he very truly says, is " well deserving of our
best thoughts and ettbrts." From the premises
given, however, I do not make all the conclusions
he and you seem to make. He says, " There seems
to be a growing tendency of late to multiply our
number f)f colonies, rather than see how good re-
sults can be obtained from a few." If this means, to
possess a large number of colonies, without refer-
ence to the profit therefrom, the tendencj' is wrong:
if it means, to multiply our number for the sake of
multiplying our profits, rather than see what large
yields per colony we can secure from a few, then
the tendency is right. It has been too much the
case that exceptional instances of large yields from
a single colony have been quoted as patterns to be
imitated; as, where A, with .50 colonies, gets .'iOO or
1000 lbs. of honey from a single colony. From his
whole apiary he gets 4000 lbs., while B, with an equal
number of colonies, gets oOOO lbs., getting from no
colony more than l.'iO lbs. It is well enough to talk
about As big yield; but;;after all, I had rather imi-
tate B's example. Of late years I have had some
misgivings as to some of these large yields from
single colonies. Not but that the owners mean to
he perfectly truthful, but there are so many ways
in which we may be mistaken. A few years ago I
had a colony which gave me, if I remember rightly,
104 lbs. comb honey. If you had asked me, I should
have asserted very positively that they^had no help
in any way, more than every other colony, and
should, perhaps, been indignant if you had suggest-
ed there might be any mistake. 1 would not be so
positive now. Without remembering it, I might
have given them some partly finished sections, or,
without my knowledge, another colony might have
united with them.

There are many circumstances to be taken into
consideration in deciding the proper number of col-
onies to be kept. Not only the resources of the
field, but the experience, ability, tastes, and desires
of the bee-keeper are to be considered. I believe I
would placciny own limit something like this: That
number from which I can make the most clear
money annually, duo regard being had to my own
enjoyment in the work. T once asked Bro. Doolittle
why he did not keep a larger number of colonies,
and I think he told me he did not want a greater
number than he could care for without outside help.
He probably is unwilling to take the extra profit he
might have from a larger number, and pay for it
in the price it would cost him in the worry the extra
help would cause him. I respect his taste in the
matter; and yet, another man seems to enjoy the
bustle of a lot of hands under his'direction, and his
taste should be equally consulted. In one respect
I am most fully in accord with you, and would like
to emphasize the statement, that "the mania for
rapid increase is oftentimes a very sad one." One
thing bearing- on this matter is not genei-ally con-
sidered: Where bees are wintered in cellars, a score
might be wintered in a given space, where one or
two hundred would fare disastrously, and from no
other reason, I think, thau the greater number.
Then the amount of pasturage must be considered;
and here, Bro. Doolittle, is another important unex-
plored region. You refer, Bro. Root, to reports of
beginners getting large yields from a few colonies,

1886

GLEAKIKGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

89

who afterward fail to get like results from large
apiaries. Perhaps the work of beginners is apt to
be more fully reported than those longer in the
business: but, may not overstocking have some-
thing to do with the matter? T am not sure but my
ground would be overstocked at some time of the
year with any thing more than five or ten colonies.
There are from five to eight weeks during apple-
bloom and clover, when my bees have all they can do.
During the rest of the time they are comparatively
idle, although there may bo no day when some •bees
do not bring in something; but the ground is over-
stocked for perhaps twenty weeks. It may be, that
enough is gathered to keep busy five or ten colo-
nies, and I imagine that, with this number, having
six months to work in, T could nmke a pretty big
report.

There is one point you makei Bro. Doolittle, that
can not be disputed. If a given field yields, say,
4.5,000 lbs., and each colony uses for its own support
t)0 lbs. annually (I suppose thej- would use more
than 60), then the fewer bees you can have to clean
the field, the more honey you will have as surplus.

When it comes to having large numbers, addition-
al help must be obtained, and comparatively few
have the ability to superintend others successfully;
so, because a man makes a grand success with just
enough colonies so he can do all the work himself,
it by no means follows that he would be successful
with double the number, no matter how large the
field nor how much help he might have. But I'm
afraid I'm getting On the wrong side of the question,
and must return to the charge on Mr. Root.

In 1881 I had the fewest colonies (67), and the
largest average yield (117 lbs.) I have had iu several
years. In 1884 I had the most colonies (200), and the
smallest average yield (54) in the same time. Now,
which was better for me ? It sounds better to say,
117 lbs. average than .=i4; but when H gave me a to-
tal crop of 2877 lbs. more than the 117, that settles it
iu favor of the many colonies and the small average
yield. It is, however, quite possible that the best
number lies somewhere between these two ex-
tremes, and that, with 17.5 colonies in 1884, I might
have had a larger crop than with the 200. Certain
it is, I do not care to have more than, if as many, as
lOO colonies in one apiary. Now, Mr. Root, don't
you see I don't need Bro. Doolittle's advice? and
don't you wish you hadn't "riled" me?
TWO CHIPS.
' On page 4;? a statement passes unchallenged, that
/ " moist air is heavier than dry air." Is this so?
My sub-earth ventilating pipe is 4-inch tile laid 3
or 4 ft. deep, and 100 ft. long. Much to my surprise,
I have pretty strong proof that a longer pipe would
not bring in air one degree warmer.

C. C. Mti.ler, 179—340.
Marengo, HI., Jan. 21, 1886.

No, friend iSI., I don't wish I hadn''t
"riled" yon, a bit; in fact, I wonld do it
again right off now, if I knew jnst how to
(lo it as well as 1 did the other time. I am
very mnch obliged for the facts in regard to
sub-earth ventilation, and I am surprised
also ; but I propose to use the information,
not only for ventilating bee-cellars, but for
making a greenhouse that will grow hardy
plants and vegetables all winter long, with
no artificial heat whatever. " Father Sun "
and ''Mother Earth "' are to do all the heat-
ing, anil you see if I don't get good results.

Very likely I shall have to use shutters over
the "glass in extreme weather. — Now, in re-
gard to this matter of many or few colonies,
I believe, after all, you have considered the
matter about as thoroughly as myself or
Bro. Doolittle, and 1 think it will pay us al|
to read your article several times over. Ju
our business of selling bees and queens, we
make it pay to keep 40U or 500 colonies In
one location a part of the year, although we
have for several years back been reducing
them to about 200 each fall; but as we buy
something like 100 colonies from our neigh-
bors each spring, no doubt it "would pay uS
to winter over 300 ; so you see it makes a
difference whether a man raises honey alone,
or bees and queens as well as honey ; and
from our standpoint of view it seems to me
it would be a pretty good thing for you,
friend M., as well as honey-producers in
general, to be prepared to sell bees, at least
occasionally, when tlie season happens to
favor the production of bees rather than the
production of honey. See what our friend
Oliver Foster did, even in selling bees by
the pound, at a great deal less figure than
the usual prices.

OLIVER FOSTER'S REPORT FOR 1885.

HOW HE SITCOEEDEU, IN SPITE OF UNFAVORABLE
WE.\THER.

E notice a marked variation in the reports of
the honey crop in Iowa for the past year,
which demonstrates that One year a feW
miles may separate good honey-producing
localities from poor ones, whereas the
next year these dividing lines may not exist, or the
blessings may fall in other fields.

In this locality the past season has pi-obably been
the most unfavorable one of the ten in which I
have been engaged in bee culture. In the fall of
18811 packed in chaff, 280 colonies of Italians on
their summer stands, in three apiaries. About 50
of these were thi-ee and four frame nuclei, and a
large proportion of the others were made up of
united nuclei.

After one of our severest Iowa winters, followed
by a very cold late spring, the first of last May
found me with 250 colonies in average condition,
and with a fair prospect of selling them all before
the honey harvest began, as per the editorial warn-
ing on page 601. I had bought 12,000 sections, and
was planning to have them filled; but as many of
the friends had lost bees heavily, and were anxious
to have more, I decided to leave the sections in
their boxes, run all three apiaries for increase, and
let them i/o, and they did go, many of them before
the increase came. By withholding advertisements
all orders were filled pi-omptly, except a few that
included dollar queens before they could be fur-
nished. We had no honey-yield worthy of mention,
until white-clover bloom. The clover had winter-
killed badly, except in sheltered places, and it
yielded about one-fourth of a crop. Basswood did
no better; many of the trees did not bloom at all.
Had it not been for a fair yield from late bloom,
many colonies would have been short of winter
stores.

My account with the bees for the year foots up as
follows:

9()

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

FEB;

To supplies, including- circulars, postage, advertis-
ing, use of hives, buildings, machinery, horse and
buggy, etc $236.00

To hired help 110.00

Total expenses *346.00

By 16 colonies increase (full count) # 80.00

"249 " sold (average $3.54 each) 881.40

" CO queens by mail 59.60

" 1000 lbs. extracted honey (8'cts.) 80.00

"3t0 " comb " (15 c.) 45.00

Total 11146.00

346.00

Net profit $800.00

I now have 296 colonies in two apiaries, all packed
on summer stands, and they could not be in nicer
shape, apparently, at present writing.

I have been e.xperimenting extensively on the
wintering problem as well as on the different lines
of summer manipulation, making improvements, as
1 think, each year, and I intend to publish my
methods whenever they can be considered perfect-
ed, for it is demonstrated facts that we want, rath-
er than theories. 10— Oliver Fostkr, 250—296.
Mt. Vernon, Iowa, Jan. 13, 18S6.

Why, friend Oliver, I had some way got it
into my mind that you were a small bee-
keeper.'and liere you are with 29H eolonies,
and doing nicely, even during a dull season.
Best of all, you seem to he pleasing your cus-
tomers right straight along; and, friend F..
it does my heart good to have you speak of
lioney-yieids as blessings from (Jod. To be
sure, they are blessings ; and if more of us
were in the habit of taking tiiem that way. 1
shouldn't wonder if it would be safer for
(Jod to send more of them.

OUB OWN APIARY.

THE fUNDlTION OF AFF.VIHS UP TO D.\TE.

"Up ROUT a week ago, duiing a warm spell, our
9H^ bees were examined and were found to be in

jPP good condition. Yesterday Jan. 27, while
■*•■*■ strolling through the ai)iary 1 noticed that
the entrance of one of the hives was spotted
considerably, indicating dysentery within. The
slate showed that this was an imported Hol.v-I..and
stock. At the beginning of the winter season I had
noticed that these bees were very uneasy, and after
a fall of snow they flew out even then. The snow,
everywhere in the immediate viciniYy of the hive,
was spotted with little holes made by their chilled
bodies. The apiarist says they acted like that last
year, and that they barely pulled through the winter.

ir.rSTERING Ol'T IN .IANlT.\ltV.

Toward evening of the same day my attention
was called to another hive where there was Quite a
bunch of bees hanging out at the entrance. Peer-
ing down into the hive after lifting one edge of the
cushion up, we found that the liees were scattered
through the interior of the hive, when seeraingl.v
they should have been quietly bunched up. Lift-
ing one end of each frame separately, showed that
there was scarcely 3 lbs. of hone.\', when, about two
months ago, they had 25 lbs. of choice sealed honey.
When put into winter quarters, inasmuch as it was
a large swarm, it was supposed that they were in
prime condition for wintering. Their restless con-
dition, coupled with the fact that they had consum-
ed such a large amount of stores, seemed to indicate

that they did not then and had not enjoyed that
quiescent state, or hibernation, as W. F. Clarke calls
it.

BREEDING IN CHAFF HIVES IN JANUARV.

Jan. 28.— Today the swarm mentioned in the above
was overhauled to ascertain the trouble. It was a
rousing big swarm when put up for winter, and the
apiarist found that they had been breeding heavily.
This accounts for their consuming so much honey;
and when the weather warmed up they just crowded
out at the entrance for more room.

POLLEN NECESSARY FOR BROOD-REARING.

A careful examination of each comb showed
that considerable pollen had been stored in the bot-
tom of the cells, although the combs, when given
them in the latter part of the fall, apparently con-
tained nothing but choice honey. The presence of
the pollen, together with the fact that it was a
strong colony, well packed, undoubtedly induced
the brood-i-earing; and inasmuch as the honey was
running short, the bees were probably compelled
to consume more polien than was consistent with
healthful wintering. As a proof of this, the neigh-
boring hi\'es were considerably spotted. This would
also account for their uneasiness. A report of
these will be given later.

Ernest R. Root.

BBUBHES FOR PAINTING BEE -HIVES.

ALSO SOMETHINfi .A.BOl'T LOW-PRICED BRUSHES
FOR OTHF.U PURPOSES.

two or three years ago we wrote to one
of the largest brush-manufacturers in
the East for prices of brushes suitable
for bee-keei»ers. At the time, tliey
declined to give us ligures, but refer-
red us to dealers in the large cities. I ob-
jected, and proposed to give them an order
as large as the city jobbers ; but as our in-
stitution was something not laid down in the
books, they preferred not to sell to us direct.
Of late, however, they have modified their
views a little. I do not know whether it is
because the Home of the IIoney-Bees has
grown bigger, or because the general depres-
sion in business has made manufacturers
more anxious to open trade in almost any
avenue. However, they sold me the brush I
wanted. Providing I would take live gross
at a single lot, they would let me have them
so I can offer them to you at 10 cents each,
lielow is a picture of—

OUI! TEN-f EXT PAINT-BRT'.SH.

Perhaps I should not call this a paint-
brush, but it does very good service for many
kinds of painting. It is really a small-sized
paint-brush or a large-sized sash-tool, and is
very convenient for ptitting on mucilage, la-
beling honey-jars, moistening sections wiien
they are too dry to fold otherwise, and many
other like things. If wanted by mail, add ;'.
cts. each extra for postage. We can furnish
larger-sized paint-brushes at corresponding-
ly low prices. Our best one is worth oO cts.;
by mail, 8 cts. each extra.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

91

WINTER TEMPERATURE OF BEES.

A UEPLY TO G. M. DOOLITTLE'S AHTICI.E, I'AOK 1!I0,
MARCH 15, 1885.

R. DOOLITTLE has laid his fellow bce-kcfp-
ers under an oblijration of griititude liy his
thermometrical observations in regard to
the degree of heat maintained inside a clus-
ter of bees during the winter, as reported
on page 193. Though his e.\periments have con-
ducted him to a conclusion unfavorable to my
views coucerniug hibernation, he has ray thanks
none the less; and I hope to show him, before I
have done, lliat he has decided against hibernation
on Insufficient evidence. At any rate, 1 shall ti-y
to do so.

At the outset, however, let me say that the Amcr-
icait Apiculturint is in error when it states, concern-
ing entomologists, that "not one of this class can
tell us any thing reliable about the winter tempera-
ture of the bee-hive." Huber, Reaumer, Newport,
and others, have given nsHnformation, which, con-
sidering the sources of it, must sui-elj' be regarded
as " reliable." Mr. Newport especially, made nu-
merous experiments to ascertain the temperature
of the interior of bee hives in winter, which he re-
corded in a valuable paper published in the Philo-
sophical Transaction::, entitled "On the Tempera-
ture of Insects."

Huber tells us, as the result of his observations,
that "the heat in a well-peopled hive continues 86
or 88 Fahrenheit, when it is several degrees below
zero in the open air." He also says, that bees
"then cluster together and keep themselves ))( mo-
tion in order to preserve their heat;" and that, " in
the depth of winter, they do not cease to ventilate
the hive by the singular pi'ocess of agitating their
wings before described." Mr. Newport was of the
opinion that Huber was altogether in error in as-
signing a heat of 80 or 88 Fahrenheit to a populous
hive, which, he contends, has its temperature some-
times (thougli rarely) lower than that of the freez-
ing-point, and in the winter months does not aver-
age moi-e than from 7 to 9 degrees above that of the
atmosphere, or about 52, though merely tapping on
the outside of the hive, by exciting the bees, will,
at any time, greatly increase the heat: in one in-
stance, Feb. 3, to 102% when the temperature of an
adjoining hive was only 48. .5° ; and it is from this
eii-cumstance that he supposes Huber's error to
have arisen, as the mere excitement caused bj' in-
troducing a thermometei" is sufficient, to raise the
heat to the point (£6° or 88°) which that observer
mentions. Mr. Newport admits that hive-bees are
never strictly torpid, but pa»>< the winter in a state
of hihernatino sleep, linhle to constant interruption
by considerable variations of external temperature
or accidental excitement.

Mr. Doolittle's experiments prove the extreme
ilifficulty, if not utter impossibility, of ascertaining
the normal temperature of the interior of a bee-
cluster; for the moment the bees ai-e disturbed and
excited, the heat begins to increase. It is natural
to suppose that the bees at or near the outside of
the cluster will be cooler than those at the center
of it; yet they may be, and no doubt are, warmer
than the air outside the cluster, owing to the trans-
mission of heat from their companions who occupy
an inside berth.

If Mr. Doolittle had noticed my article in the
An^rrican Iice JouDKtl of .lanuary U, I8S5, headed.

"Chilled Bees are Not Hibernating," he would
hardly have made the remark that I call " stiffened "
bees "hibernating" bees. I there said, "Chilled
bees are not hibernating bees, but bees undergoing
the process of being frozen to death. In the early
stages of this process they may be restored by
warmth; but unless thus restored they will die.
They are not on the road to death when they hlbei--
nate. This is nature's expedient for preserving
them alive." I must ask Mr. Doolittle to read the
whole article, from which the above is a brief ex-
tract.

My belief is, that bees, in a climate like ours,
"pass the winter in a state of hibernating sleep,"
as Newport expresses it. Unable, before going in-
to this state, to take food enough to last them any
great length of time, they must necessarily rouse
up at intervals to feed. I think they usually do
this when spells of mild weather come. But, if the
demands of hunger compel them to wake up and
eat when the surrounding atmosphere is cold, they
have recourse to that faculty of generating heat
which Huber mentions, and with which all bee-
keepers are familiar. During the present winter
(1884-5) we have had scarcely any warm spells; but
I have noticed that whenever we did have one there
was a hum of activity in my supposed-to-be hiber-
nating hives. This hum 1 have taken to be the
sound of the dinner-gong.

"A well-peopled hive," as Huber calls it, is, no
doubt, much warmer than the outer air, even when
the bees have fallen into their hibernating sleep.
How much 1 do not know, nor is it easy to find out,
because the least disturbance of the bees raises the
heat. But 1 am inclined to think there must be ex-
citement before the temperature becomes 86 or 88°,
as noted by Huber. T have observed the phenom-
enon of warmth under the cushion and just over
the cluster of bees, mentioned in the editorial
notes to Mr. Doolittle's letter, and so, doubtless,
have most bee-keepers. We want to find out, if we
can, what that degree of heat should be to enable
bees to hibernate comfortably. Then we must try
to ascei-tain the size of cluster, and dimensions of
hive, necessary to secui-e that degree of heat.

I suppose if we could investigate a hibernating
bear we should find the outer fur pretty cool; but
the roots of the hair imbedded in the hide, would be
warmer. Then if we could sink the bulb of a ther-
mometer down to the region of the heart we should,
no doubt, find blood-heat there. A cluster of bees,
when balled and knotted up as tightly as possible,
may perhaps be of the nature of one living entity,
the outer bees in a state similar to that of the
bear's fur, and the central ones warm as Bruin's
heart, and, like that, diffusing heat and life to the
whole cluster.

Mr. Doolittle thinks it "impossible for bees to hi-
bernate when they must burn honey enough to
warm a temperature of 10 below zero to 6'5 above."
To which I reply: 1. When it is 16 below zero out of
doors, it will not be so cold as that inside a chaff-
packed hive with sawdust cushion on top, irrespec-
tive of heat generated by the bees. When it is 10
below zero in the open air, as it has often been this
winter, 1 have fouud that it was not nearly st) cold
inside my wood-shed, which is only a single-boarded
building. 2. It would not take much of a lamp to
raise the temperature inside a hive, such as Mr.
Doolittle experimented upon, to 63 above zero. Is
It too much to believe that the respiration of 2 i.Odll

92

(JLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Fek.

bees would suffice to do it? If it is, then we may
add to this Huberts theory of motion iuside the
cluster to make up the deficiency. It is thought by
some that there is a constant change of place be-
tween the central and outside bees, and this move-
ment may suffice lor the purpose. li. The creation
of this heat regulates the consumption of honey,
but does not necessarilj' conflict with the theory of
hibernation. Hibernation has its dcg-rees. In the
bear, it is profound and complete; with squirrels,
it is partial. Thej' rouse at intervals, and feed; so
do bees. How often they wake, and what quantity
of honey they consume during their waking spells,
depends, I suppose, on the degree of cold they have
to withstand.

The second paragraph of the editorial notes on
Mr. Doolittte's letter states my idea of hibernation
to a dot. The naturalist Reaumer describes in a
similar manner what he calls " a sort of torpidity "
which he regards as the normal condition of bees
during the winter season. He says: "In winter,
while it freezes, one may observe without fear the
interior of hives that are not of glass; for we maj'
laj' them on their sides, and even turn them bottom
upward, without inittinij any hce into motion.'' He
i-efers, of course, to old-fashioned box hives. He
adds: "We see the bees crowded and closely pres.s-
ed one against the other: little space then suffices
for them." This harmonizes exactly with friend
Root's account of his " ball of bees about the size of
a large apple," which unlocked itself and expanded
so that "they filled the hive pretty tolerably." T
say with friend Root, " I should like to have my
bees winter in these tight little balls; at least, it
seems to me that is what we want." This is what I
intend by hibernation; and I maintain, that when
we find out how to bring this about every time, we
shall have mastered the winter problem.

Speedside, Ont., March 33, 18i-'5. \Vm. F. Cf-arke.

A KIND LETTER FROM CALIFORNIA.

QUEENS TAKINO THEIU WEDDING FLIGHT WHEN
ONLY ~i HOURS OLD.

TN my little mountain home, many miles away
|M? from church privileges, with only towering
^t mountains, rushing waterfalls, and Lytic Creek
"*■ i-oaring in its rocky bed, to remind us of Him
who made them, your Home t^lks come to re-
new and strengthen all that is noble and right.

The year that has passed has been the falh)w year
to the California bee-keepers. 1 did not take out a
pound of honey; but the bees are in good condition,
with ample natural stores. There was no rain from
Dec. 31st, 1884, until March Tth, 1885, and but little
after that, so there was a dearth of bee pasturage.
In March, bees did fairly; plenty of brood. Then
came cold weather, which stopped the honeyHdw,
and lack of moisture did the rest.

I had two natural swarms. I raised some queens
for home use. One lot of cells was so large that I
watched them closely; on the Uth of June, about
10 A. M., I saw the first emerge. I had given the cell
to a queenlcss colony. The young queen was black,
and vei'y large. The ne.xt day, about 3 i*. m. I saw
her on the top of the hive, just returned from her
wedding flight, with a filament attached to her ab-
domen. I took her carefully in my hand, and exam-
ined her, lifted the cover, and put her on top of a
frame, where the bees began to caress her, and in

two days I found plenty of eggs. I was very much
delighted, for I never expected to see a queen re-
turning from her wedding flight. I find her bees
are hybrids, and very industrious. •

THE f^Vrf E.XTRACTOR, AGAIN.

The sun extractor for rendering wa.v is in com-
mon use here. 1 have used it for that purpose four
years. It is made like the one described in Gi.e.\n-
INGS. If one sash will not gather the sun's rays so
as to have sufficient heat, put another over the first,
and that will be xuir- to work.

THE MOTH WORM IN CALIFORNIA.

As Mr. Israel says, people at the east know noth-
ingabout the bee moth. It takes hot dry climates to
show what they can do. They have never troubled
my swarms much, as I watch them; but if one tries
to save combs, then comes trouble. In less than a
week, five frames had seemingly a thousand co-
coons. The space between the frames was packed
solid, and I had sulphured them too.

Mhs.W. w. Wilson.

San Bernardino, Cal., Jan. 3, 18S6.

Thanks for kind words for the Home Pa-
pers, my good friend. — Your fact, to the
effect tliat a queen may take lier wedding-
flight tlie day after she is hatched, seems
pretty direct f but still there is a possibility
for a mistake. Vour qneen may not have
left the hive at all, and another one
resembling her may liave alighted on the
hive. Under such circumstances she would
probably be well received, and commence
laying as you suggest. As others, however,
have reported that queens do sometimes
take their flight when one day old, it may
be so. though it is very rare. In such cases
we should suppose the queen was very fully
matured V)efore emerging from the cell.
Your California climate may have some-
thing to do with it.— In regard to the solar
extractors, I can not yet feel quite satisfled
that two thicknesses "of glass will give more
heat than one. Have the friends tried both
ways, enough to be sure that the second sash
is an advantage':*— A'ery likely the moth are
worse in California because you have no ze-
ro freezes to kill them out of combs not
protected by the Ijees.

BEE-KEEPING IN KANSAS.

SOME RE.\SONS WHY THE. BUSINE.1S CAN BE CON-
DUCTED SUCCESSFULLY IN THIS STATE.

fHE season of 188.") was a very poor one, being
too wet until August, which, as usual, was a
little dry. Spanish needles began to bloom
Sept. 1, when a heavy rain fell, whicli de-
stroyed all the early blossoms. From the
later bloom, which lasted about ten days, the bees
filled their hives (which were destitute of stores),
and I took from four colonies 110 lbs. of nice sec-
tion honey in 1-11). boxes.

I began with 8 colonies — 7 strong and one weak.
I increased to U, all in good condition for winter.
I think I have learned a valuable lesson this season,
which is this. If 1 had fed my bees early in the
season, to stimulate, I should have had ICO lbs.
more honey to have sold. I sold my honey atSO cts.
per box, at our little town of Edna. I shall try a
little extracted honey next season. The people
here think that extracted honey isn't pure ; but!

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

^

believe I can persuade them to use it in preference
to comb honey, by getting- a fqw copies of T. G.
Newman's " Honey as a Food ahd Medicine," which
I can hand to'my retailer to givo to his customers.

In regaril to the honey-producing plants of this
section of Kansas, I will say we tiave no bloom aft-
er apple (excepting a few prairie flowers) until the
first of Sept., when the Spanish needle and golden-
rod bloom. For the last year only has white clover
been sown, and then only in door-yai-ds. I'm trying
10 persuade the farmers to sow the seed in their
pastures, as it catches very quickly on the prairie
sod. Basswood grows finely here. Two of my
neighbors have several small trees growing, which
look nicely for the time they have been planted—
3 years. I intend to plant a few hundred as soon as
convenient.

1 think this will be a fine country tor bees when
we get plenty of white clover aiid other small hon-
ey-producing plants growing-. One great advantage
in bee culture here is the winters being mild, al-
though we have some severe cold spells which last
but few days— never so long as to prevent bees
from flying during any month in the ^Vinter. As to
(•hafl" hives, I think they are of little use here, as
the Simplicity, with division-board and good chaff
cushions, affords ample protection. 1 have been
handling bees for four winters here in this State,
using only the duck quilt as protection, and I have
never lost a colony. IJut I think bees might be
more profitably wintered by the use of chaff cush-
ions.

This fall I prepared my bees for winter as fol-
lows : 8 colonies have 6 frames each ; 4 have !i, and
3 the full 10, all of which are well filled with sealed
honey. I use the L. frame and Scovill Simplicity
hive. Those frames containing the most pollen I
stored away for spring- feeding. My bees are all
right up to date ; but aff present we are having
very severe weather— the coldest since 1 have been
in the State.

Now, friend R., I want to thank you for your
ably edited journal ; also the many able contribu-
tors for the valuable information imparted.

C— W. E. Potts, 8—14.

Edna, Kansas, Jan. 11, 1886.

FLOBIDA.

THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES CAREFUL-
LY CONSIDEBED; SOMETHING FOR THO.SE
CONTEMPLATING GOING THERE.

SAVING received quite a number of letters,
which still continue to come from persons in
the Northern States, inquiring about bees in
Florida, the price of land, health, and other
things pertaining to Florida, 1 shall attempt
to answer such questions as would likely interest
many of the readers of Gleanings. In the first
place, I had better state that I have been here only
one year and one month. Nearly every letter con-
tains the question, " Can I make a living keeping
bees?"

In this locality— high pine land, with a considera-
ble number of orange-groves bearing, together
with what palmetto there is, an expert might keep
himself and small family from the sale of honey
alone; but I would not or could not advise any one
with a family to pull up stakes and settle in a high
pine region, relying on honey alone from his bees

to keep him. The orange does not yield honey pro-
fusely, but it blooms long— longer than white clover,
I believe. The saw-palmetto did not yield much
honey last season; besides. It can not be found
growing abundantly on all high pine land. It grows
on flat and low land. With my present number ot'
colonies of bees I hope to be able to give an inter-
esting report next spring in regard to the above-
named honey-plants in this locality. I should think
the hammocks and low lands along rivers would be
much better for bees than high pine, although such
places probably would be deprived of the honey-
yield of the orange. But people settling on these
kinds of lands, if I am not mistaken, are liable to have
malaria. If you want to get asj'ar as possible from
malaria in Florida, you must reside on high pine
land; then, if you have never had it before coming
here, you are not likely to get it. I draw this from
my own experience, observation, and Conversation.

Another class of land for the bee-keeper is the
coast region— Atlantic and southern Gulf coast. I
understand these latter places are excellent for bees;
but about getting the honey into market at a good
price, I have not had any information. Nice comb
honey, in lib sections, retails at twenty-five cents In
Orlando, but extracted honey from the coast sells
very slowly at forty cents per quart, or about iSVi
cts. per lb. Now, to sum up the location for bees,
oranges, and health, I do not think it possible to get
one single location excellent for all three.

As far as I know, it would be cheaper to bring
bees along, if possible to do so, than to buy here;
for people having bees do not want to sell them un-
til after the spring honey harvest; yet a few can be
bought at eight to ten dollars per colony. If native
bees in box hives can be found for sale they usual-
ly sell at about three to four dollars per colony.
At present I do not know of any.

I was told before coming here that a swarm issu-
ing any month of the year could gather enough
honey to keep it. This, I am quite certain, is a mis-
take, and should be corrected. I am confident that
a swarm hived on fdn. the first of this month would
have starved to death, for it has been too cold for
bees to fly much, and the last recent freeze stopped
brood - rearing in all my colonies. Last January
was too cold for bees to gather honey, except a very
few days. Had I hived a swarm on fdn. last July or
August, I believe it would have perished before the
fall flowers bloomed. I think it is important to
know about this, as it shows the honey resources of
the locality. Bees will gather enough honey in Oc-
tober to winter on, and rear brood ready for the
spring honf y-flow.

Five acres of land is all anybody needs to grow
oranges and keep bees, and it sells at all pi-ices—
from $1.25 to $500 per acre— owing to the prospects
of the town. In three miles of Orlando, which is
considered the most prosperous place in South
Florida, it sells at about $100 or more per acre for
first-class orange land. Further away, $60 to $100.
Second-class orange land brings about $25.00 to $50.00
less than above. In new settlements, with fair
prospects for railroad, good orange land can be pur-
chased at $10.00 to $25.00 per acre. Hammock lands
are the best for vegetables ; but oranges also are
grown on some of these lands with less fertilizer.

Another question from correspondents is, " If T
can not get a living keeping bees, what can 1 do till
oranges bring an income?" For various reasons
this question is puzzling to answer, because our

94

(JLEAXIXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Peb.

Creator, in his wisdom, arranged it so the most natu-
ral way to procure a living is to till the soil, and our
Florida soil is quite poor. Although a few seem to
get some profit out of gardening, yet 1 think it
would be a vexation of spirit to the average farmer,
iinless on hammock land. Sweet potatoes do well;
the squash family grows well; cabbage does fair to
well. Evei-ybody does not farm, even in a farming
country; and, bear in mind, it is as easy, if not CAS-
ier, to get a living here, aside from tilling the soil,
as in an J- country. If you have a little loose money
—or, rather, considerable— buy town lots, build
dwellings, and rent them. Every house in Orlando
is rented at a big rent as soon as built. I presume
it is unnecessary to sa.^-, if a person has no capital,
and is unable to work, he should not come to Flori-
da, for the "bread fruit" does not flourish here.
The cost of living is some highei' than in Ohio, but
not so much higher as one might think. I think all
the canned goods sell as cheap here as in Ohio. Ex-
perience has taught me this: If you are an invalid,
and are coming here, bring your woolens and flan-
nels with you. And now let rae say, in conclusion,
that T have tried to give the plain naked facts; that
I have taken more pains, I believe, to show the
".s^l(|f" of the frame woik than the veneering with
which it is covered; that I have had a cramped feel-
ing, for fear I should occupy too much space in
GLEANINGS, but 1 must utter this: That keeping
bees and growing oranges in i-onncction, to me is
most fascinating; and he who kneels to the living
God may deny himself of many Of the eoinforts and
luxuries of life, and still be happy following tliese
two pursuits in this gloriotis climate of Florida.
Orlando, Fla. I-. W.(Juav.

FROM 56 TO 125, AND 8500 POUNDS OF
HONEY.

!)+ liBS. OV HONKV FIUJM ONK SWAKM I .\ n.NK WKKK.

T HAVE had considerable experience in bee cul-
|l[ tu re for the last fifteen years or over. I had
W bees in the Langstroth hi\e in the summer of
'*' 186!t. I then resided at Pendleton, in the
county of Prescott, Ont., an excellent locality
for bees. That year 1 collected 1000 lbs. of hOney
from four two-story hives. This was before T ever
saw a bee-journal, or heard of such a thing. I have
had some ups and downs since I coinmencod; still,
I have been able to hold mv own well, up to the
present time. I give your publications the credit
of the greater portion of my success. I have shared
at times somewhat in Hlasted Hopes, but generally
caused somewhat by my own neglect.

The season of 1885 I commenced with .")G hives, 10
of which were very poor. 1 increased, to 1~'.'(,. and
collected oyer 8000 lbs. of extracted honey. T have
used and wintered bees on frames of nearly all
kinds between the L. an<l the .lones two story and
single-story, and the size I like best is a frame
I0',2>^, 14 inside measure, 8 frames with two-story,
gotten up similar to the Simplicity hive. This is a
cold climate, and I have been induced to believe
that a deeper frame than the L. is a more suitable
one for our cold long winters. 1 do not pretend to
give a 16 years' experience in bee-keeping in this
letter.

There is one more fact which I wish to add to the
report of last season. During the second week of
.July T ol)tained from one first swarm, put in empty
combs, 94 lbs. of beautiful thick honev. The swarm

was hived on Saturday at noon, and the following Sat-
urday noon T removed all the combs from the hive.
The queen had deposited eggs in two combs only.
This was the third time I extracted during the week.
Said first swarm came from a bo.x hive which re-
mained clustered for a long time, as box hives oft-
en do, until the box was almost covered with bees.

don't extract too close— a suggestion.

The bees were well rested during their stay In the
old hive. This gives me the idea that bees can
make up for lost time. I don't believe that it pays
to work bees right up to the end of the honey sea-
son. If hives are closed in giving- them only the
number of combs required to winter on quite early
in the honey season— that is, after the swarming
fever is over— the bee-keeper suffers no loss. For
instance, about the middle of July last, after I ob-
tained 8.500 lbs. of honey from ray 13,5 hives, I felt
sure I should have no more swarms, so 1 took all
comlis from each hive, except those intended for
the bees to winter on. I then prepared them for
winter by closing them up with division-boards, top
frames off, covers on tight, and sawdust behind
division-boai'd. At this date each hive had a good
queen. The (luestion is, Have 1 lost? did my bees
gather honey-dew? [ don't think bees will under
such treatment. Hut if I had extracted up to the
last of August, all that I could take from them,
and left them almost in a state of starvation for a
month or so before feeding up for winter, I should
expect nothing surer than that mj' bees would be-
come demoralizcfl.

1 have never practiced feeding very much, except
when a scarcity of honey comes in mid-summer, or
immediately aftei' frost kills the flowers in the fall,
which is generally before the middle of September.
Then I feed all stock that require winter stores, un-
til they have sufticient. 1 feed as fast as they will
take it up, and then stop. *l don't believe that feed-
ing to stimulate breeding after the flowers cease to
yield honey and pollen, pays. Bees will not always
breed at this season; and if they do, I think bees
raised under such circumstances are much inferior
to those raised under the natural impulses. Queens
bred late in the fall are worthless; worker-bees
raised late in the fall are equally worthless — at
least, from my experience I think so.

James Moffatt.

Maxville, Out., Can., Dec. 3.5, 1885.

PERFORATED ZINC FOR THE PREVEN-
TION OF ABSCONDING SWARMS.

A GOOD liEl'OliT FOR THE AI.T.EV OHONE ANP
yUKEN TRAP.

J' WANT to tell you of a little experience that 1
i havehad with Alley's combined drone and queen
[ trap, and see if you will not agree with me
■ that, in point of convenience and labor saving
it should be ranked along with the honey and
wax extractors and smokers. On the 14th day of
March, 1884, my son and only child came home from
college, sick. His disease was typho-malarial fever,
which lasted him 72 days, during which time my
bees increased from 20 to 48 colonies by natural
swarming. Had it not been for two of the above-
named traps that I had, it would have been im-
possible for me to have secured half the swarms,
and at the same time nursed and taken care of my
sick chilli. A? it was, when a swarm would begin

1S8(S

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Po

to fomc out 1 would run and put a trap at the en-
trance, and by the time I could g-et my empty hive
in place with a lew frames of br<)()d from the par-
ent stock in it, and tlie foundation all ris'ht, the
bees would miss their (lueen and come back pell-
mell in search of her, and thus enter the new hive
at once. In about 23 minutes the bees were hived,
and went to work at once without further trouble
or ado, and I was back in the house with my sick
boy. In hiving- them thus T moved the old hi\e to a
new location, and put the new one in its place, and
let the queen run in with the bees. It was a beauti-
ful sig-ht to me, to see my golden Italians come
iwuring- in a stream, so to speak, from the top of a
tall elm-tree into their new hive, without any
climbing' of trees or sawing- olT limbs, thus saving-
ilisflg'uring- the symmetry and beauty of a favorite
shade - tree. I had no help, except a neighbor's
little boy. After doing- the chv)rcs at home he
would come over and stay a few hours in the mid-
dle of the day to watch my bees, and tell me when
they were swarming:. J do most truly and heartily
thank Mr. Alley for his invention, and I would
about as soon think of going- hack to the old g-um
hive as doing: without the combined drone and
fjuceu trap. We are having- a very mild winte)- so
far here in Texas. It has not been cold enough to
form ice worth speaking- of but once, and it all
melted long- before nig-ht. We had a nice rain this
evening-, with a little hail. Mks. S. E. Sherman.

Salado, Te.vas, Jan. 1. 1«S(>.

^Irs. S., I am very glad indeed to get this
report from friend Alley's drone -trap. I
know friend A. has spent a great amount of
time and money in experimenting, with the
end in view of getting a device that will do
jnst what you say his has done. 1 suppose,
too, you will excuse me for suggesting that
it was not an expert, either, or am 1 making
a mistakeV At any rate, my good friend,
you made the device work nicely, and surely
oiu" veteran bee-folks ought to be able to
do as well.

EGG-LAYING OF QUEENS.

SOMETHING KUKTHEli ON THE SUBJECT, BY ()L'1{
GOOD FKIEND CH.\«LES DADANT.

JN Gleanings for Jan. 1st, Prof. Cook writes
that the queens know what the sex of their
eggs is before laying, and that the dimension of
the cells has no influence on the sex, which de-
pends on the arbitrary will of the queen. He
admits that some j'oung queens lay drones in work-
er-cells, but he thinks that it is because they do not
know yet how to manage the delicate apparatus of
the spermatheca. To support his theory, he adds
that Sir John Lubbock has noticed that the female
wasps are provided with a wider knowledge, even,
than the bees; for not only do they know the sex of
their offspring, but they take care, also, to prepare
a greater number of spiders in the cells destined to
receive female eggs, than for male eggs, since the
female wasps are larger than the males.

For at least twenty years I have practiced the rc-
l)laciug of drone comb by workercomb in the brood-
chamber. It is an easy matter now, since we ha\'e
the foundation; but before this invention 1 used to
buy all the comb of dead colonies, at my neighbors'.
The result was, that my colonies raised very few
drones. Occasionajly, and very exceptionally, a

queen was found laying some drones in small cells;
but certainly more than nineteen queens out of
twenty did lay but vci-y few drones in some occa-
sional ilrone cells; yet these <iueens did not seem
dissatisfied with my depi-iving them of their option
of laying- dioneeggs. We have had a number of
(jueens which did not lay ;Mi drone-eggs in their
whole life: therefore it seems to me that a queen, in
good health, lays drone-eggs in drone-cells because
they ai-e greater; and worker-eggs in worker-cells,
because they are smaller; and that, if my queens
had had the volition of laying drones, they would
have lai<l drone-eggs in woi-ker cells, as some did at
limes.

That llie <liniensioii (>\' the ceil has some intiucnce
on the se\ of eggs is so generally admitted, that
Mr. Cook himseir, in his scientiHe bee-book, i-ecom-
mends, with all the bee-writers, to replace the drone
comb in the brood - chamber with worker comb,
" not to get m.^ riads of those useless gormands."

If the queens, while laying, were moved by the
desire to lay drones, as most writers pretend, our
replacing- of drone comb by worker-cells would be
useless. As for the young queens, I have often no-
ticed that, in the first weeks, some lay more or less
drone-eggs in worker-cells; but 1 have, every time,
noticed that thes-:^ young (|ueens were of small size,
and that this irregularity disappeared as soon as
they were fully developed. Therefore it was the
size of these .\oung queens, which, being too small
for the size or the depth of the cells, had compelled
them to lay drone eggs. The worker cells had acted
on these small queens as the drone-cells do towanl
large queens. Tlien in this case also the sex was
determined by tl'.e diinension oi the cells, and not
by the volition of the queens.

IJiit there was a point which seemed to overthrow
all these infei-encts. The combs of the wasps have
all their cells of about the same dimensions; yet
the mother-wasps raise males and females; then
the dimension of the cells has no influence on
wasps, and the difference of the sexes may be the
result of the volition of the females. Such remarks,
which came several times to my mind, were a cloud
on the above theory, and Mr. Cook has just dis-
pelled it.

The cells wliei-e the male wasps are -raised arc not
provided with as many spiders, hence they are not
so full as the cells where the females are raised.
Are Messrs. Cook and Lubbock quite certain that
such diflerence in the fullness of the cells, or in the
length of the vacant space in the cells, is not the
cause of the diffei-ence in the sex?

When the eggs of animals are mature they don't
wait, but drop. Suppose that, when a mother-wasp
prepares a cell to receive her egg, the weather
ceases to be propitious for her hunt, or that the
spiders are not easily found; the cell is provided
with only half the spiders needed, yet the egg can
not wait, and has to be laid on these scant provi-
sions. Why not admit that such a condition of the
laying does not afford impregnation, and that the
result is a male wasp':" Who could say that this the-
ory is not as rational as the one which endows the
mother-wasp with the knowledge of her future off-
spring, and of its comparatively smaller or greater
needs? To sum up: As we can control thelayingof
our queen bj- replacing the drone combs with work-
er combs; as the young (jueens lay drone-eggs in
worker-cells as long as they arc undersized; as the
conditions of the cells in which the female wasps

9fi

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

lay are different, and according to the sex pro-
duced; as no proof exists that any animal knows
and determines in advance the sex of its offspring,
] think that it is rational to conclude that the exter-
nal conditions which are present at the laying of
the queen have a positive influence on the sex pro-
duced. I should gladly see some discussion raised
on this interesting topic. Chas. Dadant.

Hamilton, 111., Jan., 188H.

Friend Dadunt, you really surprise me by
the depth of reasoning you have given this
very wonderful subject. You suggest many
things that I hadn't thought of ; and al-
though I am left more in a maze than ever
before, I think you have opened up a great
held for investigation iu a way it has never
been oi)ened before, to my knowledge. I
know that removing drone comb is a great
factor ill preventing the production of use-
less drones ; but it didn't occur to me before
that this was a powerful argument in favor
of the old Wagner theory — that the size of
the cell might determine the sex of the ofE-
spring. I should be very glad to hear from
Prof. Cook again after he has considered the
facts you place before us.

VABIOUS MATTERS.

now MUCH PAIN IS TIIEKE IN THE STING OF AN
INSECT?

fN page 856 of Gleanings for Dec. 15, 188.5, 1 see
friend Root wishes to know more about the
testing of the vrater in that well which gave
an average tempei-ature of 42°. I will tell you
all I know about it. The man owning it is
one of the oldest bee-keepers in our town; and as
it is natui-al for the younger bee-keepers to visit
the older ones, it so happened that I used to go oft-
en to see this man to talk bees, twelve to sixteen
years ago. Being thirsty one hot day in July while
there, I asked for a drink, and he went to the well
and drew the "old oaken bucket "full of water,
and handed me a glass of it. As I began to drink I
stopped and spoke of its coldness, for it seemed to
me equal in coldness to any ice water I had ever
drank. He then spoke of the facts I gave on page
8.56; and to prove the matter to me he took a ther-
mometer off a nail close by, which was showing
some 90° in the shade, and placed it in the bucket of
water, lowering the same into th^ well.

" Now," says he, " we will go in the bee-yard for a
few minutes while the exact temperature is being
registered in the well," which we did; and when we
came back the thermometer showed between 42°
and 43°. It was just such a thermometer as you
sell on your 20-cent counter, and I eupposed it was
accurate. If I can think of it I will take my spirit
thermometer along the next time 1 go that way,
and make a further test of it.

HOW LONG A pEE LIVES AETEK STINGING.

By what I gee in Gleanings I find an effort is
being made to find out how long a bee lives after
having left ifp sting' ; but so far T think the reports
only point toward confinement being the cause of
the death of the bee, rather than the loss of the
Bting. If ^ single bee is confined alone it will rai-e-
ly live a great while; but if a dozen or two are put
together with their queen they will live for a much
jflqSfer titqe. t)uf RQt go JQ)]§- ft§ \t tl^ey lja4 their lib-

erty. Now, I wish all the little folks (or big ones
either) who try the experiment to see how long a
bee lives after stinging, to put such a bee in with a
dozen or two other bees which have a queen, and
then tell us the result. While they are thus experi-
menting I will tell J ou what I know regarding the
matter.

A year ago last August, while preparing a queen
lor shipment, one of the vvorkers stung my fingers
in getting- it in the mailing-cage, which is a thing
that happens occasionally with me; but always be-
fore this, and since, 1 have gotten them out of the
cage, or secured them before they were in. But
this bee was so spry that I could not get hold of it,
and so I concluded to let it remain. This was at
about 10 o'clock a. m. The caged queen and bees
were left on my shop-bench all that afternoon, an<l
till the next morning at 6 a. m. (or 20 hours), when
the cage was wrapped and gotten ready for the
seven-o'clock mail. At this time every bee in the
cage was alive and smart, the one that left its sting
in my finger being as lively as ever, as 1 could easi-
ly find it by the thread-like attachment which still
hung to it. About this time I saw an account in
the Bce-Kerpers' Maiiazi)ir, by J. Hasbrouck, if I mis-
take not the paper and the writer, telling of how a
Syrian bee stung him, after which it was so persist-
ent in trying to sting again that he caught it and
put it in a cage with some other bees which he
chanced to have caged. This bee he said lived a
week when he let it have its liberty again. 1 may
have made a mistake in some of the minor details,
as I quote from memory. If Mr. Hasbrouck's eye
meets this, will he not tell us all about itV

SMOKING BUMBLE-BEES AND HOKNETS.

On page 636, II. Kobinson speaks of "jugging"
bumble-bees, and says that smoke "would do no
good" in quieting them. The reason must have
been that friend K. did not smoke them in their
nest. Smoke does little or no good on cross honey-
bees when they get in the air, and the same can be
said of any kind of bees, hornets, or wasps; but
take them in their nests, and a little smoke quiets
them as effectually as need be; at least, such has
been my experience with both bumble-bees an<l
hornets. I have removed several objectionable
bumble-bees' nests from about my premises by the
use of smoke during the past ten years, and at one
time I had quite an experience with a hornets' nest.
This was about ten years ago, when I still managed
the farm. One day I wished to sort some sheep, so
I yarded them under a shedAvhich I knew contained
a large yellow - jackets' nest behind one of the
braces. As I went in among the sheep I noticed the
hornets thick about the nest, but ^l^qught they
would not molest me; but as I reached out my
hand to take hold of a sheep, one of them struck
me, stinging at the same time, and, oh how it did
hurt: I had got used to the sting of the bees, so it
hurt me but very little; but this foreign poison
affected me so I nearly fainted aA^ay, and I nearly
lost the use of that hand and arm for four or five
days, it was go swollen and inHamed. Well, I wenj
to the shop, got tfje smoker, and after putting on
veil and gloves I went cautiously to the nest, anr|
before one was aware of aught save safety, I was
pouring the smoke into the nest in a thick volume.
The result was, that they began in a few moments
to leave the nest, and, after hovering around for a
few iiioiTients, tl?ey )ef t, ^u^ 1 rfpyer §aw one aboyf

18S(i

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CULTURE.

n7

the nest altcrwarii. I should Judg-e there was near-
ly a pint of them, as it was a very large nest.

Borodino, N. V. G. M. Doolittle.

Friend 1)., 1 have all along had a notion in
my head tliat I had seen bees in the liive
witli this thread-lil^e appendage, indicating
that they liad lost their sting ; and I shouldn't
have been surprised had" it been decided
that they wonkl live as long without a sting
as "with" one. Perhaps the juveniles will
need assistance from their fatheis and moth-
ers in making tests, by placing the stingless
bee in a cage with some other bees. While
shipping queens we can easily put in a bee
or two destitute of stings, and then ask tlie
recipient to report.— Your experience witli
hornet-stings is much like mine. One day I
dropped a coal out of the smoker on my
hand. Supposing, at tirst, it was a bee-sting
I let it lie imtil I could conveniently remove
it; bnt 1 mentally decided that the" bee was
stinging rather milder than usual. ^Vhcn I
saw that it was a coal of Mre that had bnrned
a blister, I mentally noted down that I had,
by accident, positive proof that the pain of a
bee-sting is much more acute than the pain
of leaving a burning coal on the bare flesh.
But we are so used to bearing bee-stings
with a martyr-like spirit that we hardly rec-
ognize how much fortitude it does require.
While I am about it, it is my impression
that there is more pain in a bee-sting than in
having our flesh burned witlt tire, or cut
with a surgeon's knife. By force of habit
we shudder at the knife or tire, while we
have learned to take the bee-sting as a mat-
ter of course. Well. I got stung by a yellow-
jacket; and as I had been taking bee-stings
as a matter of course, 1 perhaps took the
yellow-jacket in the same way. But I was
considerably siu-prised to tintl tlnit it was a
different kind of medicine, having a good
deal more '■ pungency," as nearly as I can
express it. I was prepared for the familiar
sensation of a bee-sting, but not for the dif-
ferent sensation of a yellow-jacket, and there-
fore I made as much fuss about it as 1 used
to when a boy in the huckleberry swamps.

HONEY IN PLACE OF SUGAR FOR MAK-
ING CORN BREAD, ETC.

Mas;. HAUKISON OFFERS A UESOr.UTK >.\.

fUIRNP ROOT;— While I was fretting- dinner I
had a revelation; and with your permission
I'll tell the women about it— the men needn't
list<in.
I was stirring up corn-bread, liek at-a-eut,
and I thoug-ht J'd put in a si)oonful of sugar, to
make it a little sweeter and richer, you know,
when my eye rested on a bowlful of honey. The
other fellow within said, " Why not put in a spoon-
ful of honey/" Yes,;why not? Mr. Muth produced
evidence at the late convention at Detroit, prov-
ing: that honey is sweeter than sugar and syrup,
and why not use it? Worth more than sugar?
Suppose it is; it takes time to sell hopey and buy
eugar, and why not use it and save tariff?

The new ye.nr i,s ii general time of paying off old
scores and making good resolutions, and I put this
motion before the house:
JiCSolrc</, That we (honey-producers) boycott sug-ar

and syrup of all kinds, as far as practicable, using,
in their stead, honey, the purest of sweets, believ-
ing that this course, and this alone, will bring forth
good to ourselves, and the land in which we dwell.

" Wh.at is sweeter than honey?" is an open ques-
tion since the time of Samson, and is as yet unan-
swered. Bees lived upon it for thousands and thou-
sands of years, and no complaints are recorded of
its not being good enough, until the last decade.
Now it is advocated to take away the honey from
the bees, and give tliem sugar syrup instead, bcnc-
flting the sugar market to the detriment of honey.
Are we going to teach the bees tljat their own pro-
duction is not fit food for them, thereby imitating
the wealthy manufacturers of oleomargarine, but-
terine, and glucose? No: if they can't live on their
own production, let 'em die. Are we going to ex-
tract their honey, and go to the great labor of
feeding back to them in return sugar syrup, and
let the honey go begging for a market at four and
five cents per pound? Not mucli, if the court knows
herself."

Now let us feed our bees the dark, rich, good
sweet honey, and not depress the market with it.
What the bees can not consume, use in pickling
meats, preserving fruits, making vinegar and gin-
ger-snaps. Put it into the mince pies, doughnuts,
bean-pot, where beans are baking, in lieu of molas-
ses, and make it into taffy for the children.

Dr. Mason, of Ohio, had S(|uai'e blocks of candied
honey at Detroit, that were far superior to any con-
fectionery that I ever tasted. He gave me some,
and I ate and ate, and I could not find a place to
stop; and if I had not been taught manners wlien I
was a child, I'd been eating yet. If I drank tea and
coffee (but I don't, our water is so good) I'd sweeten
some with it, and see if it would be bad to take.

It is a mistaken idea, that honey Avas given to us
to ship by carloads to large cities. Stuck-up city
folks don't even know it is there— don't see it; they
telephone to their grocer for silver drips, honey-
dew, and pure maple syrup from the woods of Ver-
mont, while Chicago has a larger sugai- camp than
all New England.

Now let's have less of this foolishness; eat all we
can, pay every debt we owe with it, make it legal
tender; sweeten all our pet charities; the Christian
home mission; foundlings' home, orphans' home,
old-ladies' home, and, by all means, don't forget the
shoe-blacks; see that j-our minister's table is well
supplied ; and if your doctor doesn't eat honey, don't
take his pills any more. In England, sugar is so
cheap they have been experimenting to see if it
would not be economical food for stock; and isn't
it worth our while to see if honey wouldn't be ex-
cellent food for the old cow? Mrs. L,. Harrison.

Peoria, 111.

Mrs. II.. I second your motion; and if I
were presicient I would ask all in favor to
please say aye. As the price of honey now
is getting so near the price of sugar, all that
is needful is to decide that sealed honey is
as wholesome as stores of pure sugar. Be-
low we submit a paper from another friend
who has got the same ideas in his head you
have. He is a little mofe vehement about it
than you are, it is true.— In regard to blocks
of candied iioney. if you were taking
GL^:ANiN(is so long ago you may remember
that was once a big hobby of mine ; but I
got over it for the simple reason tbat Jiobody

98

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

seemed to cax-e very much about it. There
is another thing-, too, you may not discover.
Bhie Eyes and her mother found out that
tliese blocks of candied honey when melted
made the nicest kind of confectionery. Ey
all means, let us try to introduce honey
everywhere, even to our domestic animals,
as you suggest. Horses are fond of sweets,
and a great many times it seems to encour-
age them to give them a lick of sugar. Now,
wouldn't a lick of honey help them to take
an interest in our plans and our work in the
same wayV

SUGAR SYRUP FOR WINTER STORES.

IS IT ADVISAULK, ALI. THING.S CONSIDEK KD?

fRIEND ROOT, do you know tbat we are build-
inff up the siig:ar-ti'adc at the expense of the
honey-producers of this counti-yV The uni-
versal hiw is, to provide first for our own
house, and then, if we have any thing to
give, we can help the sugar-men. We hlame the
newspaper men for saying- that we feed the bees
sugar syrup, and then sell it for honey. J for one
don't see how they can very well help saying what
they do, as long as afl of the bee - journals and
leading bee-men advocate (he feeding of sugar syr-
up. I wish I could tell how many times in the last
year you have said, in your foot-notes, "Feed su-
gar syrup." It is very embarrassing to me when I
go to the city to sell honey, and begin to show my
samples, to have the merchant look up, with signif-
icant grin, and ask me what I fed iny bees. I have
1100 lbs. of nice white comb honey that I have been
unable to sell. Our home market is glutted with
honey; and the worst of it is, that it was sold for
less than the best grades of sugar bring. I for one
have fed the last pound of sugar, unless necessity
corai>els me to. If my bees run short next spring I
shall feed section honey before 1 buj' sugar. My
experience is, that bees ted well-ripened honey will
winter just as well as those fed on sugar. Bees fed
on honey last fall (1884) wintered much better than
those not fed. I have fed some colonics this fall on
a poor quality of last year's honey, and we shall see
how they tally in the spring.

Friend Root, you remember that a tew years ago
you rode the grape-sugar hobby until your hobby
was besieged and demolished by solid facts; and
the sooner your granulated -sugar hobby suffers
the same fate, the better it will be for the bee-
keepers of the country. If the hundreds of thou-
sands of pounds of sugar fed to the bees were left
where it belongs, and the bees were fed on honey,
the market would not be glutted, and we should
get a fair price for our honey, aud there would be a
call for it. A man not far from here fed sugar
syrup this fall to get partly filled sections filled out,
and then sold it for honey. It isn't all gold that
glitters. Some bee-keepers have got it in 'em big-
ger than a woodehuck. Unless there is a change in
the administration in bee afl'airs, I am going to go
it on back numbers, and let Gleanings live on
carp.

You remember how you mourned over the wreck
of your grape-sugar hobby, and there is one thing
certain— that sugar feeding or bee-keeping has got
to go down. Ai-e you aware that the best grades of
exti-acted honey don't net the producer as much as

we have to pay for the poorest sugar'/* and then
feed sugar? Never— no, sir; I'll let 'em die first.

Give my best wishes to Ernest. I wish him God-
speed. 9— Geo. a. Wright, .55—95.

Glenwood, Fa., Jan. 15, 1886.

"SUCCESS IN BEE CULTURE."

PRUf. COOK'S OPINION OF KEDUON'S NEW BOOK.

■TTDITOR GLEANINGS:-I know you too well to
'Bl) 6ven doubt but that you, like myself, wil'
|V r believe and read with great pleasure and sat-
■*~ isf action this /j/'o<7i(tre from our friend Hed-
don. From the very nature of the case, my
book gives prominence to the scientific aspect of
bee-keeping, and to such practical questions as arc
more closely related to general science. You, as
an editor and dealer, have ready access to the peo-
ple, and know just what they are feeling after, and
must constantly be working to give them better
and cheaper implements, and so the A B C has its
special mission. But our friend Heddon, as a large
and experienced producer, is emphatically a practi-
cal man, and is dead in earnest in his search for
better and cheaper methods. As one of our ablest,
most successful, most studious bee-keepers, we all
expected his book to be replete with valuable facts
and suggestions, and we ai-e not disappointed.

jSIy brother said to me the other day, just after
completing the reading of this book, " 1 have re-
ceived a large number of valuable hints, and some
way they are so in the line of my own experience
that I feel certain they will prove practical and
very valuable." I have read the work with great
care, and I feel that no wide-awake apiarist can
spend 50 cts. more profitably than in securing this
book, and so I am prompted to write this notice.

The general appearance and mechanical part of
the work, and especially the clear, terse, and forci-
ble descriptions, will meet no criticism from the in-
telligent, practical bee-keeper. The first part of
the book is not greatly different from like portions of
other similar works. Mr. Heddon and his anonymous
" friend " explain what actual experience proves
most valuable with them, and do not obscure and puz-
zle with descriptions of many things and methods.
While this plan has much to commend it, we must
still remember that this is a great country; and in so
intricate an industry as bee-keeping, wbatis admira-
ble in one location may be worthless iu another.
This caution is, however, repeatedly ui-gcd in the
work.

We are specially interested in the chai)ter on
hives, and the explanations in regard to the secur-
ing of comb honey. The former has been a matter
of long and earnest study with the author, and his
success in the latter makes him an authority.
Surely no one will say that his hive, his method, or
his manipulation is copied. For the past two years
I have been experimenting with this reversing
business, and am fully convinced of its excellence;
and though I had no time to plan or speculate on a
reversible hive, I had expressed the opinion and
belief that it was a desirable implement, and sure to
come. I have little doubt but that Mr. Heddon has
given us a desirable improvement, and I shall try it
the coming season with full assui-ance of success,
and of improving old styles and methods. The con-
tracting of the brood-chamber at times, I know to
be very valuable. This ready means of its accom-

188fi

GLEANlN(iS IN BEK (^n/niM:

09

plisbiuent will comnu'iid itscll' to those who have
studied and thought in this direction. The honey-
board and bcespaoe.s, no one will abandon who has
Kiven it a fair trial. With the rase of reversion and
contraction, the bee-spaces and honey-board, and
ability to at once invert sections, we have comb-
honey production reduced to a science.

There are, however, some things to criticise. AVe
did hope our frien<l would outgrow his morbid no-
tions about "swelling our ranks," and "special-
ists," before he wrote this valuable work. We are
sure the increase of demand has more than ex-
ceeded the increase of snpjily. Wife tells nie, that
during the war she paid 00 cents for very poor cot-
Ion cloth, while the best sells to-day for 7 cts. In
IHTO the same cloth was 18 cts. per yard by the bolt.
Since I have kept house, fifteen years, sugar has
declined more than one-half. Thus honey is no ex-
ception; and does not Mi-. Heddoii and everybody
know that high prices make brisk trade and eager
buyers? True, jieople did i-un after honey lifteen
years ago, and so did they after fruit and all com-
modities. Do they to-day? As long as I know of
scores of amateur bee-keepers who arc securing
pleasure, health, aud i>rofit, from their bees, I shall
still take issue with my friend.

There are a few minor points, like function of
drones, stimulative feeding, etc., that T feel to criti-
cise; but on the whole the book is admirable, and
should, and I trust will, be at once in the hands of
every enterpi-ising bee-keeper in the land.

Agricultui-al College, Mich. A. .1. Cook.

1 believe, frieml ("ook, 1 can stand with
> on in every thing yon liave said. Every
bee-keeper wlio waiits to be up with the
times sliould read lleddon's new book.

-^

"SUCCESS IN BEE CULTURE."

t'HIEXD IJOOT S CIUTU 1SM>

"K-^ FTEK what we have heard fr-om others re-
^iK gardiiig our little book and the new system
jFnk of management for comb honey, and new
'•■''^ hive adapted thereto, your remarks on page
15 may have a wholesome tendency to prevent
our becoming vain. I supi)OBe we are all fond of
•,>raise. 1 believe we all ought to be. 1 hope never
to sink so low as not to feel a thrill of pleasure
when receiving that praise v,-liich I have endeav-
ored to merit.

Or who would even care to do bra\'e deed.

Or sti'ive in virtue, others to e.\cel.
If none should yield him his deserved meed.
Due praise, that is the spur of doing well?
Foi- if good were not praised more than ill.
None would choose goodness of his own free will.
1 believe it is neither honest nor wise for us to
feign indifilerenee to the good opinion of others, or
their candor in expressing that good opinion. I
believe with the poetYoung, that.

The love of praise, liowe'cr concealed by art,
Keigns, more or less, and glows in every heart;
The proud, to gain it, toils on toils endure;
The modest shun it but to make it sure.
Still, we do not e.vpect praise from eveiy one. 1 do
not now call to mind the history of any person who
did, or even endeavored to bring about any reform,
cither in social, moral, or business life, but that
made opposers, and sometimes enemies thereby.
Greville tells us that "these men who are com-
niended by everybody must be very extraordinary

men; or, what is more prt>liable, very inconsidera-
ble men."

The above is not said with a belief that in your
remarks on page 45 you endeavor to " damn with
faint praise," as Pope says; yet after we have en-
deavored to present the best we know, both in
mechanical construction and manipulation in the
apiary, looking from our standpoint it seems as if
yon had misconceived something in your forced,
hasty review of the book and new hive; and as
these subjects are just now greatly interesting
many readers, and have been paramount with me
for more than a year, I ask for space for a fair and
candid explanation.

I ajipreciate your sympathy regarding the trouble
we have with the engravers, and thank you for
your words of praise for the author, and am gla<l
you did not say the book was not wtjrth the price
asked. I have seen many essays upon apiculture,
that I considered worthless to any one, and worse
than Avorthless to many; but I never saw a book de-
voted to our business that was not worth many
times more tlian the price asked.

You say you "think the book should be read in
connection with other works," and give your rea-
sons for so believing, both of which arc entirely
correct; and I thank you for the reasons given, than
which nothing more commendatory need be said on
that point. You say, that to you the main feature
of the work is the new hive. Were the book hand-
ed to me a stranger, I should look at it just as you
do; 18 of the '^2S pages are devoted to that subject;
and if any reader should infer by j'our remark that
the book was a part of the new hive, rather than a
description of the new hive being a part of the book,
I would call attention to father Langstroth's work,
and the further fact of the viroportion of importance
of the hive as compared to all else related to bee
culture.

Y'ou next say the new hive is to throw the old one
(i.e., our modification of the Langstroth ) entirely
aside. If you meaii in principle, that is just the
way it looks to me; but if you mean that sentence
to be taken literally, in its broadest and most ex-
travagant sense, for the benefit of some of your
readers, please allow me room to explain. I have
tried to exercise care not to say any thing that
might lead any beekeeper astray.

It is not human to be always right; and whatever
I may have said that tended to lessen the income of
any bee-keeper I deeply regret, and assure you that
my intention was exactly the reverse.

I do 7iot advise any one to exchange a good hive
for a better one, in a rash and hastj- manner. Rut
few of my present 450 colonies are in the new hive,
and I shall make the change only as fast as economy
will warrant. My thousands of straight all-worker
combs in reversible L. frames will not be sacrificed.
This thought should have been in the book; but we
shall be thankful thatour journals may supplement
our books, as my little work is intended to sujiple-
ment the more comprehensive works of others, is
it strange that the little "Success," like its author,
should be a siiecialist?

You speak of your thoughts of years ago of a case
without frames, with top and bottom bars for many
of the purposes <jf my new hive. These same
thoughts I entertained during the evolution of the
new hive; but T found that, to make the system
complete in all eases, the combs should be movable.

You say it is a little amusing to see rae go back

100

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Fkb.

aud declare in favor ol" wide f i-aiiics and separators.
That statement auinses inc. 1 presume you have
been too very busy to have noticed that in my writ-
ings for papers I have favored them some two or
thi-ee years when used one story, upon the tiering-
up plan. I was driven from their use, as well as the
hundreds who went with me, from our experience
with them in two-story supers. I was led to the use
of them again some four years ago through the so-
licitations of Mr. Oatnian, and announced my suc-
cess and pleaaure with them as fast as experienced.
I must change every week, if 'tis necessary to pro-
gression; but I thiuk you have covered me over a
little too deep in this instance. You did not men-
tion the peculiar features adapting the horizontal
Viarts to reversing in two ditferent ways. One, by
having a half bee-space on either side of the frames
in each case and the honey-board, and of having all
of the bee-space on one side, pushing the frames
through at each reversion.

Yes, this shallow hive is not only "splendid for
shipping bees," but owing to its depth, weight, char-
acter, and fixedness of the combs and the cases, it is
splendid to move anywhere about the apiary, or in
a I'epository, as well as to the railroad station. 1
now come to your objection to the tiers of series
of shallow combs; and 1 must say that I can not be-
lieve that you have had experience upon this point.
From the standpoint of my experience, it astonishes
me that any one should think that queens will not
breed rapidly in shallow combs. I feel sure that
this is the echo of the same frightened tones that
were loudly heard when father Langstroth took his
grand step from box hives 18 inches tall to his "dan-
gerous shallow hive." You speak of "less than 5
inches of comb depth." My combs are only 's inch
less, and my experience has firmly convinced me
that I can take two tiers of combs, no more than
three or four inches deep, and all of 24 to 30 inches
long (to get capacity), arranged with the "sticks and
spaces" as mine are, and, by the iutercha»gi»iJ, can
encourage breeding faster, with less expense, than
can be produced in any other way with any depth of
combs; or I will just let the two cases alone, and
agree to equal in brood any other form of hive, all
other influences being the same. We know this by
hundrcdsf of experiments: and friend Bingham,
withh is 2.5 years' expei'ience with colonies, in hives
containing eight combs i^-i inches deep and 22 inches
long, believes that, in these combs, brood is produced
faster than in any other form.

I have used one of his hives eight years; and as
far as my observation goes, on the one hive, T would
say the shallower the better, for brooding.

Do you forget how our queens often produce
twice the brood in two or three tiers of L. frames
(passing honey-boards and perforated bottoms) that
they will in one tier, even though that one be large
enough to hold all the brood, if it were all concen-
trated?

Do you forget the rousing swarms from old box
hives full of cross-sticks, with the combs all in jags
and pieces, which have oft and repeatedly been
praised for the winter passages they created You
did not mention the adaptability to contraction, so
highly prized by friends Hutchinson, Doolittle, and
others, bringing out the fact that only one section
or brood-case is used during the greater part of the
year.

A WORD .ISOUT MY P.4TENT.

BegJinUnS' the originality of my iqvontiou, ym

have spoken quite correctly in one sense, yet ] fear
you have left a wrong impression. I knew that
closed-end frames were old; also that, though 1 was
an original inventor of screws for tightening frames,
others wei'C original in the idea before me, and that
it is not patentable.

I am also aware that J am not original in using
frames around bee comb, nor of honey-boards of
some kind, nor of using wood for beehives. I don't
believe there is a man in the world bright enough to
make an improvement in hives, harvesters, sewing-
machines, watches, and, 1 might say, nearly every
useful article known to man, without using old
parts mainly. If he has one new feature, or a valu-
able combination of old ones that will carry into ef-
fect a new and useful system, he does well, and at
once commands my respect, and the earnest atten-
tion of the Patent Office. All, yourself among the
number, have credited to me a new and original
sj'stera of management, and the new hive is a pe-
culiar combination of parts and principles intended
to be best adapted to woi-king that system, and that
combination is what we have endeavored to secure
by letters-patent. If the new hive and peculiar
system of management are worthless, a patent can
do no harm; if useful, should 1 have no part of the
value thereof ? In my chapter on patents I endeav-
ored to make these points clear. If my reasoning is
unsound, I should thank you for correction. If I
have not already given enough of value to the pub-
lic to amount to my full share in the line of presents,
I here ask you to publicly tell me so.

I shall be pleased to send you a complete hive,
and enjoy seeing some accurate illustrations of it.
Wouldn't it be well to allow me or friend Hutchin-
son to explain its workings, and the system of
management adapted to it, we and my students be-
ing the only ones who have passed it through the
crucible of practical experiment';'

DoAvagiae, Mich. James Heduon.

Friend IL, I shall be very glad to have you
write an explanation to the engravings after
I have had them made; in fact. I greatly
prefer you should do so. as I, of course, have
had no experience as yet in using such a
hive with bees in it.

THE STINGLESS BEES OF MEXICO.

THEIR MANDIBLES A MEANS i)V DEFENSE.

have learned through the many travelers
whom I have seen and conversed Avith on this to me
very interesting subject. I have a brother who
sojourned in the sunny clime of the State of Sinc-
loa for a little more than one year. He says they
are very numerous. He says he was out in the
woods shooting birds, called by the natives chichi-
lacs (a bird something like the guinea in size and
habits), and ivhen they had flred their guns ofl', and
were reloading, his companion said to him, " Wlien
we get our guns loaded we will have a bait of
honey."

My brother was surprised, for he had not, during
all his stay in that country, §cen citber bces or
honey; but when thcjr gruns were reloaded his com-
panion looked him straight in the face, and, smiling,

ISSB

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

101

kicked a small chunk of wood with the toe cf his
boot, and, bursting it open (it being- hollow), to his
surprise it contained between one and two quarts
of the most beautiful and delicious honey it had
ever been his g'ood fortune to see and taste. The
honey was stored in combs constructed of wax, and
were in every particular just like the combs of our
honey-bees, except the cells were very small. He
describes the bees as being- not larger than common
house-flies, and marked something like .yellow-
jackets.

After having once seen the l>ees, he had no dilH-
culty in finding- more than 100 swarms during- that
day. He says ho counted 25 swarms in the hollow
roots of one wild tig-tree. Afterward he often en-
joyed the luxury of eating the honey stored by
these interestlng'and wonderful little bees. Other
travelers give a similar history; and all say, that,
though the bees arc stingless, they are not left
without courage and means of defense. Their
mandibles being sharp they can bite in a manner
that is " more forcible than pleasant."

The Mexicans, who live in our town, often talk to
me about tlie colinimus (pronounced co/c-ma/(-iioo8),
as they are called in the Mexican vernacular. They
say they are "minjhrava ,-"that is, they are very brave.
I hope ere long to be enabled to visit that country,
and studi' the habits of that wonderful little insect.

Tempe, A. T., Jan. 11, 188t>. John L. Gregg.

Friend G., we are very much obliged in-
deed for the very valuable information tbat
you give in regard to these little bees that
don't sting; and we place ?1U.0() to your cred-
it for the article, to help enable you to make
further researclies in this matter. The same
bee, if I am correct, has been tried here in
our northern climate, but they don't seem to
stand the winter. Do you think the honey
would sell in our markets— that is, does it
(compare favorably with thelioney of our na-
tive bees? Do you think they would work
in movable framesV Perhaps the matter
can be tested ])etter in their native clime,
and I will willingly pay you for the time and
troul)le required to test the matter, if you
are willing to undertake it. If your brother
liad no ditticulty in linding more than a
hundred swarms during that day, it seems
to me that locality must have l)eeira wonder-
ful held for modern bee culture. If you
could send us a piece of the comb by mail
we should be very much obliged indeed.
]\Iay be you can send us some bees in a
queen-cage, either dead or alive.

FEEDING BACK NOT PROFITABLE,
AND ^ATHY.

IKKDING ;i500 LB.S. OF EXTR.\CTKI) HONEY TO GET
IT INTO SECTIONS.

SN turning to' page 443, GLE.VNiNCis for July 1,
1885, we find a communication regarding the
feeding-back of extracted honey for produc-
ing comb honej'. Bro. Hutchinson seems to
advise the use of separators, and announces
iluit the bees will otherwise even bulge the combs,
and bujlcl'projections and little mounds upon the
surface of the combs. He has also met some inoi-
dental troubles in feeding back for sections. I
have had some three seasons of experience in this
feeding-back business, liut niorc extensively the

past season. We would say that no separators
were in use, and never have our bees produced a
finer lot of comb honey than was the one produced
by this feeding-back method during the past season.
The combs were bright and clean; the sections
were filled. 1'here Avas a few sections which were
very slightly bulged. There was not one mound or
projection, to our knowledge, upon the surface of
any of the combs. We shall be glad to give you our
opinion as to why feeding back is unprofitable.
Here is the whole business: Twenty of our strong-
est colonies were selected for this feeding-back pur-
pose. The 30 colonies would not have exceeded 300
lbs., or an average of 10 lbs. per colony to each
brood department at the commencement of feeding
back, which was comparatively near at hand, Aug.
17, 1S8.5. Many large feeders were made, holding
35 lbs. each. Two sets of sections were iilaced on
each lii\'e, and no more. To the above 20 colonies
was fed 3500 lbs. of extracted honey, or an a\erage
of 175 lbs. per colony, in 3^5 days. The total amount
of comb honey received from the 3.500 lbs. was only
1250 lbs., or 63' 2 lbs. per colony all in one-pound sec-
tions. The total amount for the 30 brood depart-
ments was 80y lbs., or 600 lbs. of the 3.500 lbs. of ex-
tracted honey stored in the 30 hives. Thus the con-
sumption for the 30 colonies in the secretion, or
forming of wax scales, and for brood rearing, evap-
oration, etc., is that enormous total of 1650 lbs., or
82'. 2 lbs. per colony. To some of these colonies was
fed perhaps nearly 1.50 lbs., ei-e the first 54 sections
were ready to come off. Only they who have tried
this experiment know what difficulties one must
encounter by turns, the scores of exasperating
stings, and the imperious robbers, with their excit-
ing- movements and the taking- off and refilling- of
each feeder. All this is certainly enough to disgust
one in feeding-, to say nothing regarding the loss in
the operation. The increase on these 30 colonies is
nearly 100 per cent; and as they were used mainly
for building up late colonies, this is quite an item.
A. F. Unteukircheu.
Manchester, Mich., Jan. 8, 1885.

Friend U., you have given us the report of
a very valuable e.xperiment indeed ; but,
why take so many colonies V You will see
by the experiments I give in the A B ('
book, that much of the honey will be saved
by making two or three of the colonies do
the work. Perhaps, however, this would
have been impossible with so large an amount
as you had to feed back And, by the Avay,
the results of your experiment will be a good
fact to furnish the newspapers that are ac-
cusing us of feeding cheap syrups and calling
it honey. Counting time and all, it probably
will never pay anybody to feed sugar, eveii
if it would make nice honey, and I very
much doubt if it ever has been done to any
extent worth mentioning. I have notice<l
exactly what you say al)out robbers' exasper-
ating stings, and the unnatural aspect of af-
fairs induced by this kind of wholesale feed-
ing. It seems to me I never in ray life en-
countered any stinging, or any thing about
l)ees, so terribly ugly as when feeding to get
sections Idled. The bees themselves seem
worried and unnatural ; and if the weather
is very warm, it seems just about out of the
question to do any thing about keeping rob-
bers from pushing their way into the entranC'
es of the,se hives containing large feeders,

JO.

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

Fei;.

THE FIRM OF JANE MEEK & BROTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

JJY REV. AV. D. RALSTON.

CHAPTER I[.

FAMILY TALKS ON HKKS.

fHE liioniiiig- alter the bees had been romoved
to the parsonage, Mr. Meek called .Ifiiic and
Tommy into his study tor a talk.
"Now," says he, "you have beos^to care lor;
but, what do you know about bccsy Tommy,
you may answer tirst."

" Well." says Tommy, " bees are living things. 1
think they are called insects, but I am not sure. A
fireat pile of them live together in a box, or
nail-keg, or, when wild, in the woods they live in
hollow trees. They make honey and wax, and
sometimes sting people. Jimmy Brown told rae
that in every hive there is a king-bee, a great big
long bee, that bosses the other bees, and makes
(hem do just as he wants. I guess that is all I know
about them ; only that those who keep bees manage
in some way to get honey from them. Some people
kill the bees with brimstone, as Mr. Hrown was in-
tending to do with ours, and thus get their honey;
but other people can get their honey without kill-
ing the bees. I do not know how they do this; but
I want to learn, because I do not want to kill a single
bee if I can help it."

Mr. Meek then asked Jane to tell what she knew.
She replied, "I know very little more than Tommy
has told you. I am sure bees are insects. Early
this morning I went out to look at our hive. I
found two bees dead before the entrance. I brought
them into the house, and looked at them through
our magnifying-glass. My teacher says, 'Insect
means, to cut into, and is applied to certain living
things because they seem to be nearly cut in two.' 1
saw that the heads of those bees seemed almost cut
off; and back of where their wings are joined to
their bodies, they are almost cut in two again; so I
feel certain they arc insects. I also learned in some
place, that it is not true that bees have a kiny, but
they ilo have a queen. She is the only truly female
lice in the colonj'. She docs not boss the other bees,
but merely^does her part in the colony, which is to
lay all the eggs that are laid. Then i do not think
bees make honey; God makes it come in flowers,
and the bees only gather it. I also know that bees
swarm; when there are.too many bee^in a hive they
divide, and part go out to form a new colony.
When tijey come out they fly around for a time,
and then gather in a bunch on some tree or limb,
where they look like a large ball. If their keeper
sees them come out, and puts them in a'hive, they
arc likely tostay; but still, sometimes they leave
his hive, and go to the woods. If he does not see
them they will remain for a time on the limb, or
wherever clustered, and then depart to the woods.
That, Fguess, is all I know about bees; but I should
like to learn more about them."

Mr. Meek laughed a little as he replied, "1 see you
know asjnnch about bees already as many men do
who have kept bees for years; but there is still much
for you to learn. If a man wants to raise horses
successfully, he must study about horses; if he
raises hogs be must understand them; and I assure
you that no man can manage bees successfully un-
less he understands them. I want3'ou to learn what

you can about bees l)eforcnext spring. Many years
ago I read about a minister named L. L. Langstroth,
who had studied much about bees, and who had
wi'itten a liook on the subject. I bought his book,
and was well pleased with it. Here it is, and I want
you both to road it carefully. For two years I took
a farmers' magazine which came once a month. 1
noticed in each numlter a page or two devoted to
bee culture. I carefully i)reservcd all the numbers;
here they are. 1 want you to hunt up in each one
the pages on bee-keeping, and read them carefully,
and bring to me any thing either in the book or i)a-
pers you do not understand, and perhaps I can ex-
plain it to you."

The children gladiy accepted the book and maga-
zines, and began to peruse them. For a time, at
least, much of the talk at the ministers table, when
strangers were not jn-csent, was on bees and honey.
We might for a little listen to some of their talks.

Mr. Meek said, " Well, children, what about bees
to-day":'" Jane replied. " In reading I find the word
rtpuiry very often; but I do not know whatit means."

Mr. Meek replied, "Apia is the Latin name for bee;
apiary means a bee-yard, and comes from that word."

Tommy asked, "Is our yard an apiary? "

His father replied, " I think hai-dly. If we should
call a single colony, and that a weak one in an old
nail-keg. an ai)iary, we should be putting on too
much style. But 1 hope, if our bees live, to see you
and Jane owning enough colonies to call our yard
an apiary."

Jane asked, "If our bees increase until we have a
great many colonies, perhaps fifty or one hundred,
will they all belong to Tommy and meV"

Her father replied, " Vcs, certainly; Mr. Brown
gave them to you and Tommy, and I intend that you
shall keep them and all their increase. Mj' reason
is, I want to teach you to work for youi-selves. In
a few years, almost before you know it, you will
have grown up, and will liave to work for your-
selves; so I want you to commence now, and learn
how to work and do business for yourselves. As
you are going to do business, you need a book to
record the business you do. Here is a small blank-
book which I do not need. It will answer lor the
present, and I want you to record in it every item
of expense and income. You will own these bees
together; that is, you two will beaflrm,orcompany,
doing business together. Now, by what name shall
this firm be called? The large brick store in town
has on it, John Morgan & Brother, which means
that John Morgan and his brother Samuel are a firm
doing business together. Just so, Jane and Tommy
Meek is a firm now formed to do business in bees
and honey; and what shall we call this firm?

Tommy replied, " Call it the firm of Jane Meek <^-
Brother."

Mr. Meek wondered that he did not say the firm
of Tommy Meek & Sister, which is what many boys
would have said. Taking a pen, he wrote in the
back of the blank-book, in a large hand,—
ACCOUNT-BOOK

THE FIKM OF

.JANE MEEK & BKOTIIEll.

He then said, " Now that the Jiame is settled, tell
me what you are learning from reading the book
and papers."

Jane answered, " We arc learning many wonder-
ful things, things I never should have thought of

I ^H(\

(JLEA^'INGS IN 15EE cri.tl'Ui-:

103

unless I read them. Bees are very strange insects,
and do some strang-c things. In May, June, Or July
there are often forty thousand bees in a hive. Just
th'm^ot'h- forty tliouscDid: But there are not so many
tluring- fall and winter; and in the spring- some col-
onies have very few."

"Yes," says her father, "sometimes colonies
liave not a single bee in the spring. They continue
to g-row fewer in number, until there are none at
all. Tommy, have you learned how many kinds of
Viees are in a hivo?"

" Yes, sir, there are three kinds— the queen, a large
long bee; the drones, large bees, but not long like
the queen: and the worker, the small busy little
fellow that gathers the honey and stings people.
The queen has a sting, but does not sting people.
When she meets another queen she fights with and
stings her. The drones have no stings. V'ou can
catch one and handle it as you would aHy. I should
like a colony all drones, then T should not be afraid
to work with it."

" lUit, Tommy," replied his lather,"! fear it
would be a very unprofitable colony. A man. who
commenced farming, wishing to i-aise turkeys,
boug-ht a pair from a farmer. It being late in the
spring, the farmer asked more for hens than g-ob-
blers; and the buyer, seeing that the gobblers were
much larger than the hens, took a pair of gobblers,
but failed to find any turkey-eggs that summer.
The drones are the males among bees. They are
found in the hives only during the honey season.
At the close of the honey season the worker-bees
kill them. '

Jane said, " 1 have learned that the most impor-
tant bee in the hive is the queen, or the mother, as
she might be called. She lays all the eggs. She
lays eggs very rapidl.v, laying three or four a min-
ute, sometimes three or four thousand a day. But
she never lays very many eggs unless the bees are
bringing in plenty of honey. In the cold winter
months she lays hardly any. Every beehas its work
to do. Some build the combs, others fly in the fields,
searching for honey or pollen, others are nurses, and
care for the young, while some stand as guards
around the entrance."

'• But," says Mr. Meek, "did you learn from the
books how to winter bccsV"

" Yes," said both children, " we read about it;"
"but," said Jane, "I hardly know what is best.
Some people carry their bees into nice warm cel-
lars, where they are kept snug and warm ail winter;
still, some who do so lose their bees. Others leave
their hives out unprotected all winter, standing
.just where they did during the summer; and, what
seems very strange, sometimes their bees winter
better than in cellars. This, in the papers, is called
wintering- unprotected, upon their summer stands.
Some winter by leaving their hives upon their sum-
mer stands, and packing straw and hay around them
to protect them from the cold; others write fre-
quently about wintering in chaff hives; but I do not
know what kind of a hive a chaff hive is."

Her father said, " I now remember that once when
away from home I saw several very large-looking
hives; and on inquiry I learned that they were chaff
hives. I inquired how they were made, and was
told that they consisted of two distinct hives, with
a space between, which was filled with chaff', pack-
ed in closely, thus keeping the inside hive from the
frosty'air, and keeping- it warm."

Here Tommy expressed his opinion that their bees

would winter best in their hice warm cellar, adding
that he had been reading- that those in the cellar
wintered on much less honey than those exposed to
the cold. His father also favored wintering them
in the cellar, but advised letting- them remain on
their stands until winter had set in, and until it
seemed evident that the pleasant autumn weather
was ended. He said it did bees good to have flights
during winter, and that was why those left on their
summer stands sometimes wintered better than
those in the cellar. In winter they have flights
occasionally, while the lack of those flights causes
those in the cellar to become diseased.

Jane said, " I am glad our bees will be in the cel-
lar during the cold stormy weather. I do not think
I could sleep, cold winter nights, when the wind is
driving- the snow, and the thermometer is at zero,
if our bees were out in the cold. Our horse has a
warm stable, so has our cow. The chickens have a
warm comfortable coop, and even our pig rejoices
in good quarters. Why, then, should we leave oui-
bees out in the cold?"

"But," says her father, "you forget, Jane, that
all bees are in a house. Their hives are their houses."

" But, pa," said .lane, " 1 think an old nail-keg is
not much of a house."

Ti> tic cdiitimicd Maivli i, ISSd.

THE SOLAR W^AX-EXTRACTOR.

MORE SUGGESTIONS REGAHDING IT.

}I)0 not know whether or not I can add any
thing iiseful to the question regarding- the
solar wa.\-extractor, which seems now to be
prominent, but I will give my experience in
this direction, and some suggestions.

I made a solar wa.x - extractor the past season
from the plan furnished by Mr. Poppleton, witli
some modifications. My box is 28X43 inches, out-
side measure, and Vi in. deep, with straight instead
of zig/ag- bottom. The tray is made of wood, with a
rim extending m inches above its surface, except
at the spout where the wa.x runs off'. This is
sheathed with tin, and is made just wide enough (o
slip inside the box. It carries its width for 20 in.,
when it slopes for about 14 in., a space of ti in. be-
ing left for the wax to How oft'.

It is covered with double glass, composed of 4
sheets 20X26 in. The tray is hing-ed near the back
end by a couple of short pieces of stout wire run
through the sides of the box into its edges. This
admits of the front end of the tray being raised to
lift the pail, which holds the wax, in aud out.

This tray is large enough to hold the cappings ol'
a day's extracting. Having- drained during- the
night, they are put into the extractor the first thing
in the morning; and if the sun is ordinarily strong
they are melted before night. The wax is left in
the pail till the next morning, when it will be found
in a solid cake, fioating on the honey which has run
off with it from the cappings.

I purpose making some changes in my extractor,
which I think will improve its workings. The sides
of the box cast a shadow on the wax for several
hours in the morning and afternoon, unless it is
shifted about to face the sun as it advances. To do
this the more readily, I intend to fl.x it on a frame
made to revolve on a pivot. I find, moreover, that
my extractor develops heat enough to scorch the
I honey which goes off with the wax, so that it is

104

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Feh.

nearly spoiled, even for second-class honej'. Per-
liap' pei-ror;itod tin, as it is used in the extractor
described by Mr. Muth-Rasmussen, on page 339 of
Gleaninos Cor 1835, would remedy this evil. The
capacity of the tray might also be increased by
liaving its width uniform, and having- a gutter to
catch the melted wax, this gutter having- a slight
fall from each end to the center, where a hole in it
would permit the wax to fall into a pail.

Further improvements might be made by having-
the legs which support the end of the extractor
fixed with a thumbscrew so that it could be sup-
ported at any height. A similar arrang-eraent at-
tached to the hinged end of the tray might corres-
pondingly regulate its incline. Thus the position
of the glass might be readily changed so that the
sun could strike it at right angles at all times. As
there are days nearly up to November when the ex-
tractor may be used, this is a matter of importance.

With these suggested changes I think that the
convenience and efficiency of the sun wax-extract-
or, as I have used it the past season, would he
greatly increased. Mine, as it is, I consider one of
the most useful things which I have about my
apiary, and I would not be without it for twenty
times its cost. Heretofore the storage of cappings,
till I had time to render them, was fraught with
vexation. They would di-ip, drip, no matter how
well they might be drained; and unless a tin recep-
tacle were used, I would soon be reminded of the
searching and sticky qualities of honey by finding a
strain of it making its way over the floor from un-
der my barrel of cappings. But there is no vexa-
tion of this sort now, and I thank Mr. Poppleton
foi- his plain directions which led me to make a
solar wax-extractor. Jamks McNeill.

Hudson, N. Y., Jan. hi. 1888.

Friend M., there is ii simpler way of get-
ling the snn's rays in the morning and eve-
ning than Itaving your box on pivots so it
must be turned. Vse three or more panes
of glass. Have one side at an angle south-
east; the middle one at an angle facing the
south, and the third at an angle facing the
south - Avest. Or, to get a more perfect
arrangement still, use a bell glass in the
shape of a rounded comb or pyramid. I am
astonished to know that the heat of the sun
could injure the flavor of the honey. Some
arrangement to let it run off befpre it is so
hot would surely remedy this. In regard to
having drippings or cappings, or any thing
else, running down on to the floor, 1 would
not hav(^ any such work about me. If those
who help about the apiary can't be cured of
such tricks, I would swap them off for some-
body who omhl be cured.

A REPORT PROM TEXAS.

SWAR.MINO-OITT OF NUCLEI.

TOOK two colonies on shares three years ago

last spring. I now have 35. I increased mostly

bj' artificial swarming. I believe it is the best

way, unless one could be in his apiary all the

time during the swarming season. 1 made T

artificial colonies this last summer, every one of

which swarmed when the first riuecn hatched out.

This is something T never knew l)efore. I thought

at first it was on account of their not having any
unsealed brood. I gave them young brood and lar-
vie, Ijut it did no good— they swarmed all the same.
Of course, if 1 had given them a laying queen when
the colonies were first formed, the trouble would
have been over. One colony I gave a laying queen
Avhen formed, and I took over 101 lbs. of honey from
it. 'i'hc others all swarmed, and filled their hives,
but made but little surplus.

EIOHT DEGREES ABOVK ZERO, IN TEXAS.

We are having cold weather here now— eight de-
grees above zero, which is uncommonly cold for
this countiy.

< O.MBS BREAKING DOWN BY FREEZING.

I noticed this morning, while looking- through my
bees, that the honey was running out at the entrance
of several of the hives; and on examination 1 found
that the combs in the outside frames were cracked,
and the honey oozing out. This is something else I
never saw before. I've seen combs melt down in
all kinds of hives, but I never saw them freeze down
before.

DANCiER OF r.KAVING AN I'PPKR STORY ON
DITRING WINTER.

1 have lost one colony this winter. It was a strong
one, but I had left the upper story on, :"nd they
went above and starved to death, with at least 4)
lbs. of nice honey in the lower story. Every frame
in the lower story is solid sealed honey. So you see
the loss of this colony is attributable to my neglect,
for I know very well that bees could not wintei-,
even in this climate, on all sealed honey. This is a
good country for bees. We have a great variety of
honey-producing- plants. The horsemint is the best
honey-plant we have here. A good many people
keep bees here, but there are ver.\- lev*- who take
any pains with them. Most of them hive them
when they swarm, set them in a feneecornei-, and
that is the last of them until robbing-time.

J. W. Tho.mpson.

Decatur, Wise Co., Texas., Jan. lit, 188G.

Friend T., it is certainly very imusiial
for the bees of a nucleus to go out Avith the
young queen, when they have brood in all
stages in the hive. Of course, a laying queen
would set things so much ahead. — One huji-
dred pounds of honey from an artificial col-
ony is pretty well, for a beginner. I think
your locality must be a good one.— Eight de-
grees above zero is certainly colder than I
supposed it ever was in Texas. No wonder
your combs broke and let the honey run out.
A chaff hive would effectually remedy all
such troubles, and T should most itssuredly
recommend chaff hives in Texas, if you are
going to have a repetition of the tempera-
ture mentioned above.— }?ees are always lia-
ble to go into the upper story where it is left
on all winter, because the warmth from their-
bodies rises naturally, and they follow in
their efforts to cluster in the warmest place
in the hive. Here is where the advantage
of the Hill device comes in. It makes a
cavity covered on all sides by the chall
cushion. Now% this chaff cushion allows
air to pass through fast enough to keep it
always piu-e, and at the same time it holds
it long enough so the heat of the hive may
accumulate in this cavity, inducing the bees
to cluster right there, Avith their stores of
honey so near them that they are always
able to reach it.

188(1

(^LEANINGS IN BEE CT^LTI KE.

lOo

FKOM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

ROAD DUST AS POLI^EN.

fEES do actually gather dirt for food. Here is
what I copy from my " Bee-Hook of Items,"
dated April i;i, 188t.
" Bees are working lively to-day, and yes-
terday, after a confinement of a week of cool
weather. They are carrying in water and dust
from the road."

1 never saw bees gather dirt but this once, and
perhaps it was a week that they worked on it.
They packed it just the same as they do pollen. It
was on account of frost and strong winds destroy-
ing the pollen from the trees that had been yielding-
pollen before, and, of course, they quit the dirt as
soon as they could gather elsewhere. I offer this in
reply to you on page 10, Jan. 1. Bees seem to be
wintering well so far, as we have had a very mild
winter up to date. .John A. Thornton, T.*?— 108.
Lima, 111., Jan. T,188o.

CXV POI-I,E.\ BK .\RT1FICIALLV REMOVED FROM
CELLS?

Please tell us if there is any convenient way of
e.\tracting pollen from old combs. Last summer I
filled my hives with combs where bees had died the
previous winter, and there was a large amount of
pollen in them. Will it prevent the queen laying—
that is, will the bees clean the cells in the brood-
nest, to make room for the queen to deposit her
eggs? or, should such combs be taken from them
ne.xt summer, and others supplied with foundation
be put intheirplace? Is itccrtainthatthey usemuch
])ollen through the winter, if they have a plentj' of
lioney? Is it right to cut out all the drone comb in
the spring, and keep it out of colonies that you do
not wish to breed from? These are questions that I
don't recollect seeing answered in the A B ('.

La Otto, Noble Co., Ind. K. S. Hanson.

The subject of removing pollen from old
combs was up several years ago, and I be-
lieve we had one or two communications to
the effect that steaming them in a wash-
boiler, or some other similar way, till the
pollen was quite soft, would enable one to
throw it out by means of a honey-extractor.
Of course, one must take pains to avoid
melting the comb. In our locality we never
liave too much pollen ; that is, when brood-
rearing commences in the spring, by distrib-
uting the combs of pollen among hives rear-
ing brood largely, we get it all worked up
into brood without any trouble. I do not
tliink much pollen is used in the winter, un-
less l)rood-rearing is going on largely. —
Your question in reference to drone comb is
answered by friend Dadant in anotlier rol-
nmn.

THE ST.\Nr-EY EXTRACTOR.

We have made some slight improvements on the
extractor you saw at Detroit, but no great changes,
as we think they are now about good enough for
practical purposes. We intend to start a branch
shopsomewhere near Kansas Citi' during the month
of february, so that our friends in the South and
West may avail themselves of a chance to get a ma-
chine at a low rate of freight. - fi. W. Si'ANI.EV.

Wsoming, N. V., Dec. l!t, IH.-T).

FURTHER FACTS REGARDING FRIEND HOXIE'S
HOUSE-APIARY— P. 744, 188.5.

As some one may build a house apiai-y like mine,
perhaps I ought to explain it more fully. Those
doors with glass in them are not for the purpose of
excluding bees or getting them out of the house.
They are onlj' for giving light and warmth in cold
weather; when the house is opened, no bees ever
get on them. I planned my house especially to
meet the objection you raised. In opening the
hives, the bees fly on to the screen doors; as there
is no other place the light enters, all I have to do is
to swing the door around against the side of the
house with a little jar, and they immediately fly otf.
I have tin spouts througli the house between the
hives, which I forgot to mention, and were put in
after I got my bees in the house. These spouts are
pieces of tin rolled up and put through a I'S-incli
auger-hole, level with the floor, and project outside
I'o inches. They are cut with a couple of projec-
tions on opposite sides, which are bent over against
the inside of the house, and nailed with two tacks.
These spouts are closed on the inside with short
plugs, with a nail in the end to pull them out by.
In order to have the bees that get on the floor go
out of these spouts, the tin passageway where it
meets the house must be made tight with putty or
thick paint, so the light can not shine through, or
they will try hard to get out there. In putting up
my bees for winter I made, out of pieces of barrel-
hoops and pieces of barrel-staves, an article some-
thing like the Hill device, which I put under the
cloth, and have the covers off; the upper story and
all around the hives are filled with dry leaves.

Holloway, Mich., Dec. 1, 1885. H. S. HoxiE.

We have tried similar expedients, friend
11., to get the bees out of the house-apiary ;
but the universal conclusion, by myself and
all the hands, is, that it is a good deal sim-
pler and easier to have the })ees outdoors
\vhere they do not have to be chased after
when they get outside of the hives. Al-
though our house-apiary cost several hun-
dred dollars, it stands to-day without a bee
in it, and probably will so stand for many
years at least.

PACKING POLLEN ON THE HIND r<EGS; HOW IT IS
DONE.

1 have been much interested in your articles on
the honey-bee, and in your description of " how
the bees back the pollen on their hind legs." You
appear to have some doubt just how they manipu-
late, as their motions arc so quick; and I just want
to say, that you have got it about right. Now I will
tell you what I saw with my own eyes. While visit-
ing at one of my neighbor bee-keepers we were
looking through some of his hives and we detected
the smell of pine tar. In looking more closely we
found that the bees had been using the tar in the
place of propolis, and the next question that came
up was, " Where did they get the tar?"

TAR AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PROPOLIS.

" Well," said my neighbor, "the big wagon that we
have been hauling stoves on is standing down by
the barn, and it has been lubricated with tar, and
wc will go and see if they are at work at the tar
business now."

When we arrived at the wagon there were sever-
al l)ees about the hubs and spindles of each wheel,
so wo concluded to watch and see how they man-

106

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

aged to carry the tar: and as the tar was quite stiff
and bitieli we could detect every movement. The
bee did not fiisk and dodge about with his wings
and tail up as they do when gathering pollen, but
settled right down to business, biting and twisting
away at a little pellet of the black tar; and as soon
as he had it in the right shape to suit him, he
snatched it from his mandibles with his fore foot,
passed it to his next foot, and that foot stuck it
in the pollen - basket and patted it down with
several strokes. Now you have an idea about how
fast Mr. Bee handles his feet; but the pellet of tar
was so large and black, the bee at rest, and the sun
shining brightly, that we saw with our own eyes,
and we both agree that the foregoing is correct.
Valley, Ky., Jan. 16, 1886. G. F. Heselton.

Thank you, friend F., for so carefully
watching the operation. I have seen bees
take pellets of wax, but could never witness
the action of the middle leg in depositing it
in the pollen-basket; but I was anxious to
ascertain just how this middle leg grasped
the pollen or wax. Did you notice whether
the foot of the middle leg, or one of its joints,
picked up the little pellets, and transferred
them to the hind leg? Ehxest.

A KEPOIiT BOTH ENCOURAOINC; AND DISCOUR-
AGING.

Jfy bees diminished from 24 to nothing, and my
siibscription to Gleanings has expired. I have
enjoyed reading it much, but have yet to learn the
taste of nice honey made by my own bees since 1881,
wlien I began with one swarm. I have raised a
club for the S. S. Times, for 1886, and sent direct to
publisheis. Thanks for past favors, and best
wishes for your future. A. W. Valentine.

IJethel, Me., Dec. 32, 188,').

Friend V., we are very sorry to hear that
you have not had a taste of honey yet, even
with so many bees as that; but we are glad
to know that you have dropped oft' from our
listof the Sumlan- School Thnes, and have rais-
ed a club in your neighborhood. Several
liave reported in a similar way in regard to
tlie .7V«((.s, and that is what 1 regard as en-
couraging; for it can not go into any com-
munity without raising the general standard
of morals of the people.

i.angstroth's new book, etc.

Mr. Editor:— \Ve wish to thank yftu for your kind
notice of the revision of " father Langstroth's
l)Ook;" and in answer to inquiries already coming,
we wish to state that the revision is not yet half
through, owing to our gathering new matter and
engravings and information from different parts of
Kiirope and Ainerica. The book will not appear be-
fore spring, perhaps not till fall. In connectioii
witli this work we wish to correct the erroneous idea
entei'tained by some, and found in Mr. Heddon's new
book, that we use the closed-end Quinby frame.
The frame we use and prefer is the old hanging
(Quinby frame, made exactly on the principles of
the Langstroth invention. The publication of the
iior Lang-stroth book will be duly advertised in the
bee-periodicals, when ready.

Hamilton, III. Chas. Dadant & Son.

THE solar WAX-EXTRACTOU.

f think I have an idea that is good; at anj' rate, I
venture. Take a dish, or rinsing-pan, from your
fid cent counter; solder a tube in the liottom near

the side; now place this in a square box with a
glass cover. I would have a shelf fixed on the
south side of my honej--house, directly under A win-
dow. I would use the pan for an uncapping-can,
and when it becomes nearly full I would set it out
to melt. I am of the opinion that reflectors are un-
necessarj', also that one glass is enough. The dish-
pan is just the right shape, and will astonish one to
notice the amount of heat they attract. I have, by
holding the pan at the proper angle, lighted a cigar
iri less than two minutes; but of course the heat is
diminished when the bottom is covered with wax.
I should like to ask if an ordinary tin tea-kettle,
with a screw top, would generate sufficient steam o
extract the Avax in a Dadant uncapping-can. The
kettle could be connected with the chii by a few
feet of rubber tubing. Walter S. Poitder.

Groesbeck, O., Jan. 3, 1880.

Thanks, friend P., for your idea of the
dishpan. Our largest size of retinned,
stamped dishpans would doubtless make
quite a powerful reflector. We shall prob-
ably soon get out a solar wax-extractor that
is eft'^ctive, and does not cost very much
money either — may be something made from
common utensils we have in every-day use.
A common tea-kettle, arranged as you sug-
gest, would, 1 think, melt the cappings nice-
ly in a Dadant uncapping-can, providing you
do not put in too much at once.

A PLAN EOR heating BEE-CELLARS.

I desire to present to you a plan for heating bee-
cellars, or, rather, modifying the temperature.
Place in your kitchen, near the cook-stove, a boiler
tliat any plumber-supply dealer can furnish for
$4.(10 or f.'i.Oi). Pass a i)ipe from the boiler through
the fuel chamber of your stove, and to your bee-
cellar i>ass a pipe around the cellar near the floor,
and back again to the boiler. If the cellar is away
from the house, place the pipe five or six feet be-
neath the surface, fill the boiler and pipes, and you
will have a circulation of warm water that will nice-
ly temper the atmosphere, and give an opportunity
for good healthy ventilation. If necessary, you can
supply a cut-ofl' pipe so you can cut off circulation
through the cellar, and cool it if necessary; but 1
should think it better to ventilate well. Vt)ii can
easily keep the temperature at 40° to 50°, and gi\ e
the bees a good ventilation. As to detail of arrange-
ments, any plumber can give you full particulars.
Charles E. Parks.

Watertown, Wis., Dec. :50, 188,5.

Friend P., yom- arrangement is substan-
tially tlie hot-water plan generally ustul for
greenhouses and conservatories, only in-
stead of heating a part of tlie pipe, the boiler
Usflf forms a part of the circuit, and the
heat is applied through the boiler, or through
Hues in the boiler, and the only place wheie
the circuit is open to the outer air is at some
point in the greenhouse furthest from the
furnace. Here is what is called a stand-pipe,
to till up what is lost by evaporation, and al-
so to allow the water to expand and contract
by the difterent temperatures. As soon as
heat is applied, a circidation commences.
Hot water goes from the boiler out to the
stand-pipe, and the cold water goes back in-
to the boiler again. A liome-made apparat-
us, such as you describe, will often answer
very well for special case .

i88G

(iJ.EANLNGS IN JiKK CUTLTrUK

107

PHIZES FOK UOXEY AND UEES AT FA1R!<; HINTS
TO VICE-PRESIDENTS.

During- the first three months of the jeiir, the
premium-lists for County, State, and District Fairs
are ufauall.v made up. The Vice-Presidents of the
National Society should therefore soon commence
their work.

I would respectfully sug-gest that the.\- communi-
cate with the diflerent Official Bonrds of the Agri-
cultural Societies in their respective States, and
endeavor to induce them to offer appropriate
prizes for bees ahd honey at the fairs for the com-
ing' season.

The following-, or something- similar to it, would
be well to recommend in the line of prizes:

Hcst colony of bees in observatory hive; best
display of comb honey; best display of extracted
honey; best display of beeswa.x; best honej'-e.x-
tractor; bee-hive for all purposes; and largest and
best display of apiarian implements.

Each vice-president and secretary of State and
local societies will understand the reipiirements of
Iheir locality, and act and govern themselves ac-
cording-ly. H. D. (HTTTiNf:,

Cliairnian of Kxf-culiri' fomiuittii'.

Clinton, Mich.

I second your motion, friend ("., in the
above matter.

BIIOOD WITH THEIK HEADS I'NCOVEUED.

On pag-e .'d, current volume, >ir. C. C Miller, in
speaking- of bees with their heads uncovered, says
that he doesn't think they are ever left tincovered
unless the wax-worm uncover.s them or runs galle-
ries over them. Now, I think ditterently, for T have
seen patches as large as a man's haixi.and in sever-
al combs in the same hive; also in very populous
colonies, which wouUl be very likely to kee|i the
wa.x-worms at bay.

My report for li-8.") is not at all Hatleiing-, as the
few bees I have didn't nuike any surplus, and most
of them will have to be fe<l in the spring- before
ihey will be able to support themselves from the
liowers. r-l'THEH Pl'RIiV.

Killbuck, Holmes Co., O.

Friend 1\, since you mention it I remem-
bei' too tliat it is strong liealtliy colonies, .so
far as my experience goes, that leave the
l)rood uncovered during hot weather. I can
not think tluit it was wax-worms in our
case.

or 20 cents. In England it has, we believe,
been sold at a penny a copy, which would be
about a nickt^l for us.

PAKADISE LOST.

Please tell us what Paradise Lost is. I think
then are many of our readers like youi-self who do
not know, but are anxious to find out.

Nappanee, Ind., Dec. r.';'), 188'). I. u. Goon.

Friend (;.. our proof-reader says that
Paradise J.,<)st is the immortal masterpiece
of that great Englishman, John Milton, the
blind poet, who died KiOH. (Jreat scholars in
:ill foreign nations have studied the English
language, simply that they might read Mil-
ton s Paradise Lost, as others have studied
it to read Shakespeare. As far as I have
read it. it seems to be about Satan and his
allies before the advent of man upon the
eartli; and it makes one painfully aware,
when lie reads it, that Satan is still making
himself busy with the affairs of humankind.
The beginning of the book has little more
IJible authority than the epistle of Jude and
Luke 10:18. It can be had anvwhere for lo

BEES STEALING EGOS.

lam still reading- Gi.E.\NiNOS. It is a pleasure to
peruse its pages, and get the different ideas. A
great deal has been said about bees stealing- eggs.
Last summer I saw a variety of things that bees
are in the habit of doing-. I had one swarm of
blacks that were queenless. These bees were hov-
ering- around the entrance of another hive having a
queen, and were picking up things that were
brought out. T saw that the bees in the hive which
contained a queen were cleaning out some moth
webs, and once in awhile they would bring oiU
what I thought were eggs, or something- like them,
and would let them drop in front of the hive; then
these blacks would pick them up and examine
them, and fly oft' with them. Since the subject
came up, altout bees stealing eggs from other hives,
I have been thinking it is just what those blacks
were on the search for— to get an egg for a queen.
It was in the fall, and T united them to a late swarm.

Ashland, <». A. H. Baum.

Friend 1}., your suggestion is a valuable
one ; and since you mention it, it seems
that this is the way in which a queenless
colony sometimes gets an egg, to save them
from utter ruin.

A DEVICE TO FASTEN WINDOWS UP
OR DOWN, OB, AT ANY POINT.

SO.METIllNfi lOKKECTIVE, AT.THOlTfi-H LOW IN PKICE.

|()H many years I have been trying to get
' something better to hold a window up
than a stick or a book, or something of
that sort ; but although we have tried
them, even paying as high as 7."> cents
window, I have never had any thing
please me so well as the little device illus-
trated below.

per

RtTOKEVK SASH-r,OCK.

This device holds the sash seciuely by fric-
tion in any desired position, as tight as if it
were in a vise. It prevents the sash from
rattling, and excludes the dust by making
tight joints, and yet it does not mar the
wood. It is put on with two screws, and can
be fitted by an inexperienced hand in three
minutes. It works equally well on upper or
lower sash, with or Avithout weights. Print-
ed instructions are furnished with each one,
as well as screws to fiisten them on with,
and yet the price is only "> cts.; 10 for 48 cts.;
KJO for $4..">0. If wanted by mail, add 2 cts.
each extra. The little device is the inven-
tion of one of our Medina Co. boys.

108

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

TEMPERATURE OF SUB-EARTH VEN-
TILATORS.

SOME INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS.

J HAVE just been makiug some observations on
the temperature of my cellar, sub-earth s'en-
tilator, etc., and will give you the result.
Yesterday morning' the thermometer stood
]-i° below zero; and as this was just the tem-
perature outside when C. C. Miller made his tests,
it gave me a chance to get at comparative tempera-
tures, and 1 found my cellar and ventilator just
tallied with his; viz., 42° for the cellar, 43° for the
air coming in at the sub -earth ventilator. The
other end of the ventilator was covered with snow
when these tests were made. I wonder if Mr. Mil-
ler's was. To-day, in order to know just how much
the temperature of the air was raised in passing
through under the ground to the cellar, I cleared
away the snow at the outside end and put a ther-
mometer in and found it stood 8° above zero, while
the general atmosphere was only 4° above, although
the bulb of the thermometer was not over 10 inches
from the outside. Can it be there is a circulation
both ways in an underground ventilator? This
would seem to show it, although the inward draft
in the cellar is quite sti-ong— so strong that a match
burns with difficulty when held in it. Nc.Yt I again
tried the cellar end of the ventilator, and found it
stood at 44°, or an increase of 40° degrees over out-
side temperature. My ventilator, which also serves
as a drain, is 80 ft. long and about 8 ft. deep at the
cellar end, and comes to the surface at the other
end. The opening is made by laying small stones
on each' side at the bottom of the ditch, so as to
leave a space between, and then a Hat stone to
bridge them over and hold up the dirt. The size of
the opening varies, but I think it nowhere less than
;iX4 inches.

I consider ventilation of cellars for bees of pilme
importance, not so much on account of the purify-
ing of the air, as affecting temperature. It is true,
that we can keep the temperature up well enough
without ventilators; but, can we keep it f?o«'?i
equally well? Perhaps this might be done with ice;
but not every bee-keeper has ice, and I am one of
the number who do not believe in a temperature of
much ojer 45° for bees; and if I could have my
way abgut it, I would have it go no lower than 40°
nor higher than .50°. How a temperature of 60° can
be kept up in this latitude, without artificial means,
is more than I can see. Mr. Barber thinks he is
master of the wintering problem under his high-
temperature plan, because he has saved an average
of 80;. I have a record of my losses for .5 years,
and thej^average is a trifle over lO'^, . I do not think
that the advocates of high temperature can claim
nil success for their plan, and 1 think the idea is
fraught with much danger to the novice and inex-
perienced,

THE TE.MPERATURE OF A WEI-I. AND A SWARM OF
BEES IN WINTER.

I have also tested the temperature of my well,
which is 123 ft. deep, and find the water, when coming
direct from the bottom, is .50°. Do you not suppose
that the temperature of water in wells will vary
more than the temperature of the earth? To test
the.heat of a cluster of bees, I pushed the bulb of a
common dairy thermometer right down among
the bees, put back the quilt, left them until they
were quiet, and drew it out. It showed 88", while

the lower end of the cluster hunf
air, which was 42°.
Ithaca, "Wis., Jan. 12, 18e6.

right out in the
C. A. Hatch.

AN arched STONE CELT.AR, AND THE EFFECT OF
A I.AROE DRAIN UPON IT 1.50 YARDS I.ONO.

Permit me to give you an account of a little e.\-
periment, made with reference to the temperature
of the earth, etc. I have a cellar, the bottom of
which is 12 feet below the surface of the earth. It
is covered by an arch of stonework 18 inches thick,
with a basement and dwelling-house above it of
stone. It is connected with the outside air by 4
flues running from the top of the arch up through
and above the top of the liouse, flues 8 inches
square. The cellar has a drain from the bottom,
running 1.50 yards to the lake, from 12 feet below

j the surface at the cellar, to 4 feet below, where it

! comes out at the lake. The outlet is two 2-ineh tile,
but the drain is much larger inside in some places,
being of stone.

.Tan. 8, thermometer outdoors 14° early in the
forenoon, and at 20° when I made the e.vpcriment.
Temperature of cellar, 45°, si.x feet above the flooi-.
The wind was coming in at the entrance of the
drain sufficiently strong to blow out a candle, and it
felt colder than the cellar. I placed the thermome-
ter in the entrance, and was surprised to find it jyo
up to 50°. As the air entered the drain at 20°, and
was warmed up in its rapid passage to the cellar to
.50°, I conclude that the earth at the depth above
mentioned must have a temperature greater than
.50° here on Pelee Island, Canada.

Jan. 12, thermometer early in the forenoon, zero;
at noon, 12° outdoors; 42° in cellar, and 48° in en-
trance to drain. The cellar is at a low temperature,

I on account of the Hues being open all the time.

I Thaddehs Smith.

I Pelee Island, Ont., Can., Jan. 1.5, md.

6.5^ outside and 40° INSIDE.

lam quite interested in the temperature of the
earth in different places. In my new bee-cellar,
which is si.x feet deep between floors, the ther-
mometer stands at 40° when it is at 6i° outside; and
when it goes to 10° below zero outside it goes to nfi°
above in the cellar, with the sub earth ventilator
open. This ventilator is made so that the entrance
for the air is four inches square. It is but 20 ft.
long, and is about five feet under ground, nearly all
the length of the ventilator. Do you think that 40°
is warm enough, or would it be Itest to use artificial
heat to make it warmer? The bees are quiet, and
seem to be doing well. Wm. L. Kino.

Sodus, Mich., Jan. .5, 1886.

llepoiis seem to indicate, as you will no-
tice, that the temperature of the earth varies
considerably, even though the depth be about
the same. The jSlammoth Cave is probably
at the highest extreme, but the depth may,
of course, have something to do with it. I
believe, however, we can depend upon get-
ting a temperature of between 40 and -30
degrees at any season of the year by going
down, say, 10 or 15 feet. Am I not right V
Landreth, in his catalogue, says that the
best temperature for a greenhouse for let-
tuce, radishes, etc., is between 40 and 50
degrees; and, if I am correct, the general
experience of those who winter bees in cel-
lars seems to be in favor of about the same
temperature. Some think 55 degrees will do

188G

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

109

no liarm ; and for our ft-reenhouses "w degrees
would 1)6 very desirable, if we could get it
without artilieial heat.

THE TEMPERATURE OF MOTHER
EARTH.

rXlFOItM AT A CERTAIN r.El'TH.

fKIEXD Allen sends us something which
is right to the point we were discuss-
ing. It is taken from Ganot's Physics,
of 1S79. and it reads as follows:

" Tene .trial Heat.— Ouv i^\ohe possesses a
heat pcciiliiir to it, wliicli is called the terrestrial
lieat. The variations of temperature which occur
at the surface gradually penetrate to a certain
depth, at whicli their influence hecomes too slight
to be sensible. It is hence concluded that the solar
heat does not penetrate below a certain internal
layer, which is called the layer of constant tempera-
ture: its depth below the earth's external surface
\'aries, of course, in different parts of the globe; at
Paris it is about ;!0 yards, and the temperature is
constant at \\.h° C."

Now, 11. s^ Ccntig'rade, if my reduction is correct,
is the equivalent of 53.54° Fahrenheit.

I presume, however, that proximity to hidden
veins of sub-earth water-ways, and possible volcan-
ic localities, may raise the normal temperature of
many tracts of country beneath the ground.
Nearness to water, rather than to fire of our burn-
ing earth, methinks, most generally modifies the
cellars of our friends. Fk.\nk At^len.

PhilipsburgEast, P. Q., Can., .Ian. S, 1^;«6.

Here is another:

52° THK TEMPEHATURE OK THE WATER FROM A
SIDE-HI Lli.

Vou ask for information in regard to the temper-
ature of the earth at considerable depth from the
surface, (^n the 25lh of Dec , 1885, 1 tested the wa-
ter from a spring gushing- out from under a hill
some 200 ft. in height, and found the temperature
to be .50'i° by one thermometer, and 534° by anoth-
er. Probably 52 is about the exact temperature
for this vicinity. Lttiier Purdv.

Killbuck, Ohio.

You notice from these, that the earth does
really have a temperature peculiar to itself,
but that the depth at which this is reached
varies in ditierent localities. You observe,
as a further proof, that at Paris, 53.24 deg.
V. tallies closely with that of Mammoth
cave, whicli is 55 deg., with my experiments
( »7 feet below the surface at our factory),
which sliowed 5(j deg., and with friend Pur-
dy's side-hill experiments, which showed 52
deg. It seems to me, then, we do not jump
at conclusions when we infer from these
facts that the earth has a temperature of
its own. Ekxkst.

Ernest: — I took my A. I. Root thermometer,
tied a string to it, and let it down into my spring.
After holding it there some time it registered 46°.
The temperature of the air was 31°. The spring is
three feet deep, the water coming in from the bot-
tom. 1 wish you and'the "queen" that had spunk
enough to swarm out in December much joy, and a
long, happy, and useful life. ('. K. 9cHMEi/rzER.

Scholls Ferry, Oregon.

Your experiments differ from those just
preceding, because you did not go deep
enough. Had you gone, say 100 ft. or more,
you would prol»alily have sti'uck the /.one of

'• terrestrial heat," whicli is 53 deg. Thanks
for your kind wishes, and I wish the same
joy io you; i. r., if you have a "queen."

Ernest.

Noticing the report of H. R. Boardraan and T. H.
Kloer on temperature of wells, to-day I tested our
well, situated in South Florida, Polk Co., 25 ft. deep.
The temi^erature outside was 39°. 1 drew a bucket
of water, immersed the thermometer, and in three
minutes removed it and found it just 70°. If 1 am
hei-e in the summer, I will make the experiment
then and find if theue is any change.

Lakeland, Fla., Jan. 11, 1886. J. D. Coles.

In your southern clime you would have to
go probably much more than 100 ft. to arrive
at the zone of '•terrestrial heat." Your
experiments show that the ground near the
surface is much Avarmer than it is here
north. Erxest.

A PL.ANER SAW, AND HOW MADE.

REVERSIBLE FRAMES, ETC.

§OME time ago I saw a number of articles on
saws cutting smooth. The rip-saw 1 use for
sawing sections is 16 inches in diameter; but
the diameter would make no difference. As
the Simond's saw-works are located in St.
Catherine's, 8 miles from here, I probably am some-
what favored. A year ago I went to the works and
asked the foreman if they could concave a saw for
mc. They replied yes. I gu\e them my order. The
center, or eye, is about one-half as thick as the
teeth. I think one less concaved would do as well.
It is not quite so rigid on th« mandrel as it
would be were it not concaved. T can saw smoother
than it can be planed. The teeth are about '/» inch
apart, but I think ■'^ would do as well, and cut fast-
er. One tooth is filed square across back and throat,
then the two following are filed right and left on
the back; but the throats are all filed square across,
or at right angles with the saw. This is done to
prevent the teeth from springing outward while at
work.

REVERSIBLE FRAMES.

1 ha\e never used any yet. Why? Because I never
thought they would pay any percentage on the cap-
ital and time invested. 1 should prefer using less
frames in the brood-nest with dummies, and, rather
than handle the frames so much, even if I did get a
slight increase of honey, I should prefer keeping a
few more colonics, even if all the honey were
stored in sections. I do not want any more feeding,
unless I wish increase. Two seagons since, I began
bee-keeping. I have fed for increase absolutely.
I think if a location will not produce a paying sur-
plus without feeding winter stores, pack your grip
and look up a better. Time is worth too much to
waste.

8 OR 10 FRAMES, WHICH?

For some time back I have been reading the
communications In regard to hives containing
eight or ten frames. My opinion is this: That it
does not make much difference; but I should prefer
a ten-frame hive. When a swarm issues from aten-
frame hive, is it not larger in proportion than an
eight-frame swarm? It appears to me that I can •
see considerable in favor of the ten-frame hive,
there being just one fifth more bees to work in the
sections. Will Ellis.

St. Daviils, Out., Can.

tio

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feu.

Friend E.. we have tried saws concaved
in tlie \v;iy you mention; but on account ,of
the greuter"liability to rattle or shalce at the
outside diameter, where tlie teeth are, we
linally abandoned them. \Ve get saws to
cut just as nicely, I thinlc, made all of a
thickness, and the expense is much less.— It
seems to me you are hardly qualitied to de-
cide in regard to reversible frames until you
liave used them, and watched the working
of them. Those who use the eight-frame
hive expect, as a rule, to get as much brood
in eight frames as we have ordinarily in ten,
obliging the bees to put their surplus honey
in the sections. Where a queen occupies
ten L. frames, it is almost always true that
more or less honey is stored in some of the
frames along the top-bar, especially toward
the upper outside corners.

Gleahincs in Bee Culture,

Published Semi-Monthly .

.£^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Cluliblng Sates, See First Page of Beadias Hatter.

s, Uuic will .voiii- heart be uls

f'OMMON nails are '^e. or more lower, pei-. 11>.,
Ihaii tlie i)rices given in oiu' price list.

'I'HK iiiiniber of our snl)scribers this :iiith day ol'
January is 4tt81; 19 more, and we shall lie .5(i(Hl again.

Wk take pleasui-e in callinjr attention (o the ad-
\ertisenient of our good friend Peter Henderson
(to be found in this issuei, whose name w(! have so
often mentioned as the great pioneer market gar-
dener.

AI-SIKF, CI.OVKK.

I'NTTi, further notice, the i)riee of alsike clover
seed will be as follows, instead of ^iccoi-ding to our
price list: Price per pound, 18cts.; per pock, $3.2.'>;
per half bushel, $4.40; per bushel, *8..")(); :J bushels,

mc>M.

OUR SKED CATAIiOfUIE.

Tt Is now ready; but, to tell the truth, when com-
pared with the seed catalogues that are sent out by
our gi-eat seedsmen, ours does not look very hand-
some. Nevermind; we will gi\c >ou some prices
on some things that perhaps will help the matter
somewhat.

DISCOUNTS FOR THE .MONTH OF FEBRUAKV.

T'NTii, further notice, we will give the usual dis-
count of 10 per cent on foundation; 5 per cent on
sections; and as an inducement for ordering before
the great rush comes, an extra 15 per cent on all
goods mentioned in our list, ordered during the
month of February^

BASSWOOD HENS'-EOOS.

These are not quite as good as the kind they tell
about in the papers, that can bo told from the gen-

uine egg only by experts, but they ai-e tiptop nest-
eggs. They do not freeze, and the old biddies can't
eat them up. Price ~ cts. each; 15 cts. for ten, %\.'M
per ino, or $lfl.0;i per 1(100. If wanted by mail, add
one cent each for postage. Supply-dealers who
manufacture sections cftii make bushels and bush-
els of nice nest-eggs out of refuse bits of white
basswood. "Do you see/"

THE specific (iR.WlTY OF MOIST AIR CO.MI'ARED
WITH IlliV AIR.

On page 89, friend ('. V. Miller calls attention to
the statement on page 4:1, that moist air is heavier
than dr.v air. Friend (ireen has got off from the
track here; but he is usually so accurate, it was
passed unnoticed. Years ago. Prof. Wise, the dis-
tinguished leronaut, mado a balloon of linen cloth,
filled it with common air, and found that, by sprink-
ling the outside of the balloon with water, the air
inside would be dampened to such an extent as to
cause the balloon to rise. Warm air Vi^ill take up a
nuu'h larger qiuvntity of moisture than cold air.
This we notice by seeing tlie dew precipitated when
a body of air is suddenly cooled.

REVERSIBLE HIVES NOT A NEW THING.

If our friends will turn to the .4. B..I. for June,
1870, they will find an engraving of John M. Price's
revolvable and reversible comb hive. The hive is
made to reverse not onlj' the brood combs, but the
wide frames holding sections as well; and they not
only go cither side up, liut any side up, for the frames
are perfectly square. Friend Price, at the time the
subject was up, urged quite vehementli' the ad-
vantages of reversible franus, as well as reversible
hives, for his hive reverses Just as well as each
frame reverses. Friend 1'. is now located in Flori-
da; and with his sixteen years of experience with
these reversible frames and reversible hives he
ought to lie able to give us some favorable sug-
gestions. ( an't you do it, friend P. ?

SHAM, WE FEED OUR BEES SITOAR STORES FOR
WINTER';'

The statements made by our good frit-iid Wright
and Mrs. Harrison may be true; but for all that, if
I found by exi)orience that my bees would winter
safely on stores of sugar, antl would not so winter
on honey, I should winter them on sugar, and tr.\'
to ha\o faith in educating humanity to under.^tand
these thinj,s as they are. I do not believe my
friends and neighbors would conclude I was feed-
ing the bees sugar, and selling it for honey, even
if they did sec me buying barrels of sugar at a cer-
tain season of the year. I believe, however, that
the general testimony indicates that stores of good
sealed honey are pretty nearly as safe as sugar,
and therefore the only advantage in sugar feeding
will be when we have got to feed something, and,
of course, we may prevent this state of atfairs by
laying up a reserve stock of combs full of sealed
honey ; and at the present prices of honey and sugar.
1 am inclined to think reserved combs are about as
cheap feed as we can have, and it is certainly hand-
ier than any kind of a feeder. What bee-keeper
has not enjoyed having groat heavy combs of stores
to give any colony that happens to need food'^
With a hive holding ten frames, unless the colony
is remarkably strong in numbers, there ought to be
a sufficient surplus in the brood-nest to prevent any
such thing as starvation at any time of the year.

188(3

GLEANINGS IN liEE (^.ULTITRE.

Ill

plant of (lUk'i-
1 hat il tlu

THE NEW AGKICUI.TUKK; ()I{, THK WATEliS MCD
C.U'TIVK.

Wk have finally niartc (luitc a purchase of the
abovc-iianied book, written liy the Honorable A. N.
Cole. Of course no one can iinnounce iiositively on
the system laid down in this book until it has iuid
further test in the hands of the average market
gardeners and friiit-K'rowers. We extract the two
following- testimonials in rcg'ard to the liook. The
Hrsl is an extract from the rejiort ofJicially nuule to
the Farmers' Club, of IClniii-a, N. V., l)y its President,
Mr. James JNIcCann, and ex-l'resiilent f!eo. W. Hoff-
man :

TlU' (■1kiii;,'.'s wfun^lit ill t'lf M'il aMil its |noUiirt> ciiistitntrd
il Ki'fiU sinprise. * * " H.'avy slicuvris liail I'allen in I In-
xvfpk iM'torr iMir \ isit, lint there was iiol the sliirhtest appem-
ance of washiiit'. * * * There v\asafull erop-,,f ihi' iiiost
ii'markal>le straw tx-rries, one iieeuliaritv of wliieli wa'< tin' a'o
seiiec of what inav he tenne.l a core or hard stein in tlieniid-
,11,. fh..v ^^..l■.■ jn'iey and lenchr all the' way Ihronk'h. One
UiiiK had. we shoiihl Jiidire. e!ii>u;rh bei lies to
eoiild be pieked at one time.

The other was written for the lliisIiiimhiKiu, of
KImira, N. V , by the Hon. .John H. Selkreg-, of
Itliaca, N. v.:

On the9th of Oetoher. tlo' presc^nt iii.oidi.l l.>oked over and
critically e.xaniined the garden .uid hehl which have been
trenched and treated by Mr. Coc. 1 found strawheiry vines
which, to me. seemed more Iiiviiriant and thrifty than any
which have fallen under my eye at any time. 1 saw ras|dierry
eani'S of enormous si;-e. I venture to assert niori' tliaii one
ineh in diameter, and of e\t r.vordinary freshness and v it;<lity.
1 saw Champion of Knirland peavines which measured, ^tand-
in^;. sKVEX feet from t lie yidiiml, and conlainin!.; blossoms, in-
cipient pods, and full -^riO'vn peas, ill c(iianlitv ureatei- than 1
ever before had kiniw lerjfre of, and 1 ate <'i' tliose peas for
dinner that day, and know their unparalleled llavor and deli-
e.iey. 1 measured a pumpkin, in nirtli live feel four ini'hes;
several sijuashes of about foul' feet diameter (length): and I
helped dix a si.NOLK inn, i>f Karly Kose potatoes which, when
wei^rhed, tippeil the scales at sixteen and one-half pounds,
over one quarter of a bushel, live ,if these potatoes ineasurin)^
ail avcia^e of eighteen iie-hes arouinl in leiiK'th, and nine
inches in eircuinference. T.iken as a whole, the wealth of
erowth upon the land cultivated by Mr. Cole, in my judjiinent,
far exceeds what cm be found elsewhere in thi ■ or any other
State,"

The price of the book is $"J,0(); but \vc will furnish
it to subscribers of GLEANiMtis for ifl.4U; » tjooks,
$-Xh(): 10 or more, *1.(X) each. Jf wsuitcd by mail,
add 10 cts. each extra for postage.

SHllTlNf; <;<)fH)S Vi'lTHOUT CAIJ.I.NC 'lllf.M BY
THEIR KIOHT .VA.ME.

A CL'STOMEi: orders a package of hone.\ , but tells
us to be sure and not let aiiyliody know the con-
tents of the package; for if his customers found
out lie was purchasing honey from somewhere else
they would .jump to the conclusion that it was luun-
ufactured, and wouldn't Ijuy. Now, there are very
great ob.iections to any such wa.v of doing business.
1 don't believe it will pay any man, in the end, to
mislead his patrons in any way, shaiie, or manner,
either directl.v or indirectly. 'J'he rtiilroad compa-
n.v are at once suspicious of any iiackage where the
8hipi)er seems to desire or prefer not to mark on
the outside ,1ust Avhat the package contains. (Jf
course, they can not tell what classification it should
be shipped under, and so, to be on the right side,
they v.ill mark it first chiss, or even double first
class. Some time ago the matter was discussed
about marking barrels of honej*, "syrup," so as to
get a low rate of freight. I do not know how a
Christian, or even a .si'/dp!!; 7(0)(C)sf man, could con-
sistently do any thing of this sort; and after study-
ing the matter over ciuitc a little, I can't see how a
Christian, or even an lioncst man, can very well
refuse to tell just what a box or barrel containg
when he hands it over to the railroad company. If
you can not sell honey and call it by its right name,
and tell your customei-s exactly where you got it,
don't undertake to sell any honey except what you
raise yourself, May be the above advice may

hinder in some degree my selling out that carload
that came from California; but J would rathci-
know that my patrons were frank and outspoken in
their dealings, than to sell a hundred carloiids of
honey. The matter of liuying sugar in the fall to
feed your bees in the winter, comes in here indi-
rectl.v. I shall always purchase sugar for winter
feeding whonexer I think it advisable, and I shall
do it in broad daylight, without any etfort to get
iiny of the barrels out of sight, as if I were ashamcil
of it. Whenever any iinjuiry is made, I shall rx-
Iilain the niatter as well as I «^an. If the public
ilon't accept my e.vplaniition, I shall try to bear il.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED FOR 1880.

The Iriendswill pleasf put a date on their circu-
lars when they are having them printed; for if they
don't, how else are we to tell whether it is the same
circular we noticed last year, or the year beffire,
or a new onei'

.1. .\. Huinns<m, Vienna, O., sends a 1 pa;re circuln r: spp, i.jlt v.
ehafl' hives; also Italian bees.

.1. B. Mas<ui <t Son, Mechanic Kails, .Me., send us a little pam-
phlet of .bll pajres, ciHitaininj,'- inneh valuable matter, besides
prices on almost every tiling |iertainiiitr to the bee business.

.loseph Nysewander, lies Moines, la,, sends us a catalojrvic of
<>i |iag-es, supplies in preneral.

Win. (Iroff, Rome, N. V., sends a 1-page circular. His special-
ty is Uroff's Coinmon-.Sense bee-hive. Ma.v we suKgest to
friend (!., that the term " Common-Sense," as appliefl to bee
hives is in rather bad favin< It was especially so five or six
years a^o, as he will see by our hack volumes,

Hntrlies A: Tatman, North Topeka, Kan., send us their ciren •
lar— specialties, Plymouth Kockand Lifrht Brahma fowls; also
bees and queens.

Kennedy i^' I.eahy, Higginsvillc, Mo., sends us their price
list of last .year, with change of prices on the over.

.1. T. Fletcher, Clarion, I'.i. Specialty, fowls; also bees .and
(liieens.

C. W. Costellow, Waterhoro, Me., 12 pagi' price list; general
supplies.

,)ames Heddoii, Dow agiac, Mich., sends us a 2(j-pnge circular;
specialty. Heddons new hive. This circular contains coiLsid-
erable matter of interest to beekeepers, aside from the goods
triend H. offers for sale.

.1. v. Caldwell & Co., Camhridge, 111., send a IP-page, ca*-
alogue; speeialt.v, (iivcn foundation-press.

K. T. Lewis <t Co., Toledo, (>., send us a Kpage catalogue,
very comprehensive, fully Illustrated.

Among the catalogues lately printed at this odice we notice
the following:

A l-.'-page pri.-c list lor .1. W. Ritlenbcndcr, Knoxvillc. la.:
supijlies generally.

A li-page list for lor F. Hoomhower, (lallupville, N. Y.; .'Spe-
cialty, Italian bees and queens, and English rabbits.

A (i-page list for John Nehel A Son. High Hill, Mo.; bees,
(lUeens, tdn . etc.

.\ t-pagi'list for 1!. v. HubbaHl A Ci>.. Temi.le. Te.\as; hives,
and suiiplies in general.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The ajinual convention of the II. I. Bee-kcepeis'
Society will be held Februai-y 11, 188S, in Proxi-
dencc. Geo. A. Stock well. Sec.

Providence, R. I., .Jan. 27, 188(j.

The Seventeenth Annual Convention of the New
York State Bee-Keepers' Association (formerly
North-Kastern) will be held in Kocbester, N. Y., <m
17th, 18th, and I'Jth of Feb., 1HS6.

Perry tJenter, N. Y. F. C. Benedict, Sec.

AN' O.MI.S3IOX at THE DETKOIT CONVENTION.

I'lie report of the committee on exhibits at th<-
recent convention of the N. A. B. K. A. at Detroit
did not Include the exhibit of (!. B. Lewis & Co., ol
Watertown, Wis. They call attention to the omis-
sion, and say, "Our sections were displayed in the
sample room of the Newhall House, and also they
were brought down to the office." This accounts
for the omission in the report, for the committee
supposed that all the exhibits were made at the
Antisdel House. They also say, "We exhibited on-
ly 4i-ix4li, open-top, very white, basswood sections,
and some English section-folders."

Toledo, < )., Jan. ;?;, I.hsc. a. b. Mason.

112

GLEAJ^INGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feu.

AUTOMATIC HONEY- EXTRACTOR

Is iu-knowiedg-ed by all practical bee-keepers to be
the most perfect and complete honey-extractor
known. The weight of the combs reverses them
the instant the motion stops, and they never miss.
The Automatic is highly recommended by tlie fol-
lowing prominent bee-keepers:

Ira Barber, Prof. A. J. Cook, W. E. Clark. II. D.
Cutting, F. F. Crooker. C. P. Dadaut, W. T. F'alcon-
cr, James Heddon, C. K. Isbam, D. A. Jones, Dr. A.
n. Mason, J. H. Martin, A. E. Manum, S. T. Pettit,
A. I. Root, L. C. Hoot, J. H. Robertson, I. L. Sco-
field, F. A. Salisbury, J. M. Shuck, T. L. Von Dorn,
and a host of others.

On account of the great call l\)r our machines
throughout the West and South-west we have de-
cided to start another factory to accommodate that
trade, and for that purpose J. E. Stanley has located
atQ'opeka, Kansas, where he will manufacture the
Automatic honey-extractor and dollar smoker, and
where he will, in connection with Stanley Bros,
there, establish a honey-store. Stanley Bros, are
extensive wholesale dealers in fruits, nuts, and con-
fectionery, and have a large trade through Kansas,
Nebraska, and Colorado. J. E. Stanley is a practic-
al honey-man, and will have full charge of the hon-
ey department.

All orders for extractors west of the Mississippi
River (except from California), and also Wisconsin,
Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Ala-
bama, should go "to the Western house. Orders for
all other States east of the Mississippi River, as
well as from all foreign countries, should come to
the Eastern house.

Californians wanting our machines should apply
to Messrs. Baker & Barnaid, of San Buenaventura,
Ventura Co., Cal. These parties order the reels
from us, and make machines to oi-dcr. This will be
a great saving of freight to purchasers.

Our prices for machines taking the L. frame are
as follows:

2-frame machines, without gear f 12 00

;} '• " " " 16 00

4 '■ " " " 21 00

(i " " " " 30 00

The above prices are for our machines without
gear, but with crank attached to top of center-
shaft. We add a strong vertical gear, with crank
at side of can, for 3f2.0O extra, or a horizontal gear
for f 1.00 extra. If any frame, except the standard
li., Jt'sXlT'^s, is used, please mail us a sample frame
and get prices on the machine you want.

Always address the house in your own territory.
J. E. STANLEY, G. "W. STANLEY,

Topeka, Kansas. Wyoming, N. Y.

This advertisement will not appear again. 3d

LEGS ^ND ARMS

{artificial)
WITH RUBBER HANDS AND FEET.

The Most Natural, (
fortaliie ai.d Durable.

THOUSANDS IN tJSE.

Kew ratpnts .and Impor
taut ItiiiirnM'iiieiiis.
pecial atlcntiou K'^

SOLDIERS,

3111. rnmpblet of 160 Pagss
SENT FREE.

A. A. MAHIIC-,

701 Broadway, New York.

Please mention this paper.

WE WILL SELL

Chaffirhives complete, with lower frames, for $2.50;
in flat. $]..5(). A liberal discount l)y the quantity.
Simplicity hives, Section Boxes, Comb F'dn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shoj). Italian Bees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 23 22db

A, F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. Spe ndvevtigpment in
auotjicr column. 3btfd

WiLL SELL 20 OOLONiES OF BEES

In Simpliciti" hives, in line condition, for ^.">.()ii each,
if paid for now. Will ship bees in spring. Also a

BARNES FOOT-POWER SAW,

With countershaft and pulleys, two extra saws,
cutter-heads, etc., for $30.00. Cost me over *.")0.0(l.
Purchasers for the above can, if they prefer, send
their cash to A. I. Root, Medina, (J. 3 4-)d

I. L. PARKER, TRACY CITY, GRUNQY CO., TENN.

EXCHANGE DSPAETMEITT.

Notices will be inserted under tliis liead at one-lialf our
usual rates. All ad's intended tor this depai-tnient must not
exc<>ed 5 lines, and you must say you want j-our ad. in this de-
pattment, or we «iil not be responsible lor any error.

WANTED.— To exchange new Novice honey-ox-
tractors for A. and L. frames; will exchange
for a bone-grinder, or good books, or any thing use-
ful. Gko. W. Bakkh, Milton, Ind. 3-5 7-9- 11- 13d

WANTED.— To exchange one-half bushel of ex-
tra fine white-clover seed for alsike-clovcr
seed. lOtfdb M. A. Gill,, Viola, Riehl'd Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Friends, I
have 15 pairs of the celebrated Bonney's
stock of Brown Leghorns that I will sell at $3.00 per
pair, or will exchange for good beeswax at 25 cts.
per pound. Circulars free. Ref., A. I. Root.
24tfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton, Guern. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange golden-Avillow cuttings
for Italian queens. I will book orders now,
and send the willows as early as will do next spring:
queens wanted in May and June, 1886. 2 dozen cut-
tings for a warranted, and 4 dozen for a tested; also
one weeping-willow cut with each dozen. Will
send by mail. S. C. Frederick,

24, 5db Coal Vale, Craw. Co., Kan.

WANTED.— To exchange a buzz and scroll saw
combined, one polyoptican, new, one Smith
American cabinet organ (catalogue price $210.00),
all in perfect condition, for Plymouth Rocks, Ches-
ter or Poland pigs, Holstein or Jersey calves, or
young cattle. ' L. W. Lightv,

2tfdb Mulberry, York Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange strawberry and rasji-
berry plants for $1.00 or tested queens, or
pounds of bees (in spring). Address 2tfdb

C. W. Phelps & Co., Tioga Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

"rT"rANTRD.— To exchange choice grapevines (5c
VV each), fdn. machine, and hand printing-press,
for buckwheat, beeswax, etc. Write to
3d F. C. MoRUOAV, Wallaceburg, .Ark.

WANTED.— To exchange two handsome cases of
stutted birds, for bees, comb fdn., or ex. hon-
ey; also eggs of P. Rocks and Brown Leghorns,
$1.50 per sitting, for bees, queens, or comb fdn. mill.

Address T. G. Ashmead, Williamson.

3d Wayne Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange for a farm, or sell my
place, consisting of 7!o acres of ground in the
town of Lewisvillc, Ind. A small dwelling, poultry-
houses, stable, and an everlasting gravol-bank,
which affords about 3000 loads of gravel every year,
which sells readily at from 10 to 15 cts. per load.
The place is in a good honey locality, and good
shipping facilities. Apiary slopes to the south and
east; is surrounded on the north and west tiy ;i,
tight plank fence, about "i ft. high. Apiary is set in
grapevines. I will give five years' time, if sold. Di-
rect all communications to
3-.5-7cl (Jeo. W. Bakek, Milton, liid.

WANTED.— To exchange Simplicity hives for a
circular -saw mandrel for hive-making l>y
steam power. Will sell hives (in the flat) cheap for
cash, or will take one-third pay in fuH colonies of
bees. Hives ip any quantitvto suit customers, up
to a. carload per dai(-. G. A. Fahrand.

3tfdb Rockport. Cuyahoa-a Co., O,

188B

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTITRR.

\\A

CONTRACTS WANTED

supply" DEALERS

FOR NEXT SEASON'S STOCK OF GOODS.

CHAFF. STORY A^'D JIALF CHAFF, AND SIM-
PLICITY HIVES, SMOKERS, EXTRACTORS,
COMB FOUNDATION, FRAMES, SEC-
TIONS, BOOKS, ETC.,

At wholesale and retail. Unexcelled facilities.
Circulars and estimates free, t^ueccssors to S. C. &
J. P. Watts. Sta. Kerrmore, n. C. C, & S. W. K .K.

WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Ittdb.

Pee-jr{^eepers' Supplies.

NORTH-WESTERN CHAFF HIVES, 4 -PIECE

SECTIONS DOVETAILED, FRAMES, HON-

EV-ROXES, ETC.

Address R. SCHMIDT,

'Jdb Caroline. Shawrano Co.. 'Wis.

LOOK HERE!

'I'd introduce my strain of pure bright Italians,
equal to any in the United States, 1 will otter
tested (jueens, if 1.00 each; e.vtra tine, selected,
fl.50 each; one-frame nucleus, consisting of one
extra select queen, one frame of brood, v^ lb. bees,
for $3.00. If J ou want any bees, send iue your ad-
dress on postal and 1 will send you sample by re-
turn mall. Reeswa.v or honey taken in exchange.
^•2tfdb 'IIIOnAS HUUN,

Box 691, SiBerbiirne, <:iicii. Co., N. V.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

it JEl'JKLY, $1.0(> I' Ell YElli.

D. A. Jones & Co., Publishers, Beeton, Cnt., Can.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining'much valuable and interesting- matter each
week from the pens of leading- Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample cojjy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding-, making- in one year a
volume of 833 pag-es. Utfb

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of evei-y kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamiis, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
32 »Mdb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

dadantPs

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

«>qi .\ICK <:lams honkv-jaks,

Tl\ HIJOKKTS, BEF:-lflVP>,
HONEV-SECTIOPMS, A«-., A.*-.
PEKFECTION <OLI»-BL.A»T SM<!KKKS,

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON.

(.'INCINNA Tl.O.

P. S.— Send lO-cent stami) for " Practical Hints In
Cee-Keeiiers." Itfdh

IMPORTED QUEENS,

In Ain-il, II francs in gold.

May and .June, - - - - 10 " " "
July and August, - . - n " "

September and October, - - 7 " "

No oi'der received for less than 8 queens. <>>uecns
which die in transit will be replaced only if sent back
in a letter. CHARLES BIANCONCINl & CO..
I-lld Rolog-na, Italy.

JOB LOT OF WIRE CLOTH

AT (iREATLY liUDVCEI) VJtICES.

SECOND aUALIT? WIRE CLOTH AT l'-2 CTS.PEE SaUAEE FT.

. • SOME OK TUK USE!- TO WHIiII THIS WUtE CLOTH CAN BK AT
i; = ri.IKIl,

-,o This wire cloth is si'cnii'l quMlil
^ ^ for ooverinp doois ;iiul window
31 4. eoveriBij bee-hivts ami caires for
%■■-'' sieves for siftiiif? seeos, cir.

i! j Number of Square Feet contaiiietl in eacli Koll

Z Jr; I'.espectively.

11 will answer nicel.N
to keep out flii s; for
hipiiinfT bees; makinf,-

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag-, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, (3.; .las. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis. Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis.; (.'has. Hertel,
.Ir., Freeburg-, III. ; Ezra Raer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. : E.
S. Armstrong-, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
(Jermantown, Philadelphia, Pa.; E. Ivretchmer,
<7oburg-, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
<,'. T. Dale, Mortonsville. Ky. ; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; .1. B. Mason & Sons,
Moidianic Falls, Maine; C. A. (iraves, BiriTiinghain,
().; M.J. Dickason, Hiawa.tha. Kan.: J. W. Porter,
( 'harlottesville, Albemarle ( 'o., \'a. ; E. It. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. V'.: .1. A. Huma-
son, Vienna, O.; 0. L. Tinkci-, New Philadelphia, O.,
and numerous other dealers.

Write for gamplcH free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Coiiipliinciitary and uiiao-
UcUed tcHlimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. fVe ijuaraidee emm inch of itur foundation equal
to sample in every respect.

CHAS. DABAINT A: SON,
libtfd liainilton, Hancock Co., IIIinoiM.

POR SALiE ''■^-^ ^^^'' ^^^ Pekin ducks, at

! of u'J.i. 1 of r;io

:h of rJO, 632, ll-'G, aiiU

Itfdb

*4.00 per pair.
D. D. FARNSWOHTH, Clive, ?olk Co., Towa.

101 11 roll of 72 s. f.
20 3'S rolls of 166 s. f. each
22 11 roll of IfiOs. f.
24 3!;i rolls of 200 s. f.

26 7122 rolls of 217, UK of 216, 2 of I'.C, 1 of IM,
28 l^ U rolls of 23;{. and 2 of -234, s. f.
31 7r, rolls of 281 s.f.

38 37 '28 rolls of 316,3 of 28.5, 2 of 317, 1 e;i
215 s. f .

I roll of 245 s. f .

1 roll of 366, 1 of 348 s. f.

1 rollof l.Ws f.

4 rolls of 400 s. f.

FIEST aUALITY WIEE CLOTH AT l^^ CTS. PEE SQUARE FT.
The following is first quality, and is worth Pit els.
per S(iuare foot. It can be used for any purpose
for which wire cloth is ordinarily used; and even ai
I '4 cts. per s(|. ft. it is far below the iirices usually
charged at hardware and furnishing stores, as you
will ascertain by making- imiuiry. We were able to
secure this very low price by buying a (luantity of
over one thousand dollars' wt)rth.

I 20 1 roll of l.-Jas. f.

I 22 1 ri>ll each of 88, 14.1. 92 s. f.

I 21 43 rolls of -.WO so. ft. eai-h , 1 each of Oi, .120, IC8. 190, 10, UiO
140 sq. ft.

I 26 57 rolls ..f 216 sq. ft. each; 1 eiich of ly'.l, lO.'., 201, -ilKl, 227, 54,

i 204 S(i. ft.

-0 28 73 rolls of 2:13, 11 of 221,3 of 'ilO, S of •Srii. m|. ft. ; 1 each of ,n.

> 245. 257, 03 s(i. ft .

•'30 36 rolls of 250 sq.ft.; 1 each of l.!7,'>-;5, 125, 125, 2-20, :r27. '.'31 .

^ 23,5,-27.5, 240sq. ft.

i32 13 1)1 21:6, 7 of 2.56, 2 of ?53 sq. 1 i .

~31 30 rolls of -283 sq. ft. each.

= 36 22 tolls of 300 s.i. ft. each; 1 i

I I S(l. ft.
38,1 roll each of 300 and 316 sq. ft.
40:1 roll of 233 square feet.

1 42 1 roll of 350 square feet.

1 46ll roll of 193 square feet.

A. I. BOOT, JUediiia, Ohio.

ch of 233, 2.-iO, 275 sq. f I
>f -iSS, 150, -:79. 28.1, and .

75

r^ COLONIES OF BEES FOR SALE,
Address if. S, :ER«,:x.toX',

Itfdb Corinth, Alcorn Co., W'SS,

114

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

BURPEE'S

FARM ANNUAL FOR 1S86

Will he sent FREE to all who write for it. It is a
Handsome Book of ia« Pages, with hnndrods
of new illustrations, two Colored Plates, and tells
all about the Best Oarden. Farm and Flower |
Thoroughbred SloeU and Fane,r Poultry. It is the

#%piHB|%#^ Bnlbs. Plants. Thoroughbred SloeK and •■aney *'««'iry- .,^1 'Vi'*'
P[:L|I^ onlvcomDlete cataloRue of the kind published, and describes RARE NOVEIi-
B^PrlJA. TIE« in VEOETABI^ES and Fl,OWEBS. of real value, which can not
V ■> »■ W^ \ff B he obtained elsewhere, ^end address on a postal to

\ ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA

am — ■ If yoti aic in ueid of

|"C If CCDCDCl 'lives, sections, coinl)
CC"lt CCl bllv ' tfln., lioiicy- ox tractors,

1% ■ I bees ami qncens, or any

implement used in the apiary, send for price list to

J. SWALLOW, :>8H5 Mo. Avenue, St. Louis, Mo.
tjuccessor to IJuek & Swallow. ;!-5d

tA/fintaH A partner, to jro in the bee and supply
iVdlllcUi business with me, tor the I>usiness is in-
ereasinji- so fast that 1 can not manage it niysclt'.
Address or call upon LOUIS WEIlNKK,

•j.4(j Edwardsville, Madison Co., 111.

AT KANSAS CITYrMO^

I RAISE PURE ITALIAN BEES FOR SALE.

rntestf'd i|ueens, in May *1 -t*'

.tunc 1 ~5

after June 1 HO

Tested (jueens, double the above prices.

Full colonies, before July I 1~ 00

after " 10 00

Bees, per half-pound, same prices as untested
queens.
For discounts on large orders, sec m,^ postal cir-
cular. 1 warrant my untested queens to be
purely mated. If any of the friends who have dealt
with me heretofore are not satisfied, I shall be glad
to have a full statement of the matter from them,
and will do the best that I can to render satisfaction.
31fd E. M. HAYHURST, P. 0. Box 60.

ALSIKE OLOVEE SEED WANTED. Send best offers to
T. P. Andrews, Farina, Fayette Co., III. 3d

HAVING again located at Nappanee, 1 shall be
better prepared than e; er to furnish bees and
queens the coming- season to my many friends and
eustotuers, as I have a large apiary of Syrian bees
iu the South, and one of pure Italians here, to draw
from. Send for price list.
3-5d 1. K. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

"Pl . . $1.25 PEE 13, from pure-bred, single-comb
HOOQ Brown Leghorns. Unexcelled layers.
JJKKOi Address H. B. Geek, Nashville, Tenn., or
OO ' E. W. Geeu, St. Mary's, Mo. 3 8db

I^OUR-horse portable engine, to exchange for larg-
' er one, or cash. Bees, Carniolan and Italian
queens, supplies, 13 in. car-wheels'and axles, to ex-
change for shafting and journals, cord-wood and
dovetailing mandrels and saws, wood-lathe, shaper-
spindlcs, countershaft, or cash. J. W. Clahk,
3 Box 34, Clarksburg. Moniteau Co., Mo.

Mirror, or Parti'scale Carp For Sale.

Spawners, 10 to 12 inches in length, per doz., $6.00

8 to 10 ' 5-W

Small flsh, 3 to 4 100, .5.00

W. H. CARPENTER,
3-6db Springboro, Warren Co., Ohio.

NICE FOUNDATION, 35 CTS. PER liB.
W. T. Lyons, Decherd, Franklin Co., Tenn. 3-7

CnP Q Al C "" COLOOTES ITALIAN BEES, on 7 Lang-
rUn OMLCi stroth frames, in shipping-boxes,
*4..50, or shipped in Parker chaff hive, $6.50 per colo-
nv. WM. AMELANG.

3tfdb Ottumwa, Wapello Co., Iowa.

UNTESTED ftUEENS, rea;-ed from BEST IM-
POKTED tniclei, and full colonies.
3-,id N. ADAMS, SprrefUp, jf.na.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

In order to more fiill.\ supply the wants ol his cus-
tomers, has entered into partnershii) with his neigh-
bor, K. L. Taylor, and will otter for sale bees (full
colonies, or by the i>ound).(iueens, (!ivcn I'dn., white
poplar sections, hives, eases, feeders, empty combs,
etc., eti.'. Also hens' eggs, for hatching, of three
varieties. For circular and price list, address

\V. Z. HUTCHINSON,
3tfd Hogersville, Genesee Co., Mich.

lA/diltoH f^iltiiit'on its apiarist, for wages, or bees
WdlllcUi on shares, in one of the following States:
Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, or Cali-
fornia. Fourteen years' experience; can do all
manner of hi\e work or foundation, etc. Address
3-Hdb S. SMITH, New Smyrna, Volusia Co., Fla.

aOLDEN-WI LLOW CUTTINGS, for one cent each
postpaid. Two-cent stamps preferred.
3d S. Heath, Rimer, Armstrong Co., Pa.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

the bee-papek.

If there is any other paper that I have not yet
heard of that is ciiual to Gleanings, put luy name
down. I have four bee-journals, and Gleanings
is, I think, </ic bee-paper. H. E. Hill.

Titusville, Pa., Dee. 17, 1885.

OUR (jALIFORNI.V HONEV.

1 received the can of honey all right, and am ver.v
much pleased with it. 1 think it is as nice honey as
1 ever saw or tasted. 1 shall want some more of it
after awhile. C.E.Jones.

Delaware. Ohio.

T'he two cans of California honey shipped Dec.
Kith arrived here on the 30th in first-class condition.
The honey has been declared by several persons as
the finest they ever saw or tasted. I think it will
sell rapidly. 3— Gustavus Wiedehholu, 5-7.

Yonkers, N. V., Jan. 1, 1886.

THE BEE-KEEPEK'S WHEELBA K KO W.

The goods came all right. The wheelbarrow is
the most complete, I think, I ever saw. Oliver, 8
years old, can wheel 50 lbs. on it with ease. The
bees are doing finely, with good stores and a fly
every few days. C. F. Uhl.

Millersburg, Ohio, January 1, 1886.

WH.VT O. M. DOOLITTLE THINKS Ol' OLE.VNINGS.

Gleanings for Dec. 15 has come to hand, the
wrapper telling me that you make me a present of
it for 1886. Very many thanks indeed. 1 wish to
say that Gleanings is gaining ground; i. e., grow-
ing better and better every year.

G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., Dec. 33, 1885.

A kind wont) KOK THE SECTIONS WE AltE M.VK-
ING THIS VEAK.

The sections arc just a little bit the nicest I have
ever had. 1 have bought all my sections for the
last 7 years, and these arc the first that have alto-
gether filled my idea as to what they ought to be.
Although 1 have never complained to dealers, 1
have always thought they might be a little more
careful about dovetailing the ends so they would
not leave a jog of a 1-16 or ^s when driven togeth-
er. These are just right. The counter goods are
fully worth the money. Please accept thanks.

SuiTimersville, Pa., Jan. 30, ISFf,. ]. A. C|.ahk,

l88(i

GLEANINGS IN MH. duLTUIlE.

iiO

Contents of this Number.

Abaovbeiits in Winter 127

Ba»»wood^^, KaiSing 143

Bees, to Swarm H9

Bee's Story 144

Bee's Nervous System ISl

Bees, Moving in Winter 12S

Bees, Disturbing in Winter 127

Bee-talk 122

Beans Making Hens Lay ir>"i

Clarp 14K

Cattle. Branding H.'i

Oils. Tearing Down 148

Colonies, Few or Many! l.'iO

(,'omb of Apis Dorsata 124

Comb Built on a Bush 148

Dog, Intelligent 149

Donkey in Trouble I.tO

Diones out of Seaso»i 145

Drone's Picture 146

KUitorials ir>4

Kngravings, How Made 14'J

Kntrances to the Noi'th 148

False Statements 128

Florid I after the Freeze lli4

Hive, Bish's l'-;8

Honey Column 120

Honey Knife, New 12ii

Juvenile's ()l)servations Hft

Moth Killing Uees 14?

Mvself ami Neighbors 143

yuePiis. Value of Imported. 120

Uue.'iis. U,(l .-l.jvcr 13(1

Reversibli- Hives, etc 12li

S.-cds fur Ha-sw.M>il tiees.. lo.'i
Tempeijiturc for Winteringl-fO

Temperature of Karth 12-i

Ventilation 132

Wa.\, To Clean Off 149

Wax-e-Xtractor, .letf rev's 127

What to Do ' 13.")

Wintering. Cellar 1.32

Yazoo Valley 133

100 COLONIES OF
OR/INGE-COLORED ITALIANS

-AND-

WHITE-BANDED ALBINO BEES
FOR SALE.

THOSE IN WANT OF BEES, QUEENS, OR
APIARIAN SUPPLIES WILL DO WELL TO
SEND FOR MY 28TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST BE-
FORE PURCHASING. ADDRESS

Wm. W. GARY,

Successor to WM. W. CAIiY S: SOK,

**"'' Coleraine, Mass.

N. B.— The best testimonial I can give is, that my
trade has more than doubled in the past three years.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS.

I will sell, from now until May 1st, in lots not less
than 3000, packed and delived at express office.
Pure Crescent ^2.00 per 1000

" Sucker State 3 00 " "

i-.'i-ed C. F. TYSON, Centralia. Marion Co., 111.

^I^^f? FOUNDATION

We have a large stock of choice yellow becswa.v,
and can furnish Dunham comb fdn. for brood comb,
cut to any size for 42c per lb. E.\tra thin Vander-
vort foundation, 48c per lb. We guarantee our
fdn. to be made from pure beeswax, and not to sag.
Will work up wax for 10c per lb., and 20c per lb. lor
section. F. W. HOLrriKS,

4ttdb Coopers ville, Ottawa Co., Mich.

dude; ITALIAN BEES.

r lIRr Full colonies, nuclei bees by the
I wIImm pound, and Queens a specialt.v. Also,
Simplicity Hives, Frames, Sections, Comb Founda-
tion, and supplies generally. IW Send for ray cir-
cular and price list. You will save money by so do-
ing C. M. DIXON,
4-11-db Parrish, Franklin Co., III.

A bXrgaTnT"

As I am going to move my apiary, I will sell .50
colonies of bees more at a bargain; 25 colonies
Italians, with tested queens, from imported moth-
ers; 25 colonies hybrids. Also untested Italian
queens from imported mothers, and bees by the
pound, for sale. Send for special prices, stating how
many are wanted. Address W. S. CAUTHEN,
4-6d Pleasant Hill, S. C.

b C EC I iTl niif A see foster'S ^

DCC5 in lUlwAi ADVERTISEMENT.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

ISO JLCI^ES

Selected, high, gray liamniock and pine lands, not
subject to overllow, situated on the

GULF-COAST RIDGE, IN TROPICAL FLORIDA,

81° 5(1' Ion. west of (ir., and 2(1° 35' north latitude; Ui
miles south of Fort Meyers, 2'; miles distant from
Ostego Bay, crossed in its whole length by the love-
ly Estero Creek, for the culture of Oranges, Man-
goes, Pineapples, Bananas, Cocoanuts, Date-palms,
etc. Climate grand and delightful; water good and
healthful; health, unsurpaf-sed. In 5aere lots,
*12..50 per acre; the whole, or a 140 aci-e tract. slflO.OO
per acre. If wanted, "0 to KiO cols, of Italian bees
for sale. Apply to G. DAMKOHLER.

4d P. O. PUNTA RASSA, MONROE CO., FLA.

TO CLOSE OUT my stock of COMB FOUNDATION, I of-
' fer c.rfrrt^/d'/t at 45c per lb. Bj-(kk?, 3,5c. Samples.
4d H. L. Graham, Orandview, Louisa Co., Iowa.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed ."J lines, and .you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error.

AVTANTED.— To exchange nice new apple-seeds
VV for beeswa.x. M. Isbeli..

4-.5d. Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y.

"I! /'ANTED.— To exchange, a home-made foot-pow-
VV er saw for bees. Write for particulars.
5tfdb. W. S. Wright, Battle Creek, Mich.

^Y ANTED.— To exchange Italian bees, queens and
)t nuclei, for an extractor, supplies in the flat,
and comb fdn. Miss A. M. Taylor,

4-5-Od. Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

IKANTED.— To exchange bees or eggs from Light
Vf Brahmas (Tees' Strain), for wire netting.
4ttdb. W. E. Flower, Ashbourne, Mont. Co., Pa.

llf ANTED.— In exchange for printing, or outfits
VV for ^embroidery, at SI. 00 or more each, 40 col-
onies of bees in Simplicity hives, Langstroth frames,
one hive or more in a lot— deliver in April; or sup-
plies, or poultry. W. Earle Cass,
4d Newark, New Jersey.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange new Heddon hives,
reversible frames, IT'^sXfl's; also Plymouth
Rocks, for extracted honey, Michigan quart berry-
boxes, Jewell strawberries, Nemeha, Golden queen,
and Shaffer raspberry plants, and pruning-shears.
E. J. SCOFIELD, Hanover, Rock Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange one-half bushel of ex-
tra fine white-clover seed for alsike-clover
seed. lOtfdb M. A. Gill, Viola, Richl'd Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange Stanley's Automatic
Honey-Extractor for bees in spring, or for
gold dollars now (the latter preferred). See adver-
tisement in Gleanings for Feb. 1, or address

J. E. Stanley, or W. G. Stanley,

4-d Topeka, Kansas, Wyoming, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Friends, I
have 15 pairs of the celebrated Bonney's
stock of Brown Leghorns that I Avill sell at $3.00 per
pair, or will e.xchange for good beeswa.x at 25 cts.
per pound. Circulars free. Ref., A. I. Root.
24tfdb A. H. Duff, Crcighton, Guern. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange strawberry and rasp-
berry plants for $1.00 or tested queens, or
pounds of bees (in spring). Address 2 tfdb

C. W. Phelps & Co., Tioga Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange Simplicity hives for a
circular -saw mandrel for hive-making by
steam power. Will sell hives (in the flat) cheap for
cash, or will take one-third pay in full colonies of
bees. Hives in any quantity to suit customers, up
to a carload per day. G. A. Farrand,

3tfdb Rockport, Cuyahoga Co., O.

120

CJLEAJS'IKGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

Eeu.

JleNEY (J0MMN.

CITY MARKETS.

Kansas City.— Honey.— This market continues
about unchanged, except that slocks are somewhat
reduced, and, possibly, a little firmer feeling- on ex-
tracted. The demand, however, is not heavy for
this time of the year, and we can't expect any bet-
ter prices, as no one seems inclined to hold, and
concessions all in buyer's favor. Choice 1-lft. sec-
tions were best at 15@'16c; 3-lb., 13@Uc. Extracted,
."iOTc, according to quantity. Beeswax is in very
light supply; would bring 22@35c for good average
grades. Clemons, CiiOON & Co.,

Cor. 4th & Walnut Sfs., Kansas City, jNIo.

Feb. 6, 1886,

New Youk.— Honey.— We note an improvement
in sales of honey the past week, but prices contin-
ue to rule low. We quote as follows:
Fancy white comb, 1-lb. paper cartons, ]3@Uc.

" ' " " " glassed or unglasscd, 13(a>.13c.

" " " .'Mb. glassed, gmOy^c.

Fair to good " " glassed, 8®9c.

Fancy buckwheat, 1-lb. unglassed, 10c.

" ■ " 3-lb. glassed, Sffh9c.

Extracted, white clover, per lb., ti'oCgTIaC.

Buckwheat " " uCaCc

Beesuia.r, 38rrt28c.

McCAUI, & Hit-DHETH BROS.,

Feb. 10, 1886. 34 Hudson St., cor. Duane'St..

Ne\f York.

Cincinnati. — Honey. — Demand for extracted
honey is extremely slow. Manufacturers, appar-
ently, are taking a rest. There is only a fair de-
mand for honey in glass jars and for comb honey.
Prices are unchanged and nominal, with occasional
arrivals, and a large stock on the market. We quote
extracted honey at i(a'Sc on arrival, and choice
comb honey at i2rg'14c in the jobbing way. There
is a good homo demand for beeswax. We pay 25c
per lb. on arrival. Chas. F. IMuth & Son,

S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,

Feb. 2, 1886. Cincinnati. Ohio.

New York.— Hone?/.— There is a slight improve-
ment in the honey market. We have had a fair
demand for comb Loney, and a very good demand
for extracted honey for the past two weeks. The
indications are that there will be a good demand
for honey during February, March, and April, es-
pecially for the finer grades. We make no changes
in our quotations from our last issue.

Thurber, Whyland & Co..

Feb. 11, 1886. Keade & Hudson Sts., New York.

Boston.— Ho?i6y.— The sale for honey for the past
month has been as light as we ever knew, and
prices are weak. One-pound, white clover, 13@1.5:
two pounds, ll@lo; extracted, 6(r?'8.

Blake & Kipley,

Feb. 11, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Cleveland.— Ho)!f;/.— There seems to be quite a
little activity in our market now l'orl3hoice 1-lb. sec-
tions, -which sell at 14("l.">n; 3 lbs., not very active at
13C«'Uc. Old honey, of which there is some still on
hand, is very slow at 10@llc. Extracted, 7@8c.
Beeswax, very scarce at 25c. A. C. Kendel.

Feb. 11, 1886. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Chicago.— froney. — Market without special change
from last quotations; choice comb honey in ?i to 1-
Ib. sections is wanted in this market when put up
in desirable shape. K. A. Biihnett,

Feb. 10, 1886. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Detroit.— Honey.— Was in tlie city yesterday and
looked over the commission houses. Find honey
dull. Best white in 1-lb. sections, 14c; larger sec-
tions a little less. Beeswax, 23(rj)S5c.

Bell Branch, Mich, Feb. 11, 1886. M. H. Hunt.

St. Louis. — Honey. — The honey trade is slow.
Comb, such as is on the market, is selling mainlj' at
131-3C. Extracted, quotable at 8(5)10c. in cans, and
i'A to better for bbls., as to quality.

Beesivax .—\y e quote at 23c; demand good.

Feb. 11, 1885. W. T. Anderson & Co..

104 N. 3d Street, St. Louis, Mo.

For Sale, very cheap.— Six barrels white-clover,
extracted honey, and four barrels fall extracted
honey (Spanish needle and goldenrod). Samples
sent on receipt of three 1-cent stamps for each
sample. Emil J. Baxter, Nauvod, 111.

HONEY AND BEESWAX.

We are now in the market, and will be during the
entire season, for all honey offered us, in any quan-
tity, shape, or condition, just so it is pure. We will
sell on commission, charging 5 per cent; or if a sam-
ple is sent us, we will make the best cash offer the
general market will afford. We will handle bees-
wax the same way, and can furnjsh bee-men in
quantities, crude or refined, at lowest market prices.
Our junior member in this deparmeut, Mr. Jerome
Twichell, has full charge, which insures prompt and
careful attention in all its details.

Sample of comb honey must be a full case, repre-
senting a fair a\'erage of the lot. On such sam-
ple we will make prompt returns, whether we buy
or not. CL.EMONS, €LOON & CO.,

15 7db Kansas Oity, Mo.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. •■ Sbtfil

' FIRST IN THE FIELD ! !

The Inverlible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

SNVERTEBLE SURPLUS - GASES,

TOP, BOTTOM, AND

Entrance Feeders.

Catalogues Free. Address

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines/ Iowa.

4-3db

OHIO,

Orders filled the day they are received, except for
'" nd queens. 4tfdb

bees

FoRgiLi;

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA. ;

60 c. to $1.00 per lb. Queens, 30 c. to;.f2..50. Order
from new circular, sent free. 4d

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

— f Cigar-box planer. Root saw-table,
10 saws, grooviug-table, 3 sets of
saws, shafting and pulleys, all
good as new, used two years;
give us an otter; must be sold. Also 60 colonies of
my improved Italian bees, in two-story chaft' hive,
at $8.00 per colony. A Given fdn. press and wiring-
machine, for #35.00. A lot of 3-story chatt-hives, tin
roof, with 3;crates, $3.50 each; former price, 15.00;
100 smokers, Clark's, at 35 cts. each; $33.00 per 100;
1000 Simplicity wired frames at $1.00 per 100; lOf 0 in
flat, at T5 cts. per 101).
4tfdb GEO. F. WILLIAIVIS, NEW PHILADELPHIA, 0.

PLYMOUTH BOOKS a specialty. No other fowls kept for
fi years. Eggs, .*;l..")() per 13; $3..50 for 36.
4-5d ' S. S. JOKDAN, Hiramsburg, Ohio.

Vol. XIV.

FEB. 15, 1886.

No. 4.

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TO o.NK POSTOFKICK. ji\.l. iXWv^ -L , i-M jlli-U-Li>l iV , VJlliU. ^ the U. P. U., 42o per year extra.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE BEE.

NERVES IN GENERAT.,, AND THEIR RKl.ATION TO
PAIN.

f!% EFORE entering- upon the subject at the licad
ji of this article, let us briefly e.xainine the
3 nervous system of the huniiin body, and dis-
■' cover, if possible, what is the function of tlie
nerves; that is, what are painful and pleasant
sensations— their orig-in and relation to motion. We
can then better understand the nervous system of
the bee.

()ur bodies are provided with a g-reat mass of
nerves, of which the spinal cord, located in the baclc-
bone, and the brain, are the source from which
these nerves branch out, and to which the nerves
communicate all sensation. The whole structure is
in form like a tree, the trunk of which is the spinal
cord. From this are nerves, branching' and re-
tiranching- throughout the whole body, until they
liecome so small as to be microscopic in size, and so
numerous that even the point of a pin, on coming-
in contact with the flesh, will communicate sensa-
tion to one or more of these nerves. As the nerves
are more thickly crowded near the surface of the
flesh, the surgical knife gives more pain while pass-
ing- the skin than when it has penetrated further.
Without these nerves we could I'eel no pain nor en-
.ioy any pleasant sensation, as to see, feel, hear, or
taste.

WHAT IS PAIN?

Pleasant sensation and pain are akin to each oth-
er, but different in degree. For instance, a warm
flre is as^reeable to cold hands; but if we should
place those hands in the flre, we should undergo
g-reat agony. A certain amount of light is pleasant
to the eyes; but direct sunlight gives pain. Now,

the higher tlic intellect, and the higher the scale of
creation in general, the more complicated the
nerves, and, in consequence, the greater the power
to enjoy pleasant sensation, and to experience pain.
The lower the scale of development, and the simp-
ler the structure, the converse is true. Hence man,
of all creation, can experience the highest degree
of pain or pleasure. On the contrary, the earth-
worm, when cut in two, by reason of its simpler
structure feels comparatively little pain. True, it
wriggles; but, so far as I know, the two parts i)er-
form the same function as before. You may cut a
water-hydra (one of the simplest forms of animal
life) into several pieces, and yet each will become
as perfect as the parent. Then we infer that, ac-
cordingly, as the bee is simpler in general struc-
ture, and likewise in its nervous system inferior to
that of man, so much less pain does it feel at the
bungling hands of the apiarist. It certainly is a
very wise provision of our Creator, in so construct-
ing the lower forms of life that the latter, as a prey
to the higher forms, may not undergo the agony
that we would feel were we to be devoured by some
terrible monster. The birds subsist upon insects
and worms of all kinds, and God has so orilered it
that these lower forms should not suffer, in propor-
tion as we do. How do we know the lower forms of
life feel less pain? Decauso microscopic examina-
tion shows their nervous system to be simpler as we
proceed down the scale of animal life. The lowest
class (f animal life of which we have any knowl-
edge, as the Protozoa, have no nervous system
whatever, and are incapable of receiving any sen-
sation, unless it be contact with other bodies. In
fact, we find no nervous system until we come to
the sub-kingdom of Annuloiila.

122

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

Some one has said, that the boo is 1o the iuseet
what the horse is to tlie animal. If
we look at the cut opposite (after
Cheshire), we shall see that the nerv-
ous system of the bee (represented
by the white lines), though complete
for the bee, is by no means as per-
fect as in that in the human body.
As it wotild take a physician to poirit
out the exact difference and marks
of inferiority, 1 will not enter into
full particulars here. The two me-
dial and parallel lines traversing the whole length
of the bee ' are what corresponds to the spinal
column, though not the same in structure. Along
its course, and intersecting at irregular intervals,
are little disks with a while spot in the center of
each. These arc nerve centers, or, as they are
termed, ganglia. From each of these ganglia, as
you will notice, is a branch of nerves, some of
which extend along the logs of the insect. As in
the bee, we have something in our bodies corres-
ponding to these nerve centers, or ganglia. They
preside over the involuntary muscles, as respira-
tion, digestion, pulsations of the heart, etc. It will
be observed that they relieve the brain of a large
amount of work. If the brain had to preside over
the hidden machinery of our bodies, besides con-
trolling our mind and actions with relcrence to the
outside world, it would be like a man with too
many irons in the fire. We should forget to
breathe, or to make the heart boat, while perform-
ing some of the difficult problems of life.

Returning to the cut, if we touch the foot of a bee
the sensation travels up the leg, as it were by elec-
tricity, until it reaches its ganglion. The impression,
according to Cheshire, takes several courses, some
communicating with the brain, and others trans-
mitting the impulse to the other legs. The effect is
almost instantaneous, and the legs (if the bee is
held by the wings) will set up a vigorous kicking.
To illustrate further the difference between the
ganglia and the brain, as before stated, let us cut
off the head of a bee, and note the effect. The
brain, represented by the little lobes between the
eyes in the cut, is now completely separated from
the body of the bee, and yet the wriggling goes on
as before, and will continue to do so for iive or six
hours or more. With the tweezers we grasp one of
the legs. The other legs will come to the rescue,
and struggle vigorously to push oft' the oftending
object. The sting, too, makes a desperate attempt
to thrust out its fangs. In, fact, the headless vic-
tim seems to be so far in possession of his faculties
as to be actually alive. A mud-turtle, as I have
found by repeated experiment, will crawl about, a
week or more after his head has been completely
shot off'. Do the bee and the mud-turtle live, and
do they feel pain after decapitation ? Facts seem
to indicate that they do not, and that these singular
movements are only manifestations of the nervous
ganglia. In lower animals, these nervous centers
seem to be possessed of more functions than those
of our body. If a man is beheaded, all outward
movements of the body are suspended almostim-
mediately ; but not so with the bee. In removing
the head of a bee, the power of motion and the seat
of consciousness are completelj' separated, and the
line of communication between the norvo\is ganglia
and the brain has been broken. How do wo know
that, therefore, a bee docs not suffer pain V By an-

alogy, and experiments upon the human family.
Well authenticated cases are related in medical
works, of soldiers in battle being shot in the back-
bone, thereby completely severing the spinal col-
umn. Below the wound, paralyzation sets in
throughout that part of the body. If the feet be
now tickled or pinched, they will jerk back violent-
ly ; but the wounded soldier has no knowledge of
these movements, excejjt as he sees with his own
eyes what is transpiring. After the spinal cordis
united, sensation returns to the affected parts. The
spinal cord in the neck of a frog may be severed,
and the phenomena will be almost identical with
the case just mentioned. From these, j'ou observe
that direct communication must be established
with the brain, in order that pain from bodilj' in-
jury may be felt.

The physician gives cloroform and ether, eithei-
to paralyze the ner\-e centers, or to render the pa-
tient unconscious. In both cases he will feel no
pain while the operation is going on. So with the
bee. The seat of consciousness is removed, when
the head is cut off'. Ho may wriggle for hours, and
yet feel no pain. Like the mud-turtle, when his
head has been cut off, as the boy said, "He is dead
and don't know it." Ernest R. Root.

EEE-TALK.
now wi; no oitr exti!.\cting.

fE usually keep from 50 to 60 colonies in an
apiary, spring count, and we think that
number aliout right. That gives us a fair
day's work for our crew of boys, after go-
ing from four to nine miles with teams to
get there, and gives us time to go home and pack
our honey in barrels, and we think, to get the best
returns in honey, that number is large enough.
As we live in the borders of a town of 40C0 inhabi-
tants, there are plenty of boys whom we can hire,
as many of them have nothing to do, and are glad
to get a job. We hire them from 13 to 30 j'ears old.
Beginning with the 13-year-old boy, we pay him
the first year $6.00 or $8.00 a month. That depends
on what kind of a boy he is. We hire for the
lowest figure, and give him more if he earns it. The
ne.xt j'ear, if the boy has been faithful, we hire him
again, and give him about .1^2.00 more a month, and
about one month in a year is as long as we have
use for the most of the boys. As we have 11 acres
of land to cultivate, some of it in small fruit, we
hire one or two of our best boj's in the spring, about
April 1st, and keep them all the season. We com-
mence to extract about the 1.5th to the 30th of June.
Then we take in two more j'oung boys; and when
we have gone over all the bees once, we put on
our whole force.

The last two years, including myself and my son,
our foi'ce has been ten hands, besides one carpenter
at work in the shop at home. I have no doubt but
some of the bee-masters will laugh at the amount
of help we employ to do oiir work. But, recollect
we spend from I'i to 3 hours on the road, going to
our work every morning, and as much coming
home again; go with two teams, one to carry the
boys and the other to haul the honey and traps we
have to take along, and we think we are working to
the best advantage. Perhaps we are net.

V/e ha\e our apiaries laid out in rows, so arrang-
ed that we have what we call Main Street running

1886

GLEANIJVGS J:N BEE CULTURE.

li^

tbroug:h the center, about 20 feet wide, tor a wagon-
road. Just about the center of the yard, and by
the side of Main Street, we locate our extracting-
house, which is a temporary affair. We set 4 posts
in the corners, just 10 feet apart outside measure,
and 8 feet high above the ground. Around the
bottom we nail boards 13 inches wide. Around the
top we nail on another round of 12-inch boards, so
now we have a 6-foot space with no siding- on it.
For siding- we take two breadths of cheese-cloth, -10
feet long-, and sew them tog-ether side by side, mak-
ing a piece 6 feet wide and 40 feet long-. This will
just reach around our house. About one foot
apart, all along- the edge of this cloth, we sew on
strips of leather, about one inch wide and 6 or 8 inch-
es long- (we cut them from old bootlegs), ieaving- the
leather clear of the cloth about 2 inches. To put on
the siding-, we commence at one corner, nail through
the leather strips to the corner post one end of the
siding-; now nail all along- the top edge of the cloth
through the leathers, to the bottom of the top
round of boards; go clear around the house, except
the last 3 feet; there we have a wire-screen door,
with spring- to shut it; oi', in the absence of the
wire screen to cover the door, we nail our siding- to
the top of the door. As it is 40 feet long-, and the
house 10 feet square, it will just reach. Now fasten
the bottom edge to the bottom board the same way,
and we have a siding- bee-tight, if we licep the door
shut.

For the roof we have a cloth cover 10 feet square,
w-ith leathers sewed on the edges the same as the
siding-, which is nailed to the top round of boards,
and held up in the middle by two pieces of 3X4
scantling-, just long enough to reach across the top
from one board to the other. The frame\york of
the house is made just alike in each yard, and, of
course, stays there; but the siding and top cover
we take with us and put it up everj' day. Wo can
put on the top and siding- in five minutes, and take
it off quicker. We arc going to improve the roofing-
ofour exti-acting-house. Sometimes a shower will
come up suddenly, when we are at work, and our
thin cloth roof, put on Hat, doesn't shed water. We
are going- to make a top cover of duck, and put it
over a ridge-pole, elevate the ridge two feet above
the eaves, draw the cloth tight, and, as there will
be no bearings from the ridge to the eaves, it will
shed water. Now we have our house, and are ready
for work.

We have an extractor for each of our apiaries,
and keep them there during the honey season. We
have kegs that hold HiO lbs. of honey each. We
take as many of them with us as we expect to fill.
Be sure to take enough, as it is easier to take back
an empty keg than it is to bother with an overplus
of honey. Wo use one keg- for a strainer-keg, hav-
ing a good-sized faucet near the bottom, to draw
out the honey. We tie a s<iuare yard of cheese-
cloth over the open end of the keg, and let it sag
into the keg enough to hold a large iiail of honey.
In the corner of the house, handy to the extractor,
we dig a round hole, one foot deep, large enough to
set in one of our honey-kegs to be filled; close by
the side of the hole we set another honey-keg; on
that we set our strainer-keg, with faucet over the
keg, in the hole, which has a tunnel in it, and in the
tunnel a wjre-gcreen strainer to catch any strtiy
bees that may be liable to get into the honey in
passing from the strainer keg to the store keg be-
^ow. When one keg is flUed we roll it out and put

under another. We set our extractor about the
middle of the house, fronting- the door. As the
combs come in from the field or hives, they are
placed just by the. right-hand side of the door.
Now, half way from the door to the extractor we
place a honey-keg on end, and on that we place our
cap-catcher. We use a wooden keeler, holding-
about a large i)ailf ul. Two hands work in the house
—one experienced hand, and a boy. The boy stands
by the nncapping-stand, takes up a comb from
where they are set when they come in from the
liives, uncaps it, and sets it down, leaning it against
his stand, on the left side, between him and the ex-
tractor. That is his work— uncapping combs, and he
doesn't have any time for fooling. The man at the
extractor picks up the combs at his right hand, ex-
tracts them, and sets them down by the left side of
the door, empty, ready to go back to the hives.
The combs have made just a half-circle since they
came into the house, and are now just by the side
of the door, where the outside boys can reach in
and get them, without going- in and getting in the
way. We have a large tin pail made for the pur-
pose, that sits under the extractor, in which to
draw the honey and pour into the strainer-keg,
which stands in the corner, at the left of the man
who runs the extractor; and it is his part to ex-
tract and till the kegs, and look after his boy and
keep things in order in the house.

Now, as we worked ten hands last jcar and the
year liefore, there are eight at work among the
bees. Take one of the most experienced hands, and
give him two boys to help him; then make up an-
other trio of boys the same way. Three hands
make a good set to work together. After making-
up the two sets there are two bands left, and that
is usually myself and the greenest boy in the lot.
Now, one set of hands takes with them a smoker,
and each a brush to sweep bees from the combs,
and what we call a swarmiug-bo.x. It has a bottom
and three sides, leaving one side open. Set that
down by the side of the hive to be worked; give the
bees a little smoke; turn back the cover and pry
up the honey-board, take out the movable front
and front cushion. Now our frames are stauding
on the bottom, Hatwise to us. Just take a glance to
see if the queen is in sight; if not, take out the
first frame, and set it into the swarraing-box, with
the back side of the comb toward the opcin side of
the bo.x. We want to find the queen, and wc have
parted two comlis, so there arc.two places to look.
Let the foreman who takes out the combs look in
the hive, and his assistant look in the swarming-
box. If she is not seen, then take out another
comb, and look until all are out; and then if the
queen has not been seen, look over the few bees
that remain in the hive. Sometimes she will be
found there. If she is foiind we put her in a cage
until we are done with the hive, and then let her
out into her own hive. It is very seldom that wc
miss finding- the (]ueen when we are taking the
combs out of ttir; hive. If we should fail to find her
we look carefully when we swee]i thc^combs, when
she will usually be found. If we fail to find, her at
all, we don't take any of the bees to make up new
colonies.

Well, when avc have the combs oijt of the hive we
sweep the bees all off, into the hive, and send the
combs to the o.xtraeting-house by the small boy.
The first hivo wo open we leave without combs un-
til Ave get through, and then fill it up with the

121

GLEANIXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

combs of the last hive opened, so that no colony
g-ets its own combs back again. Now, after each
set of hands has a liivc shut up without combs, and
the combs are all in t lie house toj-ether, then each
set opens another hive, flnds the queen, cages her,
and then the foreman and one of his assistants take
a comb by the corners and sweep each one side of
the comb— brushing the bees either into the hive or
swarming-box. When tiiey liavc four or five combs
clear of bees, the other boy takes them, two or three
in each hand, and carries them to the house,
and brings back as many empty combs and
sets them into the hive. By that time the rest of
the combs are ready to go to the house. When the
boy takes them and brings back enough to fill out
his hive, he fills up the hive and liberates the queen,
and then shuts up the hive. By the time he gets
liis hive done, the other two boys have some combs
from another hive, ready to go to the house, and so
we go, some taking out combs and sweeping off
bees, others going and coming with combs, and
shutting up, others extracting and putting up
honey, all as busy as bees, while the boss does what
ho can and oversees the whole yard. We take our
dinner and supper with us, and have a picnic every
d'.iy. When we get done we down with our tent,
load up, and then hitch uji and drive home, and then
draw our honey out of the kegs into barrels in the
honey-house, and mark the date of the year and
day of the month on each barrel; also mark X for
the first extracting, XX for the second, and XXX
for the third, etc.

During the extracting season we have very busy
times. ]f we lose a daj', from any cause, it just
means a loss of 1003 to 1500 lbs. of honey. The most
we ever took out in one day was the 20th of July,
If'SS, when seven of the boys, including my son,
went four miles and took 2075 lbs , and I had two
boys to help me in the home yard, and we took 880
lbs. the same daj', making 2956 lbs. of basswood
honey. There were 15 days that we took 1000 lbs.
and over each day, in the season of 1885.

Platteville, Wis. E. Fkanck.

Why, friend France, you almost take
away one's breath. I do not know that we
have before had an accoujit of where ex-
tracting is done with siicii system as you
manage it; and, best of all, instead of adver-
tising for experienced help, you take boys
right around your own home — common,
every-day boys,' such as all of us find every-
Avhere. These boys enjoy the work, of
course they do. It is a ''picnic" to them,
as you say, and yet they earn money, and
learn industry and thrift. The education
you give them is, without doubt, worth
more than the money they receive, and you
are helping to solve this vast problem of
linding something to do for a world full of
uneasy and discontented people. I can easily
understand how every thing goes along like
clockwork, when the bees are not disposed
to rob ; hut let a dearth of honey come, when
the hives are full, and, oh my ! 'what a time !
But very likely you keep so well up \vith
your work, that, when the dearth comes,
you are ready to stop. I know you have had
some experience with robbers, from the pre-
cautions you take ; and if such precautions
are not taken, the bees often get to robbing
when there is not a dearth. Now, friend F.,
you have given ns a glimpse of your busy

home, and we w^ant to know more. How do
you sell all this honey ? What do you do
when swarming time comes? IIow^ much
increase do you make ? Tell us more about
it. With ten men and boys to look after, I
can readily imagine you have all you Avant
to do, without working very much yourself,
and I shouldn't wonder if you woiild have
abundant need of that "greenest boy" to
run errands for you. It reminds me"" a
good deal of the way we often manage here
on our own grounds.

SOMETHING MORE ABOUT THE APIS
DOKSATA.

now THE COMU IS BUILT; SIZE A.ND DEPTH OF
CELLS, ETC.

fUIEND ROOT:— Herewith I send a drawing of
Apis dorsata comb. I hope it will make my
description clear. 1 shall try again this year,
if I can get time, to investigate this bee. I
wish you could be with me here a month or
so this cold season. I would show you all the bees
of the country, and, best of all, I would show you 81
churches, nearly 2500 baptized adult members, with
schools, etc., that you might rejoice with me in the
ability of God's word, in the hands of the Holy
Spirit, to lift the lowest.

APIS-DOKSATA COMli.

A is the brood comb, which is of a pale amber
color. Cells here are beautif ully^regular, and comb
perfectly straight. See measurements formerly
given. B, is a limb of a tree. C, new brood-comb,
and enlarged in dii-ection of CC; a, honey-chattie,
sijherical in shape. Deepest honey-cells are at a, and
three to the inch; 5, shallowest honey-cells. Honey-
cells are so arranged in honey-chattie, as regards
length, as to form- a cylindrical shape on the limb.
No brood is ever placed in " honey-chattie." It con-
tains pure white, or jiale amber honey, and the
comb for honey is beautifully white.

Toungoo, British Burmah. A. Bunker.

For an explanation to the above cut, our
friends are referred to page 342 of our issue
for May 15, 188-5. You will tind there that I
could not quite understand friend Bunker's
description of the peculiar comb which the
bees build, expressly to store honey in.
This comb is, named, as you will notice
above, "honey-chattie." The large comb
occupying the central part of the engraving

I8sr>

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE-

125

is the single brood-comb attuched to the limb.
IJy referring to the former article mentioned
aliove, we lind that this honey-chattie is
sometimes as much as six inches in thick-
ness, making the cells on each side three
inches in depth, properly sloped to prevent
the honey from running out. Fig. 1 gives
the size of the cells for the brood-comb, be-
ing about like our drone-comb. Pig. 2 shows
the size of cells of this strange honey-chattie.
By the way. friends, woukurt it be a curi-
osity indeed, if it were possible to get one of
these greatcliunks of honey across the ocean,
to be shown at some of our national conven-
tions? Wliat ci crowd it would bring !
Friend B., don't you think it possible? We
are anxiously awaiting the result of your
experiments in trying to domesticate ^Ipfs
dorsa((t.

THE TEMPEKATUHE OF THE EAHTH.

SOME VALUABLE F.i^CTS, FUKNISIIED BY FRIEND S.
COKNEIL.

JN view of recent references to the temperature
of the earth, the following- facts ma3' bo of in-
terest to the readers of Gleanings. As re-
gards temperature, the crust of the earlh, down
to the point where the internal heat is met
with, may be divided into three strata. In temper-
ate climates, the limit of the first stratum is reached
when the thermometer ceases to indicate the diur-
nal changes of temperature at the surface. This is
at a depth of three to live feet, depending- to some
e.vteut upon the nature of the soil. From this point
down to 40 ft., and in some cases to 100 or l;-0 ft.,
according as the mateiial passed through is solid
rock, claj', sand, or water, there is a stratum, the
temperature of which is affected by the changes in
temperature of the seasons only. Delow this there
is a stratum having a constant temperatuie, but
whose degree of heat depends upon the mean annu-
al temperature of the localit3'. After this stratum,
having an "invariable temperature," is passed, the
temperature of the earlh Increases 1° for every 50
to 75 ft. in depth. The lollowing quotations from
authorities on the subject will perhaps be appre-
ciated by the i-eader:

In temperate climates the temperature remains
unchanged at a depth of 3 ft. from the surface,
from day to night. At 30 ft. the annual temper-
ature varies but a degree or two. At 75 ft. below
the surface the thermometer is perfectly stationary.
In the vaults of Paris observatory, 80 ft. deep, the
temperature is 5j°. In tropical regions the point of
unvarying temperature is reached at a dejith of
one foot.— Johnston's "How Crop.s Feed."

It is well known, that there is a limit of depth
Avithin which the variations in the temperature of
the air make themselves felt. In temperate cli-
mates this is from 8U to 13J ft. Springs whicii rise
at a lesser depth than lOJ ft. have a temperature
which varies with the seasons, whilst waters rising
from a greater depth have a constant temperature,
depending only on the heat existing at their source.
Springs whose temjjeriiture is above the mean an-
nual temperature of the locality, are called hot
springs.— F»-o(n Hie Gcniian o/ Fkanz ScunackhoI'"-
Ei{, Professor at Imperial ami Royal School of Agricul-
ture, Vieitna, quoted in "Fuclaiul U'afcr."

When the bed which forms the reservoir for
springs is at such a distance from the surface as to
be beyond the zone of season changes, and yet
within that which is influenced by the climate, the
water has a teniperature equal to the mean annual
temperature of the locality where it rises. In
Britain this zone of constant heat is from 200 to ;I00
ft. deep. After this is passed, the temp.erature in-

Boston, Mass

Cleveland, O

Columbus, O

Cincinnati, O

l>etroit. Mich

Erie, Pa

Philadelphia, Pa...

(Jhieago, HI

Des Moines, la

Leavenworth, Kan.

Cairo, 111

New Orleans, La . . .
.St. Paul, Minn

creases 1° for every 50 or (X) it.—Cha)nher's Encyclo-
padia.

If tlie thermometer bo placed in a deep cavern,
the variations disappear, and one uniform tempera-
ture is registered under all circumstances. What
that temperature is, will depend principally on the
climate of the locality, the constant temperature
being nearly the mean annual temi)erature of the
surface.— Hex LEV, in " Plnjsivgraijliy."

It has been stated, that the temperature of the
peculiai- caves beneath the citj- of Paris, in one of
which the great clock of the observatory is kept,
some 80 or 90 ft. below the surface, is 50^. The mean
annual temperature of the city is 57°. As we ascend
mountains, the temperature decreases 1° for every
;J34 ft. The King's Chamber, in the Great Pyramid
in Egypt, is about 150^ ft. above the level of the adja-
cent plains, and is protected on all sides by ISO ft. of
solid masonry. Its temperature is 68°. The mean
annual temperature of Cairo is a little below 70°.
Since the degree of heat in the stratum of "invari-
able temperature " so nearly agrees with the mean
annual temperature of the locality, the following
list may be interesting. The figures indicate the
mean annual temperature in degrees Fahrenheit:

Toronto, Ont., Canada ' 4t

Qufbec, Qnt-hec 41

Kastij.at, .Me : 41

Fciiiliina, Dak 3^

Port Iiuron, Mich i 45

tirand Haven. Mich ' 47

Hurlineti.n, Vt 4B

MilwaukiM', Wis... ' 45

Buffalo, N. Y 47

Poitl.nnd, Jle \ 47

Newport. R. I : 5i)

Osweg-o, N. Y ' 48

Albany, •' 48

Oiihuh, 5Iinn.... 40

Of course, Avithin a few feet of the surface the
temperature will be higher than tlio above figures
in summer, and lower in winter. On one occasion,
when the outside temperature was 41' below zero,
the air came in through my sub-earth pipe at 3S"
above ; that is, in passing through 170 ft. of 9 inch
sewer-pipe, laid about 5 ft. below the surface, the
air acquired 79' of heat. I have observed that the
air is not warmed quite so much toward the close of
a cold winter, owing, I suppose, to the gradual cool-
in ; of the earth around the pipe.

Thei"e is an atmosphere circulating below the sur-
face of the earth, as well as above it. This "ground
air" extends down to the "ground water," the level
of which is indicated by the level of the water in
wells. The nature of " ground air" has been exam-
ined by Prof. Nicholls (see Sixth Report of Board of
Health, for Massachusetts, for 1875) and others, and
it is found to be so very rich in carbonic acid that,
at a depth of 13 ft., it is sometimes irrespirable, and
will extinguish a light. The amount of ox3-gen is
found to be in a measure inversely as that of the
carbonic acid. It is this soil air which sometimes
proves fatal in deep wells, and not carbonic acid
separated from the air above, and sinking into the
well by its superior weight, as is often supposed.
Intelligent bee-keepers will at once see that, in
order to bring pure air into the cellars, it will not do
to use drain-tile for sub-earth pipes. Cast-iron
water-pipes, or sewer-pipes cemented at the joints,
should be used. A nine-inch pipe of the latter, 170
feet long, cost me about .-SllO when finished.

Ernest's experiments are watched with interest;
but if he will look up Joule's experiments in deter-
mining the mechanical equivalent of heat, he will
see that the temperature of the water in the pail,
after being pumped up, was not exactly the temper-
ature at the bottom of the well, 97. ft deep.

Lindsay, Ont„ Canada, Feb. I, '86. S. Corxeil.

126

glea:nings in bee culture.

Feb.

I am sure, friend C, that we are very
mucli obliged indeed tor the very full and
complete manner in which you have dis-
cussed this matter of the temperature of the
eaith. In regard to your caution, however,
at the close of your article, it seems to me
that carbonic acid is not common enough at
a depth of from three to five feet to make it
nect ssary for us to go to the very great ex-
panse of either iron pipes or burnt sewer-
pipes with cement joints. I confess that I
liave never before understood how it was,
that carbonic acid came to ,be present in
wells and mines.— There is one point, and
the one tliat concerns us most, in regard to
this matter of the temperature of our earth,
and I think it has hardly been touched upon.
It is this; for protecting bees or other do-
mestic animals, it is not necessary for us to
go into tiie ground so far that we have an
absolutely unvarying temperature. A very
little banking of earth makes quite a'differ-
ence, I have discovered, and all we need to
do is to make our cellars or outdoor caves
with their sub-earth ventilating-tubes deep
enough to get pretty nearly the temperature
we desire." If I understand you correctly,
the temperature I gave of Mammoth Cave
was not to be taken as a guide to the mean
temperature of old Mother Earth in all lo-
calities, but simply the mean temperature of
that part of Kentucky.

A HONEY-KNIFE FOB ONLY A DIME.

SO.METHING FOR BEEKEEPERS WHO HAVEN'T MUCH
MONEY.

'OW often do we Hnd a tool, worth only
a few cents, that will do the work of
one that has cost a dollar or more ! I
have sometimes had such an experi-
ence, and felt out of patience with

myself to think it never occurred to me that

a cheaper form would answer every jmrpose.

Below is a picture of a honey-knife that

illustrates the point.

OUR TEN-CENT HON K Y-KNIFE.

The blade is made of a thin slip of steel,
in the form shown above, 2xii inches. The
handle is made of nuilleable iron, securely
riveted to the blade. The blade is so thin
that l)ut a very few strokes of a whetstone,
oilstone, or even a scythestone, will give it a
keen edge, for there is so little steel to grind
away tliat the sharpening can never be a
laborious process, and yet the quality of the
steel is so perfect that it seems almost im-
possible to bend or injure it. You can
sharpen it on one side or both sides, as you
choose. You can use it for uncapping, or
for cutting up combs in transferring ; and
for the latter it is, in my opinion, superior
to any other knife made, at any price.' ' Yox

scraping off wax from honey-boards, tops of
frames, shipping-crates, or even wide frames
and sections, no other tool has been brought
out any thing like it. The wide-pointed put-
ty-knives we liave sold so extensively for
the purpose come pretty near it. But this
answers every purpose of the putty-knife,
besides being a honey-knife that may be
equal to any. The sharp point will be found
to be very convenient for a great variety
of purposes ; and after all, if you leave it out
in the rain, or forget it, you are only ten
cents out. A good many times I would give
ten cents for a new one, rather than go after
the old one, when it happens to be some lit-
tle distance away. It seems to me it w^ould
pay almost every "bee-keeper to have three or
four of these handy little implements; that
is, if he has a good many hives. We notice
the cut is marked '-patented." This was
done by the inventor, who intended it for a
knife to use in the kitchen. But if you pay
the ten cents, you can use it in the kitchen,
or out among the bee-hives, just as you
choose. I shouldn't wonder if it would pay
vou to get one for your wife also. Price 10
cts.; 5 for 4.5 cts.; 10 for 80 cts.; or 100 for
$7.50. If wanted by mail, add 5 cts. each
extra for postage.

REVEKSIULE BEE-HIVES AND BEVEBSIBLE FRAMES.

Since tlie description ot Heddoii's hive and ar-
rangement, so many letters liave come in, describ-
ing hives and various arrangements for reversing
hives as well as frames, it begins to be almost be-
yond my strength to go through the desci-iptions
and give an opinion of them. The greater part of
them are nothing particularly new. Years ago, Dr.
Contilin, of Delaware, Ohio, sent me a hive to try,
which had frames perfectly square, and set in the
hive so one corner of the frame was down. These
frames could be used with any one of the four cor-
ners down; but all the time I used it, it never oc-
curred to me to take advantage of the ease with
which these frames could be reversed. At the Ohio
State Fair last fall, Mr. A. C. Benedict, of Benning-
ton, O., had the hives on exhibition, with such
frames. He has used these frames, 1 believe, for
twenty or thirty years; and although they can be
placed one side up just as well as another, he has
never practiced reversing them. He says he does
not want them reversed. Is it not a little singular,
how progress and improvement and fashions re-
volve around, and once in about so long a time they
come back to about the same old thing again?
Even shallow sections, and hives used one above
the other, have been in use for years, and have
been it peatedly patented. Our old English works
give pictui'es of them now; and before the advent
of movable frames it was customary to have shal-
low hives with just the same depth of comb that
Heddon uses, and these were worked two tiers,
three tiers, and even four tiers high. Some of
them used slats to induce the bees to build their
combs regular, so that the owner might hold these
shallow sections up to the light and look thi-ougl}
them. A good many are woi'king at a plan for.
movable frames that may be lifted out, no matter
which side up the hive happens to t^e. I don't be-
lieve, friends, I would waste very much tiiij^ op
money oq thl§ niatter jugt j^e^,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEECuLtUM.

li>7

A NOVEL WAX-EXTHACTOR.

AN INVERTKD FRUIT-JAR WITHOUT BOTTOM BEING
USED FOR THE PURPOSE.

J^JEADING the article on p. 855, on the above
O5 subject, caused lue to smile over an experi-
'Ck ence of several jears ago. 1 wanted some-
\ thing to put bits of conili in, and scrapings,
to save them (I was not lionie). so 1 asked for
a pan, hut soon found out " any thing waS good
enoiigh;" and, chancing to see an old two-quart
fruit-jar without bottom, and with the top on, I
took that and set it bottom up. It being a warm
sunshiny location, the more I put in the jar the
more it settled, and soon began to melt; and in
three or four hours there was perhaps a pint of as
nice melted wax as ever ran out of comb. The jar-
top being metal, a steel point soon made several
holes In it. This I placed over a pan on a board with
a hole in, and it soon gave a cake of wax. The iruit-
jar extractor made quite a laugh bn me, and stop-
ped the women-folks from sputtering about the
" nasty muss of wax-making." There have been
more than 20 of those little wax-extractors made in
the last seven or eight years. The fli-st one gave
birth to more improvements, so That now some are
being used thus: Take a piece of coarse wire cloth,
crowd It down the can; on top of that some fine
wire cloth like queen-cage cloth, then another piece
cut a little large and put in so as to bulge upward,
and your jar is ready. For the stand, cut two
boards 14 in. wide and
24 inches long ; two
boards, 14 in. square,
and a triangular piece 12
in. on two sides. These
sides meet and form a
right angle. Bore a hole
in the center of the tri-
angular piece, large
enough to let the top of
your fruit-jar in, or two
holes for two jars. Nail
the two long pieces to-
gether, and to the ends
nail the two pieces 14 in.
square, as shown in the
cut. Now, 10 in. from
\ the bottom, nail the tri-
angular piece. The ad-
joining cut will make
the matter all plain.
THE FRUIT -CAN WAX- I^to these jais I have
EXTRACTOR. put bits Of comb honey,

and even old brood comb will clean up In tiptop
shape. As old bottomless fruit-jars are generally
handy, or even large glass bottles or demijohns,
the time, making, and expense of the woodwork is
small. As a preventive of worms infesting the
wax, it is a saving over keeping the bits till enough
to pay for melting, and 1 think more wax is actual-
ly obtained. The amount of honey run through is
not going to make robbing, because it is always in
that place, and the bees will look for some every
time work is being done. The bees are always
peaceable about it.

The extracting is not all it is good for. A few
bits of smoker wood can be kept dry in the back
corner under the three-cornered piece. It is a
stand upon which to put queen-cages, a smoker, or
dozens of other things. Two fruit-jara, mounted

as I have described, will keep every thing in the
shape of comb and broken honey itll melted up,
from an apiary of 20 tO 50 colonies. One of the ex-
tractors will run off from 5 lbs. to 25 lbs. per day. 1
have seen 4 lbs. run through two of the 2-qt. cans in
one hour, all from the bits of new comb, drone
brood, scrapings of boxes, etc. So you see tliey ai-e
not so Slow after Kll.

DISTURBINCI BEES IN WINTER, NOT ADVISABLE
FOI{ THE NOVICE.

In your foot-note to G. M. Doolittle's aiticle, p.
Shf), you say, " Bees can, perhaps, be handled suc-
cessfully;" in other words, examinations 'can be
made during winter upon the bees for scientific
purposes. Well, 1 can tell you, beyond doubt, that
it has been done without any apparent harm, and,
like Mr. U.'s case, seemed beneficial in result. In
the winter bf 1883 one hive wtis examined almost
daily, regardless of the weather; and from 1874 to
1880 there were perhaps a dozen hives experimented
with without loss, to ascertain the heat of the bees
during various changes, and how far the hoar
frost would reach between the ends of the combs;
the comparison of differently constructed hives,
thick and thin lumber, and in various exposures,
and how much more honey & swarm being often
disturbed would consume than one let entirely and
severely alone. Successfully examining hives for
various purposes, forces myself and others to say
to all but the expert, " Let them alone from the
time of packing till the cleaning-out in the spring,
during good flying weather, because, so far as I can
learn, there are more queens spoiled, and more
stocks made quesnless, by the Improper handling
of the bees in the spring, than from any other
cause, and yet every man knows what he is doing,
in his own mind (I find many such among novices),
because Yankee ingenuity is, in very many cases,
conceit."

ABSORBENTS IN WINTER.

Mr. Heddon, on page 8.54, referring to moisture, re-
minds me of experiments relative to the use of wet
cloths, and that the amount of seemingly air-tight
sealing can be successful, and under what condi-
tions. In 1878 I repeatedly took out and exchanged
many of my top cushions, to dry them, and I always
found them wet on the upper side. This induced
the experiment of melting sugar into a solid block,
made by pouring the liquid into a frame, and plac-
ing over the cluster; give no other food, and con-
tract the space of the bees to the lowest point.
Then envelope the whole in a non-porous material,
to prevent the escape of any moisture. The hive is
in this manner thoroughly packed and protected
every way, and gives only a small entrance, thus
causing a condensing of moisture on the slab of
sugar. This furnished abundant liquidation for the
winter supply, without an apparent cause of the
bees going for water; but for this purpose, hermet-
ical sealing of the division-board spaces is necessa-
ry as all others, or the side packing will take up
what would pass out at the crack at the ends of
them. This proves that, without close attention to
minute details, success turns into failure.

New Milford, Conn., Dec..33, 1885.

I would suggest, as an improvement to
your trough, that the inside oe lined with
tin. This doubtless would add very materi-
ally to its working power. It is not all of.us
who have jars lying around and broken off

128

c;LEA.\LN'GS L\ JJi:E CVLTVlll^.

TeB.

just at the riglit place for llie above purpose.
Ilaviuf? had some experience in working
glass for chemical purposes. I will explain,
for the benefit of those who may not know,
how the bottom of jars can be removed.
Around the jar where you wish to sever the
bottom, draw the point of a red-hot poker.
As the latter passes around, the glass will
crack. In place of the li-qt. jars mentioned
above, you can purchase very cheaply at the
drug - stores a gallon bottle. Wliile this
would add but little to the expense it would
be much more convenient for taking large
pieces of old comb. Eknes'J'.

A MOVABLE BOX IN UPPEK STORY OF
CHAFF HIVE.

FRIKND BISH OIVKS US HIS EXPEIilENCE IN Till!;
MATTER.— SEE GLEANINGS, P. 13, 1886.

Y experience of t))ree years with movable
upper stories tells me that a box can not he
tolerated. First, its thick lower edfre kills
too many bees in putting- on. It is a box
you can not use for any other purpose.
But the Simplicity body does away with both ob-
jections. Friend Cross, on pafie 1:'. 1880. proposes to
make a chaff hive longer, and to utiiiz.e vacant
space at sides, with brood-frames. I find an objec-
tion thei'e. It leaves a loafing- space for the bees
between the wall and box, and they are sure to get
in the way every time the cover is removed, taking-
time to replace it. I find the best i-emedy is (where
new hives are being made) to change the dimensions
of the chaff hive so a Simplicity body just goes in-
side of upper story, leaving- 1,1 or -'a inch space all
round, and the lower story of proper breadth to
hinder the bees getting- up. Bel^w is a cut of a hive
I am making-, especially arranged to take a Sim-
plicity hive in the upper story.

A^rZ^.

THE C. P. BISH CHAFF HIVE, SHOWING THE SIM-
PLICITY BODY, FILLED WITH SECTIONS.

The hive as now made is 3 inches narrower than
the one the above cut was taken from.

The outside of Simplicity body, 15=8 incites, is just
right for lower story, the double wall of upper
story of chaff hive is only six inches high, instead

often. Six inches is sufficient room for a cushion
in winter, and iinikcs it handy to catch the hand-
holes of Simplicity body, and not so high to work
over. The cover will have to be deeper, to make
the difference. I find some colonies of bees build
some comb between top-bars and bottom-bars of
frames, and some do not. The si)ace is Simplicity
space, of course. C. P. Bish.

Petrolia, Pa.

Priend 13i.sh, your idea of making the
chaff hive lower, and making the cover a
little higher, so it is. in fact, virtually the
same thing as a cover for a li-story hive, is
quite an idea, and no doubt it will answer
just about as well for wintering as the full
depth of the hive. The only objection that
1 know of is, that you do not get as many
sections as where the wide frames are hung
directly in the njiper story, as we have them;
and tor extracting you would not get as
many combs in the ii|iptr story for surplus.
As it makes a little more machinery, I think
I should prefer our style. Your mottled
hive looks very pretty, aiid that a good sub-
stantial alighting-l)6ard is also a nice thing
to liave, as we know by experience.

MOVING BEES IN COLD WEATHEK.

HOW TO COURECT FALSE STATEMENTS.

MOVED seven colonies of bees twelve miles on
the 13th of Jan., when tlie temperature Avas 10°
^[ above zero. This was a day or two after the
"*■ noted four days' blizzard. I used a sled, as the
sleighing- was excellent; no mishap of any kind,
and the bees are to-day in the very best of condi-
tion (in cellar). 1 shall now have an opportunity of
testing- the amount of injury, if anj', in moving-
bees in mid-winter. Of the 61 colonies I have in
cellar there has as yet been no water dripping from
the entrances, as is sometimes the case. I attribute
this to the fact of maintaining- a higher tempera-
ture in the cellar. With the exception of a few days,
I have kept the temperature at 46 to 50°.;:.

The false and sensational statements, g-oing the
rounds of the papers, regarding- comb honey being-
maiuifactured, and put on to the market, are hav-
ing- their effect, and no mistake. I was somewhat
annoyed, some time ago, by hearing- a very promi-
nent merchant explaining- to some very interested
listeners, how, that " nowadays they manufacture
the very nicest kind of comb honey without the aid
of bees, etc." Of course, I " took the floor " when
he got through, and in less time than I can wi-ite it
I corrected him, and he confessed that he did
not Know that it was so, but that he had read
statements to that effect in the papers. I took the
opportunity to explain that the manufacture, by
artificial means, of comb honey, was entirely be-
yond the possibility of the most advanced art; and
I also referred him to your $1000 challenge for pos-
itive evidence of such manufacture. Now, when
we come to reflect a moment over the wonderful
achievements in the arts and sciences of this pro-
gressive age, we tieed not be at all surprised that
the reading- public, who have no practical knowl-
edge of apiculture, will readily believe that the suc-
cessful imitation of the nicest comb honey is en-
tirely within the possibilities of modern science.
One of the successful ways to correct this damag-
ing- misapprehention is for bee-men everywhere

1886

tjLi:A:N'i:NG!s L\ is^i: culture.

129

(who can rightly handle the sabjeet) to furnish arti-
cles to their county and local papers, which will
readily be admitted, and in stronji', clear terms,
meet this popular error. There is no n.se tiJ meet it
in an abusive manner, but, rather, in that kind and
candid manner that in\ ariiibly carries conviction.

Another way to meet ihe mattei- is lor h<)ney-V)ro-
ducers to jiiiaraiilee every pound they sell to be ab-
solutely pui-e. 1 have i'.'J leurs as far as one's local
custom is concerned; but when one has"ii bit"'
more than he can dispose of at homi-, is wtiei-e
trouble seems to be ahead.

8—0. K. Hlil'ltAKKlt. Ill-til.

Maxwell, Towa, .Tan. S8, IS^oi.
Friend IJ.. your snffp:e.sti()ii i.s wise nnd
sound. The celebrated JSlr. Kdwaid Muri>liy
is now iioldinff a series ol' meetings in Me-
dina; and his iireat stronjiliold— in fact, the
one gfeat tiling- tliat gives liini such wondei'-
ful power in banisliing intemperance from
our land is, that he deals directly with the
people instead of laws and legisbttion. If lie
can get everj- man, woman, and child, in a
town to wearing the blue ribbon, indicating
they have signed the pledge, saloon-keepers
would have so little custom that they would
pull up stakes and move, or (juit the busi-
ness. The number who would violate a
pledge, with their own signature at the bot-
tom of it, would be too small in almost any
community to support saloons. Well, now",
if we can get the truth of this matter before
the people, in regard to artiticial c<mib hon-
ey, by inducing local papers to correct the
statements, the whole thing will die a natural
death, and it seems to me this is the way to
<io in dealing with any kind of sin — strike it
where it starts, right in our homes, and in
our family papers.

DO IMPOHTED QUEENS PAY?

FRIEND DOOI.ITTI.ES EXPERIENCE IN THE MATTER,

fO the question in editorial (pag'e 75, Glean-
' INGS for Jan. ]■>), "Do you get more! honey
from Italian bees, say one or two generaticji s
from Italy, than from stock bred four or
five j'ears in our own countryl''" I answer,
no; and, as a rule, not as much. From the experi-
ence I have had with the imported stock as above
(having- had only one imported queen, but many
from different brcedei-s that were reared from an
imported mother, besides those reared from the
one I had) I much prefer queens reared from their
best strains of home-bred stock by N. N. Eitsinger,
Dr. G. L. Tinker, Aai-on Benedict, Dr. J. P. Wilson,
J. M. Brooks, and others, to any of the import-
ed stock I ever saw. The men named above are
breeding bees for quality, and the bees show it by
the large yields of honey they bring in, while the
imported stock show that no care is take i n breed-
ing them.

For the last twelve years I have beei creeding
for the sole quality of honey-gathering, r.nd today
I would not trade one of my best que :ns for any
dozen of the best (jueens from impoit?d stock I
ever saw. What gives vitality to our stock is a di-
rect cross rather tlian in-and-in breeding, and this
is what gave the imported stock so much favor a
few years ago. Prior to this time, parlies in the
U. S. had bred in and in for color, ur'l a feeble

race was the result; and, fearing that the Italians
were to run out, some of them went to itiiporting
again. What was the result? The young queens
from the imported iiueen mated with the diones
from the home-l)red stock, which gave a direct
cross, thereby giving great vitalit.y to the bees, and
the cry was raised tliat queens from an import-
ed mother were superior to those bred in our own
country, causing it to come to pass that a l)reeder
must advertise with a '' in front of his name, if lit'
would secuie any patronage.

The claim, that hybrids were superior to Italians,
came about in this same wa.v, as here was a direct
cross again. Fully realizing that this was wherein
the matter of vigorous bees rested, 1 began, ted
.years ago, to purchase one or two queens each yeaf-
of ditfercnt Vireeders whom 1 believed had a good
strain of bees for honey-gathering, this belief being
founded on a good average report from their apia-
ries year after yviw. Alter purchasing, these
(jueens were tested one year, together with two or
three of their daughters, and, if found of value,
some of such wei-e used to jnirtially stock the a|)in'
ry with drones; and if an.v were superior, queens
were reared from them to a limited number, never
letting go of the advance I had made with my orig-
inal strain, but, rather, keeping this ahead all the
while by adding what of value I found in those I
purchased. In these tests it more often happened
than otherwise, that the queen I purchased proved
sf) much inferior to my own that 1 was obliged to
kill them, much as I disliked to do so. (Jne case in
particular which J recollect was where I purchased,
at a very high figure, an extra selected tested
queen which was so infej-ior as a layer that I did not
use her at all. I kept this queen three years, and
in none of these yeais could I coax her to lay in
more than three Gallup frames, and the two or
three queens 1 leared from her were little if an.y
better, so I killed i;ll of them. My original strain
came from A. I. Root, about twelve years ago, to-
gether with a queen purchased in 1871 of Hev. H. A.
King, then of Nevada, (Jhio. Both of these queens
lived to be over five years old, and showed such su-
periority that I have tried to perpetuate and improve
upon it ever since. Then T added largely to the val-
ue of this strain by the queen of the " red clover"
stock sent out b.y A. 1. Root later on, which stock
was of great value to cross with, although at the
present time red clover does not blossom at all with
us, owing to a midge in the head.

In the above I give the reader a little insight into
the plan I have been working on, and I believe it to
be the plan worked upon by many of those who are
bi'ceding bees for honey; at least, the bees pro-
duced by queens purchased from those mentioned
above show that they are working on this or some
other good plan. That the bees from imported
stock are so variable, and show that no pains has
been taken in breeding them, together with their
lack in giving me as good yields of hone.v as do oth-
er queens, and those of my own, is the reason 1
have said, for several years back, that it does not
pay us to import queens. (i. M. Dooi.itti.e.

Borodino, N. Y.

No donbt yon are right in the matter,
friend I).; but I am sorry you have not test-
ed in your own apiary a larger number of
queens received direct from Italy. The sup-
])Osition has been, that nature lias selected
the fittest, on account of the comparatively

130

GLEAN IKGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

barren climate of Italy compared with our
own, and we wish to know wliether this ac-
cords with the general experience of those
who piirchase queens to stock their apiaries.
To get at all the influence of a cross of the
blood, we want, also, to watch the progeny of
the queen herself, and see if that progeny has
as much vim for honey-gathering as suc-
ceeding generations.

A REPORT ON WINTERING, FROM
MRS. AXTELL.

Something in Regard to the Best Temperature
for Successful Wintering.

A BEAUTIFUL SIGHT.

TN our bee-cellar is a sight I feel tempted to look
(M[ at raoi-e than a second thought would tell me
^ll was best— that is, best for the bees. It is the
■^ nice large cluster of golden beauties, clustered
nearly down to the bottom-board of the hives.
Some are on the bottom-board, while others have,
as winter progresses, gone up higher. One feels
tempted, almost, to thrust in his hand and pat the
little fellows. The small colonies seem to go up
higher among the combs, and more dead bees are on
the bottom. The large colonies that go nearly or
quite to the bottom have no dead bees, but there is
half a teaspoonful or more of very fine pellets scat-
tered very evenly over the bottom-board.

The front boards of the hives in the cellar were
raised from one to two inches to give larger entranc-
es, so the bees could better throw out their dead
bees; the brood-combs are also raised about one
inch higher from the bottom-board of both the col-
onies in cellar, 74, and those outdoors, 61, as we had
so many colonies last winter when taken from the
cellar that the whole bottom was filled with dead
bees, and sometimes up between the combs. Our
hives, you know, are clamped at the corners, not
nailed.

It is a real satisfaction to thus look right into the
hives and see [, them look clean and well; for one
can tell almost as easily whether a bee is sick or
well as he can tell whether a person is well or not.
I have an idea, that when a bee gets sick he crawls
out of the hive to die, generally, as in the summer
time, does it not? If the most of the bees that are
dead upon the floor were healthy bees, then it seems
to me it would be well to devise some plan to pre-
vent their getting out upon the floor. Broad alight-
ing-boards, with strips of tinaround the outer edges,
might do; or perhaps a better way would be as
mentioned in Mr. Barber's plan— pile the hives up
in one solid bodj'; but, what would they do with the
dead bees? It seems to me it must be very annoj'-
ing and unhealthy for the bees to have a lot of dead
ones in their hives.

\Ve have kept the temperature in our cellar high-
er than ever before— from 40 to 45, and the bees
crowded down to three and four combs, and on the
sides of the combs, and on top, closely covered with
oat or buckwheat chaff. We are surprised at the
bees being so quiet at that temperature. I am sat-
isfied we have kept them too cool before— about 36.

Since the last cold weather, we have had a fire in
one end of the cellar, with quilts hung up against
the ends of the hives, to keep the light from strik-
ing them, and to throw the heat over the top, so the
nearest hives may not feel much the warmest. The

weakest hives were packed nearest to where the
stove is. The thermometer was sometimes in the
center, and sometimes in the further end of the
cellar. To-day it rose to 48, and yet the bees are
quiet, occasionally a bee flitting out; but we have
kept the sub-earth ventilator closed, and all other
ventilation cut off. The heat from the stove makes
the cellar feel comfortable, and the sides of the
wall are not covered with frost, but are dry, which
would not be the ease with no fire.

My husband will report when he has made a more
thorough test of temperature in the cellar and sub-
earth ventilation. Mrs. L. C. Axtef,!,.

Koseville, 111.

1 feel sure, my good friend Mrs. A., that a
temperature above 40 will be better if you
can keep the bees quiet ; and I am quite sure
I prefer 48, if not higher, unless a low^er tem-
perature seemed to keep the bees more quiet.
When we wintered in the cellar, I thought
more bees got out upon the floor when the
temperature got u]) to 50 or .5r), than w^hen it
was a little above 40. Your plan of giving
abundant ventilation below, is something in
the line of friend (ireen's article, if you will
remember. We shall be very glad indeed to
have further reports.

PEW OR MANY COLONIES : WHICH?

RKD-CI.OVER QUEENS, ETC.

J WAS much interested in Mr. Doolittle's article
■ with the above heading on page 13 of Glean-
ings; but there are some points in his i-eason-
ing with which I can not agree. If he really
advocates that the apiarist shall keep but !iO
colonies in one apiary, and devote his entire time
to the effort to produce large yields of honey, I
would not agree with him; but if he means that the
apiarist shall have several apiaries of 50 colonies
each, I would agree with him.

Taking the first view of his argument, it has a
tendency to make us believe that one swarm of
hees, if only lar(je enough, and expertly managed,
would produce all of the honey the apiarist could
dispose of! But, let us take 50 swarms, his lowest
number, and see if the man who makes the raising
of honey his only source of income, can make a sat-
isfactory financial success of it.

We will take it for granted, that the person under-
stands the secret of having his bees all in the best
possible shape to secure the honey when it is secret-
ed in the flowers. As I run my bees for extracted
honey, and as my locality is perhaps not so good as
Mr. D.'s, I will put my average yield, year in and
year out, at 200 lbs. This would give me a yearly yield
of 10,000 lbs. This amount, at the rate extracted hon-
ey is now selling at wholesale, would net me $.500 per
year. Now, an economical family could probably live
upon this amount; but it has been said, that a per-
son capable of successfully caring for 100 swarms of
bees, or, if you please, 50 swarms, is capable of earn-
ing 11000 in some other pursuit; and 1 think every
bee-keeper making it a specialty would not be satis-
fled with a smaller income.

Now, Bro. D. may clear much more than that
amount rom his small apiary of 50 or 60 swarms,
because* he has a large queen- trattic, and there is
no need of his establishing another apiary; but if

ISSK

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUJ/PUUE.

131

he depended entirely upon his Jioneu for an income,
the attention he gives to queen-rearing would be
well employed upon another apiary, if he had four
apiaries with 50 colonies each, and obtained only 100
lbs. per colony; 30,000 lbs., at 5 cts., equals $1000.
He would be better off financially than if he stuck
to his 50; but if he can make his apiaries yield 300
or 400 lbs. per colony, he is so much better off.
Again, 300 or more colonies would require but a
slight increase of honey per colony to add many
dollars to his pocket.

Every bee-keeper who has bees in different apia-
ries knows that a locality six miles away will yield,
sometimes, much more than the home yard. To
take advantage of these extra yields, the apiarist
must have more than one apiary. Another reason
Avhy the apiarist must raise larger yields than .50
swarms can produce, is the cheapness of the prod-
uct. It is now at a price where it seems it will not
pay to adulterate it, and the outlook for the future
gives us no hopes for higher prices.

A few 3'ears ago, and at present, there has been
and is a cry against the small honey-producer. He
has five or ten colonies of bees; and just as soon as
he gets a box of honey he trots oft' to some grocery
and trades it off' for tea or sugar, at the grocer's
own price, which is usually very low, thus setting
the price for the specialist, who wishes to sell in the
same town. But, let us look upon the other side,
and see what the large producers are doing. Here
is a man who has 800 swarms of bees in several apia-
ries. Perhaps it costs him $1009 to run those differ-
ent apiaries; but his yield is 30 tons of comb honey.
He can not afford to peddle it around to Tom, Dick,
and Harry, but sells his entire crop for, say, 10 cts.
per lb., thus getting a profit of $3000. Now " I rise
to inquire " Where is j'our man with 50 colonies, try-
ing to make a living out of them? Between the
large producer and the small one ho is ground to
powder. The price for his honey is set by the for-
mer in the cities; by the latter, in his own town. He
has got to continue his business with something
else, or go into it deeper or step down and out. Every
person who is making money in the bee-business at
the present time is a large producer, or else is a
large queen-breeder, or a large manufacturer of
supplies. 1 speak for the present. Bro. D. speaks
in a certain sense for the future. 1 hope the time
will come wheu one swarm, if large enough,
will produce tons of honey; but suppose we
have an extra severe winter, or some other unex-
pected severity, our one swarm, or, if you please,
our 50, will die— we are out of the business sudden-
ly; but if we have 400 or 800, the chances are that
we shall have 100 or more left with which to com-
mence the season. 'We also find that those large
yields of honey of from 500 to 1000 lbs. from single
colonies are events of a lifetime. A few years ago
B. F. Carroll, of Texas, reported nearly 1000 lbs.
from one colony; but we may scan the pages of the
journals as close as we please, and we don't hear of
its repetition. It is just the same with nearly all of
these immense yields. Our kind friend, the editor
of Gleanings, obtained an immense yield from his
entire apiary, arjd astonished everybody, long be-
fore GLE.4.NINGS was born, and he even now occa-
sionally refers to it; but we don't hear of his repeat-
ing it. Perhaps it is beqause from 300 to 500 colonies
are kept in one apiary, and for this cause our friend
has to buy California honey by the carload. But,
Pro. Koot, \f it is such a flnp thing, please rcdu^'Q

your apiary to fifty colonies, and give us another
rousing report.

In the foregoing 1 have not entered into detail in
relation to the cost of running an apiary for extract-
ed or comb honey. My experience teaches me that it
costs less in help, costs less in packages, less in
shipping to market; the swarming fever is largely
controlled, and I can sell honey[in.ton lots for 5Icts.,
if our comb-honey producers can for 10 cts., there-
fore if an apiary is run cither way, the profits will
be about the same; and with present methods and
appliances, I think the large number of colonies,
although they may consume 60 lbs. of honey per
year, the little laborers are worthy of their hire,
and are giving, in many apiaries, better results
financially than the few.

As pi'cviously stated, Bro. D. speaks of the future,
when the coming time and the coming bee will have
arrived to stay. Even then, when that time comes,
in whatever shape, round, rectangular, triangular,
or reversible, or when the bee'comes that will work
upon red clover, and each one of our 50 colonies
produces 1000 lbs., hundreds of bee-keepers will look
over into the unoccupied field in an adjoining town,
and, with characteristic enterprise, plant a success-
ful apiary there; but the glorious day has not
dawned, even though some claim to rear red-clover
queens.

KKU-CLOVER QUEENS.

I do not wish to impute actual dishonesty tojthe
breeders. There may be a plausible excuse for
them to so name their queens; neither do I deny
that they have a valuable strain of bees. You will
notice a remarkable coincidence. These queen-
breeders all live in localities where red clover is
raised for seed. The seed is secured from the sec-
ond crop: this crop might be termed out of season,
and, owing to the strength of the flower going to
the production of seed,5the Howcr is much smaller,
and the secretion of honey much less, and the bees
work upon it to a certain extent, but, we claim,
not moi'e than any other good strains of bees. 1
ha\e even seen black bees working fx-eelyiupon
red clover.

It is, futhermore, a remarkable fact that the
yields of honey in the immediate vicinity of these
remarkahle queens is not larger than in other local-
ities. It would be a fact beyond controversj', and
convincing, if the bees could obtain honey from the
first crop of red clover, for each swarm would make
such astonishing yields that every bee-journal
would shout over it. The papers would hatch up a
story about the bee-keepers making artificial red
clover, and setting thelroots in sweetened water.
Bro. Doolittle could sit down under ^his own vine
and fig-tree by the side of that .50 swarms, and sing
pieans over his thousands upon thousands of^pounds
of honey. The reader will now] bear] in'' mind that
this is a remarkable age. Every new thing should
be investigated ; and whenlyou spend your'^hard-
earned dollars for an article of which; you have
something as good, if not better, in your own'apiary.
you feel like saying right out loud, " Humbugged
again." J. H. Martin.

Hartford, N. Y., Jan. 39, 1886.

Friend M., in your estimate of the honey
received from 50 colonies, you say nothing
about increase of stock, and 1 believe it is
generally conceded that as much honey can
be secured with fi moderate increase of stock
fis by holding the original fifty downtoabso'

l'A-2

GJ.EANlXCiS LN DKE CULTURE.

Feb.

lutely no increase. — I think you are a little
severe on red-clover queens, although I agree
with you that, when the seasons are favora-
ble, all kinds of bees, almost, work on red
clover. In our locality, Italians, and often-
times blacks also, are to be found on the red
clover in June, almost as much as on white
clover — sometimes more, although there are
seasons wlien the bees work strongly on the
white clover, and almost not at all on the red
clover, t think I liave often stated, that, in
my opinion at least, most of our clover honey
in Medina Co. comes from red clover. It is
true, however, that when the white clover
ceases to yield honey, the red clover ceases
also, and occasionally we have a season when
bees get houey enough in September from
the seed crop ot" red clover to till section boxes,
although this latter does not happen, perhaps,
oftener than once in live years, on an aver-
age. There are strains of Italians that seem
to gather more honey in September than
other strains, and we suppose, from the col-
or and taste, that it comes from the seed
crop of the red clover. The effort, however,
to perpetuate a strain of bees that will gath-
er honey from red clover at times when other
strains do not, has never been very fully
realized, so far as I can learn. Most of the
bees from an imported queen, direct from
Italy, usually gather moi-e or less stores
while the seed crop of red clover is in bloom.
I did not know that good honey was ever
sold as low as o cts. for extracted and 10 cts.
for comb. If any one has any good honey to
be sold at those hgures, I should be glad to
take it off his liands, no matter how much
there is of it; and if it is not too remote, I
Avill pay freight l)esi des. A pretty large crop
of honey can be sold at retail so as to get 10
cts. for extracted and 15 cts. for comb honey
in almost any locality, by taking a little pains;
and I think it will pay almost any bee-keep-
er to develop his home market, avij way.

CELLAR WINTERING.

ITIMVAIili VENTIIiATIIIN. I.OWK.U VENTI I, ATK )N, 8UH-
EAKTH VENTILATION, KTC.

rj^ ItO. KUOT:— IM sivo sevfMitt'en c-oiits if .vdu
1^ wintered your boes in llio t^llar. It may lie
JP^ host for you to winter on summer stands;
■*"^ but for many of ns it seems best to winter
in cellars; and if yuu did so, I am confident
you would help settle a g-ood many questions that
would tend to make cellaring- less uncertain. I
should very much like to have your help on the
ventilation (jucstion. Opinions contliet as to the
necessity for any kind of ventilation, some seeming
to consider it as the important factor, others tliink-
iufr no ventilation whatever necessary. When we
consider in what .•ilmost absolute inactivity l)ees
may be kept, it would h.irdly seem necessary for
them to use much air; and instances are on record,
if I mistake not. where bees hermetically sealed, or
apparently so, have remiiincd in good health. Con-
ditions vary so much that 1 am far from layinjr
down as a fixed rule for others what may seem best
for myself; but so far as my own bees and cellars
arc concerned, in spite of my theory as to their
neerliqg little or no ajr, observation leads strongly

in the direction of their needing- a change, and a
pretty rapid change, of air.

UPWARD VENTILATION.

P'ormerly the absolute necessity of upwai-d ven-
tilation was strongly urged by many, and I think a
great majority believed in it, although a few com-
bated it. Of late, very little has been said about it.
Three or four years ago I tried some hives without
upward ventilation, and could not see that it made
any difference; and for the past two j'cars I have
given no upward ventilation, mainly because it was
more convenient to leave the hives covered up
tight. I supposed I was somewhat heretical in my
views, until surprised to find in the Canadian Bee
Jimrnal of Jan. 20, 1886, that a radical change of sen"
timent had been quietly going on in bee-keepers'
minds; for in reply to a question on the subject-
not one of the fifteen who replied considered up-
ward ventilation essential. The impressicm i)re-
vailed, that it made little difference where the air
entered the hive, just so the bees could have it. My
own hives are taken into the cellar with the cloths
glued on tight, just as they were on the summer
stands; but I have enlai'ged the entrances, so that,
instead of ^s. they are Vz inch in height, and the
whole width of the hive. But it fhere is no good
air in the cellar it is impossible to have it in the
hive, so that hive ventilation is not so important to
considsr as

CELLAR VENTILATION,

About which comparatively little has been said. I
may here mention some of the things that lead me
to think cellar ventilation important. Please re-
member that I have now in mind cellars well filled
with hives, piled five high. (When I had only eight
or ten hives in the cellar there was no trouble about
ventilation.) When I found the bees quite uneasy
in former winters, I thought it was because they
were too cold, and I was in the habit of building a
fii-e in the evening. In the morning- I found the
l)ees nice and (pjiet, but was puzzled to find the
thermometer no higher than it had been before 1
made the fire, which, being a wt)od fire, had died
out in the night. If cold had made them uneasy in
the first place, why were they not now uneasy with
the same degree of cold'/ I came to the conclusion
that the fire had hastened the ventilation of the
cellar, and thus quieted the bees. Still, there may
have some changes taken place, such as getting at
their stores while the cellar was heated, leaving
them quiet afterward, without any reference to the
ventilation.

Toward spring, when the weather became warm
and the bees uneasy, 1 opened the cellar doors and
windows at night, causing great uproar among the
bees when first opened; but by morning all were
<iuiet, no change having taken place in the temper-
atur(?. What, t)esides the change of air, quieted
them in this case? Again, 1 noticed the bees were
invariably (piiet after a windy time, whether cold
or Warm; and a still, damp time was just as sure to
make them uneasy. The shop cellar is without sub-
vontilatiou; and when the weather moderates, it is
necessai-y to open the ti-apdoor or window; but in
zero weather no such necessity exists, although the
thermometer in the cellar may stand just as high as
in the warmer weather. The reason is, that, in the
zero vveather, the temperature is so much higher
inside that the heavy, cold air outside forced its
way through every crack and crevice, thus ventilat-
ing the cellar without any large opening. Now,

188(5

GLEANINGS IN JUEE CULTURE.

133

don't understand mc to say that the whole secret of
wintering- lies in ventilation; I don't claim to know
much about wintering-, any way, and am far from
thinljing that perfect ventilation will secure perfect
wintering-. I merely think ventilation important,
practical observation showing it more important
than theory would lead us to believe. Nor is this
disproved by citing- occasional instances of success-
ful wintering with no apparent ventilation, any
more than occasional instances of wintering on five
pounds of stores would prove the general practice
of allowing only live pounds per colony any other
than hazardous. Certainly no harm can come from
having an abundance of good pure air in the cellar
at all times.

Another consideration urgiug in the same direc-
tion is, that most bee-cellars are under dwelling-
houses, and medical authorities inform us that
grave consequences occur from impure air in cel-
lars. If oiil.v a few bees are kept in a cellar it may
not be necessar.v to make any special provision for
changing the air, as enough cracks usually exist to
allow a sulJiciently rapid renewal. In this ease,
however, especial pains should be taken, both for
the health of the family and of the bees, to see that
no decaying vegetables or other matter should be
left in the cellar, from which poisonous emanations
may be constantly taking place. It is frightful to
contemplate the amount of foul and decaying mat-
ter that is cleaned out of cellars every spring, if,
indeed, it is cleaned out at all. Many never lliink
of disturbing, until spring, the decaying mass, no
matter how much noxious vapor is constantly
steaming forth. The cellar should lie thoroughly
cleaned of every thing of the sort, and he})' clean-
fruit and vegetables of all sorts frequently picked
over, and all decaying specimens removed. The
cellar should at all times smell sweet and clean, and
a good coating of lime or whitewash once or twice a
year will help. 1 f twenty or more colonies are kept
in a cellar, sfjccial provision may lie needed for re-
newal of the air, and of this I may have a word to
say in a future number.

Since wi-iting the abo\'e, 0[>iiANi.\os for Feb. 1
has come to hand, and your remarks about using
sub-ventilation for greenhouses dashes my hopes in
that direction, for I intended to make a great spread
in talking about using- it for greenhouses, hen-
houses, and perhaps even for dwellings; for if we
need to heat the air for anu purpose, it will certain-
ly cost less to heat it from 2'> or 1.")° than to take it
lower.

J heartily congratulate Ernest's wife on getting a
good husband. 1 don't know enough abf)ut her to
congratulate him, but I suspect it is all right.

C. C. MiM.EK,'17y— ^4J.

Marengo, 111., Feb. :5, 1886.

Friend Miller, witli the variable winters
we have liere in Ohio, I can not feel that
cellar wintering wonld be prolitable to ns,
although 1 may be mistaken. 1 have thought
several times I would winter part of them
indoors and test the matter carefully ; but 1
do so dread lugging hives out and in, and
liaving things torn up generally, as we usu-
ally have where we carry them into celhirs,
that, to confess the tiuth, I am very re-
luctant to undertake it, especially while we
have such excellent success wintering on
summer stands, and coming out with such
strong healthy colonies.— If we use no upper

ventilation, it seems to me we must have
some sort of i)rotection to keep the frost
from striking the substance that envelopes
the brood-chamber. Jn old-fashioned box
hives, where no ujjward ventilation is given,
icicU^s sometimes form on the sides and toji
of the hives, as large as your arm. Now, an
outer covering would entirely prevent this
condensation of moisture, and freezing into
icicles. In regard to bees wintering in hives
hermetically sealed up. Prof. Cook did make
some such experiments, but I feel quite sure
there Avere some cracks and interstices in
the hives, eithei- througli the top. sides, or
bottom, that g;ive them plenty of air. It is
witli liives as you ai)tly mention with cel-
lars. Wiien we have weatlier below zero, the
air pours with gre;;t force through cracks
and crevices that at ordinary temperatures
would be called air-tight. 1 would have the
cellars ventilated, anyw.iy. whether the bees
wintei'f'd well Mithout ventilation or not.
It may be that some cellars, on account of
natural circumstances, are ah eady sufficient-
ly ventilated, without ventilators or sub-
earth pipes. This might be the case in
sandy soils; but in our water-soaked clay
soils, in the winter time, it seems to me
ami)le arrangements should always be made
for ventilation. The jioint you make in re-
gard to saving fuel and saviiig food by l)ring-
ing fresli air into our celbars, greenhouses,
and dvi'ellings, after it lias been warmed
many degrees by the earth, is certainly a
very imi)ortant item— yes. for the hen-hous-
es, horse and cattle stables, and evei-ywhere
where we keep domestic animals. Zero air
and ice-cold water is a great waste of animal
heat, and. as a necessiuy sequence, a waste
of grain and other food products. Friend
Terry, in his forlhciMiiing book in regard to
the care of domestic animals, will give us
some grand new Ihoughts on this sui)ject. —
Our discussions ill reference to ihe temper-
ature of Abitlier Earth, sub-earth ventilat-
ors, etc.. Iiave a- value that is going far
beyond the wintering of bees, alone.

THE YAZOO VALLEY, OR DELTA.

ITS FIONKV UESUUKCES.

i?> NF, of the most intei-esting sections of Mississ-
'|tI 'i'l'' '^ ^'"^ Va/.oo I)(Mta, not only in respect to
1^1 its general agricultural capacity, but also to
^^ the bee-keeper for its honey resources. 1
have been acquainted with this j)art of the
State from mj' youth u\), my father having moved,
when I was a small boy, from East Mississippi, with
his slaves, and oi)ened a plantation on the Tallahat-
chie ffivor, which ])lantation I still own, and rent in
part to the slaves, now freemen, who formerly culti-
vated it. 1, of course, never made observation in the
country with reference to its honey capacity until I
became acquainted with bee culture. Until 1876 I
know nothingof bees, only as insects placed at a re-
mote corner of the yard or garden, and to be se-
verely let alone except occasionally, when robbed to
obtain a dish of honey for the table. In that year I
casually obtained a volume of "Langstroth on the
Honey-Bee," and since have, when on my plantation,
been carefully noting the honey resources of
the " Swamp," as we commonly call it. I have

134

GLEANINGS NI BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

known of large apiaries of black bees down there
in common box hives, and have seen some beauti-
ful white honey; but nothing- is known, as a rule, of
modern bee culture, the Italian bee, extractor, mov-
able-frame hive, etc. Dr. Blanton and a few others
keep bees scientifically, in this valley. My conclu-
sion from my observations is, that its honey re-
sources are immense; and my aim is to establish
an apiary there as soon as practicable. As honey
is a very general product of nature, it might be
expected that a country with such exuberant for-
est growth, and inexhaustible and unsurpassed fer-
tility, should yield largely the vegetable nectar
which the bees refine and evaporate into honey.
The climate, too, is highly favorable to large seci'e-
tion of honey each year, without fail. The Swamp
is pre-eminently the cotton section of Mississippi,
liut I have never known bees to gather honey from
cotton to any extent. The cypress and willow and
honey-locust and black gum are very abundant, and
yield much honey. The rattan is everywhere, and
is alive with bees in early spring. Attracted by the
hum, I have at times stopped, spellbound, for a long
while to watch the bees gather honey from this
plant. The cross-vine, or swamp woodbine, is very
luxuriant, and its rich festoons of white flowers
hanging from tall trees furnish much forage to the
bees in midsummer. But my attention has been
most attracted by the tupelo gum. This is a tree
with large base, but with small, tall, and tapering
body above, that grows only in very rich sloughs,
where the roots are under water. The flowers are
white, and grow in large festoons. They send out
a delicious fragrance to a long distance upon the
air, and yield much beautiful white honey. I might
also mention the persimmon, hackberry, and other
trees and plants; but the above enumeration will
give a general though very imperfect view, for
doubtless thei-e is a vast number of plants that yield
honey that are not yet Compassed by my knowledge.

] may add in conclusion, that there are very bright
prospects in every way before this valley. The
levees are in good repair, a fine railroad runs
through it on the west from Memj)histo Vicksburg;
the Illinois Central R. R. is building a branch from
Yazoo City up the Yazoo and Tallahatchie Rivers to
Memphis, and another road will connect these two.
Thus the whole valley will be intersected by rail-
roads; the Father of Waters will be kept within
bounds, and we who are interested say the valley
will become very thickly inhabited, and will be
made the garden spot of Mississippi.

Grennda, Miss. Oscah Bledsoe.

FLOBIDA, AGAIN.

THE PUOSPECTS AFTER THE liATE FKEEZE.

X HAVE often used the columns of Gleanings
l^f as a medium through which to encourage good
^[ men to come to this State to look up the bee-
■^ keeping interest hepe, and, in consequence,
many have come and made happy homes; oth-
ers, coming with great expectations and little
"sticktoativeness," have been disappointed at
first glimpse, and returned north, to regret their
hasty decision. Still others, after coming here and
taking a fair look at the State, have decided that,
all things considered, they had best remain where
they are, rather than make pioneers of themselves
and have to put up with all the inconveniences to be
jnet^itli m^ eqam'e4 \n "pqvyjq^ijp witl} a;;ew

country." I have always endeavored to convey as
correct ideas of this country as possible in all my
wi'itings; andfor fear that many might, through the
writings and advertisements of unscrupulous land
agents and speculators, have formed ideas respect-
ing the State that would cause them to see more
encouragement in my letters than I intended to
convey, I have always advised a visit of Inspection
before disposing of valuable property elsewhere.
Notwithstanding this advice it is not uncommon for
me to receive letters from parties north, stating
that they have sold their real estate, packed their
household goods and bees into cars, and are to start
for this State within a day or two. Such people sel-
dom have their expectations fulfilled, and yet I am
blamed for their blunders and lack of j udgment.

The object of this article is to say to all. Do not
do this. At any time it is a dangerous experiment,
and at this particular time it is almost sure to bring
disaster. We have just passed through the coldest
spell of weather that the writer or any of his ac-
quaintances have yet seen in Florida. Fifty-one
years ago there was a similar freeze, a little later in
the season, and perhaps the mercury took a little
lower dip, that killed all of the mangrove and
orange trees throughout the northern half of the
State. This has doubtless killed a large part of the
mangrove, but just how much can not be told as
yet. Messrs. O. O. Poppleton and Jesse Oren, of
Iowa, both well known to the readers of your jour-
nal, and myself, went out to some of the islands in
the river during the last day of the cold snap, to see
what the effect had been, and, to the best of our
combined judgment, about four-fifths of the man-
grove was destroyed. This being the case, the bee-
keepers of this section can not expect a large crop
of honey this season; and whether or not the next
two or three years will give much better crops, will
depend on whether or not the roots ai-e killed as
well as the stock. How far south of here the dev
astation extends, I am not able as yet to say; but
as Mr. R. S. Sheldon, of New Smyrna, intends to
start south this week to find a location for his bees
after the early bloom is over here, we shall proba-
bly know after a while.

Our oranges are all frozen that were left on the
trees; l)ut although the mercury went down to 30°
above zero, the trees appear to have come through
all right in this section. The cold spell has destroy-
ed a good deal of property, and proved to be a very
serious matter with many; but it neither caused
loss of life or destroyed buildings, as blizzards and
earthquakes do, and is much less likely to recur
than either of them would be in countries subject
to them. I accept it as a part of the programme of
life, and shall go on with more confidence in this
country for orange-growing and bee-keeping than
ever before. W. S. Hart.

Hawk's Park, P'la., Jan. 18, 1886.

Fneiid Hart, 1 thank you for your caution
to the i)eop]e who get the Florida fever, or
any otlier fever, and pull up stakes, take
family, bees, and all, and start, before the
head of the family has even gone aliead to
reconnoiter the ground. Some of you may
remember our friend Uamkohler, who wrote
with such enthusiasm— see Gleanings for
1883. p. 877. Well, a letter is just at hand
mentioning his wife's death, and that he is
alone with an infant and a family of small
children, himself worn out with fatigue, and
almost ready to giyg i}p, aw^Y VU iu tUe
wil4s qf Fi9?J4ai

im

gLeanIkgs in bee culture.

135

MAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOIHC IT,

Continued from Jan. ir>.
CHAPTER IX.

He which sfiwCtli Spiiring-ly shall reap also sparingly.— IT. Cor. 9: 6.

The above text does not, perlulps, cover
the grolind of this chapter, but it conies
nearer to it than any thing else that now
occurs to me. The point I wish to touch on
in this chapter is this : After having once
prepared our ground nicely for a crop, we
want to be sure the crop is put on to it. In
our best books on market gardening we are
told how many plants can be put on an acre.
For instance, Landreth's earliest cabbage is
so small and compact that 15,000 may be
grown on an acre. Now, real nice fine spec-
imens, started in a hot-bed or greenhouse,
so as to produce heads in June, ought to
bring 10 cents a head. This would make
f 1500 for an acre of cabbages. If these fig-
ures are too large we will suppose they will
bring 5 cents a head, which will be $7.';0 per
acre. Last June we got 20 cents a head for
all the early cabbages we had to spare,
which would be $8000 per acre, providing; we
had a market that would take the whole of
an acre. Now, what is the trouble with
these figures? Why, the trouble is this :
15,000 heads could be grown on an acre, pro-
viding every inch of the ground were
brought up to the highest fertility, and pro-
viding, also, that the plants were set at
mathematically correct distances; that is,
each plant should be just so far from its
neighbor, and no further, and there should
be no vacancies. This last matter of vacan-
cies is what I wish to speak of now. Farm-
ers, gardeners, and almost every one who
works in the soil— from those who get a dol-
lar for the product of a square yard in the
greenhouse, to those who get only a few
dollars an acre from their crops out on their
farms, all waste time and money by not
having their ground thoroughly and acc^i-
rately seeded. What I mean by " accinate-
ly " is, that just the right number of plants
are put upon an acre — no vacancies, no
crowding, and no getting too far apart. It
seems to me there is no tool on the farm
that is so far behind the times as the mark-
er. The seed-sowers do better, but it seems
to me that these can be greatly improved.
With the wire - check row, and careful
management, there is a pretty good prospect
for a full crop ; that is, for about all the
ground will do ; but to go over our farms as

we ordinarily find them, my opinion ii5,tliat,
in this matter of seeding alone, it is a com-
mon thing to lose half the crop.

TRANSPLANTING.

Now, if this matter of preparing tli^
gtound nicely — manuring it and all, and
then not getting a crop on it because a plant
has not been made to grow where the grolind
was ready for a plant, is expensive business,
it is still more expensive to prepare ground
for a greenhouse, and go to the expeilse of
glass to put over it, and steam-pipes and
fuel to keep it warm, and then not have
every square inch occupied, not oniy every
day, but every hour, with some sort of a plant.
During the convention of the bee-keepers of
our nation at Detroit, Dec. 9, 1885, 1 started
out in the morning to visit the greenhouses
in the suburbs ; and one point I wished to
determine was, whether the proprietors kept
their ground all doing something. I found
they didn't, by any means. At one place
where lettuce was bringing 5^2.00 a bushel, a
crop had been taken oft', and the ground
was lying idle, while plants that sadly need-
ed more room were standing in a bed near
by. The man in charge was standing around ,
smoking his pipe, saying he knew the plants
ought to be in that ground, but he hadn't
got around to it. Now, I should want to see
the ground nicely fitted, and more plants
growing, in the place of those taken out,
within one hour; and under such circum-
stances I would take up the young plants
with a good ball of dirt hanging to the roots
of each, so that there should be no stoppage
in the growth— in fact, take all the earth to
a depth of one or two inches, along with the
little plants when they are taken up. Then
they have no check, but find themselves al-
ready growing, spread apart so the leaves
that have been struggling for light and air
can, any of them, have a nice little space to
fill up with nice crisp foliage ; and not only
did these men let the ground lie idle while
the December sun was pouring down through
the icy sash, but when they planted them
out they did it in such a slipshod way that
some of the little plants had nearly a foot of
room, and others, perhaps, not six inches.
I would have decided just how much room 1
wanted for lettuce-plants to occupy, and

I3d

GLliA.NLXGS IM UEk CULTURE.

Fei$.

then, in view of tlie expense of tlie space it
occupied, I would liave them at exact dis-
tances. Do you say, " This mathematical
accuracy is all very well to talk about, but it
won't pay in practice '"V Just wait a bit. 1
suppose most of my readers are familiar
with the quincunx plan of planting fruit-
trees and other things where we want to get
as much room as possible for each pla«t, and
still have the ground all covered. It is
simply adopting the plan the bees use
in building their cells. Where an orchard
is planted with the trees in squares, there is
quite a space in the center of each square,
comparatively unoccupied. Fruit - growers
sometimes put a peach-tree in this center.
A much more economical way is the plan of
which I have spoken. It is, to have each
plant or tree the center of six, and the six
are at exact distances from each other. The
cut below, taken from our A B C book, will
explain this, only that was made lor bee-

M

Jiives and grapevine trellises. You can sup-
pose each hive to be a cabbage-plant. The
cabbage-plant sends out its leaves, usually,
in pretty nearly a circle. AVhen they get so
they crowd each other, these circles will so
adapt themselves as to pretty nearly cover
the ground ; each one being squeezed a little
against its neighbor, would give exactly the
form of a cell of a honey-comb.

How shall we get our plants set like this
without too much expense? Well, the plan
of sowing things in drills, if the plants
could be made to " break joinls."' as it were,
would accomplish it ; but even if they do
not break joints, it is, I think, as a general
thing, rather ahead of the hill system, un-
less, indeed, we have a wire-check rower to
place the hills so they break joints exactly,
and make a corn-field look like the above
figure. Then I should want seel enough
put in so that each hill can have exactly the
right number of stalks and no more. There

is probably no tnethod of accomplishing this
latter, except thinning. In Setting out
plants, however, we can do it just as well as
not ; in fact, with the little device figured
below, and which is, so far as I know, my
own invention, we can do it better than not.

TRANSPLANTING-FRAME.

The above is made by stretching a piece of
poultry-netting over a frame of half -inch
iron. I would have this frame made of iron
instead of loood, because iron, by its weight,
stays right where it is laid, and is not easily
moved around, even if you hit it with your
hand while transplanting. You see, if you
should give it a hitch after a part of your
plants are put in, it might be difficult to get
it back into its place again, and this would
spoil the symmetry of your rows: In use it
will pay, perhaps, to have two sizes of these
frames. One of them is two feet wide, and
just long enough to lay inside the side-boards
of the benches in our greenhouse. The oth-
er just drops inside the boxes we pictured on
page ()0.

Now, then, when your seedlings, such as
we told you how to grow in the chapter be^
fore this, have got so far as to show the third
leaf , and begin to look somewhat crowded,
take them up with the fibrous moss, or peat",
I have described, adhering to the'little root-
lets, and plant each one in the center of one
of the meshes of the frame. Our method of
transplanting is to take a little wooden stick,
the size of a lead-pencil, or a little larger.
Instead of having the end of the stick a sharp
pouit, however, let it be flattened so as to be
perhaps a fourth of an inch wide at the point.
Lay the plant in the center of one of the
meshes, and with this flattened point of wood
push it clear down to the first leaves, then
with the same stick press the soil around it.
When you finish the box, take a watering-
pot with fine a rose and soak the soil so as
to have it settle all about the little rootlets.
If you do your work well, not one in the box
should fail. The soil to be put in these
boxes to start the little plants, should be
much like that prepared for the seeds. An
inch of fine old manure in the bottom of the
box will be quite a help. When they get too
much crowded, plant them out in the same

1880

GLEANIA'GJS IN UEE CULTURE.

137

Avay ill larger boxes, or in llie open ground.
I3y this time, lake every oUier mesh of the
tmnsplanting-frame, and, it' you choose,
every other row in the meshes, according to
the size of the plants and their liabits.

AVe work in this way, cabbage, caiditlower,
kale, lettuce, celery, and tomatoes. Yon
will see, we have absolute mathem;itic:il reg-
ularity, and with no waste ground. When
the weather is suitable to work in the open
air, use tlie same frame there. Bat I would
have all my plant-beds, outdoors as well as
in the greenhouse, m ide of very deep j'ich
soil; and if it is soil that will bake over, put
on enough peat to cover the surface— at least,
to do entirely away Avitli baking. AVe can
not tolerate a hard crust around our ]>lants,
nor over our seeds. Your plants will be all
the better and all the stronger if they are
transplanted 1v:icc before they are put out in
the field.

Some may ask. '• Why this laborious trans-
])lanting?" Several things are accomplished
by it. First, Ave get a stronger librous root
than can be secured well otherwise. Second,
we economize space. In one of the boxes I
have described, you can keep about L'COO lit-
tle plants until they are two or three weeks
old. AV' hen transplanted by the frame, these
same l)Oxes will hold about 110 plants each.
They can stand in this box until they are
ready to go into the open ground, as a rule.
AVith celery, and some other plants having a
great mass of tibrous roots, we can, when
the time comes to transplant for the field,
turn out the contents into one fibrous sod of
matted roots and soil. This sod may be
handled as you would handle ;i door-mat.
Lay it on a smooth board (such as a hive-cov-
er, for instance), and take a long butcher-
knife and slice the plants up into little
squares— or, rather, little hexagons. Each
one looks like a potted strawben-y-plant, and
you can plant it out in good soil, and have
it grow without a single failure of a plant, or
any pheck, by transplanting. The AVliite-
Plume celery that we have been selling for
six months at such good prices was all
raised and transplanted in this way. A good
hand will transplant oOU seedlings into boxes
in an hour ; and where the soil is just right,
he can put nearly as many in the open ground;
so you see that transplanting is not such very
expensive business, after all. In the green-
house, you have your box on a table of the
right height, so it is not n/^arly as fatiguing
HS working on your knees in the open air.
yhe third reason in favor of transplanting

over sowing the seed is, that in transplant-
ing you get the plant Avhere it ought to be,
and no failures; Avhereas, if you sow tlie
seed this would be n?xt to impossible, with-
out a very expensive thinning-out. Last,
but not least, we get our plants large and
strongly rooted, in full vigor, and ready to
go into the ground the very day some other
crop has been marketed and sold. We also
have the plant prepared to take right hold
on the manure— that is. you need not pur-
chase your manure, if you have to buy it,
until the plants are ready to take right hold
of it. You see, you have the use of your
money longer.

FILLING IN WHERE TAUT OF A UROI' HAS
FAILED.

For a good many years I have been in the
habit of planting over where tlie seeds did
not come up. Sometimes we plant corn
again where a hill has failed ; at other times
we put in a c:ibb:ige or tomato plant. Later
in the £ei;son, white beans, etc. Now, I
have come to the conclusion lately, that I
want no moie mixing up, if it can possibly
be avoided. Suppose we have an order for
green corn, when the crop is about exhaust-
ed. I tell the boys they can get some nice
corn by hiuiting up the hi'.ls that are planted
a second time; bat the job of hunting is
more than the com is worth. Going over
the held for hsre and there a few tomatoes,
is about as bad ; ar.d even going over the
farm to gather the white beans that have
been put in waste places is a good deal the
same way. The boy who ;is sent gets only
about half of them. I tell him to go out
again, and then lind a lot missed. I want, if
possible, the whole ground occupied with one
crop, and I want that crop to ripen all at
once, as far as possible. AVhen it is all ripe.
I want to be able to clean the ground and
prepare it for another crop, and soon; and
in no other way can this be done so well as
by transplanting— that is, such plants as are
usually Avorked in that way. Last season I
transplanted corn and cucumbers, and made
a success of it too. In this way I had no va-
cant hills, and yet my plants were all of one
age. AVith the cucumbers we dug a good-
sized hole, then divided the hill with a spade
while another hand with a shovel cut under
so as to take a large shovelful of dirt, plants
and all. Scarcely one of the transplanted
hills wilted where it was done carefully. Of
course, this will pay only with crops such a§
market garcjeners raise.

VAH

glea:nings ijv bee culture.

Feb.

CHAPTER X.

By wisdom is a house builded.— Pkov. 24:3.

Well, friends, veiy likely we shall need a
deal of wisdom in building some sort of a
stnicLuie to keep the frosts of March and
April away from our little boxes of plants,
even if we don't liave very many of them,
nor need very much of a protection. Your
l»lants are taken up from tlie seed- bed Avhere
tiiey grew, and planted two inches apart, ac-
cording to our directions in the last chapter;
and the next thing that comes up is, "Where
shall we put the boxesV" If you have plen-
ty of windows opening into a warm room,
they can be set around the windows or in
front of them ; that is, a certain number of
l»oxes can, and they will do this way tolera-
bly well mitil Avarm days come so you can
l)ut them out. Of course, you must turn
one side and then the other to the light, to
make them grow straight up. If you get
them very far from the window, you will
find that, in their efforts to get to the light,
they will not only tip over sidewise, but they
will stretch their necks, as it were, and thus
get long-legged, or "drawn," as gardeners
call it. Well, suppose the windows do not
answer for the quantity of plants you have
got nicely started, what then? Why, you
must put them outdoors in a hot-bed or cold
frame; and in making even a simple struc-
ture like this, we want to scrape up all the
knowledge we have gained in regard to heat,
light, ventilation, etc. Our cold frame or hot-
-bed must first have a sunny place— a south-
ern slope ; that is, a piece of ground sloping
f-1'ghtly to the south is what we want. Next
wc want to protect it from the winds by tall
buildings, if we can get sucli a place ; but if
not, a tall board fence, or something of that
soit. High hills and ovei hanging rocks are,
of course, better than buildings or any thing
else, if you can get them. Have the tall
buildings, overhanging rocks, or high fences,
on the nort^i and west, if possible. A similar
protection on the east will make it still bet-
ter, so you see a gully fronting south between
two hills would be about the thing. Of
course, you want a protection on the north
to keep the north winds from coming down
this gully. A building v/ould probably be
the best thing. 1 used to think, that under
an overhanging rock, or under a shed, would
be just the place— the shed, of course, front-
ing the south. The objections to a shed are,
that it cuts off the light, making the plants
have a tendency to turn off southward, and
stretch themselves up, as I said abqve. Froni

this, we see that, whatever covering we
have, it must be glass so as to admit light.
Even the north roof, that*" the sun never
shines through, must be transparent, to get
the best results.

Having chosen our location, we will con-
sider the simplest form of a plant-bed. The
smallest size usually made is that of a hot-
bed sash, generally 8 x(i feet. In order to
avail ourselves of the heat of Mother Earth,
we ^\ill dig down, say, 18 inches into the
ground. To keep the dirt from caving in
upon us, put in a wooden box 3 ft. 1 inch by
6 ft. 1 inch, say, outside measure. The
sides of the box may be, say, a foot high.
If the ground is frozen when you commence,
you will have to chop it out with a pick or
an old ax. When you get some fine dirt,
bank it up around your pit, but let the bank
be at such an angle that it shall not prevent
any of the sunshine going clear to the bot-
tom of the pit. These directions are for the
south side ; but if you have a slope around
the other sides about the same, it will be all
right. After you get it dug, put- on your
sash and wait until the sun shines enough
to thaw out the interior by going through
the glass. If the sash is placed at an angle
so that it faces the south, it will heat faster,
but this is not very material. The large
cold frames and hot-beds, at Jersey City,
near the city of New York, have the sides
almost level. Perhaps the south side is an
inch lower than the other — may be two inch-
es, but the slope is so little that I could
hardly notice it. They used plank for their
supports to the sash, and the plank were
planed on top so as to be perfectly level, so
the sash shuts down as nearly air-tight as
possible. When a sunny day comes, so that
the ground is thawed up inside, you can re-
move your sash and put in boxes of plants.
Now, then, you are to watch them and take
off the sash whenever it is not freezing weath-
er outside. Sometimes a cold wind will harm
the plants when it does not freeze. In such
cases, keep on the sash, tilting it up a little
to prevent the plants from getting too hot,
The temperature inside is best not lower
than 40^^. Peter Henderson gives the rule
for lettuce, cabbage -plants, radishes, etc.,
as 50'-' at night and 7(P in the daytime; so
when your thermometer shows 70^' you want
to be on hand and tilt your sash. If the sun
is shining, and it is not freezing outside,
take the sash olf eijtirely. The clear rays o{

1886

GLEANI^^'GS IN IJKK CULTdJJK.

];^9

the sun, without any sash at all, are always
better, if the plants do not get too cold. If
unusually severe weather should occur, and
continue for some time, you will need to put
a shutter or straw mat over your sash. If
that does not do, cover the joints with coarse
stable manure— straw or litter of any kind.
Leave this on until the weather moderates,
and then gradually take it oft". After yoiu-
plants have become a little used to frost and
cold air, after being taken out of the house,
they will stand quite a freeze without in-
Jury ; that is, even if the ground should be
frozen over the surface, you will lind the
plants will come out all right. In fact, what
are called cold-frame cabl)age-plants are
raised in the fall, and wintered over without
injury, even where the thermometer goes
down to fifteen or twenty degrees below zero.

As a rule, there is very little if any growth
with any of these plants Avhile the tempera-
ture is 40'-' or lower. Some plants will make
some growth at 45-, and others will make a
slow growth right along at 50°. Plants that
are accustomed to grow at 50° become very
hardy, and will stand severe freezes without
injury. When it comes time to raise toma-
to-plants, peppers, and other tender vegeta-
bles, you will need what is called a hot-bed.
This is simply a cold frame, just such as I
have described above, with the addition of
heat obtained from stable manure placed
underneath the plants. Get stable manure
that has begun to heat, or while it is hot.
Fork it over and break it up fine, then put
from one to two feet in your pit, under the
boxes of plants. This will give heat enough
to start seeds, even in the month of Febru-
ary, in our locality ; but the cold frame will
also start seeds without much trouble, in the
month of March, say during ordinary seasons.

If you want a larger cold frame, of course
all you have to do is to use more sash. In
the figure below, we show you one we use
with great satisfaction, composed of four-
teen 3x6 sash. The sash is called 3x6, but
it really measures 3 feet and 4 inches in
width, from outside to outside.

Its location is on a level piece of
ground, Mith our factory buildings on the
north and east side. On the west we put up
a tight board fence seven feet high. The
outside of the frame is simply 2-inch joists
about six inches wide, set up edgewise,
and held in place by oak stakes two inches
square, driven in perhaps two feet. We
used about five stakes on a side. The iii-
closure is 11x23^ feet. Inside, the ground
is made rich to a depth of perhaps 18 inches,
with stable manure, peat from the swamp,
and good rich soil. We found it not only
laborious business to handle so many sash,
but somehow or other, every time the sash
were taken off and put back again, more or
less glass was broken. It occurred to me that
some arrangement might be made, obviating
the necessity of taking off the sash ; and at
this date, Feb. 10, it seems as if my plans
were a perfect success. The cold frame is
full of beautiful cabbage, cauliflower, and
lettuce plants, and not a plant has died.
Shall I tell you how I manage it ? You will
notice the gable end is made like a door,
hinged at the bottom, so it tips back. Well,
when it gets too hot inside we open the doors
at each end. This lets a draft of air right
through ; and even during very hot days the
draft keeps the plants cool enough, even
though the sash are all left in their places.

Of course, there must be some kind of a
ridge-pole to support the sash at the top,
and this is simply a strip of I board about 4
inches wide, supported by rafters made of
pieces ripped from a two-inch plank. These
pieces are about 2A inches wide, set up edge-
wise. This makes the rafters 2x2* inches,
and the stout oak stakes driven into the
ground prevent them from spreading. When
in place, each sash laps one inch on to a
rafter. Well, we found by trial that a heavy
wind would blow the sash over and break
the glass. To prevent this, we attach each
pair of sashes to each other at the top, by a
hook and staple made of galvanized iron.
This allows them to be quickly moved and
quickly fastened when put back in place. It

A COI-D-KUAME lOH WINTE;iUNO OVEH CABBAOE, C'AUMFI.,')XVJ^H, J-ETTUCE, ETC.

140

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Fei!.

also allows the sash to be tilted up, as
shown in the engraving. We tilt them up
to get out or put in plants, or give them
\vatcr. AVhen you have much sunshine, the
beds will get very dry, and they must be
watered, either with a sprinkler or a foun-
tain pump ; or you can pour water on. by
being careful so as not to wash the plants
Qut of place. However you do it, wait until
they begin to show they are neediug w^ater,
aiul tlien give the beds a good soaking. The
very best way in the world is to take the
sash off whenever there comes a rain.
AVhenever it is raining in the winter, and
not freezing, the sash ought to be off. It is,
however, less trouble to water the plants by
hand, many times, tluui to take off the sash.
AVe were annoyed last fall by the cats get-
ting in nights, when the end-boards were
left open, and scratching in the soft mellow
earth. AVe stopped this, liowever, by cover-
ing the gable ends with poultry-netting, put
on in sucli a way tliat the doors could be
opened and closed without trouble.

Perhaps you may. want to know what ad-
vantage cold - frame plants possess over
plants raised in the house or in the green-
house. As a rule, they are mucli stronger
and hardier. As an illustration, we are to-
day, Feb. 10, planting cold-frame cabbage
and lettuce in the open grouiul. Tliey have
been greatly hardened, until they will stand
almost zero weather without being injured in
the least; whereas a plant ra' si din the green-
house, Avithout this hardening process,
would be killed out with a freeze of 15 or 20
degrees. Plants may be raised in the green-
house in February, and hardened by opening
the cold frame, and exposing ttiem gradually.

Now, it may occur to you that the cold
frame just described could be very easily
made into a very pretty little greenhouse.
So it can, and our first greenlTouse was made
in that way. Just build the structure so
one end conies up against a C3llar window to
your dwelling-house, and yon have it. Cut
the window down low enough so it will do
for a door, then make a ditch or trench
through the center of the building, 18 inches
wide and about 3 feet deep. You can then
walk easily under the ridge-pole, and you
will have beds about the right width. If
your walk is two feet wide it will be handier
to get by another person, bnt it wastes your
precious ground inside of the glass structure.
Now, if you want to make the plants grow
all winter you will need a little tire heat.
The way we did it was by having a, large bar-
vel of water at the end of the cold frame, op-

p;)site the door. A steam-pipe went up one
side of the path to the barrel of water, and
down the other. When a cold night conu s,
heat the water in the barrel, by means of the
steam-pipe, up to about the boiling-point,
and it will keep your greenhouse free from
frost all night. The evaporation of water
from the barrel soon coats the inside of the
sash with half an iiich or more of frost, and
this frost also closes all cracks atul crevices
with ice, so as to make the room airtight
during a severe freeze. You can have the
surface of the ground for your beds, or you
can have boxes, such as I pictured in Chap-
ter VIII. The boxes are handier, because
you can carry them with the plants right
where you want to put the plants out. But,
suppose your business demands a larger
greenhouse than this cold-frame arrange-
ment. AVell, you can make it longer, or
place another, just like it, right by its side.
The latter plan has been the one advised
until within a few years. Peter Henderson,
however, of late uses a structure something
like the figure shown below.

MENDEKSOM S NEW METHOD (»F BUILUINO CKEE.V-
HOUSES.

This building has one long side of sash,
facing the south, as you will notice. This
long side is about three times the width of
the sash, on the north side. For instance, if
you use six-f t. sash on the north side, you will
want rafters about IS feet long on the south.
This makes the north wall a good deal high-
er than the south wall. One would natural-
ly suppose that these walls should be made
of brick or stone ; but Mr. Henderson states,
and I think he is right, that a wall made of
cedar posts, covered with rough boards, so
as to inclose an air-space, is more effective
and more substantial lliaii bi ick or stone.
To make it still more impervions to frost,
there should be a tight covering of common
tarred building - paper between the two
board walls. AVe use matched ceiling for
the inside, and drop-siding for the outside ;
tack building-paper on to the studding be-
fore the siding is put on. AA^here the bnild-

ISSfi

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

141

ing-paper is spliced, a strip of wood should
be nailed across the joint, so that no cold
air can get through anjwhere. The interior
of the house sliows three benches for plants,
and two walks. The first, or south bench,
is the lowest of all ; the middle one a little
liigher still. Tou will notice, that under
the lowest bench are four steam-pipes for
heating purposes. Two more are seen under
the walk, next to the tall bench, and two
more under this bench. It seems a little
strange, but it is nevertheless triie, that the
coldest place is to the south side, over the
low bench.

Now, it is laid down in our works on
greenhouses that plants do better, the nearer
you get them to the glass. To take advan-
tage of this, Mr. Henderson, in his new
style of house, raises them as he goes back.
I knew this was a fact, but I didn't know
until the present winter that it made such a
very great difference. Almost every box in
our greenhouse seems to indicate, as plainly
fis words could tell it, that they want to be
close to the glass. One of the standard
works oh greenhouses says no one has yet
ever been able to explain n^ln/ this is so.
riants away from the glass keep reaching up
and growing long-legged, as I have told you ;
whereas, when they are close up to tlie glass
they seem satistied ; they put on a dark rich
color, and grow stocky and short, the w'ay
we want them to. To test the matter thor-
oughly, we tried boxes in different positions,,
aiid rigged one of our greenhouses so as to
be pretty much like the figure shown below.

rr,.\N (»K A (iKEENHf)irSE, AS PHEFEHKEU HY THE
AUTHOR OF THIS BOOK.

You wiil notice in the above, that the
first bed is much like Henderson!s. It is, how-
ever, to be only '2i feet from the ground, the
south edge coming close to the glass, just al-
lowing the plants room to grow. The next
bed is just two feet higher up; and if you
call the thickness of abed six inches, this
upper one is just four feet from the ground
or floor, obliging one to stoop over when he
wishes to get at the lower bed. As he has.

however, 18 inches of space between the up-
per bed and the lower one, he can work very
conveniently with his head bent over, as it
wordd naturally come while woi-king in the
lower bed. The third bed comes two feet
higher than the second ; the fourth about
two feet higher than this, which would bring
this last, and also the center bed, with its
upper surface, 7A feet from the ground.

The supports for these beds may be straight-
grained pine or ash, or, better still, gas-pip-
ing, for we want just as little shade as pos-
sible. Every thing should be painted white
— rafters, supports, sides of the beds— in or-
der to make the room as light as possible.
ITnder the large bed in the center we have a
water-tank. This tank is to equalize the
temperature of the building, and to furnish
water for watering plants. A hose attached
will sprinkle the three lower beds easily and
expeditiously. Whether the building is
warmed by steam, hot water, or a flue, I
would arrange it so as to heat this body of
water on very cold nights. The water may
be procured from the roof partly: and, if
steam is used, from the condensation of the
steam. The roof is all permanent, except
the hinged sash sliown, for giving ventila-
tion. The ventilating sashes should be
placed about three feet apart— they may be
3x4 feet in size ; but be sure to have them
lap over the other sash, not to go down be-
tween them. When they get covered with
ice, you will know Avhy. In regard to the
width of the beds, we have decided on about
Si feet. The operator can work handily
this distance, if he is just the right height
from tlie surface of the bed. To get this
height, and have it always just the same,
and still not be cumbered with elevated
walks, we use an invention of my own, lig-
ured below.

MOVAIU.E STEP TO HANO ON THE S!DE OF THE
Et,EVATED BEDS.

An explanation is hardly needed. The
board is ." ft. long, (J in. wide, and i thick ; the
irons can be madoby anvl)lacksmith. For a

142

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULttjili:.

t'Eti.

man 5 ft. 8 in. high, the distance from the
hooks to the surface of the step should be
about 2i ft. You can get the most convenient
height for reaching and working ac^ross a
bed 3J feet wide by blocking up a plank
until you get it just where you want it. The
center bed is 7 feet wide, so you can stand
on either side. I would have 18 inches be-
tween the center bed and the wall, and
between the two upper beds. The building
may be of any length you choose. I would
suggest not less than 25 feet. Below is the
cut of our own greenhouse made last fall.

only partially transparent, of course it won't
heat up as glass does. Perhaps we might
mention here that the heat of the sun, when
confined in a close box, covered with a sheet
of glass, will give heat sufficient to melt
beeswax, and scorch wood. In an experi-
ment made this 11th day of February, with
what bee-keepers call a solar wax-extractor,
the thermometer indicated a heat of 180".
Well, the muslin, being somewhat porous,
allows a slow circulation of air, besides ob-
structing a great part of the heat, and yet it
is a tolerably good security against frost.

OITU OREENHOUSK, FOR RAISING LETTUCE, RADISHES, C.-^LER V-PT.ANTS, CA BBAGE-Pi.A NT,-, ETC.

This building was put up last fall, and the
work was all done by our own hands, and it
has answered the purpose perfectly, in every
respect. Tiie cost was perhaps from $1-50 to
$2()0, counting every thing. It will be noticed
that the arrangement of the beds is not ex-
actly as I have recommended ; but by careful
experiment on a smaller house attached to
the above, I am satisfied the plan laid down
here is the correct one. Our heating is done
by steam pipes, a three-inch pipe going clear
around the outside of the room, and termi-
nating in a large cistern directly under the
large central bed. With the water in the cis-
tern heated up nearly to the boiling-point,
the temperature of the room keeps perfectly,
even when the temperature is zero outside.
The dimensions of the greenhouse pictured I way. A large sheet of this material could

above are about 20 x 24 ft.

In the above directions I have considered
glass only as a covering for the cold frames,
hot-beds, etc. In Peter Henderson's latest
catalogue he mentions the use of oiled mus-
lin in place of glass, and states that it is
superior to glass in respect to injuring plants
by too mvoh heat. As the oiled muslin is

We take the following from Henderson's
price list, although we have not had an
opportunity to verify the statement by our
own experience :

This we have I'ound an excellant subsjtitute for
glass, in proteetinjf and forwarding- alf kinds of
seeds and plants for which glass sashes are used in
early spring. It is safer, in fact", than iglass, as it
protects at night, while the temperatiu'e is not
raised too high by day, as is the case with glass
sashes, unless great care is given in ventilating.
And being light and portable, it can be sent into
sections where it would be difficult to get sashes.
Moreover, it costs only one-eighth the' price of
glazed sash; and as it is waterproof, with care will
last for ten years.

The fabric above is nothing more than
common cheese-cloth, coated with boiled
linseed oil. It is, however, so easily torn or
injured that we are going to test by its side
some stout cotton cloth, oiled in the same

be easily handled by two men, and might
save many times its cost during a single
night, when late frost occurs unexpectedly.
For such a pui-pose it might be supported by
some stakes stuck down among the plants, or
by some long light strips of pine, with iron
stakes attached, so they can be easily and
quickly pushed into the ground.

To hi' contimied Miirvh h")

He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— Lukk 16; 10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

"White Lumber for Making Sections.

R.VlSlNi; BASSWOODS, AND SOME OTHEK MATTEKS
PEUTAINING THERETO.

('ast thy Ill-pad upon tho waters: lor thou shalt
flnrt it after many days.— Ere 11: 1.

fllE (juestioii is beinj; constantly iigital-
ed at ouv conventions ami llirougli
our jotnnals. in regard to cutting
down our basswood-trees that furnish
the honey to make nice wliite sections
to contain said honey, and present it to con-
sumers in a marketable shape. The (lues-
tion has been asked, '" WJiat shall we do to
stop itV' Ml/ answer is, " Raise more bass-
woods to take the place of those lieing cut
off.'' It looks at present as if there were no
other lumber in the world equal to ])asswood
for this purpose ; and if such is the case,
why not start basswood - forests at once ?
These trees, while getting to be of a size
suitable for honey-boxes, will furnish mil-
lions of pounds of honey, so that we have
some bearing a crop while others are mak-
ing their growth foi- timber ; and, it is my
honest conviction, that they will pay their
way right along. We want men and boys
with brains enough and energy enough
('which is sometimes more needed than
brains), to go to work and gather the bass-
wood seeds, or put out the cuttings, which-
ever may be best, and start the trees grow-
ing by the millions. They can get their
money back as they go along, by selling the
little trees to bee-keepers, and others who
want them. If little basswood-trees were

now in the market, say two or three inches
high, or of such size that they could be sent
cheaply by mail, and offered at a price as
low as other forest-trees are offered, millions
of them could be sold, and at a good profit
too. Then we w-ant a little treatise on bass-
Avood-growing. by some one who has actual-
ly done it. We want to know exactly the
conditions they re(iuire to make the wonder-
ful growths that we often see them make in
their native forests. We want to know just
how to make them l)oom. If it is necessary
to bring in father Cole's agriculture, it will
\>ay us to go to the expense of that. And.
liythe way, I am going to have some little
basswood-trees put right over my reservoirs.
I want to see the little bundles of tibrous
roots just revel amid those piles of stone,
covered with water the year round. We
want big, strong, thrifty plants to start with
—something like the best plants we get of
market gardeners. In my own basswood-
orchard there are now many trees that bear
pretty fair crops of honey, and they would
make quite a nice lot of beautiful sections,
if they were to be cut down. One big mis-
take i made was in putting the trees too far
apart. The largest trees in the whole plan-
tation are where 1 set a lot of trees left after
we got through, and these large trees are
standing now not more than a yard apart.
If put in rows twelve feet apart, and six feet
apart in the row. they could stand there un-
til the larger ones would make quite a lot of
beautiful white sections. It seems pretty
hard, I know, to talk about cutting down a
strong thrifty tree while in full bearing ;
but, dear friends, can't we raise enough of

141

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

them so they can be spared as well as not?
The loss of "this source of honey is more to
be feared by the bee-keepers of America
than the craze about artificial honey-comb,
or, in fact, any other craze that may come
up. Farmers will cut down bassAvoods,
where a good price is offered for the lumber,
in spite of any thing we can do.

Now, then, let us gird up our loins and
commence raising trees. The little trees
Ave pick out of the forests are not tirst class.
They need planting out in good rich nursery
ground for a year or two before they are tit
to sell ; and my impression is, we could get
nicer trees, quicker and cheaper, by rais-
ing them from the seed in the tirst place.
Has anybody any basswood seed that will
grow or can it be "had? lias anybody any lit-
tle trees raised from the seed, that they will
send at reasonable prices? Those pulled up
in the woods are almost always twjsted and
starved-looking. We want some nice ones
to start with. House up, ye juveniles, and
help your ITncle Amos in his plan of provid-
ing basswood honey for future generations.
Why, when I think of it I almost feel as if
God had a promise laid away somewhere,
that we haven't found yet, that those who
labor for new generations, to rise up long
after them, should somehow be permitted
either to be present or look on and see the
fruit of their labor. I do not know wliat
will be going on in 1900 ; but somehow I
feel as if God were going to give me a
glimpse of it. and allow me to love the bee-
friends and their children's children then as
I do now.

Now, then, boys, hurrah for the young
basswoods ! not only during the year KJOO,
but during this bright new year of 1880.
How much can we do toward it? If we can
not get seeds, let us get nice little trees from
the woods, (live them poultry manure,
give tliem ashes, give them boin- dust or
phosphate, or wliatever they tell us they
like, after we have offered it t) them. I liave
seen tiiem take bone dust and ashes already.
^Vlien you see their beautiful green leaves
unfolding and spreading out. of ))r()digious
size, even though they are not yet a foot
high, see if you do not say with nie they are
one of the jtrettiest plants that (rod ever put
on this green earth ; and they are the plants
that are going to furnish the l^enutifu! white
delicate aromatic comb honey that no man
ever counterfeited successfully yet. nor ever
will, while this green earth shall last.

JCrnest just now reminds me that I ought
to have made the above to occupy the space
assigned to iMyself and My Neighbors, and I
think it will have to do, even though it was
not intended for it. You who go into this
little basswood-tree business are to be my
neighbors ; and I confess I shoidd like to
call the little trees my neighbors as well.
How can we have pleasanter " neighbors •'
than a row of beautiful basswood shade-
trees in front of our homes, or, if you choose,
(dear around our farms, or wherever there is
a roadside? Wait until about the fourth of
July, Avhei\ the trees are in full bloom, and
roaring with bees, and then tell me if even
one such a tree is not a neighbor worth hav-
ing.

THE BEE'S STORY.

SO.METHING FOR THE " WEE " FOLKS.

T ITTLE Millard, who attemls tlie Bloomer
l^i school in a western city, was walkinjj- slowly
f r home from school one beautiful summer eve-
"*" ning'. This little boy liked nice flowers, and
knowing' his mother Avould tell something-
about any flower he might bring her, he always
watched lor a flower. Right by his ])ath lay a beau-
tiful red rose.

"Oh, ho'.v jiretlyl" said Millard ;" n)uuinui will
like that, I know she will."

When he stooped to pick it up, he heard a buzz;
and, looking up. saw a bee very near his head.

•'Nasty thiugl I'll kill it; it shall not spoil my
pretty rose," said he.

He began to throw stones at the innocent bee.
Why did the bee not sting Millard? Did it not find
the flower flr.st? Of course, its right came first, but
it is going to talk to Millard.

" If you will sit down, Millard, and take the rose
in your hanil, I will alight on it and tell you about ^
ray home," said the bee.

"Your home I "said Millard; "you have no home."

"Yes, I have," said the bee.

Timidly our Millard sat down, and the little
brown coated worker took his seat on the rose.

" My story," said the bee, " must be short, for the
flowers have more honey than we can gather
to-day."

"What do you want honey for? Where do you
put it?" began Millard, as fast as he could talk.

"Well, I will tell you all about my home. What I
want honey for, and where we put it," said the bee.
" As jou go to school to-morrow," it went on to say,
"look in Dr. Lutes' yard. You will see several lit-
tle houses— boxes you will call them. I wish you
could see inside. The one next the corner is my
home. Our house is two stories high. In the first
story, or down stairs, there are eight long narrow
rooms. Here is where the baby- bees stay, each
having a little cradle to himself. When a baby-bee
is Ave or si.v days old. the nurse-bee seals up the
top of his cradle. Here ho sleeps until he is big
enough to come out and work in the house. Our
mother stays here too. Her name is Queen Boss.
She always has the nicest things we bring home.
I always take nice things to her."

"That's like me," said Millard: "I am going to
give my mamma this rose."

" You are a j7"od boy, then. You wanted to know
about what 1 did with honey. We have many,
many m'ce boxes, or cells; into these we j)ut the
honey. You know we must work hard, for flowers
do not bloom all the time. It is almost sundown,
so I must hurry. We must kill a lot of lazy drones
to-night. They eat much, but are so very lazy tho.v
never work at all. It is not worth while for them
to live."

said Jliilard, "J do want to see your home;
other bees will sting mc ■- I know they

said (he bee, "not if you do not harm

"Ohr
but the
will."

" No,"
them."

"The drones will," said Millard.

"Oh! my dear boy, a drone can not sting. He
makes plenty of noise, but, like bragging people,
that is all it amounts to. We are both staying here
too long, Millard, I must go. We will talk some oth-

188(j

(;leanixgs in bee cultitre.

145

cr day." Away flew the bee, Icaviug' Millard all
alone with his red rose.

"I am going- right homn anil toll my mamma,"
Millard said, aud away hv ran.

Kstoll, Hayes Co., Nob.

Lucille L.

SOME INTERESTING OBSERVATIONS.
Actual Experience of a Juvenile.

IHIUTAULV, CU[.-

LOSS Ob- HONEV

Y Dl.STUKBINC.
ONIEP, ETC.

fHE bees are wjnterins' pretty well so far.
They had their last flight Jan. 3d. Since
then it has been very clondy and cold. Our
bees are mostly hybrids, but there is one
swarm composed of pure Italians, and many
pure Italian bees are among' the hybrid colonies.
In 1881 all of our bees were very gentle, seldom
stiiig-ing- any one. This year jiiost of our bees were
pretty gentle, but one or two swarms were some-
what cross. In the spring- one weak colony was
destroyed by robbing-, and another was saved only
l)y being- removed a couple of miles. This (although
hybrid beesl proved to be a very gentle colony.
During the autumn and winter, while looking- into
the hive while feeding it, it received many disturb-
ances, but I could never see that they had any
tendency to wastefully consume their stores. To-
day, on looking into them, the hive-door came open
with a loud snap, but I could not see that tlie bees
were much excited, nor did I see them dive into the
cells, as bees that arc liable to consume honey,
when jarred, get into the habit of doing. The
crossest swarm that we hav.- is the only swarm
that I ever saw fill tliemselves with honey when
jarred. I find that bees arc very easily disturbed
in winter. I once disturbed a swarm by simt>ly
tramping on the Irozen ground near the hive.

VUEEK-CEI.LS.

Last June a bo.x-hive colony that had filled the
liivc with bees, brood, and honey, started queen-
cells.. One of the cells was rapidl.y built np, and
was nearly i-eady to seal, when, on looking into the
hive one evening, 1 saw that (ho c;'ll had been well-
nigh torn to pieces, and through the C)penings I saw
the cjuecn-larva. The ue.xt morning the cell had
Im-n mended, but it wasonly half as large as before.
It was then abandoneii.

This was several dajs before Ihe first swarm eanu;
out. Now, what eauae<l the liees (for it must have
been the bees, aud not a youn;': nueen) to tear down
the cell? Last sunnucr wo had an after-swarm
oomc out that returned to the hive. While going
back they Averc \ery cross. The next day they came
out to stay.

In the autumn ol' I.Sh; the l)ees gatherce. a great
deal of honey-dew from the maples; and as a groat
many of the bees aroun'l died during the winter t lie
honey-dew probably had something to do with it.
Last fall I did not see a single bee gathering honey-
dew.

BEES FLVING IFOME UEEOHE A liAI.V.

I often notice the (jneer way bees hnve of hurra-
ing home from an approaching rain. They jiour in
by thousands, and in a few minutes all from the
fields are safely in the hive. While coming in they
have an excited, hurried manner, and make a deep
scared-like sound. They do this when a cool damp
wind is blowing, and the clouds threaten rain. But
if a rain slowly and silently api)roaches, they Avill
work ewaj', even if it is raining.

UKONES OUT Ob' SEASON.

Last fall, during buckwheat bloom, one of our
hives became so crowded with bees and brood that
they stai'ted a tiuecn-cell, and we were afraid that
they would swarm. About' a mouth after the bees
had killed their drones, some drones again ap-
peared in three sv.-arms. In one they were immedi-
ately killed, and in tlie second remained but a short
time. The third colony that had them was the one
just mentioned, that started the queen-cell. In
this colony they were soon killed, the drone-brood
torn out, the cell deserted, and swarming was
abandoned, although buckwheat continued bloom-
ing. I at first thought it str.auge that bees wouM
allow drones to remain after the honey-flow, and in
the fall; but they were not queenless, and I could
not see that any thing was wrong.

Three or four years ago some men living near us
saw bees and comb on the side of a tree. Thinking-
there might be hont^v inside, they cut it down; but.
lol there was only a bunch of bees and comb on the
side of the tree. A large hollow was below
them, filled with ants. Could the bees ha\-e chosen
the hollow, and the ants caused them to leave it?
Or perhaps they settled on the body and went to
work as bees sometimes do on fences, etc.

CH.\RL1E L. Greemfield.

Somerville, Butler Co.. O., Jan. 37, 1886.

Friend Charlie, I believe you are right in
tliinking that it makes a difference as to
what the temper of the colony is, in regard
to the loss of honey from distnrbance, and
therefore it is, without doubt, more prohta-
ble to keep good-tempered bees than vicious
stinging hybrids. I have seen queen-cells
torn open "as if a rival queen had hatched
out anil afterward patched up by the bees,
and a good queen to issue from them. J
suppose the reason was, there must have been
a difference of opinion as to what course was
best in the hive— that is. if bees do have opin-
ions, and it looks as if they do. — It has al-
ways been one of the most interesting sights
to me to see ))ees come liome at the approach
of a thunder-cloud, and you may perhaps re-
member that I have several times written
about it. Tlieir instinct is sometimes, how-
ever, considerably at faidt. You will notice
they may be frightened by a cloud that does
not come near us at all ; and, again, they
may none of them, apparently, notice a com-
ing sliower, and in conseciuence get pretty
well drenched before they make the "home
stretch.''

— B — •!>— I»m—

BRANDING CATTLE IN CALIFORNIA.

.\ TALK TO THE .JUVENILES, UV AUNT KATIE.

a EAR JUVENILES:— Did you ever hear of a
"■rodai)"? That is the Spanish name for a
gathering-up of cattle. Once a year, owners
of cattle have them all gathered together in
large correls, and those which are not brand-
ed (marked with theii- owner's initial or mark), ar<^
so briinded. Voti will wonder how they can be told
apart, as the cattle are allowed to all run togethei-
pretty much. You see, when a calf has been al-
lowed to run with its mamma ever since it was
born, of course it will stick close to its mother's side;
and as the mother has a brand, of course the calf is
branded the same. Once in a while an animal will
escape being branded until it is too old to tell whoso

14()

GLEANINGS IN J{P:E CULTUKK

Feb.

it is, aud any one then has a right to chiim it, and
lor just that purpose there generally is a lot of
sight-seers.

One day, when we had been in California about
one year we heard that there would be a rodeo here
at Los Alamos, and we came down to see it. We
earae down the Santa Ynez Cailon. The hills
around us seemed to be alive with cattle and horse-
men. It made me hold my breath to see how those
riders would come rushing down the hillsides, often
on the full run. Sometimes a horse would stumble
into a gopher-hole, and over would go horse aud
rider, sometimes badly hurt, but more often only
scratched by the rough brush. Up they would get
and off they would go, may be to perform the same
feat several times, before the cattle were all gath-
ered in.

At that time many of the cattle were Mexican
stock— long, lean-looking animals with tremendous
horns; aud if they found a person on foot they
would kill him if possible; and even on horseback a
person w;.s not always safe. Many a horse has
been killed, and the rider saved only by climbing a
tree, of which there fortunately was jilenty, or by
some other strategy.

Well, they got all the cattle they could And on the
ranches of the three men who had called the rndeii.
There was a correl on the Laguna ranch, near a
large laguna that the stockmen liked, on account of
its nearness to water, and the cattle were within
that correl. Such bawling and mooing I it was
deafening. But the Spaniards there assembled
seemed to enjoy it. Two or three had built a large
fire, to heat the branding-irons in, and others were
riding around, swinging their lassos, ready for the
fray. Not liking to stay to see them wortc, I went
on to a friend's house, while my husband stayed to
see them, so I will give you his account of the way
they did it.

As soon as the irons were hot, two Spaniards
went into the correl on horseback, and one caught
an animal l)y the horns with the lasso, while the
other lassoed it by the hind feet. It is surprising
how ((uick they can do it; and then each pulling in
opposite directions, the animal would fall, and the
owner's man would rush up with the hot iron and
press it upon the Heshy \mrt of the hip until it
smoked. It seems cruel, but it is not worse than
many a child gets burned. Then the lasso ropes
are loosened, and the animal springs uji and disap-
pears in the band. Sometimes, if the victim was a
steer, he would charge upon the horsenjcn. Then
how the outsiders would shout and laugh! As it
will not do to leave so many cattle together long,
they have to work fast, so that changes are made
frequently; and if any one is not expert, his time
for brave show is short. After all are done, then a
tine fat animal is slaughtered, and they gather
around the Are with the meat cut into long strips
with the grain, and roast it over the glowing coals
on long sticks. Then they feast and tell stories,
and generally make a night of it, as many have
come miles to see the rodeo.

The glorious weather and dry ground make
camping-out a delight. The next year after that
rodeo was one of California's dry years, and the
most of those cattle either starv^cd to death or were
slaughtered for their pelts, and these ranches were
rented to American farmers, so that, for this part
of California, the rodeo is s\, thing of the past.

Jjos Alamos, Cal. Aunt Katie Hxi/roN.

■^^c^

^^

Every hoy or girl, under 15
*'■ years of age, who writes a

letter for this department, containino

SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
KNOWN, ON BEES OR OTHER MATTERS,
will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent five - cent Sunday - school books.
Many of these bool:s contain the same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school hooks
' , ' costing from Sl.OO to 81.50. If you have had
I one or more books, give us the nnmes that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six different books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off, The Gi.ant - Killer, The Roby
F.Tmily, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in
a Bar-Room, We have also Our Homes, Part I. .and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself, Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of anyone of the above pictures
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

" A chiefs aniang ye takin' notes;
.\n' faith, he'll prent it. "

ET me introduce you to our soocl friend
Mr. IJrone. He has had his picture
' taken, and, like all big bee - men, he
must have it engraved. Doii't you
think it is a natural likeness of ourold
lazy friend? lie is more clumsy and big-
headed tlKtn the rest of his family, and, like
barking dogs that never bite, he will make
more buzzing Ihan half a dozen bees, but
never slings. His wings are
largf. and, for that reason,
he can easily be picked off the
combs. If yon are to learn to'
cage liees, there is nothing
better to practice on. As he
can not hurt you, you need
not feel at all "alarmed; and
if, by ail awkward movement,
yonshonld maim him, it will
not be a bee (M- a (jneen. .\fter pra,cticing
upon him awhile viiu can then try a bee ;
when you learn tlie knack of putting bees
into a cage successfully, without being nerv-
ous, you Can try a iiueen. I tell you, little
folks, it is a. real art to pick ii]* hundieds of
bees and ((ueens, day after day, and not
maim one. If your father is a (pieen-bieed-
er, see how usefid yon can make yourself to
him. Now a few words about bees that have
lost their stings.

Reports are coming in (juite bi'iskly from
the juveniles, all showing invariably, so far,
that bees, after the loss of the sting, die
very soon ; but, as has been said, all the ex-
periments up to tliis time point to contine-
ment of the injured l)pe. Some of the older
folks have said that a bee, shut up alone on
(iood candy, would die any way, Avhether it.
had received any bodily injm-y or not. I
suppose they mean that the little bee gets so
lonesome and homesick that he would just
die of grief. Now, hereafter, Mdien a bee
loses its sting, do not cage him alone, but

188G

GLEAKIKGS IN BKE CtU.TURE.

U1

cage him on (toocI candy, with other bees
that are perfectly sound, so far as you know.
I liave another problem, which is this:
Cage a single bee, one that has not lost its
sting, and see how long it will live. If he
dies within IJ or U-l hours, or possibly at two
days from time of caging, we shall then con-
clude that the loss of the sting in the experi-
ments so far given did not necessarily kill
the injured bees. If, on the contrary, a sin-
gle bee will live four or live days, or even a
week, caged alone, we shall infer that there
has been something faulty in your work.
Aly experiments so far lead me rather to the
latter opinion. Those of you who are situat-
ed in the Northern States will have to wait
till warmer weather ; for, if a bee becomes
chilled once oi- twice, he will not live long;
but the little friends in the South can repoit
for the next .IrvKNiLE Glkaninos.

A NEW FLV-TKAP.

I must imt forget to mention our new im-
proved tly-trap.and it is iu)t patented either.
What do you suppose it is? Why, it is
IIul)er"s chicken. There was only fine that
hatched in January, from the old hen that
we pi'omised to tell you al)out. .\s there
was only one from the whole sitting, we
took the old hen away and gave her another
lot of eggs. No, sir ! the old biddy abso-
lutely refused to sit any more, so we put
her back in the poultry-yard. The little
chick is alone by himself in the greenhouse
In the daytime you just ought to see how he
will huntand eiit those little green Hies that
are such a nuisance. His eyes have become
wonderfully acute, and he will pick out a
bug where you would almost say there
wasn't any at all. Yes, he will travel up
and down those beds, and, if you could see
him, you Avould pronounce him a veritable
living lly-trap and "•bug-hunter."' Iluber
has just gone down to see him, for the
chicken likes company ; and if left alone he
will chirp as if calling the old hen.

Ernest.

CAN WE TAKE CAHE OF THE BEES WITHOUT PAPA?

Papa had 11 colonics of bees last spring-. This
fall we had 15 colonics in chaff bives, and mamma
has sold two colonics. The snowstorm broke a
peach limb and it came down on three hives of bees.
My papa died Sept. 3, 1885. He was ."7 years old.
Do you think mamma, Han-y, and I can attend to
the bees? Papa took (iLeanings. We like to read
it. Lee Hoffman, age 9.

Williamsport, Pa., Dec. 7, 1885.

We are sorry to hear of your misfortune,
friend Lee. Yes, I feel pretty sure you can
take care of the bees with the help of mam-
ma. Our mammas can do wonderful things
when they are obliged to, especially when
they have several pairs of eager and willing
little hands to help them. Eknest.

we gave them one frame of brood and two frames
of honey, and some empty comb for them to fill
with sugar syrup. In a week or two a neighbor
told pa she had a swarni of bees in an old house,
and that if he wonld take off the weather-boarding,
so she could get the honey, he might have the bees.
He did so, and gave them to me. We put them in
with those found in the pasture, after smoking
them. The queen, ma put in a nucleus box with
seventeen bees to e xjieriment with, and she foun<l
that

.MOTH WIl.t, DESTROY OKOWN UEES

as well as larva^. She put them on top of the book-
case in the sitting-room. The air was warm and
moist; and when she examined them in a few
weeks, only the tiueen and Ave bees were alive. The
bodies of the other bees could not be found. She
cleaned up the combs, taking out every moth she
could find, and ti-ied again to see if the queen would
not lay. She left them this time six weeks, then
found all dead but some moths, fat and hearty.

We all study (ii.EANiNP.s and cousin Willie's A 15
C book, and like both very much. Our bees are
packed in chaff', as you direct. 1 have one more
heavy swurin that was a present to me in the fall.
1 hope 1 shall succeed, and be as industrious as the
bee. A JiTVENiLE.

Memphis, Mo., .7an. U, 188ti.

"TEN NIfiHTS IN A BAK-ROO;\I," AND HOW TO DO
GOOD.

1 think my Ten Nights in a Bar-lloom isvery nice.
I let several read it. I'ncle Henry has sold nearly
all of his honey. The weather has been so bad that
I can not go to school. My uncle who was staying
in Kansas has coine back. He said he saw a town
of prairie-dogs, wild horse ponies, and antelopes.
ViKGii- Patterson, age 9.

Humboldt. Neb., .Tan. :.'4, 1886.

Tliank you, friend Virgil, for making so
good use of the book we sent you. There is
certainly a great need of more good temper-
ance books in om- homes, and len Nights in
a Bar-Room gives a very vivid as well as
true picture of the downward career of the
drinking man. If your book has become too
tattered to lend any more, let us know, and
we will with pleasure send you another.
Such acts of kindness may save some one
from a terrible fate. Ernest.

STARTING IN THE BEE-BUSINESS.

T will tell how I became a bee-keeper on ray own
account. T was riding through the pasture on
horseback in Septembei, when I found a swarm of
bees on a crabapple-tree. I came home, and, pa not
being at home, ma and cousin WMllie went with me,
and we shook them down into a Langstroth hive
successfully, queen and all. When we got home

WHAT DOES A BEE-STING I.OOIC LIKE?

My bee stung a piece of cloth, and 1 put it in a
cage. It lived 45 hours and 18 minutes. I kept the
sting, and it twitched for 1~ minutes after it left the
bee. I examined it under the microscope, and it
made me think of a teapot with two spouts. From
the looks of the bees we think their age has some-
thing to do with the time they live after they sting-
any thing. C.ERTRUDE A. Orvis, age 13.

Whitby, Ont., Jan. 11, 188«.

The two projections resembling spouts
from a tea-pot were doubtless the lancets of
a bee-sting which had been torn asunder.
The sting i)roper is made of three little
spears, nicely united together— one large
spear and two small ones, or lancets. One
sting that I once took from a bee kept wig-
gling for 2(1 minutes after. This illustrates
the importance of removing the sting as soon
as possible, as it will of itself work so deep
in the tlesli as not to be removed. Eknest.

148

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

FEii.

ANOTHER BEE THAT LOST ITS STING.

Seoiiig that jou had proposed to the .iviveiiiles tlic
plan of removing the sting from a bee, to see how
long: it would live without a sting-, I was pleased
with the idea, so I tried it when pa was put tin}? up
bees to ship. One alighted on tlie smoker, and left
its sting. T put it in a cage and gave it honey, and
it lived only six hours and fifteen minutes.

Concord, Ky. Cr.YDiE PunCEr-fi, age i:!.

TlMtNINO THE ENTUANCES OF HIVES TO THE
NORTH TO PltEVENT FLYING.

] i)lay the violin. Do you love iiiusicj' Pa had 17
stands of bees last spring, and lost one of them.
He winters them in chatf hives on summer stands.
He turns their entrances to the nojth, so they will
not tly out so much when the sun shines, and the
wind is chilly. They increased to :i5 stands last
summer, and made 4i;(! lbs. of comb and 470 of ex-
tracted hone}'. Pa uses metal corners; he thinks
they will pay for themselves in a short time. He
takes Gleanings, and T like to read the juvenile
letters. I don't work much at the bees, but pa
keeps fanc}^ poultry, and T help to take care of
them. WiLLMEK Horning.

Malvern, Hi., Jan. 10, 18.'-C.

FLORIDA, AND THE EFFECT OF THE T.ATE FltEEZE
THERE.

I am going to tell you about the freeze we had
down here. We had a very hard freeze. J t killed
all the oranges on the coast. There has not been
such a freeze for fifty years. It killed the man-
groves all down. You can go in the islands and see
the big old trees all dead; they were killed
by the great frost fifty years ago. I don't think
that the bees will do much next summer, for the
mangroves will not bloom this winter. The palmet-
to will be the only thing that they will have to get
honey from. 1 don't think that any bees were kill-
ed by the cold. Our bees are all right now. AVe
have no orange-grove, but I suppose we are just as
well off, because the cold would have killed it.
The oranges are all frozen, and good for nothing.

Eva S. Olawson.

Hawk's Park, Fla., Jan. 'Zi, 188fi.

does a noise induce BEES TO CLUSTER?

T am going to tell you about our bees. This was a
very poor season for honey, but still pa managed to
get 700 lbs. of honey from 40 colonies, which increas-
ed to 50 by careful tending to keep (Town swarming,
M'hich our neighbor bee-keepers neglected, and
they did not get any honey at all. Pa said he
would like to see one of your Johnston pumps, and
he would like to buy one if they would suit him.
We take Gleanings, and all of us read it, and
like it very much. I like to read the letters very
much, and my sisters too. ily little sister Lillie
has to watch the bees in swarming time, and when
they swarm she rattles a tin pan till pa comes to
take them. Is it not funny how bees will settle at
the rattling? They seem to like music.

Clara Lurker.

Cold Spring, Ky., Dec. 21, 1885.

It is funny, (Uara, especially if it is true,
that noise induces bees to cluster. You will
notice that the ABC" book suggests that
tlie noise drowns the shrill note uttered by
the advance guard, therefore tiiey liave to
stop to get reorganized again.

BEES building COMB O.V A BUSH WHERE THEV
HAD CLUSTERED.

There was a bee-tree cut not very far from our
house, and the bees settled on a Imsh and built
some comb, and the queen had laid some eggs in
it when papa went and got The bees. Papa takes
(iLEANiNGS and I read lots of pieces in it.

Ashland, Mo. Robert Martin, Jr.

Wluit queer freaks bees do have! I sup-
pose tlie swann you speak of got demoraliz-
ed when their nice little liome came down
with a great crash, and they were ready then
to take up with almost "any liome, even
though it be a paltry bush. We have heard
of circumstances like this before, but they
are not very common. A while ago, you re-
member, a juvenile told us of a swarm that
clustered under an old bench. Jt stayed
there all winter, and didn't die either. We
like to have the little folks report any thing
of this kind that is a little unusual in" regard
to bees. J^erhaps we shall find that many
things are not so uncommon after all.

Erxkst.

raising carp, .\nd results.

My pa has a carp-pond. He made it last spring.
Ho sent to Mr. Kaler for a pair of two-year-old carp.
He paid i?5.00 for them, and $3.50 express, and sent
for 100 little ones about 4 inches long, besides. He
paid S5.00 for them and*3.U5 express. Fifty-seven
of them were alive. He drained his pond this fall.
The two big ones Aveighed about 3 lbs. each. The
57 were about 12 inches long. There were 1100 little
ones about 4 inches long, and he sold si.x of them
that were 13 inches long for $15.00; sold 43 of the lit-
tle ones for !|'7.00, and the rest he put back in the
pond. The (!arp-book said the carp bury them-
selves in the mud in the winter. That is a mistake.
My pa went to the carp-pond to-day and cut a hole
in the ice in the middle of the pond, and he took the
piece of ice out. It was 7 inches thick, and he saw
the carp swim around by the dozens. It was 10 de-
grees below zei'o this morning.

Emma Jensen, age 11.

Valparaiso, Neb., Dec. 10, 1885.

Why, Emma, your facts are very impor-
tant, 1 should say. I guess Mr. Peirce, who
wrote the carp-book, will have to tell how it
comes that the carp were swimming around
when it was 10 degrees below zero. May be
the cutting of the ice disturbed them, and
will result in their death. I liave heard of
goldfish being killed by cutting the ice on
the pond. [

tearing down cells; how soon do voung
queens commence it?

Let me ask you a few questions about bees. Do
you think that bees will do good where 1 live? I live
where I can sec the beach every day. How long is
it after the first queen hatches, that she tears
down the other cells? Sarah Soper.

Ferndale, HumboltCo., Cal.

By referring to the map I see you are sit-
uated in the northern part of California.
The great honey region, however, is more in
the southern part of the State ; but I should
think your locality would be fully as good
as Ohio and other States where good yields
are obtained. — A young hatched queen will
begin to tear down cells vei-y soon if not im-
mediately after she emerges from hei- own
cell. This would depend some on how vig-

1S8G

GLMVNtNGS JN JiEE CXUA'IUIE.

149

orous she was at the time of hatching. If
weakly, she would probably sip at the honey
a while and then proceed to anniliilate her
rival sisters. As far as my observation goes,
(pieens do not tear down the cells themselves,
l)nt simply make a small liole through the
side of tlie cell, and leave the bees to com-
l»lete the job, as they are (juick to see whether
a cell has thus been punctured. Erxest.

now THE YOITNC KOl.KS UFANAflK Tn?UH FATHER'S
UKES.

1 have a sister and brotlior who are bee-keepers.
Willie stays at liomc, and Annie attends the j'ard at
KndletDii. Tliere a le OT swarms at RiKiieton, and
about 7S at home. Annie has kept the yard at Rnd-
Icton lor three years, and Willie Ihe one at home
for lour.

I am very much afraid of tlie Viees. Last summer
Annie had to slop work, for tlie bees sometimes
were that cross.

now TO HTVE A SWAK.M OF BEES.

A jiood way to hive Iiees is: Take a salt-sack and
sew the mouth of it to an old barrel-hoop, and have
a long pole to it. If the bees are up liijih you can
easily get them down. We spread a white cotton
sheet on a table, and set the hive on it, and upset
the bag on it, and the bees will crawl right into the
hive. You must move the hive on to the stand you
want them to occupy, or else you will have them go
right to the place where thej' alighted on the tree
after they swarmed. Maktha Moffatt.

>[a.\well, Ont., Jaii. 15, lK8(i.

Let me see ; youi- father Avrote an article
for the last GLEANiNCis. Has liediscovered
the art of '"making himself useless,'' and so
pressed the younger ones into service? I
judge so, if Willie and .Vnnie manage 17-5
swarms. — The swarming device you mention
is illustrated and described in" the A B C
book, page 2o;-). Ermest.

CLEANING AVAX FHOM UTENSILS.

Some time ago I saw a letter from some one, and
in it telling how to clean wa.xed dishes; and I
thought by j'our answer you did not know of auj^
better way, so I concluded to write and tell you
how wecleanours. Heatthe dish on the stove; and
while hot, rub well with any kind of soft grease;
then wash with hot soft water and soap, and it will
come clean easily, and without any trouble.

AN intelligent DOG.

I have a sister, Nellie, fourteen years old, and a
brother, Lloyd, seven years old. Lloyd has a dog
that he thinks a good deal of. When you put your
hand on a chair, and "shake hands," he will jump
up on the chair and holdout his paw to shake hands.
His name is Dash, and he is seven or eight mouths
old. There is a big patch of ice a little way from
our house, and sometimes we take the sled over
there and Dash will draw us on it, back and forth
on the ice; and when avc are i-iding down hill he
will, of his own accord, take the end of the rope in
his mouth and draw the sled to the top of the hill.

HOW AN ABSCONDING SWAKM WAS AlUtESTED.

Last summer Lloyd and I saved a swarm of bees
for papa. He came from the field where he had
been at work, and saw a swarm of bees going off.
}fe grabbed a pail of water and went after them.
We watched him until he went down in a valley out
of sight, and then Lloyil and I took a pail with some
water in it and went after him in hopes of catching
up with him and stopping the bees. Wo ran U]) hill
and down till we had gone aljout half a mile, and

then we saw papa coming to meet us, after the wa-
ter; but there was not much left, for we had run so
fast, and over such rough ground, that we had slop-
ped it all over, but it saved the bees. Papa went to
the house and got an old nail-keg, and put thcni in
it and brought them home and hived them.

Frances E. Worth, age l:.'.
Reading Centre, Schuyler Co., N. V.

The plan you mention, of cleaning wax,
if J mistake not, is a combination of the
method given by C. ('. Miller, page 704 (to
which you refer), and the one given in the A
IJ C book, page ii87. I'enzine is also there
recommended as being effective in remov-
ing wax where tlie utensils are inconvenient
to cleanse otherwise. Xo doubt any one of
the plans enumeratedanswer as well. — Well,
I am sure you deserved tliat swarm of Ijees,
after such a '' slopping '' over. Did the bees
cluster immediately, or soon after the water
was thrown upon tlieiu ? Ekxest.

( HARLIE S HIVING-BO.X.

My papa has taken Gleaning.s ever since lean
remember. He has got 75 colonies of bees now. In
the summer I help him hive the swarms. Papa has
hiving-boxes. They are something like a little hive
with an alighting-board and an entrance. They are
fastened to the end of a pole. When the bees com-
mence to alight we set the hiving-bo.x up under the
bunch of bees. They go into the box. Then we
take them down and hive them when we get time.
One thing T learned last summer. If you lake bees
from the entrance of one hive and throw them
down on the entrance of another hive, you are
pretty sure to get stung. I tried it, and got three
stings. Charlie H. Mason, age 9.

Mechanic Falls, Maine, Jan. ~>, 18S(I.

Thank you, friend Charlie, for your very
plain description of the hiving-box. This,
constructed with an alighting-board, would
doubtless work very nicely ; but I should be
afraid that a large swarm of seven or eight
frames would be in danger of smotliering in
a small hive. For that reason the hiving-
box figured in the ABC book is perforated
by a good many holes. Come to think of it,
in our practice in our own apiary we hive
swarms very much as yon do, only we use a
full- sized Simplicity hive. As there are no
large trees in our apiary, when a swarm is-
sues it generally clusters on one of the low
evergreens on the outskirts of the apiary.
We then take a Simplicity hive with some
empty combs and a frame of unsealed larvfe
and place it so the entrance is directly under
the cluster. The hive is held at the right
height by one or more Simplicity bodies
placed beneath. The bees are soon inside,
and the hive is located upon its proper stand.
This is the way we generally hive our swarms.
So much for no tall trees in the apiary.

Ernest.

BEES THAT WOULD NOT UNITE; HOW THE ENGRAV-
INGS FOR GI>E.\NINGS ARE MADE.

T am living at grandpa's, and going to school.
Grandpa had 'M live stocks of bees on .Ian. 1, for
they had a big fly; but he thinks it will be the last
one for many of Ihem, the way the winter keeps.
Part of the bees arc packed in leaves, and fed sugar
syrup, and part arc in box hives, left on their sum-
mer stands, to take their chances of livingordying.

1.50

GLEANINGS IN Bk^ dULTUttE.

t'^ft.

Two seasons in succession have been too poor for
honey here. Grandpa tried to double np some by
setting one hive on top of another, but they would
not g-o down nor up; so after two weeks he set
them off where they belonged, then they were glad,
and came out as nsual.

T like to read the young folks' letters in Glean-
TNOS, so T thought 1 would tell you about our bees,
and may be it would not be thrown into the waste-
basket. Grandpa Avants me to ask you to explain,
if you will, just how engraving-plates are made, so
you can make a picture of any thing you want;
but if there is any secret about the art, let it go.
Grandpa doesn't use tobacco any more since he got
the smoker you sent him.

Maudip; May Mfnx, age 10.

Pine Grove, Gallia Co., Ohio.

You ask liow our engi-avings are made.
We lirst take a piece of boxwood or maple,
the depth of the type (nearly an inch), and
the size of the picture desired. Upon tliis
tlie engraver draws with a pencil the object
he wishes to represent, atul then retouches
with India ink. The face of the boxwood is
very hard and smooth ; and when the pic-
ture is done, it looks like any pencil-drawing.
Next the engraver uses several sharp keen-
edged tools with which he carves the block,
leaving only the black lines of the pencil.
The shading is represented by parallel lines
—the darker the shading, the heavier and
more compact the lines. When this is done
we have a raised picture which prints the
lines and delicateshadings just like the types
you see in a prlntlng-otlice. If you notice
closely any of the engravings that appear in
Gleanings you will see what I have explain-
ed. Nice engraving is one of the tine arts,
and good engravers get high wages — live,
ten, or even more dollars per day.— In regard
to doubling up, you do not say anywhere
that one of the queens was taken away be-
fore uniting. From this, and your descrip-
tion of the colonies, we infer that both had a
queen after they were doubled up. This
might account for their not uniting; though,
as is sometimes the case, two colonies are
united regardless of queens, when one will
be killed by the bees. I should judge that
both your grandfather's colonies remained
entirely by themselves, not interfering Avith
each other's queen. Ernest.

Dear Maudie, do you wantm to know what
part of your letter rejoiced my heart more
than any thing else V It is, that your grand-
pa does "not use any more tobacco, and that
it is his little grandchild who is telling it to
the readers of Gleanings, and rejoices in
her little heart that he is purer in mind, pur-
er in body, and, I am sure, purer in heart,
for the sacrifice he has made for his little
grandchild's sake, for our sakes, and for the
dear Savior's sake. May God bless him, and
help him ; and may he be cheered by reading
in that good old Bible, " Blessed are the
pure in heart, for they shall see God."

A DONKEY GETS INTO TROUBLE WITH THE BEES,

WHEREUPON HE"BRAI)E;" PEKIN DUCKS, AND

THEIR VALUE IN AN APIARY.

As there is something so original in Jo-
seph's letter we insert it just about as he
wrote it, spelling and all.

My "intelligence" is so little, i do not no of anj*
thing to Avrite that will interest, hut you must ex-
cuse this one, as it is the first. 1 like to help pa
work with the bees except such a one as that cross
hi'brid stock that stung Pa so much threw his
Briches and run him off to the springand me under
the tiore. They drove the young mule colt that
was ISO feet away, and made him kick and snort; his
hare was long, and they tangled in it, but he soon
Hew a way and"brade"as he run. Pa says the
holy land Hee.s Will suck :i Hours while the Italians
will suck 2; he says they do not fool time away in
Ruzing a Round as the Italians do. We keep saw-
dust ;i or 4 in. deep in our apiary; the antsand frogs
will not work in it, the frogs have no place to hide
as the dust keeps the weeds down; atrogwilleat
.'iO bees, if he can get them, so much for sawdust.
The Pecan Ducks has a good chance to ketch the
moth millerbetween sundown and dark. Theducks
go among the hives every evening and ketch every
miller that flies ; no grass in thear way, so they always
lit on Pekins, every one that fiy. These ducks is worth
keeping for this alone; be sids each duck will lay 200
large egs every year, then they weigh 15 lbs. to pare of
3. The feathers is beautiful and white, and the meat
is as nice as chicken. So come and see us and wee
will have a big fat one for dinner. Joseph S. G.

So it is a donkey this time, and not a horse
that meets with "a mishap among the bees.
No wonder the poor fellow '' brade " when a
lot of hybrids got after him. I think we
shall have to conclude that it is never safe to
have our domestic animals anywhere near
the bees.— I have sometimes thought that
the Holy Lands seemed more industrious
than the Italians ; but for some reason they
never seem to have veiy much honey in the
hive. Perhaps it is their disposition to
breed so heavily that keeps their supply of
honey low. — An apiary with sawdust tiiree
or four inches deep makes a very pretty ap-
pearance; but in time, according to our ex-
perience, the weeds will come. As to toads,
I suppose the sawdust answers very well.
You say a toad will eat 50 bees. Did you
ever count the number V Last month a lit-
tle girl told us of a toad eating, by actual
count, 150 flies, so I presume it would be no
very great task for Mr. Toad to eat 50 bees.
That being the case, they are not very profit-
able in the apiary.— We are glad to know
that Pekin ducks are valuable in the apiary,
for getting rid of moths. We have a pair of
them in our poultry-yard, tuid I don't doubt
but that they wouht render very good ser-
vice, providing it were something to eat, for
they are big eaters. — You have given us so
many good points that I think you are en-
titled to a chromo. Lknest.

Friend Joseph, I want to add a word to
what Ernest has said in regard to your little
letter. It is full of original thoiights, and
shows a progressive spirit for one so young
—at least, we suppose you are quite a small
boy, although you do not give us your age ;
and in regard to the spelling, you have prob-
ably done tiptop for so smtill a boy. We
give your letter just as it was written, so the
juveniles can exercise their talents in the
line of proof-reading by correcting all the
mistakes made. Now, then, who will count
up and see how many ernus there are in
Joseph's letter of 27 lines?

ISSG

GLEAXlXCiS IN BEE CULTURE.

151

0a^ pej^Eg.

Supper being ended, the devil .... put it
into the heart of Judas Iseariot, Simon's son, to
betray him.— John 1.3: 3.

'IIO is there uLo has not pondered
over this strange and apparently in-
comprehensible matter of sin in the
hnman heart? We might almost
think that poor Judas was not very
much to blame liere. Sometimes we are al-
most inclined to think it Avas the devil's
fault entirely. Had lie left poor Judas
alone, Judas "might have been as good as any
of the rest of the disciples. These questions
are imdoubtedly beyond our province ; but
even if they are, does it follow that the oth-
er disciples were left alone? Didn't Satan
try them, each and all? What is sin, any
way, and what is the use of it? 1 speak
reverently, without any disposition to ques-
tion the wisdom of the Almighty. In fact,
I wish in tliis paper to help you all, dear
friends, toward a better comprehension of
God's wisdom, goodness, and love to us, his
poor fallen creatures.

A temperance lecturer gave me a vivid
iilea of sin, a few evenings since, when, per-
liaps, he did not intend to. He was likening
intemperance to the cholera, and he spoke of
the time when the cholera threatened to in-
vade the shores of America. He told how
we all went to work, not only in the large
cities, but in the towns and villages, to pre-
pare to meet the dreaded foe. ' We estab-
lished boards of health, who went around
and examined the cellars and outbuildings,
and they were clothed with authority to de-
mand and insist that the people should be
clean, and take care of themselves. Our
cities weie purified and slicked up; our
most intelligent pliysicians and scientists
jiointed out the probable cause of such epi-
demics, and from one end of the land to the
other a general reform was inaugurated.
Did we meet and conquer the foe? Yea,
more. The result was as any sane man or
w'oman might have guessed." Not only did
we keep awav the cholera, but tlie death-rate
Avas rendered less, to the jiimiber of inhabi-
tants, than it had ever been before. We
demonstrated, by ligures, that not only chol-
era, but tyi)hoid" fever, yellow fever, and no
one knows h<iw many other ailments, were
capable of being controlled. Welbegan to
see that disease could l>e led captive, the
same way in which father Cole has " the
waters led captive." The point the lectiuer
made was this: Who did this, and who
should have the credit of it? Was.it the
llepublicans? Surely not. No such thought
was ever uttered, that to the Hepublicans be-
longed the credit of the sanitary measures
put in force in our cities. Well," was it the
Democrats? Why, no. Was it the Prohi-
bitionists, or were the Trohibitionists more
active than any of the otlier parties in this
matter? True, they might have been, an<l
may be they were; in fact, I think they
ouyht to have hern, according to their profes-
sion ; l)ut nobody ever mentioned it, if such
WHS the case. Neither was it any religious
sect, nor was it the women who led thp

movement principally. Of course, they did
their part, and may be in one sense they
took the lead, because women are naturally
more in favor of order, cleanliness, and pur-
ity, than the men are ; but they never
claimed any more credit, and no one ever
claimed it for them. To whom, then, does
the credit belong? Why, to all of us. The
people united, no matter Avhat were their
politics, religion, age, or sex ; and when you
get our American people united on any
thing, we are hnmul to succeed. Did you
know it, my friend? Well, why can't we be
united in other good Avorks? Why not be
united in resistiiig Satan, the prince of all
evil, and the prince of the powers of dark-
ness. AVhy, the great truth lies here : The
cholera was a common foe ; the cholera
hadn't a friend any where. Even the man
or woman who had determined on suicide
didn't want the cholera. He was recognized
as a miiversal enemy and tiend, and we
massed our powers "against him. Now,
then, wliy not do the same way with intem-
perance? or, if you choose, viiiy not do the
same Avith sin and Satan in crcr;/ form? Be-
cause men Jove evil in its A^aried forms. Je-
sus told us, centuries ago, that " men loved
darkness rather than light, because their
deeds AA'ere evil." But, Avhy do men loA^e
evil? To get a better vicAv of it, Avhy do we
love evil? Wliy shouldn't evil be like the
cholera — a hideous and hated foe to every
one? Perhaps, had Adam not fallen, such
might have been the case ; but so long as
the fact remains that it is not the case, and
that we, for the time being, love sin and
Satan. Avill it not be Avisest for us to meet it
as it is? We are in a fallen Avorld : Avhat
shall Ave do?

I have talked to you at different times, of
late, in regard to making tb.e elements, that
do us harm, our servants. The sudden and
terrible frosts of Avinter get into our cellars,
and freeze our vegetal)les, and aAvay go hiui-
dreds of dollars in a single night, because
AA'e didn't expect such a freeze. During this
present Avinter. Ave are told that the friends
in Florida Inue suffered the loss of OA^er a
million of dollars by the freezing of their
oranges, and that such a frost has not been
known before for over lifty years. Shall Ave
sit down helpless before old Boreas, and call
it a "'dispensation from Ciod,'' and say there
is no help? CJod forbidi By the help of
science, we shall get more and more able to
manage these erratic forces of nature. Let
us employ these freezes in converting water
into big ])locks of ice ; and let us carry the
big blocks of ice into these same cellars, and
make them arrest rot and decay in these,
same fruits and vegetables that the frost
Avas before liable to destroy. By recent in-
ventions in cold-storage rooms, apples can
l)e kept safely from one year to another.
Strawberries can Ije bought up, when live
cents a (luart, and kept until the glut in the
market has passed by, and then sold at good
paying prices. A\'e do this Ijy simply know-
ing how. The frost becomes our hionljlc and
obedient servant, and does our bidding so
faithfully that a good cold - storage room
need not vary more than two or three de-
grees in a year. Careful experiments hfvye

152

GLrEANlNGS 1^1 BEE CULTUUK.

Feb.

shown us just wliat temperature apples and
strawberries, and other commodities, should
be kept in to preserve them from either be-
coming spoiled by too much heat, or from
freezing; and witli a properly arranged
cold-storage room, the matter is a complete
success. Xow for the application.

A good many of us have liasty tempers. 1
do not know that liMsti/ is tiie right word.
Some of lis have tempers that are' slow, aud
yet unmanageable even then. Perhaps they
are the curse of our lives : what shall we do
with themV I will tell you, friends. By the
lielp of (Jod we can handle them as we do
the frosts of winter. When the temper
comes up, and you recognize it l)oiling and
seething to get out, set it to work making
great lilocks of ice, as it were. Put these
blocks away until you need them. They
will prove to be a tremendous motive power,
if proi)erly managed. J^on't kill out a boy's
spunk ; hud some place where he can use it
and utilize it, and lie will be as great a pow-
er for good as he has been for evil. The
temper needs to be a sanctified temper, and I
believe tliat such a thing is possible. Let
nie tell you a little of myself.

Sometimes, on going my rounds after the
work is over for the day, I And property
scattered about in heedless disorder. The
vegetables and fruits that should be in the
cold cellar are left, may l)e, near the steam-
pipes, while something that should lie
kept wai'm is possibly put where it will
freeze. May be 1 have talked wiih the one who
left them so lepeatedly, and it does not do
any good. His mind is on something else.
Perhaps he cares more for the small wages
he receives, than for the welfare of property
worth ten times these wages. My temper
comes up. 1 try to put the subject out of
my mind, but it won't come away. Perhaps
itis Saturday night, and I begin thinking.
" There, my enjoyment of the Sabbath is all
gone, for I feel so worked up by this matter.''
Maybe, instead of th.e loss of proi)erty,some
jiew convert in whom I had much faith has
been going olf with a crowd of boys, to go in
swimming on Sunday: or perliaps some one
who has given me the most faithful iiromise
in regard to tobacco has been smoking on
the streets. Satan tries to enter my heart, or
tries to tempt me, and suggests, "1 wouldn't
fuss or bother any more with that miserable
specimen of humanity. I \\*ould send him
somewhere else for a job, so quick he wouldn't
know what is the mattei- with him, aiid I
wouldn't wear out my life and strength in
chasing around after any more i)eoi)le, so ut-
terly unprincipled and irresponsible.'' Dear
friend, do you suijpose I feel happy when I
arrive at such conclusions V Vv'hy, bless your
heart, no. If I allow my mind to dwell on
it, the more the feeling of indignation wells
up, and I begin recounting all tlie kind acts
I have done, and thinking, " And that is
just the pay 1 get for it — that is my re-
ward.'' Then I rememl)er some one else
who has made a bad mess of something or
other, and I feel like saying, " I am going to
give the whole thing up, and not try any
more." I remember the boys in jail. It is
too bad to chop right off, arid not visit them
any more. But Satan suggests, " You might

just as well. This has so upset you, that
you haven't any spirituality left any way;''
and for the time being I actually think and
believe that all the enjoyment of the coming
Sabbath is surely at an end. However, 1
conclude to go through with the duties that
lie before me, the best 1 know how, keeping
it all to myself, and bearing it as best I can.
About this time it occurs to me that I have
proven, by hundreds and liundreds of simi-
lar expeiieiices, Ihat the only outlet is to go
down on my knees a)id tell my troubles to
the F'riend of siiniei's. Is it right to get
down on your knees whtn you ;ue mad V
Why, to ijesiire it is — that is, providing your
'' mad " i.s not the kind that prcmipts you to
turn from the Savior. If you are vexed and
disturbed, but still lojidl to him, 6// all nieauK
go down on your knees. Just let loose youi'
feelings, or, in other words, take one of
those big blocks of subdued temper and tum-
ble it at the S.ivior's f.-^et. Tell him your
troubles and trials; ask him to help you to
honor him in whatever you do ; and if, when
you get up. you liaven't got clear out of the
toils of the tempter, don't worry nor trouble
yourself very much. Pitch into business ;
straighten up the things that are wrong.
yourself. ]?.Iake up your mind to bear the
l)urdens of the woild, even as the Savior
bore them : decide to be patient andlong-
sutfering for his sake, if not for their sakes.
in other words, take your cross and follow
the Master.

Then said .Icsus unto liis disciples, it' any man
will come after me, let liiui deny liiniself, and take
up his cross and I'ollow ine.

Whenever the subject comes up again to
annoy you, put it persistently out of your
mind. If it should occur to you during the
sermon on the Sabbath, just say over to your-
self, '• Kememl)er the Sabbath'day to keep it
holy," and stop thinking about it. and, hrst
you know, the matter will dwindle into in-
signiticance, and you will be surprised to
find yourself happy and peaceful. I remem-
ber how, years ago, when I had started to go
to my mission Sabbath-school, full of the
spirit of the Master, and thoroughly happy,
on iny way I passed through a field of my
buckwheat, just beginning to ripen into
seeds. I picked off a few, aiid was startled
to notice that it looked like common buck-
wheat instead of silverhuU, which we meant
to have sown. All at once my mind sudden-
ly reverted to the time when one of the hands
ihoved some bags of buckwheat, and in a
minute it was clear to me (or at least I
thought it was) that that heedless hand had
been the cause of making that a beautiful
held of common old-fashioned buckwheat,
instead of silveihull. My face grew hot with
impatience. I fought aiid struggled against
the tempter; but the vexation was so great,
that every spark of God's Spirit seemed to
be (]uenclied oiit of me, like the blowing-out
of a lamp. I dare not put on paper the bit-
ter feelings 1 had toward that caieless liand.
Why, my friends, if your temper is like mine
under such provocations, may God in his
mercy have pity on you. My mother used to
tell me, when 1 was a child (as I have men-
tioned before, perhaps), that I would surely
die on the gallows, if I gave Avay to such

18SG

GLEANINGS IN J5EE CniTlM^K.

153

spells. Some of you may say, '' Why, Mr.
Root, I thought you professed to be a Chris-
tian. Here you are making a confession of
getting mad. even so your face was flushed,
and that, too, on tlie Sabhatli day, wlien you
are on your way to a mission Sabbath-school
to teach a lot "of cliildren, and a little com-
munity, tlie way of eternal life. Shame on
you, for a hypocrite!"' Hold on, hold on,
my friend. I was terribly vexed and stirred
up, and my heart seemedto beat like a small
locomotive ; and right here I want to tliank
Ciod for having i)ut a small locomotive in
even this feeble frame. It was bad, 1 know.
]My temper should have been more perfectly
sanctified ; but, dear friends, the but recent-
ly converted boy was doing the best he could.
1 was alone in tlie fields. 1 was under God's
blue sky, ami under his overshadowing love
as well, I am sure. I prayed him to take
the tempter away. I have sometimes won-
dered wliy he didn't do it. I prayed for per-
liaps nearly half the way of that five-mile
walk to my school ; but it was some time
before the fierce passion began to " let up."
How about the school V Why, God took care
of the school, and he took care of me, and it
went off all right, and I came home breath-
ing praises, and singing, '' Thy will l)e done,"
or something to that effect.

On Monday morning I examined into the
seeds carefully, and found there was no
mistake in the sowing. I also discovered
that silverhuU buckwheat looks very dark,
or almost black, when it lirst ripens in the
field, but that the silvery look comes on aft-
erward.

Do you want to know wliat good came of
this little experience? Why, it resulted in
making a good lot of great blocks of— what
shall I call itV— subdued and sanctified ener-
gy— a kind of energy and push, freezing up,
as it were, like the blocks of ice, to be kept
until it could do some work. The work
done was a vehement deteimination to have
our seeds so perfectly labeled, inside the
bngs and outside the bags, that no such ac-
cident could happen as happened that year ;
that is. such an accident as happened oidy
in my imagination and uncharitableness.
This very event, perhaps, did more toward
building up an immense trade in seeds, than
almost any thing else could have done. A
sanctified temper that was piled up that day,
is, some of it, there yet ; and when I find a
lot of seeds not plainly labeled in at least
tiro different places, the energy stored up
Ijegins to make itself shown. Is it not well,
for me at least, that God has permitted me
to be tried, and severely ti'iedV Ho you re-
member the lines of tlie little hymn I have
several times told you about? —

.Toy to find, in every station.
Somctliing- still to do or hear.

In my case, my temper came' up that day
a good deal because my whole heart and soul
were so taken up with raising lioney-plants,
and testing them, that I should have been
terribly disa]ipoifited if the right kind of
seed had not been sown. My feeling was in
some respects commendable, but I was
wrong in being impatient or hasty. A great
many other times in my life, when I have
been sorely tried by disappointments because

of some such accident, instead of venting
my spite by harsh and tinkind words, I have
gone off by myself and poured out my soul
in prayer, asking God to use this intense de-
termination to have a better state of alTairs ;
and when 1 started back to my work I have
felt like saying to myself something like
this : " Now, you sec if I don't have this
thing fixed in some way so that this blunder
can't happen again," and the energy and de-
termination was the very thing which push-
ed me toward some important invention—
not only helping myself, but you also,
through the. medium of these pages of
Gleanings.

J3ut, how shall we make an appetite for
strong drink or tobacco, or something of
that kind, work out good? How shall we
freeze this sin into blocks of ice, to be saved
up? Terhaps we can manage as father Cole
has managed with the rains and Hoods—
drop them down out of the way, where they
will be harmless, but where they may at
some time do us good service, after the harm
is past. Satan sometimes gets liolil of us
because we are uneasy and discontented.
We want something, or want to go some-
where. Because we feel uneasy we let our
minds wander toward the forbidden thing.
We want some excitement, or something to
do. Life as it is, is too monotonous. I
have been through all these experiences,
and I will tell you what I did. I prayed
God to help me to put his image in the place
of the thing that would do me harm. 1
prayed him to help me to substitute, in
place of the thing that would harm me, and
harm my fellow-men, a love for my Savior
that would surely do good to my fellow-men,
and the prayer has been over and over again
answered. I have lately been thanking (iod
for giving me such a keen zest and enjoy-
ment in raising plants and vegetables, and!
have thanked him for the consciousness
that this is an innocent and harmless
amusement, if nothing more, and 1 have
certainly never enjoyed any thing else so
much in my life — no, not in Ihe whole forty-
six years of my life, even including happy
childhood. ^Ve want to let these lower ap-
petites and passions down on a lower level,
where they belong, where they will be ser-
vants and not masters, just as friend Cole
lets down the water from the rains. God's
Spirit is to rule, and these other things are
to be secondary.

A great temperance movement has taken
place in our town, and this morning almost
all the hard drinkers here are wearing the
blue ribbon. Last evening we were disap-
pointed in getting a speaker from abroad,
and so the responsibility fell on our home
talent. A hard-working man, whom I have
known for fifteen or twenty years, and one
whom I have seen go down into intemper-
ance, and come up through a Murphy pledge
more than ten years ago, after much lu'ging
took the floor. He told us about the con-
flict of ten years with this fierce appetite.
Three points come right in with this Home
Paper, and I want to mention them. Satan
tried to enter his heart again, as he did with
Judas, and this is the way our friend resist-
ed. He said there were times, especially

154

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Feb.

toward the dose of the day, when it seemed
as if he could not live without a drink; but
he went resolutely home, kept away from
evil associates and temptations, and went to
bed without the drink. In the morning it
was all over. The tierce guawings of
appetite were gone, and gone a thousand
times better than had he given way to it.
He said this not only happened for months,
but for years. Finally he was taken sick,
and came near death. The doctors gave
whisky, as usual. Wlien he began to come
to himself a little, he tasted the whisky in
his medicine, and remonstrated with his at-
tendant, a near neighbor. The neighbor told
him he must take it, or else death would
probably result. AVell, our friend John is an
Englishman, and he has his full share of
English spunk and stubbornness; in other
words, he has a good '■'■ big chunk " of a tem-
per, like myself, lie replied, that he was
not goin.g to take whisky for (inyhody.
They sent for the doctor.

I can not give his exact words, but the
substance of them is about like this.
'• Mr. E., this is serious business.''
" Well, doctor, that is exactly what I think."'
''If you take the stimulant we think best
for you, vou will probably get well ; unless
you do take it, we don't see any help for
you."

Still our English friend was immovable.
and the doctor resumed :

•'Mr. E., which would you rather do-
take whisky, and get well, or go witliout it,
and die?"

The old hero looked the doctor full in the
face, and quietly replied, ''1 icoubl rather
die.''

\t this point in his speech the audience
encored until it seemed as if the building
would come t(^ pieces. Now, boys, that is
the doclrlnp. When Satan tries to enter your
heart, tell him squarely and decidedly,"!
would rather die."' Was this foolhardy?
Not a bit of it. Which is better— to live,
with a great prospect of dying eventually
the deatii of a drunkard, or dying an honest
death, free from the inlluenceof stimulantsV
"What shall it profit a man. etc. V" What
are a few years of life worth, providing the
life is a life of sin V When Mr. E. (irst signed
the pledge, it was at a Murpliy nu^eting. He
had always been much in the ^labit of stay-
ing at home on Sundays; ])ut this Sunday
evening, as he was out later tlian usua.!. his
wife looked u}) iiniuiringly.

'• \Vhere have you been, John V"

" 1 have been at the temperance nu-eting."

She looked \\\), somewhat astonished.

'• What did you do tliere V"

lie put his hand in his ])ocket. aiid took
out a Murphy cai'd, and showed it to her.
Poor woman I Slie. like the rest of us, lacked
faith, and inquired if he thought he ould
keep it.

"Jane," said he, " did you ever know me
to sign my name to a paper when my signa-
ture didn't mean something V"

" No, John, I never saw your name signed
to a paper unless it meant all that was writ-
ten above it."

She took the little caid and framed it with
a faupy frame of straw, worked out by her

own hands, for she is an English woman, and
understands fancy straw-work, and hung it
up on the wall, and whenever John looked
up at the clock to see the time of day, there
stood his Murphy pledge, right above his
own handwriting. It was an objed-lcsson,
and a reminder. And so John pulled through
the years as they passed by. He has now
a nice little home ; bright and educated
children. and,-he is a man whom the town of
Medina delights to honor.

iJear reader, do you Pee that oven an Eng-
lishman's stuliboinness can be made to
serve (iod V And do you see now that what
is needed to biing about this glad millenni-
um in our United States of America is. that
these tempeis and this stubbornness shall be
sanctitied and consecrated, and laid at the
feet of Chiist, telling him, '■ Here, Lord, 1
bring myself and all that I have— my appe-
tites, my i)assions, my tieice temper, and lay
them all at thy feet; and I ask thee to help
me to say in real earnest. 'Get thee behind
me, Satan.' And when the devil shall try
to put it into my heart to do evil, and foi'ge't
thee, may I. too, have grace and strength to
say, ' I would rather die.' ''

i need not add, that om- friend did not
die. in sjiite of wiiat the doctor said ; neith-
er will ijoii die eitlier, my friend, although
you may think you are going to die ; for has
not the Savior said.

Whosoever li\'cth and bt'lit'\'eth in luc sluUI never
die?

Gleanings in Bee Cdltdre,

VtlhUsh<<l Srini-JIotitlili/.

.^. X. T^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBIilSHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clntbing Eites, See First Page cf nsadiii Matter.

ieliL'il ill till' )i:il;iiK"ps, and art IoiiimI wantiiiK-

riilCE OV '2U lAi. SCALK UKDITCEI).

We are pleaseri to tell you tluit wc arc al)le lo sell
these at .$3.50 cacli, or *tj.50 for two, and the double
beam one-third more. These arc the sauTe scale s
that we have sold lor years; and as the nianul'ao
turcrs gave us a better rate this year, we talic plea-
sure in giving- our customers the benefit of the re-
duction.

,V COIiriKCTlON.

In no'.icing circulars received, in oin- Issue lor
Jan. I, we Kavp t'lu address ol" J. D. Uiisk, Milwau-
kee, Orciioii, as Milwaukee, Wici'onsin, which last is
v.rong. While we are about it, we must say we
think it somewhat unfortunate to uaiiic new and
small towns New York, C'liicag-o, Philadelphia, etc.,
when plenty of other f?0Qd names can be found;
and this hint is in accordance with tfec suggestions
of thD U. S. Postoflicf? Department.

188G

GLl^ANINGS IN JJEE CtTLTIinE.

155

Perhaps I should tell the juveniles, that in the
picture on page 142, ol' our greenhouse, tiie flg'ures
in the foreg-round are supposed to he m3Self and
Huber. The pietuie ol inysell' is pretty fair, only
the engraver doubtless supposed that the sun was
shining liom the west, and so he pushed my cap
down over my eyes, as you see. He has got Hulier
proity I'airly, only he ought to have pictured him
about half as tall as his papa.;

ANOTHEH USE FOR THE TR.\NSI>LANTlNO-FR AMK.

The transplauling-framo, shown on page 136, is
also an excellent ai'rangenient lor sowing- seeds of
certain kinds. We have some beautiful beds of
onions, made by putting the onion-sets, one in the
center of a row of meshes, then skipping a row, etc.
Beets, also, maj- be quickly and accurately sown
in the same way. Hy means of this frame, any
child can put in seeds, and get the spacing exactly
right. All you have to do is to pick up the frame,
and put it down again until the seeds arc in.

ieO,COO SECTIONS AT $2.-Xi PER 1(.03.

We guarantee our first quality sections to be
equal to or better than any in the market; and in
order to make them so, we have culled out all that
are colored, or in an3' waj' not up to the standard.
Now, these second-quality sections are like "thirds"
in crockery— they are just as good for service, but
do not look quite as well as firsts. We have now in
stock 163,000 of these sections; and as long as we
have any on hand we will sell theni at half price of
the first quality; i. e., *2.2.'. per 1000; or, for 5(100 or
over, $2.00 per ICOJ.^

SEEDS OF BASSWOODTREES.

Since writing on page 143, in regard to this mat-
ter, we have received the following from friend
Kendel.of the Cleveland seedstore:

The seed of basswooil and linden can iindoulitedly be ob-
tained now; but, how about its jrerminating? We can not tell.
The last, and. in fact, all the tests we have made in hot-beds
liave utterly failed. A. C. Kf.npel.

Cleveland, C, Feb. 9, 188ti.

In view of the above, probably we shall have to
give up the seeds; but I discover that E. H. Ricker
& Co., of Elgin, 111., advertise European linden seed-
lings at fS.CO per 1000. Now, who is there who can
furnish us seedlings of the American linden, at as
low a price, or still lower? And who can tell us
about the quantity of honey European linden fur-
nishes, compared with our American? I know this
ground has been gone over before, but I don't
think it will liurt us to consider it again.

REDUCTION IN PRICE OF WIDE FRAMES.

By the new method of filing saws, we do away
with the planer on sections, frames, etc., and turn
out nicer work, smoother and better finished, than
ever before. Resides making them nicer, we can
also sell them cheaper. Wide frames in the flat,
Simp, size, to hold 8 sections, or the sf.me crosswise
Simp, to hold six sections, or, either one one-half
depth to hold 4 and 3 sections, also 3 section-cases-—
any of those we can furnish at *2.00 per 100 or $18.00
per 1000. For odd sizes we always charge l^l.OOfor
setting machines, then j'ou may have any quantity
at regular prices.

ANOTnER IDEA IN REOARD TO REVERSinr.E niVES.

Since brood combs of half depth are brought up
again, some friend, whose name T have forgotten,
suggests that there is not much need of reversing
frames when we can reverse the position of these
shallow frames so easily. For instance, we have

made L. brood-frames of half depth, with half-depth
Simplicit.v bodies to match, for years. In fact, there
have been so manj' calls for them that we have
them in stock in case of possible orders. Well, when
the bees get the brood ijretty well in the lower set,
and capped honey, a good deal of it, in the upper
set, instead of reversing any of the frames, simply
put the upper set on the bottom-board, and the
lower set over them. This brings the sealed honey
right in the center of the brood-nest, and the bees
would probably take it up and put it in the sections,
as well as if the frames were reversed, or nearly as
well. Have any of the friends been in the habit of
working half-depth frames in this way? Half-depth
wi<lc frames have also been made for these half-
depth Simplicities; in fact, they are in our i>iice
list, and have been for yeai's.

I5EANS, FOR MAKING HENS LAY.

In our issue for January 1") T mentioned that we
got only one egg a day from about a dozen hens.
Well, some time ago we bought quite a lot of white-
marrow beans from a farmer— so many that we
hand-picked out about a bushel of beans, off in col-
or, etc. The women were going to throw these
beans away, but I suggested that they be cooked,
and given to the chickens. We tried them first with
about a pailful. Well, our Hock of hens, with a lit-
tle assistance from the rabbits and ducks, ate most
of the pailful at a meal. What do you think the re-
sult was? One eg^ the next morning before break-
fast time {my breakfast time, not the hens'), and
two more during the day; and although the weath-
er has been down close to zero, we get four or five
eggs a day ever since the diet of cooked beans was
adopted. Some of the same food was given to the
flock at the warehouse, and they commenced laying
too, although the weather was so cold their eggs
froze before we found them. Now, was this sim-
ply the result of a change of diet, or are unsalable
beans cheaper and better than the much-lauded
egg-foods? Refore the beans were fed, the fowls
had wheat, oats, and bone meal, as well as soft cab-
bage-heads, all they would cat. I leave the ques-
tion with the editors of our poultry-journals to ans-
wer. The following is clipped from the Practical
Fanner: „

Tliere are countries where the almost exclusive diet of the
masses is beans. These contain 87 per cent of nutriment.

Now, beans fit for poultry can probably be bought
for a dollar a bushel or less. Refuse beans, thrown
out by hand-picking, should be procurable at a very
low price. For some time I purchased wheat-
screenings at a cost of 40 cts. a bushel; but when I
discovered that I could get good sound wheat for
from 85 to 90 cts., I decided that the wheat was
cheaper, and I think so yet. Now, is not a bushel
of beans worth as much, or more, than a bushel of
wheat, besides the tendency they seem to have to
produce egg-laying?

ALLEY'S

Drone & Queen Trap.

Send 65c. and get sample by return mail.

HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

Fnr ^alp ^ ^^^^'^ " ^*^"* !f2.5.00 fdn. mill,
^ ^^ OttlC bought about three years since, al-
most as good as new, with dipping-tank and all com-
plete. Thev cost me, when new, :f27.50, and S7.00
duty. I wish to sell them, and will take $18.00 for
thein. A. W. WILLOWS.

4tfdb Carlingford, Ontario, Canada.

loG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

EeC.

P23-Jle3p8rs^ Supplies.

NORTH-WESTERN CHAFF HIV^ES, 4 - PIECE
SECTIONS DOVETAILED, FRAMES, HON-
EY-BOXES, Ei'C.
Address R. SCHMIDT,

~ 6db Caroline, Sha\irano Co.. "Wis.

BE SURE

To send a postal card I'orour illustrated entaloaueof

APIARIAN e^s^Xrr'if^rn^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every tiling-
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE liOWEST FItlCES.

3 tfd

XXJLXjI^^2>T QTJEElrTS .JL2>T1D SEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford, W^ashingtou Co., Wis.

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

COMB FOUNDATION,
AT GREAT REDUCTION.

DEALERS AND LARGE CONSUMERS WILL

FIND IT TO THEIR INTEREST TO WRITE

FOR PRICES FOR 1886.

JOHN J. HURLBERT.

LYNDON, WHITES ID CO., ILLINOIS.

2t E

U/Sntori Situation as apiai-ist, for wages, or bees
WuMluUi on shares, in one of the following- States:
Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, or Cali-
fornia. Fourteen years' experience; can do all
manner of hive work or foundation, etc. Address
:j-r.db S. SMITH, New Smyrna, Volusia Co., Fla.

Uirror, or Farti-scale Carp For Salo.

Spawners, 10 to 13 inches in length, per doz., $6.00

8 to 10 " " .5.00

Small-fish, a to 4 " " " " 100, 5.00

W. H. CARPENTER,
3-6db , Springboro, Warren Co., Ohio.

DCCC III inUfA - SEE FOSTER'S -

DCCO in lUnAi ADVERTISEMENT.

FOR SALE.^f^o^erpain '''^'" '"''''' ^'
Itfdb D. D. FARNSWORTH, Clive^Polk Co., Iowa.

NICE FOUNDATION, 35 OTS. PER L.B.
W. T. Lyons, Decherd, Franklin Co., Tenn.34.5d

from pure-bred, single-comb
orns. Unexcelled layers.
}. Geer, Nashville, Tonn., or
St. Mary's, Mo. 3-8db

WsntOfl ^ partner, to go in the bee and supply
lIulllCUi business with me, for the business is in-
(u-easing so fast ihat I can not manage it myself.
Address or call upon LOUIS WERNER, i

:i-4d Edvvardsville, Madison Co., 111. |

CONTRACTS WANTED

"WITH-

SUPPLY DEALERS

FOR NEXT SEASON'S STOCK OF GOODS.

CHAFF, STORY AND HALF CHAFF, AND SIM-
PLICITY HIVES, SMOKERS, EXTRACTORS,
COMB FOUNDATION, FRAMES, SEC-
TIONS, BOOKS, ETC.,

At wholesale and retail. Unexcelled facilities.
Circulars and estimates free. Successors to S. C. &
.1. P. Watts. Sta. Kerrmore, B. C. C, & S. W. R .R.

WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Itfdb.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

»«tll..\KE (;L.A!$S honey-jaus,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-IIIVEK,
HONEY-SECTIONS, Ac, Ac.
PEKFECTION COIiD- ItLAST SI?IOKER.«i,

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-ccnt stamp for " Practical Hints lo
Bee-Keepers." - Itfdb

LOOK HERE!

To introduce my strain of pure bright Italians,
equal to any in the United States, I will ott'er
tested queens, $1.00 each; extra fine, selected,
$1..50 each; one-frame nucleus, consisting of one
extra select queen, one frame of brood, '/i lb. bees,
for $2.00. If you want any bees, send me your ad-
dress on postal and 1 will send jou sample by re-
turn mail. Beeswax or honey taken in exchange.
22trdb THOiUAS HOUN,

Box 691, Slierbnriie, Choi. Co., N. Y.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

u'KiiicT.Y, $i.oo run yeah.

JONES, McPHEESON & CO., Publishers, Beeton, Ontaric, Oanadi.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 832 pages. 9tf b

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
22 2idb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

l^P^ COLONIES OF BEES FOR SALE.
4 eJ Address ST. JS. 23 A.::s.tex>,

Itfdb Corinth, Alcorn Co., Miss.

BURPEE'S

SEED

FARM ANNUAL FOR 1886

W^ill he sent FREE to all who write for it. It is a

IlnndHOuie Book of 138 I»age.«i. with huiulrc<!s

of new illustrations, two 4'olored Plates, ami tells

.111 .ahont the Ke»t Garden. Farm and Flower

ISnlbs, E*lantH. TliorousrUbred ."litoek; unci Fano.v I'oultr.r. II is the

oniv complete oatalo^iie of the kind piihlished, and describes RARE NOVEIi-

TIES in VE«ETABI.ES and F1.0WER*>>. of real value, which can not

be obtained elsewhere. Send address on a postal to

. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PH8LADELPHIA, PA,

1880

GLEA>saNGS IN UKKcn/rriiK.

l.j?

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, Extractors, Suiokers, Separators,

<\:i.'., of lloot^s Maaiifacture, Sliippcd

from liere at ROOT'S PKICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price Li!<t Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

8tfdb

TJ^«T^ -KEEPERS' GUIDE, Memoranda, and llius-
J3JC<i< trated catalog-ue, 48 pages; FEEE to all
hee-keepers sendino- address to
;!ttdl) .lOS. NYSEWANDEK, Des Jfoincs, Iowa.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Specialists in Italian-Queen Rearin

Order early, to give us the pleasure of filling-
orders promptly, by return mail — a pleasure to
the sender and to the buj-ei-. All from imported
stock. We have no others. Prices: Untested, $1.00;
tested, !f:i.OO; dozen, $10.00. To dealers, special rates.
:!-4d lioreaiiville, Iberia Parisli, lia.

FOR SALE.

One second-hand fdn. mill that will roll sheets 1-1
inches wide. The mill is at present in New Ham-
burg, Ont., Can. The original price on it was $40.00,
but we will now sell it at half price, or $20.0;i.

Also one exactly like it, owned by W. W. Bliss, of
Duarte. Los Angeles Co., Cal. There is nothing-
wrong v.'ith these mills, except that the rolls are of
smallei- diameter than those we now make, in con-
sequence of which they do not make (juite so thin
fdn. right in the middle of the rolls as those made
now witli rolls of a larger diameter. They will, how-
ever, roll narrow sheets equal to any, and will roll
sheets a foot wide; but when of so ^rcat a width,
the center is a trifle thicker, as explained above.
A. I. ICOO'r, ITIedina, O.

JTJST OXJT.

Awarded

FirKt Premium
tirice, and the
only instances
they ever com-
peted, in 1SS4 at
Michigan 'State
Fair, and in 1885
at the Inter-
State Fair, held
at St. Joseph,
^lo. The excel-
lence of these
sections is ac-
knowledged by
manj' loading bee-keepers amongst whom are the
following, who handle and use them:

Chas. l)adant & Son, Hamilton, 111.; F. L. Dough-
erty, Indianapolis, liid.; M. H. Hunt, Bell Branch,
Mich.; Hemphill & Goodman. Elsbcrry, Mo.; G. W.
Demaree, (^liristiaiisbiirg, Ky. ; Theo. Thomas,
Pleasant Valley, N. V.; }l. R. Boardman, East Town-
send, Ohie.

The last-named gentleman writes ns, "The lot of
sections 1 got of you (10,000) were very nice and per-
fect. I am not satisfied in saying I was pleased with
them— I was delighted. They were bright and per-
fect as new-made coin. 1 have rio hesitancy in say-
ing that your make of sections is superior to any [
ever saw. There is pi-aetically no breakage in fold-
ing. In trying them 1 folded 1000 without breaking
a piece."

Our improved facilities for manufacturing- these
sections enable us to otter them at greatlj' reduced
rates. Send for price list. Address as above. We
also make the best berry-baskets in the market.
a'3-4d

GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICES.

Our beautiful all-in-one-piece sections, smooth
inside and out, at $4.0) per 100). For larger lots,
write for ])rices. Send lor price list of other sup-
plies. M.H. HINT,

;.'tldb BKf.r, P.i{.\N(-n, W.w.Ni: Co., Mich.

-BY-

JAMES HEDDON,

DOW^AGIAC, MICH.

Send your address for his

PROSPECTUSES-

-AND—

-^1886 CIRCULAR.

;.'tfdii

VANDERVORT

COMB FOUITDATIOH MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
•itfdb .TNO. VANDEUVOHT, Lacoyville. Pa.

SUMNER & PRIME,

BRISTOL, VERI^OITT.

— M A .\ r F.A CTl' U K I! S (1 F -

Pee - Jleepers' Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping-
Crates aSpecialtj'. Price List and samples free.
l-2tldl)

Bee-Hives, Honey-Boxes, Sections.

Laegest Eee-Hive Fagtoe? in the Woeld. ■

C.lP^Crrr, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAY.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

DADANT^S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evcnest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; ¥. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Chas. Hertel,
.Ir., F'reeburg, 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
Germantown, Philadeli)hia, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
C.T.Dale, Mortonsville. Ky. ; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; .1. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O.; M. .1. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; . I. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. K. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.; .1. A. Huma-
son, Vienna, O.; (i. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
and numerous other dealers.

Write lor sampfcs /rce, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Conipltnieiitar}' and wixo-
licited testimnnidlti, from as many bee-keepers, in
ISSl. ITV (juaraiitri: every incJi of i)Ur fdUiulatinit eqital
to sample in every respect.

CHAS. 1>A»ANT A: SON,
3btfd llaneiltoii, Hanrock Co., Illiiioiti.

BEES IN IOWA.

— SEE FOSTER'S —
ADVERTISEMENT.

loS

GJ.EANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

Feb.

SIMPLICITY HIVES, SIMPLICITY FRAMES

SECTIONS, SMOKERS, COMB FDN., ETC.

Tn fact, wc manufactiiro anil keep in stock every
thing- that live bee-tnon need, and at low rates.
Write for price list, I'ree. Address

KENNEDY & LEAHY.
."tfdb H1GGINSV11.1.E, Lafayette Co., Mo.

Bee-Hives, Sections, Foundation,

AND APIARIAN SUPPLIES.

Having' a larse stock of sections f)n liand, wc will
till orders onFeb. at the lollowiiig i>iices:

41.1 X 41.1, in lots of .WO to 4(i00, )kt KKIO %'> 00

•' " " .5,000 " " 4 7;")

' " 8,000 " " .... 4 .5)

" " " 13,000 " " 4 00

The 4i2x4'2 at sumo prices, all V-grooved.
Our section-cases and shipping'-crates are as good
as an.v in the market, at corresponding low prices.
For description and prices of the INiiccess Hive,
send for price list. Estimates given on all other
makes. Queens and bees for 1886. We make a
specialty of roaring the Albino queens and bees.
Price list free. S. VALENTINE & SON,

4tfd Hagekstown, Md.

Look! Honey-Comb Foundation! M\

Friends, if you want any Foundation it will pay
you to purchase of us, as we have the very latest
improved mills; heavy,'45ct8. per pound; ver.vthin,
for comb honey, 10 cts. more per pound; 10^ dis-
count on all orders received before April 1st. Send
for free samples. Address

C. W. FHELFS & CO.,
4-.5d TiOG.A^ Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

Full Colonies. ^^=^^!;,itf?,r(?,^.?',r.''-

C. C. VAUGHN, 4m^ COLUMBIA, TENN.

BEES IN lOWAi ADVERTISEMENT.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION TACTOEY, WHOLESALE andEETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3btfd

GREAT FeDUCTION.~ Good as (
v-cRoovE s'ections, I Ht DCd I I

SMOOTH ON BOTH SIDES. AT $3.50 PEE 1000.

FOB LARGER LOT>^, WRITE FOR PRICES.

A. M. MURRAY & CO.,

-i-sed Goshen, Elkjiart Co., Ind.

FRUIT AND HONEY BEARING

TREES and PLANTS.

I will send by mail, postpaid, any one of the fol-
lowing;
100 Catalpa -speciosa Trees. As posts, they have

stood .'')0 years, perfectly sound; good bee-n-ee.
100 Box-elder, nice shade-tree, and bees work on

them early in the spring.
300 Golden-willow cuttings; make a beautiful tree;

used for tying, etc.
25 Gregg Black-cap Raspberry, best variety.
.^O Turner, perfectly hardy, always bears, and equal

to white clover for honey.
25 Snyder Blackberry, the king of berries. Never

winter-kills, never fails to bear.
Send for Catalogue to RANTOUL NURSERY.
4.5-6 d. Rantoul, HI.

ITALIAN QUEENS, ''""" m'S' '""v

Untested queens, - - - - $\m iJl.S.'i ijpl.do

Tested queens, .... H.OO 2..50 2.00

Two-frame nuclei, no queen, 4.00 3.WI 2. .50

3-6db Dozen i-ates on application.

ANNA U, BEOOES, SOEEENTO, OEANQE CO., FLOEICA.

SECXIOITS,

To nail, or dovetailed, per lOCHl, .^4..50. Send 2-cent

stamp for sample and price list. 4tfd

PARKER NEWTON, Earlville, Madison Co., N. Y.

ALL PROGRESSIVE BEE-KEEPERS

SuHor for my price list of Bee-keeper' Supplies of
all kinds. Send for price list and he convinced.

./. Tr. BITTEXBENDER,
4-ndb KNOXVILLE, MARION CO., IOWA.

a^l.BrRD% WATER DOG.

ADDRESS EUGENE HOYT,

id Highland, Madison Co., Illinois.

IvyOTlCE.— For fJl.OO I will mail direct the great sei-
i\ entific work bi' Frank Cheshire, entitled, " Bees,
and Bee-Kceping," now publishing in parts.

x\RTHUR TODD, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dadant Fdn. depot. Bees, Hives, and Supplies. 45d

50 COLONIES BEES FOR SALE

I have 'iO stands of bees for sale, hybrids and
blacks, and in the Mitchell ;hive, 15 frames in hive,
well painted, and metal i-abbets. I live on the Ar-
kansas Midland R. R.. and can ship by R. R. or
water via Helena. I will take $4.50 per stand, de-
li vei-ed on board train, and delivered by latter part
of March. I'ETER METZ,

:5 8db Poplar Grove, Phillips Co., Ark.

TESTED aUEENS, $3.00; untested, *]. 00. Wax-exlract-
I or, .fiJ.OO. Other supplies. Send for circular.

OSCAR F. BLEDSOE, Grenada, Miss. 4tfd

lI7'ov»fprl A bee-keeper; moral, able-bodied
TV dllLCtl. young man. Write at once, stating
wages wanted, experience, references, etc.
4d J. M. Kii.i.ouon, San JIarcos, Hays Co.. Tex.

LEGS AND~ARMS

{.^riTiriciAL.l
WITH rUSBCn HANLS A\D FCET.

Thn >ri'Kt Kati'.vnl, Cmt
forUiuie. Ui.d DuraMo.

THOUSANDS IN USE.

New ratpiits .ind Iinpor-

tarit 1 i!i urn-, eraents.
Special fiUijuciun p^ivcn to

SOLDIERS,

jni rr—hlet of IGO Pages
SENT FREE.

^ A. A. IIARIIC,

701 Broadway, New York.
Please mention this paper.

WE WILL SELL

Chaff hives complete, with lower frames, for $2.50;
in tlat, $1..50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Boxes, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 23 22db

A. F. STAUFFER &, CO., Sterling, Ills.

Names of parties wanting first cIpfs dovetailed
honey sections, to whom samples \\\\\ le sent on
receipt of address. Also crates in season. A )ier-
fect iron section - bo.x former sent lor $^1.00, and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo. R. Lyon,
4-8db GREENE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

WILL SELL 20 COLONIES OF BEES

In Simpliciti' hives, in fine condition, for Sr).(;0 each,
if paid for now. Will ship bees in spring.
Purchasers for the above can, if they prefer, send
their cash to A. I. Root, Medina, O. 3-4-cd

I. L. PARKER, TRACY CITY, GRUNDY CO., TENN.

iLl!!"'

lS8(i

(iLEAXlNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

108

Contents of this Number.

Al'tir-swaniis 17.J

Bees, Markiiiij; 184

Bees, To Ship 181

Bohemian Oats 179

Carniolans in Ireland 176

Chaff Hives, 8-Franie 172

Circulars Received 187

Cuba 184

Editorials 190

KgK-layinu- ot giieens 173

Kiifrines, < 'are of 112

Klurida, other Side 174

Foster's Mode of Shippinsr 181

Frames, Reversible 175, ]8li

Keads of tJrain 184

Hive, Golden 179

Hives, Bottomless 174

Honey Column Ifi6

Honey, Tesiingr 184

Honey from Sugar Feeding. 18.)
House-Apiaries 177

Humbufcs and Swindles 179

.lane Meek .t Bro. ., 115

Kind \V,,i-(is 177, 188

M..ss.Siili.ij,'nnm 184

Our iiwn Apiarv 1*17

Ov.MsfM'kintf 169

P..rk. I'aikiui^'with Honey. .185

KasplK-n-ies 179

Keport-^ F.iieoiiratrintr 182

Ki-vi isiiisr. Is it Necessjry ; 18(5

Silt lot Hccs 178

Separatcirs or Not 180

Sular Kxtrartors 172

Sjiidcr I'lant, to Sprout 184

SiiiiK-^ for Kheuniatisai: .'. . .18-1

Tciiiperaiire Question 171

ThiTiiioiii. fers ItiS

Tohareo Culiinm 188

Tvpe-write.s lS(i

W.isps, Yellow 184

Wide Frames atid S-p's.... 171

HEADQUARTERS IN THE SODTH

FOE TEE MANUFACTUEE AND SALE OF

BEE - KEEPERS' : SUPPLIES.

The on?)/ Stfam Fartnry Erected in the South, Kx-
elu&ivehi fortlie Manufactiire of Hh'en, Fiameit, Src-
titms, etc. The ViaJlon amJ Rnot Simiilirity Hives n
l^pecialty.

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Untested,!!! April, $1.25oach; $13.00 pei- doz. Fi-oin
May 5 to June 1, $1.10 each, fia.OO pei- doz. Altei-
June 1, $1.00 each, $10 Oil per doz. Tested, *3.5(:
each; select tested. $3.00 each to first of June.
Conti-acts taken with dealeis foi- the delivei-.v of a
certain number of queens i)er week, at special
figures.

FOUR-FRAITIE NUrLEUS,

With pui-e Italian queen, containing- 8 pounds of
bees when received; in April. $4.00; after Ma.v 'ZH.
25cts. less. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

BEES BY THE POUNO,
Delivered, express prepaid, in lots of 5 pounds or
more. Send for price. Same discount given as of-
fered by A. I. Hoot, in Glf-ANINOS from month to
month. For more particulars, send foi- catalogue
for 1886. P. L. VIALLON.

.5-3d Bayon Gotila, Iberville Farisli, La.

BINGHAM SMOKERS

LAST AND PLEASE.

Cr.KKEMONT. Va., Fcb. 9, 18SC.
Mexsrs. Biiiohnni A Hetlierivfiton:—

Dear >!ir.s;— Please find inclosed $2 (10,
for which send, per i-eturn mail, a
Bingrham "Doctor" smoker^ Respect-
fully youi-s, S. H. Hi'T(Hi.N.sON.

IMIF.PENDF.NCE, ('A I ,., ,/an. 2, 1880.

Meiixrs. Bingham X Hetheriimton :— Dear Sirs :—

The " Doctor " came to han<l last night in good
oi-der. "It 18 a Daisj-." Won't the little pets wink
their eyes when they get some of his medicineV I
have one of your " Large " smokers, which has
he.en in use six years.

Respectfully yours, Wm. MuTH-RASiMussEN.
Bingham Smokers and Kni\essent per mail, post-
paid, at 6') cts. to $3.00. Send for free cii-culai- to

r>tfd BINGHAM &, HETHERINGTON, ABRONIA, MICH.

HONEY AND BEESWAX.

Our market, and location as a ti-ade center, the
rapid gi-owth of our cit.v and country, gives us a
large demand for hone.v. We have found it impos-
sible to keep a stock of 1-lb. frames, unglassed, and
of which we are in need. This style of comb sells
much faster than any other and we will make liber-
al offers on receipt of samples. We are well stocked
on 2-lb. sections, also extracted. Beeswax wanted
on commission. CLEMONS, CLOON & CO.,

KANSAS CITY, MO.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
an.v ol the following- departments, at a uniform
pi-ice of 20 cebU each insertion, or $2.00 per annum,
when given once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Namea inserted in this department the first time with-
mit charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commencpU
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come Impatientof such delay as may be unavoidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sei ds the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will probably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or alter Nov. If
wanted sooner, or late;-, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.
*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co.
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La.
*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O.
*Wm. Ballantine, Mansfield, Rich. Co., O.
*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich.
*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Ala.
*S. C. Perry, Portland, Ionia Co., Mich.
*E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa.
D. McKenzie, Camp Parapet, Jeff. Parish, La. Itfd
Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp. Co., N.C.

Itfd
G. F. Smith, Bald Mount, Lack'a Co., Pa,
*Jos. Byrne, Baton Rouge, Lock Box 5,

East Baton Rouge Par., La.
J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La.
*E. Bui-ke, Vincennes, Knox Co., Ind.
Richard H. Bailey, Ausable Forks, Essex Co.,N. Y.

f)-15

Pa. Itf

Itfd

Itfd

Ufd

23tfd

Itfd

28tfd

23tfd

23tfd
23tfd

3tfd
3-1

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.

A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. Itfd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
Kennedy & Leahy, Higginsville,Laf. Co., Mo. 23tfd
E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co.. la. 23tfd
S. D. Buell, Union City, Branch Co., Mich. 5 T 9

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WboJe-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

Jlere ■:> We <^ Jire ^> ^gain

Bound to sell cheaper than the cheapest. Bees,
Comb Foundation. Hives, Sections, and Apiarian
Supplies in general. Don't fail to send for our Cir-
cular, right off. (i. \\. AL.UKECUT,
r. fi-7d DUNDAS, AVISCONSIN.

To send a postal card for my catalogue of Albino
and Italian Queen-Bee^, and see what my cus-
tomers say about them, before purchasing else-
where. Addi-esB D. A. PIKE,
VT 9d SMITHSBURG, WASH. CO., MD.

KiJ

(;lea.\i^gs i.N r>Ek cvltvre.

Ma II

CONTRACTS WANTED

WITH-

SUPPLY DEALERS

FOR NEXT SEASON'S STOCK OF GOODS.

CHAFF, STORY AND HALF CHAFF, AND SIM-
PLICITY HIVES, SMOKERS, EXTRACTORS,
COMB FOUNDATION, FRAMES, SEC
TIONS, BOOKS, ETC.,

At wholesale and retail. Unexcelled facilities.
Circulars and estimates free. Successors to S. C. &
J. P. Watts. Sta. Kerrniore, B. C. C, & S. W. K. R.

WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Itfdb.

Pee-Jieepers^ Supplies.

NORTH - WESTERN CHAFF HIVES, 4 - PIECE
SECTIONS DOVETAILED, FRAMES, HON-
EY-HOXES, ETC.
Address R. SCHMIDT,

~ *>db Caroline. Sha-nrano Co.. Wis.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

KQIJARE CiLASS HONEIT-JAKS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HI VKS,
HONEY-SECTIONS, &c., &c.
PERFECTION COLU- BLAST SITIOKERS.

T70P Q A T 17 Pi^e pair fine Pekln ducks, at

r\jn OALtEu. «4.00 per pair.

Itfdb D. D. FARNSWORTH, Clive. Polk Co., Iowa.

VOTICE.— For ilRS.OO I will mail direct the grreat sci-
l^ entitle work by Frank Cheshire, entitled, " Bees,
and Bpe-Keepins," now publishing' in parts.

ARTHUR TODD, Geruiantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dadant Fdn. depot. Bees, Hives, and Supplies. 45d

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
. ,P. S.— Send 10-ccnt stamp for " Practical Hints lo
VBee-Keepers." Itfdb

■^1- LOOK HERE

' To introduce my strain of pure bright Italians,
■-equal to any in the United States. I will offer
tested queens, $1.00 each; extra line, selected,
$1.50 each; One-frame nucleus, consisting- of one
extra select queen, one frame of brood, V2 lb. bees,
■for Sli.OO. If you want an.v bees, send me .vour ad-
dress on postal and 1 will send you sample b.y re-
turn mail. Beeswax or honey taken in exchange.
•iHttdb THOMAS HORIM,

Box 691, Slierbiiriie, Clicii. Co., N. ¥.

WSntori Situation as ai)iarist, for wag-es, or bees
WdllltiUi on shares, in one of the following States:
Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, or Cali-
fornia. Fourteen years' experience; can do all
manner of hive work or foundation, etc. Address
;{-5db S. SMITH, New Smyrna, Volusia Co., Fla.

Mirror, or Farii'scale Carp For Sak.

Spawners, 10 to 12 inches in length, per doz., $;6.00

8 to 10 5.00

Small flsh, 2 to 4 " " " " 100, 5.00

W. H. CARPENTER,
3-6db Springboro, Warren Co,, Ohio.

NICE FOUNDATION, 35 CTS. PER LB.
W. T. Lyons, Decherd, Franklin Co., Tenn.;j45d

$1.25 PEE 13, from pure-bred, single-comb
Brown Leghorns. Unexcelled layers.
■ Address H. B. Geek, N.ashv}lle, Tenn.. or
i E. W. Geer, St. Mary's, Mo. 3 8db

LEGS AND ARMS

(artificial)
WITH RUBBER HANDS AND FEET.

Thn Must Natural, Com.
furtiilile ai.d Durable.

THOUSANDS IN USE.

New ratents and Impor-
tant Iniprnvemenis.
Special atteotion given to

SOLDIERS,

Jni. Panpblet of 160 Pagea
SENT FREE.

A. A. MAEKG,

701 Broadway, New York.

Please mention this paper.

DADAWT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

50 COLONIES BEES FOR SALE

1 have 50 stands of bees for sale, hybrids and
blacks, and in the Mitchell hive, 15 frames in hive,
well painted, and metal rabbets. I live on the Ar-
kansas Midland R. R., and can ship by R. R. or
water via Helena. I will take $4.50 per stand, de-
livered on lioard train, and delivered by latter part
of March. PETER METZ,

3 8db Poplar Grove, Phillips Co., Ark.

WE WILL SELL

! Chaff hives complete, witli lower frames, for $2.50;
I in flat, $1..50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
' Simi>licity hives. Section Boxes, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
. machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
' and QiieeiiM. Send for Price List. 23 32db

i A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

\SriL3SrXEID.

Names of parties wanting first-class dovetailed
honey sections, to whom samples will be sent on
receipt of addi'css. Also crates in season. A per-
fect iron section - box former sent for $1.00, and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo. R-'Lyon,
4-Mb GREENE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

WILL SELL 20 COLONIES OF BEES

In Simplicity hives, in fine condition, for $5.00 each,
if paid for now. Will ship bees in spring.
Purchasers for the above can, if they prefer, send
their cash to A. I. Root, Medina, O. 3-4-5d

j. L. PARKER, TRm CITY, GRUNDY CO., TENN.

IMPORTED QUEENS.

In April, 11 francs in gold.

May and June, - - - - 10 " " "
July and August, - . - i» " " "

September and October, - . ■^ i' •' .'

No order received for less than 8 queens. Queens
which die in transit will be replaced only if sent back
in a letter. CHARLES BIANCONCINI & CO..
1-1 Id Bologna, Italy.

THE PRACTICAL BEE-HIVE,oneof the best, L. frame,
a complete hive, sent on recipt of $3.50. Bees,
(]iieens, and supplies; also Plymouth Rock and
Brown Leghorn eggs, $1.50 per sitting. Address

T. G. ASHMEAD, Williamson, Wayne Co., N. Y.
3-.5-7d.

BEE-HIVES,

One-Piece Sections, Section Cases, Frames, &c.,

OB' SUPERIOR WORKMANSHIP, FROM

SIVEX'X'XZ cfi; GtOOXSXSXjXj,

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL.

:itfd Stniil fur Price Lint.

1886

GLKANINGS IN 15EE CULTURE.

](^

^SOUTHERN HEADQUARTERS:- 1 easteRhRFF -HIVEfaCTORY

^/~>T3 TS'aTST.T^ i^^TT^^TT'TvTea I#1«1m Ilia k — — —

FOR SARI--Sr QI7EE1TS

Nuclei, and full colonics. The miiiuiracturc of
hives, sections, frames, tccders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Superior work and best uuiierial at '• let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fully e(iuii)ped, with
the latest and most approved nuicliinery. Scud for
my illustrated catalo<iue. Addi-css
5tfd J. P. H. KR«»\VN. AiiifiiMta, Ga.

LOOX^ HEME.

New Factory, new Machinery. Having owned
and handled bees;.for.twenty-two years, I now otter

APIARIAN SUPPLIES

Of my own manufacture. Our specialty will he on
one-piece V'-trroove luickeye sections. You can not
guess how white and beautiful they are. We make
hives to order, of all sizes and patterns, though the
hive uv use is the Scientific hive, made iu sections
six inches high, put together without nails. Also
Frames and Sections. We claim that we can get
more section-box honey from this hive tlum any
hive we know of. For circular, address
5 6d J. B. MURRAY. Ada. O.

18-INCH GEM PLANER

FOK SAL.t<;, FOK S!70,00.

Franks* make; used about a'month, and warrant-
ed in good order. Address E. Y. PERKINS.
3tfd Jefferson, Greene Co., Iowa.

TAR-HEEL APIARIES,

American Albino Italians (fully acclinuitcd), Syr
ians, and Carniolans; two latter bred of imported
others from Mr. Benton. Warranted Queeiig.— Per
half-dozen, in April, *H.OO; May, f(i ill); .Tune. *r).-„*,5.
Nuclei, 7.") cts. per L. frame of bees and brood ; i)rice
•f queen to be added. IJees, $1.00 per pound. Head.\'
to mail by March 15, 13 or 1.5 tine tested golden
Italian queens. Safe delivery. .'S!".i.2,5Y'ash, or $1:2. DO
for 6. Send for'list, now, ready.

4-ABBOT'r Li. SWINSON, Vl-Oti.
.5tfd «OL.UKUOK<», N. C.

Italian Bees, Nuclei, and Queens,

From Imported and selected mothers. Send for

Sixth annual Circular. SI MONIP.^ RODDY,

5-7d Mechanicstown, Fhkd. Co., ]Md.

J. W. K. SHAW & CO.,

Specialists in Italian-Queen Rearing

We are prepared to fill order.s for early Queens,
tested or untested. A large number are ready for
mailing. We hope to supply all demands made in
the early spring, and all after, by return mail.
Price $1.00; doz., .«10.00. Tested. $2.00. Special rales
to dealers. Iioreauville, Ibeila Parisli, La.
5-6(1

Comb Fdn., Bee- Hives, and other
APIARIAN SUPPLIES.

.579d JAS. A. NELSON, Wyandotte, Kans.

IIAVING moved my large queen-rearing apiary
•*■* from Lewisville to Milton, I will still furnish
pure ^Italian lbees?and queens in any (juantity and
shape. Those wanting to start apiaries should write
for prices. I also will furnish eggs from California
bronze turkeys, at *1..50 per sitting of 9.
;{-19d GEO. W. BAKER, Milton, Ind.

ALLEY'S

Drone & Queen Trap.

Send 65c. and get sample bv return mail.
4-7db HENRY ALLEY, Wenham. Mass.

Especially adapted for manvfacturina afidl line of

t APIARIAN i SUPPLIES. ^

Having fitted up with new machinery, designed
and built e.vpressly for this work, ray facilities are
tinsurpassed for doing FINE AND ACCUEATE WOEK-
MANSHIP.

Full colonies of golden and orange colored, and
American Albino Italian Bees for sal^: were bred
last season. ON PtIEPOSE to enable me MOSE FULLY TO
SUPPLY THE CEEAT DEMAND.

— ALSO —

Nucleus colonies, bees by the pound, and choice
queens. For full particulars and LOW PEIOES, send
tor my ILLUSTEATED CATALOGUE and a sample of the
celebrated poplar sections, free on application.

E. L. WESTCOTT,

■3d Fair Haven, Rutland Co., Vermont.

EARLY BEES AND QUEENS FOR SALE.

I can ship Colonies, Bees by the pound, and queens,
early lu spring. Prices on application. Addi-ess
5-7d G. W. BECKEAM, Pleasant Hill, Lane. Co., S. C.

QUEENS, 1886. QUEENS.

Reared from Imported Mothers. Two, three, and
four frame nuclei. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Send for price list. Address
.■)7911db FRANK A. EATON, Bluffton, Ohio.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement In
iinother column. 3btfd

JOB LOT OF WIRE CLOTH

AT aUKATT.Y RJiDUCED I'RICES.

SECOND aUALITY WIEE CLOTH AT 1'^ CTS. PEE SttUAEE FT.

. ■ jSOME OF THE USES TO WHICH THIS WIRE CLOTH CAN BE AT-
-'~\ PLIKD.

5 3 This wii-e cloth is seconri (juality. It will answer nicely
? i-jfor coverinj; doors and windows, to keep out tliig; for
•/. -^j covering bee-hives and cages for shipping bees; niakingr
_i ! ' ] sieves for sitting seeds, etc.

"o I Q Number of Square Feet contained in each Roll

~ ;z, Respectively.

1 roll of 72 s. f.

3 rolls of 16B s. f. each
22| 1 1 roll of Itios. f.

241 3 3 rolls of 200 s. f.

2fi 71 22 rolls of 217, 38 of 216, 2 of 19.5. 1 of 15C, 2 of 215. 1 of 210 s. f.

28 13 10 rolls of 233, and 2 of 234, s. f.

34: 7 .■) rolls of 281 St.

38 37 28 rolls of 316, 2 of 285, 2 of 317. 1 each of 180, 632. 126, and

215 s. f.
42 1 Iron of 245s. f.

1 rollof 366, lof 348 s. f.

1 roll of 152 s f.

4 rolls of 400 s. f.

FIEST QUALITY WIEE CLOTH AT l^^ CTS. PEE SQUAEE FT.
The following is first quality, and is worth l?i cts.
per square foot. It can be used for any purpose
for which wire cloth is ordinarily used; and even at
\% cts. per sq. ft. it is far below the prices usually
charged at hardware and furnishing stores, as you
will ascertain by making inquiry. We were able to
secure this very low price by buying a quantity of
over one thousand dollars' worth.

1 221 1 roll each of 88, 143, 92 s. f .

I 24 43 rolls of 200 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 120, 168, 190, 40, 150, 140

'140 so. ft.
I 26 57 rolls of 216 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 199, 195, 201, 200, 227, 54,
i i 204 sq. ft.

328 73 rolls of 2,33, 11 of 224,3of 219, 8 of 222, sq. ft.; 1 each of 70,
> '' 245 257 93 so ft

''30 .36 roils of 25o'sq! ft.; 1 each of 137,225, 125, 125, 220,227, 237,
f I 235,275, 240 .sq.ft.

^32 13 of 266, 7 of 256, 2 of 253 sq. ft. ; 1 each of 250, 275 sq. ft.
034130 rolls of 283 sq. ft. each.

= 36 22 rolls of 300 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 288, 150, 279, 285, and 72
I I sq.ft.
.■!.'! 1 roll each of 300 and 316 sq. ft.
4(1 1 roll of 233 square feet.
1 42 1 roll of .3,50 square feet.
46 I roll of 192 square feet.

A. I. ROOT, niedina, Ohio.

IW

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

JlejMEY Ce^MN.

CITY MARKETS.

Clevelanp.— Z?o)U'f/.— The houey market is very
good just now for best 1-lb. white, at 14, with an oc-
casional sale of a sing-le crate at l.">. Second grade,
J»; 3-lb. sections, best white, ];5c. Old, lOfrrll. E.\-
tracted, 7C' 8. Beei^war, 2.5. A. C. Kkndeij.

Feb. 30, 1886. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Chicago.— Honci/.— Choice comb honey is in good
demand at 16c per pound. The best lots arriving
here are from New York State and N. Ohio. B.v-
tracted sells from (WnHc, and in fair demand.

BeeKivd.r, •S>''ii2nc. All grades are wanted in this
market ut present. R. A. nuRNETT,

Feb. ~\5, 1886. 161 S. Water St., Chicago, III.

Detroit.— HoHCty.— No change in the honey mar-
ket; very slow sales, at prices last quoted; viz.,
14c for best white in pound sections, in clean cases.
Beeswax, 23(c'25c. M. H. Hunt.

Feb. 22, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

Boston. — Hnncy. — 1-lb. sections, 115 (i'v 14; 2-lbs.,
ll(f(> 12; Slow sale. Extracted honey, 6(ii'S. Beeswax,
28. Blake & RiPiiEV,

Feb. 22, 1886. .57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

St. Louis. — Hojiej/. — We quote comb honey in
better demand. Good bright stock, 12i4e. Evtraet-
ed, 8c in large cans; 9c in small cans. Case honey
has good demand. Beeswax wanted at 2;ic.

Feb. 23, 1886. W. T. Anderson & Co.,

104 N. 3d Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Milwaukee. — Ho?ie!y. — The demand for choice
comb honey in sections has been much improved
of late, and selling at 15(al6c readily, and we think,
if extra fine quality, could get 17c. We will quote
1-lb. sections, choice, l.ofT/ 17. Dark honey very slow.
l2('«;13. Extracted, scarce, and wanted, 7<7('8c; old
comb, 13i2(§'l3. A. V. Bishop,

Feb. 30, 1886. 142 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

New York.— Honcjy.— There is no remai-kable
change in the honey market. The demnnd keeps
up as we expected, and before long all Hist class
honey will be cleaned out.

Feb. 33, 1886. Thurrer, Whvland \- Co.,

Reade & Hudson Sts., New York.

Kansas City.— Ho/iey.— Sales are improving, and
we have a good trade in comb, although prices are
not as firm, owing to goad prospects in California
for a big crop, having reduced their prices about
2 cts. Choice comb, 1-lb. sections, 16; fair and dark.
12(?vil4; 3-lb. sections, I'Z^ffU: extracted, dull and
slow. Dark, 3'.; to 4; white, 6((> 7. Beeswax, '^\.

Feb. 22, 1886. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. Fourth & Walnut St's, Kansas City, Mo.

(Cincinnati. — Ho?if!/.-- There is no speculation
whatever i?i the market, and demand is slow for ex-
tracted honey from manufacturers, while it is fair
for honey in glass jars for table use. Demand for
eomb honey is slow, and the market is well supplied
with all kinds. Extracted honey brings i<Ti-Hc on
arrival, and choice comb honey brings 12i/'( loc per
lb. in a jobbing way. Bee.'iimj:". — There is a good
home demand for beeswa.Y, while ai-rivals are slow.
•.We pay 25(V7i27c per lb. for good yellow to choice, on
arrival. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,

Feb. 24, 1886. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fojt Sale— 1500 lbs. of white-clover and linn ex-
tracted honey, put up in new oak kegs, of 175 Ihs.
each, delivered on board cars hero for 8c per lb.

F. W. Holmes, Coopersville, Mich.

Bees # Plants.

20 stands of Italians at ?5.0(); and 20 stands of
hybrids at .$4.00 per stand, all in Simplicity hives of
Root's pattern. Also pure Gregg, Cuthbert, and
Turner raspberry-plants for sale at f l.dO per 100, or
*8.00 per 1(100. Address
567d A. F. ROBINSON, IWarysvllle, O.

Y&.,

WYANDOTTE FOWLS, ITALIAN

BEES, QI'^EENS, and SUPPLIES.

Send for Price List.

W. H. OSBOENE, OHAEDON, OHIO.
5-7-0(1 b

BB

RUBBER PRINTING-STAMPS

For bee-men; stamps of all kinds; send for cata-
logue and sample cuts printed on sections.
5 G. W. BERCAW, Berwick, Ohio.

SIMPLICITY BEE-HIVES. f3>i cts.; two story Lang-
stroth, 00 cts. Leconte pear-trees, 2;l cts. each.
Pecan duck eggs, 13 for $1.00.
5d THOS. A. OUNN, TULLAHOMA, TENN.

NOTICE THE LOW PRICES ON

Bees, Brood, Queens, Plants, Etc.,

IN Mr HEW CIRCULAE. PLEASE WKITE FOE ONE.
C. WECKESSER,
5-7 Odb Marshall ville. Wayne Co., Ohio,

SECTIONS

Dovetailed, or to nail; planed, or smooth sawed.
Any size made to order. Sure to please you, and
sold at the lowest price for good sections. Send
stamps foi- samples and prices, stating size and
(juantity wanted. Any size of frame -made to
oi'der, and shipping-crates in season. 5-6-7d

r. OEANGEE St SON, HAEFOED MILLS, COETLAND CO., N, Y.

WO Colonies of Bees for Sale !

My 650 colonies of bees are more than I can m'cU
handle, and 1 will sell 100 full colonies at $5.0(1 each
for hybrids, #6.00 for pure Italians. Discount on
larger numbers. 1 will also sell a few colonies of
Caucasian liees. which breed I imported from the
Caucasus Mountains, Asia, in 1880, and have found
them of great value to me. Address

JULillIN HOFFMANN,
.5 (> 7d <;aiiaj4>liai-ie, Mont. Co., N. If.

(Formerly Ft. Plain, N. Y.)

STANLEYS AUTOMATIC :

HONEY -EXTRAOTOR

Is the most practical, complete, and perleet, and
the only self-reversing honey-e.\traetor made. They
are a perfect protection to the combs, and are
handy, durable, and cheap. I can now furnish
them, either wholesale or retail, on short notice.
Those wishing to handle them lai'gely should get my
price for the inside work and put up the machines
to suit their customers. I will take a limited num-
ber of colonies of bees in exehanse for extractors.
The Automatic has never failed to take tlrst prizi»
wherever shown. Address . 5d

a. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.^

SIMPLICITY & LANGSTROTH HIVES

All dovetailed Sections, Frames, Crates, Wire Nails,
etc. Scud lor circular. GEO. %VHEEt.EK;,
5tfdb Norwicli, €lieuaii»'o Co., Bf. If.

Brown Leghorn Chickens,

PEA FOWLS,

AND WHITE GUINEA FOWLS
ECCS IN SEASON.

Send for descripti\e catalogue
and price list. 5d

EDWARD S. LEA,
Brighton, Montgomery Co., Md.

Vol. XIV.

MARCH 1, 1880.

No.

TERMS: «1.00Prr VVNUM, IV Advancb;! l?,,-/ ^ 7, 7," r. 7. ^ x7 Vti 1 Q 'y 9 f Clubs to different postofflces, NOT LKFs
3CopiesCor8l.90;3for$2.75;Bfor«4.00, I lliblLiULLblltiv III' lO / cj . | than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the

10 or m jre, 75 cts. each. Single Number
•T cts. Ailitions to clubs may be made f
at club rates. Above are all to be sent ,
TO ONE POSTOFFICE. J

I'UBLISUED SKMI-MONTIILY UY

U. S. and Conarias. To all other coun-
tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18c
To all countries not ot

A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO. I fh^^^P. U.'.^o plryia'eTt/a"

OUR OWN APIAEY.

EXPEIU.MENTS WITH THE SOI.Alf \V AXEXTIi ACTOIf
IN THE MONTH OF FEBIUTAHV.

«BOUT the l:.'th day of February was beautiful
balmy weather, during- whieh time the out-
side temperature raiTgcd about 50 . While
strolling- among- the hives, listening- to the
happy hum of a few bees in the air, the
thought came all once to me, Why not, with an out
door teniperatui-e of .50% make a test of the solar
wax-extractor J. A. (ireen has just sent'-* In re-
sponse to the request made in (iEEANiN(is, he con-
structed this as he would have it, and forwarded the
same to us. A moment later I could be seen tug-
ging- at a big- brown box, wondering- what could be
done with it in a February sun. I soon had it in po-
sition—both the retleetor and the tray itself, so as to
g-ive the best effect. I then placed, inside the ex-
tractor, a 1.5-cent thermometer in one corner, and
some old scraps of comb. With bated breath I anx-
iously awaited the results. Inside the extractor,
almost ipamediately, but slowly, the mercury began
to rise very perceptibly ; soon the thermometer in-
dicated 100°. Scarcely imag-ining- that it would g-o
higher, I went away; and when I returned, short-
ly after, the temperature indicated was 155 '.

"Whewl" thought I; "it can never get higher
than that, this weather."

It is laid down in the text-books, that wax uiel s
at about U5''. Sure enough, the wax in the ex-
tractor was now melting at a fair rate. Again I
left; and when I came back, the tube of the ther-
mometer was " clear up lull." so that the mercury
could rise no higher. 'J.'ho temperature thus indi

'>A <-Ht and description will npp^nr i" next OLEAsiN'o.s,

cated \Vas \TA°. It did not take me long to procure
the best thermometer we had; but by the time 1
had put it in jilace of (he cheaper one, the sky be-
gan to grow a little hazy, so that 1 could not deter-
mine what the results would have been.

While the temperature was up to ITO", as before
stated. 1 lemarked to fatlier, who was otherwise
occupied in his prepared garden soil, "The comb
doesn't melt any more."

" Oh, yes," said he, on coming- up, "it is all melt-
ed."

I took out a piece of comb (whewl it's hot!), and.
sure enough, below the perforated metal were as
beautiful yellow wax pellets as one ever saw; and
all that remained of the comb now was the cocoons.
In appearance, the comb Avas as perfect as before,
though the wax was all, or nearly all, melted off.
Of combs that were not more than a year old.
scarcely any thing remained. For this reason, one
is liable to be deceived and think that his solar
wax-extraetor is not working. If the combs were
mashed u)) into balls, different results would doubt-
less be obtained, though I did not tiy it.

Surely, if the sun extractor will give tolerably
fair results in this climate, no one will argue that
they are not adapt d to the colder climates in sum-
mer.

EKIE.M) IIUEEN'S EXTltACTOl! WITH OUK MODIFI-
CATIONS.

Our I'oi-eman of the lumber dei)artment con-
structed another like the one sent us, with a few
slight changes. The modification consisted in us-
ing a single sheet of glass, instead of two, as in the
one friend Green made; furthermore, in place of a
looking-glass for a reflector, a sheet of bright tin
was substituted, and the box was painted black so
tis to absorb as much lifi'ht its possible, and, in con-

1G8

glea:ni:ngs in bee culture.

Mah.

eoquence, a proportional amount of heat. The tin,
if it would answer the purpose, would bo prefera-
ble to the glass, as it would be less liable to be bro-
ken. One would suppose that these changes, in-
stead of being improvements, would give inferior
results; but a careful test of one as thus modified
showed 180°. Facts seem to say. One sheet of glass
is preferable to two, as any additional thickness of
glass absorbs just so much more heat. For this
reason, greenhouse men prefer only one thickness
of glass. To illustrate further, I took friend Green's
extractor into the greenhouse, where there was a
summer temperature of 70°. Tn here, with a sum-
mer sun, as it were, I argued in my own mind that
the wax-extractor ought to give the same results as
if it were outdoors in a hot July day. To my aston-
ishment the tliermometor in the extractor, after it
had been in the greenhouse for a short time, show-
ed scarcely 170°— somewhat less than that indicated
when the extractor was in the open air at a tem-
perature of 5u°. Now, while I think that two
sheets of glass do not materially lessen the amount
of heat, j'Ct, as I see, there is no advantage in hav-
ing two. The amount of heat lost in radiation from
a single sheet is overbalanced by heat lost in ab-
sorbtion with two sheets of glass, as already stated.
The bright tin for a reflector seems to answer
every purpose of the looking-glass; besides being
cheaper, it will not break.

THE UTILITY OF THESE W.\X-EXTKACTOKS ; HOUS-
ING EGGS IN THE SUN.

You notice that we obtained, with the solar wax-
extractor, 170 and 180 degrees when the tempera-
ture in the open air was only 50°. With a summer
heat of 70° outside, if the temperature increases in
the extractor proportionately, we ought at least to
reach the boiling-point, 213°. According to this,
J. A. Green's speculation of eggs boiled in the sun
is not so impossible after all. Why, I declare I
will coax the "queen clerk" to try her hand at fi}j-
i)iy eggs in the sun when the weather becomes
suitable. What fun it would be to run opposition
to gascline stoves'? "Steady, young man," some
one says; "you are a little premature; besides, the
boiling-point is not the f rying-point."

" Oh ! well, ray good friend, if the eggs won't fry,
I will say the foregoing is ' a scientific pleasantry,'
and that it was Green's notion, not mine;" but,
mark you, if the speculation should be a success,
then I will try to claim a sh .re in the idea; and
with as much originality as possible I will say,
" i told you so."

THE CONDITION OE OUH BEES UP TO DATE.

The Holy-Land colony that I mentioned on page
90, of this current volume, as being uneasy and
showing signs of dysentei-y. is now[dead. All the
rest of the colonies are in good condition up to
date; and as we have had quite a number of warm
spells, they have been breeding quite heavily. The
result is, that many have run short of stores, and
will have to be given more combs of sealed honey,
to prevent starving. I would suggest, as a caution
to beginners, when these warm spells in March
come, that they would do well to examine all stocks
on their summer stands. If they have been breed-
ing heavily as above, and their stores ai-e low, feed
them or give them sealed combs of honey.

A little caution now may save you a few colonies
later. If the weather is such that the bees are not
|l^iu{f ujuch, T don't tbinl> I would tinker with the

colonies unless you have good reason to think that
some particular swarm is running short of stores.

Two bad months are before us, and so we can't
" count our chickens " yet. I will report later.

Ernest K. Hoot.

USE OF THE THERMOMETER.

HOW IT MAY MISLEAD US IN USING IT IN A BEE-
CELLAR.

"TN talking about temperature, I want to premise
m- that it is very doubtful if any one can lay down
^li a fixed rule for temperature, that will be safe

'•■ for all others to follow. ]f A has fixed upon
4.5° as the best temperatura for his cellar, B
may have his bees in different hives, or packed
differently, so that, if put in A's cellar, it would bo
better to have the temperature above or below 45°.
Smith and Jones may have their bees exactly alike
as to hives and packing, both in equally good con-
dition. Smith says he keeps his at 40°; Jones, at
5;^°. But the same thermometer, placed alternate-
ly in each of the cellars, on one of the central hives,
shows that the bees in both cellars are kept at ex-
actly the same temperatui-e. Smith has bis ther-
mometer hanging in the coldest spot in his cellar;
Jones, in the warmest. Or, the difference may be
mainly due to a difference in thermometers, for 1
have noted a difference of 7 degrees in a lot ofither-
mometers hanging in the same spot in a drugstore.
Of course, it is of value to get the experience of
others; but each one must decide for himself at
what point his bees keep best, and then, with the
same thermometer always hanging in the same
place, try to hold steadily at that point.

WAK.MING AND VENTILATION.

The same means used for warming may aid in
ventilation, so the two may well be considered to-
gether. In my shop cellar there is no special pro-
vision made for ventilation, excepting that a 4-inch
stove-pipe runs up through the floor. I don't cite
this because I think il's right, but 1 want to work
from facts, and, moreover, there are many who may
want to know what^to do with .just such cellars.
The cellar is 18 by 34, on a side hill; a large double
door, or, rather, two doors with a fl'j-inch air-space
between them, leading'out on the level on the south
side; a small window with double shutters on the
west, and one on the east side, and a trap-door
overhead. November 10, 124 colonies wei'e put in
the cellar. Tn a few days the bees appeared some-
what uneasy; there was a close, disagreeable smell,
and mold was found in spots over the earth floor.
A wood tire made in the cellar helped matters, dry-
ing it oft', and of course the warmer the air the bet-
ter the ventilation. The heat, however, was very
unsteady, and at night the fire would die out entire-
ly, the exit for the air being greatly.lessoned by the
closed stove, and in the morning the thermometer
would be down.

About the middle of December I determined on
more radical measures. I put in the middle of the
cellar a common small cylinder stove for anthracite
coal, the inside diameter between the flre-bricks
being a little more than eight inches (1 also put two
in the house cellar). In this I have kept a constant
Are, day and night. It makes a steady heat, so little
light that I think it does no harm; and the stove-
door being always open, makes the'best exit for air.
The mold has disappeared, the air always smells
swept, and at this writing: tlje bees appear quiet, w<\

1886

GLEAMS l.NGS IN JJHE CULTUllE.

169

are doing nicely. Of ijourse, there is time for them
all to die between now and May.

Inordinary weather I find it best to koei) the traij-
doorwido open, the room overhead beii g darkened;
but in very cold weather, every thing- is kept shut
tight. Once or twice, with the mercui'y outside be-
low zero, and a strong wind, the cellar has been as
low as 36°. With close attention it might have been
kept above this. During the last of December we
had a warm spell, the outside air going above 40°.
At this time I kept doors and "vindows open at
night, and sometimes through the day; but the
coal Are was kept steadily going, because, if not
needed for heat, it was for ventilation. The hardest
time I have found to keep bees ijuiet has l)et'n
towai'd spring, in a cloudy, rainy, damp, warm time.
The damp air is so light that it does not, by its
weight, force its way into the cellar, and the cellar
becomes foul. At such a time, would not afire in
the collar, even tliough the bees were alreadj' warm
enough, make the cellar air lighter, so that the out-
side air would take its place"/ My observation leads
me toward that belief. A serious objection to
heating cellars in this way is the expense and con-
stant care. But where a large number are kep:,
it may be money and time profltablj- spent, if there-
by the dead-list maj' be shortened. What I should
especially like, however, is some arrangement by
which the bees could be placed in the cellar in the
fall, and left without anj- attention till time to take
them out in the sin-ing. I have been e.xperiment-
ing a little, and thinking a great deal about sub-
ventilation, and had intended to write about it
when I commenced this nrtiele; but I sea I must
wait until another time. How do Ira Barber and
others keep their cellars so warm? 'J' wo of my col-
onies have starved to death. Poor management!
('. ('. .Mii.LEK, 179—338.

Marengo, 111., Feb. 2,1, 188fi.

Friend M.. I grant all your points except
the ones about the thermometers in the
drugstore. If they varied sinen degrees,
they were a poor lot and ought to have been
returned to the maker. Perhaps it was only
one or two that were so far out of the mark.
In that case I should say they were " out of
kilter.'" See the instructions we give in re-
gard to the use of tiiermometers. on the one
we mail you to-day. Am.!, by the way, it
would be an excellent way to test the ther-
mometers, to t'sk the defiler to show you a
dozen. Lay them side by side on the coun-
ter; and if they don't all tell the same story
within at least two degrees— well. I don't
know what would be best to do. Ferhajis
the charitable way would be to tell him to
show you a dozen higher-priced ones ; and
if the higher-priced ones don't tell the truth
better, then 1 would complain.— It seems to
me that keeping a tire all winter long is very
expensive business, and I would try to make
.some atitomatic arrangement. A reservoir
of water warmed up once a day would do it
to a dot, if it didn't keep the air loo damp ;
and I am inclined to think that the damp-
ness would do good and not harm. What
say youV During this past winter, a reser-
voir holding perhaps 20 barrels of water,
right in the center of our greenhouse, has
kept the temperature just as nice as could
be, with nothing but sheets of glass inter-
vejiiiig bptweeji the outcloor ajr th.at was l")

degrees below zero,
get up nights once.

AVe have not had to

OVERSTOCKING A LOCALITY.

.\I,.S() SO.METHIN(i FaO.M FUIENI) HEUDON IN KE-

Li.VHU TO SUGAR STORES COMPARED WITH

NATUHAIj STORES.

i

FEEL that I should publicly thank Prof. Cook
for his kind words and friendly criticism,
^ai found on page 98. I may as well saj' it now,
even if the Professor does see it, that all
through our numerous discvissions of subjects
ujion which we could not agree. I have been com-
pelled to esteem his integrity and judgment as the
very highest. I always wish and sometimes dare to
hope, that the Professor's opinions regarding
"swelling our ranks" are correct; and, as he says
in closing his review, that I am " morbid " upon
that question, but as yet T can not find the evidence
to believe with hiin as I desire.

I wish it were true that we might multiply the
number of honey-producers tenfold; but however
much I may desire this, I can not believe that much
more increase in our ranks can take place without
a suffering on the part of those already engaged.
I think I have had letters from five old stalwart
producers, in which they have especially compli-
mented the part of the little book that friend Cook
believes is over anxiously mistaken.

Another point that seems strange to mo is, that
some of our bee-keepers, among whom I may men-
tion friend Wright, on the same page, who have
never expressed the least fear regarding increas-
ing our product by the increase of producers, are
now fi-ightened because some who believe that
sugar syrup is superior to honey for winter stores
ai'e feeding said syrup, thus causing an increase in
the honey supply. Surely, these men must agree
with me rather than the Professor regarding the
point in question. I think Mr. Wright makes a true
statement when lie tells us that the sugar we feed
increases the market supply of honey, pound for
pound, and that the relation between supply and
deuuind governs prices, which means our success
or failure.

But right here I think Mr. Wright's argument ends.
I know it is natural for any honey-producer to feel
just as Mr. Wright docs, wlien he sees his pi-oducts
begging for consumers at a price below cane sugar;
and no wonder that his judgment tells him that,
before we feed our colonies the higher-priced sugar
to take the place of the lower priced honey, we had
better let at least a portion of theni die. Such re-
ports as this of Brother Wright's (and they are
more numerous than I wish they were) prevent me
from believing with friend Cook, however much T
may desire. I have bought, sold, and produced
comb and extracted honey in a retail, jobbing, and
wholesale waj-, for nearly eighteen years, twelve of
which my father has been a wbolegale commercial
agent, all of which has given me some advantages
in gaining a knowledge of the several points made
in Mr. Wright's article, and I will give you my
opinion regarding a few of them, to be taken for
just what it may 1- c considered worth.

First, the cry of "adulteration" has very little
tendency to deter purchases of our product. A
commodity will usually sell upon its merits, judged
by i.t§ looks, flavor, and effect. We well remember
the wholesale war mftde against glucose in sugar

170

GLEANINGS NI llEE CULTURE.

Mar.

syrups— how refiners started the cry, which echoed
ill all the papers of the land; a tumult, compared
with which all that has been said regardiufj: adul-
tei-ated honey might truly be called a faint whisper;
and yet you will find, if you take the pains to as-
certain, that ever since that time the consumption
of commercial syrups has steadily increased.
When I began using- the extractor, years ago, li-
quid honey was so novel a thing that its lower
price at once gave the impression that " it muxt be
adulterated." That was the cry; and the echo of
that noise has not d ied out yet, though 1 verily be-
lieve that it has had no effect in lowering the price
nor demand for my honey.

Let us consider the final outcome of "sugar-feed-
ing for winter." Whatever may be true collective-
ly, will not each individual decide the matter for
himself.'' and will that decision not be governed by
what he believes to be the best ? After making sev-
eral quite extensive expci-iments, and talking with
others who have done likewise, 1 am compelled to be-
lieve that pure cane-sugar syrup is better than any
honey for bees during their period of confinement.
If I find that, after all, I am mistaken in this, 1 shall
be eager to announce my discovery, and rejoice
that our excellent product is excellent evo-ywhere.
But let me assure you that it will require something
more than desii-e, or glutted honey markets, to
change the opinion that has been compelled by
what seems to me to be positive proof. Bee-diar-
rhea is the condition to be dreaded. It may be
called the one cause of our winter troubles. It re-
sults from an excessive accumulation of fecal mat-
ter. I never saw, and never saw a man who had
seen bees that had been confined three months or
more upon any kind of natural stores that did not
disch.'.rge fecal accumulations on their first flight.
I confined over 70 colonies for 151 days (five months),
at the end of which they flew, with bodies apparent-
■ ly as slim as in autumn, discharg ingnothing, not
even water, as far as careful scrutiny could detect.
These colonies passed the winter in a cold cellar,
whei-e three-fourths of those with natural stores
died with bee-diarrhea. Their stores consisted of
pure cane-sugar syrup, there not being one drop of
honey, or bit of bee-bread, in the combs. I do not
think this can be done with natural stores; but if
we can bring our bees through their longest periods
of confinement upon natural stores, without their
accumulating sufficient fecal matter to produce dis-
t'ase, provided we make all other conditions favor-
able, then I believe that natural ^stores will finally
be our choice. That this can be done, and is done
year after year, we have ample evidence; but I
doubt that it can be done in all localities, especially
ray own.

I am giving the matter a critical test this winter;
and though I should rejoice to know that the natu-
ral stores of my location are safe, one year with
another, with all other conditions favorable, yet if
I find they are not, 1 shall also rejoice in the fact
that we can give them syrup at the rate of 1000 lbs.
per hour (all of which will be taken down within
about 34 hours), and that, too, without having to e.v-
tract any natural stores. J.\mek Hkupon.

Dowagiac, Mich.

Friend H., I think it is true that there are
some localitje:-, somewhat overstocked ; but
at the same time, there are thousands upon
thousands of localities that are not stocked
at all. 90 to spetiH ; tljerefor^ let \\s §c>ttter

ourselves, and take up the waste places.— In
regard to sugar syrup in place of natural
stores, there is one point 1 forgot to men-
tion, and I tell you it is a grave one. Jf you
go to buying cheap honey to use in lieii of
sugar stores, you not only stand a good
chance of getting honey that will give the
bees dysentery, but you" may also give them
foul brood ; whei"eas if you go to your grocer
and get a barrel of granulated sugar, there
is no possibility of any surli event. In fact,
the sugar feed'would go a great way toward
Ijanishing the foul brood, after having let
the bees consume all the honey. 1 told you.
a month oi- two ago. thnt lioiiey was being
put upon the market for sale tliat was ex-
tracted from apiaries terribly infested witli
foul brood. . Suppose a bee-keeper gets hold
of some of this, and feeds it instead of sugai-
for winter. Read the following, ye who go
on so about sugar feeding :

You published a piece showing that I'oul brood
WHS not contagious, and at the bottom consented
to it yourself. Well, my neighbor bought foul-
lirood honey in Cincinnati, and he lost about 40 col-
onies, and spread it in two of my apiaries. My loss
was 12 colonies. The amountof loss in other apiaries
is considerable. That much for the diabolical pub-
lications. I know several cases of its being conta-
gious. W. F.

Feb. 20, 1«8H.

I can give the name and address of the
writer of the above, if need be, but I think
perhaps he wouldn't care to have it publish-
ed, for he will doubtless set to work and get
the foul brood out at once. I need not tell
you, that I wrote to him, asking where any-
body ever said that foul brood is not conta-
gious, but I have not yet received his reply.

'fefEf^ 'P.JiB QnERIEg.

CONTRACTING BROOD-.NEST.

flllEND Doolittle and others advocate contract-
ing the brood-nest to get section honey. Do
they contract the honey-board to the size ot
the brood-nest, or cover the size of the hive
with sections? Wm. G. Norton.

Honeoye Falls, N. Y.

[We believe friend Doolittle practices reducing
the room above the cluster by division-boards,
whenever the size of the colony makes it necessary,
the same way that he contracts the size of the
brood-nest.]

THE HONEY I'ROSPECT IN C.\LIKOKNI.\.

The prospects for a honey crop the coming season
were never better. Vegetation is unbounded.

K. Wilkin.
San Buenaventura, Cal., Feb. 18, 188(i.

A DEPTH OF 12.5 FEET SHOWS 50°.

There being a desire to know the temperature of
the earth at difiierent depths from the earth's sur-
face, I made a test of my well, which is 120 feet in
depth, made by boring, and inserting a two-inch
pipe. The water is di'awn by wind power. I let it
pump until I was sure the water came from the
bottom, then I put a thermometer in a pail and let
it pump on It; the mercury stood at fifty degrees
above zero. T. ?*• nct,i„

VfiiiJip-iiisu, Ind., .bin. 28, 18«6,

1886

GLEAN^GS LN IJEE CULtUllE.

171

"WIDE FRAMES AND SEPARATORS.

AliE THEV A CONVENIENCE OH A NUISANCE?

HEN you said, Mr. Editor, in Gleanings for
Jan. 15, pag'e 45, "It is a little amusing- to
sec friend Heddon go back and declare in
favor of wide frames, and ii<'})nrati>r>i also,
after the way he has denounced both," I
said to myself, "Good I for this will cause Bro.
Heddon to explain to us in what manner he has
been enabled to overcome the difficulties he once
found in the use of them, which was so great that
he discarded wide frames, and denounced separa-
tors as ' nuisances.' " After thus thinking, inuigine
my surprise to And W. Z. Hutchinson writing on
page 87 of Gleanings, "Can you show, friend Root,
where he (Heddon) has harshly denounced wide
frames or separators?" and saying, after a search
through numerous back volumes of the bee-papers,
" I can not find that Mr. Heddon has ever denounc-
ed separators."

Well, thought 1, can it be that I am so much mis-
taken? for it can not be that a man who has cham-
pioned another, as Bro. Hutchinson has friend
Heddon, can not know whereof he speaks. It was
but the work of a moment for me to turn to page 33
of the A. B. J. for 1S81, where I find recorded, under
the name of James Heddon, these words:

" Separators cost me too great a portion of my
surplus crop, to sa.v nothing of their ,^rsf cost and
trouble of manipulating."

On page 66 of same volume I find this:

"Separators are better adapted to some supply-
dealer who can ' grind ' his ax M'ith them " (than for
raising comb honey, I suppose is to be inferred).

Again, on page 75, A. B. J. for 1881, I read:

" All separators are a great drawback to the pro-
duction of comb honey."

Then on page 106, these words appear;

" If it is strange that I should declai-e against the
use of (ill separators," etc.; while on page 170 of
same volume he says:

" Yes, it is true that we do not need to attach any
costly and complicated contrivances (separators) to
make our chosen fiurphcs ifystem vfork to our pcifrct
ftatisfaction." (Italics mine in this individual case).
By again referring to page ^, I read :

" There is no need of the nuisances called separa-
tors," which I am sure is a hnrnh dsiumciatioii, if
none of the rest can be so construed.

What think you, Bro. Hutchinson? Now, I have
not written this altogether to prove that Bro.
Hutchinson made a mistake, and that friend Root
was right, but mainly for the purpose of drawing
Bro. Heddon out, so that he will tell us wherein he
has remedied the defective system of separators, so
that he has gone from the calling of them " nui-
sances," to using and recommending them to oth-
ers. If, as he says, they cost him " too great a por-
tion of his surplus crop," how has he brought it
about so that now they cost him none of it? and if
"all separators are a great drawback to the pro-
duction of comb honey," what special plans has he
adopted regarding separators, so that this draw-
back has been overcome? These questions are of
vital importance to us; and if Bro. Heddon has no
secrets in the matter we should like to have him
explain. 1 have always used separators in the
same way Bro. H. now docs in his new hive, and
called them a convenience rather than a "nui-
sance;" and if there is any knowledge to be gained

whereby T can add to mj' crop of surplus hotiey, I
am interested to gain it. Now about wide frames.

On page 170 of A. B. J. for 1881, Bro. Heddon says,
" The I'eason I discarded the broad (wide) frame
system was because the sections were so stuck up
with propolis;" while on page 100 of present vol-
ume of Gleanings he says, " I was driven from
their (wide frames) use, as well as the hundreds
who went with me, from our experience with them
in two-story supers." Now, Bro. H., which of these
reasons is right? If the latter, you have told us how
you overcome the objection to "two-story supers;"
but if the former, you have not told us how you
overcame the propolis question. Of course, you
have in some way, for this propolis question has
been raging for years, and I am sure you would not
leave your case system, which was so free from pro-
polis, and go to using the wide-frame system,
without overcoming this defect. Propolis on sec-
tions is a nuisance, be the same little or much ; and
a plan which will allow of the filling of the sections
with nice comb honey, without changing the clean
appearance which they present when placed upon
the hive, will be heralded with delight by all, and
give great honor to him who works out the plan.
Surely none of us can object to anj' one changing
his plans as often as occasion requires; but in do-
ing so it is well to say that previous views were
mistaken ones, or else give to the public how our
former objections have been overcome. When
friend Betsinger invented wide frames in connec-
tion with separators, to be used one tier high, he
gave us one of the greatest conveniences regarding
the production of comb honey; and Bro. Heddon's
going back to these is one of the best parts to his
new system of management. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1886.

SOMETHING FURTHER ON THE TEM-
PERANCE QUESTION.

IS license or t.\.\.\tion to be considered at
all?

f

F you have no objections, I will offer a few words

in reply to Prof. Cook, on page 47. He says:

^11 " Why will not a law like that adopted in some

of the States suit all, do more good, and get

the support of all temperance people? That is,

a license with a heavy fee in conjunction, with local

option in every town, viUagc, ovcity where it can be

carried?"

A right to grant a license implies a right to with-
hold it; hence a license law which does not compel
the granting of licenses is in effect a local-option
law. Whether the option should be exercised by
States, by counties, or by towns, is the question.
Prof. Cook says by towns, villages, and cities, and
for a high price. This is just what we have now,
and have always had in Wisconsin. But this is far
from being a model temperance State, though the
price of a licen.sc is not less than two hundred dol-
lars. The amount paid is a direct hrihe paid to the
village for the privilege of cursing the community.
Our village of M. has about 1000 inhabitants. It
collects for liquor-licenses, two thousand dollars
annually; four-fifths of that amount is paid into
the village treasury through the saloons by the
surrounding agricultural towns. In return for this,
the agricultural interests are taxed to support the
I^aupers and prosecute the criminals, made such by

n-2

GLEAN1N(^S NI BkE CULTiJllE.

Mak.

this woi-Pe tliiin useless tniffio. If this monstrous
evil must be licensed, I insist that all income I'rom
such licenses shoull be paid over to the county,
and applied to the support of the poor or the pros-
ecution of criminals. If all license fees were paid
into the county treasury it would talco away from
villatres the chief inducements to grant licenses. If
we had local ojition by counties instead of by towns,
many counties would prohibit, and, step by step,
prohibition mig'ht be accomplished everywhere.

I have great respect for Prof. Cook and his many
valuable articles on other subjects; and if he had
not asked the intluence of Glkanincs for his plan,
I would not have tried to state mine. Nolliing-
short of total prohibition will satisfy m(>.

Mauston, Wis., Feb.. JS8B. V. Wir-cox.

Now, friends, I think we shall have to let
the matter of temperance restwheie it is for
the present. 1 am sure the readers of
(tLEAXings are all in favor of stopping- the
liqnor-trattic ; and althongli we may differ
widely in regard to the means to be em-
ployed, can we not liold ourselves, all of ns,
in readiness to push ahead wherever (iod
seems to point the way?

■■■ I ^

CHAFF HIVES WITH ONLY BIGHT
FRAMES INSTEAD OP TEN.

WHAT THICKNESS OF PACKINC. IS N I-Xl'ISS AU V. KTC?

'HY not make chalf hives to take eight
■^ frames instead of ten, somewhat after the
Falcon style ? Use a Simplicity hive if you
want sections in wide frames; but I think
cases wilPjtakc the lead for holding- sec-
tions. Have the hive tall ejiougli, with the cover,
to hold two or three sets of iKi sections. We could
have the ends of hive permanently chaff-packed,
and one side too, if that would be best. There are
some points in the Falcon hive that I think would
suit me better than the Simplicity chaff hive; but I
think both of them are too larg-e. I think si.v L.
combs are enough to winter anj- ordinary colony of
bees on; and then if we had eight-frame hives we
should have enough combs to take care of.

I can't see the use in having: a hive as large as
the Simplicity chaff hive. I understand they have
only three inches of chatf. Now, if M-e have three
or four inches of chaff at the sides, and nine inches
for the combs to winter the bees in, we should not
have such a very large hive. Then have one side
of the packing-, or both, for that matter, movable,
to put iii the other two or more combs in the spring-,
or as they are needed. I have made up my mind
that chaff hives are the cheapest in the long- run,
for this country, though T have had very good suc-
cess wintering in the Simplicity (my style) for
several years. Last winter I lost by starvation,
dysentery, and queenlessiiess, T colonies out of '^0,
and that was by far the heaviest loss I ever had. I
should think two inches of chaff would be enough
lor the ends of the hive, and three or four at the
sides.

1 have throe colonies of bees in Simplicity chaff
hives. I just put them in this fall, therefore I am
not prepared to say how I shall like them. I am
thinking: of making chaff hives for next year, but
am at a stand about what to get. .T. S. Willakd.

Bedford, Taylor Co., Iowa, Dec. 30, 188").

Friend W., an eight-frame chalf hive would

answer nicely, without doubt ; but it would
be making another style of hives for our cat-
alogues and price lists, for it wouldn't work
with the implements and appliances already
in use for the ten-trame hives, and would in
many respects complicate matters more than
they are already complicated. Yotn- bees
woidd also be more liable to starve, if you
make the brood -nest smaller. I think it
will be far better to us? division-boards to re-
duce the space at such seasons of the year as
we wish the space reduced.

aOLAK WAX-EXTRACTORS.

PUEVENTI.NT, AFTEU-SWAKJIS, ETC.

SKE on page TTO. Nov. 15, 1885, you ask how many
of the friends have used the solar wax-extract-
or. I have one I made this summer. It is abo.v
-'(I in. wide by ;10 long by l:i deep. I put a false
bottom in the middle, about "^4 in. long. 1 got a
sheet of tin '^dXUS, cut off' two corners of the tin at an
angle, then turned up the edge one inch all around,
except the two inches in the center of the lower
end; nailed a rim around one end and the sides of
the box, with two saw-cuts about U in. apart, and
slipped in, fi-om the open end, two lights of glass,
20X30, or lights 15X2 J; then close up the end, putting
in a pan on the bottom. Your wax on the tin now
drips on the raised bottom. Set it on the south
side of the house, inclined to give what slant you
want, and in a very short time, with the outside heat
up to about 70° (1 think it was) the wax will all be
melted. You want to look out and not take out
some of the refuse with your fingers, or you may
shake them as badly as I did. If I were to make
another one I would make the sides flaring; and
would not a black iron dripping-pan draw more
heat in there than the bright tin '/ You want the
thing made so no current of air can pass through.
It makes the nicest wax I ever saw.

Our honey crop out this way is very slim this
year— only.fiCO lbs. from about 30 colonies in spring,
and a little more than that of extracted. I like the
Heddon way of preventing after-swarms, first- rate.

SOME QUESTIONS IN REGAUD TO THE CAKE OV
STEAM-ENGINES. •

I want to know if a steam-engine and boiler cor-
rode, rust out, and become worthless, about as
quick if it is not used more than two or three
months in the year, as it would if it were used and
cared for properly the whole time? What causes
the boiler to explode when the water gets too
low ? Is there any book on the engine, telling how
to run and take care of them? V. W. Keeney.

Shirland, III , Nov. 23, 1885.

Friend K., we like the solar wax-extractor
too, ami I was greatly astonished to lind
that the heat of the sun was ample, even in
the middle of Febritary, and we made some
of the nicest wax with" it that I have ever
seen. There is no trouble in getting heat
enough. Perhaps a pan made of black iron
might do better than a tin one. We will try
to test the matter by experiment.— It de-
pends upon who runs the engine. If it
were properly fixed to lie idle, I think I
should prefer to have it so ; but if it were
dropped right where it was last used, and no
pains taken to prevent rust and damage, I
Avoiild rather have it in constant use. If I

1S86

GLliiANiA^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

r

am correct, letting the water get low does
not cause the boiler to explode. It does.
however, draw the flues out of shape, and
cause the boiler to be sure to explode, if the
engineer is so thoughtless as to pump water
into it when red-hot. If, however, lie finds
he has by accident boihnl all the water oiit,
and heated the flues red-hot, he can just let
the fires go down, and no harm is done.
When the flues get cold, he may even go on
with his work, if the l)oiler does not leak so
badly as to put the tire out. Explosions are
generally caused by pumping water on to
red-hot flues. This "results in making a great
volume of steam so suddenly that tiie safety-
valve is entirely inadequate to carry it off,
so that everything is blown to pieces with an
explosion. I do not know of any book on
the care of the steam-engine — atleast, no-
thing up to modern times. If any of our
readers know of such a work, T should be
glad to put it in our book list.

^ — ■ ■■

EGG-LAYING OF QUEENS.

Ifi IT THK BEES OR THE QUEENS, f)R THE Sl'/E OF
THE CELLS TH.\T DKTEK.MINES THE SEX?

T READ with much interest the able article from
jMp the pen of Mr. ('has. Dadant, as I aUvays do
^l any thing- from him. Mr. Dadant's statement,
"^ that the use of worker comb, or worker foun-
dation, almost wholly precludes the deposition
of drone-eg-gs, and therefore the pres3nee of drone-
brood, is certainly a thoroug-hly wellf slablished
fact, and is one of the strong' arg-iiments in favor of
the use of foundation. Vet, does this fact neces-
sarily lead to Mr. Dadant's coi elusion, " A (jueen in
g-ood health lays drone-cg-gs in drone-cells, tiecuuse
they are greater; and worker-eggs in worker-cells,
because they are smaller"? If, as I think, tli^
([ueen knows what she is abou,, and acts from vo-
lition, then surely she would not lay the unfecun-
dated egg in a cell that would restrict tlie size a.id
full development of the drones, or male l)ees. I
think the queen knoTS the large cells are for
drones, and will lai' the unfecundated eggs in no
other, e.xcept by mistake. The fact as 1 gave it
before, that very short worker-cells, hardly deeper
than those of our liest foundation, sometimes re-
ceive eggs that develop into woi-kers, as no doubt
Mr. Dadant has witnessed, is very signifleant; and
can any one doubt, after examination, that the
queen l:iy8 the egg in the queen-cells'^ But, if any
other proof were needed we have it at our com-
mand: In some species, like -1. Z/idica. the drones
are smaller than the workers; while in wasps, like
VtKpa in//yari.'<, the cells are all equally large; yet
the whole life economy of the ^'l^x|>:t and Apix gene-
ra, so far as reproduction is concerned, are identi-
cal. Our ants, too, closelj' related to bees in many
respects, produce males and females in the same
manner as do bees, and their eggs are not |. laced in
cells at all.

Mr. Dadant's point, that the reason why young
queens lay some drone-eggs in worker-cells is be-
cause the queen is small, and so her abdomen is not
compressed, would surely have weight if it stood
alone. Vet, were this the case I should suppose
there would be more drones. They are usually
very l'»w and scattering. In my apiary I have once
In a while had a very small queen, hardly larger,

though slimmer, than a common worker, even in
her most fecund days; yet her eggs in worker-cells
produced workers. Has not Mr. Dadant noticed
the same? So I still think these young queens at
first fail to manage adroitly the muscular machin-
ery that extrudes the sperm-cells from the sperma-
theca.

Mr. Dadant's conclusions as to wasps are not
warranted, t think. The wasps that Sir .John Lub-
bock referred to are our mud-wasps, not our paper-
making- wasps. These mud-wasps do vary the sze
of the cells— those containing the males being the
smaller. So the point Jfr. Dadant makes is hardl.\
warranted, I think, by the facts in the case.

Do animals drop eggs at just sucli a time, irre-
spective of surroundings? I doubt it. Some of
our birds that usually lay only five eggs will ef)n-
tinu© to lay .as many as thirty, if we keep taking
the egg- from the' nest. Thus, a flicker, Ci.lopti'x
mirntux, laid over thirty under these cireutnstanecs,
here on our college campus.

From all these facts, I still think the queen knows
what she is about, and that fecundation of the egg-
is voluntary, not automatic.

I wish to express my jjleasure, that Messrs. Da-
dant & Son ai-e revising Mr. Langstroth's book. 1
think he could not have chosen more wisely.

Agricultural College, Mich. A. J. Cook.

Friends Cook and Dadant, may I now put
in a thought which I believe neither of you
have touched upon V It is this : That the
worker-bees are a factor, as well as the
queen, in deciding whetlier they will raise
drones or workers. You may remember,
that some years ago there was a discussion
in regaid to the swarming impulse. Does
the (lueen lead out the swarm, or do the
bees '^ Several brought fortli very clear fads
to show that it was the queen that went out,
and that the bees followed her. Others
brought equally plain facts to show that the
l)ees got up the excitement and poiu-ed out
of the hive, and Anally the queen joined in
and Avent Avith them. Jiut we were flnaliy
forced to concliule that it was sometimes
the one and sometimes the other; or, most
likely, the queen and bees both acting in
perfect harmony. — Xow for A. I. Eoofs the-
ory about determining the sex. I suggest
that the bees have the power, at least very
largely, in their own hands, so to speak. I
have tried in vain to get early drones, by
placing the drone-comb in the center of the
brood-nest. The queen would not occupy
these drone-cells until other qtieens in other
hives began rearing drones also. If 1 fed
the colony, the bees used this drone-coml)
for storing honey; and it has just occurred
to me that the queen didn't lay any eggs in
the drone-comb, because the bees did not flx
the cells, and invite her to occupy them. Is
it not true, that a queen never occupies any
cell, drone or worker, until the bees flrst
clean it out, varnish it over, and give it that
fresh, inviting appearance, with winch we
are all so familiar V Are we sure that they
do not say by actions, if not by Avords,
" When your highness gets that little patch
of comb filled, please come over here and
take these next "V Who has not tried to get
a queen to fill combs when the cluster of bees
was so small they couldn't get cells ready for
her fast enougli '? She would fill all the cells

174

GLEAil^tNGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

that were properly prepared, and then, in-
stead of going over to those nice clean work-
er-cells the bees hadn't glossed over and
puttered with, wonld either stand around
idl}^ or else go over the cells again, where
she had just deposited eggs, putting two or
more in a cell, and worrying the owjier so
much that he would be prompted to wi-ite a
letter to A. 1. Root about it, and ask if he
hadn't better pinch her head off, when the
queen was just as good a queen as could be,
with only a pound of bees or a little more.

"THE OTHEK SIDE " OP FLORIDA.

TWELVE MONTHS IN FI.ORIDA.

TT SEE you publish a great many letters in favor
(^ of Florida. I send you a letter I got from the
^t Charlottesville Chronidr. It looks at Florida
-*" on "the other side." Harry Ghiffin.

Charlottesville, Va., Jan. 7, 1886.

Editor Chronicle: — Hearing- that a trood many
citizens of this section are considering- ttie expedien-
cy of emigrating- to the "Laud of Flowers," probably
persuaded thereto by the flowery pamjih lets and
maps so industriously circulated by t!ie railroad
and land companies; and, actuated by a desire to
save those contemplating- such a step from tbe dis-
appointment almost sure to result, 1 send you the
substance of some notes taken "on the spot."

In the first place, the much-lauded climate is a
most unmitigated Iraud— to a native of Piedmont,
Virginia. Thermometers are "no good" there.
They lie winter and summer. It is more disagreea-
bly cold when .3^° F. is indicated than when the
mercury falls to zero here; and the alnu)st vertical
rays of the midsummer sun are so intensely hot and
so thoroughly enervatinjf that the most energetic
man becomes willing- to do nothing but pine for his
mountain home again. My observation isthatthei'
embrace the first opportinuity of getting out of a
Florida summer, devoutly promising themselves
not to be caught again. The thermometer may not
indicate more than 1)0° F. when it oppresses one as
much as 105° F'. here.

The soil, in the greater portion of the State, is no
soil at all, but a vast sand-bank, with a slight admi.v-
ture of humus, which is exhausted by a crop or two.
It is necessary to fertilize well every year to obtain
a good crop. Frequent wide expanses of swamp
and thousands of tiogs and ponds detract from the
value, and add nothing to the beauty of the coun-
try. While thei-e are some fair lands, termed "ham-
mocks," they aregenerallj' so infested with insects,
aud so unhealthy, that it is unwise to live near
them. lyoiif/!/, they certainly are, with each twig-
and limb fringed with Spanish moss, which often
droops many feet and gracefully sweeps to every
breeze. But, amidst the tropical beauties of the
scene, malaria insidiously lurks, ready to seize upon
the casual intruder upon his native haunts. E.v-
cept the veritable hills, the whole State lies JDiric;-
t/'ater during the rainy season. »

As to products: Nearly every one who goes to
Florida has the orange craze, and forthwith falls a
prey to one of the leg-ion of land agents, who will
often palm off on the innocent an admirable loca-
tion—for a duck farm ! Every one is saving- orange
seed, planting orange seed, setting- out orange-
groves, millions and tens of millions of orange-
trees! While many will die frotn frost or some
mismanagement, yet it is patent that the business
is overdone, and the profit in orange groves falls to
the land speculator who sells off "choice" (?) lots at
ridiculously fancy prices.

The lemon, being- more easily killed by frost than
the orange, can be profitably grown in few locali-
tiesin the State; for the " line of nofi-ost," so much
dwelt upon in the efl'usions of general passenger
agents, must be set down as a bare myth, frost be-
ing seen and felt in all parts of the State. In the
more southern sections, pineapples, bananas, Japan
persimmons, cocoanuts, are being- profitably raised.
But those who go to those parts must expect to see
mosquitos by the quintillions, and carry a trunk
full of quinine to ward off chills.

Market gardening, now rapidly assuming large

proportions, is the future business of Florida. The
lands require heavy.fertilizing.'and the crops are
occasionally nipped by those "unheard of " frosts,
yet the early products bi-ing such fabulous prices
that the business is, beyond doubt, the most prom-
ising in the State.

In conclusion, while monej' can be and is made in
tlie ways mentioned, the intending emigrant from
Piedmont, Virginia, should remember that he will
liave to contend against such ills and pests — un-
known here— as will try his patient soul though he
be a very Job. As surely as he tries orange-grow-
ing in Florida, he will concede that, if the same at-
tention were given our pippin-orchards as is neces-
sary to be paid to orange-groves, the pippin-orchards
would be the more profitable. And as surely as he
spends a year in that much-boomed sandbank will
he further concede that he was a fool to leave this
goodly.heritage of land and clime, and be ready to
swear that, if Fate kindly permits him once more
to see. his "own, his native land," he will never, wo,
never] no, NE^'EK! seek "Eldorado"—" Land of
Flowers!" or thirst for the " Fountain of Eternal
Vouth." Jay C. Ei.r,.

Why, friend G., I do not think the letter is
such a bad one, after all. It is probably a
very fair and candid statement of the way
the average Northern citizen wottld look at
things when there. And there is one point
I want to call special attention to. If the
same attention were given to our pippin-
orchards right close about us, that they are
obliged to give orange-groves in Florida, to
get even an average crop, what sort of pip-
pins should we hkve? Friend Cole, in his
book, tells what the effect was on an old
worthless apple-tree on a hillside by giving
the ground around it (and under it) intelli-
gent culture.

A WHOLE APIARY OF HIVES WITH-
OUT BOTTOM-BOARDS.

IS IT NOT AN ADVANT.\GE TO USE HIVES WTTH-
OITT BOTTO.M-BOARDS?

N Gr^EANiNGS, Nov. 1.5, page 793, I notice where
you say a hive which Courad Weckesser men-
tions is a novelty. Now, I wish to state that
one of the most successful box-hive men I
have ever heard of in Texas does not use a bot-
tom-board at all, and he keeps from 60 to 100 colo-
nies of bees all the time, and has kept them for
years. His name is J. M. Bell, of Winnton, Gonza-
les Co., Texas. He simply places a block about 3
inches square and an inch thick under each corner,
to keep the hive from settling- into the ground in
wet weather. In wintering he moves the hive
about its width to one side (so as to get a clean
place, and g-et all trash that may have accumulated
during the summer, outside the hive), and banks
the earth up to the hive all around, leaving for a
winter entrance two =.i-inch auger-holes, previously
bored into the hive about 'i inches from the bottom
edge of the box. I tried some box hives myself the
last season, and 1 find that if the hive is open on all
sides underneath, that the bees seldom^lie out in
our warmest weather (and I assure j'ou we have
weather warm enough to melt beeswax, and make
it run like oil). I am going to try a lot of Simplicity
bodies, without bottom, in the way mentioned
above, the coming- season, as it will be quite a sav-
ing in the way of labor and material, if we can get
along without a bottom-board. Of course, this plan
will work well only on a sandy slope where the
gi-ound will drain and keep washed clean. I hap-
pen to own just such a place, so you see I am favor-
al)ly located for the experiment. T will report to

1886

GLEANIjS'GS in liEE CULTUJiE.

IT.")

Glean iNOS in due time the i-csult of my experi-
ments, when j'ou will be able to judge for your-
self whether the plan is a good one or not.

IIEVEHSIBLE FRAMES.

Speaking of reversible hives, page 771, Nov. 15,
why not use the Quiuby eloscd-end frame, and use
no outside shell at all for the hive, but simply fast-
en the required number of frames together with a
clamp, and when you want to reverse just turn the
whole thing bottom up? M. Broeks, 2'.).

Gonzales, Texas.

Friend B., instead of liaving the \vl\ole
bottom of the liive open, I would suggest
that it be contracted; and if this contraction
be done so as to make a sort of hopper below,
at the same time it lets in the air, it will
tumble out all the dead bees that drop down
from any of the combs. When 1 lirst in-
vented tlie Shnplicity hive, I suggested that
they could be set on four half-l)ricks, with-
out any bottom-board ; bank up the sides to
keep out robbers, and to keep out too much
of a draft of air when the weather is cold. I
have had very good success with working
hives in the summer witli nothing but the
ground for a bottom.

THE FIRM OP JANE MEEK & BKOTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

nv KEV. W. I). RAI.STDN.

CHAPTER J II.

FAMILY TALKS ON BEES, COXTINCEI).

■jr-. NOTHER day at dinner, Mr. Meek said: " If
iff*;, your bees live until spring, and then swarm,
1^ hives will be needed in which to hive your
"•■^ swarms. It is now an important question to
decide what kind of a hive you will adopt.
IJee-keepers tell me it is a great advantage to have
all the hives in an apiary of exactly the same size
and pattern, and to use on all I he same kind of fix-
tures for obtaining honey. It is very annoying to
the keeper of a large apiary to have a great variety
of hives and fixtures. I would merely say, that
now, as j'ou are maki-jg a beginning, be sure j'ou
make a rinlit beginning."

Jane replied, "The great difficulty I .?ee is, the
firm has no money with which to purchase hives,
and therefore I think we shall l)e compelled to hunt
up old boxes and kegs for hives, as Mr. Brown does.
.\s I have been reading about bees, 1 have learned
about several things we shall need, and I have been
wondering how we shall obtain money to buy them."

"1 know very well," said her father, "you can
not buy without money; but if you and Tommy
keep up your interest in j'our apiary, I will lend you
what money you need, and will wait oti you until
you have honey to sell. I will do so, not because I
approve of going in delit, but because I desire the
firm to start in business right, and I sec you can
not do that without some money. Therefore I will
lend you money to buy whatever J feel will be
needed. Now let us decide what kind of a hive we
shall use."

Tommy then gave his views. "I did think we
could use nail-kegs for hives. I think we can get
them for nothing. Then I thought we would call our
apiary the 'Nail-Keg Apiary;' but lately J have

thought I should like nicely painted hives. I want
a hive from which we can take honey without kill-
ing the bees. I guess we can not do that with nail-
kegs. Besides, nail-kegs are not very pretty bee-
hives."

Here Jane asked,hcr father, " What are movable-
frame hivcsV In both the book and magazines I
read much about them, and it seems all bee-keepers
are using them; but I do not know what they are."

Mr. Meek replied, " I am glad you asked that
question, because movable-frame hives are the
kind I prefer, and the kind I want the firm to use.
Bee-keepers often want to open their hives and ex-
amine them, or thej' would like to take a comb fill-
ed with honey or young beesj'from one hive, and
give it to another. In the old-fashioned box hives
they could not do this. At length some men who
had given much study to bee culture conceived the
idea cf compelling the bees to build each comb in a
neat little frame. We can handle that picture on
the wall easily, because that and the fjlass protect-
ing it are held securely in a frame. Suppose that,
instead of that picture, there were a comb of honey
in that frame, we could handle it as easily as the
picture and glass. Bee-men now have all their
combs built in frames, and such hives are called
movable-frame hives."

Mrs. Meek here asked, " Are these Iraraes any ad-
vantage to the beesV"

Her husband replied, "No. The bees would pre-
fer a clean empty box to a box filled with frames;
and if a person docs not intend to handle the frames,
it is a needless expense and trouble to have them.
A mere box would be cheaper, and would suit just
as well. Now, do you expect to handle your
frames?"

"Oh, yes," said Tommy.

His mother laughed, and said, "Wait, Master
Tommy, until you receive a few stings, and see how
you stand them, before you talk about opening a
bee-hive and taking out the frames." ,

" But, mother," said .lane, " I have been reading
in Mr. Langstrotlfs book, and also in the magazines,
that we can (juiet bees by blowing smoke upon
them; and I also learned that we can buy a little in-
strument for this purpose, called a bellows smoker,
which is very useful to any one handling bees. I
suppose the smoke makes them stupid."

Mr. Meek said, "That is not the reason. A bee
that is full of honey is not apt to sting, unless hurt.
They have an instinctive dread of fire. When the
smoke is blown among them they seem to think,
' Our house is on lire and will be burned up, honey
and all, and we be turned out to hunt up another.
We must save all we can;' so each bee runs to where
there is some honey and fills its honey-sac, and thus
becomes good-natured. If you close a hive and
drum on it, the same rosult-takes^ place. The bees
think from the noise, 'Our home is being pulled to
pieces; we shall surely be robbed;' and so each bee
loads up, saying, ' We shall at least save all we can
carry.' As you have been"^reading Langstroth's
l)Ook, and hence know something 'about his hive, 1
think you had best adopt it. When in town one day
last summer I saw Mr. Woods, a carpenter, making
Langstroth hives for sale, and I think the best plan
would be to buy some hives of him. When Tommy
is older I think he might make his own hives; but I
do not think he could at present. As you have only
the one hive to provide for, we need not buy any
thing for next summer until spring, and we see

176

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

that our bees are all right. Have you any more
questions to ask nie?"

Jane replied, "Please tell us something about
comb foundation. I have been reading about it iu
the magazines, but I do not understand exactly
what it is."

Mr. Meek then gave a description of comb foun-
dation. He said, " Wa.v is notsomothing bees gather,
but it is something manufactured in their bodies.
It is much more costly than houeJ^ It is thought
that a colony may eat tweuty pounds of honey to
.secure one pound of wax. Be(!-men tried many
ways to enable bees to use a second time the wax
they had once made. The only way they could do
this was by curefuily pi-cserving the old combs, and
lifting them into frames. Even the small frag-
ments were carefully fitted into frames. These the
bees mended, making nice strong combs; but if
these were once melted down into wax, the bees
would not make any further use of that wa.v. At
length comb foundation was invented, and by its
use bees are led to accept old wax, and work it over.
Comb foundation is made in this way: You take a
nice smooth board, the size you want your sheets
of foundation. Soak it full of water, then have a
can of melted beeswax, into which dip this wet
board, and a thin sheet of wax will adhere to the
board, which, when cool, will slip off. In this way
you obtain your thin sheets of wa.x. The commence-
ments of the cells are then made on these sheets of
wax, by machines invented for that purpose.
Comb foundation, then, is merely wax sheets on
which are the commencements of the cells. Bee-
men think it pays to use foundation. The founda-
tion used iu the boxes must be very thin."

Tommy asked if it would be necessary to buy a
machine and wax, and make this foundation. His
father replied, " No, you can buy the foundation
already made; and I advise you to buy some thin
foundation for your honey -boxes; and, speaking of
bo.xes, leads me to ask what kind of boxes you will
use. This is an important matter. You know Mr.
Brown obtains his surplus honey in all kinds of
boxes. When he sells any honey he takes one or
two of these large boxes to a store. Customers sel-
dom want to buy at once as much honey as th'»y
(;ontain, therefore the storekeeper cuts out chunks
to suit them. This involves waste from the honey
that leaks out, and makes such a muss in handling
it that the storekeeper does not care to buy when
Mr. Brown comes with another l^rge bo.x. It was
ihoiight. What an advantage it would be if surplus
honey could be built iu frames, like the combs in
the lower story! hence the section box has been in-
vented; that is, a box not all fastened together, but
in sections. Suppose I take some lath and make
six frames from it, say Ave by si.x inches in size. If
they are neatly made, and of exactly the same size,
they can be-pressed together, Avith two end-boards,
and will make a bo.x' that can easily be taken into six
pieces. Now, if I could have each little frame fill-
ed with a comb of honey, they could be handled
without any trouble. At present these little frames
or section bo.xes are used by all bee-keepers who
make a success of raising comb honey. These little
frames do not cost much; and as they sell by weight
with the honey, they do not really cost any thing.
You must also purchasp some little boxes or frames
to hold these section bo.xes in place in the hives;
and if you want straight nice combs in the little
J'>-ame_s you \yi|l hf^vg to j7urchase strips of tjn, call-

ed separators, to us; between the sections. These
section boxes are of different sizes. The most com-
mon sizes are those holding one and two pounds."

By talks such as these, the children were daily
learning more and more about bee culture, besides
what they learned from reading on the subject.
But about this time their school opened for the
winter term; and as they both attended, their minds
were occupied about their studies and plays, and
for a time bee culture did not receive so much at-
tention from them. Still, thej' and their father
frequently talked on the subject. When it became
evident that winter had set in, Mr. Meek carried the
hive into the cellar, and, placing it in a dark corner,
inverted an empty barrel over it, so the light might
not arouse them when Mrs. Meek or any of the
family entered the cellar with a lamp. The cellar
in winter was very dark and quite warm, being fit-
ted for keeping vegetables. The bees could not
sulfer from colil. and it was hoped that all other
conilitions would prove favorable to their winter-
ing successfully.

To he cdntinueil April I.

CARNIOLAWS: HOW THEY PLEASE
OVER IN IRELAND.

.V ( liOSS (JK TIIKSE UKES WITH BLACKS, NOT
"CROSS."

T"^ .\KJA' in 1884 I ordered two Carniolan queens
p'^i from Messrs. George Neighbour & Sons, of
l^i' London, England, to be delivered about the
■^^ end of May; but the first did not come to
hand until .Uine 19th. She was large, and of
a mahogany- red color, and arrived in splendid con-
dition. Her attendants were very much more nu-
merous than I had ever seen with foreign (jueens,
and there were only two dead bees in the box. Im-
mediately on her arrival she was introduced to a
strong stock (from which the former queen had
just been removed), by caging her on one of the
combs, and her bees were united to those in the
hive. Next day she was released, and the day after
she began to lay; but what struck me as very
unusual was her remaining on the comb on which
she had been caged for ten days after her release.
I say this because I opened the hive daily, and al-
ways found her on the same comb, even after she
had deposited an egg in every vacant cell on it, and
] could not find any trace of eggs in any of the oth-
er combs, most of which had, in the meantime, be-
come pretty well filled with honey. Becoming im-
patient at her want of attention to business, I took
her by the wings and placed her on a comb at the
end of the hive, after which her conduct was every
thing that could be desired. As the honey-How was
over for the season before the Carniolan bees were
out, I could not speak of them as honey-gatherers;
but the queen bred rapidly, and the stock went into
winter quarters very strong in bees.

The second queen did not arrive for several days
after the first one; and when she did come I was
not so well pleased with her. Although she was
very large, and light in color, she was out of condi-
tion. I got her safely introduced to a strong stock,
in which she did very well for a time; but about a
month after her introduction I was standing in
front of her hive when I saw her crawl out and fall
to the ground in a dying state. I opened the hive
and foun4 fiiitnei-ous que^ri-cellg, fron; oqe of

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CI LTURE.

177

which a queeu hatched in clue course. She was one
of the smallest and darkest queens 1 ever saw, but
she proved to be very prolitlc. I saw her all right
when packing- the stock lor winter; but she disap-
peared mj'steriously, and the hive was queenless
when I looked at it the following spring.

The first stock came out of winter quarters in
very line condition, and throve amazingly. I
moved it into a twenty-frame hive (the largest I
had), but T could not get the bees to work in sec-
tions, whether placed in the body of the hive or
over the frames, so I put a second story on the
liive, with excluder lying between, tor extracting,
and the rate at which those bees brought in honey
was simply astonishing. About the end of June,
1!^85, a swarm issued from this stock; but the bees,
after clustering, returned without the old queen. I
fancy she must have fallen to the ground and got
lost, for 1 never saw her again.

My opinion of the Carniolans is, that they are the
best bees we have. The queens ai-o conspicuous,
the bees art; gentle, and good honey-gatherers, and
they are very hardy. I think them quite as hand-
some as the Italians, ('yjjrians, or Syrians, none of
which are good honey-gatherers in this country.
To show the industry of the Carniolans, I may
mention that I sometimes feed ray stock b.y placing
a supply of syrup outdoors at some little distance
from the hives. The Carniolans are the first to
find it out, and have every drop taken away before
the blacks begin flying for the daj-.

Although the, Carniolans do not stay on the combs
as well as the Ttalians, they are much more easily
handled than the blacks. The crosses, first, second,
and third, with blacks, are almost as gentle as the
full bloods, which is a consideration when introduc-
ing new blood into an apiary. I intend to get half
a dozen queens next season; and if you will allow
me, I shall write to you again to let you know how
they go on. I think Carniolans would be more gen-
erally kept but for the difficulty in getting queens
oarlj' in the season. Last year, for instance, 1 or-
dered some iiueens, to be delh'CL'cd in May, but I
could not hear any thing about them until August,
when I was advised that (ntr had arrived.

Dublin, Ireland. IIohkht Spkoule.

We are very glad indeed, friend S., to get
so good a report from tlie Cariiiolaiis, and
shall be quite glad to liear from you again
on the sul)ject. They will have a careful
test in our own apiary this coming season,
nothing preventing.

KIND WrOKDS.

ISO.METHING TO TUf: CIIEDIT SIDE Ot" HU.MANiTV.

terest where the simi amounts to any thing ;
but Ave !ik(^ to know that it is all right, and
that the lightf 111 owner may clearly under-
stand that he can have it any time he Avants
it. AV^ell, the friend Avho writes below hap-
pened to he the postmaster himself, and
here is his reply :

My Dear Ml-. Runt:— Youvlettcv oi the first insl.
was received, and in reply 1 would say I have been
postmaster so long I almost forget the time when I
was not. Your other two letters were received.
The reason 1 did not answer them was on account
of my wanting again, some time, some more of
your stock. It gives mo pleasure to think there is
one man in this whole United States who is anxious
to do as he would like to be done by. You will hear
from me again in the future. AAMth many vhanks 1
remain yours. (i. W. Gili-its.

Ellington, !a., Feb. -l, issii.

Is it not worth while to get siicli a letter
us the aboveV

HOUSE-APIAHIES.

HE(()XSIDEI!Kn BV AV. F. Cr-ARliK.

J ONCE before remarked, that it Avas not
altogether people Avho are owing you
that Avon't Avrite letters, for very of ten
Ave find those Avho have a credit on our
books neglect to answer. Once a year
we go over the credits and send statements.
When a man does not reply after Ave have
sent him one statement, asking him if his
credit is correct, Ave Avrite to his postmaster
to see if he has moved away, or is dead, or
something of that sort. .\ great many times
it turns otit that he meant to answer till the
while, but kept ])utting it off. Now, Ave
don't care hoAV long money is left in our
^lancls— in fact, Ave ahvays prefer to pay in-

TF, T all our conventions much useful informa-
;£rVi tion is gained by conversation with that
jRslf quiet class of bee-keepers who have never
"*■'"*'' outgrov.-n the habit of •modest childhood, but
still make it a rule to speak only when they
are spoken to. In fact, the lobby meetings are oft-
en more interesting and instructive than the public
ones. The recent Detroit Convention furnished
many illustrations of the truth ofj these remarks.
Among the topics much discussed " between-
whiles" was that of house-apiaries. The stillest
man in the c(nivention was7perhaps the most talka-
ti^•c on this theme^ont ofj it. I refer to Mr. J.
Vander\oort, who has become a thorough helievcr
in house apiaries, and could "a tale nirl'old " in
regard to them thatiwould interest the dullest con-
vention ever assembled. But, nnfortunatelj\ Mr.
A'andervoort is no talker in public, though hois
one of the^best I e\er listened to in private. He is
a good writer, however; and if he wonld write out
his views and experiences on house-apiaries he
would confer a great benefit on the' bee-keeping
public.

The house apiaryjis not a new idea, by any means,
but one that has been tried in various forms for
more than a century past. Most of those who have
tried it for a time have abandoned it because of
some'objection or], difficulty whichjmlght, with pa-
tient thought, have been obviated. From the win-
dow at which 1 1 am'writing I have a"f ull^view^f a
pretty littlejjiouse-apiary which I builtl'morccthan
twenty years ago, and abandoned after a single
year's] trial of it. I fonnd.it ob.iectionable,;because
the house appeared^tohe-practically.'one hive; and
if a single colony became excited, all the neighbors
joined[in the^row;" also';becausc''the entrances,',bc-
ing exjictly alike, youii^';;(nie(!ns"were1 aptrto'enter
the^'rong.hivowhen returning from'theirjwedding-
tour."^Another'difficulty was, that the place became
unbearably; hot | when the : blnzjng I beams' ofJlthe
summer sun ' shone^remorselessly' down ;upon it.
J5ut these objections, as may bo readily perceived,
are by'no means insuperable ones.

New reasons .having presented thcmselvesltormy
mind of late tor thinking it desirable that hives

178

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

should bo housed, I have been studj'ing the subjcet
very carefully, and was in a position to appreciate
Mr. Vaudervoort's views as expressed in conversa-
tion at Detroit. The more I investigate and reflect
on the matter, the more persuaded 1 I'eel that the
iie.xt great step in advance to be taken in practical
bee-keeping is the construction of houses Avhich
shall bo permanent homes for the honej'-bees dur-
ing both winter and summer, and then good-by to
three fourths of the worry and trouble now con-
nected with putting hives into winter quarters and
taking them out again.

I have been reading the ABC article on house-
apiaries; and, really, the arguments in their favor
therein adduced are so numerous and cogent that I
wonder they have not commanded more attention
from bee-keepers. But, if my memory does not
mislead me, these arguments have been, to a great
e.xtent, nullified by unfavorable opinions expressed
in Gleanings since the ABC book was published.
I think, too, the great objection urged in Glean-
ings as fatal to the idea of house-apiaries was, that
multitudes of bees would get into the house and
could not be gotten out of it back into their re-
spective hives again. If so, this is a notable exam-
ple of a difTiculty which requii-es only a little
thought, and a very simple device, in order toils
removal. Have the house totally dark, with the
exception of a little door just above the hive being
operated upon. Bees always fly for tlie light; and
there being none except what is admitted by the
aperture close to their own hive, they will quickly
go outside the hive, and hover about the entrance
to their own particular hive until quietness is re-
stored, when they will at once betake themselves
to their own domicile.

Mr. Editor, if you will kindly republish, along
with this article, a couple of cuts and a communi-
cation which appeared in Gle.4nings for May, 188;J,
it will obviate the necessity for my saying more at
this time. The cuts and remarks give a complete
description of " Oliver Foster's house - apiary,"
which is the simplest, cheapest, and most practical
thing of the kind with which I have met. I think,
too, it is almost a fac-siraile of the house-apiary
now used by Mr. Vaudervoort, and of which he
speaks in the warmest terms of commendation.

By the wa.^■, Mr. Editor, you said in your foot-note
to Mr. Foster's communication, " I feel very much
inclined to niake just such a house-apiary now, and
1 rather think 1 shall like it." Did you do soV and
if you did, with what results? Your experience, if
you have had any in the actual working of that
jjlan, would be opportune and valuable just at this
juncture, when many of us are revolving the mat-
ter in our minds, and meditating the erection of a
house apiary of some kind when spring comes.

Guelph, Ont., Feb. 5, 1886. Wm. F. Clarke.

Friend ('., there are certainly many very
good reasons why house-apiaries should not
be al)andoned. I, too, had a long talk witli
friend \'<indervo()rt in regard to his house-
apiaries, and the way in which he succeeds
in getting large crops ot honey from them.
When \vc returned I'lom New Orleans we
rode a long distance with him. and discuss-
ed the matter pretty thoroughly. I tried to
take down some iigures in regard to his
large yields, but didn't get them. It I am
correct, he promised to write the matter up
for us, biit I thjnk he has never done so,

You propose to obviate my great objection
by having the house totally dark, with the
exception of a little door above the hive
being operated upon. This necessitates a
little door that will open and shut over every
hive in the house-apiary — an item of no
small expense, you will" notice. The next
(piestion is, " Will it do the work when you
get it doneV"' Coe's house-apiary, you may
remember, was guaranteed to do this very
thing. I rode forty miles on purpose to see
it, and to see him do this little trick with
several others. The house was darkened
completely; tlie little door was opened, and
it was near the lloor too, so as to give the
bees evei'y chance to tly or crawl out. At
my suggestion, some bees were sliaken off
on to tile floor, at a little distance from this
door. Did they go for the daylight at once,
;ind all get off from the ttoorV Not at all.
Ttiey did just as 1 expected they w^ould —
lliey went out when they got ready. But
we had to go out of the building, and come
l)ack after a while, before they went back.
If I mistake not, some of the young bees
didn"t go back, even then. I have tried all
of tliese things thoroughly ; and it is so
much more bother and trouble, compared
with hives outdoors, that no one I have ever
seen yet likes house-apiaries, unless it is for
raising comb honey. Keeping the floor
clean is one great obstacle with us ; and if I
were to build another, there should be no
floor— just the ground as it is outdoors ; then
if a bee is stepped on and mashed, you have
not got to scrub to make things look decent
again So far as securing the honey is con-
cerned, I believe I could get more honey in
the house-apiary than in hives outdoors. In
regard to the intolerable heat, somebody
suggested making a house apiary like a corn-
crib so that it would have nearly as much
circulation as all outdoors. The man who
made it, however, -afterward reported that it
didn't answer at all. Since wire cloth is so
cheap, it might be a little better inducement.
If you make it bee-proof, however, you are
going to have trouble with the bees inside,
that can not get out as before ; and if you
(lou'i make it bee-proof, you must look out
for robbers as you would if every thing Avere
outdoors. Friend Vaudervoort, I believe,
raises his (lueens in the hives outdoors, and
arranges every thing expressly for tlie pro-
duction of conib honey. Before reproducing
the article from Oliver Foster, we should
like to have him tell us how it answers by
this time.

SALT, A NECESSARY ELEMENT FOR
BEES.

SALT FOlt HEE.S; AN EXPL.i^N ATION OF THE UEA-
■ SON WHV BEES GATHER MUD OR DRY EARTH.

TTo S I have often observed, and studied for sev-
olt^, era! years the phenomenon described by

f^[ John W. Niman, pages 9 and 10, 1886, I will
-»-^ give what light I have on the subject. I
have, with one exception, always found bees
sucking claj', as described, either in roads, barn-
yards, and other places containing the excrement
of animals, or the drainage therefrom, and hence I
goon concluded thst it was some constituent of this

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE Cl^T-TrUi:.

179

that they were seeking-; but exactly what tliat was,
J did not know. Happily, about two years ago an
accident enabled me, as I think, to solve this. It
became necessary tor me to move my meat-house
from where it had stood lor about 30 years, and
thus I e.\posed a little plot of ground that was filled
with salt. My bees immediately took to it, as I
had seen them in the above-described places. I
saw that their reason for preferring- the ridg-es and
))oints was that, being more exposed, the evapora-
tion was greatest there, and hence there was more
salt deposited, or its solution made stronger. Now,
as salt is the only thing likely to be found in all
such places, and to fill all the requirements of the
facts, I think salt is the element the bees were car-
rying to their hives; and with your permission, I
will compound a new word for beekeepers, and
call such places "bee-licks." Further, I want to
call the attention of beekeepers, and emphasize
the remark of friend Niman, in regard to what the
bees were carrying in, " The want of it may be the
c;iuse of disease." W. H. Gi'.kefj.

Paris, Tenn., Jan. lf>, ISJsG.

Friend G., I shoiildirt be surprised if yon
liad liit the secret of tliis strtin^e conduct of
the bees. Further investigation, however,
will be necessary to decide tlie matter. Tlie
fondness that bees many times exhibit for
salt has been several times gone over in our
past volumes. Of late. I notice that the
poiiltrj'-journals are deciding that poultry
must have salt in sm;il! cpiantities, or they
will pluck out each other's feathers, etc.
Now, let lis see to it that our bees have a
bee-lick near the apiary, where they can at
all times help themselves. A glass jar of
salt water over one of the grooved boards
we advertise will. [ think, be al)out the
right thing. May be some sawdust around
the jar would ])lease them better, for I have
seen them fairly burrow in sawdust where
salt brine h.ad been poured out on it.

PERTAINING TO BEE CULTURE.

We Vf-jievllully Miliuit the aid of cmv frienils in coniluetina
this ilep.xrtinL'uf. .■uid uf.u il cnn.^idci- it a (avdp tii liave tlieiii
fieiidusall cin/ulars tliat Ipive a dci-cptivp ii|ipeirancf. Tlit
Ri-patest r u-e will be at all times inaiiitained to prevent iiijus
tice t)einx done any du'".

THE nOLDKX UEE-HIVE.

« FEW days ago 1 saw an agent of the Golden
bee-hive. He argued in favor of the (iolden,
while I was in favor of the Simplicity hives.
At this time 1 use neither of the kind men-
tioned. The agent said to me that A. I. Root
had abandoned the Simplicity, and was using the
Golden exclusively. Ho attempted to produce a
paper to that effect, Ijut afterward said he did not
have it with him, but would show it to me at anotli-
cr time. 1 concludeil to write and hear from you
at once, before 1 saw him again, to know if such bo
the fact. F. A. P.^ksons.

Oconee, Wash. Co., Ga., Feb. 1(1, 1886.

Friend P.. the patent-right man is trying
to come the old trick over you. I have
never seen a Golden bee-hive in my life, but
we have publislied the agents as humbugs
and swindlers for years past. We use the

Simplicity hive for a summer hive entirely,
just as Ave have done for the past thirteen
years. The chaff hive is the same thing ex-
actly, inside, and takes the same frame. It
is better protected from Avinter's frosts and
summer's heat.

THC BOHEMIAN-OAT .SWINDLE, AND THE W.A.V THE
AUTHORITIES AKE HEGINNING TO HANDLE IT.

The following we clip from the Medina
Democrat :

A Bohemian-oats trial was recently held in Ohio,
where a man sued some parties who sold Bohemian
oats. He brought suit to recover the mone.v, and
won the case. He received damages in the sum of
$200, and interest on the same for one j'ear. Good
deeision.

We extract the following from the Cincin-
nati Commercial Gazetlc:

West Sono«.\, O., January ;?8.— A new bait in the
Bohemian oats is some kind of new-fangled wheat,
and it is sold at the same modest price often dollars
per l)ushel, the farmer i-eceiving a contract that his
entire ci-op will be purchased from him in one yeai-
at $7.50 per bushel. Few persons have any concep-
tion of the gigantic extent of the I5<ihemian-oats
swindle in Preble County. About $75, OOi) worth of
notes have been given by Preble CV^unty farmers
for the Bohemian oats. Most of the purchasers
knew that the venture was risky, and a good deal
in the nature of a swindle, bui; many thought the
bubble would not burst for two or three years, or
else they could bulldoze their mone.v out of the
agents without much difficulty. So in they went,
and now they are rushing frantically ai-ound try-
ing to get a small per cent of their money back.

It behooves us as citizens of Ohio to try to
clear off this slur from the reputation of our
State, for it seems that this swindle was
first inaugurated here. It seems to me that
notices like the above ought to be sutticient
to wind up the Ijoliemiau oats, not only in
Ohio, l)iit in every other State.

THE RASPBEKRY.

fc'UUTHEU EACTS, CONCLUDED FKO.M I'ACE Gti8.
SOIL.

DEEP rich ui)land clay loam is ijrefeiable,
>i but the raspberry can be grown successfully
[f on about any soil that is worth planting to
corn, and the number of bushels of Gregg
rasjiberries which can be grown on a piece of
land will compare favorably with the number of
bushels of corn that could he obtained from the
same land. In the spring of 18t'l we set 500 Gregg-
plants on a i)iece of rather thin gravelly land which
had been in corn the previous season; and without
applying any fertilizers to either the corn or rasji-
berry-plants we have gathered four crops of berries,
and have a growth of canes for next year which
ought to yield at the rate of thirty or forty bushels
per acre.

PKEPAR.VTION OK LAND.

The land should be plowed and harrowed as for
potatoes or corn, and then " run out" three or four
inches deep, in rows si.v or seven feet apart; or it
nuiy be "run out" in rows three or three and a
half feet apart, and i)otatocs, sweet corn, or some-
thing of that sort, planted in alternate rows, with
the berry-|)lants the first yeai-. During the first
yeai-, and especially at the time of planting, si.\'
feet seems like entirely too much room between the
rows; but the num who puts the rows much closer
will lie pretty sure to regret it in two years. The
plants should be set about three feet apart in the
rows.

180

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Mar.

CULTIVATION.

The cultivation which the raspberry should have
is not dift'erent, especially during' the first year,
Troni what corn ought to have; aud the implements
commonly used in corn culture, with possibly the
exception of those plows which work both sides of
a row at once, arc suitable for the raspberry-patch.
We have not used any thing- but the hoe and the
common double shovtl plow— g-oing- over the plan-
tation once with the former, aud about three times
with the latter each year. In the first year it may
1)6 necessary to use the cultivator as late as Aug-
ust, but after the first year we have not cultivated
later than the latter part of June. While deep cul-
tivation close to the plants will doubtless be injuri-
ous by destroying and mutilating- many of the roots,
we feel sure that moderately deep cultivation at a
little distance from the plants has not injured our
plantation.

PUUXIXG BLACK CAPS.

AVhen the young- plant is set in autumn or early
spring, it has no top except a few inches of the old
cane frt)m which it was proijagated; but in due
time it will send up one or more young shoots; and
when these have attained a height of from ]~' to IS
inches we pinch out the tops. 'I'his pinching- out of
the tops stops the ui)wai-d growth, and causes the
plant to throw out several laterals; and in the fol-
lowing March these laterals are cut back to from 10
to '~0 inches in length. This pinchiiig-out of the
tops in summer (about the first of June), and cut-
ting back of the laterals the Jnext spring together,
after the first year, with the cutting-out of the
worn-out dead canes, which may lie removed eith-
er directly after the fruit has been gathered from
Ihera, or at the time of the regular pruning the next
spring, is the amount of pruning retiuired to keep
the plantation in nice order. A child ten years old
can pinch out the tops in summer, and a girl of
twelve years did the work of cutting back the later-
als on one acre last spring. I think a good active
man ••nn cut back the laterals, cut out the old dead
canes, carry out and burn the rubbish of an acre,
in about three days.

r.ATHEltlNC. Tin; I'KUIT.

Berries should not be picked when wet with dew
or rain. J'hey should be picked without being-
mashed, and put into quart baskets as picked, and
the baskets should be free from unripe or imper-
fect berries and leaves; they should contain noth-
ing- but dry, ripe clean fruit. In the summer of
188.") we had one girl who could, und^r favorable cir-
cumstances, pick 100 qts. in a day; but hpr best
average for a week was 6:,' gts. The iirice of pick-
ing- is one and a half to two cents per ([t.. the pick-
ers boarding- themselves. Tn this section of coun-
try the selling price of berries during- the past sea-
son ranged from 15 ets. to f>^ cts. per qt. The bulk
of the crop sold at much nearer the latter than the
former.

YIELD OK HONKV.

I don't know liow much honey tin" bees can get
from an acre of Gregg raspberries, but I know that
for ten or more days, about the last of May and
first of June, they just swarm over the raspberry-
patch from early in the morning till late in the eve-
ning. The Gregg raspberrj- blooms with the locust,
aud the honey gathered from these two sources is
a superior article, both In color and in flavor; and
some that T extracted June 7, 1881, has not yet can-

I live in a farming community, at a considerable
distance from the railroad, and from large towns.
No one about cere thought of buying berries, or of
growing them for sale, and I supposed that I
should have to evaporate mine and scud them to
market that way. Now for the result. Last sum-
mer we sold about 100 bushels to persons who came
to the yard after them, and some days it took near-
ly half of mj' time to explain to would-be customers
that it was impossible to let them have berries.
Some of the men near Sleubenville pick and sell
about 100 bushels a day.

In conclusion, 1 wish to say that it will not jiay lo
write to inc about jflants. I have none to sell.

ti. Springfield, O,, Jan. 26. H. M. UEYXoLns.

Wliy, fiieiid 11., you almo.st take our
breath away. As many bushels ot rasp-
berries to tli'e acre as farmers get bushels of
corn, ami tlie raspberries are wortli about
three or four dollars a bushel, while the corn
is worth tiiirty or forty cents; The trouble
is, however, that men wlio raise corti. for
some reason or other could not or would not
raise raspberries. I am astonished again to
know that you found a home market for
lUU bushels of raspberries. This is a good
deal like establishing a home market for
comb honey in many i)laces. The facts you
give us are very valuable indeed : but it
still seems to me'that ground that will grow
corn will not always grow raspberries.
Easpberry culture has been tried a number
of times" in our vicinity, but they always
grow up to weeds after" a little wiiile, and
things get back in the old channel. One
thing I can tell yon, however, the Gregg
raspberries on our honey-farm are not going
to grow up to weeds. If yon have not any
plants to sell, jind more customers for your
berries than you can possibly supply, the
most uncharitable of our readers won't
think you are an interested party in giving
us these facts. Another thing, this business
of berry culture furnishes so much employ-
ment for the boys and girls. A girl or boy
who earns money, and buys what he needs
with the money thus earned, is smarter'and
brighter, and ahead in every respect, of
those who live along some way witliont'em-
ployment. Now. then, for the berries and
honey. Who will have a berry-patch this
very spring?

m I — ^ — ■ .

SOME OF A BEGINNER'S EXPEKIENCE.

SEPAIJATOKS on NO SEPAUATOHS.

HAA'E had a few swarms of bees for twenty
years, in diflerent kinds of hives, with but little
knowledge of how to manage them. About
one year ago I thought I would try to see what
I could learn about keeping- bees. Mrs. Lizzie
Cotton's circular came to hand about this time. I
sent for her book on bee-keeping. I had a hive
made according to her ))lan, but I did not like it.
Next was Quinby's book on bee-keeping, which was
very good, but I did not fancy his hive. I next saw
your advertisement, I think in the American Auri-
cuUuri!<t. Icsent for a catalogue, then the A IJ C,
and then for Gi.eaninp.S. I believe I struck] the
right track. I orderedjfrom A. I. Koot 10 chaff and
10 Simplicity hives, and went to work with a will.
I had six colonies in f]i{ferent hinOs of hives,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CTn,TniE.

181

In the spring of 1S85, as soon as the weather was
warm enough 1 commenced to transfer. T trans-
ferred them into Simplicity hives. About the mid-
dle of June they commenced swarming, and each
hive sent out three swarms. I hived them all but
one. The fountain pump 1 ordered of you is "just
splendid." 1 could drive them in any direction by
throwing a spray into their front ranks. The one
that left was a third swarm, and with all the water
thrown on thcni they did not stop. They did not
even stop to cluster. The new swarms in new hives
worked well, and I think 1 have learned something,
but still I feel that I am a dull scholar, for I did not
put any starters in my nice metal-cornered frames,
and before I was aware of it the bees had built
them crooked, and joined them s" I could not lift
them out of some of the hives. One of the first
swarms sent out u swarm. One made 3) lbs. of hon-
«?y in 1-lb. sections; two others male abont 10 lbs.
each. This surplus houe.v was all made in crates in
chaff hives. For a number of years, honey has been
exhibited at our county fair, so irthought I would
show our shipping-crate filled with lib. sections.
Kach section was tilled out, all propolis was scraped
off the sections, and placed in the crate. Hav-
ing had separators between them when they were
filled, they wei'c straight, and all the sections look-
ed alike. Each section could be lifted out with
ease. 1 placed the crate on the table near two oth-
er lots of honey that had been left there for the
premium. The other two lots were in a rough box
with glass in one side, all nailed up, but one could
see the 1-lb. sections through the glass— the same
kind of sections mine were— and as nice-looking
honey as mine, but they did not use separators be-
tween the sections, and consequently they were ir-
regular, with some broken honey-comb. Mine was
taken out, section after section, and turned over
and over, and no sign of any breakage. 1 was in the
hall but a very little while, but I told those in
charge to let every one examine it all they wished
to. One man asked Tiie if that honey was for sale.
1 told him lie could have it, and another and anoth-
er. The other two lots were carried home. 1 want-
ed to take mine home, but it was too good to
keep.

The most dithcult jiroblcm 1 liiid in bee keeping
is how to make bees store surplus honey in boxes.
Jjast summer 1 had one swarm which sent out three
swarms, and stored 15 lbs. of surplus in bo.ves,
while others, just as strong. stored no honey in sur-
plus-boxes. L. N. ClI.VP.M.\N.

River Falls, Wis., .Jan. 12, ISSfi.

HOW TO PUT UP AND SHIP BT5Ti]S BY
THE POUND.

OI.IVliK FOSTER'S MKTHOI).

TTp S it has been requester! in Olkanincs, I will
^K *^'^'*^' " description nf my method of putting
^K up and ship|)ing bees by the pound, with
*■' some "reasons why."' Jn his foot-notes on
page ()B, the editor says: "Hut we wanted to
know how Mr. Foster puts up bees without any
brood or comb," etc.

By referring to my circular you will ?pf^ that 1 do
not sell bees that way; nor can I see any advantage,
either to shipper or buyer, in depriving the little
fellows of their cherished young during shipment;
but there are some grave disadvantages to all con-

cerned. In early spring, when most shipments are
made, every good queen (and we would have no
others*, will keep her hive supplied with all the
brood that her bees can possibly cover and provide
for. Now take a pound or more of bees without
brood, from such a colony, and the i-esult will be
more or less of chilled or half-starved brood, which
means a filthy mass for the remaining bees to re-
move, or dwarfed and feeble bees for the next cus-
tomer.

If the brood is divided between the other colonies,
this only divides the difficulty and makes extra
work. As for the bees confined for shipment, we
do not claim that they really mourn the loss of their
liftle ones as animals <jf a higher order do, but ev-
ery e.vperienced bee-keeper has noticed the saluta-
ry infiueuce that the jn-esence of brood, especially
unsealed brood, has over a colony in almost any
condition.

Thisinfiuence shows its power for good when "the
little busy bee," born peculiarly for libei'ty, is con-
sciously imprisoned in a shipping-box. 1) is also
very important, when the bees are liberated in theii-
new home, to have some of their brood with them,
as, after a long journey, they may abscond with-
out it. Also it the colony is obliged to begin at the
"foot of the ladder," without brood, instead of in-
creasing from the first they must naturally de-
crease in numbers until their brood hatches, which
will be at least three weeks. The dealer shouhl
make it to the buyer's interest to get some brood
with his bees.

As for stores for shipping-cages, I claim that seal-
ed clover or basswood hone.\- is the chcaiicst, mfcxt,
and heM food for bees in sunmier or winter, in free-
dom or in confinement; and the lightest and most
perfect receptacle for these stores is the comb in
which it was originally stored. Sutflcient stores
are usually found in the combs containing the brood
to supply bees and brood during their trip. If not,
a small block of sealed honey is placed on edge
against the side of the box on one lower corner, and
the comb is then pi-essed tight against it and fast-
ened. If there is too much honey, ])art should be
extracted, to save express charges. Hefore describ-
ing my shipping-box, v'p will notice one more point.

We have all seen bees worrying on the inside of a
window. Their instinct seems to tell them, in a
general way, that they can go wherever they can
see, so they will worry themselves to death in a few
hours, trying to H.^' through a pane of glass. If we
lean a board against the outside of the window they
will not try to get through opposite the board. If
the window is of wire cloth instead of glass, and if
the room in which they are confined is only a ship-
ping-box. the delusion is much the same, and it is
ivoir;/ that kills most bees in shipping. I know
there is a vast dift'erence in bees as well as in poi-
sons about worrying; but the best way to get along
with either is to always "stroke the right way of
the fur." *

HOW Mv smiMM.NG-noxKs .vitE .M.vnt;.

My shipping-boxes are all made of thin lumber,
mostly 5-lt) inch thick. For colonies of 5 or f« lbs. of
bees I use boxes about the size of the .Simplicity
hive. Wire cloth is tacked over the bottom, and a
movable wire-cloth cover slips over the top, trunk-
lid fashion. The covers are fastened down by two
pieces of hoop iron, one at each end passing across
from cover to box, and fastened to each with screws.
These covers arc pro\ided witl) strong handles by

182

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

which the whole box can be eiisily handled with
one hand.

To raise the bottom oft the Hoor, and to protect
the wire Irom being- broken, a cleat, one inch square,
is nailed across each end over the wire, and a thin
bottom is nailed to these cleats, which leaves a one-
inch space below the wire, open at each side. For
smaller colonies I use bo.\es like the above, but
only half as wide. These will do for 5 lbs. of bees,
if only one or two combs of brood are put in. To
hold the combs in place, I use spacing-sticks '2
inch square and 8 inches long. A one-inch wire
nail is driven thi-ough, ^a inch from one end, so that
the point projects^ inch. These sticks are placed
between the ends of the frames, so that the point
of the nail rests on the top of one frame, and the
head on the other. When the sticks ai-e in place,
the frames are crowded together, and the outside
one is fastened with wire nails.

Most of my orders are for packages of one pound
of bees, one or two combs of brood and a queen.

For these I use box-
esjust wideenough
for two combs.
As these fall over so
easily when single,
I fasten two or
three together,
where several are
ordered; and in-
stead of having-
wire on the top and
OLIVER T-oSTEii'S SHipriNO- bottom, I have it
CASE. on one side only.

To fasten the boxes together, a piece of strap iron
is placed across, from box to box, at each end near
the bottom, and bolted to the boxes,'leaving a two-
inch space between the boxes. A hoop-iron handle
is then fastened across the top, being- bolted at the
cuds to the middle of each cover. This also holds
the boxes in place at the top. These bolts are 3-16
X 1 inch, with a round slotted head, and they are
fastened permanently in the covers and end-boards
with the heads inside. To keep the bolts from turn-
ing, 1 drive a one-inch wire nail j)art way in, near
the cud of the slot, then bend it over into the slot,
a nd clinch the point on the other side. As the nuts
turn easily with the lingers, the bo.ves can be taken
apart and put together quickly without tools. Bees
will ship safely in these if properly put up. Most
of ray boxes have been returned tp me free by ex-
press. Our ag-ent recently referred the (juestion to
the Supt. of the American Express Co. His reply
was, that bee-boxes do not come under the head of
"empties," to lie returned free. If bee dealers
would ado])t a standard shipping--box, something
light, strong, and handy, as mine are, I think the
express companies could be pei-suaded to return
them free, as they do other empties.

10— OIjIVEK Foster, 2.50— :Jit6.
>rt. Vernon, Iowa, Jan. :.'5, 188'j.

Friend Foster, yoiii- points in tavor of a
comb of brood, instead of sending a pound
of bees without any brood or combs, are well
taken, and I grant every one of them. But,
may I say there is something to be said on
the other side? And as this is ;i very im-
portant matter indeed, I hope I shall be ex-
cused for going over ground that has been
several times gone over already. Your
comb of brood is worth a good deal to you;

and if you send it, you have to get your ;pay
some Avay. Perhaps 1 should add, that we
do not have brood die for want of bees to
cover it. We always have more or less col-
onies having many bees and little or no
brood. This comes from selling off queens,
and waiting for new ones to lay, so there is
hardly ever a time in our apiary when we
can jiot place a frame of brood of any age
where it will prove a blessing to the bees
that receive it, and not an egg nor larva will
be lost. Now, we lind tliose blocks tilled
with Good candy very much cheaper, and
easier to handle, than a fram-j of brood.
Second, a great many of our purchasers
don't want a frame of our combs, because
the frames will not lit their hives. A large
part of our trade, for instance, is with those
who have lost their bees in wintering.
They have empty hives and empty combs.
Tliey want queens and bees, but they don't
want our kind of frame nor our combs.
Another thing, a great many bee-keepers
have a choice queen, with so small a cluster
of bees in the spring, that, if she pulls
through, she will be little if any protit ;
whereas a pound of young Italians, or even
half a pound, would set her right on her feet,
so to speak. Some hatching brood might do
very well, but she is already able to furnisli
more eggs ten times than her bees can
jjo.s.^iJdji take care of. In such a case,
only 6<"e.s are wanted. If bee-keepers could
be made to come down to a standard frame,
so that the frames used by one party would
be sure to tit nicely the hive used by another
party, it would be a grand thing, and right
in line with your plan. AVe also furnish
brood-combs where wanted and paid for, as
you may recollect ; and where we send as
many as three or four pounds of bees, we
prefer to furnish stores in a frame of comb
with some brood. Eiit I should say that
nine out of ten of our orders are for one-
half or a whole pound of bees Mithout any
brood, and, a great many times, without any
queen. But while I think of it, I believe
that bees without a queen always ship bet-
ter if a little piece of brood is given them.
Your suggestions in regard to covering the
bees so that not much light strikes them,
is a good one. I am anticipating a great
deal of pleasure in shipping bees in ;i single
section of Ileddon's new hive.

50 COLONIES, AND 2500 LBS. OF HONEY; THE KEL.\-
OilTIVE GOOD POINTS OF BLACKS .\^ND ITALIANS.

T THOUGHT I would send my report. I commcnc-
m cd tl\is spring with .W colonies; got 3500 lbs. of
^t honey— 500 extracted, and the rest comb. The
'■'■' extracted was all sold at home at from I2'i to
15 cts. About halt' of the comb honey was sold
at 17 to 30 cts. It will be five years next Ai)ril since
I commenced bee-keeping-. 1 have had Italians with
the black bees all this time, and I have been trying
to find out which arc the best. I have got my bees
pretty well mixed, from pure Italian to black. I
think the difference is not so much i-n the bees as
what they get honey from. I think the black bees
will get the most honey from raspberries. They

isgr.

gLean^gs in JiEt: ctiiyruUE.

ls.1

arc aViout vquiil on wl ite clover. The Italians arc
rlio Ijcst on basswooJ: the Macks arc the best on
buckwheat. The Italians arc the best on thistles;
they are about C(nnil on g-oldenrod. This will show
you how lianl it is tor me to ilccide, as basswood is
from two to three miles away, and doesn't blossom
• ■very year. As to the handling', it will depend on
what we work thom lor. You can get more hone3-
from black bees in one day, than I'rom the Italians.
Portville, N. Y. _ F. KoiM).

I-UOM HT TO 74, AND if:5»'0 l.\ MOXKV.

In the spring- ol' l.'-S.") T purchased ;!T colonics of
black bees, in Quinby-frame hives. I increased to
74 by natural swarming-, and worked them all lor
comb honey, in one to two lb. sections. I received
from honey sales, 4^:J:ii); for 3;) swarms sold, S^iiO. I
liut .');; in cellar, Dec. I; si.v were light and one un-
easy, with bees dying. .Jan. 10th I set them on a
clean bottom - board, and they seem to be more
quiet now. Cellar temperature ranges from 40 to
4.^°. I Hxed the Heddon plan for preventing after-
swarms, anil it worked well with me.

Depeyster, N. Y., Feb. 14, ISSii. Fnr.n C. (i.auk.

MV HEPOKT— ABC CLA.'iS.

1 Started in the spring of 1884 with one colony ot
black bees; divided them, and for my trouble I re-
ceived many stings and no lionej-. I packed them
in forest-leaves, and they came through the severe
winter in line condition. 1 fed them about 20 lbs. of
damaged sugar in the spring, to stimulate the
<iueens, with fair success, 1 think, for a beginner,
as 1 have taken 175 lbs. of fine comb honey. I in-
creased from two to si.\ colonies, all Italians. My
honey pays all expenses, and I have my bees tor
profit, which I value at $50.00. .Tohn .S. Scovf.x.

Kokomo, Ind.

A MILD WINTEIt.

Our bees are amusing themselves bj' robbing-
each other this warm weather. We have not had
more than one day at a time when they did not Hy
out. We are having a very mild winter. We com-
menced this spring with 22, and increased to 60. We
extracted 4004 lbs., and got :>46 lbs. of comb honey.

Church Hill, Miss., Dec. :J0, 18a"). Wm. Boi.es.

FALSE STATEMENTS IN REGARD TO THE HON-
EY BUSINESS OF OUR COUNTRY.

As a protirtion to our bee-kPeping popxilatioii, we propose in
tills departiuf lit to publish the names of newspapers that per-
sist in publishintr false statements in regard to the purity of
honey which we as bee-keepers put on the market.

Thou Shalt not bear false witness against thy
neighbor.— Ex. 2:1: 1(5.

'E are pleased to see tlie Farm (ind
Fircfiidr- come out fairly ami honestly
iiiul own np that the charges against
bee-men and comb honey are false,
as in the following:

Notwithstanding all the stories to the contrary
that have been floating in the i)ress, comb honey
has never been counterfeited.

15y the way. I iim very glad to be able to
saytliat tiie Xew York Witruss pnblished
promptly tlie remonstrance which T sent
them. As yon may wish to have it cop-
ied in your own papers I give it below, as it
appeared in the IIV/dcsn of .f:in. I'S:

NO ADUr,TEn.VTIONr l.N HOXEV.

To Uic EditoiK and Ruulcrx of tlw WitncK:::

May 1 ask space to say that no such thing as man-
ufactured comb honey has yet appeared in the
market of New York city, or any other market in
the world? and so well am I satisfied that tlie whole
thing is an utter impossibility, and ever will be, that
I will willingl.\- spend $10110 iii hunting up the estab-
lishment where such an article is made, if it be
made anywhere. I choose to speak thus strongly
because of the statements appearing in the M'itnesa
and other papers to the eftect that our comb honey
is spurious, some papers even going so far as to say
that neither the comb itself nor its contents ever
came from it bee-hive. Liquid honey may be adul-
terated, and no doubt is to some extent; but as the
quality of honey gathered by the bees varies great-
ly, raiiging froni a grade of honey so poor that no
one would want to eat it, sill the way up to our fin-
est clover and basswood and mountain-sage honey,
it is nothing strange that the public denounce as
spurious a good deal that may have been put on the
market. Let us tight down frauds, and insist that
goods be labeled truthfully and honestly; but let us
be careful about declaring that comb honey and
"hens' eggs" are manufactui-cd by machinery.
We bee-keepers will try to make due allowance lor
pleasantry, and for the fondness of our American
people for something new and wonderful ; but please
remember, dear friends, that what is fun for you is
often death to us. A. I. Root.

Editor of Gleanixcs tn Hee Ccltcre.
:Medina, O., Jan. 28, 188.').

Now. if any paper that has nnwittingly
given place to tliese sensational statements
will give lis a hearing by publishing the
above, or any thing similar, of course noth-
ing further is to be desired ; and we can rec-
ommend the Bund ]\^etr-l orkrr, Prairie
Farmer. Farm ami Fireside, and the Witness.
We shall be glad to give the names of all
other papers that seem disposed to grant us
a hearing.

The ^l. 7>. J. comes down heavily upon re-
ligious papers that have published these
statements, damaging to our industry, and
are slow to correct the mischief they have
done. Friend Xewman says they are break-
ing the ninth commandment, 'which was
" tiiundered from Sinai '"— " Thou shalt yot
bear false witness against thy neighbor. ■'
We are sorry to see that the N. Y. Tribune
still sticks to the " fraud '' part of the busi-
ness. They copy the following, apparently
by way of indorsement, from the Central
Baptist :

Glucose adulterates our suga,r, syrup, jellies, and
preserves, and now it seems we have honej'-corab
tilled with it. Some day the la-ws against adultera-
tion of food will be explicit enough to reach these
rascals.

Y"es, dear friends of the Tribune, I do hope
the laws will some day be explicit enough to
reach such rascals, and the rascals as well
who break the ninth commandment.

L(der. — The following is just at hand,
from Robert West, editor of the Chicago
Advance, so we have one more paper to add
to oui- list of those who are willing to give
us a hearing :

A. I. Rout, Knq., Dear Sir:— Your very kind letter
came when ] was too ill to reply to it. ^'our com-
munication we gladly publish next week. Thank-
ing you for the spirit of >our criticisms, as well as
for your letter, and assuring you that truth in the
matter is what I seek, I am yours truly,

Chicago, 111., Feb. Iti, 1880. Kouert West.

In conclusion, I am frank to admit that I
have been greatly disposed to show a want
of cliarity in this matter, and I hereby beg
pardon for being hasty in regard to the Ad-
rancc and Witness.

184

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTUKE.

Mar.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

TESTING EXTRACTED HONEY.

Jfn N inquiry has been made by a friend, who
?flsi nses honey as a medicine, and he wishes to

j^K** use it pure. How can extracted honey be
-*-'^ tested, to discover any adulteration that may
have been made '/ Probably you would be
pleased to notice this inquiry in GLEANiN(iS.

Klkhart, Ind., Feb. 11,1880. J. S. Coffman.

Friend C, there is no way tbat can be laid
down in books and journals for testing ex-
tracted honey, that 1 know of, that wouldn't
be expensive and rather impracticable. Yon
can test the presence of cheap glucose by
sweetening a cuj) of tea with a teaspoonfnl
of the honey. If it contains glucose, it will
make the tea black. A few days ago some
milk was left in a tin dish, from which the
tin was worn oft" so as to expose the iron.
As soon as the milk was poured into the tea,
the mixture looked like ink. The tannin
(Contained in the tea makes a delicate test
for the presence of iron. If the quality of
the glucose, however, were very good, there
would be no trace of iron about it, so the
test is by no means infallible. To get a
chemist to test honey usually costs from five
to ten dollars, and he may make a mistake,
even then. I do not see any better way
than to buy your honey of some reliable
lirm, or get it with the name of the producer
on the package. Certainly not one bee-
keeper in a thousand would put his name
on a package of honey that was not pure. A
good many samples of honey have been sent
me since otu- late discussion in the matter,
but I am quite certain that all that liave
been sent me have been absolutely pure
honey, made by the bees, although some of
it*is very poor in quality.

I decided that the larvae of the moth were just

i the thing to feed their young, and probably

j did a thriving business, as the quantity of

I brood you mention attests. You give us

I another strange fact ; and that is, that these

Avasps will use combs built by bees. VV^hy

did you kill the waspsV Why not let the

wasps' brood hatch out itself, and then your

I combs would have been as good as ever?

VELI.OW WASPS, AN ENEMY TO THE SIOTH MILDER.

Last spring, as 1 had no place to keep the combs
from the hives in which the bees died during the
winter, I hung four or five in a hive, and placed
five or six hives, one on top of the other, with a bot-
tom-board between each hive. 1 had six such tiers.
When I used them in June and July I found thou-
sands of the wings and legs of the bee-miller under
each hive, and but five or six m«ths in the whole lot
of combs. A nest of very large yellow wasps, or
hornets, had taken possession of one of the hives,
and filled three of the combs nearly full of brood.
They got so strong that I had to burn them. I
think there was three pints of those big yellow fel-
lows after I had got them killed. A strange part of
this freak Is, that in a short time after I had killed
the ugly " varmen," what combs were left became
so full of moth worms that I had to remove them to
a safe place, and brimstone them. Now, what I
should like to know is, did the wasps kill all these
millers? If not, what did? At any rate, they spoil-
ed three combs for me, as the bees would not clean
the wasps' brood out of them. Wm. L. King.

Sodus, Herrien Co., Mich.

Friend K., your remarks remind us of
what 1j. L. Langstroth recently wrote in re-
gard to spiders as a protector of empty
combs. The yellow wasps, without doubt.

WHAT IS SPHAGNUM MOSS? AND SOMETHlNfi AHOIT
WHEKE TO GET IT.

Please tell what sphagnum moss is. Is it the kind
that grows on old logs, in low ground?

The Bend, Defiuoct Co., (). F. W. Moats.

AVhy, friend M., it is the kind of moss you
refer to, but I suppose any sort of moss
would do for making seeds grow, on the
plan given by Mr. Henderson. We get ours
from a peat swamp that we underdrained
last fall, for the privilege of drawing away
as much peat as Ave wanted. AVe spade up
the moss m great chunks as big as a man
can lift. It is then dried over our steam-
boiler, when it is rubbed through the hands
until fine, and then sifted over the seeds.
We have formerly got sphagnum from fiorests
and from nurserymen in the cities; but the
kind we get from our own swamp here at
home works nicer than any we can purchase.

SOME WISE COUNSELS FROM CUBA.

1 feel like thanking G. M. Doolittle for his article
on page 13, " Few or many Colonies: which?" and T
do not know that I should slight you for the remarks
you make upon his article. If the beginners could
be made to understand that success in l>ee-keeping
does not so much depend upon the number of col-
onies as upon the amount of honey secured from a
few colonies when the range is not overstocked,
there would be more satisfaction and better-filled
pocket-books. Let's have no more colonies than
our range will support, and lots of bees in each col-
ony. A. W. OSBURN.

Havana, Cuba, Jan. 23, 188r>.

M.iRKING A BEE WITH PAINT.

I see in your last issue that you suggest putting a
drop of white paint on the back of bees to mark
them, so as to see how long they would live aftei-
their sting has V)een removed. I would say, that oil
of any kind, put on to a bee or other insect, will kill
it in half a minute, as it gets into the breathing-
pores and strangles it. C. C. Mii.ES.

Des Moines, la., Jan. 22, 1886.

So says theory, friend M.. but the facts do
not agree. A little bit of thick paint on the
fur of the bee's body does not hurt him, as
several have proved. One friend let the
paint run through a crack in the roof of the
hive while he was painting it, and, without
trying to, he marked several of the bees ;
and, strange to say. tlie queen was among
them. ^

HOW TO GET SPIDEU-PLANT SEEDS TO (JKOW
EVERY TIME.

It is natural for all wild-plant seeds lo lie in the
ground and freeze through the winter. We must
follow nature if we want them to grow. You want
to plant, or, rather, bury the seeds, in the winter.
Take a small bag, put the seeds in it, and bury it in
the ground one or two inches deep, where they will
freeze during the winter; and after the ground is

1S8()

(ILEANINGS IN iiKK CFLTUtJE

185

(lone Ireozing- in early Spring-, prepare a good rich
bed, make it in rows one or two feet apart, then
go to where yoii buried your seeds and false them
up, and they will all be sprouted. Take tliem, and
plant and cover with loose rich dirt, and every seed
will be sure to firow with no more trouble, except to
transplant when larffe enough.
Parrish, 111., TJec. U, 1SS.'j. Mollie Dixox.

We have sometimes Uiotight that t'reezmg
the seed was an aihantage ; at any rate, we
know that freezing does not hurt the seed,
because the spider plant is a gi'eat plant to
come up of its own accord wherever it is
sown the seascni before. We now get any
sort of plants to grow by simply sowing the
seed, by the plan recommended in our issue
for Jan. 1-5, page <i2, for raising seeds for
vegetable plants. "\V'e are going to try some
spider plants this year over those reservoirs.
Two or three feet of heavily manured soil,
witli water underneath it, ought to do some-
thing stupendous with the spider plant.

WH.\T IS TIIK IMiOCE.'^S OF P.VCKINc; I'OHK WITH
HONKY?

Afrain I am notified mj' time has e.\pired with the
old year. You ask me if I have found Gleanino.s
a good investment? T have, and I have learned
more by readinji' it than any other paper I take—
not only about lees, but about other matters in
flome readings, "What to Do," etc. What you said
about the convention gave me new ideas and some
good advice. As using' honey for packing- pork
is something new to me, please g-ive your readers
the process, or how to use it in packing- pork, etc.
My wife uses honey in place of sug-ar in making-
cake, etc. 1 for one like it; that is, when we have
it. As to bees, I have only two hives. They are do-
ing- well thus far. I. E. Green.

IJnadilla, Otsego Co., N. V., Dee. 28, 1885.

Friend G., I do not know the process of
packing pork with honey, only that the hon-
ey is made to take the place "of sugar and
molasses. Perhaps the substitution of hon-
ey where sugar and molasses are called for
in the recipes for making pork pickle is all
that is requred. Doubtless friend Muth can
enlighten us.

IS JT POSSIBLE TO GET EVEN OOOD - LOOKlNCi

HONEV BY SUGAR FEEDING, -AND AT A PRICE

WHEHE IT COUED COMPETE WITH REAL

HONEY?

After reading- Mrs. Harrison's revelation and
Mrs. Wright's protest, T expected the editor would
take up the g-aunt!et and hurl back such a volume
of evidence as would prove, for all time to come,
that sugar can not be fed to bees, and get it stored
in sections, not even to get partly filled sections
completed; but he didn't "rile," worth a cent.
Now, why is this? Has some person demonstrated
that it can be done, and we wish to keep the matter
as quiet as possiV)le, or are we all halting between
two opinions? I have a notion to put (not before
the house, as the house is too slow), but to the edit-
ors of all the bee-journals, and it'is this: That they
appoint an investigating committee, to t)e compos-
ed of a number of the prominent bee-keepers of
the c (untry, and request them to experiment and
prove whether sugar can or can not be fed to be( s,
and have them. build comb, and store it in the sec-
tions in paying quantites, or in any (luantity. Tf
such is the ease, then the grumblers have the long

end of the lever; but if it is impossible, and Mr.
Wright is aware of the fact, he can easily convince
tliose merchants that his honey is pure, by offering
them a fair price for all the honey they can seciu-e
in that way. Even if honey can be procured by
feeding, and it takes I'i lbs. of 8-cent sugar to pro-
duce 1 lb. of honey, he would yet be safe in otfering
to pay a fair price for a largo quantity, if there is
any way of detecting the difference. Now, if I am
not mistaken we need more light on this subject.

Hrock, Neb., Feb. 13, 1880. .7. S. Johnston.

"Why, my good friend Johnston, we had
the answer to this question on page lOJ,
where friend l^nterkircher fed hack ;5.50o
lbs., and it did not half pay expenses. Sure-
ly, feeding sugar wouldirt give any better
results, would itV

BEE STING POISON AS A REMEDY FOR RHEUMA-
TISM.

We take the following from the nritisli
Bee Journal of Jan. '21:

Kl SigJi^i' Medico relates the following singulai-
case, which may ]M-ove interesting- to the bee-keep-
ing world :

A woman had suttered so much from rheumatism
that for six months she had hardly slept. Her
right arm was so affected that'it was quite useless;
she could neither work with it, nor dress herself.
While in this state she heard of a countryman who
suttered in the same way, and who had been cured
by the accidental sting of a bee. As the pain
caused by the sting could not be worse than that
due to tiie rheumatism she determined to try the
same remedy. Three bees were obtained and made
to sting her on the right arm. The success of the
treatment was surprising and complete. On the
following night she was able to sleep, and the acute
pain had all but completely disappeared; the arm
was naturally a good deal swollen, owing- to the
stings, but the swelling quickly disappeared with
cold-water dressing. The use of the arm gradual-
ly returned, and since there have been no symp-
toms of rheumatism. It is reported that the same
remedy has been equally successful in several oth-
er cases. The cure no doubt was caused by coun-
ter irritation, and the treatment is analogous in its
action to blistering, and the like. Moral; Let all
rheumatic persons keep Cyprian bees.

WHY NOT USE THE NATURAF^ GAS IN OUR FACTORY ?

I have been thinking of the wonderful benellt the
people ol' this county are receiving from gas. It
has made me think of you in your business. Just
listen to me (though time may be precious). Think
of a gas-well, with the pipes turned into your fur-
naces, running your machinery; then with smaller
pipes running through all your rooms and into the

stoves, then down to the where the "tjueen"

lives, to warm up and light up the whole house, be-
sides enough left for neighbors, etc. I Such a well
we have in ourcounty, also an abundance of oil.
There are now 13 wells dug, all producing gas. One
well throws, on an average,'100 barrels of oil a day;
another throws 24 bbls. The 18th and last well is an
enoinious one, said to be strong enough to heal all
Cleveland. The gas is found at about 1~'0:) ft. in depth.
The last well is now burning from a pipe stand of
57 ft., throwing a flame of from .50 to 70 ft. T sup-
pose you have seen many accounts of it; don't you
believe you, too, can find it in Medina by going-
down after it ? Have you thought of it ? It's worth
thinking about. Or send Fa-nest here to start up a
shop. Many manufacUn-ers are looking this way.
Jnst come and see for yourself. Before the last
well was imder control I took a broom-handle and
tried to hold it over the six-inch escape-pipe (now
remember I mean the iMonm-handli'), and it would
take it to this side and that with a " Zip, hiss, sizz,"

18C

GLEANINGS IN iJEE CULTUilE.

Mar.

etc. You can imagine a little its great capacity. I
am loolcing I'orwaid to the time I can control my
cellar tor the bees to a dead certainty. Over 4000
stoves in Findlay are being heated by gas this win-
ter. The charges are $i;.'.00 a year for one stove;
but the probability is, that it will be one-half less
next winter. That is as cheap as wood, and you
don't liave to carry out ashes, and there is no muss.
As I look out to the east, I now can see the great
light Vi miles away. I should have said, perhaps,
that while the gas escapes it makes a wonderful
roaring— so nuich so, that a train of cars can't be
heard when equally distant. S. H. Boi.ton.

Benton Ridge, Hancock Co., ()., Feb. 11, 1886.

Thanks for your sugsestion, but Ernest
lias his liands full at the Home of the Honey-
]>ees. Al)ont the time father started in
bee-keeping lie had the natnral-gas hobby
too. He accordingly sunk a well, but he
didn't even ^ strike ile." \"ery recently one
of our townsmen sunk a well to the depth of
about 1200 ft., at a cost of as many dollars,
but the attempt resulted in an entire failure
as far as obtaining gas was concerned, or
any thing else, for that matter. Ernest.

TVPE-WRITERS— WHAT ONE TO ItVY.

Referring to page .54, Gleanings, let me say, do
not be fooled by the pretty irritiiHi of the Hall type-
■writer. The cost is $40.C0. I have used one— ??eaf
work, but hard alow work. I Avas in love with my
Remington, but was induced to try the improved
caligraph, and I willsay that the improved caligraph
has about twenty good points over the best Reming-
ton. The same man invented both, and controls
his patents. Several of the departmentP in Wash-
ington are now using caligraphs.

D. H. Kelton, Captain lOtli Infantry.

Cantonment on Uncompahgre, Col., Jan. ;J8, 1886.

We are very glad indeed to get your opin-
ion in this matter. Captain K., for we have
known you for a good many years, and feel
sure that your opinion is unbiased, and that
you seek only the best good of bep-friends.
Very likely the Hall type-writer might do
good service where there was not a very
large amount of business.

IS reversing of frames necessary 'i
Some have said to me that they did not favor giv-
ing new swarms much brood. Why not? This is just
what they make for themselves as soon as they
can; and if left to themselves it will be three weeks
before their number will be reiiKorced by young
bees, during which time the force of working-bees
is continuallj' growing less. If it is desired to com-
pletely fill the brood-chamber with brood, as per
the reversible-frame plan, alternate the frames of
brood with fdn., when the combs are given to the
new colony. If not so desired, place the brood in a
body in the center of the hive, with fdn. at sides of
hive. This latter plan, I am inclined to think, will
prove more satisfactoiT in the end. This is on the
ground that a shallow hive be used. T have one
with 10 frames, regular L. size, but not so deep. I
much prefer them to deeper frames, liaving cut
down a lot of L. frames, and 1 would not change
back again. I much prefer this method to the
Heddon system for the prevention of after-swarms.
And just now let me ask those who intend to use
the Heddon system another season, to try this plan
with a few colonies, and sec for thcmsehes if it

hasii't decided advantages. It also affords a good
opportunitj' for those who wish to raiSe any num-
ber of "swarming-impulse" queens, which may be
taken from the colonj' on the old stand. This
method, or a similar one, was suggested l)j' W. li.
House about three years ago, in Gceani.n'GS, since
which time I have heard nothing of it. I have given
it several years' ti-ial, and am well enough pleased
with it to continue, and without the use of reversi-
l)le frames. Now let us see if i-eversible frames are
not generally discarded by those who now are fore-
most in advocating them. C. W. King.
Kibbles, Mich., Feb. 10, 1886.

MOTH WOR.MS THE CAt'SE OF BAIiEHEADEO BEES.

I want to corroborate the tlunujht oX (\ C.M.\\\e\\
in (iLEANiNGS for Jan. I."), in regard to "bare-head-
ed" bees. I know, and am satisfied that it is caused
by wa.\-worms. Several years ago I was worried by
occasionally finding a comb with more or less bees
uncapped, and was disposed to blame the queen;
but accidentally I found a worm in the line of uncap-
ped bees. l'\irther investigation proved this to be
the cause. I invariably found the worm. They in-
variably run in rows or circles, and the dead bees
are generally fastened to the bottom of the cell by
a web. I had to accept this theory as the cause.
This last summer, noticing a row of uncapped bees
in one of my combs, I said to myself, " Here is a
worm;" and on digging out the row witli my pen-
knife, out comes the expected worm. This was the
more noticeable to me from the fact that I had not
seen a moth or worm since I came to this State, three
years ago. and had come to the conclusion that bees
were not bothered with them here: and in tact
this is the only one I have seen. I have no doubt
but you will find the worm, nine cases out of ten,
upon investigation. • M.H.Snyder.

Arkansas City. Kan., Jan. 2:5, 188(1

Friend S., I am quite familiar with uncap-
ped brood caused by moth Morms, and I
tind it exactly as you describe. The bnre-
headed bees I have described in the A B ('
book are quite a different matter indeed.
The patch is not oblong, but a complete clus-
ter of cells. The capping is not torn, as
Avhere moth worms have been at work, but
the cells are carefully fixed up in regular
order around the heads of these uncovered
bees. See reports elsewhere.

"WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE

DOING IT," HAS GONE DEEP .\ND TAKEN

root; REVERSIBLE FRA.MES.

I was very much amused when I read the article
of Dec. 15, " What to Do," etc. On page 861 it saj's,
"Get some experienced farmer to tell you how
much it would be safe to offer for old manure
piles." Why, bless you, if you were out here you
could get a train load for hauling it awas'. Your
articles have gone down deep, and have taken root
at Sunny Eden, a little farm of four acres. We do
not think the cobblestone drains would work in
this locality. Do you think a sandy clay will hold
water? The subsoil is two feet deep here. T ex-
pect to give your advice a practical test.

As we have not used reversible frames, we are in
a dilemma as to whether they are an improvement
or not. We should like to have this decided, as we
wish to use only the best hive and frames. We do
not want to make too rash a blunder by changing
from this hive to that, just because some one ad-

1886

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

187

\isi's it who has hari loitj; yc^rs of cxperienco, hut
luts not iiuuU^ a test of more tliati six months, or
perhaps not that lonji', of the plan. W. S. Dokman.

Meohaniesville. Iowa. .Ian. :.'8, iss;;.

Friend I)., it' yoii are where yon can get
liood mainire for drawing it away, and the
distance is not great, you certainly ought to
build up an innnense business in inaiket
gardening. The c(il)ble-stone drain, as you
term it, will work in any soil wliere there is
ever a surplus of water. Of course, tiie
water will not stand as long in sandy or
gravelly soil as it does in clay, but it would
usually stand long enough to be a benetit to
the growing croji.

ANOTHER WHEELBARROW FOR BEE-
KEEPERS.

A WHEKLBAKUOW KOK WOMEN, CIIIMIKKN, AM)
PEOPLE WHO AKE .NOT VEHV STOUT.

'HEN I got our gas-pipe wheelbarrow
I had been greatly disgusted by our
wheelbarrows breaking down, rot-
ting to pieces, and giving out when
I didn't want theni to. Well, the
iron wheelbarrow- remedies these defects.
They will get rusty, it is true : but they nev-
er rot and never break, or rarely. On one
occasion one fell from the top of our factory,
loaded with brick, because of a rope break-
ing ; but it was a pretty good wheelbarrow,
even after it got to the bottom. There is I
only one trouble with it. Being all metal, it
is necessarily pretty heavy. Sometimes when
I go down across the creek for a wheelbarrow
load of green corn, I conclude the wheelbar-
row is lieavy enough for me, without any
load on it. "Well, I have several times felt
as if I should like to try my hand at making

ing only iv") lbs., aiul yet it will cat ry .50(1 lbs.
safely, and itcan be packed so closely togeth-
er for shipment that you can take the whole
thing under your arm and walk off easily.
The wheel has flat spokes instead of round.
Tlie different i)ieces are all cut and forged
])y means of dies. The legs are steel, so
they will lu'ither break nor bend. even if you
bump them on the sidewalk. The springs
are oil-temi)ereil. with adjustable bearings,
so you can tigliten them up for wear. More
than all, the wheelbarrows are the nicest job
of painting an I \ aiiiishiiig, I lielieve. I evei'
saw. for a farm implement. They are hand-
some enough to go around town with, and
strong enough to do heavy work ; and yet
the price of the small size is only ."^l.oo, the
same as our iron wheelbarrow. The larger
size is s;l.."SO. The only discount that can be
made is 5 per cent off for two: Id percent
off for tive,or lo per cent off for ten or more.
They can be sent either by freight or express.
It is only five minutes' work to put one to-
gether.

NOTICES or PRICE LISTS RECEIVED.

OCR aa-POUND WHEELBAKKOW, C.VP.\BLE OF CAKK

a wheelbarrow of our strongest wood and
our best steel, properly braced and arranged
so as to give strength, and yet not weigh
(me ounce more tiuui is absolutely necessary.
At the Ohio State Fair last year I found a
wheelbarrow that came so near lilling the
bill that I asked the luanufacturers how
cheaply they could make 100. The wheel-
barrow was "all I could desire ; but the price,
I thought then, was more than we could
stand. During the winter, however, they
made a proposition which I considered very •
reasonable, pro\iding they coidd make them
at their convenience, when times were dull.
Well, friends, the wheelbarrows are here.
ant| they are a surprise to everybody. We
show you a picture above.
)ye "liave tWO 3i/.es — the larger one weigh-

A. H. Uulf, CrfiKlit'>ii, <'■. sendf; an 8-p,age li;^t of bees and
poultry.

B. D. Siilwell. FUishintr, ().. sends a price list of Plymouth
Rock poiiltrv-

F. J. Crowley. Batavia. N. y, sends us his l:.>-page price list
of bee-supplies.

W. S. Cauthen, Pleasant Hill, S. C Fends his 8-page list of
bees and queens.

a. W. McKallip, Hiawatha, Kan., sends a 13-page eir'-nlar of
apiarian supplies.

E. S. Brooks, Silverton, Oregon, sends a 13page price list of
supplies in general.

Henry Criiic, of N'lirth Manchester, Ind., sends his 3i annual
(()-lia(;e list of s\ipplics in general.

H'. A. Sntll, Milledtivville, 111., fends us a 15-pige descriptive
catalogui- : specialty, the Eclipse bee-hive.

E. M. Hayhui-st, of Kansas City, Mo., sends us his postal-card
riicular— a printed list of bees and queens as a specialty.

T. O. Newman A: Son, of Chicago, send their .'i5 page price list
of apiarian supplies. Among the noticeable featu'-es of their
list for '8.'), wo notice the Heddon hive figured and illustrated.
Mrs. Lizzie E. Cotton, West tJorham.
Me., sends out her annual circular of
■Vi pages, it is written in her usual
bitter an<l censorious style, and
breathes " threatening and slaughter"
tu the bee-jouinals and supply-dealers
in general. wJiich alone is enough to
indicate that trouble may be expected
by all who deal with her. We can
oiily add our old stereotyped para-
gr.aph, which we alwa.ys refer to when
.isked in regard to her standing. U
reads thus, and probably always will ;

1 am being asked my opinion of the
new circulars Mrs. Cotton is again
sending out quite plentifully. The
statements she makes, anil the jirices
she charges for the goods she sends
out, would, in my opinion, forbid her
being classed with our regular supply-
dealers, to say nothing of the strings
of complaints against hei- that have
VIXG 5Ut) I'OCMJS. filled our bee-journals for years past.

John A. Thornton. Lima, HI., sends a sheet concerning bee-
supplies and Plymouth Rock poultry.

F. A. Salisbury, of Geddes, N. Y., sends a Itll-page price list of
apiaiian supplies; also containing much valuable information
besides.

Chas. F. Muth & Son, of (Uncinnali, send a.S()-page catalogue
of apiarian supplies, besides a good deal of useful information.
Among the notable features, we notice their new all-metal
sMiokci-s listed.

.\mong the circniai's recently printed at this olfiec we iiotici-
On- following: '_

K. Sehmidt. Caroline, Wis., ii sheet, of apiarian supplies in
general.

L.J. Trip, Kalamazoo, Mieh., .i J page price list of Italian
bees and queens.

Oscar F. Rleilsoc, (;ienada. Mi-s.. a ."i page |.ricc list; Italian
queens a specialty.

(Jeo. W. Raker, .Milton, Iml., :ui :idvertising sheet of bees,
queens, and bronze turkeys.

Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon, Iowa, an S-page circular of
queens, and bees by the pound.

A U page catalogue lor .1. M. Jenkins imeiiticmcd on page ','>> .
Specialties, bee liives iind implements. This catalogue con
tains a large aminint of instructive matter, besides the prices
it gives,

Hutihiiison A Taylor, Rogersville, Mich., a t-page price list
of bees, (iiieens, hives, sections, etc. .\s Mr. Hutchinson has
iidopted the new Hcdiluii hive, he will now otVer his old one-
loi'salc

188

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

MAR.

THE SMOKER AS A MEMENTO.

'HILii I was perusing the letters in tlie To-
bacco Column, I was at once reminded of
the fact that, three years ago last August,
T, too, upon the impulse of the moment,
(juit the use of tobacco (for I had become
an inveterate user of the vile weed, both chewing
and smoking), and I also have a vivid recollection
of informing you of the fact of my quitting the use
of tobacco, and soon after I received a smoker from
you, which I preserve with the utmost cai'e as a
memento from one who is doing.in a manly and
praiseworthy way what hejcan to reclaim his fel-
low-man from a habit which is not only nauseating,
but perfectly useless and disgusting. I, too, have
plead with many, and have so far persuaded some
to quit the awful habit, that they would throw their
old pipe and what tobacco they had into the stove,
or elsewhere, and declare they would use the vile
weed no more. How many have kept good their
promise, I can not say. But for one I can say that,
since I resolved to quit it, I have ne\'er touched,
tasted, nor handled it, and with the help of God I
never will again. F. W. Thompson.

Quincy, 111., Oct. 20, 1885.

HAS USED tobacco 20 YEARS, AND ONLY 20 YEARS
OLD.

After using tobacco twenty years I have quit, and
never expect to use it again, although I am only 20
years old. If you think 1 deserve a smoker, please
send me one; and if 1 take up the habit again I will
pay for the same. G. IJ. Allen.

Kocky Hill Sta., Edmonson Co., Ky.

A "THOUSAND TIMES OBLIGED" FOR SO NICE A
SMOKER.

I am a thousand times obliged to you for the smok-
er you sent me. Jt is more than I expected. Beal-
ly, I did not look for a smoker at all. I did not
know but it was like all the humbugs we read about.
There are not many men who would give away an
article that costs as much as that did, for the"small
sum of nothing. L. V. Cousins.

Utica, Pa.

COMMENCED THE USE OF TOBACCO, BUT I'AVS UP
LIKE A MAN.

Inclosed you will find the cash for the smoker
and tobacco contract which is due .■sou. You sent
me the smoker in good faith, anS 1 commenced the
use of tobacco again. I will pay up like a man.

Centreville, Ind , Jan. ], 1880. IJ. C. Nefk.

GONE BACK TO TOBACCO. BUT PAYS FOR THE
SMOKER.

As I have commenced the use of tobacco again,
please find inclosed one dollar to pay for smoker
you sent. I quit long enough to save more than
the price of a smoker.

Here is my report for last season: 26 swarms in
the spring; increased to hO good swarms, got 1981bs.
of comb hone.v, and 1170 lbs. extracted, or an aver-
age of 62^,1 lbs., spring count. Edwin Hubbard.

Oil City, Monroe Co.,\Wi8.

A HAIiD STRUGGLE.

I have given up the use of tobacco. It was a hard
struggle, but I have gained the victory. I think 1
am not as nervous as I was; and bj'.the help of
God, I hope I may never use it again. It is awful

when a man puts himself down to be such a slave
to such a filthy weed. C. M. Hicks.

Fairview, Md., Nov. 10, 1885.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Glkanings is a welcome visitor. I would not do
without it for thrice its cost. E. E. Bender.

Aspen, Adams Co., Pa , Feb. 8, 1886.

YET TO FIND F.VUf-T.

I have yet the first time to find fault with a single
article I have purchased from you. All iiroved per-
fectly satisfactory. Frank Mlhuill.

IJonsacks, V a., Dec. 20, 18.''.5.

THE ABt cheap AT_ DOUBLE THE PlUl E.

The ABC book came safely to hand yesterday,
and [ must say that 1 was sui-prised to see so large
a volume for only iFi.2.5. 1 consider it cheap at f2.,50.

Pharisburg. Va. T. T. PHLEGA^.

GLEANINGS FULI^ OF NEW IDEAS.

I have taken Gleanings for the past two years.
My time e.xpired Dec. 15. I did think 1 would drop
it for this year; but as there are so many new
inventions and ideas coming up, 1 guess it will be
for my interest to have it continued.

Fair Haven, Rutland Co., Vt. E. L. Westcott.

OUR mode of PACKING.

The trunk and contents arrived to-day, with ever.v
thing safe and sound. 1 much admire the neat and
safe packing of the goods. 1 think you must have
an e.xperienccd hand at the packing business, as I
never have had goods packed so neatly and secure-
ly. Accept thanks for your promptness.

Bowman, Ga., Feb. 1, 1880. J. D. Brown.

THE QUEEN A LIX'ELY ONE.

The queen you sent last June came all right. She
was a lively little thing; for when I let her loose
on the comb she ran clear to the bottom of the hive
before she slacked her motion. She changed the
whole colony in about two months, from blacks to
yellow-banded workers. Thank you for your
promptness. A. J. Shepard.

Walker, Linn Co., Iowa, Jan. 22, 1880.

A FEW MORE OF OUR 20-CEST SHE.A.RS.

1 want a few more pair of those 20-cent shears,
to finish supplying my neighbors. I have already
had eight pair. Nearly every one who sees them
wants a pair. I have made out an order for the
shears and a few other articles from your counter.
Adelbert Cook.

Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y., Feb. 8, 1886.

THE PARKER FOUNDATION-FASTENER.

I read the essay you gave at the Detroit conven-
tion, with much interest and entire approval, but
could hardly see how you overlooked a cheap foun-
dation fastener. Last year I bought of James Hed-
don a Parker foundation-fastener at ~5 cts., which I
understood came from your shop, and I could bet-
ter afford to buy one every week during the busy
season than to do without one. O. B. Barrows.

Marshal Itown, la^^

SOME KIND words FROM ONE WHO IS NOT A BEE-
KEEPER.

I am a stranger to you; but Mr. WooUey is a mem-
ber of our family, and takes Gleanings. I read
Our Homes and Myself and My Neighbors, and
write to thauk you for them. We live in the big
woods, and have very little preaching, so it is doub-
ly welcome. I am an English woman, and send
kind regards to you and wife and family. Please
accept best wishes, both temporal and spiritual.
Mrs. S. a. Sh.\le.

Kingston, Minnesota, Dec. 4, 1885.

[May God bless you, my good friend, for your
kind and encouraging words. Mydearwife isoneof
old England's daughters, and I am sure she will be
glad to know that my efforts have been helpful to
those who are deprived of the regular preaching
of the gospel. May the Lord be with you and all
your friends in your far-away home.l

I«S6

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CinTiniK

180

THE STOHY OF THE BIBLE.

Will you please send to my address a copy of
"The Story of the Bible"? 1 sent for one a year ago,
and my little niece has taken such a fancy to it that |
J wish to make her a present of one. I

Milan, 111, Dec. U, 1885. Emily Jenkins.

OUli .JOB WOKK GOOD.

The circulars received— an exceedingly neat, a
perfect job. Let me thank you, especially for the re-
duction in price, the printed matter being less than
you at tirst thought there would be. and at tirst
(luoted for. Vou could have made the additional
$4,03 out of me without my ever knowing any bet-
ter. Jf you act in that way as a rule, you are
certainly an honest man. Oscak F. IJledsoe.

Grenada, Miss., Feb. l."», ISMi.

WHAT THE EDITOR OF THE POILTHV AND FAUM
JOURNAL THINKS OF GLEANINGS.

Your Jan. Gleanings is at hand. I gladly put
you on the exchange list, and forward Jan. Jinunal
to-day. I am greatly pleased with Ira D. Granger's
words on 31st page; and with a journal whose im-
press is out-and-out tor Christ, everywhere. Please
accept my earnest congratulations to an editor who
mixes religion into all his business. It is a good
leaden to use. T. T. Bai heller.

Minneapolis, Minn., Jan. £!), 1886.

THE TIN TLTXNEL FOR PUTTING UP BEES.

The goods T ordered of you were all received yes-
terday—nothing missing. You ought to see me in
May, shaking bees through that tin tunnel, into
cages to ship. I would not take $^1.50 for my Mor-
ton's gold pen. 1 don't see how you can sell them so
cheap. The gloves are large enough this time. I
am all right for snow, or bees cither.

W. A. S.iNDEKS.

Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga., Feb. 11, 1886.

OUR ;35UENT WHOPPER KNIFE.

I am proud to inform you that, after dealing with
you for several years, more or less, I can heartily con-
gratulate you' on your honesty, integrity, and
promptitude as a dealer in mercantile goods, and
as a Christian gentleman. The last goods I ordered
of you came to hand, giving the usual satisfaction.
1 make special mention of your knife, known as
the "Whopper." It is just the knife for service,
large and strong, well united, cheap; and as to met-
al, it is not to be suri)assed l)y any knife. Since
the tirst one came to us, several have been ordered'
and all who get them are well pleased. Y'our steel
shears have given the same satisfaction to all who
got them. Tnfact, your way of dealing meets the e.v-
pectation of all honest people.

Nat. T. Drauohon.

Clarksville, Te.\as, Dec. 10. 1885.

IX PAYS TO ADVERTISE IX GLE.ANINGS.

I tind it pays to advertise in your/*es/i and ciijui'-
iiUH Gleanings. My other "ad" in Gleanings cost
me the trifle of si.\ty cents, and yet it brought me
more clean profit than the best-paying postoftice in
our town brings per year. It is a law of reason,
that the man who waii't advertise /(is (joods dexcrrex to
fail. 1 had almost forgotten to say that the issue
containing my " ad " was hardly out of the press
before 1 began to have iiroposals. T believe .\ our :
patrons are all live men. all m the front rank too.

Rockport, O., Feb. ti, ]88(i. G. A. Farhand.

A KIND WORD FROM FRIEND VIALLON, AND SO.ME-
THING BESIDES.

1 will ship one of my four-frame nuclei, between j
the 5th and 15th of April, 1886, to the bee-keeper 1
who will have seat you the largest number of sub- '
scribers from January, 1886, to the first of April. :
]8><6. Whoever he may be, he will not be sorry of i
the extra troublo taken to solicit subscribers for '
Gleanings. P. L. Viallon. ■

Bayou Goula, La., Feb. 9, 1886. 1

[.Many thanks to you, friend V. Now. will those
who apply for this premium name it when they send
in clubs'/ Or if you have sent in any clubs already |
since Jan. 1, call our attention to the fact, that we i
may verify and i>ut you on the list ]

goods received in good SHAPE.

The goods arrived in good shape, and give full
satisfaction. Thanks. The A B C book is excellent,
and I would not be without Gleanings, even if its
price were $;3.00 per annum. Last spring I caught
the bee-fever, and It has been increasing ever since.
I bought one colony of Italian bees. That single
colonj' has given 2i0 lbs. of extracted honey, and
has 4 daughters by artificial swarming. I tried to
run the first swarm for comb honey, but had no
success; they would uot work iti the sections, so I
sent to you for an extractor. 1 got it, and it work-
ed to a charm. I have adopted the improved Lang-
stroth Simplicity hive. It is cheap, well tnade, and
in regard to convenience it stands ahead of all sorts
of hives I have seen. Iwiuter my five colonies on
their stands in good packing-cases, protected on the
north and west sides by an eight foot-high board
fence. Thev are all right so far. T. H. Dahl.

Stoughton, Wis., Jan. 5, 1886.

fiO ON IN THE GOOD WORK.

F inclose you one dollar for my ne.vt year's sub-
scription. Go on in your good work, and God will
bless yoiL You and I difler in some things; but
you are honest, and honest men go to heaven. The
one who has had the most advantages will have the
most to answer for. If I have health and opportu-
nity I will come to see you next year. 1 think a
good talk with you would do me good. 1 have had
many troubles and much tribulation, but have been
blessed with a hopeful and courageous spirit, and a
mind too active for a weak frame. I should esteem
a man like you as a friend and neighbor, as a price-
less boon. Pardon me for this. Geo. E. Hiles.

Hondo Citv, Texas, Dec. 3, 1885.

GLEANINGS A "C.ISKET OF SUCH GOOD THINGS."

The wrapper on my last copy of Gleanings in-
forms me that my time expires with present inim-
ber; and as I can not atford to lose a single issue, 1
haste to inclose one dollar for another year's sub-
scription. I must say, that Gle.anings is a most
welcome visitor that never fails to come twice a
month, with a casket of such good things that it is
who will and who shall, among my wife, daughter,
son, or myself, be the first to peruse its pages.
May God iiless and spare its noble-hearted editor
for many long years to come, to send it forth as
bread cast upon the waters, that may be gathered
many days hence. J. D. BuOWN.

Bowman, Elbert Co., Ga., Dec. 25, 1885.

A KIND WORD FOR THE WAY IN WHICH WE BIND
BACK NUMBERS OF GLEANINGS.

I have just received the bound volume of Glean-
ings for 1885, in exchange for my old ones; and to
say I am satisfied with the exchange hardly ex-
presses it. I have been binding them myself here-
tofore, but will do so no more as long as I can get
new ones so nicely bound for so low a price. I
don't see how you can atford it; but if you can
stand it, I think we ought to. Of course, every bee-
keeper who is well posted, or wants to be, keeps
his back numbers. There is great comfort and con-
venience in having them neatly bound; and when
you can get a nice new volume for less than it ordi-
narily costs to get the old ones bound, every bee-
keeper ought to have one of them. Where they can
be sent by freight with other goods, the expense is
insignificant. J. A. Green.

Dayton, 111., Feb. 9, 1886.

HOW $1.00 INVESTED IN GLE.ANINGS SAVED $5.00.

The editor's notice runs thus: "If I am correct,
your subscription expires with the present num-
ber," and then the riuestion arises, "Have you
found Gleanings a good investment '/" Now, kind
reader, I commenced bee-keeping in 1885 with three
swarms, purchased the fall previous, and increased
to eleven by natural swarming. My first swarm
was two at once, and clustered in one place. With
the assistance of Gle.anings I caught one (jueen
before the bees balled her, and then divided the
bees and put them into separate hives, and they
went to work, blacks and Italians, in both hives, all
mi.ved up, and tt)-day I have them in the collar, do-
ing well. 1 think I saved five dollars, so I am under
the imi)ression that I did not make a bad invest-
ment. Some people count every thing by dollars
and cents; but Gle.\nings has some things in it
that I can not count on in that style, for which 1
highly prize it and subscribe for it once more.

Elora, Ont., Can, G. Strangwavs.

190

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mah.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

I'ublishfd Setnl-MoHthlij.

.^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS. $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTFMID.

For Clutbing Eites, Sea First Page cf Eeadit: llit'.sr.

Fear not. little floeki for it is your FatVier's nood |ilea'in(
to give ^ oil tlie kingdom. —IA'KK 12. .'K.

B.iUXES" I>.iTEl?T l.Ml'K()VKI> I'OWEU BUZ/. S.WV.

Will those who have jiurcliased these inachiiics,
please tell us how they work? ]f itossibk', liow thej'
work compared with the old st.yle?

(iREGOKY'S LITTLE BOOK OX FEKTI LIZEK.S.

After a hast.v review of the sample copy sent us,
we think the work is one that will prove of very
much value to every one engaged in raising- plants.
See advertisement in this issue.

DISCOUNTS FOR THE MONTH OF .M.\RCH.

These are the same as those given for February;
namely, 10 per cent off on foundation, and .5 per
cent off on sections; but only 3 per cent, instead of
;i, additional, on orders received during the month.

MATTER FOR GLE.^NINOS.

Again we tind it iminissible to find room for
.great numbers of good articles. I'nder such cir-
cumstances, we are compelled to use the best of
our judgment in deciding what shall or shall not
fill the pages.

SENDING I'S BEK-HIVES TO KX.\.MINE.

Don't send me any more beehives without tlrst
writing nie about them. We have not room to store
them until we can write you, and I have not time to
look them over, to pass an opinion on them. Be-
sides, I do not believe we want any more hives than
we have already. There are too many now. If you
have something that is away ahead of any thing
heretofore discovered, give me a rude sketch of it
on a piece of paper. After looking at this, if I want
to see the hive I will tell you. *

ANOTHER BEE-.JOURNAL.

A VERv pretty-looking journal on bees and jjoul-
try, called /fai/.s of Liijht, is at hand. The name,
certainly, is different enough from any other now
in the field to prevent confusion on that score, and
I don't suppose we shall ever have too many "raj'S
of light" while the world stands. We have been a
little backward lately about mentioning new jour-
nals, because so many start up, run a little while,
and stop without even so niuch as making good
their une.xpircd subscriptions. I have been won-
dering if it wouldn't be a good plan for new bee-
journals to give some refei-ence in regard to their
standing, and flnanciftl ability to keep the thing
going for a whole j'ear at least. Hays of Litjht comes
from J. .1. Martin \' Co., North Manchester, Ind.,
who is quoted by Bradstreet as having means and
ability to publish at Icagt a ."i'l-cent magazine.

MLTH .S (OLD-BLAST SMOKERS.

oiTR old friend Muth has startel something new
in the way of a smoker having a bellows made of
tin, so the smoker is all tin except the leather.
This all-metal cold-blast smoker is much like ours
in appearance, except the material of which the
bellows is made. I'l-ice ."lO cts., or f1\e for f 3.0(1. By
mail, 35 cts. e.xtra. An improvement on this, which
he calls the "Perfection," has a valve in the lieiit air-
tube, to prevent the smoke from being drawn iiack
into the bellows. Price of the Perfection, 'Jy cts.;
five for #8.00; either of the above, 35 cts. e.vtra
when sent by mail. The third is a muzzle feeder,
something on the style of Bingham's. The flre-pot,
also, has an e.xtra covering of tin, to prevent burn-
ing the fingers. I'liee of muzzle feeder, !f].35, or
fi\e for $5.00. By mail, ■io cts. each extra. Wc can
furnish them at the above figures.

NICE HONEY FOR ONLY 7 CTS. I'ER LB.

One of the bee-friends has just sent us a beauti-
ful lot of honey in sap-pails, and he wants the pails
right back for sugar-making. A good part of the
honey is clover, but is flavored more or less with
basswood, and it is/*cau</i(U/(i't7i- /((Kifjy. To close it
out at once, he ottered it at such a low price that I
can send you a .58 lb. iron-jacket can full at only 7';
cts. per lb., or an even .14.35 for the whole package
(the iron-jacket can being worth .58 cts.). If you
will take two cans full, you may have it for only 7
cts. per lb., or an even *8.00 for the whole 116 lbs..
cans included. Of course, this otter is for immedi-
ate orders. Sample free on application.

P. S.— We have just secured two barrels of rasp-
berry honey, which we will sell at the same price as
the above; or if you will take a whole barrel of 4(5
gallons, we will make itti'j cts. No charge for the
barrel. Sample of the latter, also, free on applica-
tion.

A CRATE TO HOLD SECTIONS ESPECIALLY FOR
THE CHAFF HIVE.

We are now making a crate of this description on
the J. E. Moore plan. It holds 33 regular Simplicity
sections, or 36 T-to-the-foot sections. Of course,
this style of crate does not admit of the use of sep-
arators. The pi-ice of the crates, made up, is 30 cts.
Two of them fill the upper story of a chatt' hive nice-
ly, taking 64 ordinary sections, or 73 7l,o-the-l'oot
sections. Now, although this arrangement takes
nearly the same number of sections as the wide
frames, the expense of the arrangement is consider-
ablyless. As to whether we would advise thisinpref-
erencc to the arrangement of wide frames, we Cim
not answer. The .1. E. :Moore case has been received
with considerable favor, and doubtless many will
prefer the arrangement. One good thing in their
favor is, that you can get at the lower story so much
easier, having only two cases to remove instead of
ten wide frames. Wc can furnish the above in the
Hat at the same price as there gular S. size; viz., 1,
16c; 10, $1.:;5;100, .tl3.00.

l!.VSSWOI>U-TREES, DIFFERENT Sl'EClES.

In Kllwangcr & IJarry's illustrated catalogue ol
ornamental trees for 1886, you will find mentioned
■14 different varieties of basswood, or linden. T was
at first tempted to order a tree of each kind, to test
them for honey; but a good many of them cost a
dollar apiece, so it would be a somewhat expensive
experiment. The distinguishing features, as I un-
derstand it, are the shape and size of the leaf,

1880

(iLEANlNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

lit!

aud the color of the buds and joung branches. In
planting- our basswood orchard, some twelve ycnr.s
ag-o, I noticed we found little trees in the foic^t,
some of which were rod and others yellow; so it
seems to be an accidental and common feature;
and if the trees are in no way ditl'crent, except the
color ff the baric, which is (piite probable, it will
not be worth our while to make the experiment.
The whitc-'.eaved weeping linden, or the cut and
fern lindens, are ornamental trees for the lawn or
dooryard. The same catalogue gives two different
kinds of tulip, or whitewood trees; namely, the
common and variegated leaved. Now is the time to
order basswoods, if you are intending to put them
out this spring. See prices in our new price list.

1!1:DU( TIOX IN THE PRICE OF SAP-PAII^S.

As the sugar-making season is approaching, sap
pails and spiles will be needed soon. We are pleas-
ed to tell you that the price of these has declined.
We ca 1 furnish sap-pails, made of IC charcoal tir,
10 qt., for $14.00 per 100; 13 (|t., *1.').00. JX charcoal,
10 qt., $16.00; 13 qt., $17..50 per 100. Sap-spiles, best
retinned. at 10 cts. per doz.; 7.5 cts. per ICO, or $7.00
per 1000. The spiles can be sent by mail for 6 cts.
per doz., or 45 cts. per 100, extra. Wooden sap-pails.
$13.00 per 100. These are put up in packages of one
dozen each; and in every dozen there are two pails
with bails. The rest have no bails.

Three-eighths-inch bits for tapping trees, 1.5 cents
each; postage, 3 cts. extra. Brace for same, with
set-screw, 30 cts. ; 18 cts. extra for postage, if sent
by mail. Brace with patent grip, .50 and 75 cts., ac-
cording to size. ■ Gallon syrup-cans, guaranteed
not to leak, $1.30 for 10, or $11.00 per 100. Oblong
tin pans, for making maple-sugar bricks, $3.75 per
100.

Please note that the law now recjuires that the
name of the person who puts up maple syrup must
be put on the package in letters not less than one
inch high, and three-eighths of an inch wide. We
are prepared to print labels in accordance with the
above law; and where desired we can paste them
on your cans, so you have nothing to do but to fill
them with syrup.

IlKIirCTlON IN THE PRICE OF BEE-KITPPLIES, ET( .

March 1, 188(1, your humple servant, A. I. Koot,
is enjoying himself with the "New Agriculture."
^'ou see, we take the exhaust steam, after it has
warmed oui- buildings, and put it down through
those stone reservoirs 1 told you about on page .58,
and it has made the ground warm enough so we are
setting out all kinds of hardy plants, and making
them grow as in .Tune. When there comes a zero
freeze, we have to put a sash over them. Sash is a
great deal better than any kind of cloth co\ering,
especially for a hard freeze. Ernest and .lohn.
with the help of a great lot of other of ijour friends,
are taking care of the journal and the price list.
Perhaps that accounts for the large department of
Kind Words that appears in this number. They
thouffht they were all right, and so I let them go.
An<l, by the waj-, Ernest and .lohn and these other
fricn<Is have been figuring on the cost of a great
many of these things we make for .you, and have
declared so positively that the goods can be sold
.cheaper, that I have consented to a big reduction
in the price of many things in our price list. The
reduction is so great, in fact, that we have decided
to mail a new price list to every one of our subscri-
bers. This will be done just as soon as this journal

goes to press. In fact, we have got it out a littfe
ahead oC time with that very end in view.

Wc bavc received, during the month of February,
401 new subscribers; but during this time :).58 have
expired and have not renewed, 'so we are only 4:>
ahead, making 5034.

A NEW EDITION OF THE A 11 C BOOK.

This is now out of the press, making the 27th
thousand. Tt contains mention of almost every
thing of importance up to the present date, even
including a notice of Heddon's new hive, as well as
cuts and descriptions of his hive of a year ago. As
we said before, if you already have an A B C book,
and sell it to somebody for half price, we well sell
you a new one for the money you get; that is, the
new edition will be half price to those who have re-
cently purchased the edition before it.

BUCKEYE SASH-LOCK

-.1 Do-ire to Fasten If indotrs tip or Jtnirn,
Or at Ant/ Point.

Something Effective, although Low in Price.

For many years 1 have been trying to get some-
thing better to hold a window up than a stick or a
book, or something of that sort; but although we
have tried them, even paying as high as 75 cents
per window, I have never had any thing please me
so well as the little device illustrated below.

This device holds the sash securely by friction in
any desired position, as tight as if it were in a vise.
It prevents the sash from rattling, and excludes
the dust by making tight joints, and yet it does not
mar the wood. It is put on with two screws, and
can be fitted by an inexperienced hand in three
minutes. It works equally well in upper or lower
sash, with or without weights. Printed instructions
ai'e furnished with each one, as well as screws to
fasten them on with, and yet the price is only 5 cts. ;
10 for 48 cts.; 100 for $4.0(). If wanted by mail, add
;5 cts. each extra. The little device is the invention
of one of our Medina Co. boys.

A. I. ROOT. Medina, O.

IC PLYMOUTH-ROCK EGGS by express for $1.(hi.
1 9 .579d S. A. DYKE, Pomeroy, Ohio.

STKAWI{EKKV PLANTS, $1.00 per KHHl, by exp.
Pure Crescents. Uownings, and Kentuckles, I
doz., 3i)c; Russian Mulberry-trees, 5c; three for 10c.
Bokhara clover, and mustard seed, .5c i)er oz. Free
by mail. A. FIDDRS,

5d Centralia, Marion Co., Illinois.

SPIDEIM'LANT Seeds at $1.50 per lb.; i.i lb., 40
cts.; 15 cts. per oz. by mail. W.A.Sanders,
5d Oak Bower, Hart Co., (ia.

rflR QAI F Attirand Bay, Ala., on L. & N.
run OnUC. h. K., 35 colonies of hybrid and
Italian bees, in two-story Simp, and Viallon hives—
the lot together at $5.00 each, as they stand.. House
and two acres of land also for sale. 5tfdb

.7, .1. Davidson, 368 Magazine St., New Orleans, La.

192

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Mar.

100 COLONIES OF
ORANGE-COLORED ITALIANS

-AND-

WHITE-BANDED ALBINO BEES
FOR SALE.

THOSE IN WANT OF BEES, QUEEXS, OR
APIARIAN SUPPLIES WILL DO WELL TO
SEND FOR MY 36TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST BE-
FORE PURCHASING. ADDRESS

Wm. W. GARY,

4tl'db

.S'l/prr.ssor f(( WM. W. CARY A SON,

Coleraine, Mass.

VANDERVORT

N. C— The best testimonial I can give is, that my
trade has moi-e than doubled in the past three years.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS.

I will sell, from now until May 1st, in lots not less
than 3000, packed and delived at express office.
Pure Crescent .$2.00 per 1000

" Sucker State 3.00 "

4-5-6d C. F. TYSON, Centralia, Marion Co., III.

"""^-^"^ FOUNDATION

We have a larg'e stock ofjehoice yellow beeswa.v,
and can furnish Dunham cr)mb fdn. for bi-ood comb,
cut to any size for 42c per lb. E.vtra thin Vander-
vort foundation. 48c per lb. We suarantee our
fdn. to be made from pure beeswax, and not to sag-.
Will work up wax for 10c per lb., and 20c per lb. for
section. F. "W. MIkLraUS,

4tfdb Coopersville, Ottawa Co., Mich.

ITALIAN BEES.

Full colonies, nuclei l)ees by the
pound, and Queens a specialty. Also,
Simplicity Hives, Frames, Sections, ('omh F'ounda-
tion, and supplies generally. rS^" Send for my cir-
cular and price list. You will save money liv so do-
ing- C. M. DIXOiSI,
4-U-db Pakrish, Fkanklin Co., Ii,r,.

PURE

A BARGAIN.

As I am froing to move my ai)iary, I will sell iJO
colonies of bees more at a bargain; 25 colonies
Italians, with tested queens, from imported moth-
ers; 2.5 colonies hybrids. Also untested Italian
queens from imported mothers, and bees by the
pound, for sale. Send for special prices, stating- how
many are wanted. Address W. S. CAUTHEN,
4-5d Pleasant Hill, S. C.

ALL PROGRESSIVE BEE-KEEPERS

Suffer for my price list of Bee-keeper' Supplies of
all kinds. Send for price list and lie convinced.

./. IT'. BITTENBENDER,
4-9db KNOXVILLE, MARION CO., IOWA.

Fnr ^nlP ^ ^^'^'^ ^ ^°°* *35.00 fdn. mill,
'• *'*• ►JO'AC bought about three years since, al-
most as good as new, with dipping-tank and all com-
plete. They cost me. when new, .f27..50, and $^7.00
duty. I wish to sell them, and will take $18.00 for
them. A. W. WILLOWS.

4tfdb Carlingford, Ontario, Canada.

BASSWOOD-TREES.

?h, per hundred.

.*l..-)0
1.50

Basswood-trees, 1 to 3 feet h

Hard Maple " 3 to 5 "

Black-raspberry plants, 7 different kinds,

per hundred, $1.00; per thousand 6. .50

Address H. WIRTH, Borodino,

3-5-7d Onondaga Co., N. Y.

FOR SALE.— 30 Colonies Italian Bees on 7 L. frames,
in shipping-bo.\', $7.00 each. Eggs from pure-
bred S. C. Brown Leghorn fowls (IJonny's strain),
$1.00 for 15. 567d T. O. KEATOR, Accord, N. Y.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Section.*, E.Ytraetor^t, Sinolcer.s, Separator's,

&(■., or KootS Maniiiactiiro, Shipped

from iiere at ROOT'S 1»KICES.

Also S. hives off. Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price Lint Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3 24db

TJTPX^-^EEPEES' GUIDE, Memoranda, and lllus-
JD^^JlJ trated catalogue, 48 pages; FEEE to all
bee-keepers sending address to
3tfdb JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

SIMPLICITY HIVES, SIMPLICITY FRAMES

SECTIONS, SMOKERS, COMB FDN., ETC.

In fact, we manufacture and keep in stock every
thing that live bee-men need, and at low rates.
Write for price list, free. Address
KENNEDY & LEAHY.

3tfdb HlGOINSVlLLE, L.VFAVETTK CO., MO.

Look! Honey-Comb Foundation! Ml

Friknds. if you want any Foundation it will pay
you to i)urchase of us, as we have the very latest
improved mills; heavy, 45 ets. per i)onnd; very thin,
for comli honey, 10 cts. more per pound: 10'. dis-
count on alirorders received before April Ist. Send
I'oi- fi-ee sam])lc8. Address

C. W. FHELFS & CO.,
4 r)d TiOG.A. Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

mni^lW BEEfb nj^J) QUEEN?,

Pill! Pnlnnictc NUCLEI. ANi) aUEENS, CHEAP.
rUM UUIUnieb, send for Circular.

C. C. VAUGHN, 4ifdb COLUMBIA, lENN.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE andSETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3btld

GREftT REDUCTIOH/ Good as f
OUR ONE-PIECE THE BESTi
V-GROOVE V SECTIONS,

SMOOTH ON BOTH SIDES. AT $3.50 PER 1000.

FOR LARGER LOT^. WRITE FOR PRICES.

A. M, MURRAY & CO.,

4-.">6d Goshen, Elkhart Co., Ind.

ONE MOMENT, PLEASE.

It will pay you to send for my circular. A choice
lot of my noted strain of Italian bees and queens
for sale cheap. My bees work largely on Ked
<;lover. 1 challenge the world on Fine Bees
and '•., iieciis, also fine larg-e Eng-lish Rabbits.

F. BOOMHOWEK,
35d Galliipville, Sclioliarle Co., IV. V.

UN'IF.STKI* QUEKINS, reared from BEST IM-
PCETED iniclei, and full colonies.
3-5d N. ADAMS, Sorrento, Fla.

HAVING again located at Nappanee, I shall be
better prepared than ever to furnish bees and
queens the coming- season to my many friends and
customers, as I have a large apiary of Syrian bees
in the South, and one of pure Italians here, to draw
from. Send for price list.
3-5d I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.

If ycu are in need of
hives, sections, comb
fdn., honey- extractors,
bees and queens, or any'

implement used in the apiary, send for price list to
.1. SWALLOW, 2816 Mo. Avenue, St. Louis, Mo.

Successor to Buck & Swallow. 3-Bd

Bee-KeepersJ

ISSfi

GLEANINGS IN BEE CITLTUUE.

198

THE

Apicultural Establishment

OF

F. J. D0K0apm,

In Yigaun, Upper Carniola,
Austria, Europe,

Seu(i QTEENS postpaid. Safe arrival and puritj' of
breed guaranteed.

Price each iti German Reichsmarlt.

Apr.j May.' Jun Jul. AuslSe.)] On

Caniiolan Qu 'cns, N.ilivc. 8 7 0: .1 5 4 4

1 talian Queens. Mativc, 9 9 8 7 7 0 0
Cyprian or Syrian QueeiiS,

Native, 20 ' 20 20 30 18 18 ' 18

C'vprinn or Syrianjyiieens, [ l

bred in tVirniofu, 12 i 12 11 U 10 10 : 10

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

lI'lCKKT.y. $1.0() VICIi YICAIl.

JONES, Mcpherson & CO., PuWlshers, Baetm, O.itario, Canada.

Tlie only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
tainins' much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on i-e-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of HiC pages. 9tfb

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
FoLir-v>iece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a tew hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
22 21db Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

mVL COLONIES OF BEiS FOR SALE.
iO Address JT. S». I3a,3Ltor-,

itfdb Corinth, Alcorn Co., Miss.

Cigar-bo.\ planer, Uoot saw-table,
10 saws, grooving-table, 2 sets of
saws, shafting and pulleys, all
— A good as new, used two years;
five us an otter: must be soM. . Also 00 colonies of
iiiy improved Italian bees, in two-story cliatt' hive,
at $S.U() per colony. A Given fdn. press and wiring-
machine, for !iF2'>.00. A lot of 2-sfory chaff-hives, tin
i-oof. with 2 crates. $^2r0 each: former price, 15 00;
100 smokers, Clarks, at 2.5 cts. each; *;22.o0 per 100;
1000 Simplicity ^^il•<d I rallies at #1.00 per 101; lOfOin
flat, a1 T.') cts. per IJ i.
■t tnu I G FO. F. WILLI A FflS , JI^EW ^ H IL A D E L PJ4 1 A^O .

PLYMOUTH no:2S a specialty. No other fowls kept for
f. vo.irs. Kg-rs. •fl.il,! per IS: *2 50 for 3<j.
4-.")d S. S. .lOKDAN, Hit amslmrg. Ohio.

F?BS*L!3;

SUiVlNER & PRfME,

BRISTOL, VEPc::vIClTT.

-MAN V V AC'l'V It V. us (IF —

Pee - Jieepers' Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections imd Sliipi)ing
(rates a Specialty. I'rice List and samples I'ree.
l-2tt<lb

B^e-Hives, Moneyboxes, Sections.

Laecsst Eee-Hive Factoey in the Woeld.

CAVACITY, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAY

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Pi-ice
List. Itfdii. (!. U. LKWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserte<l by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
Gei-mantown, Philadelphia, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington. Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic FallsMaine; C. A.Graves, Birmingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; J.W.Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Neweonib,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.; J. A. Huma-
son. Vienna. ().; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, [)es Moines, la., and numerous other
dealers.

Write for sa/riplfis free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Complimentary and unno-
licited testimontalit, from as man.y bee-keepers, in
1883. ire guarantee even/inch of ourfmindatiim equal
to sample in even/ respect.

CHAS. DADANT Ac SON,
3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., IllinoiA.

FOR SALE.

One second-hand fdn. mill that will roll sheets U
inches wide. The mill is at present in New Ham-
burg, Ont., Can. The original price on it was .f40.00,
but we will now sell it at half price, or $'.i0.00.

Also one exactly like it, owned by W. W. Bliss, of
Duarte, Los Angeles Co., Cal. There is nothing-
wrong with these mills, except that the rolls are of
smaller diameter than those we now make, in con-
sequence of which they do not make quite so thin
fdn. right in the middle of the rolls as those made
now with rolls of a larger diameter. They will, how-
ever, roll narrow sheets equal to any, and will roll
sheets a foot wide; but when of so great a width,
the center is a tritie thicker, as explained above.

Also one 9inch Dunham mill, second hand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, botli
in looks and quality of work, eijual to a new one.
Price S'20.00. The list iirice of ji new mill of this
kind is .f-K) 00. A. I. KOOT, iVIedina, <».

BeeKeepers

^Supplies;

WholesalehsReltai l_.

TOLEDO

OM lO.

EILewis

Orders filled the day they are received, except for
bees and'queens. ' 4tfdb

GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICES.

Our lieaiitil'ul all-in-oiu^-picce sections, smooth
inside and out, at .^4.0.1 ijcr ](.0,l. For larger lots,
write Jfor iirices. Send for price list of other sup-
plies. M.H. HUNT,

2 tfdb BRT.f, BiiANcif. Wavnk Co., Mich.

FOUNDATION, I SECTIONS,

WAEEANTED FISST class. | OF FINE QUAlilTV.

Samplesand reduced prioe list of supplies, free.
J. D. GOODRICH,
3-5-V-9-ll-10d East Hakdwick, Cat.. Co., Vt.

PflR QAI F 20 colonies Italian bees, on v Lang-
run OHLLi stroth frames, in shipping-boxes,
MStO. or shipped irj Parker chaft' hive, ^6. .50 per col-
ony. WM.AMELANG,
I 3tfd Ottumwa, Wapello Co., Iowa.

I!t4

GLEANINGS IN JiEE CULTURE.

Mak.

EXCHAITGE DEPARTMEITT.

Notices will he inserted under this hear! at one-lialf our
usml '■•itr.. All uil- intended lor this department must not
exe. ed j lines, and you must sav yon want your ad. in this de-
paitment.or we will not be res])onsible for any error.

TirANTED.— To exchange nice new apple-seeds
\V for beeswax. M. Isuem..

4-5d. Norwich, Chenang-o Co., N. Y.

^I^'ANTED.— To exchange, a home-made foot-pow-
\) er saw for bees. Write for particulars,
ntfdb. W. S. Wkioht, Battle Creek, Mich.

\\'^ ANTED. —To exchange Italian bees, queens and
Vt nuclei, for an extractor, supplies in the flat,
and comb fdn. Miss A. M. T.wr.oit,

4-,5-6d. Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

W'^ANTED.— To exchange bees or eggs from Light
\\ Brahmas (Tecs' Strain), for wire netting.
4ttdb. W. E. Flowek, Ashbourne, Mont. Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange new Novice honey-ex-
tractors for A. and L. frames; will exchange
for a bone-grinder, or good books, or any thing use-
ful. , Geo. W.B.\KEK, Milton, Ind. 3-.5-7-'.i-ll-i:Jd

"TTyANTED.— To exchange for bees, or pure-bred
VV poultry, 10,000 Maniinoth-Cluster and Turner
Kaspberry-plants, *1.00 per 100, *ti.(iO per lOOif; also
:iO,OliO Strawlierrj-plants, Crescent Seedling, Cum-
berland Triumph, Sharpless, and Glendale; 7.5 cts.
per 100; *4()0per 1000.
5d W. J. Hksser, Plattsmouth, Neb.

W.rANTED.- Tosell or exchange new Hcddon hives,
\V reversible frames, ]7'sx9i8; also Plymouth
lloeks, for extracted honey, Michigan quart lierry-
boxes. Jewell strawberries, Nemeha, Golden queen,
and Shaffer raspberry plants, and pruning-sliears.
4-") E. J. SCOFIEI.U, Hanover, Hock Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Friends, I
have l'> pairs of the celebrated Bonney's
stock of Brown Leghorns that I will sell at jf3.00 per
pair, or will exchange for good beeswa.\ at 2.5 cts.
per pound. Circulars free. Kef., A. 1. Koot.
24tfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton, Gucrn. Co., ().

WANTED.— To exchange strawberry and rasp-
berry plants for $1.00 or tested (lueens. uv
pounds of bees (in spring). Address ritfdb

C. W. Phelps iSr Co., Tioga Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

AX^ANTED.— To exchange Italian bees or queens
\\ for ferrets, Wyandotte pullets, or eggs for
hatching; also one or two pair ol fancy ])igeons.
Stock must be flrst-class. F. Bodmhowkk,

.5d Gallupville, Schoharie Co., N. Y.

Air ANTED.— To exchange, telegraph instruments,
\) keys, relays, and soundeis, for bees,
"id K. F. W'li.cox, La Grange, Lorain Co., O.

"VA^TANTED.— To exchange bees for a Barnes saw,
VV foundation-mill, or Light Brahma fowls; or I
will sell bees by the jjound; also tiueens in season.

Ja.mes p. Stehkitt,
;Ve-T-Sd Sheakley ville, Mercer Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Simplicity hives for a
circular -saw mandrel for hive-making by
steam power. Will sell hives (in the flat) cheap for
cash, or will take one-third pa.v in tull colonies of
bees. Hi\i'sin any (piantity to suit customers, up
1<) a carload i)er day. G. A. Fahkand.

Iftfdb K<ickport, Cuyahoga Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange for a farm, or sell my
place, consisting of 7'^ acres of ground in the
town of Lewisville, Ind. A small dwelling, poultry-
houses, stable, and an everlasting gravel-bank,
whicli affords about 13000 loads of gravel every year,
which sells readily at from 10 to 15 cts. per load.
The jilace is in a good hone.y locality, and good
shipping facilities. Apiary slopes to the south and
east; is surrounded on the north and west by a
tight plank fence, about 7 ft. high. Apiary is set in
grapevines. T will give five years' time, if sold. l)i-
rect all eommunicsitions to
;i-5-7il (iEO. W. Baker, Milton, Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange Biown Leghorn eg;gs
tor hatching, S. C, for foundation, also for
sale; »1.00 for l.T; :iO eggs for *2.(:0: 75 eggs, *4.(M).
5d K. J. NASii, Williamson, Wayne Co., N. Y.

W^

ANTED.— To exchange foundation- for wa,V.
j7db B. Chase, Earlville, Madison Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange large, good piano for
bees; alsopure-bred B. Leghorn and Partridge
Cochin eggs, foi' bees by the pound.
5 Cd L. HAiiuis, Box ;i,)4, Greenville, III.

\y ANTED. —To exchange berry-plants for 1 dozen
W warranted Italian (jueens from the South.
Will also lake supplies. See our small-fruit anil
jioultry circular, tree. S. P. Youek.

5d E. I.iewistown. Mah. Co., Ohio.

lir ANTED. —To exchange, Apiai-Jan supplies for
H Italia-: bees. Circular free. ,
.5d L. .1. Tripp, Kalamazoi, Mich.

ll'ANTED.— To exchange Italian bees or queens,
\\ or comb fdn., made on the Given press, for a
second-hand engine, 1 oi- - horsepower.
.5d L. Heine, Bellmore, Queens Co., N. Y.

\1'ANTED.— To exchange, telegraph instruments,
\V new, and silverhull buckwheat, lor supplies,
bees, Ol- otters. C. D. Manvii.le,

5d La (i range, Ohio.

CnD QAI C llalinii Lees. 10 Langstrolh frames,
run uMLUi $-,.10 iiei- coldiiv; ..Mur *i:UM); 2 frame
nlu■l(■lls Willi quieii, .*;2iMi. JAiSE E EUNTIHGTON,
5.1 MILLBOKO DEPOT. BATH CO., VA.

(Formerly of Cutton Hill, W. Va.)

SUPPLIES VERY CHEAP!

ITALIAN BEES, BEE-HIVES,

.SJiCTJoys, FiK'SJ>A TI(f\, Yi'-V Tli A (TO US. ,

,v.i yy-M.isimr.j.s. Kit .

As I manufactuie all kinds of siiiiplic-s, 1 can sell
very cheap. ••:. V. PI<;KKIM>i,

5tldli .i4'ftVr!>oii, 4.i-eeiiu <:<»., Iowa.

CLOSING out:

Desiring to mo\e about Apr. 1, 1 shall sell anil de-
liver at depot, before that time, :ii! colonies of- Itnl-
ian and hybrid beesin ri-story Simplicity hives. 2(i L.
frames, at $5.00 each. Also one Novice Honey-Ex-
tractor, L. frame, and knife, for $5.00. One Barnes
combined circular and scroll saw, with 2 saws, one
emerv wheel, counter-shaft for jiowi'r, and all the
necessary guages, for $25(0. Cost $.50.00. As good
as iii'w. " Orders must be in b.\- March 20, or I will
sell at auclioii. Safe arrival guaranteed.

5d J. H. Reed. Orleans. Orange Co.. Ind.

BRED FROM AN IMPORTED MOTHER,

Sent b\-inail; safe arrival guaranteed, from April
unlil (tctober, Te.«teil (,)uci'iis. $1.50; I'ntesti'il
Oueens, $1.(10; per dozen, $S.(,0. Satisfaction guar-
anteed, or inoiiev refunded. 5 7-01l-i:id
Walter McW^illiams. Griffin. Ga.

-«

LOOK i HERE.

H4--

What you can get for .$;?.00. A IJ-frame nucleus
on L. frames, containing two frames of brood,
Italian queen, frames covered with bees; 75 Italian
queens will be sent to fill llrst orders. Such nuclei
as I send will not only grow into strong colonies,
but will doubly pay all expenses with surijlus hon-
ev. A great many customers have reported over
$S.00 from each nucleus. If you want full colonies,
or bees in any form c.rirp/ by the pound, write me
before ordering elsewhere. Orders will be filled
from the 25th of May to .June 15. 5tfdli

DAN WHITE. New London. Huron Co.. O.

1886

GLEANINGS JN liEE CULTUilE.

199

Contents of this Number.

iTTJ&T' OTJT.

Banner Apiary 210

Bees, Enraged 224

Bees, Stingless 20S

Bee-stings 2 '6

Bee-talks 208

Brood-chambers, Sectional.C03

Bumble-bees 2'8

Oireulars Received 206

Convention Notices 2!4

Doolittle. R -ply to 205

Editorin's 234

Blueberry-planl s 234

Extractor, Solar 206

Harrison on Wintering 214

Hives, Reversing 204

Hives, Improvement in r07

Hive, Kretchmer's 211

Honey Column 202

Honey tor ( 'olils 22r)

Honev too Cheap 228

Honcy-ilew a Help 226

Honey-plants of Ueorgia .227

IreUii'ul 227

Kind Words 230

I,arva», How they Eat 229

Myself :ind Neighbors 223

Our ( )wn Apiaiv 205

Postage, Inci-c-asL'il 214

yneens. liiii.orted 211

Selling to Siiloonists 227

Separators. None 213

SH-arnis. to Catch 227

Sweet Potatoes 2i8

Tinker's Hive i:05

Tobacco Column 2.'i0

What to Do, etc 215

Wanted^ Orders for f dn.

At 45 cts. lor hcavv, 55 cts. lor light. Wax \vorkc(i.
Tin Points. ^l.OO per 5000. Basswood-Trees, 1 to 3 It.
high, $1.M per lOU; 5 to 8 It., *4 00. Basswood seed,
$100 per 1000, postpaid; also Wire Nails, Smokers,
and Extractors. Sond for Circular. 10'; discount
on all cash orders recei\'e(l before A]irll 1st.

CHAS. STEWART,
6"d Sammonsville, Fulton Co., N. Y.

Ne^w^ BooK

-BY—

JAMES HEDDON,

OOWAGIAC, MICH.

Send your address for his

PROSPECTUS^

-AND-

2tfdb -^1886 CIRCULAR.

April

June

May

Jul.v

$1.25

$1.00

2..50

2.00

3.00

3.50

ITALIAN^ AND SYRIAN QUEENS

Before June 15, tested, fS.OO each; untested. $1.(IL
each. Later tested. $2.00 each; untested, single
queen, $1.00; six for $5.00; twelve or more, 75 cts.
each. Untested queens warranted purely mated.
I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Elkhart Co., Ind.

- SEE FOSTER'S -
ADVERTISEMENT.

BEES IN IOWA.

ITALIAN QUEENS, ""*

Untested queens, - - - - $1..50
Tested queens, - - - - ;j.00
Two-frame nuclei, no queen, 4.00
3-6db Dozen rates on application.

ANNA M. BEOOKS, SOREENTO, OEANGE CO., FLOEIDA.

RUBBER P*^K MENDING RUBBER BOOTS,
nirTWr''^'l' lit'BI^ER SHOES, and all kinds of
L/JliIVlliilll 1 , rublier goods. An article worth its
weight in gold, for the saving of health, annoj'ance,
and trouble. Printed directions for use accompan,y
each bottle. Ten cents per bottle; ten bottles, 85c;
100. $8.00. A. 1. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

FARM ANNUAL FOR 188(

Will he sent FREE to .ill who write for it. It is a
Ilnndsoine Itook of 12S Paefs. with hundrcit.s
of new illiistr.itions, two Colored I»I»<cs. and telLs
all about the Best Oai-den. Farm and Flower
Bnlbs, Plants, Thoroiiislibred StoeU and Fano,r Poultr.v. It is the
only complPte oatalosjne of the kind publisher!, and describes RARE JfOVEI.-

5T1E.S in VEGETABt.ES and FI^OWERK. of real value, which can not
be obtained elsewhere. Send address on a postal to

ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA,

PUHE -i- ITALIANS -i- EXCLUSIVELY.

^ STOP, a READ, « AND » ORDER.

t^

Having- determined to devote my time and attention exclusively to the jn-oductfon of i)tire Italian bees
and queens, during- the season of 1886. 1 otfer. in order to reduce stock, 50 €liOM-e Colonies ol' Pure
Italians in 10 Langstrotli frames, jruaranteed to contain at least i fi;ll frames of brood and 4 lbs. of bees
in new chaff hive, at f 10.00 each. I apjiend my prices for the season.

My terms are cash with the order. First orders; will be filled first. I will refund money at any time a
customer ma.v become dissatisfied with waiting-.

My methods: One kind, and the best of that kind. Nothing: except tested queens sold at any price. I
will send one-year-old queens until stock is exhausted, and then this season's hatch. I will commence to
send, about May 1st.

1 tested queen ^100 I 1-frame nucleus, tested queen $2 00

1 pound of bees 1 (K) | 3 " " " '• 3 On

1 frame of brood and bees 100 3 " " " " 4 00

I 4 " *' " " 5 00

In lots of 5, five per cent discount; in lots of 10, ten per cent discount. In lots of 10 or more nuclei or
pounds of bees, I will pay express charges for the first 1000 miles. Now remember, I guarantee safe ar-
rival and absolute satisfaction in all cases. Sample of live workers free by mail. Capacity, 25 queens
per day after May 1st.

I append a few from hundreds of recommendations from last season's customers.

.SodKs Point, N. Y. i Mill Paint. N. Y.

lam very much plcaiicd ivith the tested queen I ^ot , QncfiiMrivcd in finec(inditi(>}i,an(lljunu'rjlph(i)<cd

^rom you last summer. JAY S. SEE LEY

Port Dover, Ontario, Can.
I believe I can make arrannemenls with you for
queens next sprivy, as what I have (jot from j/ou
pknse me verj/ well. It. M. TAYLOR.

Later.— 7 ^vill yive you my trade for queens for IHSa.

R. M. T.

with hoth queen and bees.

PETFAi KLISK.

Pcnctanqiiistan, (Jy.tarlo, Canada.
Queen received all ri(iht, and alive. She is a nofde-
looking queen, and pleases me better than any I have
yet received. H. T. LEACH.

BOX 691, SHERBURNE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

200

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

Mar.

100 COLONIES OF
ORANGE-COLORED ITALIANS

-AND-

WHITE-BANDED ALBINO BEES
FOR SALE.

THOSE IN WANT OF BEES. QUEENS, OR
APIARlAN SUPPLIES WILL DO WELL TO
SEMD FOK MY 36TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST 13E-
FOKE PUKCHASIN(J. ADDRESS

Wm. W. GARY,

■.i>yUi n'M. TI'. CARY ASON,

4lldb

Cole'^aine, Mass.

N. C— The best testimonial ! can give is. tliat my
1 radc biis more than doubled in the past three years.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS.

1 will sell, from now nntil May 1st, in lots not less
IhaTi 3000, packed and delivered at express office.
Pure Clrescent f 2 00 per 1000

•• Sucker State 3.00 "

4 .5-6d C. F. TYSON, Centralia, Marion Co., 111.

FODNDATION

VANDERVORT

We have a larg-e stock of choice yellow beeswax,
and can furnish D\inliam comb fdn. for brood comb,
cut to any size, for 43c i)er lb. Extra thin Vander-
vort foundation. 48c per lb. We guarantee our
fdn. to be made from pure beeswax, and not to sag-.
Will work up wax for 10c )ier lb., and 20c per lb. for
section. F. \*^ H<»L.[ttE.«i,

4tfdt) Coopersville, Ottawa Co., Mich.

PURE

ITALIAN BEES.

Full colonies, nuclei, bees by the
pound, and Queens a specialty. Also,
Simplicity Hives, Frames, Sections, Comb Founda-
tion, and supplies generally. 22^" Send for my cir-
cular and price list. You will save monev by so do-
ing. CM. DIXON,
4-11-db Pariush, Fkanklin Co., Ii.t..

ALL PROGRESSIVE BEE-KEEPERS

Sutter for my price list of Bee-keeper' Supplies of
all kinds. Send for price list and be convinced.

J. W. BITTENBENDER,
4-9db KNOXVILLE. MARION CO., IOWA.

FOR SALE.— 30 Colonies Italian Bees on 7 L. frames,
in shipping-box, $7.00 each. Eggs from pure-
bred S. C. Brown Leghorn fowls (Bonny's strain),
«1.00 for 1.5. ,f.67d T. O. KEATOR, Accord, N. Y.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Seetioniii, Extractors, Smokers, Separators,

ice, or Hoot's inaDiifactiire, Sliipped

from liere at KOOT'S PKICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price i/.sf Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3 24db

TQipTi-KEEPEES' GUIDE, Memoranda, and Illus-
ff ■ -< ■ -* ti-.it»H catalogue, 48 pages; FBEE to all
bee-keepers sending address to
3tfdb JOS. NY'SEWANDER, Des Moines. Iowa.

50 COLONIES BEES FOR SALE.

1 have .50 stands of bees for sale, hybrids and
blacks, and in the Mitchell hive, 15 frames in hive,
well painted, and jnetal rabbets. I live on the Ar-
kansas Midland R. R., and can ship by R. R. or
water via Helena. I will take $4.50 per stand, de-
livered on board train, and delivered by latter part
of March. PETEI^ METZ,

t!-8^l) Poplar Gfoye, Pliillips Co., Ark,

Look! Honey-Comb Foundation! LooK

Friends, if you want any Foundation it will pay
you to i)urchase of us, as we have the very latest
improved mills; heavy, 4)Cts. per pound; very thin,
for comb honey, 10 cts. more per pound; \Q% dis-
count on all orders received before April 1st. Send
for free samples. Address

C. W. PHELPS & CO.,
4-5d Tioga Centhe, Tioga Co., N. Y.

Wft\KM BEE5~^ND QUEENS,

riill Pnlnnioc NUCLEI. AND atlEENS, CHEAP.
run UUIUMICd, .Sf,,,/ f,,^ cunaar.

0. 0. VAUaHN, 4ifdb COLUMBIA, TENN.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION TAOTOEY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in ajiother column. 3btfd

GREAT REDUCTION. Good as I
OUR ONE-PIECE THE BESTi

V-GROOVE ::: SECTIONS,

SMOOTH ON BOTH SIDES. AT $3.50 PER 1000.

FOR LARGER LOTS, n'RITE FOR PRICES.

A. M. MURRAY & CO.,

4-56d Goshen, Elkhart Co., Ind.

New Faetor.y, new Machinery, Ihninji' owned
and handled bees for twenty-two years, I now offer

APIARIAN SUPPLIES

Of my own manufacture. Our specialt.v will be on
one-piece V-jrroove buckeye sections. You can not
g-uess how white and beautiful they are. We make
hives to order, of all sizes and patterns, though the
hive wp use is the Scientific hive, made in sections
si.x inches high, put together without nails. Also
Frames and Sections. We claim that we can get
more section-box honey from this hive than any
j hive we know of. For circular, address

5 6d J. B. MURRAY. Ada, O.

JTW. K. SHAW & CO.,

Specialists in Italian-Queen Rearing

We are prepared to fill orders for early Queens,
tested or untested. A large number are ready for
mailing. We hope to supply all demands made in
the early spring, and all ai'ter, by return mail.
Price $ixn; doz., .f 10.00. Tested, S3.00. Special rates
to dealers. Iioreauvllle, Iberta Parlsli, lia.
.5-6d

VANDERVORT
COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
2tfdb .TNO. VANDEKVORT. Laceyville. Pa.

Mirror, or Farti'scalo Carp For Sale.

Spawncrs, 10 to 13 inches in length, per doz., f6.00

8 to 10 " " " " " .5.00

Small flsh, 2 to 4 " " " " 100, 5.00

W. H. CARPENTER,
3 6db Springboro, Warren Co., Ohio.

$1.25 PEE 13, from pure-bred, single-comb
"nexcelled layers.
Nashville, Tenn., or
Mo. 3-8db

Ejj_ $1.25 PEE 13, from pure-bi
nOy Brown Leghorns. Unex
SnOi Address H. B. Geer, Nas
UU ) E. W. Geer, St. Mary's, I

QUEENS. 1886. QUEENS,

Reared from Imported Mothers. Two, three, and
four frame nuclei. Safe arrival and-satisfactipti
guaranteed. Send for price list. Address
5-lldb FRANK A. EATON, Bluffton, Ohio,

1886

GLEANINGS IN J510E CUl/rUUE.

liOl

HONEY AND BEESWAX.

Our inui'kct, imd locution as:iliuilr ccnlcr, the
rapid KTowlli of our cily iiml (miuiiI ly, ylxcH us ii
liuxi' <l(Miiiili(l lor lioiicy. We hiu <• loutiil it impoK-
8ll)l(! to \u;o\) a stock of III), friuiics, uuKliissf'd, iind
of which we iiro in need. Tliis style of coinl) sells
much faster than any other and we will iinike lilier-
hI otfers on receipt of sanrples. \Vr >\rc well stot;ked
on ^-It). Boctioiis, also extracted. Keeswa.v wanted
on commission. CLEMONS, CLOON k CO.,

KANSAS Ci'l'V, .MO.

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS,

COMB FOUNDATION,
AT GREAT REDUCTION.

DRALKKS AND I.AKtiK ( ONSIIM KUS WIM,

FINO IT 'I'O 'l'lll':ilt INTIUtKS'l' TO VVIKTK

FOIt IMflCKS l''0|( iMHti.

JOHN J. HURLBERT,

LYNDON, WHITESIDE CO., ILLINOIS.

BE SURE

'I'o send a postal card lor(Jur illust i-jiled eataloKUiMif

APIARIAN rXrr';;"t:;i^ supplies

tains illustrations and deseript ions of every I liiiiR
U(,'w and desiral)le in an apiai'y,

AT THIC i..o\vesT I'KI<;KN.

J. C. SAYLES,

'i tl.l Hartford, Washington Co.. Wis.

s^ArE.BIRD^^'/WATERDOGS

ADDltKSS EUGENE HOYT,

ti-Ttid Highland, Madison Co., Illinois.

BEES IN IOWA I ADVERTISEMfNT.

SUMNER & PRIME,

BRISTOL, » VERI^OITT.

-.M ANCI- A<:'1 THKIi.S ( 1 1 ' -

THE

Apicultural Establishment

( II''

K. J. DOKOriPIh,

In Yigaun, Upper Carniola,
Austria, Europe,

Send (^ 1 1 1<; IONS postpaid. Safe arrival and purity of
lM'ce<l guaranteed.

I'riev. m,ch in (Irrman UalchHinark.

Cainliiliui (^1 lis, Native,

Itidluii tpui'iiiH, Nntlvi',

Apr.
K
0

May.
7
U

.Inn.

n

R

.In).
5

7

Aun
B

7

«

On
4
U

('VimIiui or Hyrliin Oiii'ciiH,
■ Niitlvc, ■

2(t

•H)

20

20

18

IR

18

Cyprliui or Syrliin Quitiis,
l.ic.l In (•.iinlula,

1'.;

v.

II

It

10 ' 10

10

5711(1 1.

SECXIONS,

To nail, or dovetailed, per lOOd, •t)..''.!). Send ;icent

stamp for sanipifMiiid \m-\m- list. 4tfd

I'AKKKll NKWTON, Karlville, Madison Co., N. V.

TESTED aUEENS, *;i.(l(l; untcHte<l, $1.00. Wa.v-extract-
or, !f:!.(K). oilier supplies. Send for eirciular.

OSCAR K. m.KDSOK, (Jrenada, Miss. 4tfd

Bees ^^ Plants.

20 stands of Italians at y5.00; and 'U) stands of
hylirids at *4.(ll) per stand, all in Siiiipli(!ity hives of
Koot's pattern. Also pur'(! (Ji-eRK', Cuthliert, and
'I'urner rasplieiiv-planls for sale; at $l.(,0 per 100, or
*H.(IO per K.OO. Address
.5»Td A. K. l(4»lll^'^ON, Marj'itvillc, O.

b

AI»AM'S FOUNDATION F A CTOUY, Whole-
sale and retail. Sue luhertiHcmciit in another
eoluMiii :jhtfd

Pere ^ We ^> JKtq ^ yigain

Hound to hell cheaper than i\w cheapest, I{e<!8,
Conil) Koundatioii. Hives, Sections, and Apiarian
Supplies in K'"'i<i''il- Don't tail to send for our (Mr-
eiilar, rli^iitolf. ii. \V. AI..KICICOIIT,

.^,-(:-7d l>l)NI»AS, %VIS<:<»NSIN.

Pee - jfieepers' Supplies, simplicity & langstroth hives

VVhite I'oplar Dovetailed Sections and Sliippinn'
Crates a Specially. I'rice List and samples fn.'c.
1-atfrll)

Bee-Hives, Honey-Boxes, Sections.

Laeoeot Bee-Hive Factoh? m the Woeld.

CAPACITY, 1 CARLOAD OF (JOODS I'liR DAY

Hcst of goods at low(!St lu-ices. Write; for l'ri(;(!
List. Itldb. O. h. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

" MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

xqiJAICK OLAWN HONKV-JAKS,

TIN HIU'KKTK, HKK-III VKK,
HONEY-SEOTIONS, &<-., A^c.
IPKliVKCTIOIV C01.D-UL.AMT KITIUKICICS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send lO-cent stamp fop " Practical Hints to
JJeu-Kcej)ers," Itfdh

All dovetailed Sections, l''riinies, Cjates, Wire Nails,
etc. Send lor circular. (.iEO. WIlKKLilOlC,
utfdii Norwich, <;iieii>iii;;o <<>., N. V.

SECTIONS

Do\-elailed, or to nail ; planeii, or smootli sawed.
Any size niaile to ordfw. Sun; to please j()U,aiid
sold at th(! lowest iniee for jfood sections. S('nd
stamps for samples and |)i'i(;es, staliiiK si/.(! and
qiiantily wanted. Any si/.e oi fiame made to
order, ami sliippinvr-ei'ateH in season. 5 (i-7d

r. OEAITOEE !i COIT, HAEFORD MILLO, CORTLAITD CO., il. 7.

100 Colonies of Bees for Sale !

.\1\' li.'iO colonies of Ik'cs are more tlian I (;an well
iiaiKlie. anri I will sell 100 full (colonies at f.^'i.OO each
for iiyhriils, #(1.00 for pure Italians. Dls<;ount on
laiKcr iiumliers. I will also sell a few colonies of
Caucasian liees, which hreed I imported from the
(;aucnsus Mountains, Asia, in ISKO, and liavt^ found
thorn of Kr<;ut value to me. Address

JIIMIN llOKriTIANN,
.') ti 7d OaiiMiolinric, ITIoiit. <'<>., N. Vt

f Formerly 'Ft. I'lain, N. V.)

(iLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

JlONEY (j0MfIN.

CITY MARKETS.

(JiNCrNNATi. — Hotiey. — No new feature iu the
market. Deinaud is jiood lor jar goods in the job-
biiisf way, and lair for choice comb honey, but very
dull for baircl goods from manufacturers. Arrivals
ai-e plentiful. \Ve quote extracted honey, 4(5'8c a lb.
on arrival, and choice comb honey at 12(a}.[bc a lb. in
tlie .i()l)bing way. There is a good home demand
for iiccftiva.c, which finds a rearly sale at 2?ic a lb. on
arrival. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

S. E Cnr. Freennm and Central Avenues,

Mar. 10, ISte. Cincinnati, Ohio.

St. Louis.— Hiinei/.— The market is dull.
White clover in lib. sections, , U'ftjec.

Spanish needle, " " ' lltol:iV2C.

Prime, WalOc.

Bark, and bi-oken comb, Tta'Bc.

E.vtracted, choice, in cans 8@9c.

good •* •' 7@.7'/2C.

in kegs ."iCgj-Tc.

'• bills., as to quality, 4'g>Bc.

Beeswax, in fair demand at'^:iV2frt 2;} for prime. Dark,
l@.5c less as to q\iality.
Mar. II, 18ec. W. T. Anukrson & Co.,

104 N. ;{d Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Cr.EVEr.AND. — Hojie.v.— The market continues very
good for best 1-lb. sections of white atUcts.; second,
12(^1:3; :.'-lb. sections are dull at 13a!i;j. Old, 9@10,
an<l moving very slowly. E.xtracted, TfgtS.

Beeswat, 2ti. A. C. Kkndel..

Mar. 10, 1886. 11.5 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

RosTON. — Honey. — 1-lb. seotions, 13 @ 14; 3 lbs.,
]l@l~; Slow sale. E.xtracted honey, 6(a'.8. Ueeswar,

IS. Hl.AKE & KlPriEY,

Mar. 12, 1888. .57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Chicago.— 7Jo)i6.iy.— Market is in good shape here
at present, and all that is here will be closed out
soon. Choice comb honey brings Ificin l-lli. frames;
extracted, dull, but really without much change in
price. Ber!iwa.T, 25c. Comb honey wanted.

K. A. UURNKTT,

Mar. 10, 1836. 1(31 S. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Dktkoit.— iF/())iei/.— The market continues dull;
no market change from last quotations. White, In
jmund sections. 13@14c. Commission houses think
they will be abl 3 to close out |)rcsent slock before
now honey comes In. Becsica.c in good demand at
25rg;i7c. M. H. Hu.nt,

Mar. 11, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

Milwaukee— HoHcy.— This market is good for
choice comb and extracteil honey at this time, and
the supply Is not equal to the demand. Wc can en-
courage shipments, and quote :-s follows:
Venj choice clover, 1-lb. sactions, ]7(5!l8

Choice " " " ]6(5il7

1'4 " " I.5@16

Old or dark, slow sale. »^ 12@14

E.xtracted, choice, pure, in kegs or bbls., 1V2C(^9

Bre!<wa.r wanted, L'O'S^Sc per lb. A. V. Bishop,
Mar. 10, 1886. 142 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

HONEST at HONEST

SnSIESJDS PRICES.

^^DIRECT FROM THE (;K0WER...jg3
Strawberry Tomato, or Ground Cherry, true seed, .10
Cook's Imp'd Popping Corn, best in the world, .10
Cook's Improved Lima Bean, " " " .10

Chufas, or Earth Almonds, very h.irdy, .10

iiammoth Russian Sunflower, best egg-food, .10

.Tapanese Nest-Egg Gourd, a pretty climber, .10

Chinese Yam, or Cinnamon Vine, 6 bulbs, .10

Purple-Husk Tomato, true seed, .10

Mixed Flower Seeds, over 200 choice varieties, .10
KS^'AU the above choice seeds sent postpaid for ..50
I^^SPECIAL INTRODUCTION BOX of seeds for
Family Garden; viz., 25 Packets well filled with the
best seeds, mailed for only 65 cents. TWO for f 1.00,

Stamps taken. Address A. T. COOK, Seedsman,
Clinton Hollow, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

[Mention this paper.] 6-7d

SECTIONS.

THE CHEAPEST YET.

0)te-Pic<:c (rvoovrd SeciioR.'^, S-!.oo jyer lOOti.

Tan Th<niH(in(J or more, $::!.5i) iKr low).

Address CHAS. S. BEEBE,

678d Baltimore, Md.

Qf\|~| COLONIES OF ITALIAN & HYBRID BEES FOS SALE.
A\3\3 Having more Bees than I desire to keep
at ]>resent, 1 ofler a portion of them for sale. I
have always made a specialtj- cf producing fine
comb honey, and my bees have made a good record.
Average in 1885, over 100 lbs. per colony, spring
count, nearly all comb. For price, state number cf
stocks wanted, and address

IV. ». WRIGHT,
6d Knowei-sville, Albany Co., IN. Y.

mo NORTHSHADE APIARY. 1886

PRICES GREATLY REDUCED.

Full colonies of Italian bees for spring delivery.
Nuclei, queens, and bees liy the pound for the
season. Comb foundation for sale. Wax worked
by the pound or for a share. Fdn. samples free.
Price list ready. O. H. TOWNSEND,
etfdb Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

Clark's Bee-Keeper's Diary.

A convenient register, with printed headings for
si.xtj' colonies, giving a record of swarms, surplus
honey, and queens. Price only three cents.

SUPPLIES.

Industrial S. & W. Hives, Carniolan and Ttaljan
queens, etc. Price List free. J. W. CliARK,
67d Box .34, «"larksburg;, Moniteau Co., JTIo.

G. W. Phelps & Go's Foundation Factory.

SEE ADVERTISEMENT IN ANOTHEE COLUMN.

!^"SILK, FRUIT, AND SHADE....^

Two-year-old white mulberry-trees for sale, f 1. 00
jjer doz. 6d J. L. STAHL, Webster Grove, St. Louis Co., Mo.

pcrlence. Address

TO WORK BY THE MONTH

3ral terms. Nine years' e;

A. L. MILLER, WEST TOLEDO, 0.

Wnli 1 £ll/i on liberal terms. Nine years' gtl-

Xrr^'DIM' PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

Jtl.\^JCl.J^ i^EE ADVERTISEMENT.

T^T^T^gl $1.00 per pound, in April and May.
OSUXaS^^ Queens, 25 cts. to «.25.

6d MISS A. M. TAYLOB, MULBEEEY GEOVE, BOND CO., ILL.

SAVE FREIGHT & MONEY by ordering
your Ajjiariau Supplies from L. J. TRIPP,
6a Circular Free. Kalamazoo, Mich.

rOUR-PIECE ONE-POUND
DOVETAILED SECTIONS,

6d

%l.'lh Per 1000. Sample Free.

M. A. LOHE, VESMONTVILLE, EATON CO.

MICH.

ITALIAN AND CYPRIAN BEES

and Queens (In any quantity).
Extract(n-s, Uee-Books, etc. Address 6tfdb

OTTO KLEINOW, Apiarist, DETEOIT, MICH. (Opp. Ft. Wayne Gate.),

FOR SALE.

WAMTFR ^ SITUATION as engineer at

finll I LUi a saw-mill, or with a thrashing'-ma-
chine In ('Mlifornia. Reference given and required.,
6d W. W. Addison, Bumpus, Jeff. Co., 111.

WANT En ^N APIAEIST OF PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE,
Iinli I LUi to establish a larg-e apiary in Cuba.
Salary or interest. Apply to E. MuUer, Tom's Elver, N. J.

BEES IN IOWA.

SEE FOSTER'S
ADVERTISEMENT.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

Vol. XIV.

MARCH 15, 1886.

No. .6

TERMS:81.00PkrAnnum, IN ADVANCE;! 17 „+ r^l^l ^ nlr, rt /I tT-i/i 1 Q 'J <5 f Clubs to different pOBtofflces, NOT LB!- s
2 Copiesfor$1.90;3for$2.75;5for84.00; JliCiULUiiCi lHyLV Lib MO / t) . I than SOcte. each. Sent postpaid, in the

5 or more, 75 cts. each. SingleNumber,
10 cts. Additions to clubs maybe made
at club rates. Above are all to be sent

TO ONE P08T0FF1CK.

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

J A.I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO. | fhe^'^.V-^J^izope^y^krextra"

, U. S. and Canadas. To all other conn-
1 tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18c
I per yen r extra. To all countries not of

SECTIONAL BROOD-CHAMBERS.

Also Some Other Matters Pertaining Thereto.

DR.

SUGGESTIONS
G.

AND DEDUCTIONS FROM
L. TINKER.

fHE extensive discussions of the past year in
the bee-journals on the modes and advantages
of reversing- brood-combs, as well as the re-
sult of trials, has proved that thei-e is no
profit in reversing- combs singly, because of
the labor required, not that there is no advantage
to be g-ained from the practice. Like many other
discussions in our journals, truth that we had
sought— the g-erin of wheat sifted from all the chaff
— is quite unlike what we had been seeking or had
anticipated.

It is no new idea, by any means, that the getting
of the brood close up to the sections in working for
comb honey is a measure of great value. As the
outcome of all the in\'ention and discussion, we have
discovered, perhaps, all of the plans by which the
brood can be brought near the sections, so that we
may now point out the one plan most practicable
and valuable. And right hei'e I wish to say that no
one man is entitled to all the credit of the discover-
ies made, because all, or nearly all, bee-keepers
have had a part in making them, and have prepar-
ed the fraternity for an innovation in our methods
that, without this i)rcparation of the apicultural
mind, would have been impossible. The credit, I
boldly assert, is due rather to the great fraternity
of bee-keepers who have not only made discovery
possible through their united labors, but now make
the introduction of the new appliances and meth-

od certain. As one who has done most to favor in-
vention and the evolution of new ideas on this
subject, the editor of Gleanings should take a
just pride in the work accomplished; but as the
matter stands, one bee-keeper is as much entitled
to the benefits of the work as another; and I trust
and believe that all will look upon it in this light,
and hesitate not by virtue of a just right to adopt
the improved methods as soon as convenience will
warrant, and the revolution in the construction of
brood-chambers and in our methods of manage-
ment will demand. Rut 1 am strongly convinced
that nothing has yet been pi-oduced that will ena-
ble, to the fullest extent, the practical advantages
that are to be derived from our new discoveries. It
is my object, however, in writing this article, to
throw some light on the subject.

But first, what is the most practical and advanta-
geous method of disposing the brood near the sec-
tions at will? Beyond question, it is the proper
management of the shallo\y sectional broodcham-
ber. Has it any disadvantages? We assert fear-
lessly that it has not, neither in wintering the lay-
ing of the queen, norinthe manipulation pfhivesor
combs.

Until about five years ago, a hive,thebrood-cham*
ber of which was in three shallow sections, each .514
inches deep by 12 x 16 inside, has stood in this town,
and contained bees uninterruptedly for ;J0 years.
The colon J', in its thin walls of walnut, had resisted
the cold and the buffeting of the storms of 30 win-
ters, and it at last succumbed to the depredation of
robber-beeS which gained entrance through its many
rotten corners. It had always done well, was ^en-

204

GLEzVNlNGS IN JJEE CULTUllE.

Mar.

erally on hand with a rousing swarm in season, and,
besides, made a liberal amount of surplus each
year lor its owner. When father Lang-stroth, a
few year.s since, recommended a thin-walled hive
for outdoor wintering- I was quickly reminded of
the old hive (the panels in the sides of the cases
were not over I4 inch thick). That it had not been
manipulated on the modern plan of tiering- up the
cases and placing- the brood next to the supers, was
no fault of the hive. The combs were all attached
to cOmb-bars in each case, on the Dzierzon plan.

REVERSING HIVES.

In a shallow sectional brood-chamber we think
that there Is no advantag-e whatever to be derived
from reversing Its sectional parts. The placing of
the brood next to the super, and any honey that
inay be in the upper case below the brood, will ac-
complish all that can be done. We shall, therefore,
have no use for a reversible hive. Again, as we shall
not have occasion to handle the frames very much,
but instead the sectional cases, it will not be greatly
to our advantag-e to have the frames as readily
movable as are the L. frames. On this account a very
simple case Is all tha): is necessary to hold the
frames^a case without ornamentation, clamps,
screws, or any thing- of the kind. Neither do we
want a complicated bottom-hoard ; but all the parts
of a practical hive of this nature should be, and will
be, made of only a few pieces, and all very plain,
and easy of construction.

The frames can be supported in th? sectional case
On strips of sheet iron out 5 16 wide, and as long- as
the case is wide inside, the stri)>s to be inserted in
thin saw-cuts made .5-6 of an inch from the inside low-
er edges of the ends, and to enter the wood only 3-16
of an inch. This construction will give a proper bee-
space under the frames, which should extend to the
top of the case. The width of the end-pieces of the
frames should be 1% in., and the thickness ?4 in.,
making a closed-end frame to rest on the sheet-iron
strips. The width of the top and bottom bars should
be the same, and may be i'4 x I4 inch in thickness.
Here let me call the attention of bee-keepers to the
comparative cheapness of these frames, if dove-
tailed at the corners, to those iij common use. They
need no nails, and a set of 11 for one hive can be put
together in afew minutes; and as they can easily be
made very accurately, they will always fit nicely in
the cases. The length of the frame might well cor-
respond with the 4>4 x 4'^ sections now so popular.
The outside would therefore be ^7 inches long, and,
If made just 5 inches deep, it will take one-half of a
sheet of foundation, cut the regular size for L.
frames. The frames can be taken out of the cases
very readily, since, being very shallow, the cases
can be set on end, and the frames pushed thi-ough,
one or more at a time. Hence the worthlessness of
all clamps to hold the frames in place will be appar-
ent.

Again, if we are to handle hives rather than
frames we can see no advantage in having so many
frames In each case. I think we shall find seven
enough, though many may prefer eight or even
nine frames to the case. It will then be very light;
but to further lighten it we would make the sides
only % thick, and the ends fi, and make the usual
hand-holes in the ends, or nail cleats across the ends
a little above the middle line to handle them by.

The bottom-board, we would make out of half-
Inch stuff, with a cleat across each end, of one-inch
Btufif, the rear piece to be two inches wide and the

front five Inches. The board is to be cut I'a inches
shorter than the hive is long, and the wide cleat
nailed across two inches from the end. This would
give an entrance across the front of ',4 inch. If
blocks are nailed on each side, to go under the fi'ont
corners of the hive, ordinary entrance-blocks can
then be used.

Sectional hives, containing only seven or eight
frames in each section, will be so light that we shall
find it an easy task to carry them back and forth
from cellars in wintering, where they can be placed
under our full control, and wintered in a scientiflc
manner, which we shall never be able to do In out-
door wintering, where we can not regulate the tem-
perature at will. Only one of the sectional cases,
well filled, will be necessary for each colony for the
winter.

To operate a sectional hive of shallow frames
successfully we shall need a honej'-board with strips
of perfoi'ated zinc set in thin saw-cuts, made in the
edges of the slats compassing the board. This con-
struction and use of perforated zinc is my invention,
but it is free to all to use. As any kind of a section
case or super can be adjusted to this hive, every
bee-keeper will be expected to use his favorite.

The capacity of two of the sectional brood-cham-
bers will about equal the eight-fi-ame L. hive, but
many would prefer to use three of the parts in
building up for the honey-harvest. The frames
alone are made to reverse, but we shall need to re-
verse them but once, and that simply to get the
frames filled out with comb plump to the sides all
around. Ordinary six-inch boards can be split and
dressed to three-eighths for sides of the cases, and
we shall have no trouble to get whole boards wide
enough for the bottom aud covers, and yet there
will be ample room for top storing- on the hive. For
a very cheap hive we shall never get a cheaper; and
a better hive for laryc results may not be possible.

It will hardly be necessary to add, in conclusion,
that this hive is not patented or patentable, except
in one or two features, which are my inventions,
and arc hereby freely given to the public.

Since we received the above, the follow-
ing, also, came to hand from Dr. Tinker :

I have sent you a brood-chamber by express. It
weighs complete, two tiers of frames, only 6;4 lbs.,
and the complete hive will weigh about 15 lbs., and
I think it is heavy enough.

As I wi'ote to you, I shall make a specialty of sec-
tions, and do not care so much about hive-making.
You can therefore do what you like with it. For
myself, I am now more favorably impressed with
the hive since making a few of them than before I
wrote the article. I further believe that the frames
will prove to be more readily movable than I had
anticipated. The hive is exactly right width for a
section I's wide, with or without separators, but I
shall use upon it a section I'j inches wide.

The secret of working sections without separators
is a narrow case. You will now see Avhy I prefer
only 7 frames wide in the Hive. I believe that these
little narrow hives and cases possess more merit
than will be readily granted, and that they have a
futui'e.

Where the sections are massed together in a nar-
row case (which is alone practicable without scpara- t
tors) of 4 or .5 sections wide, the side passages have
the same advantages, of course, that exist where
separators are used.

l88(5

GLEANIKGS in bee CULTUilJi.

2oa

If, however, we arc to uirtrt the sections, then a
wide frame, constructed exactly like the brood-
frames, but a little wider, and to be held in the ^u-
per in the same manner, seems indispensable. For
1 believe that, under many circumstances at least,
it is impracticable to invert whole cases of sections
at a time when any advantage is to be gained from
the practice; but if the sections are iu wide frames
we can usually invert them, one or more at a time,
as maybe safe to do, the danger being that the
combs will lop over sidewise, as they tire exceeding-
ly tender before they are capped over. My ojanion
is, that it will never pay to invert sections. ]f a
case is made to hold wide frames, it will require to
be just '2 inch longer than the case described, and
the cases to hold the brood-frames, as well as the
frames, will require to be li inch longer.

G. L. Tinker.

New Philadelphia, O., Feb. 20, 188(5.

The sliallow bvood-eliambers sent us by
Dr. Tinker are of siicli extremely nice work-
manship, we have taken pains to have cuts
of them made. By the way, the doctor's let-
ter is a consideration of the principle sug-
gested bv friend Heddon, though he doesn't
say so. 'You will notice he suggests making
the hives still narrower than eight frames;
in fact, so narrow as to contain only seven.

A HIVE COMPOSED OF N.\KKOW, SH.VLI.OW BUOOD
CHAMBEKS.

The brood-chambers shown above are 10|
inches wide, outside measure. As the boai ds
comprising the sides are I inch thick, tliese
chambers are tii, inside measure. The
frames are about If from center to center,
therefore seven fill the chamber. The end-
pieces are f inch thick. The frame shown
is composed of strips i x f . The end-pieces
are i x ]g. The doctor thinks they do iiot
need nailing. We would nail tliem both
ways with slender nails, securely, in order
that they may never pull to pieces, for we
may have considerable trouble when the
time comes to take these little frames out, if
such time ever does come, after they once
are nicely tilled with combs. In the figure
on the left, the frames are shown flush with
the top of the hive. The figure on the right
sliows the same inverted, where the frames
are i inch below what is now the top edge
of the hive. They are held by a little strip of
iron driven into a saw-cut in the usual way.
Whether or not these arrangements are ever
going to be used in place of inoval)le frames,
is the question. 1 suppose there is no fur-
ther necessity of debating whether any one
has a right to use tliis arrangement, after
reading the letter on page 211. And while
we are about it, perhaps it may be as well to
say there seems to be no useMn discussing
the matter any further.

REPLY TO G. M. DOOLITTLE.

SEPARATORS, .4NI) WIDE FRAMES TO HOLD SECTIONS.

T HAVE read Mr. Doolitlle's quctations on page
||f 171. My correspondence is so great that I must
111 be excused from replying, sentence by sen-
"*■ fence. Mr. Doolittle's quotations are all con-
fined to 1881, except the last two, to 1886. He
will find just the reasons he asks for, in my writ-
ings, between those dates. I have before explained
fully how I made my mistake in my first experi-
ments with separators.

Many of Mr. Doolittle's questions are answered in
my chapters on hives, and again by him in the fifth
paragraph in his article in .4. B. J. for >[arch 10,
1886. He says in one place I lay the blame to glue;
and in another, to two -story wide frames, and
wishes to know which is correct. I answer, both;
two-story wide frames are glued much worse than
those one story deep, especially when tightly
pressed with our thumb-screws, as we describe in
our book. But for my desire to reverse my sec-
tions, I now thinli I wouldn't use wired frames,
whether I used separators or not.

We overcame the propolis question by using
shallow Avide frames tightly pressed with thumb-
screws. I made some mistakes regarding separat-
ors in 1881, and tlie same diligence with which Bro.
D. has found them will aid him in finding my ad-
missions and corrections, made long before I wrote
the book, " Success in Bee Culture."

Friend Root wrote as though in my book was
the^)s^ place I had spoken in favor of wide frames
and separators. Fi-icnd Hutchinson corrected him.

Dowagiac, Mich. .James Heudon.

OUR OWN APIARY.

Boiling-Point of 21L° Reached with the Solar
Wax-Extractor: Experiments with.

WHY THE BEE HATCHKS WITH HIS HEAD TOWARD
THE CAPPING.

0N page 226 of this present number I am asked
whether the bee larva absorbs its food, or
whether it receives it by means of a mouth;
also why the lee does not starve when it
hatches with its head toward the capping;
i. e., tui-ned from the t)ase of the cell where the
food is supposed to be. In answer to the first ques-
tion, 1 will say that a few of the lowest forms of an-
imal life receive their nutriment by absorption, and
are generally parasitic. The larva of the bee,
though by no means as perfect as the mature bee,
yet is possessed of a mouth, rudimentary digestive
organs, and a means of respiration. If you take
notice you will observe that the young larva will
consume a large quantity of food; and were it not
for the frequent visitations of the nurse-bees the
tiny grub would soon starve. Generally, as we
know by sending larvie by mail, the quantity of
bee-jell will not last tlie grub much more tlian 24
hours, if taken from the hive. The larva? of insects
iu general are voracious eaters, and the amount of
food that they will consume in proportion to their
size, as compared with an ox, is enormous. The
larva of the bee is no exception to the rule. In-
deed, it is quite necessary that the grub should
gorge itself during the larval period; for, as we
shall presently see, it will need the nutriment de-
rived therefrom for a period of rest.

i20G

c;li:axixgs i^' Ijee cultukk.

Ma

R.

Now we come to the consideration of the second
question; namely, Why does the bee hatch with its
head toward the capping', and how does it obtain
food, if any, when in the pupa state? From obser-
vation and facts which I have been enabled to
glean, 1 am led to believe that the bee, during' its
pupa state of development, like other insects of
its kind, remains in a quiescent condition, during
which it takes no food. Indeed, confined within
the narrow limits where nature has placed it, with-
out any surplus room in which to reverse its posi-
tion, how could it turn its head in the direction of
the food? We know that the bee hatches with its
head toward the capping-, and in this position re-
mains upward of 13 to 14 days. During this time we
will suppose that the grub as described on page 848,
last year, has justrelined his cell, covering up all
remnants of food, together with all refuse matter,
and that his compartment is nice and clean. In the
process of development the unsightly grub is dis-
tinctly divided into three separate hardened seg-
ments at the same time that legs and other organs
begin to appear. If in a day or so before the time
of hatching we should break open the cell, we should
find an ivory-colored bee, and we might or might
not detect signs of life; at any rate, we should find
It in a state of comparative quiescence. The ex-
terior covering of the bee has become hardened
and shell-like, which would make it quite impossi-
ble to get any food at the base of the cell, even if
there were any thei"e. The bee has his head toward
the capping, because, like the chicken in the shell,
he is the proper one to decide when he is mature
enough to hatch; but were his head toward the
base of the cell it would be quite impossible to lib-
erate himself. The caterpillars and silkworms,
besides the larva? of other insects as well, become
quiescent when in the pupa state, as we learn from
good authority on the subject; and bees would be
no exception to the rule. So If we examine all
these peculiar phenomena we shall find a cause,
and generally analogous instances in other insects.

EXPERIMENTS AGAIN WITH GREEN'S SOL.^^R WAX-
EXTRACTOR, IN WHICH THE BOILING-POINT,
212°. IS REACHED.

March i5.— To-day begin rather warmer than usual,
1 decided to experiment further with the solar wax-
extractor-the outside temperature in the shade be-
ing6.5°. The extractor was arranged in a suitable po-
sition; and,afteralapseof an houror so, I looked in.
The mercury was above 180°; yes, the temperature
was actually 213°, or a trifle above the boiling-point.
I think we shall have to admit that eggs boiled by
the sun's rays is a thing quite probab'e -indeed
possible. If the weather is favorable, and I don't
have "bad luck," I will report in regard to sun-
boiled eggs versus those boiled by the other method.
But, wait one moment; a difficulty confronts us at
the outset. The water in the extractor will have to
be heated from its surface; whereas, water in a
kettle, by the ordinary means, is heated from its
base by convection; i. e., the atoms are transmitted
from one part of the water to another. It is laid down
in physics, that water reaches its maximum density
at about 39° ; when the water is warmed above this
point it is expanded, and, in consequence, is lighter.
In the wax-extractor, the water will of necessity
be heated at its surface by the action of the sun's
rays. As this stratum of water is lighter, theory
says it will stay on top, and not mingle with the

Avater below and it thus will be heated very slowly.
When we go in bathing, after wading out to our
necks we often find a cold stratum at our feet, when
the water within a loot or twoof its surface is warm,
having been made so by the action of the sun. This
water, as it is less dense, is lighter, and does not
sink. In regard to sun-boil?d eggs, we will see what
practice has to say later.

OUR OWN APIARY.

Our bees are still in splendid condition -only three
lost from the whole; but we had reason to suspect
these would not winter, one being the Holy-Land
colony that I have already referred to, and the oth-
er two when put up for winter were queenless. We
are thus much -better off than we were a year ago
at this time, when we had a loss of six instead of two
as now. Ernest R. Root,

CIRCULAKS KECEIVED.

C. M. Dixon, rarrjsh, I.l , ser.di a i-jiage list of supplies in
grenerxl.

C. Wec'.cesser, Marshallvi'.le, O., s.nJs a four-page sheet--
bees and strawberry plants.

J. ]'. Moore, Morg.in, Ky., sends a i page list of bees and
queens.

Rev. William Ballantine, M msfleld, Ohio, sends us a 16 page
price list nf hee-supplies in general.

Simon P. Roddy. Mec'ianiestown, M(l.. sends us an advertis-
ing sheet of bees and queens, a specialty.

Ernst S. Hildeman, Ashippun, Dodge Co., Wis., sends an
advertising sheet of farm pi oduce and bee-supplies.

W. W. Bliss, Duavte C.il., sends a 12-page circular of apiarian
supplies; specialty, foundation.

S Valentine & Son, Hagersto«n, Md., .=end a 20-page price
list of bee-supplies.

Frank A. Eaton, Bluffton, Ohio, sends us his advertising
ca'd and price list of bees and queens

D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, ill., sends his advertising sheet,
hives a specialty.

J. W. K Shaw & C > , Loreiuville, La., send their 4-page list;
specialty, early Southern queens.

E Kretchmer, Coburg. Iowa, sendi a neitly gotten-up price
list of 27 pages, hives and Italian bees a specialty.

E. W. Greer. St. Mary's, Mo., sends his advertising card-
poultry and hives.

A. J. Norris & Co., Cedar Falls, Iowa, send their 4-page sheet:
specialty, Italian and Carniolan queens.

E. M. \'eomans, Andover, Cr., sends a 4page circular; queens
and nuclei a specialty.

Reynolds Bros., Williamsburg, Ind., send a 16-page circular
of bee-siipplies in general.

R. M. Morrill, Plymoutli, Ind., sends an 8-page circular; spe-
cialty, small fruits.

Sumner and Prime, Bri-itol, Vt., send a 10-page price list of
bee-supplies.

n. R. Boardraan, East Townsend, Ohio, sends an advertising
sh^■e'; specialty, choice comb and extracted honey.

Geo. wheeler, Norwich, New York, sends a 10-page list, hives
a specialty.

G. B. Pickering. Fisher's, N. Y., sends a 4-page sheet; special-
ty, seed potatoes.

Earl Clickinger, Columbu?, O., sends an advertising sheet of
bee-supplies in general.

A. F. Stautfer, Sterling, 111., sends an 8 page circular— bee-
supplies.

J. W. Clark, Clarksburg, Mo., sends a 15-p.ige circular, 8
pages of which is a diary for the registration of swarms and
their increase.

O. H. Townsend, Alamo, Ka'amazoo Co., Mich., sends aiver-
tising sheets of bees and foundation a specialty.

Bostwick & Ashley, Medina, leave with us their " Egg Bul-
letin " for 1886; specialty, poultry and eggs.

James W. Teft't, Collamer, N. Y., sends a 4-page ciicular of
the " Queen City " bee hives as a specialty.

Dr. J. f. H. Brown, of Augusta, Ga., sends us his 15th annual
catalogue, of 20 pases; hives a specialty, tu'-h as are adapted
to the southern climate

J. D. (roodrii-h. East Hardwick, Vt., sends us a sample of hi»
white-poplar sections, with a two-pasre circular and samples of
comb foundation, very neatly packed inside the section blanks.

Among the circulars and books rt- centl.y printed at this office
we notice the following::

B. J. Miller & Co , Nappanee, Elkhart Co., Ind., a 16-page
circular of bee-supplies in general.

G. K. Hubbard, Lagrange. Ind., a very pretty 10-cent bee-
book. It has 61 pages in all, the first 30 of which are devoted
to a considerable amount of valuable information, condensed
in a small space. The remaining pages comprise a description
and price list of the Hubbard beehive. Mr. Hubbard will fur-
nish the book at the price named above.

A BEE-JOURNAL STARTED IN AUSTRALIA.

Volume I., No. 1, of the Axistralian Bee-Keepers'
Journal, is quite a prettj' little magazine, published
at Melbourne, Australia, at 6 shillings a year, or 6
pence per copy. The Journal is well gotten up, the
paper is nice, the printing is nice, and the matter ii
well selected. We wish them Godspeed.

188G

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

20?

IMPROVEMENT IN BEE - HIVES AND
FIXTUKES.

NO NEED OF DEMORALIZING CHANGES; SIMPLICI-
TY HIVES EASILY CONVEHTED INTO
REVERSIBLE ONES.

fRIEND ROOT, we gather from what has been
wi-itten on this subject of improvement
in hives, that what is most needed to ac-
complish the impi-ovemcnt are^the follomng
new and desirable features: 1. The easy
and quick reversal of the brood-combs when neces-
sary; ~, Permitting the use of a practical honey-
board between the brood-frames and the surplus; 3,
Whenever thought necessary, allowing the easy
and rapid reversal of the surplus honey, either
Avhen in frames of comb or in sections above; 4,
Allowing the use of separators between the sec-
tions when using them in the case system, and on
the tiering-up plan.

We know that there have been given, from time to
time, a great many methods, and recently an in-
vention, whereby these g things may be accom-
plished; but it seems that they all meet with more
or less opposition, on the ground of the demoraliz-
ing changes they would of necessity bring about if
they were generally adopted. After much careful
study and thought upon the subject, it seems to us
(and we doubt not our bee-keeping friends will gen-
erally agree) that if the addition of the above-men-
tioned valuable features could only be made to our
time-honored movable-frame [hives in the person-
ality of the L. and Simplicity, at the same time re-
taining all of their best features, which have been
found to be so valuable, after long years of service
and e.\perience. It would be " a consummation de-
voutly to be wished;" and although at first thought
it seems hardly possible, nevertheless we predict
that it Avill not fail of consummation. And now,
friend R., with this end in view, if you will kindly
allow uSkSpace, we will try to make it plain to your-
self, as well as our bee-keeping friends, how it is
possible to convert a Simplicity hive (those' already
in use) into a reversible hive, possessing all the de-
sirable features alluded to above, and at the same
time doing it without taking it apart and building-
it over again, and that, too, at so little trouble and
expense it could not possibly be considered demor-
alizing to think of making the change, taking into
consideration the many and great advantages to le
gained. This is done in the following manner:

Take a Simplicity-hivcj body, place it; upon a cir-
cular-saw table, having set the guage at 9!^ inches;
run it through and cut away the bevel portion at
the top, all around; this should leave the top of the
hive on a level with the tops of the frames. Next
nail on a light frame, or collar, made of strips of
wood ',4 in. square, size lexSO'.i outside measure, to
take the place of the beveled portion removed.
This done, you have a Simplicity that will reverse
ten hanging frames (or a less number, even with
division-boards) without having any alteration to
make in them, by simply^turning the hive bottom
side up, provided the frames are supported from
falling out by means of two strips of wood M2 in. thick,
?a in. wide, and 15 inches long, laid across them near
their ends^and made fast to the offset in the sides
of the hive, these being, as we mentioned before,
on a line with the tops of frames.

The strips used for this purpose are best made of
basswood, and according to the following diagram,

only the beveled portion then resting upon the
bottom-board, thus furnishing less surface for
propolizirig. They also would be much better if
made of east metal.

These strips not only hold the frames in their prop-
er places while the hive is being turned over, but,

resting lupon the
bottom - board, by
the weight of the
hive they press

STRIPS OF WOOD To LAY ON TIIK FRAMES, the tOp-barS tlmi-

ly against the rabbet, thus preventing the bottoms
(which are now the tops) from toppling or leaning
together. A Simplicity hive thus treated, makes
practically the same hive we are now making and
using, the past season's experience with which has
given us great satisfaction, an illustration of which
can be found on page T71 of Gleanings for Nov.
115, 1885, to which please refer, as it will greatly as-
sist us in the further explanation.

Now, with our Simplicity bodies made reversible
they will manipulate in all ways the same as the
Ideal reversible bee-hive there shown, which is only
a modification of the Simplicity, and they will now
admit the use of a wood-slat honey-board like the
one shown in the cut. This honey-board is reversi-
ble, is 15 in. wide and 19 in. long, and has 60 openings
like those in a section box, only not so wide, being
scant 3-16 in.; and when placed in position on the
hive it gives two bee-spaces of i'g in., one above and
one below. Now, a Hutchinson, or a Heddon
honey-board either, could be used, provided it is
made wide enough for a ten-frame hive.

Our reversible Simplicity bodies are still inter-
changeable, and can bo tiered one above another,
just as they could before; and having a honey-
board between, which prevents the upward building
of comb from fastening the two sets of frames to-
gether, they are much more easily removed when
filled. The upper story can also be reversed, the
same as the lower, and will revei'se metal-cornered
Simplicity frames as well as all-wood top-bars, or
both kinds together. Half-stories, if they are made
alike at top and bottom, to hold the sections and
separators in single-tier wide frames, can also be
reversed over the brood-chamber, provided the tops
of wide frames are made the same width as their
bottoms; however, we do not i-ecommend the use
of wide frames to hold the sections, either in single
or double tier, in order to be able to use separatoi-s,
for we have a much better way of doing it.

This brings us to consider our reversible cases, to
be used over our newly made reversible Sim-
plicity body, to hold the sections and separators
(see illustration above referred to); and from prac-
tical test we can safely recommend it as being by
far the easiest, simplest, and best method, thus re-
taining all the valuable features of the case system,
as taught by friends Heddon and Hutchinson, be-
sides adding to it the use of separators, and per-
mitting the reversal of all the sections at one opera-
tion.

The case holds 33 l?i-inch sections, without any
separators, or 30 1 'a -inch sections with sepai-ators
between them— not short ones either, but long
enough to reach across three section hexes; nor do
they have to be nailed to any thing as separators
are when used in wide frames -a very big advan-
tage, as any one trying it will discover. The cases
are not thin-walled, as the Heddon case, nor do
they need the outer covering, as does the Moore

208

GLKAiVTNGS IN JJEE CULTURE.

Mar.

case. They are lOX^'O'.i inches, outside measure,
and lit over a Simplicity hive exactly. The ends
are of '/^-inch lumber, and the sides of 's-inch.
When they are placed on the hive, a honey-board
goes between, and they can be tiered up, one above
another, the same as the bodies. We believe we
have written to you how this plan of reversing
frames and sections can be utilized in a chaff hive.

And now, having made it plain (as we think) how
all these new and valuable features may be added
to the hives we already have in use, with but little
trouble and expense, by only slightly repairing
them, we will mention only one of the many advan-
tages this plan presents above any other method
yet offered. This, of course, we consider the most
important of all. It is the retention of our good
father Langstroth's movable hanging-comb frame,
that we all love to manipulate so well. If, however,
we have not made it sufficiently plain, we shall be
pleased to try again. Hemphill & Goodman.

Elsberry, Mo., Feb. 13. 1885.

Thank you, friends, for the caution about
being in haste to drop our old liives and take
up new ones. I have ab-eady reversed Sim-
pbcity hives on a plan similar to tiie one you
advise. Instead of sawing off any thing
from the top edge of the Simplicity hive,
however, I would make a frame siich as
would be obtained by taking a common Sim-
plicity cover, and sawing half an inch from
the lower edge, clear around. This will go
right on the hive, and may be bradded fast.
The strips to hold the frames in place I
would make of tin, folded much like an or-
dinary tin rabbet, only being half an inch on
each edge. Push these down on top of
the frames, leaving the sharp edges of the
tin sticking up. A nail driven into the side
of the hive, so its head lies snug down into
its channel, with folded tin, will hold it in
place so the hive may be inverted. We
found, however, that a whole Simplicity
hive was pretty heavy ; and half - depth
frames would doubtless be more easily han-
dled, and would work nicer. See the article
from Dr. Tinker, on page 203.

THE STINGLESS BEES OF MEXICO.

MORE ABOUT THEM.

fHE Statement of John L. Gr^gg, about the
small bees of Mexico, is by no means a new
thing. These bees are well known to ento-
mologists as the honey-bees of the tropics,
which are very small, have no stings, and
live in very large colonies. They are known as
MeliponcB. The wings are shorter than the abdo-
men, and the mandibles are not toothed. They are
found only in South and North America, and not in
the other continents. There are several species of
them. Some build their combs in hollow trees,
some in banks, and others suspend their nests from
branches of trees. One variety builds clay hives,
and its^honey is said'to be excellent. It is not prob-
able that these bees would thrive in our cool climate.

MICA FOR BEE-VEILS, ETC.

I send you a sample ot™our mica, which, as you
will find, can be split with a knife into very thin
sheets, which I think would rap.ke excellent eye-
pieces for bee-veils, also for observation- holes for

hives. This is only a small size. It can be cut with
scissors with ease, and pierced with a needle so it
can be sewn. Plates 0 or 8 inches square can be
procured; but this size is dear, on account of the
demand for it for stoves. The small sizes, like the
sample, can be procured quite cheaply, for S;2.00 a
pound, about; and a pound would make a large
number of sheets. This mica is very abundant
here. It was mined by the aborigines who built
the great mounds in Ohio and other parts of the
West, in which plates and sheets and ornaments of
it are found; but as a large quantity of rock has to
be moved to get to the mica, it has a market value
of from $4.00 to f 10.00 per pound, for merchantable
sizes. Henky Stewart.

Highlands, N. C, Feb., 1886.

Friend S., we are much obliged for the
additional facts you give in regard to these
bees; and although it may be true that they
will not live here in the North, what is to
hinder sending our boys and girls down to
Mexico to look after them? Who will vol-
unteer to see whether it be not possible to
produce honey that can be profitably shipped
north, from these new bees?— In regard to
tiie mica, it has been several times before
our people, and bee- veils have been adver-
tised with mica fronts. Many thanks for
your beautiful specimens.

BEE-TALKS.

AN is a mimic, it Is said; and this is true
to a large extent. We do as we have
learned from others. Uut I find that we
all have some waj's of our own. No mat-
ter how well we may have learned our
trade or profession, we will do some things dif-
ferently from others, or the way we were taught to
do. It is all right that we should do so. It is the
only way we, as a whole, make any improvements.
It is those departures from the old ruts that result
in our valuable inventions in every thing. Our
most successful bee-keepers differ very much in
their manner of management of their bees. Al-
most every one has a way of his own, and I have
sometimes thought I was an odd one, as I have so
many of my own notions. Still,' I have learned and
practice a great deal that I have learned from oth-
ers. I take the A. B.J. and Gleanings, two very
valuable papers, and I would not do without either
for three times their cost. But the best book that I
have is my bees. They are a great study, and I am
all the time learning something new about them.

I have been the owner of more or less bees for
over forty years (I am now 63), and what I say or do
must be done soon; and if I write any thing that
would be misleading to beginnei-s, I ask the old
heads in the bee-keeping fraternity to correct me.
But we must bear in mind that location has a great
deal to do with results; and the more bees one has,
the more he has to change his manner of operations.
Plans that would do for ten or twenty colonies
won't do for one hundred or more.

Beginners in the bee-business should do one of
two things— either start with a few bf es, or work
two or three seasons with a good practical bee-
keeper, one who has made bee-keeping a success,
and has handled a large number of colonies; and

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

209

then, in connection with the work, read all the I
standard works on bees, including the bee-papers.
I think the last plan the better of the two.

1 believe that bee-keeping- can be made a success
if the party eng-aged in it Ikis a liking lor the busi-
ness, and starts in a good location. But the bee-
business is not all honey. I have found, in my ex-
perience, a great many pull-backs and losses, and
many things that did not come up to my expecta-
tions but I have blundered along until 1 have learned
something about the bees and about my locality, etc.
In my remarks I wish to speak of my management, .
and my mistakes.

Bee-keepers as a rule, don't like to tell their blun-
ders. They "blow" about their great success, big
crops of honey, and figure up every thing at the
highest price, and make abig show in figures. Per- \
haps the next year their success is in the little end
of the horn— had bad luck; bees winter-killed,
spring-dwindled, poor honey season, etc. Not a
word said now. So the A B C class get only the
bright side, and are led to think that bee-keeping is
a big thing, and they go in heavily, only to end in
failure and disappointment.

HOW DID I EVER CO.ME TO BE A BEE-KEEPER?

Why, I just blundered into the business. I al-
ways had a liking for bees and honey. I tried hard to
be a farmer. I went to Iowa 30 years ago, bought 200
acres of land on the prairie; stayed six years; then
the war bi-oke out, and at first there was no price
for any thing I could raise on the farm. We had
some relatives here in Platteville, so we left the
farm and came here to visit; stayed a year, and
then went back to the farm again.

When we got here I had to do something for a liv-
ing, as my labor was about all we had to depend
on to support myself, wife, and one little boj\ then
five years old. About that time I saw an advertise-
ment, "Agents wanted, to sellMetcalf's Bee-hives."
I took the agencj', got a sample hive, and made the
hives myself. At that time almost every farmer
kept a few swarms of bees. The hives sold for $2.50
each ; the patent to use them, $5.00 for a farm-right.
I had all I got for hives, and half for the patent. 1
soon made enough to buy the county-right, and
then I bought two more counties. 1 took some bees
in trade, and that is the way I got started.

The hive was a frame hive, 12 x 13 inches, and 1"
inches high; used 8 frames standing on the bottom.
It had a movable front. I made them single for one
colony; double for two, and quadruple for four col-
onies, all single-walled hives, no chaff hives then,
nor extractors. 1 worked my bees for comb honey
in large boxes, 30 lbs. or more. I soon divided my
boxes down to 3 lbs. Honey sold then from 25 to 30
cts. at home. I kept increasing slowly until the
fall of 1871, when I had 123 colonies of bees. I al-
ready had them in three apiaries. All old veterans
will remember that winter of 1871 and '72. In the
spring I had 20 colonies left alive.

The next fall I started in the winter with .50, and
that winter was a hard one. The spring of 1873 I
had 14 colonies alive. Then I made up my mind
that my hive was too small, so I commenced to
make larger hives. I made them 13'/2 x 13' 2, and 22
inches high, inside measure. I used 9 frames, and
made them quadruple, or, as they are called nowa-
days, tenement hives, holding four colonies, but at
that time I made them single-walled. I changed
my 14 colonies all into the large hives. My stock of
old hives was used up for kindling-wood. There

was no sale for hives, as all the bees in the country
about here were dead.

Now right here let me mention one of my blun-
ders. I got me an account-book, and kept a record
of just what was done with every individual colony,
but I failed to give my number of colonies in the
spring and fall, and amount of hone3' taken each
year — in fact, no general management, which would
have been of more value for reference. But I
make out this much: That in the fall of 1880 we
had 220 colonies; in the spring of 1881, we had lost
all but 72. We had one yard of over 60 colonies,
that went down to 3; cause of the loss, too windy a
location, very hard winter, and we extracted too
close late in the season.

The year of 1881 was a poor season for honey, but
we increased our 75 colonies to 157 in the fall, and
took 2000 lbs. of honey, all extracted, and had our
bees fixed up in splendid order for winter.

The winter of 1881 and '82 proved to be an open,
warm winter. Of the 1.57 in the fall, we had 155 col-
onies in the spring, which we increased to 295 in
the fall, and took 13,000 lbs. of honey.

The spring of 1883 we had 211 colonies in five
yards. The loss was almost all from desertion in the
spring. From the 211 colonies in the spring of 1883
we extracted 22,037 lbs. of honey— an average of
104^2 lbs. per colony, spring count. I failed to re-
cord the number of colonies in the fall of 1883.

The spring of 1884 we had 291 colonies. From 287
colonies we extracted 31,283 lbs. of honey; comb
honey, 206 lbs. from 4 colonies— an average of 109 lbs.
for the 287 extracted, and 51!2 lbs. average of comb
honey from the four ran for comb honey. We
went into winter quarters with 455 colonies.

Last winter was a hard one, and the spring of 1885
found us with 321 colonics— a loss of 134. From
these 321 we extracted 33,086 lbs. of honey, and in-
creased the bees to 510 colonies. Our average per
colony this year was 1(3 lbs.; but owing to so much
wet weatber at the close of the basswood season,
and no fall honey, we had to feed back to the bees
6114 lbs. of honey, to give them enough to winter
on. That left us 26,972 lbs. after feeding back. Our
average would be 84 lbs. per colony, spring count.

I find it hard to tell just when to quit taking hon-
ey, and get all the honey we can, and leave them
enough for their winter stores. In this locality the
basswood is the last thing that gives us any surplus.
Wetry to time it so that the bees will have a good sup-
ply for winter out of the basswood. This year, when
the basswood was half through, we commenced as
usual to leave in full combs of honey in the back-
side of the hives, leaving in more and more every
day. The last day we extracted we left in one-half
of the honey. The ne.xt day was a rainy day, and
the next five days were wet, drizzly weather, and
the basswood season was over. The bees were
short of honey for winter. We waited three weeks
and then went to feeding. We fed one yard at a
time until all were fed. We fed the last honey we
extracted, and fed all but one yard; that one had
enough, and it was the next yard in rotation to ex-
tract, but we did not get to it, on account of the
rain.

We use the pepper-box feeder, (luart size. It
holds three lbs. We put two on a hive at a time, and
fill them up again in two days. We fed one yard of
100 colonies six feedersful each— 18 lbs. each, or 1800
lbs. for the 100 colonies. The other yards were fed,
some 18 lbs., some 12 lbs., and some 6 lbs., according

no

(JLIOANIKGS IN JJKK CUl/rUHK.

Mar.

to their wants. Wedid not g'o to the trouble to exam-
ine all the hives in a. yard. We would open about
10 or 13, take a look at them, and make up our mind
how much they wanted, and then feed all the colo-
nies in the j'ard alike. Be sure to give them enoug-h.
It is much better to feed in the fall than in the
spring-.

Now just a word about hives. T very much pre-
fer aq uadruple hive, four colonies; then have it
doubled-walled, and fill in between the walls with
chaff. We are making and using my improved
Metcalf hive and some Langstroth hives; but for
our own use we put theL. hive in a quadruple form,
two or more stories high, lined all around the out
side with a chatf cushion. The cushions are put in-
side of the hive. We winter all our bees outdoors,
and we have to give them all the protection we can.

Platteville, Wis. E. Fkance.

Thanks, friend F., for the valuable facts
you give us. The matter you mention in re-
gard to extracting just enough and no more
is indeed a tine point. AVe once had a simi-
lar experience. During the last of my ex-
tracting, the robbers got so bad we stopped,
and the last half of our apiary was not tin-
ished at all. They wintered nicely, while
the half that had been extracted, a good
many of them starved, and others had lo be
tinkered with. Now, let me suggest that
taking out heavy combs and setiiug them
awav will iix this nicely. 1 know it is some
trouble, but I tlnnk it is more trouble to
throw honey out of combs, and then feed it
back again. From the experiments recently
given in feeding back extracted honey to get
sections finished, it looks as if from one-
fourth to one-half of your honey is lost where
you throw it out and then feed it back, com-
pared with the plan of just lifting full capped
combs from the hives and setting them back
when needed. I may suggest to our readers,
that friend France is the one who gave us
the idea of the pepper-box feeder, shown in
our price list, page 13. I am ghid to hear
that somebody is using tenement hives, and
likes them.

NOTES FKOM THE BANNER APIARY.

NO. V5.

MR. HEDDON'S new HIVE .»ND SYSTEM.

'HEN Mr. Heddon explained to me, a year
■'' ago, the beauty and originality of his new
hive and system, I was fairly captivated.
I then felt, and still feel, that his invention
is second only to father Langstroth's. I
firmly believe, in fact I know, from actual experi-
ence with the hive, that Mr. Heddon has given us a
movable hive, in the sense that we before had a
movable frame. I Iniow that almost every manipu-
lation in an apiary run for honey can be performed
without i-emoving a single frame. It is a grand
step. Although well satisfied of what could be
done with his hive, Mr. Heddon did not patent it
until he had proved, by two years' actual work with
it, that it was worthy of a patent. Naturally, Mr.
Heddon expected, when he made public his inven-
tion, that there would be some "pooh-poohing"
done; and then, when its value was finally recog-
nized, he expected to hear the assertion that it was
not new. He was mistaken in only one particular.

and that is in the amount of "pooh-poohing" that
would be done. The cry of "worthless" was
scarcely breathed ere it died upon the lips that ut-
tered it, and was dropped for the one of " Oh! it's
old, it's old. It's old "—the very same cry with which
father Langstroth was " dogged." Now, all bee-
keepers rise up and call him blessed. Let us not re-
peat the mistake of our fathers.

Let us not first assume that Mr. Heddon's hive is
"old," and titen ransack the Old World as well as
the New for proofs of our assumptions; let us not
desire to arrive at a certain conclusion, but rather
to learn the tridli.

Mr. Heddon does not claim to be the inventor of
shallow frames, of revei-sible frames, of reversible
hives, nor of " thumbscrews;" but he was the first
to invent and make public the construction of a
brood-chaniher, not "liive" (here is where those who
cry "old," "old," make their mistake) in two hori-
zontal, separable sections. While he claims them
only when invertible, he has a moral right to them
in any shape; and let any supply-dealer now adver-
tise Langstroth brood chambers in two horizontal,
separable, intorchmgeable sections, and the moral
sense of the community will at once recognize the
thelt. That Mr. Heddon had in mind the fact that
many advantages would accrue from using shallow
Langstroth frames, and interchanging them, is
shown by the third paragraph on (jage !I6 of "Suc-
cess in Reo (Culture." It reads as follows: " Having
the brood-chamber in two horizontal sections, or
parts, admitting of interchanging the upper with
the lower portion at will, for the purposes specified,
placing the part below containing the most honej',
putting both in a new i)osition, produces many of
the same results and advantages given us by inver-
ting. . ."

Those who are thinking of evading Mr. Heddon's
patent by using half-depth Langstroth frames
should know that they are losing many advantages
by so doing. A single section can not be inverted,
which is an advantage when only one case is used,
as in contracting the brood-nest. The frames will
never be solid full of comb. Queen-cells can not be
so easily clipped without removing frames, and the
bees can not be shaken from the case, as the
frames are loose.

I am well aware that many of our inventions are
the result of many minds. It is seldom that one in-
ventor makes such a jump as did father Lang-
stroth; but each space covered by a "little jump "
belongs to the man who cleared it, and is patenta-
ble. Perhaps many of the readers of Gleanings
do not know exactly what Mr. Heddon has invent-
ed. For their benefit I will give some of his most
prominent claims.

1. Arranging comb-frames within a case which is a
bee-space deeper than the frames, in such a manner
as to hold them securely at will in a central posi-
tion, leaving half a bee-space on each side, or readi-
ly shifting the whole bee space to either side.

3. He was long since the inventor of a honey-
board containing one or more bee-spaces, or parts
thereof, on one or both sides, and he now claims
such a board when used in comhination with a hive
whose Jirood-ciiamher is constructed in two or more
horizontal, separable, and interchangeable sections.

3. The use of a set-screw, when comhincd with
closed-end frames, in a case, md>sta7iLially as he uses
it.

i. The projecting tin rests, when used in cnmhi-

18S6

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CULTUKE.

211

nation with the set-screws, I'nxme, and case (any
claim holds its e(iuivalent), and these tin rests are a
grand thing- in comhinaton with the screws, wedges,
or levers, or anything- of the l<ind.

5. The cDinhination, with said comb-fraino cases, of
a cover containing- a bee-space, or partial Ijcc-
spacc in one or both of its surfaces.

6. The comhinatiDH, with one or more iiivertiblo-
hive sections, of the bottom-board, arranj-cd as de-
scribed and illustrated.

And now comes a broad original claim.

7. In a bee-hive, a }>rood ch%)iVicr, composed of two
or more horizontal, separable, intorchang-cable, and
iavertible sections, each section containing- within
itself a set of brood-comb frames wliosc depth is
one bee space less than the depth of the case.

There i^ one or two more less important claims;
but the above are enough to show our intelligent
public that no one can make a hive half as good as
Mr. Heddon"s without infringing.

I should like to have it e.vplaincd how it can be
that things dead can be "just like " valuable living-
things, just born, that everybodi' now wants. Why
did they die? There mu.st have been a difference.
There is a difference, and it is this: Before modern
beeculture divided hives into two radically ditfer-
ent apartments (brood and surplus), tiering sections
were sup-gested; but all these ideas perished, and
have no more to do with invalidating- Mr. Hoddon's
patent than has one of the lost arts. In other
words, making- hiocs in horizontal sections is mil
new; but the making- of a hnuid-rhamhcr of " two or
more horizontal, separable, interchangeable, and
invertable sections," is new.

W. Z. Hl'tchinson.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich.

Friend H., it may be I have not gone deep
enough into the matter; l>ut to my compre-
hension it seems to me tliat the "following
answers completely your last paragraph and
pretty much all of the above article.

KRETCHMEES ALTERNATING HIVE.

THE PRINCIPLE SOT NEW; IN USE AS EAULY .\S 188.').

TT seems to me that James Heddon's claim on his
/£|f new hives is rather sweeping at this late day.
^r His hive is in substance the same asmy"Al-
-*■ ternating hive," made by me in 18(3.5; patented
.luly 23, 1867, No. 67,123, and given for free use
to the public about ten yeai's ago.

It consisted of three equal tiers, each tier about 7
inches deep, and containing each 10 frames. The
upper tier was used for surplus honej', and the two
lower tiers for brood; after the two lower tiers
-were filled, and the surplus-honey tier added,
the two brood tiers were " alternated;" that is, the
middle tier was placed at the bottom, and the hot
tom one placed in the middle, so that by this ar-
rangement the centerof the brood-nest was brought
close to the surplus-honey chamber, into which the
bees did very readily enter. Combs had frecjuent-
ly been started by having this surplus tier at the
bottom for a short time; the top of the original
brood-nest was by this alternating process brought
in the center, and most of the honey removed to the
surplus-chamber; and for swarming artllicially,
either half could bo taken for a new swarm, on the
plan of the old section straw hive, once so much in
use jn Germany.

In proof of the assertion, I refer to the patent
above named, and from which I copy a few lines to
show more fully that some of friend Heddon's de-
vices are quite old.

"The vertical pieces, M M, are nuide wide enough
to have the edges of the several frames touch each
other;" and, " Between the sides of the case and the
movable fi-ames 1 insert a wedge-shaped piece of
lath for the purpose of closing the crevices between
the several frames;" and, "The hive consists of
three or more equal sections, of which two form
the brood-chamber, for the purpose above named."

Now here, friend Boot, we have the several tiers,
the closed end brood-frame. Iield together liy a
wedge (equivalent to a screw), all in shape to alter-
nate, reverse, or invert at pleasure, and allot which
belongs to the public. E. Kretchmek.

Coburg, Iowa, Feb. 13, 188ti.

IMPORTED ITALIAN QUEENS AND
THEIR PROGENY.

ALSO SOMETlHNn ABOUT FRIEND BENTON S SUC-
CKSS IN SHIPPING BY MAIL.

JN reading- friend Doolittle's article on imported
queens, or their daughters, in Gleanings for
Feb. 15, I am aroused to speak just a word in
their favor. My experience in bee-keeping is
very small, and mucli less with imported stock;
however, I like to speak once in a while, whether
my few words are of any importance or not. In the
fall of 1881 I wrote to Mr. Benton (at Munich, Ger-
many) for sample workers of his Italian and Cypri-
an bees, and inclosed 10 cts. to pay postage on
them. About a month later I received the bees in
good shape; and on opening the cage I found a me-
dium-sized Italian queen, rather dark in color,
though bright and lively, after her llday journey.
They were accompanied by a letter, stating that he
feared the bees would worry themselves to death if
shipped alone, so he picked the poorest-looking
queen he had, and sent her with them. He said her
progeny had not hatched, so he could not tell what
her bees would be; but he said, if I thought her
worth f 1.00 to me I might send him the additional
90 cts., which I did at once. He said her mother
was imported from Bologna, Italy.

I introduced her at once, and in less than twelve
hours she was depositing eggs. This was about the
20th of September, so her bees did not have a chance
to fly mucli. They were like her, rather dark,
though all three-banded. I put them in the cellar
the 18th of November, and took them out the 35th
April. She was bright as a dollar. The bees were
mostly old when put in, in consequence of which
they were reduced to two frames of bees, both of
which were partly filled with brood. I fed them
nothing, nor gave them any additional brood, and
from that lime till the latter part of June I took
from her 11 frames of brood, with all adhering bees,
to help build up others that were just as strong
when set out. They were strong enough by this
time, so I divided them and made two good colo-
nies in lOframe hives.

The latter part of July I extracted from the arti-
ficial colony (after raising their own queen), 50 lbs.
of fine hone.v. I weighed the hive early the next
morning, and again the following morning, and
found a gain of 11 lbs., and a one-story hive at that,

212

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

This is my only experience with imported stock; but
I think it speaks well for friend Benton's cult.

Elias Fox.
Hillsborough, Wis., Feb. 23, 1886.

CELLAR WINTERING OF BEES.

u

A DIALOGUE.

OOD morning, neighbor D. I called to see
how the bees were wintering. I am los-
ll^ ing some of mine."

^^ " Am sorry you are losing bees, friend
H. Mine seem to be wintering well, es-
pecially those in the bee-cellar. In fact, 1 never
had bees appear so nice and quiet as they do this
winter in the cellar."

"Should like to see them; but from what I read,
written by some of the ' big lights,' 1 suppose you
never go into your bee-cellar after the bees are
put in until you do so to take them out in the
spring."

" Oh! yes, I do. T go into it regularly once every
two weeks, and oftener, if I tbink any thing needs
doing in there. I suppose I am considered a heretic
on this question; but be that as it may, I have every
reason to believe that no scientific wintering of bees
can be accomplished when ro observations are
taken, except when the bees are put in and taken
out of the cellar. Bro. Ira Barber gives the tem-
perature of his cellar as ranging from 60 to 90°,
while by private letter he says he does not take a
register of the temperature except when he puts
them in and takes them out. These figures, there-
fore, are of necessity misleading; for all know that
the commotion caused in moving bees would raise
the temperature of the cellar much above the nor-
mal heat. I venture the assertion, that if Mr. Barber
will take a daily register of the temperature of his
cellar, as does Bro. L. C. Koot, by letting a ther-
mometer down through a hole in the floor, he will
find that the temperature of his cellar is not much
above that reported by other bee-men. But, come;
if you wish to go into the cellar we will go."

" What! got three doors to go through to get in?"

" Yes; these three doors inclose two dead-air
spaces, and it is a rare thing when any frost gets in
this second space, where we will stand while I close
the two outer doors and light a lamp. Now, before
we open the other door I wish to say to you that
you will be careful not to hit any of the hives, nor
breathe in any way except through the nostrils;
for the breath by way of the mouth in the cellar
arouses the bees more than hitting the hives, both
of which I desire to avoid."

"What is that low murmuring noise I hear?"

"That is the contented hum of the bees in their
winter repose, and you can always know that bees
arc wintering well when .50 colonies make no louder
noise than you now hear."

" But according to Clarke, of Canada, I thought
that bees, when wintering well, were.' hibernating,'
and gave no signs of life."

"Bees never hibernate as do ants, wasps, flies,
etc.; and I can not indorse friend Clarke's word as
applicable to bees. Quiescence would be much
more appropriate, in my opinion, than hiberna-
tion."

"Hark! there is a bee flying, po they fly out
here in the dark?"

*' Yes, that is only a bee ready to (?ie with old age;

and as instinct prompts the old bees to leave the
hive when the temperature will permit, it is only
obeying nature's law in flying out. See, here are
quite a few bees on the floor, but not nearly as many
as is the average of most winters. I often come in
here in the dark, and listen for these old bees; and
many times before this winter, from two to five
would fly out while I was counting 100 slowly; but
this winter scarcely more than one comes out while
I count 300."

" What have you on the floor here? Sawdust?"

" Yes, every month I bring in about a bushel and
a half of fine dry basswood sawdust, such as I make
while sawing sections, and scatter it on the floor.
This sawdust will absorb almost its bulk of mois-
ture, so I keep it in here to keep all dry, sweet, and
nice. Before I used this, the dead bees on the floor
would mold and smell bad, and the combs near the
bottom of the hive would also mold; but now all
smells sweet and nice, and no mold appears."

" Here is your thermometer. I see it marks 44°.
What is the extreme of temperature in here?"

" From 43 to 4.5° above zero. After the first few
days when the bees are set in, then it is as high as
55 to 60°, but lowers to whei-e you see it."

" What, doesn't a warm spell in winter, or a long
cold spell, have any effect upon the temperature in
here?"

"No: and a cellar that allowed of the outside
temperature affecting to any extent that inside, I
should consider faulty. There are two roofs and
three feet of dry earth over this, which, with the
three doors, keeps an even temperature. Now step
up and look at these yellow fellows when I take off
this sawdust cushion and roll back the quilt."

" Why, Doolittle, they are dead."

"No, I guess not."

" But they don't stir."

" I will breathe upon them."

" They are alive ! that is a fact. Do they keep
always thus quiet?"

" I have never seen them more uneasy this win-
ter; but the year I used artificial heat, and lost so
heavily, I could not lift a quilt like that without
their boiling all over the tops of the frames."

" Where are your ventilators?"

" Here is the sub-earth ventilator, but it is shut
oft' at the outer end and has been for the past three
months, while the other ventilator is in the opposite
end, and at the top. This also is shut down to a hole
less than two inches in diameter, as I find that all
the air the bees need to keep them in the best con-
dition comes through the raasonwork, doors, and
earth covering. This is what some call no ventila-
tion whatever; but you see the air is pure and good
in here. Well, we will go now; but first notice that
the bees are nearly if not quite as quiet now as they
were when we entered a quarter of an hour ago.
If our entering does not disturb them any, why
should I not have the privilege of coming in here as
often as I please? Good - morning. Come again
when you wish to learn more of the bees."

G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., March 1, 1886.

There, friend D., you have got your bee-
cellar so you keep it just about the tempera-
ture of that deep cold well you told us about,
and that is pretty near the temperature of
old Mother Earth in your locality. I am
somewhat surprised, however, that you are
able to keep it so low with the ventilators

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

213

shut oft" as you have them. It seems to me
your bees are quite accommodating this
winter. Ernest wishes me to say that the
above is just to liis notion, because it is so
very plain and clear that even the juveniles
will understand every word of it.

■WORKING "WITHOUT SEPARATORS,
ETC.

ALSO A SUGGESTION IN REGARD TO GETTING LARGE

YIELDS OF COMB HONEY, EVEN IF

YOUR BEES DO SWARM.

fpIHE following article was so lengthy as
3)^ it came to us, that Ernest clipped off
f the last end of it, and it appeared on
page 186 of last issue. As friend King
did not feel satisfied with our mutila-
tion of his production, the matter was refer-
red to myself. After a careful examination,
I decided there was so much value in the
article, even though it were long, we give it
here, and thus we have the first part last.

I do not use separators. With me they are an un-
necessary trouble and expense. Last season I
visited a neighbor's apiary,— found about a million
little wooden separators with his surplus arrange-
ments. He had some nice straight sections; so had
I without separators. I think I can get more mark-
etable honey without them. If I have an occasional
thick or bulged one, I keep it to sell to my neighbors.
I find but a few, however, and am often obliged to
take from my nice smooth ones to supply the neigh-
borhood demand. I have used separators, also wide
frames with separators, but I do not care to change
from my present system, which I have used long-
enough to know how it goes.

I use a Heddon case with a false section, or block,
% in. thick at one side. When filled and glued, 1 can
easily remove this block, when the sections can be
readily taken out.

My principal business is working for comb honey ;
and what I want is the best possible result and, to
obtain this with as little work per colony as possible,
consistent with good management. I am willing to
work, and always find plenty to do; but I always
aim to avoid any unnecessary manipulation. If it
is desired to force all the honey from the brood-
chamber at the commencement of the honey sea-
son, and flU the hive below with brood, I can usually
accomplish this, practically, at one operation, which
every bee-keeper must do at least once at swarming
season; and if no swarm occurs, thin is not neces-
sary; for what good strong colony is there but will
store an abundance of comb honey if no swarm be
cast under ordinary circumstances ?

But we were speaking of the probability of one
swarm being cast per colony. (Jne writer mentions
that if the combs be reversed at the proper time,
swarming will be allayed. What an idea of benefit
is this ! Who can tell, without almost daily examin-
ation, when this " proper time " is ? Probably about
once in fifty times, one would guess right, and noth-
ing will so likely increase the desire to swarm, as
reversing combs and increasing the amount of
brood and bees. 1 believe in strong colonies and
Jots of boes, but I don't think it necessary to carry
it to an excess; and it is a question with many
prominent bee-keepers, if not more comb honey can
be obtained from a given number of colonies, it
they were not allowed to increase the capacity for

brood-raising to more than half the capacity that
would be reached by reversing frames, thus pre-
venting swarming in nearly all cases, enough brood
being hatched to keep the colony strong and in
good working force. The surplus honey needed for
brood-rearing, would thus be stored in the sections.
It seems to me that some who have been advocat-
ing little manipulation of combs, have now taken a
widely different stand, and are inventing plans
which end:^in the excessive manipulation of combs,
hives, etc., without any decided advantage. If a
moderately shallow hive be used, there need be no
difficulty at just the time required to practically
fill all the frames with brood if desired, by the plan
I use for the prevention of after-swarms, and to
keep my working colonies in prime condition for
storing comb honey every day of the season.

I have had many colonies in my yard this last
season, which, during the height of the white-clover
season, were literally filled below (10 frames) with
brood, while they were carrying along nicely a
couple of cases of sections; and 1 believe if I should
wish, I could, in nineteen cases out of twenty, pro-
duce the same results, and, too, without the use of
reversible frames. How many bee-keepers there
are who are often heard to remark, "If I could only
keep my bees from swarming," believing as they
do, that any colony in good condition in the spring
would store a satisfactory amount of honey during
the early honey season if no swarm were to issue.
A few bee-keepers claim that they can obtain as
much comb honey from a new swarm hived on fdn.,
as they would from the old colony if no swarm had
issued. I believe this to be far from customary,
even with those who have advanced such state-
ments, and that all such occurrences are but rare
exceptions to the general rule. As it is natural for
bees to commence swarming at the beginning of
the honey season, such swarming may be expected,
if not depended upon. In nearly all cases, colonies
that send out first swarms about the commence-
ment of the early honey season, have made more
or less '[advancement on their sections, which must
be suspended, unless the swarm (the new colony)
will continue the work.

Now, what shall be done to keep up the work in
the sections ? A great many would return the
swarm. I have done so, but I don't any more in the
early part of the season. Every one knows how
"strong," as we say, a new swarm will work. My
plan is this: If a swarm issue, hive it on a new
stand. At the time, or soon after, give them about
23 of the brood they have just left; fill up the body
of the hive with frames of fdn., place the sections
they have left, upon them, and you have them at
work on the sections with even more zeal than
they had before, and without any delay, and upon
the old stand you have a nucleus " as is a nucleus,"
into which, after the first night, slip a virgin queen
if possible, and it will be a strong colony amazingly
quick, and ready for winter in good shape, and fall-
honey surplus, too, if there be any. In this way all
after-swarming is prevented, the number of colo-
nics is doubled, or nearly so, and the original num-
ber of working colonies is kept strong, and hard at
work, too, on the sectionf^, every day, through the
honey season.

In introducing queens, either laying or virgin, I do
not consider it necessary or wise to leave the colony
undisturbed more than a few hours after releasing
the quepn. If they are all right next day, I copsid-

214

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

erthat enough; if they are rejected, they will be
missing, and it is time we should know it. I have
never lost one from opening- the hive the next day,
or soon after, and I have introduced hundreds of
them. C. W. King.

Kibbles, Mich., Feb. 10, 1886.

After reading the above, please turn to page
ISG of last number for the rest of the article.
— The plan of saving bulged combs for the
home retail trade is an excellent idea ; and for
economy in packing away neatly, we can set
them in the regular retail cases by putting
empty sections between sections where 'the
honey is bulged out very badly.— The plan
of giving tlie brood-combs from the parent
stock to a new swarm lias been a good deal
practiced : but friend Doolittle and others
object, as it often causes continued swarm-
ing. When your bees get a swarming mania,
very likely this may be a trouble. If they
have not a queen to swarm out with, they
will often swarm as soon as they can get one
hatched.

MRS. HARBISON TELLS US HOW THEY
"WINTER THEIR BEES.

celijAr wintering compared with chaff

PACKING.

R. EDITOR.— Your chaff hives may be the
very best for wintering bees, and far ahead
of cellar wintering; but, what are we to do
who have not got them and are not able to
jirocure them? We are wintering forty
colonies in the cellar, and, as far as I can judge,
they are as bright and as healthy as in June. The
cellar is paved with brick, and I occasionallj- sweep
up the few dead bees, and the air is sweet and pure.
Once, during a very cold spell, the thermometer
went down to 38'; but most of the time it kept at
the neighborhood of 45°. The bees were put in the
2od of December, after enjoying a fly for several
days.

The bee-cellar is partitioned off from the main
one, and has a sub-earth ventilator. As far as I am
able to judge, the ventilator does not lower the tem-
perature, if kept open during severe weather, and
there appear to be counter -currents through it.
There is a window, hung on hinges, but there has
been no occasion to open it as yet. Since the intro-
duction of the sub-earth ventilator, the air in the
main cellar is much purer than formerly, and no
mold accumulates.

As to "lugging hives in and out," there are plen-
ty of men on the street-corners glad to do it for a
consideration, and two men could carry in one hun-
dred in half a day. Longfellow says something
like this: "Take whatever lieth near thee, and
work from it thy work of art." I could not com-
mand chaff' hives, but I had the cellar, and a few
dollars fixed it up for bees; and some men, glad to
earn a few pounds of honey, carried the bees in.

About as many colonies are wintering on their
summer stands, protected in four different ways.
I had some barrels not in use; some were oil-barrels,
others apple and pork barrels. The bees had on
Hill devices, covered wjth new muslin, which was
fastened down to the top of the hive by running a
hot smoothing-iron around to melt the propolis, so
no bees could come up; then two thicknesses of
woolen cloth and wire netting over this, which was

kept firmly in place by nailing on little cleats of
wood. When thus prepared, and the bees fastened
in in front, they were ready to barrel. Into the
bottom of this was poured a quantity of chaff, and
the hive (an eight-frame Langstroth) dropped in.
All around the hive, chaff' was packed very closely
—bottom, top, and sides, and then turned down
upon its former stand. Colonies in the barrels ap-
pear to carry out fewer bees than the others, and
during warm days they play as in summer.

I have one hive called Cj'ula Linswik, as it is fix-
ed as nearly as possible as Mr. Hutchinson describ-
ed her manner of wintering. A number of hives
are placed against the east side of our house, and
packed between and around them with leaves, chaff
cushions on top, and the whole covered with boards
to keep off wet. A few hives are standing singly,
with four thicknesses of newspapers above the
muslin, and the cap shut down over paper, and
chaff cushions above— one without paper. I ex-,
pect the barrel hives to come out ahead; if so, it
will prove the value of chaff hives. As the bees
upon their summer stands have access to water
frequently, I shall put wet cotton rags in the porti-
cos of those in the cellar, so that they can help
themselves if they wish to. Bees are now upon the
wing. Mrs. L. Habrison.

Peoria, 111., Feb. 33, 1880.

By all means, winter the bees in the cellar
when you are situated so it will be the hand-
iest and cheapest, Mrs. II. — In regard to
cheap help, there are men standing around
here in Medina as well as in Peoria ; but my
experience is, that it would be about as
much trouble to teach them to carry the
hives into the cellar, and set them down
properly, as to employ expensive help for
the purpose ; and sooner or later these same
men who have not any thing to do, usually
want about as big pay as anybody. — Very
likely your barrel arrangements for packing
outdoors will answer ; but is it not a great
deal more trouble, and, in the end, expense,
than to have chaff hives that are always
ready for both winter and summer ?

ANOTHER DANGER AHEAD OF US.

A THREATENED INCREASE OF POSTAGE ON FOURTH-
CLASS MATTER.

BUR readers may not all be aware there
is a movement on foot to increase the
postage on seeds, merchandise, etc.,
although it is now four times what it
is in Canada ; that is, we pay one cent
an ounce, while the Canadians pay one cent
for four ounces. I have written to our Rep-
resentative from this district, and I have
also written to Prof. Cook, to ask his help.
Here is what he advises.

Dear Friend Boot;— Indeed this postage matter is
a subject of tremendous importance. We can each
only appeal to our Congressmen; and when we can,
write up the matter for papers, and send papers to
our Representatives and Senators. Why not you
ask all readers of Gleanings to appeal to their
Congressmen? I don't think the bill can pass; but
there is danger. - A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich., Mar. 2, 1886.

Later .-—The bill has failed,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

215

CHAPTER XL

The laborer is worthy of his hire.— Luke 10:T.

One of the most interesting things regard-
ing any kind of work is the point where the
cash comes in. When you set cliildren at
work, they usually like to see the cash come
in pretty soon. A great many of them would
like their pay every night, and some of them,
indeed, think it a hard thing to wait until
night comes. Well, we children of an older
growth are a good deal that way. We do not
like to work a great while without seeing
some of the dollars and cents. Years ago,
when I earned 25 cents by being at the head
of the spelling-class more than any other pu-
pil in the old schoolhouse, I debated quite a
time as to how I should invest the 25 cents.
I finally decided on launching out into the
poultry business. So I invested the Avhole of
my 25 cents in poultry. I talked the matter
over with my mother, and got her opinion
and experience. I suggested, that if I in-
vested in poultry, I should get returns for
my investment right away. " Why, mother,"
said I, " if I buy two good hens, they will lay
two eggs the very next day, will they not V"
She thought likely they would; so I pur-
chased two old biddies with my 25 cents, and
rejoiced in being the possessor of two large
white eggs, almost before I had got my poul-
try yard and house ready for the occupants.
I swapped my eggs to my mother for corn
and other necessary feed. Like a wise and
good mother, she taught me to sell my pro-
duce at a fair market price, and pay for the
feed. Of course, I soon learned, as has many
another juvenile poultry-keeper, that it does
not necessarily follow that I should have two
eggs every day in the year, simply because I
was the possessor of two gv>od hens. I think
I figured out that, with good care, I could
depend on one egg a day for three hens. This
was over thirty years ago. I do not know
how much advance has been made in poultry
since that time. Probably some of the non-
sitters will do better. But I think an egg
each day in the year, for three hens, is a
pretty fair average, even now. My juvenile
figures demonstrated that, as a rule, one egg
a day, judiciously invested, would furnish
food for ./ire hens, so there is not, or, at least,
there was not then, any very dazzling profits
in the poultry business, where one has to buy

the feed and sell the eggs at the market
price, to be consumed for food. Of course,
if we are enabled to sell our eggs for breed-
ing purposes, at one or two dollars a dozen,
it puts quite a different shade on the busi-
ness ; and, by the way, we are to make our
money by raising the best, and the very best,
of every thing. The world is full of people
who have plenty of money, and who are
willing to part with their money for nice
things— irtce products, for instance, but who
won't pay out their money at all, unless they
can see something a little above the general
average.

Now, this same idea is to apply to our
plants. A little money is very convenient
to have when you are starting out in any
business; and it seems to go a great deal
further, and do a great deal more good,
when it comes as a result of that business.
The friends have often accused me of hav-
ing more of a liking for small bee-keepers
than I have for large ones. They say I
publish reports from some ABC scholar
who has only one hive of bees, and corres-
pondingly little experience, when I would
entirely pass by a finely written article from
one who counts his colonies by the hun-
dreds, and his honey by the ton. I do not
believe it is quite as bad as that, but yet I
do not know but I ought to plead guilty, to a
certain extent. I do love to see people start
in business, especially, where they start in a
healthy, self-sustaining way. I like to see a
boy raising nice heads of lettuce ; and when
1 see him on the market with a basketful,
swapping these heads of lettuce for nickels,
why, I just love that boy. I love the man
or woman who buys his product, too, and I
love the basket of lettuce. The whole trans-
action is a healthy, honest one. The boy is
putting his shoulder to the wheel, and doing
his part in the general economy of the world.
He is a man in business on a small scale ;
and if he is thrifty and prudent with his
little business, he will be so with a larger
one. Why, we have God's promise for this
very thing—" Thou hast been faithful over
few things, I will make thee ruler over many
things."

I suppose many of the friends have at

^IG

(;li:a.\l\(;s l\ ]jek cuLTUiil:.

Mak.

this date (it is toward the middle of March
that I am writing) boxes full of beautiful
little plants peeping forth from their mossy
Coverings, and asking, as well as they can
ask, with their bright green leaves, to have
more room and sunshine. How shall we get
it V Windows warmed by stoves, green-
houses, cold-frames, and hot-beds, are all
comparatively expensive. Very likely you
have every inch of space occupied ; may be
you have boxes of plants, such as I have de-
scribed, standing across the paths, so that
when you go through your greenhouse you
have to stoop down and crawl under, some-
thing as we did at Mammoth Cave, when Ave
went through the passage called "Fat Man's
Misery." Very likely you have boxes perch-
ed up in every possible shape, to get even a
small share of sunlight that comes through
every day or two. Well, what next ? In
most localities you can, by the middle of
March, begin to make garden to some extent
out of doors; that is, as soon as the frost is
out of the ground you can put out hardy
plants and sow hardy seeds. We w^ant to
begin to get rid of the expense of glass sash
just as fast as possible, and yet we do not
want to take risks, and have our plants eith-
er frozen outright, or greatly injured by being
frosted. Let us work orderly and soberly
and surely.

Where shall we have the garden, and how
shall we fix it V Well, I would commence
making garden in some protected spot such
as I have mentioned for cold frames or hot-
beds. If you can find a corner close up to
some building, so that there is a protection
on the north side and another on the west,
to perfectly cut off north and west winds,
you are all right. If the frost won't let you
dig, clear off the ground so as to catch every
bit of sunshine ; and as fast as the sun thaws
off a half-inch, scrape it off and Jet the sun
get at the next half-inch, and so on. Pile
these scrapings in a heap loosely, mixed
with manure, and they won't freeze very
much. Cover your ground at night with
straw or old boards, or, better still, coarse
manure. When you get down through the
frost, dig your ground up and break it up
fine to the depth of two feet or more, mixing
it with manure, the best you can get.

Probably one of the first things you will
get money from will be plants for early let-
tuce, cabbages, cauliflower, celery, onions,
cress, etc. Now, you can attract visitors,
and attract custom, by having this early
garden neat and orderly. Weeding among
these little plants, and pulling them.totie in

bunches, is laborious and back-breaking
work, and I think it pays to make sunken
walks, or paths, something as we do in a
greenhouse, so as to raise the surface of your
beds, say two feet high. The way we do itisto
get some cheap 2x4 scantling ; drive stakes
in the ground, saw them off square, and nail
a scantling on top ; then get some old boards,
drive them into the ground a little, and nail
them against the sides of the scantling,
Now shovel the dirt out of the paths, and
throw it over in the center, mixed with ma-
nure. If there is a peat swamp near by (and
you can almost always find one), draw peat
and mix it with the soil. Peat will not only
make the ground light, but its dark color
will attract and hold the heat-giving rays of
the sun, and will make your ground thaw
out a good deal quicker than it otherwise
would. It also prevents crusting. Ashes
are also an excellent thing. Gregory, in his
new book on fertilizers, calls hard-wood ash-
es worth from 30 to 40 cents a bushel. And
I notice that most of the agricultural writers
put them as high. In very many localities
you can buy great quantities for 10 cents a
bushel, if you pick them up from house to
house, where they ordinarily throw them
away. Get a tinsmith to make you some
cheap tin cans something like the one shown
in the cut below.

A CAN FOR SAVING ASHES.

It is true, a barrel will answer ; but it is
unsafe to store ashes in barrels, as has been
repeatedly demonstrated. A tin can will
last a lifetime, if properly cared for, and it is
quite safe, light to handle, and easy to load
up. Almost any tinsmith can make you a
can holding about two barrels, for f 1.50. He

1886

GLliANlNGS IN JJEK CUi/rUlU-;

217

may have some damaged or rusty tin that he
can work into it. For a doUar more you can
get one of galvanized iron, with a cover to
it, like the one in the picture. Leave these
cans at the houses where they burn hard
wood, and you will have your ashes all in
good shape whenever you call for them. A
few ashes raked into the surface when you
put out your plants, or sow your seeds, will do
almost as much good as guano or any kind
of phosphate.

CAUTION IN KEGAHD TO USING ASHES.

These, as well as guano and almost all
other fertilizers, remember, must be ap-
plied in homeopathic doses, and at tlie same
time be thoroughly mixed in with the soil.
Last fall, when they were putting lettuce-
plants in the central bed in our greenhouse,
it occurred to me that a coat of ashes would
be a good thing to stir in with the peat and
earth put on top of the stable manure. Ac-
cordingly I went over to the house and got
perhaps half a bushel. I poured the ashes
down in a certain spot, and then tried to
spread them all over the bed. As a matter
of course, there were more ashes left where
the half-bushel was first poured down than
on the other portions where I raked it over.
They should have been sifted over evenly
with a sieve, and then raked in, say at least
two inches deep. On a large scale, the l^est
implement for the purpose I have ever seen
or heard of is Kemp & Burpees' manure-
spreader. Well, I raked tlie ashes in until I
thought they were mixed enough. Tlien we
set out our good strong lettuce-plants. They
started nicely, except where that one-half
bushel was poured down. The boys wanted
to dig these up, Avhen we found them wilted,
but I told them to let them be, as I wanted
to see just how too much ashes would act.
Well, a great part of the plants died; but
here and there one remained that was able
to stand the dose ; and by the first of Feb-
ruary these few began to take hold and
grow, and, oh how they did grow ! It is only
once in a while that I get a luxuriance of
growth that satisfies me ; but these plants
satisfied me in every respect. The leaves
had. a rich, bright, dark-green look, and they
unfolded and stretched out at such a rate
that there was a big change visible each
night and morning. They made enormous
heads of lettuce in just a few days, when
they got a going. Well, this satisfied me
that ashes may be applied at the rate of half
ft bushel to every eight feet square, without
doing harm, if thoroughly raked in and
stirred up with the soil ; and this fertiliZ/er

has one advantage over every other. It will
never evaporate nor get lost. If the first
crop does not use it all, the next will take
what is left. Now, friends, save the ashes.
I told you what kind of beds we were
making for raising plants. Now, much de-
pends on starting right, and in having a sys-
tem with this kind of work ; therefore it be-
hooves you to decide on a regular width for
these raised plant-beds. I would have the
scantling that runs along each side just far
enough apart f('r common ox (J sash to catch
on lengthwise. Have one of the scantling a
little lower than the other, so as to shed rain.
Three or four inches will be enough. We
want the beds made so that we can set in our
shallow boxes, heretofore described, or .so
you can put the plants right into the earth,
either way. For the first time in transplant-
ing, we use shallower boxes, and made of
lighter stuff, than those figured in Chapter
IX. The kind we are using now for trans-
planting celery are 3 ft. long and 16 inches
wide, outside. In order to get strength
with lightness, we make them as in the cut
below.

TaANSPLANTING-BOXES FOR SEEDLINGS.

To give drain;) ge and strength, we have
the bottom made of slats only three or four
inches wide, and only i inch thick. They
are nailed on crosswise, as you will notice.
Such light stuff would not be strong enough
if put on lengthwise of the box. The sides
of the box are H x i inch. These are very
easy to carry about, and answer just as well
for small plants. From one of these boxes,
the seeds of which were sown on the plan
given at the close of Chapter VIII., we got
7o00 plants. The plants were taken up, and
set in larger boxes filled with soil, by means
of the frame of poultry-netting shown in
Chapter IX., so as to present about the ap-
pearance shown below.

A pox OF WHITE-PLUMB CELERY-PLANTS AS IT
APPEARS WHEN FIRST TRANSPLAJJTED.

You will observe that there are 10 rows of

218

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

plants, and 30 plants in a row, so it took 25
boxes, with 800 plants to a box, to contain
just what grew in one single seed-box. The
engraver has done his job pretty well ; but
nothing can equal, to my mind, the sight of
these 2o boxes when the sun comes through
the fleecy clouds during some March day,
and lights them up as they stand soi;th of
the factory in their respective beds. Of
course, we put sash over them at night when
we have freezing Aveather. Do you object
because this costs money? The boxes cost
us about 10 cts. apiece, and I think they
could be furnished without any trouble for
8 cts. apiece, in the flat ; and it is just fun
to nail them up on stormy days or winter
evenings. Each 3 x 6-ft. sash covers 4 of
these boxes, giving a little room to spare, so
as to handle them easily. Do you object to
this transplanting as a great deal of trouble?
With the poultry-netting frame, almost any
boy or girl whom you could pick up will
tease to do the work when once shown how,
and I think the transplanting can be done
in almost any neighborhood for 10 cts. a
thousand. You can let the plants grow in
these boxes until they make a perfect mat.
If it is too early to set them out, cut off the
tops with a pair of shears, and in a few days
they will be all out green again. The clip-
ping-off makes a stout, thrifty, strong root.
When you want to plant them outdoors,
carefully slip the box off from this mat, and
cut it up into little squares with a long
butcher-knife, as I have before mentioned.
If all the neighbors who see them don't
M'ant these little plants, with their strong
mass of roots, your community is different
from ours. What do you suppose the 7500
will bring during nice showery weather in
May or June? They ought to bring readily
$2.60 a thousand ; or if sold in hundreds, 40
cts. a hundred. You will notice by the
prices in the seed - catalogues, that they
charge a great deal more — some of them go-
ing as high as $10.00 a thousand for good
strong celery - plants early in the season.
Suppose, however, you do not sell the plants,
but set them on good soil. At 5 cts. per
stalk (and good celery rarely retails for less
than this) your crop would bring you $375.
And this is all the proceeds of one little box
of seeds.

The same thing may be done with cab-
bage-plants, and, to a certain extent, with
lettuce-plants. We sold a barrel of heads of
lettuce last week at 25 cts. per 11)., giving
us about $8.00 for what grew on perhaps 8
feet square of ground in the greenhouse ; so

the first crop from our greenhouse brought
us 121 cts. per square foot of ground. Well,
when the lettuce was thinned out we put
radishes between the rows, and the radishes
are now selling for quite a little sum. After
the lettuce was all out, tomato-plants were
put between the radishes, and they are now
making good growth, and will have all the
ground as soon as they can use it. The
ground in these beds was made perhaps one-
fourth part stable manure. Guano was aft-
erward dug in between the rows. In fact,
it was manured up to the highest point, in
order to have it bear continuous cropping;
that is, we have the groinid constantly full
of roots, and the surface of the ground al-
most constantly covered with foliage of some
kind. Instead of taking the crop entirely
off, we take out every other row, and some-
times every other plant, and then some other
plant goes right in between. You see, brains
are needed in this work ; and who does not
feel happy to have his brains all employed in
something useful ? Sometimes people em-
ploy their brains and their waking moments
in thinking of a quarrel with a neighbor.
What a contrast ! Well, I have told you
what can be done with a little bit of ground
in the way of lettuce and celery. When
these get so they can go outdoors, we want
to give the space under the glass to tomato-
plants, and others of a tender nature. We
are putting tomatoes now in the place of
lettuce and radishes, and shall soon have
our greenhouse almost entirely filled with
tomatoes, while these other things grow
outdoors. Now, in regard to what may be
done with tomatoes, pushed along in ad-
vance of the season, I will let friend A. N.
Cole, from his " Home on the Hillside,"
speak. Perhaps I should explain, before
giving his letter, that our beds outdoors are
warmed by letting the exhaust steam, after
it has warmed our factory, go into those
stone reservoirs, just above the water-line.
The steam warms up the stones and the
water, and the ground for several feet each
side of these reservoirs, so much that it seL
dom freezes, luiless the temperatiu'e goes
pretty nearly to zero ; and when it does
freeze it is only a little crust over the top,
which thaws out very quickly. With the
aid of steam, it forms a veritable hot-bed,
Well, I had corresponded with friend Cole,
in regard to this, and he alludes to it in the
following letter:

RAISING TOMATOES BY THE NEW AGRICULTURE,

Dear Brother Root:—l confess to uneasiness in re-
gaj-tj to tomato-plants. Mrs, Cole, by great pains*

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIiE.

219

taking-, and with much of labor, aided by her hus-
band, succeeded in setting- upon our trenches, about
the middle of May, tlie first of our plants in blossom,
grown to a size in the bay-window, and " soul cart-
ing" the boxes day after day for two months on
every warm day till acclimated, and "harvested "
our first large, ripe tomato one week later than our
grreat strawbei-ry show; to wit, July 13th. At this
date, tomatoes had found their way to our town
from Charleston— pale, sickly - looking, and soft —
w)fit, in fact, for use, and yet finding ready sale at
ten cents per pound, retail, costing- our dealers 8
cents by the crate. Those from the Carolinas, as
well as my own, were of the " Early Cluster " variety,
earlier by two weeks than any other, and thoug-h
least valuable in fact, nevertheless sold readily in
all of the markets of our State, holding up to
prices from eight to ten cents per i)ound at retail to
about August 1st.

I think I am safe in saying, that millions of
pounds of the Southern tomatoes were sold in this
State alone during the last half of July. Here is
where the oil cloth sold by Henderson will come in
to good advantage. A skeleton frame of wood, con-
sisting of stakes, open at top in the form of a clothes-
pin, into which connecting-bars may be dropped,
and pinned at their ends to prevent spreading,
would give you a row of tomatoes ripening- by
slightest surface pi-otecticn with the Henderson
oil cloth in the months cf May and June. You
might need sash during Fel ruary, but these could
be above your skeleton frame; and so scon as the
tomatoes arc where cloth iirotection will do the
work, the sash can be used elsewhere.

Perhaps the better way would be to protect by
sash, exposing- on every sunny day, till the blizzards
have passed, and, when safe to do so, remove the
sash and substitute the skeleton frame and oil
cloth till all danger of frost is passed.

Wliat I especially covet is about ten or twelve, or
possibly a score, of " Early Cluster " plants, and a
corresponding number of other varieties, to be sup-
plied me as far advanced as possible, that I may set
earl3', protect, and secure tomatoes as early as it is
possible to realize ripe ones in this latitude.

I have had so much to do. and my resources have
been so taxed in all ways, that your beginning has
been a profound satisfaction. I propose to have all
ready in the fall, to push the hot-water feature my-
self next winter. In the meantime, yo?t>- success is
something 1 am watching with all-al sorbing inter-
est. I feel very sure— yea, morally certain— that, if
you will only buy good firm cotton cloth and dip it
in oil, thereby making your own oil cloth, the pro-
tection will be found comjilcte. Do not fail to pro-
vide me with the tcmato and squash plants. I
should like, also, a few very early and well-rooted
cabbage-plants. Write me as often as you can.

Your friend, A. N. Cole.
Home on the Hillside, (

Wellsville, N. Y., March 9, 1886. C

I have given place to friend Cole's letter,
because it shows ns what ma> be done with
large, strong, early tomato-plants. We have
just sold off the crop of lettuce from our
central bed in the greenhouse, where I got
on too many ashes, and we are to - day,
March 12, tilling the bed with tomato-plants
of the "Early Cluster"' variety, having

their second pair of leaves well begun. We
are setting the plants out with the poultry-
netting frame, so as to have them come
about ;5 inches apart in the row, and rows
5 inches apart, for better opportunities for
cultivation. The plants will stand here
until they begin to crowd so much they
demand extra room, and then we Avill re-
move them to the ground over the reservoirs,
covering them as friend Cole suggests. We
have had a good opportunity of testing the
oil cloth furnished by Peter Henderson, but
it is altogether too light to in any measure
take the place of glass sash. I have, how-
ever, found an article that works splendidly,
and gives perhaps as much protection as
glass, but it does not give as much sunlight
in the daytime. This material is strong
cotton cloth, a grade that we term " Indian
Head.'' It retails in the stores for about
7 or Sets, per yard. When we needed the
glass sash for our newly transplanted celery
and cabbage plants, the sash were taken
from the cold frame as shown in Chapter
X.; and in their place Ave substituted cotton
cloth, as mentioned above. First we were
greatly troubled by the wind, and I found it
necessary to fasten a long strip of wood to
the edge of the cloth on each side. The
cloth was attached to the strip of wood
securely by nailing a strip f x ^ along its
whole length, with the cloth between the
two pieces. Some similar strips were
screwed up and down each gable end. We
now had it secure, but the frost went right
through it when the thermometer was down
to 10°. It didn't answer in the place of
glass at all. Finally I instructed our painter
to give it a coat of boiled linseed oil. It
took several days for this to dry, but the oil
has filled the pores in the cloth so that it
not only stops the wind and air, but it holds
water ; and down by the eaves we some-
times after a rain find a couple of pails of
water where the cloth has sagged between
the rafters. It now keeps out the frost
about as well as glass ; but we find it neces-
sary to bank coarse manure along the sticks
that hold the lower edge of the cloth. You
will see, by turning to Chapter X., that this
cold frame is 28* feet long. Well, Ave found
at the lumber-yard some long narrow boards,
this length, perhaps (5 in. wide, to hold the
edges of the cloth . Suppose, now, after a cold
freezing night, we have a warm sunny day,
and by 10 o'clock the plants Avould be better
without any coveriug at all. The course
manure is pushed from the stick on the
south side, and a man at each end will read-

220

glea:nings in bee cultuee.

Mar.

ily roll up this oil-cloth covering, and it is
all out of the way in a minute or two. The
frame may be covered and uncovered about
as quickly as you would take off two of the
glass sash. The expense of the cloth for
this whole cold frame was only about $2.2-5.
Two gallons and a half of oil and three
hours' time, would make about $2.00 more,
making about $4.25 ; or say $.5.00 for sticks
to roll it on, and all, while the 14 sash used
to cover this same cold frame would be
worth $25.00 or $30.00. I do not know how
long this oil cloth will last ; but it seems
soft and pliable, and with care will doubt-
less last a great many years. Such a sheet
is very valuable, many times, for thrashing
grain or seeds. It is 4 yards wide and 8
yards long. Where we wish to get as mucli
heat as possible from the sun's rays, I pre-
sume glass would be considerably better.
But the air gets very hot through the oil clolh
if the gable ends are not open promptly as
soon as the sun has been out a little time.
Another advantage in using cloth in place
of glass is, that the heavy expense of break-
age is avoided. We find it almost impossi-
ble to handle sash without breaking them

more or less. I have learned this pretty well:
That it is never safe to set up sash on end
or on edge. When you wish to lay them
down, put them down flat. Unless you do,
the wind may spring up unexpectedly, and
flop them over ; lay them down one upon
another, so no wind can get under any edge
or side, and they are safe. In Jersey City I
noticed the sash were piled up at each end
of the beds, one on top of another, so as to
make a square true pile. Sash is oftentimes
handled more than is really necessary.
When the days are not very warm, the sasli
may be tilted or moved to one side, so as to
let the hot air escape from underneath,
without taking them entirely off. It is,
however, dangerous to take risks in leaving
the sash off when appearances indicate at
night that there will be no freeze. Almost
every season we have lost more or less
plants by a sudden change during the night,
when we did not expect it. Bear in mind,
we are to make our money by having all
sorts of garden stuff in advance of the mar-
ket and everybody else, and it does not pay
to take risks. We want to make a sure
thing of the operation.

CHAPTER XH.

But when thou art bidden to )i woddinjr, go and sit down in the lowest room; that when he that
bade thee cometh, ho may say unto thee. Friend, go up higher.— Luke 11: 10.

SELLING YOUIl PRODUCTS.

As soon as you have any thing tit for sale,
it must be sold ; and I am not sure but it re-
quires more brains, more energy, and more
perseverance, to sell stuff" at a fair price,
after you get it, than to raise it in the first
place. Now, don't say you haven't any fac-
ulty for selling such produce.* If you want
to build up a business, you must oblige youf-
self to learn the trade of selling things ; and
it seems to me that the first and greatest es-
sential to success is that you commence with
love to God and love to your fellow-men.
These pages are not written to people who
are well to do in the world, but for those
who are poor and needy. If you have plenty
of business of your own, remember that, al-
though these pages may interest you, they
were not written for you. They were writ-
ten for the man or woman who is out of
work. And another thing, if you have any
false ideas in your head in regard to respect-
ability in earning an honest living, they
must be gotten rid of.

When you get a lot of nice lettuce ready
for the market, and there is no demand for
it, you must make a demand. When the
plants begin to crowd, take out every other
row, and finally every other head ; and if you
have more than you want to plant some-
where else, or if they are too large for trans-
planting, you must sell them. With a sharp
knife, cut them off just at the surface of the
ground. Full off the faded and untidy leaves,
and rinse the others with clean water. If
the heads weigh about a quarter of a pound
each, they are all right to be sold for a nick-
el apiece ; or if it is early in the season, say
February, or if it is where there is a good
market, heads weighing two ounces will
often bring a nickel. If the plants are so
crowded as to be small, tie them in little
bunches to make two or four ounces, as the
case may be. Fut them in a neat clean bas-
ket, and start out among your neighbors to
build up a trade. Will some one say, "I
wonder if you think that J am going abou^

issd

GLL:ANiXGS IN BEE CULTURE.

221

from house to house, to peddle lettuce, like
some old market-woman V" My friend, I do
expect you are going to do just that ; that is,
if you get help from these pages. See the
text at the head of this chapter. If you are
already in business, and have got started,
and have a horse and wagon, all right ; but
I am considering now those who have noth-
ing to do. You want a nice clean basket,
and you want your bunches of lettuce tied
up with some neat-looking string, ('hoose
some color that does not soil easily. Wash
your face and comb your hair; and may be
you had better put on some clean shoes and
clean clothes every time you go out to sell
goods. A gardener is often necessarily
pretty Avell covered with mud and dirt.
When he sells stuft' he must go into people's
houses, therefore he wants to look reasona-
bly becoming. Be civil and courteous, kind
and neighborly, but don't waste time in use-
less gossip. Let your friends see by your
movements that you have lots of business ;
and in this case I don't think it will be amiss
in God's sight if you move about as if you
/(adlots of business, even though you haven't.
If you get into the habit of moving around
spry, it won't be very long before there will
be abundant need of economizing the min-
utes. Let your stuff do the talking as much
as can be. Let everybody see what you have
on hand, and tell them it is only a nickel.
If it is muddy weather, be careful how you
track mud on the clean steps or porches, or
into the house. Work hard for the good of
the people whom you meet, and let your face
show by its expression, love to God and love
to your fellow-men. Some radishes, white
and red, tied up in bunches and put with
the lettuce, will help to make your basket
very attractive. Get out in the morning be-
fore breakfast with these things, if you can.
If you can not get clear around, the next
best time is before dinner. When the weath-
er prevents your making your regular trip
before noon, get around in the afternoon as
quickly as possible. While you have a prop-
er regard for your health, don't be too ready
to give up on account of the weather. '• lie
that observeth the wind shall not sow, and
he that regardeth the clouds shall not reap."
If you are going to be a successful gardener,
you will soon learn to love to work out in
the rain, if it does not rain too hard. Don't
be troubled if sales are slow and small to
start with. Do your duty, and trust (iod
for the result. Many of our most wealthy
men learned the secret of success in business
in humbler callings than selling garden

stuff. As soon ai you can get some nice on-
ions in bunches, they will sell among a cer-
tain class of people.

Don't make a mistake, and sell your stuff too
cheap. Last fall, when our first yellow ruta-
baga turnips began to be fit to use, we start-
ed them at liS cts. a peck, which, you know,
is $L0() a bushel. Well, the people got so
much in the habit of paying that price for
them, that we sold almost our whole product
at a dollar a bushel. They were real nice,
however, and that was the secret of it. Just
as we Avere selling the last of them, farmers
began to bring them to town, and sold them
at 25 or 30 cts. a bushel. Now, had we com-
menced to olfer them at 10 cts., instead of
25 cts. per peck, they would not have sold
much faster, nor would people have been
much better satisfied, probably. When you
have secured a crop in advance of the sea-
son, don't be afraid to ask what it is worth,
or what it will bring. Friend Cole speaks
of 10 cts. per lb. for early tomatoes. If you
can sell all you have raised, at 10 cts. per lb.,
that is positive proof that they are worth 10
cts. per lb. The products of the soil are al-
ways worth what they will bring. Straw-
berries are now quoted at $6.00 a quart in
New York ; and if there are people in that
city who are willing to pay that price, it is
right for the man who raised them to get it.
If it is too high, let somebody else compete
with him, and bring the price down. The
world is full of people who are watching for
a good margin on any thing. If somebody
else is selling garden stuff besides yourself,
by all means have your relations with him
of a friendly nature. Divide the town, if
you choose; but whatever you do, don't cut
against each other, and thus cut down pric-
es. If there is not room enough for two,
talk it over, and let one buy the other out ;
or let one take one line of goods, and the
other one, another. Don't quarrel ; and
don't, under any circumstances, hurt each
other's trade. When your trade increases
sufficiently, have two baskets made so as to
hold as much as possible, and so j'ou can
take one in each hand. If something like
the old-fashioned neckyoke, with which our
fathers used to carry water or maple sap will
be a convenience, don't be ashamed to make
use of it. It is honest and respectable to
bear burdens. By no means cultivate oddity
or eccentricity, but choose such things as
are real helps to you in your business ; and if
people do smile when you commence work,
they will soon get used to it when they find
you are bent on a regular, steady business,

222

GLEA^I^dS i:< iJEE CULTUllE.

Mar.

year in and year out. Nothing helps a man
like sticking to his calling, as if he meant
everybofly to understand he meant it to be a
life purpose with him. Meet your custom-
ers regularly, if possible, and in regular
order. When the weather is suitable, a light
wheelbarrow will be quite a help. Get up
with the sun ; work every hour in the day ;
and when you can not see to work outdoors,
read the various periodicals devoted to your
line of industry. Study books on gardening,
which are now to be had by the score.

Pay as you go, and encourage your cus-
tomers by every possible means in paying
cash down. Always keep change in your
pockets — enough to make change rapidly.

A great many people waste time and make
blunders because they do not use the estab-
lished plans of doing business. As an illus-
tration : Suppose somebody takes a bunch
of radishes and a bunch of lettuce, and gives
you a half-dollar. Lay down the vegetables
with one hand while you scoop the change
from your pocket with the other hand.
Then count this way: Lay the goods in the
pan or on the table, or such place as is most
convenient, counting as you drop them, " 10
cts." Then take a dime from your handful
of change and lay that beside them and call
it " 20 cts." N"ow put in a nickel, and say
"25 cts.;" then put in a quarter, and say
" 50 cts.," counting out loud. You have the
lady's half-dollar, and she has licr Zi) cts.
in goods and change on the table or in the
pan. You see, there is no subtracting by
this method— it is just addition. She gave
you a half-dollar, and you gave her half a
dollar back, the vegetables making 10 cts. of
her half-dollar. Make change this way all
along, count out loud, then tell your cus-
tomer to please see if it is right. Make
everybody you deal with count after you,
and express themselves satisfied ; if you
don't, you will have misunderstandings,
contradictions, delays, and perplexities. Tlie
time-clerk in our establishment, when she
pays the hands Saturday afternoon, has
positive instructions to insist that every
man count his money. Sometimes they
grab it and push it in their pockets, all
wadded up. She tells them her instructions
are that every hand must count the money,
and see if it is right. Two or three times
they have neglected my instructions. For
instance, a young man who had been recent-
ly employed, came to me saying that the
time-clerk gave him a dollar too little, and

To he continued

that she refused to make it good. She de-
clared she gave him the dollar, and he
counted it, and he said it was all right. lie
admitted this, but said he made a mistake
when he counted the first time. After ar-
guing the matter some, I directed that the
dollar should be given him, to keep peace in
the family. How do you suppose it turned
out? When the room where he worked was
swept out, the paper dollar was found in the
shavings. The time occupied by the con-
troversy and by different hands stopping to
listen to the argument, and to hear each
one's story about it, cost me, perhaps, some-
thing near the amount in question. The
time-clerk was an old hand at the business,
and was right. And it will generally be
found so. The one who is familiar with his
routine of business is not so apt to make
mistakes as one who does not handle money
very often. The largest amount of work
can be accomplished in a day if you can do
it so surely and accurately that you won't
be hindered by accidents and misunder-
standings. Have your wits all about you,
and do every thing as if your life depended
upon being accurate and quick. If you are
a sleepy individual— one who is in the habit
of sitting down in the sunshine, and yawn-
ing, and telling stories, and gossiping in the
middle of the day, I can not help you. Yon
win probably be poor all the days of your
life, and unhappy besides. Why, it some-
times seems to me awful to see great stout
men sitting still, or lounging around with
their hands in their pockets, during these
bright spring days.

Now, then, take a low seat and work hard
till your fellow-men bid you sit up higher.
Astonish your customers by the beautiful
heads of lettuce— by strong thrifty plants of
celery and cabbage— so strong that almost
anybody can see that each one is sure for a
crop, and have some great thrifty handsome
tomato-plants ready just at the time when
everybody Avlll be wanting them. A good
strong plant, well rooted, ought to be worth
a nickel, giving your customers a pot to
carry it in. The same general rules will ap-
ply to every thing you raise on your ground ;
and when you become an expert in produc-
ing nice plants in email beds, you can ex-
tend the same process to acres, working
slowly and carefully, and increasing your
area only so fast as you can do it and do
your work well, according to the spirit of
the text at the head of this chapter.

April 15, 18S6.

He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— Luke 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBOBS.

Thou Shalt neither vex a strang-er, nor oppress
him; for ve were strangers in the land of Egypt.
—Ex. 2-2:21.

1^ NE day wliile I was sitting at my desk
^ui I'eading letters, I think it was about
^ tlie middle of February, a stranger
^^ came up to me and asked for work.
Request has been made so many times
during this past winter, that I have got into
the habit of being perhaps a little short and
a little positive in telling them I had no
need of any more help. This man bore very
plain evidences of belonging to the class
called " tramps ;" and one's first impressions
were that he was an intemperate man. His
clothes were ragged, and he was a pitiful-
looking object. After I had told him posi-
tively that there was no possible cliance,
and that old hands had been Avaiting all win-
ter for a place, he started off with a dejected
look that touched my heart. lie was quick
and keen, however, for he glanced back, and,
seeing that, my eye was on him he turned
around and approached again.

" Mr. Root, could you not give me some
kind of work to do, to pay for some sort of
an old coatV My coat is very ragged, as you
see, and I should be very glad to pay in
work for a better one. I don't want to beg ;
and if you will give me a chance, I think I
can show you that I am willing to work for
all I ask for.''

The appeal was more than I could stand.
I replied, " Why, yes, friend, I will give you

something to do, to pay for an old coat,"
and I set him at work piling green bass-
wood plank. Perhaps I need not tell you
that this was a job that the average tramp
would soon slip out of. But our friend
didn't slip out of any thing. lie took hold
and worked so well that the men with whom
he was working wished me to let him keep
on a while. I asked his name, and told him
that, if he worked as well as he had so far
done, we could probably use him for a week
or two, provided he could comply with the
conditions of our establishment.

" Mr. Lewis, am I right in judging that
you are or have been a drinking man V"

" Mr. Root, you have been very kind to
me, and I will tell you tlie truth. 1 do get
on a spree occasionally."

'' Well, my friend, you probably use tobac-
co."

"'■ Why, Mr. Root, I do when I can get it ;
but I have been so very low down lately,
that I have not had any money to buy it."

'' Well, now, perhaps you won't like to
work for us when I tell you that we employ
no man who uses whisky or tobacco in any
form. If you think, however, it would be a
good thing to break off all these things, and
try to be a temperate and upright man be-
fore God and your fellow-men, we shall be
glad to have you stay."

He promised to try it, and said he had
worked at places before where they had
the same rules. When I suggested that he
lost his place by his habit getting the better
of him, he acknowledged it. Sunday after-

224

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

Mar.

noon I called at the place where he lodged,
and asked to go up into his room. I had be-
fore vu'ged him to come to meeting. What
do you think I found him doing? He was
working slowly and painfully with needle
and thread, trying to darn up "his old coat so
it would be tit to go to meeting after dark.
He looked up at me with a frank, honest
look, that I think was truly genuine, re-
marking, " Mr. Root, now niay be I a'n't
doing just the right thing, to mend my old
clothes on Sunday ; but I do it solely tiiat I
may be a little more presentable at meeting
to-night. If you think I am wrong, I will
stop it in a minute."

I replied at once, " No, no, my good friend,
go on with your mending. It is all right, I
am sure, in the sight of God ; but while you
work I want to talk with you a little."

I had won liis confidence, and he told me
of a wife and two children in England.
They did not use him well, and he had come
away off across tlie ocean. I suggested that
it was on account of drink, and he finally
admitted that perhaps it was. He h;ul had
good situations as stone-cutter, and had
earned good wages ; but he always lost one
place after another, sooner or later ; and
when 1 found him he had spent one night in
the infirmary, and then started out again in
the cold wintry weather, to find some place
where he might work luitil whisky should cast
him out again. I held up l)efore him the
cross of Christ, and the Bible promises.
When I asked him to kneel with me he re-
plied, "Most certainly, Mr. Root," and
quickly got down by my side while I prayed
for him and others like him. The tears ran
down his cheeks; and although he didn't
promise much, lie gave as sure evidences to
me as I think I have ever seen, that he was
truly penitent. lie attended our Murphy
temperance meetings, and went about, day
and night, with a blue ribbon on his coat. I
told the story to some friends, aboiit his
darning his old coat that Sunday afternoon,
and we soon furnished him quite a respecta-
ble drab coat and vest, which were given
him without any charge. He seemed very
grateful, and was, to all appearance, as hon-
est and faithful as a man could be.

Last Friday morning, jMarch o, one aCter
another told me tliat Mr. Lewis liad broken
his pledge, and was too drunk to be talked
to. In tlie afternoon and evening, four or
five of our young Christians — yes, and some
old ones too — hunted him up and tried to
I'eason with him. Of course, our frank, lion-
est, faithful friend was gone. Another light
blazed from his eyes, and another spirit had
possession of his" faculties. He seemed pos-
sessed of a devil, as we read about in the
Scriptures, in olden times. Saturday after-
noon, after I came home from church, I was
told he wanted to see me. I knew what the
matter was, for I liad told the time-clerk
not to pay him wages while lie was intoxicat-
ed. He demanded his pay. As I knew it
Avould be used for buying more whisky, I ol)-
jected. I finally told him in plain terms why
I could not pay him his money. I asked him
if he would tell me where he got the where-
with to get drink. At this remark it seemed
as if Satan himself blazed forth from his

eyes, as he refused to tell ; and he added
something like this : " Mr. Root, if you think
you can keep back my pay, just try it on."
And then he turned on another strain, and
l)egged piteovisly for even two dollars, and
prayed for Heaven's blessing to come down
upon me if I would grant his request. I
told him I would give him all his pay if he
would promise me, even while he was intox-
icated, not to drink any between then and
Monday morning, and then come to me. He
objected, and argued ; and I believe now
the man is truthful when in his right mind,
and, that even while intoxicated, it was a hard
matter for him to b renk his word. At length
he gave me the promise and got all his mon-
ey, except his board-bill, which the landlord
where he boarded asked me to keep back.
As I gave him the money, I asked one of
the girls to bring me a good long piece of
blue ribbon, and I tied it in the button-hole
of the coat we had given him, hoping it might
help him. and help the saloon-keepers to
keep temptation out of his way. He went
away pleasant and good natured, thanking
us all. Had I done all that a Cliristian ought
to do, according to Bible precepts, for the
stranger that came to our gates ? I had
tried my weak hand in coping with Satan
and the' powers of darkness; and although
it had amoiuited to but little or nothing, I
felt that I had done the best I knew how,
according to the best of my poor wisdom.
For the sequel to this sad little story, see
Our Homes, in this issue.

A S-WAEM BECOMES ENRAGED. AND
MAKES A FURIOUS ATTACK.

DURINC. WHICH HALF THK BEES LOST THEIK
STINGS AND THEN LIVED THIiEE WEEKS.

0N page 70, 188G, Ernest asks: "Docs any juve-
nile, or anybody else, know of such a case, as
that a bee lived two days or after?" Well, I
once had a swarm of bees whose queen 1
bought of a man by the name of Good, some-
where in the State of New York, in the year 1?68.
I bought her lor a pure-blood Italian queen; and
though her bees were most beautifully marked, I
have often thought they might be mixed with the
Egyptian variety, on account of their inveterate
hostility when they swarmed. They were not very
ill to handle at other times; but when they swarm-
ed they would hunt everybody and ever3' thing-
dogs, cats, horses, and chickens, and sting them
with vengeance. On one occasion I was sitting in
the door of mj' residence and saw them commence
to swarm. I got up immediately and started to get
a hive; but by the time 1 was half a dozen steps
from the door they

ATTACKED ME 1 .V niiEAT NUMlll.RS.

I then returned to the house and procured a bee-
hat, and gloves with long gauntlets; and having
donned the aforesaid beeapparel, I again sallied
forth and was met by thousands of infuriated bees
which stung mo through my shirt, and stung my
gloves and left their] stings so thick on my gloves
and hat that j-ou could not touch them with
the end of your index finger without "putting your
finger on a sting. I did not count them, but I am
satisfied that two thoustand would not cover the

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUiiE.

number. An Irishman came to rae at the time,
and was stung- in like manner. When he first made
his presence known I said to him, " Tom, j-ou had
better go to the house; these bees will sting- you to
death."

" Oh, no; the leetle fellows would na hurt a
body;" but about that time I heard him crj- out.
"Och! houli' Moses!" I then looked around, and he
was walking- ofl" slowly, scraping them ofl: by the
handful, first with one hand and then the other.

In one hour after they were snugly hived, they
were as tame and submissive as before they
swarmed. I observed them closely every day for
two or three weeks. At first there appeared to be
nearly or quite as many stingless bees at Avork as
those unharmed by the loss of their sting-s. lam
satisfied that some of those

STINGLESP BEES LIVED AT LEAST THKEE WEEKS.

But what was most remarkable, I at that time kept
.•1 trough in a convenient place filled with urine, and
in which about half a teacupful of salt was dissolv-
ed; and on the next day after the swarm came out
I happened to pass this trough of stink-bait, and
was surprised to see great numbers, perhaps a
quart, of these stingless bees sucking at the stink-
bait. I afterward went nearly every day to see
and watch or observe how long they would go to it,
and found them there in great numbers, gradually
decreasing every day for some three weeks; sol
am satisfied that a bee, if left at liberty, will live
about or nearly as long after losing his sting as he
would otherwise have lived.

Further, I was once put on a committee, with two
or three other gentlemen, to investigate this mat-
ter. I took a small nucleus hive, only some 4X3X.5
in. deep, filled with comb honey and some eggs and
a young queen, and about 100 stingless bees, and
moved them IV2 miles. They lived till some of the
brood hatched to take their place, but I think salty
stink -bait, or some other medicine, is actually
necessary to their e.vistence. John L. Gregg.

Tempe, A. T., Feb. 2, 1886.

You have given lus some very valuable
facts indeed, friencl G., that bees, after the
loss of their stings, if allowed their liberty,
have lived and gathered honey for some
time afterward. Your experiments seem al-
most conclusive, that the loss of the sting
does not materially shorten the lives of the
bees, providing they are allowed their liber-
ty. It seems to make considerable difference
whether these stingless bees are confined, or
given their freedom. I have found, how-
ever, by experiments recently, that single
bees, without any bodily injury, will live
four or five days, and even a week ; but that
a dozen or so together will survive some-
times three weeks. If the juveniles had
caged their stingless victims with other bees,
their reports would probably have not con-
flicted with yours; at any rate, their sting-
less bees would probably have lived longer.
— You will notice that your conclusions in
regard to salt and other like deposits
are in line with the suggestions expressed
by friend Greer, on p. 178 of last issue. As to
whether the salt had any curative proper-
ties upon the bees above alluded to, might
be a question. Has any one had an experi-
ence similar to the facts as given by friend
G.V One or two more such Avould settle this
problem of stingless bees. Ernest.

Every boy or girl, under 15
'~" years of age. who writes a

letter for this department, containing
SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
KNOWN. ON BEES OR OTHER MATTEliS,

wiU receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent live- cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these boolrs contain the same mat-
ter that you And in Sunday-school books
costing from $1.00 to SI. 50. If you have had
one or more hooks, give us the names that we
maj' not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six different books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in
aBar-Room. We have also Our Homes, Part I.,and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself. Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc.. suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of any one of the above pictures
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

"A chiel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prentit."

if!.) t

HONEY AS A REMEDY FOR COLDS.

T HAVE a question that I wish to ask the
1^ mammas, and the little folks are to do
M the reporting in Gleanings. Much
■*^ has been said in praise of honey as a
remedy for coughs, croup, and sore
throats. The question, then, or problem, if
you choose, is this : Is honey a valuable and
effective remedy for colds ? or are its sup-
posed curative properties a mere whim V
During the month of March, when colds of
all kinds are so frequent among our little
folks, and older ones too, there will be a good
opportunity to make a careful test. Perhaps
many of our mammas are already satis-
fied in their own minds. From my own ob-
servation, California honey will seemingly
check or stop a hard cough, when basswood
honey has no effect. I want the juveniles to
report, also, what kind of honey seems to be
better than others for colds. Does California
honey seem to have special virtue in its cur-
ative properties y Let us have no guess-
work ; but if honey is a valuable remedy for
colds, as is the general impression, then we
surely ought to know it. To illustrate the
difficulty of deciding correctly in this mat-
ter, pardon me for telling you a little incident
of ray short married life. "Now, I haven't any
Iluber of my own from whom to draw my
illustration, but we have a little nephew,
Arthur, staying with us. One night he had
the croup, and neither myself nor my wife
knew what to do; so we just stood and
looked at him, while trying in vain to re-
member Avhat our mas luid done when we
were little and had the croup. We had
plenty of honey in the house, but we never
thought of that. Finally, Mrs. U. said she
had seen somewhere, that they gave ground
cheese-rinds and hot water. This she quick-
ly prepared and gave him. Under the seem-
ing stimulus of this dose he got better. If

22«

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

Mak

we had given him lioney, and the results had
been the same, we might have thought there
was great virtue in honey. At another time
when he had the croup, we gave him noth-
ing, and by morning he was better. In the
first place, supposing we had given him no
dose, what would have been the result V
Our mammas will see the difficulty of decid-
ing whether a certain remedy does or does
not prove effective. Repeated trials, how-
ever, as doubtless mothers have had, will
very likely decide pretty closely. How
many reports shall we have next month, for
or against the curative properties of honey V
This is a matter upon which, with the help
of your mammas, many of you can report.
Ernkst.

" HONEY-DEW A GREAT HELP."

We children watch the bees gather honey from
the clover-blossoms. Pa says honey-dew is a great
help to them. I was in the yard last summer, and a
bee stung me on my foot.

Smitbville, Mo. Hardy and Nellie Jenkins.

BEES IN OREGON.

My father and the boys have 73 stands of bees and
I have two. Last winter it was snowing' the day
after Christmas, and this year it Avas sunshiny. The
bees were flying on the »(3th of December. I like
bees, but I do not like honey.

Harmony, Oregon. Hester Rusk, age 10,

DO THE LARV,« ABSORB OR EAT THEIR FOOD?

My pa has 50 swarms of bees, and has them in
winter quarters. I hav-e a little brother four years
old. I am interested in bees, and I want to ask a
question. Do young bees eat in the cell, or do they
absorb the food? Why do they turn their head
from the food. Nicholas Jones, age 13.

Delaware, Ohio.

I consider your question in the department
of Our Own Apiary, which see.

Ernest.

white honey IN A BEE-TREE.

My uncle, F. H. Gorton, is a bee-hunter, and he
found a tree on our place with nearly 50 lbs. of nice-
flavored honey, and all white comb, arranged up
and down in the tree as nicely as he ever saw in a
hive. He says he never saw any like it before, and
he has dealt in bees always.

Maudie H. Morenus.

Sherburne, Chenango Co., N. T".

how phebe got her thumb stung.

I tried to make my bee sting a piece of cloth, but
it stung my thumb, at 13 minutes pfter 11 o'clock in
the morning. Mother put it in a cage, and I gave it
some honey. It died some time in the night. The
ne.\t day I tried another bee. It lived 7 hours. It
looked like an old bee when we got it. I can not
write muchy because I could not go to school last
summer, so mother is writing for me. I can do a
good many things to help her, through.

Whitby, Ont., Dec. 28, 1885. Phebe Orvis.

a bee lives .58 hoitrs caged alone.
We got our bees on Christmas morning. Mine
stung me on my wrist at five minutes past ten. It
lived 58 hours. We had two bees left when we got
through, apd we i)ut them in a cage together.
They went to fighting- at once, and lived one hour
and ten minutes. I saw through the microscope a

drop of poison on the end of a sting. We had about
3000 lbs. of honey last season. We have two colts.
One of them will follow me around when it wants
any thing. Spencer Orvis, age 10.

Whitby,Ont.

We now have record of a bee living 58
hours or nearly two days and a half. Kext
time you try, cage with other bees.

Ernest.

watching the Tt)ES OF THE LITTLE BEES.

I wanted a bee too, so Spencer helped me, and
made one sting a piece of cloth at 33 minutes past
11 o'clock, and it lived till 9 o'clock the ne.xt morn-
ing. I saw it put its toes around the wii-e of its
cage to hold im when it walked. I have a slate and
book, but I can not write, so mother has written
this for me. Bertha Orvis, age 5.

Whitby, Ont.

It is real funny to see the bees' little feet
trip over the wire in the cage, is it not?

Ernest.

IS PACKING IN WINTER NECESSARY?

One year ago last fall my pa had 9 swarms of bees,
and my sister had 3 that my i)a's cousin gave her.
Pa packed them all but two— one of my sister's, and
one of his own. His cousin said that they would do
better without packing, but pa thought not; but
seeing that he gave my sister the bees, pa left one
of them out, and one of his. Both of them died, and
two more besides. The bees died all around us last
winter very badly. We have now increased them
to 19, and have them all packed. We use the Sim-
plicity hive. Louisa E. Green, age 11.

Lyons, Ohio, Feb. 3, 1886.

Thank you, friend Louisa, for the facts
you give. Then you think it does not pay
to leave bees on their summer stands during
winter without being packed, do you?

"Ernest.

SOMETHING ON BEE-STINGS, FROM AN OLD BOY.

I see by the last issue of Gleanings that the bee-
sting business is not yet settled. Well, little boys
and girls, I will tell you what I know about it, and
what I don't know. Several years ago, while work-
ing in the woodshed, I saw a bee hovering about an
old piece of comb that had carelessly been left there,
and I noticed at once that she had lost her sting;
but, for fear that I might be mistaken, I caught
her and made a careful examination, and am entire-
ly satisfied that she had no sting, although she ap-
peared to be in splendid health, and as lively as a
whole bee. I do not know what she was looking for,
but suppose it was for honey. But now the question
arises. How long was she stingless? That's what I
don't kiunv; but from all appearances, she had been
so for several das's.

I want to say to Emma Jansen, that I also have at
least one carp that does not bury itself in the mud
in winter. I can see it almost every day, as 1 have
it in a small pond by itsell'. I am a small boy of 36
years, and weigh 155 pounds— small compared with
some others. Henry.

Your observation is in line with friend
Gregg's article in another column, and I
think it is quite likely the bee you mention
had been without its sting for some days.
On the other hand it seems to be pretty well
established that, the stingle^^ bees will not
live long when confined. Ernest.

]88(i

GLEAXIXCS IX CLE CULTUUE.

227

THE HONEY-PLANTS OV GEORGIA, AND HOW SOON
THE BEES BEGIN TO WORK THERE.

There are lots of honos'-beariug trees and plants
here. Among them are the honey-locust, persim-
mon, black gum, sourwood, and others. The cotton
plant produces some hone.v.

Bees beg-in to bring in pollen from the 10th to the
15th of February. Our bees are in good condition,
with plenty of honey. We had lots of cold weath-
er last fall. The thermometer has been down to 16
above zero, and as many as three mornings togeth-
er, below :iJ. Florence E. Kellev, age 13.

Harmony Grove. Ga.

SHALL AVE SELL HONEY TO SALOON-KEEPERS ?

Raising bees lias been very profitable to my fath-
er. Unfortunately, he has to sell most of his honey
to bar-rooms. Well, I suppose they might just as
well use honey as sugar. There is ho law to pre-
vent the use of liquor. My father has P4 hives. No
one in the neighborhood has as many.

Lou Friend, age 13.
Chester, Va., Feb. 8, 1885.

Friend Lou, there is a moral point involved
in your letter. Of couise, I would not dic-
tate for your fatliei', but 1 think 1 would sell
the saloonists none of my honey, providing
they intended it for use in their traffic. If
they intend it for an honest purpose, I do
not" know that I should hesitate to sell them
all the honey they wanted. Ernest.

HOW THE CIIKOMOS AS PRIZES ARE APPRECIATED.

I received a lovely panel ehromo from you; many
thanks for it. Brother Fred has his bees packed.
He has the hives set in big boxes, and chaff around
the hives. He has a house-apiary. I like to work
with bees, but do not like honey. The first swarm
Fred ever had, he had in a box hive, and soon he
sent and got one of the Simplicity hives, and trans-
ferred theni into it. He likes the Simplicity better
than any other style of hive.

Woodstock, Ohio. Nettic H. Cranston, age 11.

catching swarms in hives tied to a tree.

My papa has 10 stands of bees, and loves to work
with them. I will tell you how he caught three
good swarms. He teok the stands that other bees
had died in, and which had old comb in, and tied
them up in trees, and the bees went into them.
Papa lost one gocd stand of bees which h d 17 lbs.
of honej-. He thinks they froze to death. New
Orleans sugar is very good to feed them in winter.

Smithville, Mo. Estella Jenkins.

Thank you, little friend, for the item that
you give. If you could get the bees to go
into the hives thus prepared, and the hives
could be raised or lowered easily, it would
be a cai)ital plan for catching swarms ; but
I should be afraid that the bees wotdd not
always go where we wanted them.

Ernkst.

A .JOB at feeding SECTIONS; HOW TO PACK
HIVES FOR WINTER.

Pa has a lot of bees which were flying about two
weeks ago, all living and doing well. Pa has about
completed a new building, and machinery for mak-
ing hives and one-piece sections. When school is
out, my pa offered me a job to feed the section-
sander with buckeye sections. I like to see them
come through on the other side. They look beauti-

ful and tvhite. Pa has promised to let me pull the
rope for ll.o £rst time on the big engine-whistle
that is now in the new building. In the fall, com-
ing on winter, we took fence boards and stakes.
We drove the stakes along in a row close to the
hives, and set the hives close together. Then we
took clover straw and put it in between the hives
behind, and boarded the whole around the outside.
Ada, O., Feb. 23, 1886. Ray Murray.

BEE-KEEPING IN FAR-AWAY IRELAND, AS REPORT-
ED BY A JUVENILE.

Father has given me leave to write jou about his
bees. He was in America for some time, and came
home twelve months ago, and commenced bee-keep-
ing about April, by buying eleven straw hives of
bees, and ho drove them out and put them and
combs into wooden hives, what he calls eight-frame
Langstroth hives. He has twenty of them now.
There is nothing but straw hives about here, and
all black bees. Father has had several Italians
from America, but the most of them were dead.
He has si.x living; they were about 14 days coming.
He got three on November 30, but two of them were
dead.

There was a great buzzing in swarming time.
Father clips the queen's wings, and when a swarm
goes off he catches the queen and puts her into a
cage and moves the old hive away and puts the new
one in its place, into which the swarm goes when
they miss the queen. He then lets the queen in
with them, and puts the hive in its place, and the
old one back. It is very nice to see them rushing
into the hive.

Last season was good for honey, but father did
not get much. He says he was too late in starting.

We have hardly any winter here at any time.
Primroses, wall-flowers, etc., are out in bloom now,
and every thing is looking very green; but we have
a great deal of rain at all seasons, which father
thinks will bo a great drawback to successful bee-
keeping in this country; but he is going to keep
nothing but Italians, as he thinks they are the best.
They are a very pretty bee, and I like them, for
they seem quiet, and do not sting so much as the
black ones. Father gave me a swarm which he took
out of a chimney where it had been for some time.
My sister has a hive too. The swarm came from
somewhere, and settled on a bush close to the other
bees, and father put it into a hive and gave it to
her and we are very much pleased with them.

Charlotte R. Turner, age 10.

Revlin House, Donegal, Ireland, Jan. 6, 1886.

from 35 to 51, AND 2900 lbs. of honey; report-
ed BY A juvenile.

Jfy father wintered 25 colonies during the winter
of 188,5, and they increased tool. He took off 2900
lbs. cf comb honey, and last fall he doubled them
back to 45. He has seven of them out of doors, and
the rest in the cellar. Father makes his own hives
and sections. He uses the Langstroth Simplicity
hive. He is going to make about .5000 sections this
winter. He is going to give me ten cents a hundred
for all I nail tegethcr. Father takes Gleanings,
and thinks it is a good paper. I claim the Juvenile
Department, and I like to read the letters. I have
one colony of bees. They made me 100 boxes of
honey. I like to help father among the bees, but I
don't like to have the bees sting me. I got stung
six times at one time last summer. Father went up

228

GLEAA^l^'GS i:N JJEE CULTtJllI:.

Mar.

to Skowhegan this year to the bee-convention, and
he saw Mr. J. B. Mason and sons of Mechanic Falls,
Me. I can't think of any more this time.

George F. Greelv, age 13.
Clinton, Maine, Jan. 31, 1886.

Thank you, friend George, for your very
full report. I judge that you take consider-
able interest in your father's work. When
fathers can get good substantial help from
their boys, they can expect to attain some
degree of success, as did your father. You
say you ''can't think of anymore." It is
not long letters so much we want, but it is a
good deal in a little space, and I think you
have succeeded pretty well. We should like
to have you report in regard to your father's
bees next season. Ernkst.

STRONG SWARMS READY FOB THE FIRST FLOW OF
HONEY.

Mrs. L. Harrison sent me a colony of pure Ital-
ians. They were weak when they came, and we
built them up with other brood; when they g'ot
sti-ong we made an artificial swarm, and then they
built up very strong- with plenty of stores, but no
surplus. Those that had strong swarms early for
the first flow of white clover were all that got any
surplus in this section of country. Auntie L. sent
me an ABC book, about the same time she sent
the bees. Willie Simonton.

Memphis, Mo.

CARP, SWEET-POTATO VINES BLOOMING, ETC.

Pa has between 65 and 70 carp minnows, and they
eat a piece of bread as large as my hand, every
night. They eat more at night than in the daytime.

Grandma's sweet potatoes bloomed last summer.
The reason I speak of them, is because I have seen
inquiries in the papers as to whether the sweet po-
tato vine blooms. Ma says that there would be as
many as twelve blooms on a vine not more than two
feet long. She says that she has heard of but one
other instance where they bloomed so profusely,
and that was at a neighbor's a few years ago.

I received Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, and read it
with great Interest, as did all the family, and I
loaned it to a neighbor, and she loaned it to another
neighbor; and as most of the neighborhood favor
dram-drinking, I hope it may do some good while
away from home.

What would it cost to send a few beechnuts in the
burr, for seeds ? I have never se»n any, as they do
not grow here; but I have heard pa and ma speak
of them, and I should like to see some.

Amy I. HOLLEMAN, age 11.

Wager, Benton Co., Ark., Feb. 14, 1886.

We did not succeed in getting any carp
minnows last year from our carp-pond. As
about a dozen large mud-turtles had suc-
ceeded in getting into the pond, we rather
thought they had eaten all the spawn, or
fish-eggs. We had been in the habit of
feeding the carp crackers toward evening,
and by and by the mud-turtles learned the
trick of grabbing the crackers too. A casual
observer would hardly notice this sly move-
ment of the turtles, but a little close watch-
ing shows how nicely they can gobble up the
fragments that are thrown out. I determin-
ed that I would shoot every one of them if
possible, and accordingly on the 4th of July
last, with rifle in hand, as soon as one stuck
his nose out of the muddy water, I let fly a

bullet, knocking said nose, head, and neck,
into— well, you know what, boys. In this
way I disposed of over a dozen, and, so far as
I know, Ave have not been troubled since. If
any one is annoyed by these in his pond, I
know of no better way to get rid of them.

In regard to the beechnuts. Amy, you can
get some relative, where they grow, to send
you some. The postage will be one cent an
ounce, and for 10 cents postage you can
probably get all you need. Ernest.

GOING OUT OF THE BUSINESS— HONEY TOO CHEAP.

Noticing that you wanted the juveniles to send in
reports about how long a bee would live without a
sting, I thought I would send mine. A few days
ago when the bees were having a fly, ma was in the
bee-yard about ten minutes. When she came in
there was a bee on her back that had just lost his
sting. I took care of him, and, counting the ten
minutes ma was in the bee-yard, he lived just three
hours. Pa has 33 swarms of bees. He has lost one
nucleus this winter. The rest are doing well. Last
spring ma was in Blasted Hopes, but pa said we
would try again. Last summer the bees did very
well. Pa says he io going out of the business, be-
cause honey is too cheap to eat. Cora Snyder.

Corey^ Mich.

Eriend Cora, we are sorry to hear that
your papa is going out of the business be-
cause '• honey is too cheap." Ought we not
to rejoice that there are hundreds who can
now enjoy one of God's choicest sweets,
where they could not before when honey
was 25 and oO cts. a pound? Perhaps the
false statements that you have been reading
about may have had something to do with
making " honey cheap;"' but we have good
reason to think that people will soon learn
the true source of honey. Again, there are
thousands of people who hardly know what
honey is. Let us stir ourselves, and help
papa to sell the honey around home instead
of sending the whole lot to the city, where
honey is hardly wanted at any price. Don't
you see that the more honey we send into
the city, where the sale is slow, the lower
the price will be there'? Let us see how many
uses we can make of honey ; and when the
city folks are willing to pay a fair price, we
will send it to them. At the head of this
department you will see what I say about
honey as a medicine for coughs and croup.
Xow, perhaps the very cheapness of honey
will so introduce it to the people that they
will conclude they must have it, and the price
will then rise accordingly. No, friend Cora,
don't let your father give up the business
yet. Ernest.

HOW -MANY BUMBLE-BEES ARE THERE IN THE
AVERAGE SWARM?

My pa bought some bees in a soap-box, and
Gleanings told him how to transfer them;
but he forgot that he was ticklish about the knees.
The bees found that out, and, well, pa will now
wear garters outside his pants near his shoes. I
like to frolic with the bumble-bees. I read the piece
about jugging the rogues. I used to pour hot water
in their ground-nests. Last summer I found a nest
in the front yard, and, in the cause of science, to
find out the number of bees in a nest I borrowed
ma's round wire Hy-trap with a tin top. I made the

18S6

(ILEANI^'GS IN BEE CULTURE.

229

hole in the cone a little larger, and set it over the
hole in the ground just at dark. Next dajsl caiiglit
160 bumble-bees. The next nest I caught 171. The
next nest I caught 47, but they were whopi)crs, with
yellow mufflers on.

We have a judge in our town whom we call the
bumble-bee judge, because he for a little money
tried to defend a black man found killing turtle-
doves, and the judge wanted the witness to say that
the man was just chasing bumble-bees. The black
man is now in State prison for another crime, and
the judge goes to Utah, Warren Co., 111., sometimes,
to draw a big sahiry. Hadley Kenshaw, age 13.

Terre Haute, Ind.

Thank you, friend Iladley, for the facts
you bring out in regard to the bumble-bees.
'[ used to rob their nests sometimes, but I
had no idea there were so many. Did you
find very much honey in tlie largest nest'?
Aside from the fun, I never thought the
amount of honey paid me for the trouble.
Altogether, I do not know but that it is
rather cruel to rol) their nests, if fun is the
only object; of course, they may build their
nests where it is desirable to get them out.
— Your fly-trap is similar in principle, if I
mistake not, to the Alley drone-trap ; and
it is possible that our friend may have got
his idea of the wire cone from this fly-trap.

Ernest.

FIVE CENTS FOR REPORTING EVERY SWAUM THAT

COMES OUT.

A year ago this winter papa lost almost all of his
bees. When spring came he had but 37 colonies left
out of 79. Fi'oni these we got only 1300 lbs. of honey
—600 lbs. comb honey, 700 lbs. of extracted honey.
He has kept some bees down cellar this winter, and
some days it was so cold he had to have a fire down
there. When papa had to work in the field he told
me if I would watch the bees he would give me five
cents for every swarm I saw coming out; so when I
saw them coming I would run and call him, and he
would come and hive them. I go to school every
day. I have language lessons, and in that way I
have learned to write letters. Last month my aver-
age on examination was 94'.j,, the highest of any in
school. Mabel Emmons, age 8.

Tampico, 111.

I heartily indorse your father's plan of
giving you five cents for every swarm you
saw coming out. Even when I was quite
small, " my pa " generally rewarded me in
some sucli way for little services that I was
able to render. As mice sometimes made
destructive work with combs stored away
for the winter, I was allowed five cents for
every mouse I caught. Each additional live
cents gave me a new impetus for ridding
the barn of the "pesky varmints." As we
lived in town, it was my allotted task to pile
wood and hoe the garden— two things that I
detested above every thing else. One day
father said to me, " If you will hoe that gar-
den so that I can not find a teacupful of
weeds, I will give you a croquet set." All
at once I took keen pleasure in "seeing
things grow." I Avas up in the morning,
and at work again at it after school ; and
when by the sweat of my brow I had a clean
and handsome garden, with what pleasure I
showed father and mother what I had done.
The result was that we had an al)undance of

vegetables of all kinds. Why, I believe I
eii.joyt-d tlir.t garden more than the croquet
set which I obtained afterward. It pays
every time to reward children with some
small gift ; and it need not necessarily be a
croquet set either. Piling wood, hoeing in
the garden, helping papa to extract, will
thus become keen enjoyment; where before
it was any thing but pleasure. Ernest.

" huber and his pa" as they appear every day

AT home and in the FACTOUY.

Yesterday, in Gleanings, I saw in the picture of
your greenhouse, a man and a boy. Are they Hu-
ber and his pa ? I should like to know. Pa takes
Gleanings, and we like it very much. Ma thinks
it is interesting to read in Our Homes.

Sylvester Z. Paulus.

Stone Creek, Tus. Co., O., Feb. 23, 1886.

Yes, friend Sylvester, " Huber and his pa "
stand near the greenhouse in the picture.
If you turn to the editorial column of the
same issue you will see that the picture is
there explained. Of father, if the engraving
is held at arm's length, it is a very correct
likeness as he appears every day in the fac-
tory and on the grounds. lie is somewhat
bald-headed, you know, so he has to wear a
heavy fur cap in winter, such as you see on
his head. Occasionally something comes up
that " needs to be seen to right away." Oft-
en it takes me a good while to find him, and
sometimes after a search in vain through the
various departments of our factory, as a last
resort, I take a look from one of the upstair
windows, and away to the other end of the
honey-farm, very likely, I catch a glimpse of
that identical hat and its possessor, possibly
emerging from a piece of sweet corn, or from
a ditch where an underdrain is being put
through. After he has been reading letters
he gets tired (for he has not the endurance
that he once had), and for recreation he bus-
ies himself in the garden where, perhaps
you are aware, he finds keen enjoyment.
Well, during week days he doesn't change
his general appearance as seen in the pic-
ture very much, except once in a good while
he gets ^ awful " muddy ; and as he resumes
his letters, you would hardly take him to be
the boss of over one hundred hands. Huber's
mamma sometimes has to give him a good
talking-to for being so careless ; but when
he has been digging in a muddy ditch, and
thereafter returns to the letters, it is not
easy to maintain the same appearance al-
ways. You know how it goes, boys, from
the playground to the schoolroom.

As to Iluber, I do not think the picture
represents him very well. It is a diflicult
matter for tlie engraver to correctly repre-
sent a child's features. Iluber is quite fond
of following his pa out on these excursions
on the farm. Lately he has taken a great
liking to watch the men work at their vari-
ous machines — at one time in the wood-
working department, at another in the ma-
chine room. Once we caught him walking
under the belt of the great fly-wheel of the
engine. We have told him he musn't go
there any more, for it would " make the b'ood
come" if he did. This is the only way we can
explain the terrible consequences. He has
been very careful lately. Ernest.

230

GLEA^'t^;(JS 1^- BEE CULTUllE.

Mab.

T0By?CC0 C6MMN-

r UNrunSTAND you offer any man who will
|F stop using tobacco, a smoker. Well, I will com-
ll ply with those terms. I make f ou the regular
*• promise, if 1 ever commence smoking tobacco

again, 1 will pay for the smoker.
Glenwood, Pa., Oct. 17, 1885. C. D. Bennett.

You said you would send any one a smoker who
would stop using tobacco. I stopped chewing one
year ago, and went to smoking. Since last May I
have not used it in any shape. If j'ou see fit you
can send me a smoker. If I commence using the
weed again 1 will pay you all you ask for your smo-
ker. L. F. Cousins.

Utica, Pa., Dec. 28, 1885.

I received my watch a few days ago in good order;
but last night I hung it up and when I got up this
morning I found the crystal broken, from some un-
known cause. I suppose the glue must have
frozen and caused it to break. If you will send me
a new crystal, I will promise to quit using tobacco.
Charlie Harrison.

CoUinsburg, Bossier Parish, La., Feb. 1, 1886.

I notice that you will give a smoker to all who
stop using tobacco; and as I have been using it, I
think I can stop -for a smoker. I have two colonies
of blacks, which I expect to Italianize in the spring.
It is agreed, that I pay you for the smoker and the
postage, if I ever use a crumb of tobacco again.

Rockingham, Va. W. O. Roudabush.

A NEIGHBOR HAS QUIT.

I have 34 stands of bees, but I think they are
poor pay in this county. I never use tobacco. My
neighbor, however, has a few bees, and has lately
quit the use of tobacco. He asked me to write to
you to send him a smoker. His name is H. L. Rev-
ely. Since he quit the use of tobacco I think he is
a nice man. If he is ever guilty of using it again I
will see that you get your pay for the smoker.

Austin, Lonoke Co., Ark. E. M. Barger.

ONE WHO HAS USED THE WEED 15 YEARS.

I notice from Gleanings, a copy of which was
loaned me by a friend, that you otter free to 'any
one who will give up the use of tobacco, one of
your smokers. I have used tobacco for fifteen
years, and at one time was an'inveterate smoker;
but 1 have given it up; and if you feel inclined to
send me a smoker I shall feel grateful; and should T
again take up the use of tobacco I agree to remit
you the usual price of a smoker.

Boyce, La., Nov. 33, 1885. W. P. Bradford.

MIXING BUSINESS AND RELIGION.

I am very much pleased with the Christian tone
of your magazine; and as to mixing religion with
business, I say the more the better; and there must
be something wrong with the business that is
ashamed or afraid of religion.

I might say something in regard to using and sell-
ing tobacco— the Lord saved me from using it sev-
eral years ago, and the clear light revealed that it
was as great an evil to sell as to use it. I find it is
just as easy to do a clean business, as any other,
and much more in accord with a clear conscience
and Bible truth. There is victory for every slave to
the habit, in Jesus' name. J. E. Bristol.

Harpersville, N. Y., Jan. 21, 1886.

KIND WORDS FOR GLEANINGS.

I like Gleanings better every time I get it. I let
my neighbor read it, especially the 15th, or middle
numbers, and he, too, thinks it splendid. Well, my
neighbor who got a smoker when I did, for quitting
the use of tobacco, I am sorry to tell you, has gone
to using the weed again; and as soon as I can get
up a club of a few names for Gleanings I will send
the money for the smoker. I still " hold the fort"
in regard to tobacco, and hope I alwaj-s may.

Henton, 111. F. P. Hish.

I have taken Gleanings for the past six months,
and I think it is a very valuable journal, especially
Our Homes and also the Tobacco Column; in fact, it
is a fine work all through, and is doing much good.
May you live long to continue it. I have commenc-
ed keeping bees, and I enjoy it very much. I com-
menced last spring with two stands, and have gone
into winter quarters with 11. I am making chaff
hives for ne.\t season. May I ask what is the best
permanent packing— chaff or sawdust? I have quit
the use of tobacco, after using it for ten years, for
good. If you think me worthy of one of your smo-
kers you may send me one. If I ever use tobacco
again I will send you $5.0D for it. Wm. D. Soper.

Jackson, Mich., Dec. 1, 1885.

We prefer chaff to sawdust for packing.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

I have received the A B C of Bee Culture, and It
is the best bee-book that 1 have seen.
Douglas, Putnam Co., O. H. D. Friend.

THAT CALIFORNIA HONEY, FINE.

That California honey is fine. That is the first
extracted honey that people ever saw in our town,
as 1 have not used an extractor yet mj'self . Par-
ties who have bought of that hoiiey praise it won-
derfully. E. ISALISBUltY.

Ossian, Ind.

WELL PLEASED WITH THE GOODS.

I received the goods yesterday. They came
through in good condition. I am well pleased with
them. I think the smokers can not be excelled.
Please accept many thanks for sending the order
so promptly. 1 have found that, in sending for
small orders, there is very little difference in either
express or freight to this place, except in time.

St. Joseph, Mo., Feb. 27, 1885. Joseph F. Aeby.

OUR JOB AVORK GIVES GOOD SATISFACTION.

The package of circulars and envelopes came to
hand yesterday, and they are a very fine job. We
are highly pleased, both with the work and the very
reasonable price charged, and we feel sure they will
greatly help our trade. The cut which you had
made for us is a beauty, and shows the working of
the machine to perfection. G. W. Stanley.

Wvoming, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1886.

A PREMIUM FOR THE SECOND LARGEST CLUB FOR
GLEANINGS FOR 1886.

Friend Root:— 1 will second Mr. P. L. Viallon's of-
fer as per last issue of Gleanings, by ottering to
the bee-keeper who gets the second largest number
of subscribers for your journal, between now and
the 15th of June, one of my two-frame white-banded
albino nuclei, with untested queen, to be delivered
June 15, 1886. I will also nWe one of these nuclei
and queens to the bee-keeper who sends me the
iirst order for a nucleus after this date, and accom-
panied with cash ($3.00), both to be delivered June
15, 1886. Chas. H. Smith.

Pittsfield, Berkshire Co., Mass., March 4, 1886.

[Many thanks, friend S.; but your last offer, it
seems to me, might not fall to the. one who made
thefirstorder, but the one who lived nearest to you;
for parties a good way off' might not have a chance
to have their orders reach you as soon as those
near bj'.]

ISSO

CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUl:.

231

0ui^ pejiEg.

So is he that lavoth up treasure for himself, and
is not rich toward God.— IjItke 12:21.

TT was Sunday evening, March 7, as I sat
11^ down to my" secretary, where I read my
]|t agricultnral papers dining week days ;
-*■ bnt I didn't look at the agricultural pa-
pers at all, even tl*ough a great heap lay
there awaiting my review ; tor I have al-
ways noticed that I don't feel as light-heart-
ed,"and free from any twinges (.f conscience,
when I read such things on the Sabbattiday
as I do wlien I i-ead the Sunday- Schnnl 2'hiies
or the Bilde. I noticed tliatthe lesson for
the following week was fi'om the book of Es-
tlier, and so 1 took my wife's little liihle and
read the hook c f J-^stlier clear through. By
that time 1 remaiktd to her that I believed
I would gv) to bed. as I was getting so sleepy.
The print of her Bible is rather line ; but for
all that. I have never used spectacles, even
though I am 40 years old. May be the fine
print made me di-ovvsy before my usual bed-
time. Perhaps it was in a sort of drowsy
way that I asked (iod's blessing as we knelt
together. I did the best I ct)tdd. any way.
under the circumstances, and I think that
(4od kuows that I am ready to work for
him with my whole heart, wlienever he calls.
I do not rernember any thing more until my
.wife startled me from a sound sleep by ask-
ing what that light was out of the window.

" Why Amos, there is a great fire ! and as
true as you live, it is our warehouse V

I remember she said something about the
poor horses and our Jersey cow; and as I
sprang from the bed, wide awake in an in-
stant. I meditated running to the scene of
the disaster without dressing at all ; but in
a small part of a second I decided it would
be better to clothe myself so I could stand
the weather, even if some time were lost. I
had many times planned what I should do
if the factory should be discovered to be on
fire ; but I had never thought of a fire start-
ing in the warehouse, for no fire is ever kept
there, aud no lantern, even, had been there
for weeks. It is out in the lot, as it were,
alone, except for piles of dry pine and bass-
wood between it and the factory. As I
emerged from the house, a horse turned and
faced me and snorted. It was ''Meg."
" Thank (4od,'' I thought, ''Meg lias escaped,
any way."

About this time I began to hear the hoarse
call of " Fire !" from neighbor to neighbor,
and the first thing to l)e done was to give
notice to the fire company. 1 mentally de-
cided that this was of more importance than
going near the burning building, to try to
save any property. Too much depended on
everv moment of time to trust to anyl)ody,
and "I started on tiie run for tlie engine-
liouse ; bnt just as I had passed the factory.
Neighbor II. shot past me on one of his hors-
es, yelling worse than a Comanche Indian.
I didn't know before that any horse coidd go
so fast, nor that any himian hmgs could
utter sucli unearthly shrieks; but I mental-
ly thanked God for the horse, for Neighbor
H.. and for his powerful lungs as well.

Now I want to stop a moment to tell you

that Neighbor II. had a brand-new self-bind-
er stored in a shed adjoining the warehonse,
and this binder was not insured. Had he
shot right down to the warehouse, with the
assistance of neighbors there he could, very
likely, have pulled his machine out. He
thought of it on his way to the engine-house,
but decided that the reaper would have to
slide for the sake of saving the few minutes'
time in getting the engine down to save my
property. By the way, boys, doesn't that
come pretty near loving your neighbor as
yourself V

The boys who sleep in the factory were
now awake, and yelling, after the example
set them by "Uncle Ilen," as Iluber and
the rest of the children call Neighbor 11. I
told one of them to stay iibout the factory,
and then we went to see what could l)e done
with the wart house. You will hardly be-
lieve it, but by the time I got down there,
it was pretty nearly a burnt building. Not
only the million sections that we had been
making ahead to fill your orders were help-
ing to make the great contlagration, but there
were all my tools and agriculttual imple-
ments, and ever so many other things that
represented tlie hard work of years past.
Worse than all, a south wind drove the fire
fiercely into the lumber piles, and it seemed
for a time as if nothing could prevent it
from sweeping clear to the factory, and lick-
ing that up too. How I ached and prayed
to iiear the roar of the fire-engine, indicating
that a stream of water had started to the
rescue ! Finally it commenced coming, and
hundreds of willing hands lifted the great
hose toward the lumber i)iles. All at once
the water stopped. In their zeal they had
pulled the hose in two before it was fairly
coupled together. A messenger must be sent
back to the engine to stop the flow of water,
while the hose was mended. Finally it be-
gan pouring a great mtiddy stream on the
burning piles; but, to my great dismay, the
fire seemed to burn just about as well with
water on as it did without. The water was
forced through the openings between the
boards ; but as soon as it stopped, even for
an instant, out potned the fiames again.
The flames were within a few feet of our
second warehouse containing our seasoned
lumber and Simplicity hives ; but it seemed
as though even the fire-engine was powerless
to stay it. But by this time men and women
had formed lines, standing in the mtid mean-
while, and pails were passed from one to the
other, while this second warehouse was kept
drenched on the roof, and along the sides and
ends, by means of little fountain pumps.
For hot"n-s tliey fought, making apparently
but little headvvay; but tlie wind finally veer-
ed around a little, and a snowstorm set in,
and— we, by God's providence, conquered.

Of late, my health has threatened many
times to break down, and 1 began feeling
that, if I would be of any use on the mor-
row, I must get some sleep. Many friends
told me that tliis was the wise thing to do,
after I was sure the fire was within bounds.
I obeyed, and laid my head on the pillow.
Now, it has always been said of me that one
reason why I could stand so much mental
strain was that I could go to sleep at any

232

GiiEAi^iyGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

MAit.

time, day or night. Was I equal to the task
now y 1 began to feel that I was not, nntil
I questioned myself in regard to God's prom-
ises. "Wiiose property was it that was bvu'n-
ing up V I lield tlie title to it, and it was all
paid for. Was it mine, or the Master's ? I
had often told him, on bended knee, to take
me, and all that I am and all that I have,
into his care and keeping. Here was a chance
to practice what 1 had preaclied. " Seek ye
first the kingdom of God, and his righteous-
ness, and all these things shall be added
unto you," came into my mind; and again,
" Tha Lord gave and the Lord hath taken
away; blessed be the name of the Lord."
If it was through any fault of mine that the
building was burning, I might lie awake and
worry, or get up and right the fault. If,
however, if was something I had nothing to
do with, why should I be troubled ?■ If the
property was all in God's hands, and he had
seen fit to permit it to be taken away in this
manner, why should I worry or lie awake
when rest was so much needed ? " Behold
the lilies of the field ; they toil not, neither
do they spin, yet your heavenly Father feed-
eth them." And, again; in our opening text
the man whom Jesus told about liad great
property, and was obliged to build even
greater barns; but he expected to get all his
happiness and contentment and peace from
the contents of those barns. If my hopes
were planted on the contents of the ware-
house, and sections by the million, then
might I lie awake ; but if they were rooted
and grounded on the rock Christ Jesus, why
should I not sleep as well as in any other
time, when duty and friends seemed to
point out that 1 should husband my powers
to help others, by taking rest ? The above
reasoning took me, perhaps, five minutes, and
I went to sleep as if nothing had happened.
When the fire-engine stopped for a few min-
utes, however, I sprung up instantly. My
wife asked what the matter was. I told her
they had stopped throwing water. Can you
imagine how sweet the sound came as
the booming commenced oncv, more? I
afterward learned they stopped long enough
to disconnect the hose and put it under the
railroad track instead of over, so it should
not be cut by an approaching train. One
other stoppage happened, birt I awoke as
promptly, and commenced dressing until
they got started again. Even while sleeping
soundly I kept in mind that, if our city wa-
ter-works should give out, the fire would be
again upon us.

When daylight came, the flames still
burned higli, but they were held captive.
Sure enough, the firemen had exhausted the
water from the reservoirs, and they were
obliged to wait until afternoon so that more
could be pumped, and then, and not until
then, was the fire put clear out.

Perhaps I might say, briefly, that our loss
amounts to some ten or twelve thousand
dollars. Insurance covers of the above a little
less than five thousand dollars. As we have
a great abundance of seasoned basswood and
pine that the fire did not touch ; better ma-
chinery than we ever had before, and I trust,
too, a better -disciplined force of willing
hands, we shall not be much if any behind

on orders. The day after the fire, I gave the
hands a talk at the noon service, reading
from the book of Nehemiah about how they
built up the walls when the gates were
burned down by the enemy ; and it seemed
to take a happy hold of our little band of
workers, so that we to-day, March 10, have
quite a little pile of sections ahead, awaiting
orders ; and by working from daylight till
dark, we think we can supply the wants of
our customers, as if iftthing of the kind had
occurred.

Now, then, how did the building get on
fire ? Nobody knows. But in telling what
we do know, it brings to me sadder thoughts,
— a hundred times sadder, than does the
thought of the loss of property or the loss of
the lives of our domestic animals. When
my wife inquired about our old trusty
family liorse, who has, for toward twenty
years", been the faithful servant of the fam-
ily, from the time when he used to bring my
wife to church, from her home down by the
river, until he took each new baby out for
its first ride, allowing it to hold the lines,
and drive, or to pick grass for him when he
was older, sit astride his back, until he was,
as it were, one of the family — when she in-
quired after the welfare of this faithful old
friend. Uncle lien showed her a blackened
horseshoe. It was all he could bring her as
a remembrance of the horse that had been
her special property for so many years. The
first neighbor who came on the ground when*
the building was burning, saw the doors of
the warehouse open, and the two horses
loose in the field. Poor old Jack ! in his
fright he ran back into the fire, and turned
up to his old accustomed stall. Finding it
full of smoke, with a snort he started for the
other end of the warehouse. Being unable
to get out there, he wheeled back and fell
down inside, just before the door where he
went in. Both horses had very strong
leather halters on their heads, and the rings
to the halters were found in the ashes by the
manger, indicating, without question, as it
seems to me, that somebody unbuckled the
halters and slipped them off, turning the
horses loose after they had removed the bar
and opened the doors. It also seems as if the
warehouse had been fired in different places.
"An enemy hath done this," is the language
of every one ; but what enemy have I who
should thus desire to destroy my property V
taking the lives of the domestic animals, and
endangering the whole of this part of the
town ? Whoever planned the scheme must
have remembered tliat it was an exceedingly
dry time, and that the wind was blowing
pretty strongly right in the direction of
those dry lumber piles.

Am I to l)lame for having such enemies?
I may be, but it is not certain. It is a sad
fact, that throughout our land there is a bit-
ter feeling among some of the laboring
classes against those who manage capital.
Intemperance is a large factor in this troub-
le ; and even now, while I write, the papers
are full of accounts of strikes and trades-
unions. How great, how very great, is the
need of God's love in the hearts of both cap-
italist and laborer! Sometimes men who
have been discharged for unfaithfulness, or

1880

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURt:.

233

for dishonesty, threaten to, and even do. set
tire to buildings. Shall one who employs
many hands, therefore hesitate about re-
proving dishonest or improtitable handsV or,
when he discovers that the example of one,
is corrupting to a large number, shall he
keep liim. for fear of what he may do? God
forbid ! Where should we be— what would
become of the laws of our land— what would
become of our nation, in fact, should we
cowardly back down and let evil rule? Shall
Ave lie awake nights, and worry, because of
this kind of wickedness'? By no means.
What did tlie Master say in regard to this
mattery

Blessed are j'e, whtMi men shall luite you, and
when they shall separate you from their company,
and shallVeproach .\ou, and cast out your name as
evil, for the Son of man's sake.— Luke 6: iJ.

He said. " Blessed are ye ;" that is, when
the persecution comes for righteousness'' sake.
The Savior lost his life because he reproved
wicked men. John the Baptist was behead-
ed because he told a wicked king and the
woman he lived with that it was a sin and a
crime to do as they were doing, 'i'wo of our
presidents have lost their lives because they
iield fast to that which was right. If this
property has been burned because I have
been vehement in regard to temperance —
because 1 have been determined that no man
or woman whose example is bad should per-
sist in trying to lead these soitls away /com
Christ, these whom I have been faithfully
trying to lead to him, then should I re-
joice, rather than to be cast down and sad.
There is a strange verse in the sixth chapter
of Luke, just after the one I have quoted.
It reads this way:

Rejoice ye in that day, and leap for joy; for, he-
hold, your reward Is fireat in heaven; for in the
like manner did their fathers unto the prophets. —
Luke 6 : ~'3.

When, for the first time after the fire, no
one could find the friend whom I have spo-
ken about in Our Neighbors for this month,
suspicion was turned upon him, and we con-
cluded, when that part of the journal w^as
printed, that he did it while crazed with
drink. I am glad to say, however, that,
some days after, Ave had ample evidence that
lie left our town on foot, and started for
Cleveland Sunday morning. It was hard for
me to believe that humanity could furnish a
single specimen of such ingratitude, and I
believe now that he is my friend, and would
not harm me nor my property. As I men-
tally go over the list of those Avith Avhom I
have had trouble, and weigh each one Avith
the best judgment God has given me, I can
not think of one whom I can believe it pos-
sible could commit this aAvful crime because
of personal differences — because I had re-
fused to give such a one Avork, or because I
had inadvertently, directly or indirectly, in-
jured him or his business ; and yet the sad
fact still stands— somebody deliberately took
down the stout bar across the doorway,
swung the doors open, unbuckled the head-
straps to the halters, turned the horses loose,
and then set fire to the hay, straAV, and com-
bustible goods stored near it, even Avhile he
felt the stiff southern breeze bloAving strong-
ly toward the long rows of seasoned lumber
piles, on each side of the railway track, from

the Avarehnuse to the factory. Sin is in the
Avoild. \Vc can not hide nor disguise the
fact, that, so long as Ave stay here, we have
got to cope Avith the powers of darkness ; we
have got to cope Avith human hearts Avhere
Satan has taken such full possession that not
a spark of mercy or solicitude for any is left.
It is a hard fact, dear friends ; but, be ye
not cast down nor discouraged. The Mas-
ter has said, "■ In the Avorld ye shall have
tribulation ; but be of good cheer ; I have
overcome the Avorld.'' If, by kindness and
good Avill, you can Avin men from their evil
Avays, rejoice and thank God ; but if it all re-
sults apparently to no purpose, and if you
succeed only in being hated because you are
upright, there is a promise yet — ^ Rejoice ye
in that day, and leap for" joy, because of
your reAvard in heaven."

Now a Avord in closing, in regard to the
loss of property. If you are Avorking for
property because you expect to get happiness
from it, you Avill have trouble and disappoint-
ment all the days of your life ; and the more
property you have, the more disappointment
you will get. I speak from experience. If,
however, property is held only in trust, and
is recognized as belonging to the Master, and
is iised for the good of the people, and for
his sake, then shall it give joy and pleasure.
xVnd now believe me Avhen I tell you that it
makes very little difference AA'hether you
have much or little, if it is held in the right
way. If thousands are swept away in an
hour, through no fault of your own, go on
doing business carefully and economically,
as if nothing had happened ; save the pen-
nies where you can save them, but let thou-
sands slide without a murmur where you can
not save them. Get yourself fully possessed
of the idea that you are simply a faithful
steAvard, and nothing more, and then you
are all right. But be sure that the idea does
not get in, that, because you are a steward,
you are to be less earnest and zealous in car-
ing for wliat God has intrusted to your care.
Get selfishness out of the heart ; and
Avhile you use care and economy — even such
care and economy that people call you stingy,
let the care and economy be for the sake of
helping the people and helping the general
business of the world, and not tliat you may
make money and get rich. Labor to enrich
others, rather than to enrich yourself. The
incident I have given in the fore part of this
paper, where Uncle Hen let his self-binder,
that Avas not insured, burn up in order to
save my property that was insured, strikes
someAvhat on the same point. Unless the
fire company stopped the conflagration
speedily, not oidy Avould I lose far beyond
my insurance, but the whole community
would suffer a heavy loss.

Now Avliile I am about it, I Avant to say
that this very trait of character, that ena-
bles one to forget self and selfish interests, is
the surest Avay in the world to make money.
It puts you Avhere God can use you, and
Avhere he can use you for great ends. Muel-
ler's life is something in this line. And you
Avill remember that Jesus said, " Whosoever
Avill save his life shall lose it ; but Avhosoever
shall lose his life for my sake and the gos-
pel's, shall save it."

284

GLEANIXGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

Mak.

Xow, please let us be careful that we
make no mistake here. Some of the friends
have thoufflit ns perhaps more vehement in
the CO. Let. on of little debts than the case
demanded. If one can spare thousands in
a loss by Ih-e, why should he not forgive
little debts, when people have been unlucky
by sickness orbad calculations, and are unable
to meet them ? My friends, a true servant
of (iod should try to do business in a way
that will be most conducive to the saving of
Fouls, and of most benefit to his fellow-men.
Then the question also comes up. Does it
make a man better, or does it realJv hel'p him
to let him slip out of his just obligations?
I do not think it does. 1 have been over
this gromul before, througli tliese Home
Papers, and I try it over and over again in
the experiences of every-day life. I liave
done p^'oplr- good a great many times, and
have even helped them to come to Clirist,
without (pieslion, by giving tliem emjjloy-
ment; but Ihe cnsfs are few and far between
where I have conferred a lasting blessing, or
liave even been the means of giving any real
help, by giviny money, outiight, without
equivalent. It has seemed to me as if God
Jiad .said, '' No, no, child, don't do it ; '' and
it is about the same where I have let people
plip out of paying that which they had
honestly and fairly promised to pay. Over
and over again I have had reason to think it
was to their hurt: therefore it seems to me
it is a duty to our fellow-men, with perhaps a
few exceptions, to insist that they shall do,
according to promise, whatever is in their
power. If they are behindhand and unfor-
tunate, by no means crowd or distress
them: give time; and if circumstances seem
to indicate that it is best, let them i)ay in-
terest. But to let people repeatedly slip out
of meeting their just obligations, is to let
them contract a disease that, like theft or
intemperance, or an evil temper, sooner or
later carries them down to ruin. Now, then,
'•'• seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his
righteousness '' in all that you do : and hav-
ing done that, l)e not afraid of all that the
powers of darkness can bring to bear. They
may take aw'ay property ; they may even
take away life ; but God's promises are sure
and solid.

And fear not them which kill the^ody, hut are not
able to kill the soul; but rather tear him" which is able
to destroy both soul and body in hell.— Matt 10:29.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Southern Uliiuiis Hccki'cpers' As ociatlon will hold its
third annual convention, Thursday. April 8, 1886. at 10 a. M., in
Teague & Harris' Hull, Dm (^vioin,' Perry Co,, Uls. A general
invitation is extended to all. F. H. Kknnedy, Sec.

Du Quoin, 111.

The semiannual meeting of the Western Cne-keepers' Asso-
ciation will l)e held in Kansas City, Mo., Apr. 20, 30, 1886. Those
ponnei-ti-d with till' Assiii-iation are desirous of making this
nieetiii;^- imdip interestin;; than any of its predecessors, and
therefore invite all who can to he with us. It is intended to
have essays read on the leading thoughts in hee culture,
which will be announced as soon as arraneements are made.
Let a 1 who have bees, queens, bee-fixtures, etc., bring them if
possible. Due notice will be given in regard to a hall.

Independence, Mi>. T. Baldwin, 8c'c.

The officers and members of the Texas State Bee-keepers'
Association send fraternal greeting to the members of all
other bee-keepers' associations throughout the St.-ite ot Texas
and all North America, and extend to them, and all interested
in apiculture, a most cordial Invitation to meet us at the bee-
farm of Judge Wm. H. Andrews, McKinney, Collin Co., Texas,
on the 5th and 6th of May. Indications for a grand meeting

are growing brighter, and every effort will be made to render
this the most stupendous meeting of bee-men ever held in the
State. Kind treatment to all, and no hotel bills to pay. So,
come one come all, as we promise you something new.

B. F. Carroll, Sec. Texas State B. K. A.
Dresden, Texas, March 5, 1886.

The Bee-keepers of Manitowoc and ad.ioining counties will
hold a convention at Kiel, Manitowoc County, on the 25th day
of March, 1886, b.v the name of the " Lake-Snore Central Bee-
keepers' Convention." Jesse H. Roberts.

School Hill, Wis., March 1, 1886.

The bee-keepers of Stark Co., met in Grange Hall, Canton;
C, Mar. 2. 1886, and effected a temporary organization by elect-
ing Jacob Oswald. I'res.; J.H.Smith, of C.anton, Vice - Pres.,
and .Maik Thompson, of Canton, Sec'y. and Treas. Much iri-
tei'est w.as manifestefl, and we antici]iate a 'trong organiza-
tion. The lee keepers (,f .Stark and ad,ioining counties ai e
eaiiicstlv requested to meet at Orange H.all (over F- rniei s'
BanUi.c'.iuton, O., Tues.. Afr. 13, 1886, for the purpose of effeet-
iui; a |ievm:inent organization.

( 'inton, I ihlo. Mark Thompson, Scc'y and Trcas.

The next meeting of Ihc Patsulge" Bee-keepers' .^si ociatii ti
will fco he d at Arc.idia, Ala., Mnrch •.;o, 1886
Kaip Brnnch, Ala. .M. G. Rl siiton. Sec.

Gleanincs in Bee Cdltcre,

Published Sftni-Jfoutlil;/.

^s^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clul9l9ing Bates, See First Page of Sealing Uatter.

The Lord shall preserve thee from all evil.— Psalm 121 : 7.

DISCOUNTS.

No discounts for ordering early in tlie season,
after April 1. Until April 1, an extra 2 per cent.

BLUEBERRY -PL ANTS.

Will those who purchased the blueberry-plants
from the advertisements which appeared in Glean-
ings a year ago, please report how they succeeded "?

CROWDED OUT.

SEVER.4.L valuable articles from some of our reg-
ular contributors are this month crowded out. This
is largely owing, perhaps, to the extra number of
advertisements; and to meet the demand we shall
put in eight extra pages in our issue for April 1.

NO delay in filling ORDERS.

At. this date, March 17, wc have caught up on -^
every thing that was burned in our warehouse, in
the way of supplies of our own manufacture; and
all other goods that arc burned are cither here or
are cxjiected daily, so there will probably be no de-
lay in tilling any orders the friends may ha%'c had
in mind to send us. One hundred thousand sections
are now ahead ot orders, and we expect to fill every
order promptly (with a few rare exceptions), .just
as wc have been doing for the past year and a half.

MAPLE SUGAR I'OR FEEDING BEES AND OTHER PUR-
POSES.

We have in stock about a ton of maple sugar, on3
year old, which should be worth, say, 8,. 9, and 10 cts.
per lb. (according to grade), if new, but in consider-
ation of being one year old, wc will sell it for 7, 8,
and !) cts. As it lias been nicely kept over, it is

ISbG

GLEANINGS IN BEE OULTUIIE.

235

just about equal to the npw for any purjiose; and
the cheaper g'rade is as handy lor bees that need
stores, or stimulating', as any thing we can have.
In fact, we have never had better success with an.\-
sort of feed than we have had with cakes of maple
sugar placed right over the cluster. A strong colo-
ny will take care of a tin-pan cake.

I..\WN-MOWERS CHE.\PEK.

The little lawn-mower that pleased so much last
season will now be $5. CO, instead of >S6.00. This cuts
10 inches wide, but we can now furnish one of the
same kind, cutting 13 inches wide, for ?6.00. The 10-
inch one runs a little easier, of course, and it may
therefore be preferable for a lady or for a child.

rOUl-TRY-NETTING, JOU LOT.

We luive just secured some job-lot pieces of
l)oultry-netting, which we can sell at the regular
price of one cent per square foot, and you need buy
only a small quautit.^-, if that is all you want. A
printed slip, giving the widths and the number of
square feet in each piece, will be mailed on applica-
tion. The different widths are as follows: 12,18,-4,
33, 36, 12, 48, CO, and 72 inches. Any one who takes
two or more pieces can have a discount of .5 per
cent; 10 or more, 10 per cent.

MAPLE SYRUr.

A FINE article of maple syrup, such as is now
made by the latest improved evajiorators. Is, in my
()I)inion, one of the most deliciou-^ sweets of any
thing that God has ever given his children: yes,
better then anj- honey ever gathered, to my notion.
AVe ha^■e just purchased the entire production of
one of our neighbors, who has been one of the most
successful and progressive maple -sugar makers.
This syrup weighs ]1'2 lbs. to the gallon, and it is put
up hot, just as it comes from the evapoiuxtor. We
are now using .some for our table, that is one year
old, and it has apparently all the fine aroma and
freshntss that it had when first put up. Price
f 1.00 per gallon where cans can be returned, after
the syrup is used out. Where we shij) it so far that
the cans can not be returned, the price will be $1.10,
can and all. In lots of 10 cans, an even dollar each;
100 cans, f95.00. Maple syrup of former years, made
in the old wny, in canS holding 3''2 quarts, 'b cts.
each.

PEAVINE, OR MAMMOTH RED CLOVER.

M.\NY are inquiring as to tho results obtained
from this large red clover for bee-pasturage, as well
as for other purposes. I believe the reports indi-
cate that it unquestionably yields, some seasons,
very large quantities of beautiful clover honey. As
the honey-tubes are, however, deep, and difficult of
access, bees seem to prefer to woi'k on other
sources when they can; at least, it does not seem to
attract the bees every season so invariably as does
alsike and white clover. As for hay and feed, it
yields, unquestionably, the largest amount of any
clover known; but the qiiality is coarse, and is not
generally considered quite equal to the hay from
alsike or common red clover. For turning luider,
however, it yields more tops and more root than
any other clover known, and on this account it
I)lays a very important i>art in farming operations.
Our agricultui-al papers, almost with one assent,
declare that turning under heavy crops of clover is
one of the surest and cheapest ways of bringing up
the fertility of the soil, or of getting manure.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

ENVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Cataloiiucs Free. Address

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4-3db

ROSE COMB WHITE LEGHORN EGGS.

6d 15 for SI (10; 30 for ^1.60: 4.") for S^2 00.

<'. ii, FUIVIV, ^Vstsliino'toii, foiin.

SYRIAN AND ITALIAN QUEENS,

Before June 15, tested, $2 50 each; after, $2.00 each.
Untested, befoi-e June 15, $1.00 each; after, single
queen, $1.00; six for $5.00; twelve for $9.00.

ISRAEL. GOOD, Sparta, Teuii.

Italian Queens sent by Mail.

Untested queens from imported mother, April,
$1.25; May, June, and Julv, $1.00. After ApHl, per
half-dozen, $.5.00. E. CRUDGINGTON & SON,
6tfdb Breckinridge, Stephens Co., Texas.

Pure ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS

QUEENS BRED FROM IMPORTED STOCK.

Untested queen, just commencing to lay, - $1.00

Furnished bv the 10th of May.
Tested, $2.00. Select tested, $2.50. Furnished by

the 16th of May.
One-half pound bees, 90c. Furnished after the 1st

of April. Cage included.
Two-frame nucleus, consisting of '; lb. of bees, 9Jc,

two frames partly filled with brood, 90c. and one

nucleus hive, 40c. Total $2.20; guaranteed.
All bees, queens, and nuclei are to be safely deliv-
ered at your nearest express or postoffice, you pay-
ing all express charges. Order early. First order-
ed, first served. C. F. UHL,
6d Millersburg, Holmes Co., O.

G. W. Phelps & Go's Foundation Factory.

SEE ADVEETISEMEMENT IN ANOTHER COLUMN.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this bec«use there is hardly value
enouffh to these queens to pav f"r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet If. is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher priced ones.

Black and hybrid queens for sale, from 15th of
May during the season. Black queens until June
20th, .50c; hybrid, 750.

J. A. BuCKLEW, Clarks, Ohio.

For S.\i,k.— T or 8 good Italian queens from apure
mother. They are mated with black drones; 50 cts.
each. Address J. T. Hightowek,

(j Walnut Hill, Arkansafj,

236

GLEA:NINGS m BEE CULTURE.

Mar.

HEADQUARTERS IN THE SOUTH-EAST

FOR TFIE MANUFACTURE OF

Bee-Hives, Sections, Section-Cases

SURE

WHOLESALEAITD FOUNDATION.

Warranted good as any made at the t'ollowing prices:

FOUNDATION, AND OTHER APIARIAN SUPPLIES,

|:§^At greatly reduced prices. Send for onr new-
Circular with description of the

"SUCCESS HIVE,"

Which is fast gaining the favor of many bee-keepers.

/ILB/NO QUEENS & BEES FOR 1886.

It should be remembered that we are also head-
quarters for the " Albino Queens." We also
breed Select Itallaiiiii.

Address S. VALENTINE & SON,

Hagerstoivii, Wa.«li. CIo., mrd.

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
32 2ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

TOR SALEl

SIX HORSE -POWER PORTABliE UP-
RIOHT ENGINE AND BOILER.

Boiler has .')2 2-incli flues; is a splendid steamer,
oscillating cylinder, 26-inch band-wheel, all com-
plete with injector. Picking governor, glass water-
gauges, and all complete with whistle, feed-pipes,
20-ft. smoke-stack, etc. This engine is no cheap
concern. It was built in Chicago, and has been used
but a little; reason for selling, I need more power
in my wind-mill business. This is a nice rig for bee-
hive work. For particulars, address 67d
D. C IfEBSTER, Vtlalue, Boone Co., 111.

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Before purchasing your Bee -Sup-
plies. Cash paid lor Beeswa.\. 6d

A. B. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.

SXJFFLIEST

HIVES, SE<'TJONS, CASES, CRATES, ETC.

COMB I<<HM>ATION, ITAliI.^N BEES

ANI> Cll'EENS, BRED FOR HON-

EV - GATHERH^G.

Wa.x wanted. Send for free Catalogue to

Gtfd EEYNOLDS BEOS., WILLIAUSBUEO, WAYNE CO., IND.

All-in-one-piece V-groove
Sections, «4.00 per kOO;
for larger lots write for
piices. Wax woi'ked very
cheap. Send lor price list
of other Supplies.

6d

Near Detroit.

1 to 2') lbs. per lb. 42c.

2.5 " ."lO 40c.

.50 " 100 " " " 39c.
100 " 500 " " " 38c.
Thin, 6 cts. per lb. extra.
M. H. HUNT,

BELL BRANCH, WAYNE CO., MICH.

30 COLONIES OF

ITALIAN AND HYBRID BEES

Bees are in IHstory L. and Simplicity hives; also
empty Hives and Combs, Extractors, Section-racks,
Wide frames, 1.500 4i4x4Ji Sections, etc. Write for
particulars to J. A. BUCKLEW,

etfdb Clarks, Coshocton Co., Ohio.

$350. ATTENTION. $350.

APIARY FOR SALE.

50 swarms of splendid bees in 2-story Langstroth
hives, CDmh-honey outfit campJete, U\ location where
bees never freeze or starve. Will paj' for them-
selves the first year. Combs all built on fdn., and
wired. A splendid chance for a live man to gain a
livelihood in sunny California. Reason for selling.
must have moneii. Address 678d

DAVIS BROS., Box 166., Selma, Cal.

Reference, Judge Fowler, Selma, Cal. This is an
irrigated district, and a complete failure is un-
known. This climate is splendid for those suffer-
ing with lung complaints. Inclose stamp. Also a
small farm for sale.

J. P. CONNELL,

HILLSBORO, HILL CO., TEX.,

Makes a specialty of rearing pure Italian queens,
and of shipping bees in two, three, and four frame
nuclei. Tested queens in March and April, $2.50;
after, $3.00. Untested queens in April, $1.2.5; after
$1.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. rt7911d

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

BEES BY THE POUND. READY NOW.

Price $1.2.5 per '2 pound. Address
678d N. R. FITZ HirQH, JR., Pioolata, Fla.

VIRGINIA LAND AGENCY.

Cheap Farms. Splendid climate. Short Mild Win-
ters. Good Markets. Desijj-iptive Land List Free.
6lld GRIFFIN & JERVIS, PETERSBURGH, VA.

DCCC III inUfA -SEE FOSTER'S -

DCCO IN lUffff Aa ADVERTISEMENT.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

^BEE-KEEPERS' > SUPPLIES.

^

Having- Jii8t Completed our Large Factory we are Prepared to Offer all Kliidtii of

Hee- Keepers' Supplies at

^mED ■ ROCK ^ PRIOES.^!^

WE MANUFACTUHli —

j 2 STYLES OF SMOKERS,

2 STYLES OF WAX-EXTRACTORS,
"V ' GROOVE SECTIONS, ETC.

WORK FIRST CLASS.

Liberal Discounts on Large Orders. Send a Postal Card for Our ILLUSTRATED CATALO&UE.
ea ASPINWALU &< TREADWEUL, BARRYTOWN, N. Y,

5 STYLES OF HIVES, j

6 STYLES OF HONEY-EXTRACTORS,
1 STYLES FOUNDATION, ETC. I

WE GUARANTEE OUR

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

237

FRUIT AND HONEY BEARING

TREES and PLANTS.

For $1.011 1 will send by mail, postpaid, any one of
the following-:
100 Catalpa-spcciosa Trees. As posts, they have

stood 50 year.^, perfectly sound; good bee-tree.
10) Bo.x-elder, nice shade-tree, and bees work on

them early in the spring-.
:iOO Golden-willow cuttings; make a beautiful tree;

used for tying, etc.
35 Gregg Blackcap Haspberry, best variety.
50 Turner, a red raspberry, perfectly hardy, always

bears, and equal to white clover for honey.
35 Snyder Blackberry, the king of berries. Never

winter-kills, never fails to bear.
Send for Catalogue to KANTOUL NURSERY.
4-5-6 d. Rantoul, 111.

-«

LOOK ^ HERE.S^

What you can get for ■^'■iXO. A 3-frame nucleus
on L. frames, containing two frames of brood,
Italian (jueen, frames covered with bees; 75 Italian
queens will be sent to fill first orders. Such nuclei
as I send will not only grow into strong- colonies,
but will doubly pay all expenses with surplus hon-
ey. A great many customers have reported over
$8.00 from each nucleus. If you want full colonies,
or bees in any form except by the pound, write me
before ordering elsewhere. Orders will be filled
from the 35th of May to June 15. Stfdb

DAN WHITE, New London, Huron Co., O.

FOR SALE.

One second-hand fdn. mill that will roll sheets 14
inches wide. The mill is at present In New Ham-
burg, Ont., Can. The original price on it was $40.00,
but we will now sell it at half price, or $30.01).

Also one exactly like it, owned by W. W. Bliss, of
Duarte, Los Angeles Co., Cal. There is nothing-
wrong with these mills, except that the rolls ai-e of
smaller diameter than those we now make, in con-
sequence of which they do not make quite so thin
fdn. right in the middle of the rolls as those made
now with rolls of a larger diameter. They will, how-
ever, roll narrow sheets equal to any, and will roll
sheets a foot wide; but when of so great a width,
the center is a trifle thicker, as explained above.

Also one 9-inch Dunham mill, second hand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, equal to a new one.
Price SSSO.OO. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $40.00.

Also two 10-inch mills of our own make, that were
taken from parties who were wanting mills of long-
er rolls. These have been finished, and we pro-
nounce them in every respect almost as good as
new. Price $15.00 each.

Also one 10-inch mill, Olm make, fixed over so as
to do about as good work as it ever did. Price
$12.00. A. I. ROOT, JM;edina, O.

eeKeepers,

^^^ Supplies!

VVHOLESALEiS'RETAI l_.

i OHIO.

Orders filled the day they are received, except for
bees and queens. 4tfdb

I'HE canTidM bTeIournal.

iVEEKT^Y, $1.0O riilt YEAH.

JONES, McPSERSON & CO., Publishers, Bseton, Ontario, Cinada.

The only bee .iournal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 833 pages. 9tfb

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; P. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. : E.
S. Armstrong, Jei'seyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.; E. ^^relchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son. Covington, Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine: C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; J.W.Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N.Y.: J. A. Huma-
son, Vienna, O. ; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Ues Moines, la.; Aspinwall & Tre:;d-
wcll, Barrytown, N. Y., and numerous other dealers.

Write for samples free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 1 50 Complimentary and unso-
licited testimonials, from as niany bee-keepers, in
1883. IVe guarantee evei~!/ inch of our foundation equal
to sample in even) respect.

CHAS. DADANT & SON,
3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinol8.

WE WILL SELL

Chatfi^ hives complete, with lower frames, for $3.50;
in flat, $1.50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Boxes, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Beeis
and Qneens. Send for Price List. 33 33db

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

Names of parties wanting first-class dovetailed
honey-sections, to whom samples will be sent on
receipt of address. Also crates in season. A per-
fect iron section - box former sent for $1.00, and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo. R. Lyon,
4-9db GREENE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

CONTRACTS WANTED

-WITH-

SUPPLY DEALERS

FOR NEXT SEASON'S STOCK OF GOODS.

CHAFF, STORY AND HALF CHAFF, AND SIM-
PLICITY HIVES, SMOKERS. EXTRACTORS,
COMB FOUNDATION, FRAMES, SEC-
TIONS, BOOKS, ETC.,

At wholesale and retail. Unexcelled facilities.
Circulars and estimates free. Successors to S. C. &
J. P. Watts. Sta. Kerrmore, B. C. C, & S. W. R. R.

WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Itfdb.

LOOK HERE

To introduce my strain of pure bright Italians,
equal to any in the United States, I will offer
tested queens, $1.00 each; extra fine, selected,
$1..50 each; one-frame nucleus, consisting- of one
extra select queen, one frame of brood, H lb. bees,
for $3.00. If you want any bees, send me your ad-
dress on postal and I will send you sample by re-
turn mail. Beeswa.x or honey taken in exchange.
33tfdb THOMAS HORN,

Box 691, Slierbiirne, Chen. Co., N. Y.

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

60 c. to $1.00 per lb. Queens, 30 c. to f3.,50. Order
from new circular, sent free. 6tfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

238

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIlE.

Mar.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended lor this department must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say yovi want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error.

"VTT'ANTED.— To exchange for bees, or pure-bred
VV jioultrv, 10,000 Mammoth-Cluster and Turner
Raspberry-plants, $1.00 per 100, $6.00 per 1000; also
20,000 Strawberry-plants, Crescent Seedling-, Cum-
berland Triumph, Sharpless, and Glendalo; 7.5 cts.
per 100; $4.00 per 1000.
5-6d W. J. Hesser, Plattsmoutb, Neb.

WANTED.— To exchange bees for a Barnes-saw,
foundation-mill, or Light Brahma fowls; or I
will sell bees by the pound; also queens in season,

James P. Sterritt,
5-6-7-8d Sheakley villa, Mercer Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Simplicity hives for a
circular - saw mandrel for hive-making by
steam power. Will sell hives (in the flat) cheap for
cash, or will take one-third pay in full colonies of
bees. Hives in any quantity to suit customers, up
to a carload per day. G. A. Farrand.

3tfdb Rockport, Cuyahoga Co.. O.

WANTED.— To exchange, caligraphs Nos. 1 and 2,
telegraph-instruments, white, buff, and spot-
ted rabbits, coal-oil stoves, for bees, supplies, or
high-grade poultry. T. E. Han bury & Son,

Newspaper-Advertising Agents, P. O. Box 98,
6d Atlanta, Ga.

WANTED.— To exchange large, good piano for
bees; also pure-bred B. Leghorn and Partridge
Cochin eggs, for bees by the pound.
5 fc'd L. Harris, Box 334, Greenville, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange an Adams horse-power,
nearly new, and all complete, just right for
hive-making, for fdn., or anything useful to me, or
will sell it for $30.00 cash. C. W. Costkllow,
6d Waterboro, York Co., Maine.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. EijU^ for hatdi-
ujy, from 3 varieties of high-class fowls, se-
lected stock, costing from .$12 to $2) per pair.
Brown Leghorns, Silver-Spangled Hamburgs, and
Plymouth Rocks. Eggs, per setting of 13, $2.00.
Safe delivery and a fair hatch guaranteed. (Will
exchange for beeswax delivered here at 2jc per lb.)
Circulars of bees and poultry f lee. Five settings of
Brown Leghorn eggs for $5. Address
etfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton, Guern. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange one W. Moore & Co.'s
double-barreled breach-loading shot-gun (re-
bounding-bar locks, good as new), and one silver
hunting-case watch, nearly new (Columbus Watch
Mfg. Co. '8 make) for foot-power saw, bee-keepers'
supplies, or choice poultry or Italian bees,
etfdb J. A. BuCKLEW, Clarks, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange for cash, bright, clean,
pure yellow comb fdn. Heavy, 45c. per lb.
Thin, ■52c., any quantity. Our own make.
6d Model Bee-Hive Co , W. Philadelphia, Pa.

WANTED.- To exchange a caligraph type-writer,
latest attachments, nearly new, perfect order,
cost 70 dollars, for bees in hives. A. H. Wilcox,
6d La Grange, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange bees or honey for a
one or two horse power saw-mandrel, lawn-
mower, or corn-sheller. ¥. W. Stevens,
6d Moore'r. Hill, Dearborn Co., Ind.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from standard
pedigreed and registered White and Brown
Leghorns of the celebrated Smith and Bonney
strains, for bees, queens, and supplies.
C-7d L. J. McNaughton, Chardon, Geauga Co., O.

WANTED.-To exchange or sell, a few Mam-
moth Bronze turkeys, young Toms, 20 to 25
lbs.; young hens, 14 to 16 lbs.; first-class stock; also
20 swarms of bees in chatf hives, or exchange for
lieeswax at 25 cts. per lb. L. Gorton,

(3d Salem, Washtennw (;'o., Mich.

WANTED
.57db

To exchange foundatioii for wax.
B. Chase, Earlville, Madison Co., N. Y.

WANTED.-To exchange one Barnes foot-power
combined saw with scroll saw attachments,
for foundation mill or press. Reasons for selling, I
have steam power. A. D. Armstrong,

6d Hudson, Lenawee Co., Mich.

WANTED — To exchange nursery stock, espe-
cially evergreens, for Italian bees, queens,
iind two-frame nucleus with Italian bees and queen.
678d R. A. Lewis, Cherokee, Iowa.

WANTED.-To exchange. I have a complete
printing-office, consisting of 20 fonts of gen-
eral .job type, nearly new, some never used; 18 lbs.
brevier, for circular work, all in .lob cases and cab-
inet; one-Cottiige hand cylinder-jiress, 6x10 chase,
one Novelty press, lO.xll chase; composing stick,
rules, leads, etc. Cost over $200. I will take fdn.,
sections, cash, or other goods. Make an offer.
5tfdb E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Iowa.

WYANDOTTE and Houdan cockerels; good birds
at low prices, to close out surplus; also one
White Wyandotte cockerel: or I will exchange for
white extracted honey. Eggs for hatching, $2.50
and $1.50 per 13. J. Evans.

6-7 Box 89, Schaghticoke, Rens. Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange good cabinet specimens
of minerals, sea-shells. California curiosities, or
other natural-history specimens, for untested Ital-
ian queens. Correspondence desired. Box 49. 6d
Alfred W. Hinde, Anaheim, Los Angeles Co.,Cal.

^IT ANTED. —To exchange, Simplicity or other hives
VV for good section or extracted hone.v. Will sell
hives (in the Hat) cheap for cash, or will take one-
third pay in full colonics of bees, or jjoultry. Hives
in any quantity to suit customers, up to a car-load
per day. G. A. Farkand,

3tfdb Rockport, Cuy. Co., Ohio.

WANTED. — To exchange Italian bees, brood, and
queens, for fdn., beeswax, type-writer, or an.v
thing haviug a standard market value. 6tfdb

Thomas Horn, Box 091, Sherburne, Chen. Co.. N. Y.

WANTED.-To exchange combination telegraph-
instrument for Italian queens in Juno.
5d F. D. Woolver, Munnsville, Mad. Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange white-poplar sections,
sandpapered on both sides, or any kind of bee-
keepers' supplies, for comb or extracted honey.
Send 5c. for sample section; 50-page circular free.
6tfdb J. B. Mason & Sons,

Mechanic Falls, Androscoggin Co., Me.

WANTED.-To exchange, four Plymouth Rock
pullets and one cockerel, full blood (Corwin
strain), for 2000'4i4x4^4 V-groove sections. 7to the ft.
preferred, or $10.00 cash. Frank A. Eaton.
6d Bluftton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange apiarian supplies at any
time, or nuclei in June, for extracted honey,
extractor, or foundation-mill. Circulars free.
67d C. P. BiSH, Potrolia, Butler Co., Pa.

WANTED.- To exchange S. C. Brown Leghorn
eggs or P. Rocks of pure breed for Pekin Duck
eggs or other eggs of pure-bred fowls; also for sale,
$1.00 for 1.5, 36 for $2.00. David Lucas, Jewett, O.

WANTED.— To exchange a good 4 h. p. engine for
a planer, for beeswax at market price, or for
cash. O. H. Townsend, Alamo, Kal. Co.. Mich.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange for apiarian
VV supplies, extracted honey, strawberry-plants,
and basswoodtrees. Chas. T. Gerould,
6d East Sinithfleld, Bradford Co., Pa.

XTrfcTJIU" PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

XlVrX%»J3l SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

U/ANTf n ^ good-sizedapiary to work on shares
iVnli I LUi or for salary by an experienced
young iTian of 22 years. Write with proposition to
Id F. F. ROE, Jordan, Ind.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(?

^

.^J^,

15?.

30 COLONIES OF

ITALIAN AND HYBRID BEES

Bees arc in lU-story L. and Simplicit.y hives; also
empty Hives and Coiiibs. Extractors, Section-racks,
Wide frames, 1500 -t'l-x-t^ Sections, etc. Write tor
particulars to J. A. BUCKLEW,

ett'db Clarks, Coshocton Co., Ohio.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply House.

We nianuractuie Bee-Keepers' sup-
plies of all kinds, 6es«4f(aii«i/ at (01(1-
>'r prices. Hives, Sections, Comb
''ouudation, Extractors, Smokers,
"rates, Honey Buckets Veils, Feed-
i'rs. Bee-Literature, etc., etc. ^
„, Imported Italian Queens, i^.
'Italian Queens. Bees by the —
111.. Nucleus or Colony. "Bee-
Keepen." (Jlilde, Meniiipnlida and
I llliistraleil Catalottue" of 4S pages
* FHEK lo Bec-Keepers. Address
JOSKIMI NVSEW.\NI>ER,
I»ES MOINES, IOWA,

PTT"R"RFT? FOR MENDING RUBBER BOOTS,
t^-M-VT^rV Rt'BBER SHOES, and all kinds of
C>iiijyLJliJ\ i. , rubher goods. An article worth its
weight in gold, for the saving of health, annoyance,
and trouble. Printed directions for use accompany
each bottle. Ten cents per bottle; ten bottles, 85c;
100, $8.00. A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

ITALIAN AND SYRIAN QUEENS,

Before June 15, tested, *3 00 each; untested, $1.00
each. Later tested, $2.00 each; untested, single
queen, $1.00; si-x for $5.00; twelve or more, 75 cts.
each. Untested queens warranted purelv mated.
I. R. GOOD. Nappanee, Elkhart Co., Ind.

-SEE FOSTER'S -
ADVERTISEMENT.

BEES IN IOWA.

DIIDC ITALIAN BEES.

I ll^r Full colonies, nuclei, bees by the
I wIIm pound, and Queens a specialty. Also,
Simplicity Hives, Frames, Sections, Comb Founda-
tion, and supplies generally. JE^" Send for my cir-
cular and price list. You will save money bv so do-
ing. C. M. DIXON,
4-11-db Parrish, Franklin Co., III.

ALL PROGRESSIVE BEE-KEEPERS

Suffer for my price list of Bee-keepers' Supplies of
all kinds. Send for price list and be convinced.

J. W. BITTENBENDER,
4-9db KNOXVILLE, MARION CO., IOWA.

mn^lM BEE? MB QUEEN?,

riill Pnlnnioc NUCLEI, Airs aUEElTS, CHEAP.
run OUIUIIICd, ;seml for Cinular.

C. C. VAUGHN, 4tfdb COLUMBIA, TENN.

DABANT'S FOUNDATION rACTOET, WHOLESALE andEBTAIL.
See advei'tisement in another column. 3btfd

Bee-Hives, Honej^oxes, Sections.

Laeciest Bee-Hive Factoey in the Woeld.

CAPACITY, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAT

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

Bees ^Plants.

20 stands of Italians at $5.00; and 20 stands of
hybrids at $-4.00 per stand, all in Simplicity hives of
Root's pattern. Also pure Gregg, Cuthbert, and
Turner raspberry-plants for sale at $1.00 per 100, or
$8.00 per 1000. Address
56Td A, F. ROBINSON, IVarysTille, O.

BEE-HIVES, %

One-Piece Sections, Section Cases, Frintes, U.,

OF SUPERIOR WORK.M.4NSIIIP, FROM

SIVEX'X'ZX tSe OOOXSEZXjl-^

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL,
3tfd Send for Price List.

RUBBER PRINTING-STAMPS

For bee-men; stamps of all kinds; send for cata-
logue and sample cuts printed on sections.
7d G. W. BERCAW, Berwick, Ohio.

■Crn'D'W" PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

XxvlXLJ^ SEE advertisement:

by e.\press for $1.00.
»YKE, Pomeroy. Ohio.

<i>

^1

15

PLYMOUTH-ROCK EGG!

579d S.A.I

OThe BUYERS' GUIDE U
issued March and Sept.*
each year. .6^ 980 pages,
8%x liy^ Inches, with over
3,500 Illustrations — a
whole Picture Gallery.
GIVES Wholesale Prices
direct to eonsutners on all goods for
personal or family use. Tells hoiv to
order, and gives exact cost of every- 1]
thing you use, eat, drink, -wear, or !>
have fun with. These INVAIiUABIiE r
BOOKS contain information gleaned
from the markets of the world. We
will mail a copy FREE to any ad-
dress upon receipt of 10 cts. to defray
expense of mailing. Ijet us hear from
you. Respectfully,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

227 <& 329 \\ abash Avenue, Chicago, 111.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS^

I will sell, from now until May 1st, in lots not less
than 3UC0, packed and delivered at express office.
Pure Crescent .. $2.00 per lOCO

•• Sucker State , ... 3.00 "

4-5-6-7d C. F. TYSON, Centralia, Marion Co.. 111.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE I
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, Extractors, Siiiokers, Separators,

&;i-., of Koot^s ITIaDiit'acture, ^hipped

from here at iCUOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow' pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price, List Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

324db

50 COLONIES BEES FOR SALE

I have 50 stands of bees for sale, hybrids and
blacks, and in the Mitchell hive, 15 fra|iies in hive,
well painted, and metal rabbets. I live on the Ar-
kansas Midland R. R., and can ship by R. R. or
water via Helena. I will take $4. .50 per stand, de-
livered on board train, and delivered bv latter part
of March. PETER MBTZ,

3-8db Poplar Grove, Phillips Co., Ark.

Look! Honey-Comb Foundation! Lcok!

Friends, if you want any Foundation it will pay
you to purchase of us, as we have the very latest
improved mills; heavy,|45 cts. per pound; ver.ythin,
for comb honey, 10 cts". more per pound; 10^ dis-
count on all orders received before April let. Send
for free samples. Address

C. W. PHELPS ft CO.,
4-5 6db Tioga Centhe.iTiooa Co., N. Y.

244

(_iLl^:ANtKGS IN n^E CCLTUllE.

Apr.

QUEENS. 1886. QUEENS.

Reared from Imported Mothers. Two, three, and
four frame nuclei. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Send for price list. Address ■
5-lldb FRANK A. EATON, Bluffton, Ohio.

BeeKeepers.

.Supplies]

WHOLESALEi-aSKElTAI U.

Orders filled the day they are received, except for
bees and queens. 4tfdb

$350. ATTENTION. $350.

APIARY FOR SALE.

60 swarms of splendid. bees in 2-story Langstroth
hives, comh-honey outfit complete, in location where
bees never freeze or starve. Will pay for them-
selves the flrst;;year. Combs all built on fdn., and
wired. A splendid chance for a live man to g-ain a
livelihood in sunny California. Reason for selling,
must liaxK money. Addiess 678d

DAVIS BROS., Box 166., Selma, Gal.

Reference, Judge Fowler, Selma, Cal. This is an
irrigated district, and a complete failure is un-
known. This climate is splendid for those suffei--
ing with lung complaints. Inclose stamp. Also a
small farm for sale.

FOR SALE.

One second-hand fdn. mill that will roll sheets 14
inches wide. The mill is at present in New Ham-
burg, Ont., Can. The original price on it was $40.00,
but we will now sell it at half price, or $20.00.

Also one exactly like it, owned by W. W. Bliss, of
Duarte, Los Angeles Co., Cal. There is nothing
wrong with these mills, except that the rolls are of
smaller diameter than those we now make, in con-
sequence of Avhich they do not make quite so thin
fdn. right in the middle of the rolls as those made
now with rolls of a larger diameter. They will, how-
ever, ToU narrew sheets equal to any, and will roll
sheets a foot wide; but when of so great a width,
the center is a tritle thicker, as explained above.

Also one 9-inch Dunham mill, second hand. The
mill has. however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, equal to a new one.
Price «20.00. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $40.00.

Also two 10-inch mills of our own make, that were
taken from parties who were wanting mills of long-
er rolls. These have been finished, and we pro-
nounce them in every respect almost as good as
new. Price $1.5.00 each.

Also one 10-inch mill, Olm make, fixed over so as
to do about as good work as it ever did. Price
$12.00. A. 1. ROOT, Medina, O.

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
22 2ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

PTOE * ITALIAITS -t- EXCLUSIVELY.

-« STOP, ■» READ, ■» AND « ORDER.e^

Having determined to devote ray time and attention exclusively to the production of pure Italian bees
and queens, 'during the season of 1886, 1 ott'er, in order to reduce stock, 60 riioiee Colonies of Pure
IljBlllans In 10 Langstroth frames, guaranteed to contain at least 4 full frames of brood and 4 lbs. of bees
In' new chaff hive, at $10.00 eaeh. I append my prices for the season.

My terms are cash with the order. First orders will be filled first. I will refund money at any time a
customer may become dissatisfied with waiting.

My methods: One kind, and the best of that kind. Nothing except tested queens sold at any price. I
will send one-year-old queens until stock is exhausted, and then this season's hatch. I will commence to
send, about May let.

1 tested queen $1 00 I 1-frame nucleus, tested queen $2 00

1 pound of bees 100 | 3 " " " '• 3 On

1 frame of brood and bees 100 I 3 " " " " 4 00

14" " " " 5 00

In lots of 5, five per cent discount; in lots of 10, ten per cent discount. In lots of 10 or more nuclei or
pounds "of bees, J will pay express charges for the first 1000 miles. Now remember, I guarantee safe ar-
rival and absolute satisfaction in all eases. Sample of live workers free by mail. Capacity, 25 queens
per day ^t'ter May 1st. *

I append a few from hundreds of recommendations from last season's customers.

Mill Point, N. Y.
Queen arrived in fine condition , and t am well pUa»ed

: ■ Sodus Point, N. Y.

lam very much pleased with the tested micen I got
from you last summer. JAY S. SEELEY.

Port Dover, Ontario, Can.
I helieve I can make arrangements with you for
queerw next spring, as what I have got from you,
please me very well. R. M. TAYLOR.

Later.— 7 will give you my trade for queens for 1886.

R. M. T.

with both queen and hecs.

PETER KLINE.

Pcnetanquietan, Oxtario, Canada.
Queen received all right, and aliiic. SJie is a nohle-
looking queen, and pleases me better than any I have
yet received. H.T.L^ACH.

etfdb

BOX 691, SHERBURNE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

FARM ANNUAL FOR 1886

Will he sent FREK to all who write for It. It Is a

HandNOine Book of 13M leasee, with hundreds

of new illustrations, two Colored Plates, and tells

all about the Best Oarden, Farm and Flower |

Bnlbs, Plants. Thorouglibred Ntoek and Fanc,y Poultry. It is the

only complete catalosrue of tiie kind published, and describes RARE NOVEIi-

Tlfes in VECiETABI.Fi« and F1.0WEBS. of real value, which can not

cccnc

^^ ^ "i B^ ^^ I be obtaiued elsewhere. Send address on a postal to

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA.

1886

GLEAKINGS IN liEE CULTUliE.

245

AUTOMATIC HONEY- EXTRACTOR.

The only self-reversing Honey-Extractor known.
Will do double the amount of work of any other ex-
tractor. Send for new circular, just out April 1st.
Californians, send to Baker & Barnard, San Buena-
ventura, Ventura Co., Cal. Canadians, send to E. L.
Goold & Co., Brantford, Ont., Can.

All others, address G. W. STANLEY,

7d Wyoming, N. Y.

~ ITALIAN queens"

From imported and hcst tested queens, f 1.00 each.
Tested queens, SI. 75. Raised in full colonies. Bees,
per lb., 90 cts. ; 6 lbs. for $5.00, in wire-cloth cages;
80 colonies to draw from. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Pure-bred Plymouth Rock, White and Brown Leg-
horn eggs, 13 for $1.00. Spider-plant seeds by mail.
$1.30 per Ih. ; 15 cts. per oz. 7 9d

W. A. SANDERS, Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga.

60 Colonies of Bees For Sale.

For particulars, call upon or address

Ttfdb A. L. EDWARDS, Skaneateles, N. Y.

FOR ^>J/^ —40 colonies of my improved strain
run *jnUL,. ^f pure Italian bees in two-story
chaff hives, @ $7.00; in single- walled hives, I'i story
@ $6..50; 50 two-story chair hives, including frames
and crates, @ $1..50; .50 single-walled hives, frames
and crate, @. .90. Hives have tin roof. 1 honey-
ext. for L. frame, $3.00. A wax-ext., $1.00. Must be
sold immediately. 7tfdb

GEO. F. WILLIAMS, NEW PHILADELPHIA, 0.

EGGS.

EGGS.

Friends, if you wish for eggs of the best pure-
bred poultry, please send your order for either of
the following varieties:

liaii$$i!ilians, Wyaiidotteiii, Houdans, Ro»!iC-

Coiub Wliite lievliorii!«, Ko!!>e - Comb

Brown lieglioriitii, Single - Comb

BroAvn Lie<$liorns.

But one variety is kept on a farm. Our stock is

No. 1, and we are confident we can please you. We

guarantee safe arrival of every thing that we ship.

Descriptive circular free. Address

/. C. BOWMAN^ d- CO.,
78d NORTH LIMA, MAHONING CO., OHIO.

SOLDIi

Having sold the 100 colonies of Bees offered in
the March Nos. of this journal, 1 am now booking-
orders only for

NUCLEUS COLONIES AND QUEENS. ALSO
BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

Send for 1886 price list. Address
7tfdb WM. W. CARY,

Successor to Wm.W. Gary & Son. Coleraine, Mass.

BEES IN IOWA.

SEE FOSTER'S
ADVERTISEMENT.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION rAOTOET, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

U'AD C H T P —One hundred Simplicity bee-hives
ri/ll Oiiiillli $1..50 each. These hives are the
Simplicity, except that they have a permanent bot-
tom-board, and the cover is deep enough to allow
the use of one case of 1-lb. sections, making them
l'/4-8tory hives. Nailed, and painted two coats, tin
roof, 10 frames, all ready for the bees. Will be put
on board here for $1.50 each. Address 7d

J. S. STARN, Freesburg, Highland Co., O.

DA O C H T P ~"1'^ hives of bees in flrst-class order.
ri/Ii uniilai in Simplicity hives manufactured
by A. I. Root, each having 10 brood-combs, all work-
er comh; 6 simrle-story and 9 two-story, each having
7 broad frames with tin separators and .56 sections.
Also one Novice extractor. Will sell very cheap.

Address REV. R. MALLALIEN,
Td Green Village, Franklin Co., Pa.

SPECIAL BY TELEPHONE.

" Hollo! Hollo!"

" Well, what do you want?" " Simply to inform
you that, if you want to purchase the finest Italian
and Albino Bees and Queens in the world, try^
F. Boomliower, of Gallupville, N. Y. He has
them at extremely low prices. Send for his circvi-
lar. All right. Good-bye." 7-9d

m WYANDOTTE FOWLS, ITALIAN f* H
BEES, QUEENS, and SUPPLIES.UU
Send for Price List. Illl
II W. H. OSBOSNS. CEASDON, OHIO. I#l#
^-J^^db •

NOTICE THE LOW PRICES ON

Bees, Brood, Queens, Plants, Etc.,

IN Mr NEW CnCULAE. PLEASE WEITE FOK ONE.
C. WECKESSER.
5-7-9d'j Marshallville, "Wayne Co., Ohio.

QU/CY SALES, YMJirPftOF/TS.

The 3d edition of " Handy Book, or Queen-Rear-
ing," 300 pages, 100 illustrations, bound in
cloth, by mail $1 10

Book, and sample of latest improved drone and
queen trap, by mail 1 50

Book and tested queen, any race (from June 1
to Oct. 1) by mail 2 00

Book and warranted queen, any race (from

June 1 to Oct. 1) by mail 1 75

Money-order ofBce, Salem, Mass. Postage-stamps

will do for odd change. Send for circular.

7tfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

BEES, Full Colonies, Hybrids and Italians, for
sale, in Simplicity and Adair hives. T guaran-
tee safe arrival by express. My bees have wintered
as well as usual on the summer stands. Write how
many you want, and for prices. H. M. Mover,
7-9db Hill Church, Berks Co., Pa.

FOR ^ALF ^^^ Colonies of bees in S. hives,

run Ktnui., nucleus colonies in shipping-boxes,
tested and untested Italian queens. 7d.

N. ADAMS, Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla^

* A * Designs for brackets, etc., for 10c and 5 names of
iV/ ifietsawyers. J. L. Hyde, Pomfret Landing, Ct.

SECTIONS

First quality white basswood sections, 4 pieces,
dovetailed, 4'4X4ri.i. *4.00 per 1000. Cash with the
order, and satisfaction guaranteed. Any size of
section made to order, dovetailed or to nail, at
equally low prices. 7d

P. OEANQEE 4 SON, HAEFOED MILLS, COETLAND CO., N. Y.

Eggs for hatching I have got.
From Pekin ducks and Wyandottes;
If you will send me dollars two,
Thirteen fresh eggs I'll send to you.
" Rabbits as usual." A. A. Fradenburg,

7-8d Port Washington, O.

725~SfOCKS OF BEES FOR SALE.

Mostly Italians. These bees must be sold, and
will be sold cheap. All in Quinby frames. Sold
with or without hives. Send for prices of Italians,
hybrids, and blacks. Address

WM. E. CLARK,
7-lOdb Oriskany, Oueida Co., N. Y.

50 Swarms of Bees For Sale

In 8-frame L. hives. Hives are new. Pure Italians
from A. 1. Root's best imported stock, $5.00 each;
20 hybrid swarms, if4.50each; 1 fine imported queen.
$.5.fM1; 5 tested queens, $1.50 each. Safe arrival
guaranteed. First ordered, first served.

J. R. REED,

7d MILFORD, JEFF. CO., WIS.

1216

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Apr.

JOB -LOT OF WIRE CLOTH

.IT OltEATLY ItlSDUCl^D I'ltlCES.

SEOOOT VILIVSI WISE CLOTH AT VA CTS. PES SWAEE FT.

80MBOF THE USKS TO WHICH TH;S WIKK CLOTH CAN BE AP-

PLIKD

This wire cloth is second quality. It will answer nicely

for .covering d"ors and windows, to keep out tli<8; for

covering bee-hives and cages for shipping bees; making

sieves for sifting seeds, etc.

Number of Square Feet contained in each Roll

Respectively.

3 2 roHs of 200 s. f .

71 22rollsof2t7, 38of 21fi, 2of 19.5. 2of 215.1of 210 s. t.
11 9 roMsof 2.%'i.and2of 231, s. f.

7!6 rolls of 281 s f.

■oll.xof 316.2 of 285, 2 of 317, 1 eMcli of 190, (i32. and 215

1 roll of 215 s f .

1 roll of 3116. 1 of 318 s. f.

I roll of 1.V2S f.

t rolls of 400 s. f

riBST ai;ALIX7 WIKE cloth at \^i CTS. pee SQUARE FT.
The following is first qualit.v, and is worth \% cts.
per square foot. It can be used for any purpose
for which wire cloth is ordinarily used; and even at
\%, cts. per sq. ft. it is far below the prices usually
charged at hardware and furnishing stores, as you
will ascertain by making inquiry. We were able to
secure this very low price by buying a quantity of
over one thousand dollars' worth.

I 82:1 roll U3 s. f .
24 43 rolls of 200 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 120, 108, 190, 140, 150, 140

BO. ft.
67 rolls of 216 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 199, 195, 201, 200, 227, 204

sq. ft.
73 rolls of 233, U of 221,3 of 219, 8 of 222, sq.ft.; 1 each of 93,

245. 267, sq. ft.
36 rolls of 250 sq. ft. ; 1 each of 2X\ '27.5, 240, 220, 227, 237, sq.

ft.
13 of 266, 7 of 250, 2 of 263 sq. ft. ; 1 each of 2J0, 275 sq. ft.
30 rolls of 283 sq. ft. each.
22 rolls of 300 sq. ft. each ; 1 each of 288, 279, .and 285 square

ft.
1 roll each of 300 and 316 sq. ft.
1 roll of 233 square feet.
1 roll of 360 square feet.
1 roll of 192 square feet.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Oliio.

228

«34
,S36

[46

J9B LOT OF POULTRY-NETTING,

At 1 ct. pe"- sq. foot: 6 per cent off for two or more pieces;
10 per cent o(f for 10 or more pieces; 1)4 cts. per sq. ft. when
we have to cut it. Besides this job lot we keep in stock the
regrular 4-foot poultry-netting, in rolls of 150 lineal feet at
same price as above. These figures give the number of sq.
feet for each roll; and by dividing by the number of feet
wide .you can determine the length of each piece.

1 1 piece each of 23, 50, 61, :0. and 91 sq. ft.

20, 27, 64. 120, 147. and 203 sq. ft.

" 14, 18. 24, 28, 32, 38, 40, 42, 40, 48, 52, 56, 68, 70, 84,
9fi, 104, 130. 160 176, 180. and 228 sq. ft.
.30 1 piece each of 15, 25, 30, 37, 65, 110, 180. 194. 258, and 205 sq. ft.
ae 1 •' " " 18.18.33.33,30,39,51,51,60,63,69.69,84,87,102,

111, 162, 180, 252.258, 345, 375. .387. 390, and 414 sq. ft.
42|l piece each of 21, 182, 200. 210, 3.')0,and 3.50 sq. ft.

48;i 24. 28. 32, 44, 60, 70, 80, 100, lUO, 108, 110, 120,

124 140, and 400 sq. ft.
«0 1 piece each of 45, 115, 125. and 180 sq. ft.

72ll 24,30,42,51,54,00,00,72,72,72,138,150,180,300,

I 450, and 652 sq. ft. ,

We know of nothing nicer or better for a trellis for creeping
vines, than the above netting. The 12 to 24 inch is just the
thing to train up green peas, fastening the netting to stakes
by means of staples. If the stakes are set in substantially,
one each 12 or 15 fret will answei-. When the peas ,are stripped
off the stakes, netting an-1 all can be rolled up and laid away
until another season. A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Pure ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS

QUEENS BRED FROM IMPORTED STOCK.

Untested queen, just commoncing to lay, - $1.00

Furnished by the 10th of May.
Tested, $3 00. Select tested, #3.50. Furnished by

the 16th of May.
One-half pound bees, 90c. Furnished after the 1st

of April. Cage included.
Two-frame nucleus, consisting of M lb. of bees, 90c,

two frames partly filled with brood, OOc. and one

nucleus hive, 40c. Total $2.20; guaranteed.
AH bees, queens, and nuclei are to be safely deliv-
ered|-fl,t your nearest express or postoffice, you pa.y-
Ing all express charges. Order early. First order-
ed, first served, C. F. UHL,
7-9d , MlUeis'jurg, Holmes Co., 0.

4>

SOUTHERN HEADQUARTERS-^

FOR EARLV QT7EEITS,

Nuclei, and full colonies. The manufacture of
hives, sections, frames, feeders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Superior work and best material at " let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fuU.v equipped, with
the latest and most approved machinerj'. Scud for
m.v illustrated catalogue. Address
5tfd J. P. H. RKOWN, Aiiffusta, Ga.

BINGHAM SMOKERS

Borodino, N. Y., Aug. 1.5, 1882.
All summer long it lias been "which
and t'other" with me and the Cyprian
colony of bees I have— but at last I am
boss: Bingham's Conqueror Smoker
did it. If you want lots of smoke .lust
at the right time, get a Conqueror Smoker of Bing-
ham. G. M. DOOLITTLE.

Independence, Cal., Jan. 2, 1886.
Messrs. Bingham & HeUieringt<m:—Dear Sits:—

The " Doctor " came to hand last night in good
order. " It is a Daisy." Won't the little pets wink
their eyes when they get some of his medicine'r' I
have one of your '• Large " smokers, which has
been in use si.x years.

Kespeccfully yours, Wm. Muth-Rasmussen.

Bingham Smokers and Knives sent per mail, post-
paid, at 65 cts. to $2.00. Send for free circular to

5tfa BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON, ABRONIA, MICH.

-=BE SXJR.E=-

To send a postal card for my catalogue of Albino
aii«l Italian Queen-Bees, and see what my cus-
tomers sa.v about them, before purchasing else-
where. Address D. A. PIKE,
5-7 9d SMITHSBURG, WASH. CO., MD.

BASSWOOD-TREES.

Basswood-trees, 1 to 3 feet high, per hundred, $1..50

Hard Maple " 3 to 5 1.50

Black-raspberr.y plants, 7 different kinds,

per hundred, $1.00; per thousand 6.50

Address H. WIRTH, Borodino,

3 5-7d Onondaga Co., N. Y.

Italian Bees, Nuclei, and Queens,

From Imported and selected mothers. Send for

Sixth annual Circular. SIMON P. RODDY,

5-7d Mechanicstown, Fred. Co., Md.

Comb Fdn., Bea- Hives, and other
APIARIAN SUPPLIES.

5T9d

JAS. A. NE:Li<^ON, Ai'yandottc, Kans.

HAVING moved my larg-e queen-rearing apiary
from Lewisville to Milton, I will still furnish
pure Italian bees and queens in an.v quantit.y and
shape. Those svanting to start apiaries should write
for prices. I also will furnish eggs from California
bronze turkej's, at $1.50 per sitting of 9.
3-19d GEO. W. BAKER, Milton, Ind.

THE PRACTICAL BEE-HIVE,oneofthe best, L. frame,
a cumplete hive, sent on receipt of $3.50. Bees,
queens, and supplies; also Plymouth Rock and
Brown Leghorn eggs, $1.50 per sitting. Address,

T. G. ASHMEAD, Williamson, Wayne Co., N. Y.
•3-5-7d.

G. W. Phelps & Go's Foundation Factory.

SEE APVEETISEWEilT liT /.ITCTHEE COLUMN.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

247

Contents of this Number,

Acme Penetrativ(j 277

Asparagriis tor Kohliing 2o2

A Visit to L. C. Root 251

Banner Apiary 249

Bee-dress for AVomen 272

Blasting near Bees 2('.y

Blessings 270

Klueberry ■ Plants 277

Bottles T(. Cork 2r.5

Box-hive Wintering 272

Brood, HearN D.iwn 208

Chanipioninsi Heddon 272

Oireula i-s Heeeived 247

Clasp, Vandeiisi'ii 276

Convention Notiees 247

Cogir.shall's Report 253

Corking Device 26.5

Drone-traps 269

Drone-larviB. to Destroy 2t;8

Drones Congregating 259

Editorials 275

Egtf laying of Queens. . .2f.O, 264

Eg-gs. Sex of 255

Extrnetor, Automatic 2.'i5

E.xtrac'ed HunMy.To put up274

Fdn.. Flat-l)Ottonied 268

Fire in Apiary 268

Good Report from a Lady . .^54

Granulation 269

Heads of Grain 267

Heat, CjnlininK' 206

Heilges of Cedar 272

Hive, A Living 216

Hives \inder Snow 270

lloiiev, Lim- Price 276

Hcpnev, To Market 2.52

Hc.nev, How to Eat 265

Horsi' power. Fearless 268

Honse-Apiaries 2.56

Humbufis and Swindles 277

Italia tiize. How to 2.56

.lane Meek A: Brother 261

Larva>, Conversion of 267

Mitchell, N.C 277

Packing- Bees, When to 269

I'oUen.To Remove 268

l^)t;\to-l;ni^■e 2H6

i^iiieeiis, Kertilizing 271

I luiesc-ciice in Winiering 272

Uejiort of Jennie Culp 263

Reijorts Encouraging 272

Roaches in Hives 270

Robbing, To Prevent 252

Sawdust for Packing 268

Siws, Speed of 270

Section-Box Former 2.54

Smoker. Stovepipe 2.53

RwarniiiiK-Box 2.54

Trip to (':iIirornia 271

Ventilation. Sub-earth 2.58

W.-ix extractor. Solar 2.57

Windbreaks of Cedar 272

CIECULARS RECEIVED.

Tlie following have recently sent us their price lists:

Dougherty & Wiley, Indianapolis, Ind., im 8-page liit of
bee -supplies.

W. H. Osborne. Chardon, O., a 12-page list of poultry.

Win. Hoyt, Ripley, Me., 4-page list, bees and queens

Ctias. D. Duval. 4-page li.'t of bees and queens.

Frank McNay, Mauston, Wis., advertising sheet of apiari.an
supplies.

C. P. Bish, Petrolia, Pa., a 12-page list, hives a specialty.

A. D. D. AVood, River Junction, Mich., an 8-page li.-t of bee-
supplies.

C. M. Goodspeed. of Thorn Hill, N. Y., an 8 -page club list
ot'papers and magazines.

E. T. Jordan, Harmony, Ind., 4-page list of beei and queens,

J. W. Eckman, Richin( "nd, Texas, 4-page list of bees and fdn.

J. J. VValdrip, Staples Store, Texas, an advertising sheet of
bee -supplies.

T. S. Wallace, Clayton, 111., a 1-page list of bees and queen".

Martin tV Macy, Noith Manchester, Ind., an 18-page list of
bees and jionltry.

From Watts Bros., Murray, Pa., we get ii circular of 45 pages
that deserves special mention. The first 31 pages are devoted
to a description of bee hive work and iniiileMuiits, the re-
maining part of the work being the price list. Tliey give our
A B C book so kind a notice that we are tempted to extract
from It as follows:

"As the title indicates, it goes over th? ground, from A to
Z. It is fully up to the times, and is an invalu.able aid to
every bee-kee]ier. Its value is not to the mere art alone; but
the author's fei-viil entliusiasm for the ri'j-ht, and his intrnsely
practical vie" s of religion, arc so blendeil with the jiiirely
technical in all his wiitings that none can read them without
being doubly benetited. The book is a mint, of apicultural
knowledge."

The following were printed recently "t this oftiee:

James M. Hyne, Stewartsville, Ind., a 12 page i. lustra ted cir-
cular of bee-supplies.

Elijah Debusk, Friendship, Va.,r. 10 page list of apiarian
implements.

A. B.Johnson, Clarkton, N. C.,a Ipage sheet of bees and
queens.

Jas. Erwin, Smith's Grove, Ky.,a 4-pagc pi ice list of bee-
supplies.

CONVENTION" NOTICES.

The Western N. Y. and Northern Pa. Bee-keepers' Associa-
tion will hold their next annual meeting at Randolph. N. Y.,
May 4, 1886. A. D. Jacobs, Sec, Jahiestown, N. V.

The Progressive Bee-keepers' Association will meet in Ma-
comb, 111., April 9, 1886, afternoon and evening. Essays will
he read, and an address given by Rev. E. L. Briggs, of Iowa.
Everybody interested in bee-keeping is invited to .attend.

J. G. Norton, Sec.

The Nortlu'astern Kentucky liee-kceiicrs' Meeting will be
held at Covington, Ky., (in Tm->(lay, .\)Mil Otli. ISSO. As the
honev harvest is near at li:ind. it is hoped th;it the meeting
will be well attended. f(.r this Society h.ts the praise of being
among the best in the State. The Rey. L. L. Langstroth has
been invited to attend; also C. F. Muth, G. W. Demaree, and
others, Alex. W. Stith, Sec.

The semi-annual meeting of the Progre.ssive Bee-keepers'
Association will be held at Grange Hall, Bedford, O., on Thurs-
day, May 6, 1886, at 10 o'clock A. M.

PROGRAMME.

Address by the President, C. F. White, of Euclid.

" Bees and Fruit."— H. M. Cli.-ipni:ui, of Collamer.

Essay by J. R. Reed, of Chester X Ho.ads.

Subieots for discussion.— The Requisites of a Complete Hive.
Which is more prolital>i( — comb or extracted honey ! and how
shall we se<'ure the l:ugest yield of either?

There will be a " yiiestion'-box."

All interested in ani'-ulture are requested to circulate this
notice, and are cordially invited to come, bringing their lunch-
bnskets. Mjss Dkma liE.N'NfiTT, Sec.

Bedford, Cuyahoga Co,, 0.

Italian Queens, and 2-Franie Nuclei

A SPECIALTY.

My qucons arc reared from an imported mother,
and in lull colonies. Untested queen, in April,
*1.2i; in May, slfl.OO. Tested, in April, $3.50; in May,
«3.()0. Two-t'rarne nuclei with untested queen, in
lig-lit shipping-boxes (frames wired), in April, !if2.75;
in May, *3. 50: in June, $3.25. If larger nuclei are
desired add 7.5c for each frame \vanted. Send for
my circular and price list free. Address

A. B. JOHNSON,

CLARKTON, BLADEN CO., N. C.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND NUCLEI.
Prices in February and March Gleanings.
7 'Jdb ANNA M. BROOKS, Sorrento, Fla.

SCALE and MIRROR CARP for sale by the 100 or
1000. A fine lot of spawners now ready for
shipment. 7tfdb W. L. McINTIEE, Mt. Vernon, O.

TTATTAN "RT?F^ *6..50 per colony; five
1 1 Alii Ai>l niliSliO, lor 13 ).C0. Queens from

Hall and Uayhi
guaranteed.

7d

Safe arrival and satisfaction
E. A. GASTMAN,

Decatur, Illinois.

PlIPP i-^'alinnQ ^^^H tested aUEENS. lean dis-
I ui o iiaiiaiio pose of a few colonies at fair
prices. As to fjiiality of bees, and personal charac-
ter, 1 refer to ,1. E. Pond. Jr., Foxhoro, Mass.

SAM'L COOMBS, Foxboko, Mass.

EGGS FROM FANCY POULTRY.

Plymouth Rocks, 3 yards, 1, 2. 3 $. Wyandottes, 3
yards, 3, 3. Houdans, 3 yards, 3, 3. White and
Brown Leghorns. 3 yards each, $ each. I have now
in mv yards, fowls from 5 of the best breeders in
America. P. W. CORYA, M. D., Moore's Hill, Ind.
Reference, President ]\Ioore's-Hill College.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For 'he benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which tliey want to dispose of, we will inseit notices free of
charge, as below. We do this becuse there is ha' dly value
enough to these queens to p.ay f"r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet i^ is often'itnes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

10 black and 10 hybrid queens for sale now. 35c
for black queens, 50 for hybrid queens.

Kennedy & Leahy.
Higginsvllle, Lafayette Co., Mo.

I have over half a dozen hybrid queens for sale at
50 cts. each. Safe arrival guaranteed. Ready by
April 1. S. H. CoLWiCK.

Norse, Bosque Co., Tex.

8 or 10 hybrid queens for sale at 65 cts. each.

G. W. Beckham, Pleasant Hill, S. C.

Recent Additions to the Counter Store.

FIVE - CENT COUNTER.

1 I INK POWDEES I 40 I 3 50

Violet, green, blue, orange, black, and red. Each package
will m.ake two ounces of good ink. We are using the same in
our office, and ilo not find it inferior to any in the market.

TEN - CENT COUNTER.
GLUE, EOYAL, mends every thing | 90 I 8 00

This is the bc^t rcmcnt we have ever tried. Almost any ar-
ticle mendi'd with it will lire.ik aiivwhere else before the place
mended. It holds honey labels on tin, etc.

5 I OEMSNT, EUBBEE | 85 1 8 00

For nundiiig rubber boots, lubber shoes, and all kinds of
rubber goods. An article worth its weight in gojd, for the
saving of hciiltb, annoyance and trouble. Printed directions
for use accomiiany each box.

FIFTEEN - CENT COUNTER.

4 I INSEGT-POWDEE GUN | 1 35 | 11 00

A beautifully linished instrupieiit, with a neat rubber ball
instead of the frail bellows commonly used. The nozzle is
pi lished zinc, and unscrews. This will also answer tor spray-
ing house-plants, if filled with water instead of insect-powder'
Neatly made, and packed in a strong pa.steboard box.

A. 1. BOOT, medtim, Ohio.

248

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

peNEY (jeMMN.

CITY MARKETS.

Cincinnati.— 77(»)ic,v.— There is no new feature
in the market. Demand from manufacturers is e.x-
ceedingly dull, while it is >i<)0(l for jar honey from
tlie johbinK trade. Demand is fair for coral) honey.

Extracted honey luinjvs 4(?^r.Sc on arrival; and
choice comb honey, 12(gilf)c in ihe jobbing- way.

Beeawax.— There is a srood demand for beeswax,
and arrivals are fair. We pay 25c per lb. for good
J ellow, and have paid 'd'ic. for a lot of fancy.

Chas. F. Muth & Son,
S. B. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,

Mar. 20, ]8t6. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Boston.— //oiKj/.- No change in honey or wax.

151. AKK & KiPI.EV,

Mar. 22, 1886. 67 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

CiiKVEfiAND.-NoHcjy.- The market is unchanged
since our last report. Best white lib. sections are
in good demand at 14c; 2 lbs., slow at 12(5)13. Second
quality is entirely neglected. 01<l is slow at 8(n!l0.
Extracted, 7(28. Beeswax, very scarce at 35.

A. C. Kendel,

Mar. 20, 18S6. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Milwaukee.— Honey.— The supply of choice comb
honey in sections is not equal to the demand, and
consignments of such are wanted. We can quote:
Choice 1-lb. sections, white, lti@,18

Common Mb. " ]4@15

Dark honey, slow, ]2@,14

Extracted, in kegs or bbls., white, 8@9

Bcefiwax, wanted. A. V. Bishop.

March 20, 1886. 142 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Detroit.— Ho??ey.— Best honey in 1-lb. sections,
13@14c. Stocks in commission houses are being
gradually reduced. Beeswax.— In good demand, at
25@27. M. H. Hunt,

March 22, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

Chicago.— Hojiey.— The market is without partic-
ular change, unless it be to a little higher range of
prices for choice domestic honey in the comb, some
selling up to 18 cents per lb. Extracted is dull, with
lai'ge offerings, from 6@,7c per lb. Bfcs!('a:c, 22@26c;
not much ottered. California comb honey, 9@12c
in about 601b. cases, 2-lb. sections.

R. A. Burnett,

Mar. 20, 1886. 161 S. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Kansas CiTv.-Hojiey.— Sales of comb are good,
while extracted is very dull and low. One-pound
sections wanted; all other grades of stocks are well
supplied.

Comb, 2-lb. sections, California, ll(a),12

3-lb. " Eastern, 13@.]3

Mb. " Extra white, 14@15

1-lb. " Dark. ]2@,13

Extracted California, in CO-lb. tin cans, .5@6c, owing
to low freight. Eastern white, 5ra)6; Southern,
3i4@,4c. Beeswax, 2oc. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,
Cor. Fourtb & Walnut St's,
March 23, 1886. Kansas City, Mo.

For Sale.— I have fourteen 22-gallon kegs of very
thick dark honey, which I otter at 4c per lb., by the
keg of 2.50 lbs., delivered at depot here. Also one
keg of nice golden honey at .5c per lb. Sample sent
on applicati(m. Kegs iron bound, and of best make.
M. J. HARRIS, Clay Citj', Clay Co., 111.

Wanted. — Light honey in barrels or Vn barrels.
Address, with sample and lowest cash price,
L. P. CHRISTIANCY & CO.,

1.53 Summit St., Toledo, O.

For Sale.— .^00 lbs. of well-ripened poplar and
clover honey at $6.00 for keg of 100 lbs., keg thrown
in. Sample by mail, 5c. CHAS. D. DUVALL,

Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

For Sale.— I have about 1300 lbs. of clover honey,

warranted pure, in kegs, some 10-gallon and sonic

1.5-gallon. I will take 7c per lb. for the lot here at

depot; single kegs. 7'/^ and l^.i cts. Kegs thrown ip.

MONT. WYRICK, Cascade, Iowa.

SU

Wanted^ Orders for f dn.

At 45 cts. for heavy, 55 cts. for light. Wax woi-ked.
Tin Points, »1.00 per 50C0. ' Basswood-trces 1 to 3 ft.
high. $1,50 per 100; 5 to 8 ft.. $4 00. Basswood seed,
$1.00 per 1000. postpaid; also Wire Nails, Smokers,
and Extractors. Send for Circular. 10'; discount
on all cash orders received before April 15th.

CHAS. STEWART,
67d Saminonsville, Fulton Co., N. Y.

TO SEND

F02 MV NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Before ])urchasitig your Bee- Sup-
plies. Cash ]iaiil lor Beeswa.v. 7tfdb

A. B. HOWE, CoTincil Bluffs, la.

CHAFF-HIVK APIARY ANO FACTORY
IN MISSOURI. Price List Free.

.JOHN C. STEWART,
Vtfdb Hopkins, Nodaway Co., Missouri.

I^"18S4. TAR -HEEL APIARIES. 1SS5.„,^
^""°i?,^ k 4-ABBOT L. SWINSON-71, 66, * ^.^erioan, Al-
$lEachiii(i Proprietor, ^ Syrians, ind

May V GOLDSBOEO, WAYNE CO., NO. OA. { Carniolans.
See Gleanings, 1st No. Mar. and May. List now ready.

P ROCKS ! Choicest pure -bred stock. Eggs,
• $1.50 per 13. (Ref. Ed. Glmninrjs).
7tfdb YODEE & METZLES, E. Lcwistown, Mah. Co., O.

FRIENDS, REMEMBER

That I expect to sell Italian Bees and pedigreed
Poland-China Pigs again this coming season at
hard-time prices N. A. KNAPP,

7d Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

SECTIONS, $4.25 PER M.

7 ]2dh s. Y. ORR, IVIorning Sun, Iowa.

FflR ^Al F 30 COLONIES ITALIAN BEES in good
run uMLLi condition, on 7 Langstroth frames,
in shipping-boxes. $4.50, or shipped in Parker chatt'
hive, $6. .50 per colony. Purchasers for the above
can, if they prefer, send their cash to A. I. Root,
Medina, O. WM. AMELANG,

Ottumwa, Wapello Co., Iowa.

PLANTS! Raspberry. Strawberry, R. Mulberry,
etc. Redvred rates. Price list free.
7d YODEE & MET2LEE, E. Lewistown, Mah. Co., O.

BEES FOR SALE.

On account of the death
of my husband, I otter for
sale 7 good swarms of bees in two-story Langstroth
hives, at $3.00 each. The hives are new. Readj' to
ship. Address MRS. MAC McABEE,

Care of Rev. J. L. Vass,
7d Jackson, Tenn.

BUCKEYE SECTIONS, V-GROOVE.

WHITE AS SNOW. ANY SIZE. VERY CHEAP.
We manufacture the SCIENTIFIC BEE-HIVE; shipped
in the flat (body and frame); can be set up in five
minutes, without hammer or nails. This hive beats
them all for box honeJ^ Send for circular to

7d J. B. MURRAY, Ada, O.

BKES FOR SAIiE I will furnish full colo-
nics of bees on good worker-comb, in good
Langstroth hives. Avell painted, for $5.00 each, from
April 15 to Mav 15. delivered on lioard the cars.
7-9db ALBEET POTTEE, EUEEKA. WINNEBAGO CO., WIS.

BEES FOR SALE CHEAP.

100 COLONIES of Pure Italian bees, in flrstclass
hives, for sale at prices to suit the times. Write
for prices before buving elsewhere.-
7-8d W. A. HOFSB, MANI.IUS, N. Y,

Vol. XIV.

APRIL !, i><S6

No. .7

2CopieatorSl.90;3for$>.75:5for8».0i), I HiSiCtULlSfoCUj Zlo ±0 I O.

5 or more. TS cf. eaeh. 'Sinprle Number.
10 cts. Artclitions to chihs maybe marte '
at club rate*!. Above are all to be sent ,
TO ONK POSTOKFICE.

riBMSIIEn SKMI-MONTHLY BY

i A. I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO.

f Ulubs to different postoflioes, NOT LKFS
I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid; in the
! U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
I tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18c
I per year extra. To all countries NOT of
I the U. P. U. ,42c per year extra.

NOTES FBOM THE BANNER APIARY.

No. 76.

THE WINTERINC. PK(1IiI-K.M.

"Up few weeks ago 1 received ii call Irom Cr. C.
glM M. Joslin. of Clio, Genesee Co., Mich. He lias
J^K made a special study of the wintering- prob-
■*^ lem, having- taliulateil a lai'se mtmbcr of
facts concerning' it. We had a ver.y pleas-
ant visit and discussion, and T iirsrcd him to write
his views for publication. He declined, but flually
agreed to send them to mc, together with an article
written b.y Mr. Quinby, about 13 years ago, which
takes much the same view in regard to the impor-
tance of a high temperature as was advocated at the
Detroit Convention. In view of the ideas that have
lately been put forth upon this sub.icct, ] think Mr.
Quinb.y's article will bear repetition. It was publish-
ed in the National DccJimrnnl for 1874, page 1 of Jan.
No., and is as follows:

'* I have said considerable on this subject alrcad.v,
but perhaps it will bear repetition. Much more ought
to be said, and some things repeated, and examined
in the strongest light to be found. The cause of
the dreadful calamities of the past two winters
should be understood as far as possible.

'^ A post-mortem investigation often discloses the
immediate cause of a person's death. It ina.y prove
to be tubercle of the lungs, and then, unless the
inquirj' goes further, and finds the cause producing
tubercles, but little is gained. When bee-keepers
find the cause of the deatli of so many boes to be
dysenter3% it behooves them to look further, and, if
possible, ascertain the cause of that. When we are
not pesitive on any subject, wc aro a])t to decide

according to evidence that makes theory— or some
preconceived notions of our own— probable, allow-
ing it to take the place of direct testimony.

" Among the many investigators that have ac-
knowledged dysentery as the cause, some few' have
gone further, and decided that the malady is pro-
duced by the qualit.y of their stores- impure honey;
and, to prove that honey is not healthful fer them,
claim that syrup of sugar, when fed, exempts from
disease. Having Jed the syrup quite extensively, I
am pleased with the result when fed as a substitute
for honey; but I have no faith in it as a prevent-
ive of dysentery, for I have fed stocks with noth-
ing Imt that, and had them aflected with it sei-iously.
Lest some may think I mention this case to support
a favorite theory of my own, I will give the state-
ment of Mr. Elwood, of Herkimer Co., N. Y., who is
a candid man, a close observer of facts, and one
who has no theories of his own to bias his judg-
ment. One year ago he fed several stocks with sj'r-
up alone, and every one liad the disease as badly
as those that had no syrup. These cases, even if
we had no others, would show verj' clearly that the
cause is notfound in the food. It is further proved,
by the case related by Mrs. Tupper, where a row
of stocks that gathered their stores from the same
field, each alternate one was taken and removed to
a cold e'xpesed situation, while the rest were kept
warm. The fust perif hed with dysentery, while the
latter wintcied well. Moie than 20 years ago [now
:)3 yean- W. Z. H.], I became satisfied 1hat cold
weather produced d.vsentery.' [ had some stocks
left on their summer stands till late in the winter,
in a cold, bleak corner of the yard. Snow covered
the ground. Laife' in' Jan. they became uneasy;
hundreds wou'^'d IrA^c'lhtir hives on a cold day, dis-

230

GLE.VXINGS IX J3EE CULTURE.

Apr.

churning' their faeces the moment they left It. 1
put them into warm quarters; such as were left in
the hive were quiet, and came out all right in the
spring-. Here is a case where they were cured of
what the cold had produced.

"Food consumed by beasts generates heat, and
they take it generally in proportion to the severity
of the ^veather, to keep themselves warm. Bees
seem to act on the same principle, but being, prob-
ably, natives of a warm climate, their structure is
different from many animals. Being small, one
alone can not generate heat enough to keep in life
in a cold atmosphere. Only a compact cluster can
maintain it, and tiien not without an abundance of
food. Bees do not, when in a cold situation, seem
to digest, or burn, their food, in keeping up warmth,
as do the larger animals. It is exemplified when
they have worked in surplus-boxes till late in the
season. Takeoff these unfinished boxes some cool
morning before the bees have all gathered into the
hive, and mostof them will fill themselves with hon-
ey before they can begot out of the boxes. The re-
sult is, that the honey swallowed is not digested,
and warmth created, but is discharged as ffpces
from each as are scattered, before they regain their
warm hives. Whenbeesareveryquietinthehivein
very cold weather, some must be on the outside of the
cluster— I mean the cluster inside the hive between
the combs, and, of course, colder than those inside.
But when the weather continues cold for months,
as was the case for the last two winters, those out-
side bees, stiffened by cold, are unable to change
their position for a wai-morone; their food is not
digested, their bodies become swollen with fiieces,
and they must leave to discharge it. If the weath-
er continues cold, the colony continues to grow
smaller in proportion to the length of time and size
of colony. Some colonies maintain the proper
warmth by having the honey distributed so that
they can have empty cells near the center, into
which they can creep for mutual warmth, being
morn compact. Bees can exist but a short time in
cold weather, when between combs of sealed honey ;
but they will, when propei-ly clustered, endure any
degree of cold for a time. When made warmer,
don't think them saf j until they ai-j warm enough,
and remain so long erough to enable them to
change places with those on the inside; otherwise
the result is fatal. If this is correct, it will show
those who have housed their bees and lost them that
they were not warm enough even then. I am aware
that some will say that they have thus successfully
wintered bees many times, proving to themselves
beyond doubt that they were warm enough, not
considering that the place that was warm enough in
1870 was not so in 1871-"2, because of the steady cold.
This is proved still stronger by not finding a single
case in the past two winters where the bees came
out right, when only a few were housed together,
unless they had the advantage of artificial heat.
In discussing this subject before, I have said:
'Try the experiment of keeping them warm.' I
would now say, that just this has been tried, and
success has followed. M. Quinby.

"St. Johnsville, N. Y."

Dr. Joslin then cpmnicntg as follows:

" V.'hile it is iShown that cold is the caupe of death,
the best temperatureis not mentioned. I will there-
fore quote from the ninth page of the same journal,
the suraminjf-up of the wintering of bocs, byS. T.
Wright, of Illinois. IIo snys: '1. A productive

queen, with bees enough to rear brood; 2. Suitable
combs stored with wholesome food; 3. A pure at-
mosphere, of a suitable temperature, about 40° to
.50° above zero being best; 4. No disturbance; to-
tal darkness and stillness being best for keeping
bees quietly confined to their hives.'

" This was 13 years ago, and the problem was
solved. I now come down to 1881, and quote from
the pen of Geo. Grimm, as recorded in Gleanings,
page 128, 1881. He says, ' Avoid late breeding in the
fall; also avoid winter breeding;' to do which he
keeps the temperature at 42°. Again, on page 329,
Gleanings for 1881, he says: 'I repeat, leave your
bees out as long as possible; they will thus consume
all unsealed honey they have, and you may be as-
sured that all brood will have hatched.' Another thing,
and one of more importance, is having bees so
chilled they will not again begin to breed till re-
moved from the cellar in the spring, if the temper-
ature is kept at 42°. Grimm's losses were 5 to 10
per cent, while H. R. Boardman's were nothinn, and
Boardman goes just the revei'se; viz., encourages
late breeding, also breeding in the cellar toward
spring, to do which he keeps the temperature at 4.5°
and upward. He says, if the temperature goes be-
low 45° they take on a bad condition; 42° is not
warm enough after they begin to breed, as, if lower
t lan that, the bees have to consume too much
food in keeping up the temperature. In deep wells
the oxygen rises, leaving the carbonic-acid gas to
settle, producing what is called 'damps,' which is
death to animal life. This principle applies to all
cellars or repositories where the air is undisturbed.
A two-inch (.ipe running from the stovepipe to
within two inches of the bottom of the cellar will
suck up the gas and change all the air in the cellar
in a few hours; but this does not regulate the tem-
])erature. I prefer the Boardman plan (see Glean-
ings, 1S8;3, Oct. No.). It is good as far as it goes. I
would add sub-earth ventilation, with which the
temperature could be kept at about 40° until breed-
ing begins in February, then resort to artificial heat
to keep the temperature above 45°. If the weather
should be very warm, raising the temperature too
high, then resort to sub-earth ventilation to keep
down the heat, which would be much better than
cakes of ice or tubs of water.

" Bees do not die in summer, fcfr they are warm
enough, and have pure air. These conditions are
all that is necessary to winter bees. All animal life
requires pure air, and bees are no exception.
When friend Hutchinson buried 57 colonies in one
pit, without ventilation, the bees consumed the
o.xygen, leaving onlj' carbonic-acid gas, which pro-
duced death. A little ventilation would have saved
them.

" As for the pollen theory, bees never eat it when
kept warm enough, hence that theory vanishes
like dew before the morning sun.

" Dr. C. M. Joslin.

" Clio, Genesee Co., Mich.

" P. S.— I should like to have spoken of the tem-
pei-ature of 60° to 90°, and the extra amount of
food eaten, the same as when too cold; of the break-
ing-up of the cluster to change about to eat; of the
medium between the two extremes producing quiet
and keeping the bees in the hive where they belong,
etc., JJHt I pause for this time. Dr. C. M. J."

There is much la the above that I should like to
critlciso; but the article Is now too long, and I shall

1886

GLEA:^^LVG}S IN B££ CULtViit.

251

be obllg-ed to wait until another time. T hope others
will criticise the above. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogeraville, Genesee Co., Mich.

A VISIT TO L. C. ROOT.

SOMETHING ABOUT THE W.VY FRIEND ROOT WIN-
TERS HIS BEES.

TN fiilflllmeut of a lony-cherished wish and pur-
ijp pose, I went east, after the recent Rochester
^r bee-meeting', to Mohawli, and spent a couple
"*■ of days with L. C. Root, son-in-hiw of the late
Moses Quiiiby, and e.\ -president of the Nortli-
Araerican Bee-Keepers' Association. Mohawk is a
pretty little Ne\v-Enj>land-looking- village in the
valley of the Mohawk River, from which it takes
its name. It must be lovely in the summer-time,
embowered in trees, environed with hills, and with
the beautiful stream just named flowing- through
it. Mr. Root lives in a neat story-andhalf house on
the edgre both of the river and village. Needless to
say, 1 received a warm 1-irother bee-keeper's wel-
come. The familj' consists of Mrs. Root, two
daug-hters, yet in the bloom of girlhood, and the
widow Quinby, a bright, cheery, intelligent lady,
young-er looking- than I expected to find lier.
Though a veritable member of the family, always
with them at meal-times, the widow spends most
of her time in a spacious parlor bedroom upstairs,
the most conspicuous object in which is a large
picture of her late husband, having a most lifelike
look, and wearing the calm, placid cxpressioii so
characteristic of the orig-inal during life. I could
have imagined I had seen him but yesterday,
though it was in 1871 I last mtt him, at the Cleve-
land meeting- of the N. A. Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion, when, though president, his native modesty
impelled him to vacate the chair, and insist on its
being filled by myself, as one of the vice presidents
—he felt so much more comfortable, he v>lciided, sit-
ting in a less conspicuous place. It w-as intended,
as a memento of the love and esteem cherislied for
his memory by those present at the Detroit Con-
vention, in December last, that the ))reseiit to his
widow, then and there got up, should take the form
of a portrait of Mr. Quinbi'; but when I saw the one
that had hung- so long on the wall of the piii-ior
bedroom I felt that it could not be superseded or
displaced by any substitute. So the committee that
had the matter in hand, being made aware of this,
concluded to present a book. The one chosen was
" Lord's Landmarks of History," a large-typed, beau-
tifully bound work, in five volumes, I think. Mrs.
Quinby prizes it much, si)ends considerable time in
studying- it, and is grateful for the tangible proof
of respectful remembrance, both of her precious
dead and of herself, to which it testifies. May she
pass a long, quiet evening of life in the bosom of
the family that loves her so well for her own sake,
and for the sake of the long-sinco departed one,
whose memory is still, and will continue to be, green
and fragrant, not only in the recollection of his im-
mediate descendants, but of all bee-keepers, wheth-
er they knew him personally, or only by his well-
earned fame as one of the pioneers and apostles of
modern apiculture 1

Of course, mj' visit was chiefly for the purpose of
gleaning all I could from the field of thought and
experience in which Mr. Root has labored so con-
spicuously and honorably for many years. But

bee-talks are almost unreportable, especially when
the convention consists of only two members. I
had the opportunity of inspecting Mr. Root's meth-
od of wintering, and the condition of his bees at
that time. The close-ended frames arc tied together
and set on a bottom-board, having a large circular
hole in the center. On top of the frames is a fac-
torj'-cotton cover. The compact sets of frames are
stacked one above another with considerable space
between tiers, admitting- of inspection from below;
and it was an interesting sight to see the clusters of
golden-banded insects hanging down, in some cases
even with the bottom-board, or even still lower down.
Then til rning aside the cloth cover, it was evident
that the frames were full up to the trim, indicating
strong stocks. With the thermometer at 40°, the
bees were very quiet— hibernating, I should say-
certainly in repose. These colonies, about 60 in
number, were in a portion of the cellar partitioned
off for their exclusive use, and right under the liv-
ing-room, where a base-burner coal- stove is going
day and night. Beside the stove is an auger-hole
through the floor, sulliciently large to admit the
passage of a small round thermometer, whose rec-
ords are daily noted and recorded. A number of
other colonies are housed in a repository not far
from the house. These we did not examine, for
they were rather uneasy, and Mr. Root feared the
temperature was a liltle too high, though not so
high as Mr. Barber tells us his bee-cellars often are.
Mr. Root has a couple of out-apiaries, as he consid-
ers his home field overstocked, there being over 1000
colonies within a three-mile radius. He finds the
care of these out-apiaries veiy laborious, and ques-
tions if it pays to keep j ards so far away from one's
residence.

Mr. Root kindly drove me over to Frankfort, a
little village about five miles distant, where lives
an old friend of mine, Hon. Harris Lewis, who has
for many years paid an annual visit to Canadian
dairy conventions, at which his presence is grt^atly
prized. Taking- an interest in dairying as well as
bee-keeping, myself, I have usually assisted at
these meetings, and spent many pleasant hours
with Mr. Lewis, both in public and in private. Mr.
Lewis used to keep bees many jears ago; and as the
heathenish insects were then, as now, very apt to
swarm on Sundays, he was in the habit of staying
home from church to watch them. A Baptist min-
ister in the neighborhood had commenced bee-
keeping with a single hive; and since Mr. Lewis was
staying home from church anyway, asked leave to
bring his one hive, that they might be watched
along with the rest. Leave was gr|ven, and the
minister's hive stayed all summer, but did not
swarm. In the fall he asked Mr. Lewis how he
could get the bees out of the hive, so as to rifle it of
the honey. Mr. L. told him if he would lift it off
the bottom-board, and wheel it home on a wheel-
barrow without any bottom, he thought the bees
would all be out of it by the time he arrived. The
minister came with his bottomless barrow on which
the hive was quickly placed, he starting on his du-
bious journey, and Mr. Lewis to go indoors and
roll on the floor with laughter at the mischievous
joke he had played on the poor parson, who soon
returned in a sorry plight, for he had not been wise
enough to walk ahead of his vehicle. The conse-
quence may be better imagined than described.
Mr. Lewis helped him smother the bees lemalning-
in the hive, and make a new start with the hive

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Apr.

minus the boes. He owns it was a cruel trick; he
would .not repeat' It, now tliiit he is older, wiser,
and better; but he thought then, if the minister
was naiigbtj' enough to get him to watch his bees
on Sunday, while he was preaching-, he deserved
some punishment. Mr. Lewis has lately remarried,
after a long- period of widowerhood. As we sat at
the tea-table, he remarked that he thought he would
start bee-keeping- again, to which a soft and gentle
voice responded, " No, you won't;" and I don't
think he will.

Mr. Hoot is a quiet, unpretentious man, liJse his
lamented father-in-law, but thoroughly up in bee-
lore, and well maintains the family reputation in
apiculture. . He is a good citizen, a warm Prohibi-
tionist, and his care in bruiging up his children is
evidenced by the fact that he never allows them
to go to the public school, from fear that their
minds might be unfavorably affected by the evil
inlluences of undesirable schoolmates. A black-
board._on the sitting-room wall, with a problem on
it, gave proof of the assiduous care and pains taken
in the home school. But not every family has a
mother, once an effective schoolteacher, able and
willing to add to househould duties the task of
teaching the little ones. My visit was all too short;
and, if practicable, I shall certainly accept the cor-
dial invitation given to repeat it some time, and
stay longer. W.m. F. Clauxk.

Guelph, Out., Mar. 1.5, 1880.

HOW TO PREVENT ROBBING.

SOME GOODHINT.S'ON HOW TO TET.T. WHEN TO
STOP EXTKACTING.

EVERY one who keeps very many bees will
sometimes have some trouble from robber-
bees; but considering the amount of work
that we do with bees, we have had but very
little robbing-; We do not raise queens to
sslli and do not have to open hives when there is
a dearth, of honey. We raise extracted honey onl.v,
and never extract when the bees will work on hon-
ey to any extent. We get the most of our honey
from white clover and basswood. Clover comes
first,* aild lasts until the basswood commences. The
latter is Uhe last from which we get any surplus.
During this t'vme we are traveling the roads ev-
ery day, ^oingfo our different yaiids, and are pass-
ing the'bftsswood-ti-ees. We keep close watch of
the blossoms, i;^nd can tell very nearly how long it
will last,' and we know that in good weather the
bees will fill a full set of combs in five or six days.

Now, when the end of the season is within a week
of its close we commence to leave in full combs of
honey. The first day we leave in on the back side
of the hive one comb full of honey. The following
day we are at another yard, and we leave intwo or
three full combs of honey— putting them in the back
side of the hive; the next day we are at another
yard, and we leave three or four, or perhaps five,
combs ot' honey. It depends on how fast the bass-
wood is giyihg out. Our aim is to have the hives
full of honey when the basswood flow is over. Our
hives hold nine combs, and wc keep on extracting
until the bees begin to steal; but just as soon as the
bee^ liegin to crowd into the house we cease extract-
ing, and our 'liivcs are by this means full of honey
and'bi-pod^ fiiit when honey is coming in rapidly
from basswood, the queen' idces not get a chance to

put in much brood. The bees usually gather
enough honey after the basswood is over for their
present needs, but no surplus. We always guard
against gettingthe bees to robbing. When we have
to open hives out of season, we do it just before
sundown.

HOW TO STOP ROBBING BY ME.\NS OF COLD WATER.

In this connection I will tell the best thing I ever
found to stop a hive from being robbed; i. e., use
cold water. I raise asparagus for market, and al-
ways have a large quantity of it in the fall. Now,
if I have opened a hive and got the bees " on the
steal," I cutalai'ge armful of asparagus and bank
up the hive with it. I then sprinkle on water. The
asparagus holds so much water that the bees can
not get into the hive, and the bees inside seem to
think that it is a wet daj', and they stay at home.
Wet the asparagus two or three times an hour, and
the job is done. If you have not the asparagus,
use straw or a blanket, or something to wet the bees
in their endeavors to get in. The idea is, to make
the robbers crowd their way in through water.
They won't do it. Try it.

HOW WE .MARKET OUR HONEY.

Our home market takes about 10,030 to 1.5,000 lbs.
We have our honey all graded as to quality. Our
first extracting- we retail at 8 cts. ))cr lb.; our sec-
ond extracting-, about!) cts.; best white-clover and
basswood, at 10 cts. ; in 100-lb. lots, one cent per lb.
less. We put up considerable honey in tin pails,
and sell at the above prices, with the additional cost
of the pall. Wekeep two stores in town stocked with
pails of honey— allowing them lOpercent for selling.
We give our customers the privilege of returning
pails when empty, if they wish, but so far we have
had but few returned. We sell from 6000 to 10,000
lbs. to the cracker-factories, who take our darkest
grades, four or Ave barrels at a time, paying- from
6 to 7 cts. We get our barrels back again from the
cracker-men at Dubuque. Our old neighbors who
have gone west, send back for 100-lb. kegs for their
own use; the rest is sold to dealers in Iowa, Minne-
sota, Dakota, etc. We sell our best grades of honey
at 8 cts. by the barrel of about 360 lbs.; no charge
for the barrel. In 1001b. kegs we sell for 9 cts. per
lb. Last year we sold 21 barrels to Messrs. Thur-
ber, AVhyland & Co., of New York, at S^i cts., deliv-
ered. After deducting freight and cost of barrelT,-
we had a fraction over T cts. for the honey. We did
not send any east this year, as the demand and
prices were better west. We have worked ofl' the-
bulk of the crop, having on hand now about 7000 or
8000 lbs. not sold, and that will be gone by the time
we get another crop. W^e usually keep over a few
barrels, in case our bees should want feeding, as we
never feed sugar. No, we have never fed a pound of
sugar to our bees yet, and don't want to. We find
it no small part of the bee-business, to work off so
much honey and olitaiu good prices and get our pay
for the honey. Last year we got caught on 13 bar-
rels of honey, amounting to $345.60, sold to Geo. W.
House, of Manlius, Onondaga Co., N. Y. The hon-
ey Avas shipped Nov. 6, 1884. Dee. 9, I received his
note by mail for the amount, due in a month. Time
passed, no pay. I wrote to him; no answer. I wrote
three or four letters. Once he replied, " Pay soon."
I made inquires about him, and found it was a bad
job. He has never paid a cent. I have his note for
,$345.60, for sale cheap. Who bids'?

Now I should like to ask our large honey produc-

1886

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTUUE.

ers hoTT they manage to get good prices for their
honey, and never meet with losses. Is there any
sure waj' to find out on sh"ort notice if a man is reli-
able and honest? E. Franck.
Phxttevillc, Wis., Mar., 1886.

Friend F.. you have given ns just tlie in-
formaticni wanted. See page liTH. Your
honey, tlien, nets you, even in your largest
lots, not less than 7 cts. — I am surprised and
greatly pained to tind that you have been
made a victim of George \V. House. For
more than a year I have been telling him we
should have to publish him if he didn't stop
purcliasing honey for which he didn't pay.
It is a very difficult matter for an editor to
decide how far he should bear with a man of
this kind before warning tlie bee-friends
against him. Mr. House purchased honey
in the same way from several other bee-
friends, including Mr. Clialon Fowls, of
Oberlin, Ohio. His plan is to give his note,
when his note is good for nothing. He has
obtained more credit, from the fact that he
has been a prominent writer, and a promi-
nent worker at bee-conventions. You did
exactly the right thing, friend F., in giving
the whole transaction, and I hope no one
will trust him again after this public ex-
posure. You ask if there is any way to lind
out on short notice. It is a little difficult
with bee-keepers, as they are not quoted in
our commercial reports as men who are in
mercantile or manufacturing business. You
can do this, friend F.: Drop a postal card to
us ; or, if the case is urgent, telegraph.
Had you sent us a telegram before you
shipped that honey, we would have wired
you back instantly, " Lender no circum-
stances trust the party a copper." Mr. II.
has been making promises all along to settle
up all these matters ; but I had no idea that
he had purchased from any one any such
sum as you mention.

FIFTEEN TONS OF HONEY.

HOW FKIEXD COGGSIIALL MANAGKS.

fRIEND ROOT:— Mr. E. France, page I;i2, gives
you his method of handling apiaries a\vay
from home. I have lour apiaries. One is ten
miles awa3', the others are two or ti\ o and
three niilcs respectively. For this purpc so I
usually lease plats of ground for three years, and
hire the man who lives ihere to hive the swarms.
Let me say, here, that fifty or sixty colonies in one
location will gather more honey than 2C0 colonies,
year in and year out.

I advocate mixed farming, and extracted and
box honey in the same yard. There are always
some colonies that will not work in the boxes read-
ily, and some that are not strong enough. What
extracted honey I get from these is clear gain, and
they are the better for it, as it gives the queen a
chance to lay. A good way to keep the qut^en be-
low is to lay thin pieces of boards over the frames,
say 3 pieces ,5 inches wide on a Langstioth hive. 1
would put them close together at the back end of
the hive. This helps, also, to keep honey below for
winter stores.

1 hired my help by the day for about a month last
year, except those I hired to hive the swarms.
These latter did not take olT any honej'. I had over

23,000 lbs. of extracted and 800'J lbs. of box honey.
One day, with the help of a man and a boy in the
forenoon, and a man and myself in the afternoon, ,
I took 3100 lbs. of extracted honey.

For a honey-house I have a building 12X16 and 8
feet high, boarded up and battened, with shingle
roof, and with matched flooring. Such a building
can be put up for f30, made out of hemlock lumber,
with third-class shingles. I have the door where I
carry in the honey, on a level with the ground sur-
face, so I do not have to step up when I am carry-
ing in a load of honey.

I always have a stationary extractor arranged so
lean draw the honey at any time; also a can for
the storage of extracted honey, with a faucet,
and set high enough to run under a barrel. A
cheese cloth, fastened on a hoop, fits the storing
can. This strainer can be taken and rinsed in two
minutes. I use, also, a strainer, or cullender, made
out of a tin pan set on a tin bucket, and placed
high enough so I do not have to stoop to work. I
have a place arranged to set the combs just as high
as the extractor, and as close as possible to the ex-
tractor. Each barrel, as it is filled, should be mark-
ed with the grade, when it is rolled away from the
storing-can, and a wire gauze nailed over the hole.
I always fill from the head, and I usually leave
the honey in the honey-house until I draw to the
depot. In the winter I get oak barrels that
hold 3.50 lbs., and wax them by taking out the
head, and, with a swab, I wax every seam or
joint. I use rosin, two parts, wax and tallow one
part. The whole secret is to have every thing ready.

I see Mr. France has a boy to carry three combs in
each hand. He should have a carrying-bo.x, so a
boy could carry 8 or 12 combs. He then could ac-
complish as much again work in the same time.
Here 1 am telling how other people ought to do. I
Intended to tell how I did.

MY STOVEPIPE SMOKER.

The smoker that I use is a stovepipe, 7 in. long,
with a bottom in ; a hole cut in the side with a slide
to shut it otf; a hook on one side, and a handle riv-
eted on 6 or 8 inches long. Hang the smoker as
thus constructed on the windward side of the hive,
with some fire and chips in it. The beauty of it is,
you can burn any thing, and you do not have to
keep blowing it.

I bought some of your brushes; they did not an-
swer my purpose, so 1 got some flue broom-corn
brushes, made 9 in. wide at the brush end. I have a
loop cord on it, and put it around the neck. Let it
rest on the left shoulder, and allow the brush to
hang by the right hand. It is always at hand wher-
ever you are, and you do not have to stoop to pick
it up. It is wide enough to clean a Langstroth
frame of bees at one or two sweeps of the brush.

I will say to those who contemi)late adopting the
reversible hive and frames. Go slow.

18— W. L. COGOSHALL, 220—400.

West Groton, N. Y., Mar. 4, 1886.

Thanks, friend C. Facts like the above,
from practical honey-producers, are what
we want. I would put in a caution, how-
ever, against the use of rosin. Years ago
we decided that any admixture of rosin with
beeswax would, in time, give the honey a
slightly resinous flavor. — Your stovepipe
smoker is pretty nearly the Townley smoker,
described in the ABC book.

254

GLEANINGS IN nEE CULTUllE.

Mar.

A SWARMING-BOX TO HOLD A FRAME
OF BROOD.

FRIE.\D KALER .S DKSCIUPTION OF IT.

f^ HE friend mentioned below has made a
h box for taking down swarms, arranged
^ so as to hold a frame of inisealed
brood, taking advantage of the well-
known disposition of bees to cluster
around and adhere to snch a comb. The
cut below, and description, will make it all
plain.

DESCRIPTION OF CUT.

A is a swarming-box made to
hold a frame of comb; made
perforated.

B, rests that hold the swarm-
ing-box in place. It also con-
tains slots to receive the handle.

C, the handle of different
lengths, to raise the box to a
proper height.

D, a frame of comb to place
in the swarming-bo.x for bees
to cluster on.

DIRECTIONS FOK USI^G KA-
LEli'S SWARMING-BOX.

Get your box clean; take
from the hive that the swarm
came from (if jou like), or some kaler'j swarming bj.x.
other, a nice frame of ccmb. Place it in the box.
swing the box in the rests. Then selact a handle to
raise the box just nncler the swiirm. When ready,
jar the bees into the box. In a few minutes they
will be all clustered on the comb in the box. If you
are not ready to hive them, or another swarm comes
off before you are ready to hive the first one, re-
move the bo.x from the rests and set it away in the
shade, being careful to cover up snugly. Place an
other bo.x in the rests, and pioceed as in the flr;:t
case. After the.y are all in the swarming-box they
are almost as safe as in the old hive. Now, when
yqu are ready to hive them (but do not be in a hur-
ry), get things ready and remove the frame from
the box gently, and place it in the hive. Cover up
the hive, having every thing in shape. Shake the
remainder of the bees from the box, in front of the
hive. Watch a moment, and see that they start in,
and it is done. W. S. Kai.eu.

Andersonville, Ind., Jan. 28, 1886.

GOOD REPORT FROM A LADY.

FROM 24 TO 48, AND 2820 LBS. OF HONEY; THE PRO-
CEEDS OF ONE COLONY, 279 LBS.

T DO not know that 1 i-ead any part of the varied
j^p matter in Oleaninos with more interest than
^r I do the reports from different bce-keei.'ers in
■*" ditfercnt localities. When we have had almost
a failure, the old adge," Misery likes company,"
proves true. In giving our report lor the season of
1885, it might be well enough to explain that my
position is only that of "general assistant in the api-
ary." The principal members of the firm are Rev.
J. S. Woodburn and W. M. Dougherty (the latter
being my only brother). In the spring we lost five
or six, and sold five, leaving us al)out 34 to begin
the season with. We raise mostly e-xtracted honey,
and by the 24th of June we found the combs full
and capped completely. We took 926 lbs., gathered

from the poplar-blossoms. I have been watching
in Gleanings to see if anybody else had poplar
honey. It is dark, thick, sticky, and very sweet.
Our children like it on their buckwheat cakes, but
it is not salable, even at a reduced in-ice. On the 22d
of July we took 1337 lbs. of beautiful basswood
honey, well sealed over. In September we took .501
lbs. of buckwheat honey, which, with 100 lbs. of
comb, made 2820 lbs. for our season's work, besides
leaving the bees an abundance to winter on. I
think our bees had access to nearly 100 acres of
buckwheat, some of it quite clbse to them. By the
way, how much buckwheat did your acre yield?
Ours yielded about 24 bushels to the acre. One col-
ony of bees gave 224 lbs. of honej'; it was a pure
Italian. Another, a Holy Land, gave 174 lbs., and
threw off' a swarm June 1st, which gave 10.5 lbs.,
making in all 279 lbs., the largest yield in the apiary.
I neglected to say, in giving the amount of honey
taken, that we also increased, by natural swarming
and dividing, up to 4S, which number is living yet.
Some of them liad a Hy to-day.

Mrs. Bell L. Duncan.
Black Lick, Pa., Feb. .'-, 18 53.

Our buckwheat J ielded pretty close on to
40 bushels per acre. Thanks for your excel-
lent report from the Holy Lands, my friend.

AN IRON SECTION-BOX FORMER.

SO.MKrHING 'J'HAT SKEMS TO BK A HKLP, EVEN IF
IT IS A LITTLE " M ACHINEJIY."

§OME time in February friend G. R. Lyon
of Greene, N. Y., sent us a section-box
former shown in the cut below.
The machine is made of two heavy
pieces of cast iron, arranged so as to
slide easily upon a board. Pushed up to-
gether tiiey inclose a square space a little
smaller than a Simplicity section box; there-
fore, when with your Angers you quickly
stick a box together, either one-piece or
four-piece sections, drop it in the former,
then, sliding up the movable piece of iron by
means of tlic liandle, every corner is push-
ed up smootli. and no farther.

LYON S SECTION-BOX FORMF.R.

The corners all come up, and also come out
of the former perfectly square, ready to have
the starter inserted, when it may be placed
directly in the wide frames or in the cases.
Where you drive tliem together with a mal-
let, they may lie square, and they may not ;
besides, the mallet frequently drives the
pieces in too far, where the grooving- saws
liave cut a little deeper tiian they ought to
do. AVliat looks more awkward than a neat
basswood section box, nicely tilled with hon-
ey, but out of square, because the owner
failed to give it to the bees square and true ?
It seems to me that this instrument ought
to have a large sale, even if friend Lyon has,
perhaps, got the price a trifle high. lie sells
them at i$1.00 each ; one-fourth off where 50
or 100 are purchased at a time.

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

255

DOES THE QUEEN LAY DRONE OR
WORKER EGGS AT PLEASURE?

for

FAf'TS TO PROVE THAT SHE DOES.

'N Mr. Dadanfs article ou page 95 of Gleanings
f for Feb. 1, he expresses his belief that the
[ external conditions present at the time of the
• laying- of the eggs by the queen determine the
sex of the bee to be produced. I have reasons
thinking differently from Mr. Dadant. The
queen will lay in worker-cells of foundation before
it has been worked out enough to compress the
spermatheca in the least, and these eggs will pro-
duce workers, and must have been fecundated by
the volition of the queen. The queen will also lay
eggs in queen-cells, as stated by Cook, which are
larger than drone-cells; these eggs, hatching-
queens, must also have been fecundated by some
other process than compression by the cell.

Another evidence, to me, that the laying of fec-
undated and unfecundated eggs is not automatic
with the queen is this: In the fore part of the hon-
ey season, when the colony begins to thrive, and
commences to make preparations for swarming, the
queen will skip over considerable worker-comb to
get to the drone-comb, and will fill it with eggs al-
most invariably. In the well-regulated apiary, but
little drone-comb is to be found; thereforo the comb-
builders will build drone-comb wherever they can,
even on the ends of fi-ames; and under the above
conditions, if you insert a frame containing both
drone and worker comb, the drone comb will invari-
ably be filled with eggs first.

Now, if egg-laying, or, rather, impregnating the
egg, were done entirely without the will of the
queen, and by the compression and non-compres-
sion of the spermatheca, whj' docs she lay in the
drone-cells first? And, vice versa, later in the sea-
son, when conditions in the hive are reversed, and
the honey-flow has almost ceased, it is almost im-
possible to get a queen to lay eggs in drone comb
without feeding, when the colony is in a normal
condition.

Mr. Dadant says that he has replaced drone-comb
with worker-comb in the brood-chamber, and the
queen did not seem dissatisfied with it; and he says,
" If the queens, while laying, were moved by the
desire to lay drones (eggs), our replacing of drone-
comb by worker-cells would bo useless." I suppose
by this, he thinks she would show her dissatisfac-
tion by laying unfecundated, or drone-eggs, in
worker-cells; but this would bo " against the rules,"
and not natural, and not for the good of the colo-
ny; and her laying the eggs in the proper cells in-
dicates to me that she knows what she is about,
and lays her fecundated and unfecundated eggs in
the proper cells, where they ought to be, and where
they will hatch out the proper occupants for the
cells they occupy. I tlnnk the colony and queen do
show their dissatisfaction when we replace a work-
er-comb to the exclusion of all drone-comb. They
build drone-cells in every conceivable place they
can find, flnd it is always filled with eggs as soon as
it is built, at a certain time of the honey season;
and some writers assert that they even remodel
worker-foundation and build drone-cells upon it;
and queens frequently go into the surplus-boxes
and deposit eggs if there is drone-comb to be found
there, and there is none or very little in the brood-
chamber. Drone-foundation has been condemned
for surplus-boxes, partly, at least, o:i this account.

In the last paragraph of Mr. D.'s article he sug-
gests that the reason the cells of the wasp are not
all filled alike may be on account of her inability to
obtain spiders enough at the time to fill all of them
alike. This may be so; but suppose that spiders
happened to be very abundant, and she could fill
them all as full as she does those for the females,
in which case, according to Mv. D.'s theory, she
would lay none but female eggs, and produce no
males. This would hardly be according to nature.
Also, if I am not mistaken. Sir John Lubbock says
that a wasp always takes the same number of spi-
ders. This would also go against Mr. D.'s theory,
and would show that she did not provision her cells
in proportion to her success in hunting, but with
special reference to their needs, both male and fe-
male.

Mr. D. also says: " When the eggs of animals are
mature they don't wa:t, but drop." 1 think this is
not so in regard to queen-bees; for a queen taken
from a populous colony, when she is laying, per-
haps one or two thousand eggs per day, will stop off
short, if she has no comb to lay in; and in case of
the wasp, suppose the weather were very unpropi-
tious, and spiders were very scarce, and she could
get none, she would have to lay in an empty cell if
she were obliged to " drop," as Mr. D. says.

I have not seen evidence enough yet to convince
me that the laying of eggs by the queen is auto-
matic, in the sense spoken of in Prof. Cook's and
Mr. Dadanfs articles. Edward B. Beebee.

Oneida, N. Y.

THE AUTOMATIC EXTRACTOR.

SOME HINTS IN REGARD TO USE OF.

fOUR description of the Automatic honey-ex-
tractor, as shown on page 53 of Gleanings
for Jan. 15, is very good, but you make a
very common mistake in your plan of oper-
ating the machine. Instead of starting with
a "quick impulse," j'ou should start very gently
either way, and turn about one-half way round;
then stop and gently but firmly start the i-eel in the
opposite direction, and the impetus given to the
comb-baskets will carry them off the vertical cen-
ter, and they will pass out to their several positions.
You may now increase the speed as desired; but if
the combs are very heavy, do not turn too fast, but
give just enough motion to throw out a part of the
honey. To reverse, stop the motion and let the
baskets swing clear by the center and nearly to
their position, " t'other side out," and then gentlj'
start the reel the opposite direction, and the combs
will take their new position without even a jar.
You may now give sufficient speed to throw all of
the honej' from this side, and then reverse as be-
fore, and finish the side first extracted from. If
the combs are very heavy or very tender, it may be
well to reverse three or four times, while, if the
combs are strong and the honey is now, once revers-
ing will be sufficient. If there should be any brood
in the combs, great care must betaken not to dis-
lodge it; but if no brood is present, you can let the
thing hum, and CO seconds is time enough in which
to place, extract, and remove four of the heaviest
combs; and if this is not fast enough, you must get
a machine with more baskets. If you will follow
the a'-:ove directions you may fill the baskets in the

2-56

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTUllE.

Apr.

inoriiing' with hens' eggs, and reverse them all day
wltliout cracking- a shell.

Your plan of starting' a branch snpply-housc at
the South, I think, is an excellent one, os it will be
a g-rcat saving- of freight and cxijress charges to
your customers, in that section. We have also
rtarted a factory to accommodate our friends who
want extractors at the far West and Southwest.
The new works arc located at Topcka, Kansas,
and arc carried on by J. E. Stanley, my brother,
■who has been, for (he past five years, in company
with me. G. W. SxANFiEY.

Wyoming-, N. Y.

HOW TO CHANGE HYBRIDS TO PURE
ITALIANS.

ALSO SO.METHING ABOUT FEEDING CHEAP FOOD TO

FILL THE BROOD-DEPAKTMENT JUST BEFORE

THE HONEY SEASON OPENS.

T HAVE Ave swarms of pure Italians, and nine
||p STarms of hybrids and blacks. I -wish to raise
lir queens from my Italians, and Italianize all my
^ hjbrids and blacks, this spring-, before they can
raise drones to mate with their young queens.
I am sick of the hybrids and blacks. Now, what
is my best and surest way to do it?

When granulated sugar can be bought for 8 cts.
per lb., and comb honey can be sold for 11 to 13 cts. per
lb., will it not pay to fe3d bees enough sugar syrup
for breeding purposes, and to fill the brood-combs,
so that what honey they gather may be stored in
the sections or bo.xcs?

I mail you, in a small box, a small vial containing-
a sample of sorghum, which ccst me 15 cts. per gal.
How would it do to feed bees with, after the weath-
er gets warm enough so that they Hy nearly every
day? W. H. C.

Bucklin, Mo., Feb. 27, 1886.

Friend C., if you have no black bees in
your vicinity, the matter can be very easily
managed. Encourage the production of
drones in yonr hybrids and full-blood colo-
nies by every means in your power, such as
stimulative feeding, and put drone-comb in
the center of the brood-nest, before the
black bees will ordinarily want it to start
drones. Then cut out all drone-brood from
your blacks as soon as it appears. Now raise
young queens from your best Italian stocks,
and there will be a great probability that
they will be purely mated ; yes, even if there
are black bees in your neighborhood. As
soon as you find, by tlieir progeny, they are
purely mated, well and good ; if not, discard
them, and soon.— If your bees are lacking in
stores, and do not get all they need from
fruit-bloom, it will most assuredly pay you
to fill up the brood-apartment pretty well
just before honey begins to come in. For
this kind of spring feeding you can take any
kind of food the bees will carry into their
hives. Your sorghum syrup is just as good
to raise brood as granulated sugar; and per-
haps better, if the bees will take it, and they
generally will in the spring, when they can
fly. Of course, if you value your reputation
as a honey-producer, you want to be very
sure that not a drop of this goes into the
sections. I do not think it will be a very
dilticult matter to manage this.

HOUSE APIARIES, AND THE WINTER-
ING PROBLEM.

OLIVER FOSTER'S 14-HIVE HOUSE-APIARV.

N page 178, March 1, friend Wm. F. Chirke auks
for the republication of my description of a
house-apiary as given in May, 1883. In his
foot-notes to friend Clarke's article, the edit-
or says: "Before republishing the article,
we should like to have him tell us how it answers by
this time."

After the added experience of four j'ears, I can
say that there are important advantages in the
house-apiary i-eferred to. In fact, I am more firmly
decided than ever that the fundamental principles
of the most successful system of management are
comprehended in the main features of this plan.
You remember that I "set my foot down" on this
point at the time, and it is there as flat as ever to-
day. While nearly all hands and minds of the bee-
fraternit.y have been at work on the wintering prob-
lem, bringing about important developments on
the line of cellars and sub-earth ventilators, a con-
siderable proportion of my time, money, and mid-
night meditations have been expended in the effort
to avoid the disadvantages, and appropriate the ad-
vantages, of the H-hive house-apiary, with special
reference to the wintering problem.

I have each year added improvements; each win-
ter I have tested the new plan as far as developed,
w-ith nearly my whole number of colonies, but
never following the same plan any two years. After
these numerous modifications, the careless observer
might not recognize in my present appliances and
methods the original house - apiary; but the im-
portant principles are all there.

1. Economj' of ground room in the apiary.

2. Econom.y of steps in handling.

3. Economy of chaff in packing.

4. And, most important, economy of the heat of
the bees by bringing- the colonies so close together
that they keep each other warm. But,

WHY ECONOMIZE HEAT

so carefully while we hear of so many colonies
dying- from being " packed up too warm "?

Beg pardon, but I don't believe bees were ever
packed too warm, if they had plenty of /rc«?i air;
and it is to enable us to give this air that we wish to
economize heat as far as possible. If 3'ou will pre-
sent your nose at the entrance of one of these
closely packed colonies I think you will be con-
vinced that something more than heat and mois-
ture is escaping.

The fact, that from five to ten pounds of honey
(but a small per cent of which is water) passes off
through the air from a colony during winter con-
finemejt, tells the same story.

Does the science of ventilating a bee-hive differ
so much, after all, from that of ventilating- public
buildings? In scientific discussions on the ventila-
tion of buildings we do not hear veiy much about
the injurious effects of moisture. We do not find
the attics of our churches and schoolhouses packed
with " absorbing materials." They tell us that poi-
sonous impurities, carbonic acid, etc., are constant-
ly being thrown into the air from every breathing
tiling, and that these poisons cause-certain death to
man, beast, or insect, unless carried away by the
air.

\Vc would not undere; timfVte the importance of

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

257

complyiuy witb all the conditions necessary for re-
ducing'to the minimum the iicoumulation of this
refuse matter, which seems to be the objective
point of most efforts at present. But I think the
lack of ventilation is a potent cause of over-eon-
sumption of stores, and consequent accumulation
of fecal matter.

We have also reason io believe that, with perfect
ventilation and a high temperature in th3 hive,
which can be combined only by the house-apiary
principle, a large ]>er cent of the refuse matter will
be discharged through the air that would otherwise
clog the intestines. There are objections to the
house-apiary as described in the article referred to.
It takes an odd-sized frame, which is intolerable.
The hives are immovable, and it is difficult to get
all the bees out of a hive when desired. The bees
and queen arc liable to get into the wrong hive.
The house has no floor, only the ground. As for
bees getting out in the house, I do not consider
that an objection, as I have had no such trouble.
I would hardly advise any one now to build a house
just like this.

The details of just what I would advise I will re-
serve until I have had a little more experience.

Before closing I wish to thank you kindly, Mr.
Editor, for j'our kind words on page 90, and else-
where, from time to time. Such recognitions are
incentives to improvement.

10— Oliver Foster, 250— 2C6.

Mt. Vernon, Iowa, Mar. 4, 1886.

THE SOLAR "WAX-EXTRACTOR, AND
HOW TO MAKE IT.

FRIEND GREEN GIVES DIRECTIONS FOR ARRANG-
ING ONE IN A SIMPLICITY HIVE.

XtFOU seem to be the natural friend of the small
1^^ bee-keeper. Now, yoj can furnish this class
^Ib ^'^'^ solar wax-extractors at a very moder-
■^ ate price. Most of your disciples have the
Simplicity hive. To transform this into a
wax-extractor, make a sash for glass that will fit on
the top of a Simplicity. You can furnish these
sashes either with or without glass. Furnish with
them a sheet of perforated metal about 13 x IT, and
n sheet of tin 11!4 x 18'. 2 ; also, if ycu like, a dripping-
Ijan about 13 x 17.

The buyer of one of these outfits has only to place
a Simplicity hive on a tight bottom-board; place the
pan inside, blocking it up until its top is about three
inches below the top of the hive; lay the sheet of
perforated metal on this; put on the sash; put the
sheet of tin in the cover for a reflector; hinge hive,
sash, and cover together temporarily, and he has a
wax-extractor which can be turned back into a
hive at any time when so desired. On hot days no
reflector will be needed, S) that all it would be
really necessary to buy would be the sash and sheet
of perforated metal— any pan that will go inside of
a hive answering the purpose.

I have no doubt that, if you will get up outfits of
this kind, j-ou will sell hundreds of them, make bee-
keepers happy, and make a good thing out of it
yourself. I would go into the business myself,
only, as I said before, it would bo useless to com-
pete with your facilities. Even if I could make
them as well and cheaply as you could, you could
sell a great many more than I could, do moi-e good,
and make more money.

In use it is to bo placed on the south side of a
building, and the cover leaned against it at the
proper angle. If much wax is to be melted, time
will be saved by turning it a little, several times a
day, so as to face the sun; also that, if any one
wants to run the honey and wax into the honej^-
house, all he will have to do is to bore a hole
through the corner of the case and run a trough
from the tube in the tin pan, through into a recep-
tacle in the honey-house. Where there is much
honey in the comb to be melted, as where a large
quantit3' of cappings is to be rendered, this is the
better way, as the honey becomes overheated and
injured by being left iu the extractor long.

In regai-d to the use of a double-glass covering,
some seem to think that its purpose is to "draw,"
"gather," or "attract" the heat of the sun, just as
some persons say that a piece of metal or any thing
of a dark color "draws the sun." This language,
of course, is erroneous. A double glass attracts no
more of the sun's rays than a single glass or no
glass at all. The purpose of the double glass is to
prevent the escape of the heat that is within the
extractor.

It is a curious fact, that glass, while permitting
luminous heat-rays, such as those in sunlight, to
pass through it quite freeli% is almost impervious
to rays of heat radiating from any dark source.
The radiant heat of the sun, passing through the
glass of the solar extractor, is absorbed by the
beeswax, and changed into sensible heat, in which
form it can not escape by radiation the way it got
in. It might be carried out by conduction, but
glass is fi very poor conductor. Dry air is one of
the pcorest of conductors. A sheet of dry air, in-
closed between two sheets of glass, forms a very
perfect non conductor. Wc might compare this ar-
rangement to some kinds of traps. The heat of the
sun finds its way in easily enough, but it can not
get out again. A single sheet of glass will conduct
the heat off a great deal more readily than two.
In very hot weather I have made beeswax simply
by placing the comb on a sloping board in the sun,
without the aid of glass to confine the heat or re-
flectors to increase it, so I have no hesitation in
saying that a single sheet of.'glass will do very well
during most of the summer. A double-glass ex-
tractor, though, will melt wax [faster, ordinarily,
thus having a greater capacity, and it can be used
at many times when^a single-glass extractor would
not work. J- A. Green.

Dayton, 111., Feb. 9, 1880.

After the wax-extractor sent us by friend
Green was received and tested, we turned it
over to the foreman of our saw-room, and he
shortly gave us one as shown in tlie drawing
below.

SCALAR wax-extractor AS DEVISED >BY FRIEND
GREEN.

Til is wax-extractor is made exactly the
size of the Simplicity hive. A pane of glass

23S

GLEx\.WmGS 1^ J3EE CULTURE.

Apk.

is let into the rlni, exactly like the rim that
goes around an ordinary cover. This is
hinged t3 the body of the machhie. Anoth-
er lid is also hinged to the one containing
the glass. This latter is simply a Simplicity
hive-cover, with a sheet of bright tin pushed
into the inside. At the left of the engrav-
ing a tin tray is shown. This tin tray has a
lube at the corner to carry off the melted
wax. A pipe may be connected with it to
run the melted wax into the inside of a
building, if you wish. Inside of this tin
tray is a shallower one, made of perforated
zinc. This is to contain the bits of comb.
A handle is attached to each end, for con-
venience in lifting it out, and it is prevented
from going clear down inside of the tin tray
by bits of tin. Now, then, how low can
these machines be furnished V We can fur-
nish them, all complete for shipment, for
S3. 00 ; or with the above directions you can
probably make one.

SUB-EARTH VENTILATION.

A DISCOUKSE IN REGARD TO VENTILATING LARGE
BEE-CELLAKS.

F I were planning a perfect collar for wintering-
bees, I tliinli I would have it perfectly airtight,
except one place for the entrance of fresh air,
and anotlier for the exit of foul air, meaning-,
by "foul air," that which is not quite so pure
as the open air. The air that entered should come
through an undergrotuid passage, so deep and so
long that the temperature would bejustright for the
bees, making allowance, if necessary, for the air be-
ing somewhat cooled by the cellar walls and ceiling.
It should be capable of being kept perfectly dark.
Now let us see what the difficulties are iu the way
of securing this ideal cellar, and how, if possible,
we may overcome them. Suppose in our imaginary
cellar we make a small hole in one wall. Will air
pass in or out through this hole ? If there be a
large pipe to bring in air, and a small shaft to carrj'
it out, then air will pass out of the hole in the wall.
If, on the other hand, the entrance-pipe be small,
and the exit-shaft large, then the air will pass in at
the hole in the wall. If there be a number of such
holes, in the latter case air will pass in them all.
Precisely this condition exists in my house cellar.
There are three six-inch stovd^ipes for the exit of
air, and one four inch tube for entrance, being a
provision for the exit of at least seven times as
much air as can enter the entrance-tube. The re-
sult is, that instead of all the air coming in through
the underground tube at 40° above zero, a large
part, and probably much the larger part, comes in
thi-ough the various cracks about the cellar, at a
temperature varying "with the -weather, ranging
from 43° above to sometimes nearly 40° below.
As a result, I keep two coal fires constantly running
to warm up this cold air. To make matters better,
I must just reverse the present state of affairs, and
have enough air come in through the sub-earth tube
to balance all that can pass out through the exit-
pipes and the cracks in the wall as well. I might
close one or two of the exit-pipes, but I want to be
sure of enough ventilation for the 316 colonies. A
friend at my elbow suggests that I might stop the
cracks in the wall; but to make an air-tight cellar
is e.xcccding'ly difficult, if not impossible,

Thus far, I know my ground tolerably well; but
now I begin to grope, and my only excuse for going
on is, that I am anxious to find out from others just
what I ought to do, and perhaps I can best do so by
stating some points which I think I know, and mak-
ing guesses at what I don't know.

As data, I give the following from a card of the
Joliet Mound Co., of Joliet, 111. The first column
gives size of tile in inches, inside diameter; the sec-
ond, the number of gallons of water it will carry per
minute, at a grade of '.] ft. fall per 100 ft.; and the
third, tlie price at the factory per 100 ft.
4 163 $1.£0

6 4.50 2.50

8 923 4.00

IJ 1613 6.00

This table showed me how far 1 might get wi-ong
by mere theory, for I had figured that the carr3'ing
capacity would be as the squares of the diameters,
making the 8-inch lile carry four times as much as
the 4-inch, but it will be seen that it is nearly six
times. This makes me a little chary about theoriz-
ing about any part of it, and I should very much
like to a^k some one who knows, just what I need to
do, to ventilate and warm by a sub-earth pij)e, this
3lXo3foot cellar. In thinking- the matter over, it
occurred to me that by using larger tile, and partly
stojjping the entrance, a much shorter tube would
admit air at a given tempei-ature, than by using the
smaller tile. To find out iiow much difference stop-
ping would make, I went down cellar and closed
the entrance of my four-inch tube about one-half,
first having taken the temperature with it fully
open. After leaving the thermometer in it for half
an hour, I found, verj- much to my surprise, that the
rise was so little that I could not detect it with a
conunon thermometer. I then replaced the ther-
mometer in the tube, and plugged the tube up
tight, and left it four or five hours. On taking it
out, it was not so much as one degree higher than
when the tube was wide open. So I learned little
about the effect of partly closing- tubes; but 1 did
learn that, practically, 100 feet was as long as there
Avas any use in having my four-inch pipe; also,
that, at the depth it is laid ( the man who dug
it has just told me it was fully 4 feet deep), I can
not expect to bring in air warmer than 44' at the
beginning of winter, and 36° towai-d its close, always
allowing for inaccuracy of thermometers. (Bro.
Root, why don't you sell tested thermometers, even
if they do cost more ? ) Here is one difficulty : The
sub-earth air is colder in the latter part of winter,
than at the first, and it ought to be just the other
way, ought it not ? I don't see how we can get over
this difficulty. I suppose at this distance from the
factory, tile will cost much more. My four-inch tile
cost more than double; and in making any esti-
mate we might figure on double prices. The cost of
laying the tile vai-ies, of course, with the ground to
be dug. I think it cost me about fiO cents per rod,
or 3 cents per foot. It is clear, that the tile should
be laid deeper than 4 feet. I wonder how deep it
should be laid to bring in air at 4.5° in the latter
part of winter. I'm afraid it would have to be 6 or
6 feet deep, making the work cost perhaps .5 cents
per foot. Doubling the price of tile as found In the
list, this would make a four-inch tube cost per foot,
for tile and work, 8 cents; an eight-inch tube 13 cts.,
and a ten-inch tube 17 cts. As an eight-inch tube
carries six times as much as a fotir-inch tube, sup^
pose we close the entrance of the eight-inch tube to
about one-third its full size. That will allow twice

1886

glea:ni:ngs in bee cultuuI!:.

2oO

as much air to pass as the four-inch tube will carry;
but as the inner surface of the eight-inch tube is
double that of the four-inch, it has double the
warming- capacity; so with each tube ino feet long-.
A double amount of air may be brought in at the
same temperature through the eight-inch tube. It
would be cheaper to lay one eight-inch tube at 13
cts. per ft., than to lay two four-inch tubes at 16 cts.
Possibly, however, the two smaller drains might be
the cheaper; but the larger one would have this de-
cided advantage, that a large quantity of air could
be flushed into the cellar at any time, even if not up
to the desired temperature.

How would this plan do ? Use large tile, perhaps
ten-inch, laid so deep and so long that, at the begin-
ning of winter, it would admit air about the right
temperature; then every three or four weeks, as the
ground became colder, close up more and more the
entrance, thus keeping up or raising the tempera-
ature. Pei-haps I have done enough loose guessing,
and I shall be glad to be called to order by any one
who will show where I am wrong, and at the same
time show us what is right.

Referring to your remarks, Bro. Root, on page 169,
I don't think it would be well to add anj- dampness
to my cellar. I hardly see, either, the advantage of
a heated reservoir. Would it not cost as much to
heat the reservoir, as to heat the cellar direct ? My
three stoves will cost, in all, about $16 for the win-
ter. I fill them each morning and evening, and
that is all the attention they have. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111., March 3, 1886.

Friend M., I am glad to see that you have
gone into this matter so thorouglily. The
rate at which the air passes through tiie sub-
eartli ventilator, I think, will have much to
do with its temperature when it reaches the
cellar. If a stitt' breeze should pass through
the four-inch tile when the air outside is be-
low zero, it seems to me it could not be
warmed, say 40^, in passing only 100 feet.
The earth would be gradually frozen around
the tile, commencing at the outer end. Of
course, the depth would make a difference.
Well, closing the opening in its inner end
would, of course, make the current of air
pass slower, and this might be graduated,
probably, so that the ground would take the
frost out of the air as fast as it passes
through. In that case the temperature
should not keep getting lower until the lat-
ter part of the winter. I think a large-size-
ed pipe will be cheaper and better. The air
from my underground reservoirs is quite
warm and comfortal)le, even when the tem-
perature is below zero outside. Now, when
tile-factories are a good way off, and with
thin flat stones easy of access, can not an
underground passage be made with stones
cheaper than with tile, and so as to carry in
and warm a large volume of air? It seems
to me there is not a question but that tho
heat of the earth may be so utilized as to
warm buildings sufficiently to prove a very
great saving of fuel. Since my warehouse
is burned down, I am now obliged to build a
barn. I want to build it in accordance with
friend Terry's forthcoming new book ; and I
mean to have the stables, both for cows and
horses, made so they won't freeze in any
Aveather, and I suppose sub-earth ventila-
tion will do it. Our poultry-men, especially

those who produce eggs in winter, ought to
be interested in this matter, as well as those
who winter bees. You see, this is a broad
subject, and one of great moment to a large
class of people besides bee-keepers.

THE] CONGREGATING OF DRONES.

DO DRONES FLOCK TOGETHER IN LARGE NUMBERS?

AN INCIDENT THAT SEEMS TO PROVE THAT

THEY DO.

§OME time in June, 1885, friend .lohn Williams,
who lives near here, called my attention to
the fact that he thought drones were congre-
gating, above a hill, about a mile east of our
apiary. On the first favorable opportunity I
went with him to the hill, and this is what we saw
and heard.

As we approached the highest elevation, we could
hear a loud humming, very much resembling bees
when swarming high in the air. The most of them
wei'e too high in the air to be seen; but occasionally
one would circle lower, and, bj- the peculiar hum-
ming which they made, we were pretty sure they
were di'oncs. If we threw a stone in the air, it
would at once be surrounded; and as it fell to the
ground they would dart after it and follow it to
within fifteen or twenty feet of the ground. There
seemed to be vast numbers of them, extending
along the ridge of the hill for some distance, and
they must have come for miles around.

Returning to the apiary I watched the drones as
they flew from the hives, and nearly all of them
fiew toward the hill from which I had just returned.
Now, I believe that drones congregate in large
numbers, and the queen, attracted by their loud
humming, flies among them and is fertilized. I do
not know that there is any thing new in the above;
but of one thing I am pretty sure, that there is no
use trying to get queens purely mated every time,
if there are drones of other races within five miles.
Queen-breeders should be careful how they adver-
tise " no black bees near here."

RETURNING SWARMS TO THE PARENT COLONY.

Our bees commenced swarming about May 25, 1885;
and as the indications for a good honey season
were not verj' good, we returned all but a few of
the earliest swarms to the parent colonj'. By so
doing, in a poor season we obtained a fair yield of
honey {70 lbs. per colony), and kept them strong for
winter. My experience has been, that swarms re-
turned in this way work with the same energy as
swarms hived in empty hives; and after experi-
menting- pretty thoroughlj- in trying to prevent in-
crease we have found no other plan that has proved
to be so satisfactory as this. I am well aware that
many would not succeed with this method, for the
reason that, many times, swarms returned in this
way are inclined to swarm again, therefore the nov-
ice would probably, after a few trials, give it up in dis-
gust, and try some other plan to prevent increase.
It should bo remembered that, after returning such
swarms, we have a powerful colony, and therefore
they need an abundance of room. We usually re-
move two or three frames of brood from the cen-
ter of the brood-nest, and supply their [dace with
empty comb or frames of foundation. Great care
should be taken, to see that evei'y queen-cell is
cutout; for if one is left, they will be pretty sure
to swarm again. I know you will say, friend Root,

260

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Apr.

that they can build more cells. Yes, they can, and
will sometimes; but, once get them at work again,
and see to it that neither the queen nor bees get
out of room, and they will stay and give us such a
yield of surplus tis will pay for all the trouble we
have had with them. O. G. Kussei.l.

Afton, Chenango Co., N. Y., Feb. 8, 1886.

Many thanks for the valuable facts you
give, friend Russell. Something in regard
to this matter has already appeared in our
back volumes, but 1 believe we have never
had any thing as straight and direct as the
testimony you give. 1 have heard the drones
humming in the air, just the Avay you men-
tion, but I could not get a glimpse of them.
What astonished me at the time was, that
there seemed to be such a very great multi-
tude of them ; in fact, 1 could hardly con-
ceive how there could be drones enough in
several square miles to make such a roaring
as I heard, and I believe yon are rightabout
it. This makes it an easy thing for queens
to be fertilized quickly and surely, but it
also makes it a difficult matter to get pure
queens while there are bees in the woods, or
in apiaries, even several miles away. — Re-
turning swarms to the parent colony will
doubtless work well where there is only a
moderate yield of honey ; but where sw^aim-
ing gets to be a mania, I think it would only
complicate matters by making swarming
incessant.

EGG-LAYING OF QUEENS.

SOMETHING FUltTHEIl ON THE SUliJECT, BY FKIEND
CH.\RLES DADANT.

TN answer to my article of Feb. 1, p. 9.5, Mr. Cook
j^ says that he doubts that animals drop eggs, " at
^t just such a time, irrespective of surroundings."
-*■ Well, let him put a laying hen under a box for
34 houi's, and he will see her unable to prevent
her egg from dropping, although she would have
preferred to lay It in her nest. If aiien is unable to
keep her Ggg, how can a queen-bee, which, accord-
ing to Mr. Frank Cheshire (Becf^ and Dee-ltecping),
lays, in 21 hours, twice and even four times her
weight in eggs?

For at least half a century, some French bee-
keepers, with straw hives, have been accustomed to
make artificial swarms bj' drumming out part of the
bees. In order to ascertain <he presence of the
queen in the swarm, they put it, for a few minutes,
on a black cloth. The white eggs, which the queen,
if present, has dropped on the cloth, are easily seen,
and show whether the operation has succeeded.
According to the theory of Mr. Cook, as accepted by
the leading bee-keepers on both continents, the
queen not only knows the sex of her eggs while lay-
ing, but she knows, also, that her sons will be larger
than her daughters; she knows I hat the colony has
no need of drones before the swarming season; and
she is endowed with such presence of mind ihat she
does not make any mistake — laying drone-eggs in
large cells, and worker-eggs in narrow cells. Yet,
according to Mr. Cheshire, the brain of the queen is
small, as is also the brain of the drone, and conse-
quently the queen is far from being as intelligent
as the workers, whose brain is comparatively large,
and which, by their building of comb, their gather-
ing and storing of provisions, their care of the
brood and of the hive, etc., show that this enlarging

of brain corresponds with an increase of Intelli-
gence. Yet this intelligence of the workers is not
sufficient to enable them to discern a drone-larva
from a worker-larva, since they mak«, sometimes,
the blunder of trying to raise queens with drone-
larviP. Is it admissible, that, although less intelli-
gent than the workers, the queen would know bet-
ter the sex of her offspring? I think to be able to
explain the whole process of this laying of the
queens without resorting to imagination or the su-
pernatural, by referring only to a natural law.

To keep e\ery thing in its place; to perform every
chemical change; to preserve the life of every be-
ing; to insure the perpetuity of every kind, nature
uses a single force, or power — attraction. It is the
same force which keeps the innumerable worlds of
the universe in their relative positions to each oth-
er; which keeps the earth and the planets revolving
around the sun, the moon around the earth, and
prevents uU the matter composing our planet from
dispersing into space. It is the same force, also,
which attracts the slim sprouts of a potato, forgot-
ten in the cellar, toward the dim light of the win-
dow; the same force which attracts the rootlets of
plants to the bits of manure scattered in the soil;
the same which directs the anthers of some flowers
to bend toward the pistil to sjn-ead on it their fecun-
dating dust. It is the same force which, under the
names of appetite, desire, love, instinct, etc., directs
the animals toward the acts which keep them alive
and perpetuate their kinds. All these acts are ac-
complished Llindly by the animals. Nature docs
not take the trouble to tell the cow, "You will
nurse your calf, to keep it alive and growing." Na-
ture'does not say to the calf, '• You will suck and
eat, to live and grow." She gave to the cow the
blind desire of nursing her calf; and she gave to
the calf the blind appetite for sucking and eating,
and she remunerates both with a pleasure. For not
only does nature use attractUrii to attain her aims,
but she remunerates with a sense of pleasure the
gratification of every desire. Such being the ivni-
vernal and unique Jaw used by nature to direct the
acts of all beings, lot us see how it works with bees.

As soon as a queen experiences a desire to meet a
drone, she goes out of the hive. She does not think,
" I will have my spermatheca filled with spermato-
zoids, then I will use these spermatozoids, one after
another, to change the sex of my eggs; for I know
that, if not impregnated, they would hatch drones
only, and drones are not able to do the woik of the
hive." Such would be her reasoning, if we were to
adopt the theory of the free will of queens. To
meet a drone the queen goes blindly, excited by her
desire; and afterward she blindly impregnates her
eggs, experiencing, also, the desire of their impreg-
nation, and is remunerated with a pleasure. This
act of fecundation being double, the desire ought to
be double also. The desire for this impregnation is
easily proved by the fact, that, in earlj' spring, all
the eggs which a queen lays are worker, or impreg-
nated, deposited in narrow cells. The queen avoids
the large cells given by the beekeeper, who wants
drones. As her eggs don't mature very fast, she
takes time to select narrow cells. But later, when
the eggs drop at the rate of one every ten or fifteen
seconds, she is compelled to lay them as they come,
not having time to hunt for small cells, in which she
could more readily make the necessary motions to
impregnate her eggs.

This desire also explains how a queen never com-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

261

plains of having only narrow cells at her disposal.
She doesn't care lor large cells, aad the race of
bees would be doomed for want of drones if nature
had not put a check to her desire to iniprcg-uate all
her eggs. This check comes from the workers, who
take care to prepare large and deep cells. If we re-
fer to the same law of attraction, we shall be able
to explain, also, this building of small and large
cells.

The queen is but partly mother. She can lay
eggs, but she can not nurse her offspring. On the
other side, the workers are partly mothers also.
They do not lay, but they nurse; even more, they
suckle the young.

For at least forty years it has been known that
the workers have two pairs of glands in their heads
and one pair in their thorax. Tiie anterior pair of
glands of the head is absent in the queens and in the
drones. They are fully developed in the young, and
atrophied in the old workers. It is in these ghxnds
that the milk, used by bees to nurse the young lar-
vte, is secreted. Mr. F. Cheshire thinks, also (and,
to my mind, justly), that the same milk is used to
feed the queen and incite her to la3\ The operat-
ing and subsequent obliteration of these glands
correspond with the double aptitude of bees as
nurses first, and as store gatherers afterward. While
young, thej- like to take care of the queen, and to
nui-se the larvu': when old, they are attached to the
fields, and like to store provisions. When young,
this devotion to the queen incites them to comply
with her desire to have all narrow cells; and as long
as she keeps pace with the building of the comb bj'
filling the cells with eggs, no other than worker-
comb is built. When old, the desire to store incites
them to build store, or large cells; and if the har-
vest is abundant, or if the prolificness of the queen
is equal to the rapidity of the building, or if the
queen is missing, the influence of the old workers
prevails, large cells are built, and in the height of
the breeding season the queen is compelled to fill
them with eggs.

Let us remark right here, that the same law ap-
plies to the human family. A young mother will
gratify all the desires of her youngchildren, regard-
less of cost, while a grandmother will bo more care-
ful about expenses. She will mend old clothes, and
economize, to save or to acquii'C property. The
drying of her bieast, like the drying of the milk-
glands of worker-bees, changes the aptitudes and
the desires in both cases.

This theory has not just emerged from my mind.
I explained it in some European i)apers about sev-
enteen years ago, and I am confident that no other
can explain as well this one of the mysteries of the
bee-hive. Yet something remains unexplained. Is
it the width or the depth of the drone-cells which
prevents the queen from impregnating her eggs?
There is a field open to the investigation of Mr. Er-
nest. ClIAS. D.VDANT.

Hamilton, III., March, 18te.

Friend D., I do not know bnt tliat we are
all getting into deep water in this snbject.
r think I can accept most of yonr reasoning ;
but in regard to old l;ees not being able to
teed larvte, if I remember correctly, wlien
this was discussed some time ago somebody
proved that old bees could care for the larva?
and food, just as well as any, where they are
obliged to. Perhaps somebody can point
out where it was.

THE FIRM OF JANE MEEK & BROTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

BY KEV. W. D. RALSTON.

CHAPTER IV.

THE DONATION PARTY.

"Jjp FEW families belonging to Rev. Mr. Mcek's
gfM congre'gation lived about six miles south of
j^E* his church, on what was called Crab-Apple
-^'^ Creek. There were not enough of them to
form a church of their own; and as they
liveel so far from the church, and were not able to
attend regularly, Mr. Meek often preached for
them and their neighbors. on Sabbath afternoons.
Thus thej' had many pleasant and profitable meet-
ings in their little red schoolliouse, and he finally
succeeded in organizing and keeping up a real live
Sabbath-school there. His labors for thet^e people
were much valued by them; and every winter they
and a number of their neighbors made a donation
visit to the parsonage. These were memorable days
to the Meek children. Those honest farmers came
in their large farm wagons, laden with all kinds
of farm products, which filled Mr. Meek's cellar,
pantry, and feed-bins, until the poor man was act-
ually harrassed to find places in which to bestow
his goods, and even meditated doing as the rich man
in the parable did -pull those down and build great-
er. Usually these farmers were accompanied by
their wives and children, who brought baskets well
filled with provisions.

A table was set, reaching from one end of the din-
ing-room to the other, on which were placed the con-
tents of the baskets. The minister and family, al-
though in their own home, were treated as guests,
and placed at the head of the table, around which
the others gathered, and due justice was done to
the good things before them.

There was always abundance of talk and laughter,
and all present seemed to enjoy the visit verj' much.
On this occasion some one had brought a comb of
nice honey. When it was passed around it turned
the conversation"on bees and honey. As Jane and
Tommy now knew something about bees, they were
interested and amused at what they heard.

Mrs Cole passed the honey without taking any,
saying, " I always liked the taste of honey, but I do
not eat anj', because I learned that, when the bees
suck the honey from the flowers, they swallow it
and carry it to their hives in their stomachs, and
then they throw it up Into their cells. I could not
think of eating what had come out of a bee's
stomach."

Mr. Meek replied, " Mrs. Cole, you are a little
mistaken. Bees do not carry honey in their stom-
achs, but they are provided with a little sack for
that purpose. You know the little animal we call a
ground-squirrel, or chipmuck, has a little sack in
each cheek, in which it carries grain and nuts to its
hole; so the bee has a little sack, not in its cheek,
but in its thi-oat, in which it carries honey to its
hive. You know that, in all animals, there is a pipe
that extends from the mouth to the stomach. In
the worker-bee this pipe is really a little sack, called
the honey-sack. We might almost call it an exten-
sion of the mouth. The stomach is beyond, and no
honey passes from this sack into its stomach except
what is needed for its food. If we say the bee car-

26^

gLEan1:ngs in i^EE cuLtOue.

Apr.

ries [the honey to the hive in the back part of its
raouth, it would be nearer the truth than to say in
its stomach."

Mrs. Cole asked, " Is it nice to cat what comes
from a bee's mouth?"

Mr. Cole said, " My wife us;s sug-ar, molasses, and
the dififerent kinds of syrups sold in the stores,
thinking these cleaner than honey. I have been
south, and have Wsited sugar-manufactories. If I
should go into details of wliat I have seen in manu-
facturing sugar and molasses, I guess she would
conclude that the cleanest sweet we have is what
we get from the bee-hive."

" Yes," said Mr. Meek, " not only the cleanest, but
the purest and best. Molasses and syrups in these
days are often made from corn, out of a substance
called glucose; or, at least, glucose is frequently
mixed with these. All such syrups are demanded
by the people, clear and nice looking. To make
them so they arc ti-eated with acids and various
drugs, which tend to make them unhealthfiil
as food; or, at least, I have been told so by physi-
cians. How different with honey! Nature, which
is only another name for God, forms the honey in
the cells of the flower. The little bee, a nice clean-
ly insect, sucks it from the flower, and carries it in
the back part of its mouth to its hive. I have read
that learned men, by many experiments, have de-
cided that the honey is not changed in the least bj'
being thus carried. It is just the same in the hive
as in the flower, only the ^heat of the Lire boils it
down, as it were, and makes it thicker. I think
nice comb honey like this is the purest and cleanest
sweet you can obtain. We might say it is just as it
comes from the hand of God himself."

" How about the wax?" asked one in the com-
pany; " is it gathered from the buds of trees?"

" No," said Mr. Meek. "Bees do obtain a sub-
stance from buds of trees, but it is not wa.\. It is
called propolis, and it is a kind of pitch, or bee-glue,
and is used to glue up crevices in th^ir hives. Wax
comes from the bodies of the bees; It is a kind of
bee-sweat, or bee- fat. On the back part of the bees'
bodies are five rings, and the wax comes out at the
joints of these rings in what are called wax scales.
When bees secrete wax they eat much more honej'
than at other times."

Here Mr. Jones, an Irishman, said: "Sure an'
bees must be curious lads, if they know how to do
all these things. Faith, an' I believe I would keep
bees if I knew where to buy somft. Do you think,
Mr. Meek, it would cost much to buy a couple, so I
could get a start?"

Mr. Meek replied, "I suppose you mean a couple
of colonies of bees."

"No," said Mr. Jones, "I mean a couple of bees.
A cock-bee, andj'a hen-bee, or whatever you may
call them."

A roar of laughter greeted this remark.

Mr. Jones looked around inguiringli', as though
he could not understand why they laughed. Mr.
Meek explained that his idea of starting out in the
bee-business, with only two bees, was rather f unnj*.

"Why should that tickle you?" said Mr. Jones.
" You all admire my flock of White Leghorn chick-
ens, and ] began that flock with just a single pair
—acock and a hen,[and now look at them. Why,
this fall I had over two hundred— all birds of a
feather. Why can I not begin with a couple of
bees?"

"Bees are quite different from chickens," said Mr.

Meek. " They will not live and prosper, unless in a
hive, and that must contain a queen-bee and sever-
al thousand workers."

For some time they joked Mr. Jones about his
cock-bee and hen-bee, and then Mr. Smith told a
joke about one of his neighbors, an Irishman who
had recently come to this country, and bought a
small farm ncai- him. One hot day, said Irishman
was plowing his potatoes with a quiet, gentle old
mare. In one corner of his tield were some hazel-
bushes into which he drove the animal, when all
at once she began to prance and kick, and, turning
around, rushed across the field as though some
terrible thing were after her. Jerry manfully held
to the lines and plow, and finally quieted the ani-
mal, but not until his shouting at her to stop had
brought his wife to tiie field to learn what was the
matter. Jerry asked his wife to hold the lines
while he went to the hazel-bush to inv'cstigate the
cause of the runaway. He came back with the
news that there was a nest of bees in there on a
little bush.

"Now, Peggy," says he, " if you will bring me the
little box that is by the well I will put them into it,
and they will make us honey."

Peggy returned with the box, and Jerry Avent
cautiously into the brush; but he soon came out as
rapidly as his old mare had done; and from the
way he flung his arras around, it appeared as
though he had a dozen arms at least. In telling
Mr. Smith about it afterward, Jerry said, " I was
sure I was killed; about fifty of the bees give me a
dab, and each one raised a lump as large as a wal-
nut."

Mr. Smith said, "Probably ihey were not bees
at all."

Jerry asked what bees looked like.

Mr. Smith said, " Bees are about the size of those
green-headed horse-flies you see about j'our team;
they are brown, and some are yellow."

" Well, then," said Jerry, " those of mine were no
bees at all, for they were black, had bald faces, and
were as poisonous as a rattlesnake."

The company at the table laughed heartily at this,
for all knew that Jerry had been trying to hive a
nest of white-faced hornets.

Mr. Smith continued, "Poor Jerry had nothing to
laugh at. The stings made him so sick he had to
quit work, and was in bed most of the afternoon.
His face swelled until both eyes were almost closed.
There is one thing about bee-keeping I can not un-
derstand. Men who keep many colonies of bees
will woi'k among them day after day. I do not
think a person can work with them without receiv-
ing some stings. A single sting will lay me aside
from woi'k. How can the}' stand it?"

Mr. Meek replied, " The pain and swelling caused
by a sting do not come from the wound, but from
the i)oison left in the wound by the stiug. Our
systems will become accustomed to a poison, so that
it ceases to afl'ect us. Tobacco is a poison. When a
person begins its use, it sickens him. He experi-
ences evil effects from its use; but by and by his
system becomes accustomed to the poison, and
these effects no longer follow its use. In like man-
ner, after receiving stings repeatedly the bee-keep-
er's system is no longer affected by the poison as at
the first. He does not experience the same pain
from a sting, nor is it usually followed by swelling."

Mr. McMillen, a native of Scotland, next told the
company about the wild bees of his native land.

188(1

GLEANINGS IN ME CULtUIlE.

268

He said the binnblo-becs in Scotland are different
from the bumblchees in this ctiuntry, in that their
nests contain much more lioney. In his boyhood
he had spent many years herding sheep and cattle
on the hills, and had found and robbed many nests
of these bees. He claimed that he learned to tell a
bee laden with honey, from one with an empty
honey-sack, from the sound made as it flew by.
When a laden bee passed him he followed it to its
nest, if he could. He then marked the place so he
could find it again. These nests were left until
autumn, and, when well stored with honey, a num-
ber of i7crd-boys would go together some bright
moonlight night, visit all the nests, rob them, and
share the honey. He said, " I have been stung in a
most terrible manner on those nights."

Mr. Meek asked, "Would you receive enough
honey to pay for the stings?"

He replied "We were all poor boys, receiving only
very plain food— no sweets at all, and we felt richly
repaid. Each nest contained (luiteaniee mess of
honey. Of course it was nothing like the honey we
have just been eating; but I assure you it tasted
much better to me then than this honey does now.
After a night's robbing of nests we had honey for
several days, which made quite an addition to the
scanty dinners we carried to the hills. Each shep-
herd boy was accompanied by a dog, with which he
shared his dinner. I remember my dog was very
fond of this honey."

The conversation turned to other things, the
meal was finished, and the children were led by
Jane and Tommy to the barn, where they played
many rrierry games until the friends departed for
their homes.

To he continued Maij 1st.

REPORT FROM MRS. JENNIE GULP.

ALSO snMKTIlING ABOUT WOMEN'S WANTS AND

wo.mi:n's wohk.

fHE March No. of Gi-eaninos is just received
■ and contents examined. I find two things
in it especially interesting to me just now.
First is the statement, "E.xamine the bees,
and, if needing stores, feed them or give seal-
ed honey." Now, suppose you have no scaled honey
(which is the case with me for the first time since 1
liave been in the business). Would you give them
sugar syrup, candy, or more maple sugar in the
cake? Circumstances over which I had no control
prevented my feeding as much as Avas necessary
last fall to carry them through until fruit-bloom,
and I find some of them are getting short this early.
In answer, do not refer me to the A IJ C, for I sent
that to a dear friend .'';0 miles distant, last year, and
lent Prof. Cook's Manual to another friend in Dela-
ware, Ohio, and Langstroth and Quinby are also on
the wing; and, by the way, do not foi'gct to send me
another copy ot the ABC. I do not feel as if I
could "keep house" successfully without it. 1
have had four already; but somehow they do not
stay with me.

THE PICTL'HE OF THE WHEELUAIUtOW.

It just strikes my fancy. I certainly must have
one, and a lawn-mower too, if a lady can use it. I
will let you into the secret why I want them, Hro.
Kcot. I have a kind of mania for having things
look tidy; and having depended on "uncles and

cousins" for four years, my little stock of patience
is well nigh exhausted. When I ask to have my yard
mowed, I am invariably met with the reply, " (^h I
it does not need it yet;" and if I insist on its being
done, telling them I am willing to pay well for hav-
ing it done noil', they just act as if— "well, it does not
need it a bit, but T suppose I shall have to humor
you." Now, that takes all the vim out of me, and,
with your assistance in furnishing me tools, I will
try "paddling my own canoe."

Last fall I wanted my chaff hive remodeled so as
not to have to unpack in the spring. T got the idea
how it could be done by using your chaff hives,
when I visited you (and, by the wa.v, I visited ten
apiaries in that little trip; yours was the banner
apiary. Mine the second— not in numbers, but in
uniformity of hive and neatness. I have been
feasting on the pleasure of that little trip ever
since). I sent for a carpenter to come and do the
work forme, telling what I wanted done; he sent
back word he could not come. Not willing to be
put off, I then went myself; he not being at home, I
inquired of the "gudo wife" the reason. "Oh!"
said she, "he said it was just one of your whims,
and he would not humor you. The hives your hus-
band made are good enough for anybody, without
any change."

I tell you that " riled" me, to think he would not
even come and look at my proposed improvement,
but set it down as a whim, simply because it was a
woman's idea.

Well, the result of it was, I vowed a vow, and it
was this: That if the Lord would give me the
strength I would show some of the opposite sex
that a woman can " paddle her own canoe " pretty
successfully, without their assistance. Was that
wicked? The rtrength is coming, and, one by one,
I am gathering up the tools for the work. I have
one hive fixed, and the remaining .55 will (Provi-
dence premitting) follow suit as soon as the weath-
er permits.

Now, Mr. Editor, Ernest, and friends generally,
for fear you will think me masculine in writing
this way, I will tell you I am a little woman, not
weighing over 100 lbs.; and if there is any thing I
dislike, it is a masculine looking and acting woman.
This I am trying to guard against.

Mrs. Francis E. Willard, President of the Wom-
en's Christian Temperance Union, says: " There is
not one thing that men ought to do; there is not
one thing that ought to bo done, which a woman
ought not to be encouraged to do, if she has the ca-
pacity to do it," and that is my sentiment exactly.

I have been slow in sending mj' report for 1885,
not knowing in just what department to place mj--
self. I am not discouraged, although my honey
crop was an entire failure as far as surplus is con-
cerned.

If what (HI 1- president said at the bee-keepers' con-
vention at the Ohio State Fair be true (he thought
it was the fault of the bee-keepers if they failed to
get a crop of honey), then you will ha\e to put me
down as a failure. I5ut with due respect to him
and his opinion, I must beg leave to differ with him.
I think I am prone to be diligent in business, and
left nothing undone to secure a crop of honey.
The long-continued drought of the summer and
fall before, and the very severe winter following,
destroyed the white clover, from which we get our
l)rincipal crop in this locality.

264

GLEAKlNGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Apr.

REPORT FOR 1885.

Packed In chafit' hiv-es, 47 colonics, fall of 1884, all
well supi)lictl with flrstclns;" white clover honey.
Spring- of 1885, all booming' with bees, e.vcopting-
one colony, which died. ] considered that quite a
success when thei-o was such a general mortality
among- the bees that winter; yet no honey came of
any account; at least, not enough to winter them
without the aid of sugar. Wherein have I failed, if
the fault is in the bee-keeper? I put into winter
quarters 47 colonics, fall cf 18S5; two weeks ago
they were all alive, and had a good fly; but for the
first lime since being- engaged in the business, I
await the outcoming- with fear and trembling.

Is it true, the Ohio bee-keepers have had their con-
vention in the city of Columbus, and I have missed
attending? I certainly should have been there had
I known of it. Also, what has become of Mrs. C?
Did she get her situation? Is she selling honey for
some one with that mule team, wrapping oranges
down south, or feeding ducks and chickens some-
where on the line between here? I have been real
uneasy about her ever since I saw her advertise-
ment, for fear that she, with her overstock of am-
bition, would Anally land in the lunatic asylum. I
am told here in the Ohio L. A. there are more farm-
ers' wives than any other class of women; and I
can account for it in no other way than in this: We
arc very ambitious, as a class, and we take too little
time for recreation; consequently our ambition
runs away with our strength, and we break down
nervously. I feel condemned when I think of her,
that I did not write and tell she needed rei^t, abso-
lute rest, worse than she needed anything else in
this world, judging from her writings.

Mits. Jennie Cui^p.

Hllliard, Ohio, Mar. in, 1886.
Mr jTootl friend Mrs. Culp, 1 glory in your
ambition and energy. Tlic wheelbarrow
you speak of is exactly the thing for a wo-
man ; but I notice in your order that you
mention the large size. VVe do not dare dis-
obey orders, but I wondered why you chose
the large one when the small one seems so
])articularly designed for women, especially
for small women like yourself. — I agree with
you, that it is your privilege to have as many
whims as you please, providing you pay for
them, as we know you of course do ; and I
want'to say, for your encouragement, that
it is not women only who have l)een treated
as you have been, but I ofteil find men who
are employed here on our grounds who re-
fuse to do what'-I order them to do— or, at
least, won't do it without a controversy, be-
cause they thiidv it is one of my wliims, even
when I am perfectly at home iii tlie matter,
and they don't know any thing about it at
all. I suppiise there are extremes both ways;
but I think a mechanic not only stands in
his own light, but is a little out of liis head,
when he objects to doing wliat he is paid
for doing, because, from his standpt)int, it
looks like somebody's whim. — In regard to
rest, 1 do not believe I quite agi'ee with you,
my good friend. May be farmers' wives get to
the asylum because they are held by force
of circumstances down to a sort of work
that is to them drudgery ; but I think these
same women would "get mental health
and happiness by a change of work that
might require more.physical exertion than
what they liave been having. I, too, am

small foi" one of my sex, and people talk to
me continually about rest— yes, doctors too ;
but they are mistaken. I know perfectly
well what kind of rest I need. A few days
ago, after I had been reading letters longer
than I ought to have done, I felt as if I were
all coming to pieces, and as though my last
days were near at hand. I took a brisk walk
in tlie open air. but it did not seem to do a
bit of good. But I found something that
did cure me i)erfectly, and in less than half
an hour too. What do you suppose it was ?
AVhy, I Avent and got a potato-fork that is
just to my notion, in weight and make, and
then I went out into the garden where the
new agriculture is just beginning to " bud
and blossom," and I spaded the dirt for half
an hour. By that time I felt perfectly well,
full of spirits, reaily to fight (in any good
cause), or jump over a picket fence. Do you
know why? Why, 1 simply needed muscu-
lar exercise, coupled with some kind of work
that my heart was in. Tlie siglit of my
beautifully growing cabbages, lettuce, rad-
ishes, etc., and the thought of what that gar-
den is going to be this spring and summer,
gave enjoyment in the exercise, and made
me well, when I was ready to take up the
duties of the office until I was ready to take
some more of the same kind of '' rest.'"

EGG-LAYING OP QUEENS.

FRIEND HAYUUnST GIVES US SOME MORE PITZ-
ZMNG FACTS.

safe to say any thing further; but with such a
brave leader as Chas. Dadant, I believe I will ven-
ture a few suggestions.

On page 14, Prof. Cook says: "The fact that wor-
ker-eggs are often laid in cells which arc hardly
more than commenced; .... the fact that im-
pregnated eg-gs are laid in lai-ge queen-cells." Are
these facts? It is true, that, when comb-buildirg-
is in i)rog-ress, the queens will sometimes lay eggs
along- the edges in cells scarcely begun; but I have
seen no evidence that these eggs are ever developed;
indeed, I have learned to my cost that eggs laid in
cells not over one-eighth of an inch deep will not
produce queens. I stock iny cell-building colonies
with eg-gs laid in newly drawn-out foundation, and
have repeatedly failed to get queens from the very
shallow cells, and T ascribe the failure to eggs not
being- impregnated; so that now I do not use combs
for this purpose in which the cells arc less than
one-fourth of an inch deep.

It is not to be denied, that the (jueens generally
deposit the eggs in the queen-cells when the bees
are preparing- to swarm; but 1 have frequently no-
ticed, wlien examining- colonies in this condition,
that the unoccupied queen-cells have their opening-
reduced to about the worker size; these are after-
ward enlarged to accommodate the growing larvae.
One comb will often exhibit a number of cells in
the various stages of growth, from those not yet
tenanted to those from which the young queens
are nearly ready to hatch.

The mother-wasp, referred to by Prof. Cook, has
the opportunity of enlarging or reducing the size

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

265

of the opening of the cells in wbich she deposits
her eg-gs. Is it not probaWe that a careful observa-
tion of nJ? ol' her work will develop the fact that
she does thisV

Another strong point in favor of our theory is
the fact mentioned by me in the ai-ticle heretofore
referred to; namely, that bees that have nothing
but drone-combs for their bi-ood-nest will reduce
the size of the openings of the cells to that of work-
er-comb by building a rim around the edges. Why
do they do this, if the size of the cell has no effect
on the sex of the egg? I had a case of this kind
come under my notice last summer. Having a
good young queen i'rom which I wished to obtain
some drones, 1 gave her a full sheet of drone-comb
in tbe center cf her brocd-ncst; but the workers
(the scamps I) concluding that it was not good econ-
omy to raise drones at that particular time, built
rims around tbe edges of the cells, and raised quite
a lot of workers, much to my disappointment. I
have a great respect for the intelligence and rea-
soning powers of the queen, and I am not willing to
admit that she is merelj- an automaton in this mat-
ter. I have no doubt that she knows just wliat she
is about when depositing her eggs in the various
kinds of cells; but it appears to me that the weight
of evidence is in favor of the proposition that ex-
ternal mechanical means decide the sex of the eggs,
instead of the accurate manipulation of internal
muscles, which in higher animals are involuntary
in their action. E. M. Hayhurst.

Kansas City, Mo., March 8, 18S6.

Thanks, friend H., for the additional
liglit you throw on tliis strange subject ;
and, by tlie way, the point you make is a
good ilhistration of how very faulty our
reasoning may be, even when we think it is
very clear anil plain. I have seen queens
lay in the foundation, where the cells were
very shallow and had just been started, and
I took it for granted, as a matter of course,
that she knew what she was about, and that
worker-brood would be the result of this
egg-laying. But when you pin me right
down "to it, I have to confess I do not know
whether those eggs ever produced worker-
bees or not. We will try to have that mat-
ter determined this summer. I have often
seen drone-comb drawn out with a ring of
wax, as you mention, where the bees want-
ed to i-aise worker-l)rood in the drone-comb.
Now, I shall claim a little on my theory right
here. It was the bees, of course, that put
the ring of wax around the drone-cells, and,
therefore, it was the bees that decided
whether drones or workers should be raised.
Now, why isn't it the bees all the while, and
not the queen that determines the sex V

HOW TO EAT EXTRACTED HONEY.

HOW TO rUT THE CORKS IN TIIK MUTH .lAKS.

'E all l.now that wo can not taste honey in
our stomach; it is while it is in the mouth
that we taste it, and Prof. Cook has truth-
fully said that the point of the tongue is
the organ which appreciates it in tlie higli-
est degree. When you spread honey on bread, I do
not know of more than one way to eat it. If you
like it "clear," just try it this way: Take a knife
or spoon and just dip the point In the honey, then

"lap" it off', using the tip of your tongue; repeat
as often as you like, all the while cheAving the hon-
e.y, and rolling it as a sweet morsel under your
tongue. Not long ago two boys bought a pound of
honey at our store, and after warming it at the
stove they actually drank it.

PUTTING CORKS INT(J BOTTLES.

How do you put the corks in the Muth honey-jars?
T have never seen it done, and don't know what is
the best way. At first I tried putting them in with
a hammer, but I soon found that jarred out a flue
dust from the corlv, which fell on the honey. I then
made a press, which I am still using. Take a hard-
wood board, about 6 x 10 inches, for a base, and alev-
er of hard wood about 1 .x l'ixl6. Connect the
lover to the base by four or six strands of heavy
wire, making a loose joint near the lever. The lev-
er and base should be just as far apart as the bottle
is high. In sealing the tops, do not use pure bees-
wax, but take 1 lb. of beeswax and 3 lbs. of rosin;
it is much better, and a great deal cheaper. Use it
warm, but not hot. C. W. Costellow.

Waterboro, Me., Feb. 20, 1888.

Your method of tasting honey "clear"
is very similar to the way we test samples of
honey sent to this office. I grant, that, to
get the full benefit of the delicate flavors,
we must taste the honey in the way you de-
scribe. A good many small vials are
mailed here for the opinion of the editor of
Gleanings. Running the point of his pen-
knife down the neck of the vial, he with-
draws the blade, and, with its crystal drop
adhering, transfers it to the end of his
tongue. If I happen to be present at the
time, I sample it in like manner. It is quite
essential that one or more should express
their opinion upon the honey, as what would
be a disagreeable twang to one miglit be a
pleasant flavor to another. In general, how-
ever, the opinion of one or more will be
found to agree; and if there is an unpleasant
flavor, as of fall flowers, it is pretty sure to
make itself manifest. — You ask how we in-
sert the corks of the Muth jars. If you will
turn to page 846, last year, you will see a
cork-presser there illustrated and describ-
ed, whicli we use in bottling honey. Hav-
ing reduced in size the cork by means of this
little implement, we then force the cork in-
to the neck of the bottle with the palm of
the hand. From your description I had the
engraver make a diagram like the following,

A DEVICE I'OR PCTTING COUICS INTOlIiOTTLES.

and the plan upon which it works will be
readily apparent, 1 think. It is shown as
pressing the cork into a Muth jar, the cork
being just below the lever. The whole of
this lever is not shown, and should be of
such a length as to produce a very consider-
able pressure upon tlie cork when the hand

266

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

is exerted on the extreme end. Though
friend C. does not say so, it occurred to me
that he probably liad his chain loug enough
so that there would be a little surplus, or its
entire length as loug as the tallest jar. 13y
means of the hook in tlie board, and the sep-
arate links, the chain can be hitched so as to
be adapted to any desired height of bottle.
The same principle can be tried by placing a
jar in a suitable position upoii a bench.
Next nail a cleat at the proper height in the
siding of the work-shop over the bench, and
then with a suitable lever (one end of which
is placed under the cleat) the cork can be
pressed into the bottle. For different
heights of bottles, cleats can l)e nailed at va-
rious elevations. Perhaps the latter plan
would be found preferable by reason of the
greater stability. Ernest.

CONFINING THE HEAT OF BEES IN
THE HIVE.

A KNIFE FOR CUTTING SEED POTA-
TOES.

SOMETHING ON THE PLAN OF TERRY S ONE-EYE
SYSTEM.

«ERY likely many of the friends tested
Terry's system of cutting his potatoes
to one eye last season. The advan-
tages are, briefly, that we are by this
means enabled to have one good strong
stalk in everyplace, and no more. If you
let ten or twelve stalks of corn grow in a
hill, you certainly woidd not get a crop of
nice ears. Where you plant a whole potato,
and the whole of the eyes grow, you get a
lot of small potatoes, just as you would have
a lot of small ears of corn. Well, when we
have got our potatoes so as to have one eye
in a piece, we want as much potato around
this eye as we can have ; that is, we want to
divide up the potato in such a manner as to
have the eyes all separate, and a chunk of
potato around each eye. If there are too
many eyes in the potato to give each one
this good chunk, select the best of them, and
throw the rest away. To do this to advan-
tage, we want medium or large potatoes.
We also want the knife figured below, to
cut it just right.

HUMPHREY BROTHERS' IMPROVED POTATO-ICNIFE*

'J'he saving in seed is quite an item. But
our friends should remember that this plan
of potato- growing requires good soil. If you
take away the potato that gives the young
plant nutriment, there must be rich groiuid
or manure to take its place as soon as the
young plant has used up the supply of food
that starts it. We can furnish these potato-
knives for an even 25 cts., packed in a neat
little box, with printed instructions. f
wanted by mail, add 3 cts. each extra.

IS IT NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE SIZE OF THE

HIVE TO THE SIZE OF THE CLUSTER FOR

WINTER?

0F late years, many seem to suppose that it is
necessary to confine the bees ou as few
I'raraes as possible during winter lor their
safe wintf-ring, basing said supposition on
the idea that what is needed is the confining
of the heat from the bees in as small a compass as
possible; reasoning from this, that the cluster of
bees will be kept warm. The line of argument gen-
erally presented is, that ventilation, upper absorb-
ents, a vacant space above and around the bees,
etc., ventilates the bees to death, ou the principle
that warm air seeks the top of a room, and that, un-
less held thereby a tight ceiling, the room will not be-
come neai'ly so warm as it might otherwise do. Now,
while there is reason in this, regarding the room,
the same can not be fully applied to the bee-hive,
else many colonies of bees would die which now live.
Who docs not remember, in back volumes of
Gleanings, how often it has been given that the
only colony surviving a hard winter in a large api-
ary would be one in an old box hive, which was
split from bottom to top, so the snow could blow in
on to thcbees?orthatthec3lony whichlived was the
one the owner had overlooked and left all the surplus
receptacles on, the same os used in the summer?
According to the views expressed by some, these
colonies should have died, and those carefully pack-
ed, contracted hives should have preserved their
beef, alive. But the facts in bee-keeping often put
fine-spun theories to flight. I have often noticed
that in box-hive apiaries the best colonies of bees
in the spring would be those in a tall or large hive,
especially if the tall hive had stores enough in it to
crowd the bees down to the bottom-board, and keep
them near it all winter; yet, according to late
theories, these colonies should have died or been
the poorest. Here the bees were at the bottom,
while, if the late theories are coriect, the heat
would have been at the top.

Years ago, when I was a boy, father used to put
pails on his box hives in the fall, after he had taken
the honey-boxes off. These pails were simply plac-
ed on the hive, and the holes leadin through the
top, with no covcriugof any kind over them; yet
such colonies always wintered well. Accoi'ding to
theorj-, the heat should have been in these pails,
and not about the bees below; but I often
found, by looking in them ou moderate days,
that nothing of the kind was thei-e: but instead, the
pails were full of frost, that did not melt until the
weather became warm enough to melt it from the
outside temperature. Again, I once cut a bee-tree,
the combs of which showed that bees had lived in
them for years. These combs were six feet long, but
the bees had built ?.nd filled them with honey the
first year, for brood had not been reared in the up.-
per half of them, so that during the winter they
had always had three feet of air-space above them,
yet they did not die. AVhy was this, if there is
truth in this small air-tight-hive principle? Well, I
will try very briefiy to explain my ideas regarding
the matter.

A LIVING HIVE.

If we hive a natural swarm of bees in a large box,
and closely watch them work, we find that they

18SG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

267

suspend themselves i'l-oin the top in a compact
form, appearing lilse an inverted cone, wliich, to all
appearances, is nearly motionless, so that it will ap-
pear fis it' the bees were idle; while the fact is,
that these apparently idle bees are really the hive
proper, and, inside this, active work is going- on,
building comb, etc. This is easily seen by passing
a wire suddenly through the cluster horizontally,
and letting the lower half drop. Outside this living-
hive, or crust of bees, the temperature is often not
more than .'^O", while just inside they are working
wax nicely with from 90 to 95°, as I found last June,
by careful tests with my thermometer. It would
be interesting to follow this living- hive further, as
it expands until it finally touches the hive; how the
combs inside grow, etc., but space forbids, so 1 will
simply note the fact that they will fill the hive un-
less it is very large, or the supply of honey fails too
early. Now, as cool weather comes on and storage
ceases, this living hive contracts, instead of expand-
ing, thus keeping the heat inside its walls to a suf-
ficient extent for the prosperitj- of the colony. As
it becomes extremely cold, the walls of the living
hive become more condensed, until the larger
part of the bees are engaged in forming this hive;
still, I have yet to see a colony which does not have
an active force of bees in the center of this living
hive, ready to push their way out for an attack, if
the box holding the clvister is roughly disturbed.
It takes some time for thcFC crust bees to get lively
enough to tly; but the inside force can do so in a
second, in any colony I ever experimented Avith,
thus showing that the material inclosing this living-
hive had little to do with the heat of the cluster,
that being controlled by the walls of the living hive.
This living hive is all the while throwing off mois-
ture; and if the box inclosing them is of such shape
that this moisture will not collect about the bees,
they remain dry, healthy, and nice. This is the
reason why all kinds of packing are employed
to advantage, in my opinion, and why it was that
A. I. Kcot propcsed to winter bees in a felt hat
not manj' years ago. Instr.nces have been given
where colonies of bees have been wintered success-
fully in a large hive containing less than one-eighth
of the comb they should when filled; in fact, so lit-
tle comb that the bees covered all of said comb ex-
cept the outer edge all wint?r. But I will stop short,
and close, as this article is too long already.
Borodino, N. Y. G. M. Doolittle.

Friend D.. while J. A. Green and others
have argued strongly tliat bees will winter
all right when sealed up tight, even in a
glass bottle, jou are taking the ground
that they will winter all right without any
air-tight inclosuie about them at all, if I un-
derstand you correctly. Well, perhaps it is
a good idea to consider both extremes, and
both extremes have been defended in our
back volumes. I confess I have heen great-
ly puzzled to see bees so many times winter
splendidly when they were about as badly
tixed, according to the rules laid down in the
books, as they could be : and at other times
they do not winter at all, even when they
are fixed in the very best shape. I want to
take exception to one point you make; that
is, that there are always live bees ready to
make an attack when "the outer crust is
rudely broken. I have several times pulled
frames out of the hive, thinking the bees
were dead because they seemed so motion-

less ; and if 1 recollect aright, they were all
tied up in hard knots, even to the very cen-
ter of tlie cluster, and it took them some
little time to wake up and get ready to sting.
Where brood-rearing is going on in the mid-
dle of the winter or spring, of course they
must be stirring actively. And while I
think of it, I belie^■e these'colonies so knot-
ted up in the spring had no brood, and possi-
bly their numbers were so small their only
resource to keep from freezing was to knot
themselves up in this manner until tlie
weather moderated. I have seen them thus
in the fall, in the winter, and in the spring ;
but I believe very strong colonies usually
have a warm place where bees can go on
with the housework, even during zero tem-
perature.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

HAVE THE BEES THE POWER TO CONVERT WORKER-
EGGS AND SMALL LARV« INTO DRONE-
LARV^?

§OME time between the 15th and 30th of October
last I sold five queens. Two of them went
two days before the others. In due time I
looked for queen-cells, and, to my surprise, I
found drones capped over, and hundreds
more nearly ready to cap, these drones being mixed
all through the worker-brood and in worker-comb,
with a goodly number of queen-cells. Hive No. 3 was
examined, and found in the same condition; No. 3
the same; Nos. 4 and 5 the same. If the size of cell
has anything to do with the fertilitj' of the eggs,
how does it happen that, after removing the queen,
the bees should convert worker larvte and eggs into
drone-bees? The eggs and youngest larva> only
were drones. Now, this happened in five different
hives. The combs were built on fdn. bought of A.
I. Root. 1 fancj' I hear j-ou saying, " Drone-layer,"
"fertile worker," or something of that sort; but I
wish to say, " Not so;" this brood was in the hives at
the time of removing the queens, and young work-
ers were hatching all around it. Her majesty
reigns supreme when present, I am willing to admit,
but it scf ms to me the bees have something to do
with it in her absence. Each colony reared a fine
queen; but whether they were fertilized, I can not
say; but I have lots of di-ones, anyway. I would
add, these drones are smaller than those reared in
natural cells. J. E. Hole.

Kipleyville, Huron Co., Ohio.

Friend II., if you will examine our back
volumes yon will find this matter has been
discussed a great deal. While many of the
friends declare positively they have absolute
proof that the worker-bees can thus change
the sex of eggs or small larva% Prof, ('ot)k
and othei's declare it to be an impossibility.
Prof. McLain, at the convention in Detroit,
last fall, remarked as follows in regard to it,
as nearly as I can recollect. He said that,
although he had not succeeded in proving it
to his satisfaction. Prof. Wylie said, wlien
the matter was referred to him, that he had
not a doubt but that the l)ees might do it.
This has nothing to do with the question
you refer to between Prof. Cook and friend
I)adant ; for the above was managed by
the bees after the queen was taken away.

268

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

SAWDUST PACKING, VERSUS OTHER PACKING.

Bees that were led and packed in chaff or like
protection are wintering nicely in this locality.
But those that were left on summer stands, un-
prepared for such weather as we have been having,
have perished. I went into winter quarters with
65, all on summer stands.

I have been using sawdust for packing, for four
years; also chaff and dry loaves; but I should give
my preference to dry sawdust. I should prefer the
chaff hive stuffed with dry sawdust, also some dry
sawdust next to the bees on top, to hold the heat.
I have been in the habit of leaning a board over the
entrances when a cold wind is blowing directly
against the front of the hive, and moving it as soon
as it moderates or changes its course.

Moons, O., Jan. 37, 1886. Lewis H.vines.

HOUSE POAVER PREFER.\BLE TO STEA.M FOR CUT-
TING UP HIVE STUFF.

I have a one-horse tread power to saw stuff' for
hives and boxes, and can saw two-inch plank as
easily as one could wish. It is pleasant work to
make hives now, and I think it better than a small
engine. It costs less, and almost every bee-keeper
has a horse, so the expense of running it would be
comparatively nothing. It will thrash, saw wood,
and pump. I think many of the friends would like
them better than an engine, as there is no danger
of fire. The Fearless, I think, is the best.

Amity, Orleans Co., N. Y. .1. W. Utter.

Friend D.. please tell us where these horse-
powers can be bought, and what they cost.

BROOD AVITH THEIR HEADS AT THE ROTTOM OF THE
CELT^S.

I helped a neighbor take the honey from a bo.v
hive; and as 1 had a queenless colony I saved the
queen and introduced her. Afterward I found
some capped brood in the corner of the bo.x hive.
The heads were at the bottom of tiio cells, instead
of being against the cappings. Would you remove
the queen? Is she worthless or not?

Chas. C. Schwob.

Moundsville, W. Va., Feb. 12, 1886.

Friend S., I have never before heard of
such a thing as bees witli their heads to-
ward the bottom of the cells. If there is no
mistake about it, it is something I don't un-
derstand. I would not discard any queen
until I had tested her fairly.

HOW TO DISPOSE OF DRONE -EGGS, ETC.

Sometimes I find a frame of drano-comb, used in
upper story for extracting, full of eggs. What is
the quickest and easiest way to destroy them?

How much sulphur to a given ai'ca is sufficient to
destroy moth larva'? I am afraid of using too
much, and injuring the honey. I didn't use any
sulphur last year,'and got' along all right; but per-
haps I was running a risk.

Is a room that is beeproof also moth-proof?

Feb. 17, 1886. E. H. M.

There are several Avays of destroying
drone-larvie — washing them out of the way
with a fountain pump ; sprinkling salt on
them ; standing the combs in the honey-
house imtil the larva" die, etc. The A B C
book gives full directions for fumigating
combs. Where we use Italian bees, there is
not very much need' of fumigating the hon-
ey; at least I would not fumigate it until
traces of worms begin to be seen iji the
lionev. A bee-proof room is probably moth-
proof.

CALLING THE ROLL.

Feb. 11, roll was called. Nos. .50 and 58 failed to
answer. They were chaffed in on summer stands.
Of 80 colonics, half are in the cellar, right under our
sitting-room, where the children romp, and where
the organ is required to give forth the praises of
our heavenly King. Then, too, we have potatoes
in the cellar. The thermometer varies from 3.5^ to
40°, 45°, and 48'. The bees are all O. K. yet, and
seoni in good shape. I carried out several colonies
to day, and found no smell upon their garments-
no, not even a hair singed. Sam. II. Bolton.

Benton Uidge, Hancock Co., O., 1886.

A WARNING AGAINST USING FIRE AttOUND THE
APIAltY.

Last Saturday I came very near losing a great
number of my bees by lire. Tlie severe cold weath-
er we had here has killed the grass and the orange
leaves. I was cleaning up, and set lire, outside the
apiary, to clean up a place to make a fire outside,
when the wind caught the flame and carried it right
among the hives. It took all hands and the cook to
put out the fire. I did not lose any bees. It
scorched some hives badly, and melted some wax
I did not want melted, but I thank God that I got
off so well. D. M'Kknzik.

New Orleans, La , Jan , 1886.

HOW TO REMOVE POLLEN PRO.M OLD COMB BY
MEANS OP A FORCE-PU.MP.

I see by Gleanings of Feb. 1, 1886, page 105, E. S.
Hanson makes inquiry how to remove pollen from
old combs. As I have removed pollen from hun-
dreds of old combs, I will give my process. I take
wool-twine, iu lengths long enough to go around
my frames the shortest way. I tie two strings
around each frame a little way from the ends (my
frames arc 15'» in. long), to hold the combs from
breaking cut. I take a tub or barrel, and place
the combs in "criss-cross." As fast as I put in
combs, I fill up with Avater, taking care to get as
much water as possible in the cells; when the
combs are all in I put on a weight to keep them un-
der water. I let them remain 48 hours. I attach
the hose to my force-pump, and put the windmill
in geai', then place the comb on edge, with my finger
over the end of the nozzle to make the water go in
a flat stream. With a good wind, the pollen will fly
out lively. Hold the nozzle within six or eight inch-
es of the comb. 1 have to soak some of the combs
the second or third time. In the absence of a force-
pump, the extractor would do nearly as well. Not
one comb in 50 need bo broken if properly handled.

Valparaiso, Ind., Feb. 13, 1386. T. S. Bull.

If I understand you, friend B., your plan
is to soak the pollen in water until it is soft,
and then wash it out with a spray of water.
I presume a fountain pump would do it
nicely.

FLAT-BOTTOMED FOUNDATION AS GOOD AS ANY
FOR SURPLUS.

Gleanings for Feb. 1 is at hand, and I think it
alone worth the subscription price. I used some
flat-bottomed foundation last season. The thin,
for sections, did as well as any; but the thicker, for
brood-frames, was nearly all worked into the natu-
ral shape; that is, the bottoms of the cells were
worked down into the three little lozenge shaped
plates, the same as in natural comb. I don't know
whether this is always the case or not, as the bees
were not doing much at this time. The weather so

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

269

far has beeu very favorable for bees, the thermom-
eter having- been below zero only once, and warm
enough for them to take a good fly every few clays.
There is no sign of dysentery among thera j'et.
Fred AV. Cranston.
Woodstock, Champaign Co., O., Feb. 2, 1886.

Friend C, we suppose you mean the Hat-
bottomed foundation is as good as any after
the bees liave got tlie sliape of the cell to the
natural form ; hut the question then arises,
How much time does it take the bees, when
they are busy with a crop of honey ?

DRONE-TR.\PS, AND SOME SUGOESTIONS REGARDING
THE SAME.

I experimented last year with Alley's drone and
queen trap, and in each case, when I had a trap
attached to tlie hive, the queen was caught when
the bees swarmed, and tho swarm would i-cturn,
and settle on the trap. I think that, by having
a cone attached to the Jones' guard, I can use the
same as a queen-trap, and have automatic swarm-
ing in my apiary by simplj' putting one end of a
wire-cloth tube over the cone, and letting the other
end of the same enter the bo.v or hive, with entranc-
es secured by perforate! tin. The box or hive ma3'
be set on or near the hive which is expected to
swarra. The queen and some of the bees, when
they leave the parent hive, will enter tlirough the
tube into the box or hive prepared for them. The
returning swarm will follow, and 1 shall have only
to move the box in the evening to a new locition,
and the swarming is accomplished without any
watching or anj' attendance of the bee-keeper dur-
ing the day.

If you have tried this plan, let us have your ex-
perience. C. H. Ghote.

Mauston, Juneau Co., Wis., Dec. l-l, 1885.

Your idea is tiptop, friend G., in theory;
and all tluit remains is for somebody to put
it in practice. 1 believe we have already
had ai'rangements that were somewhat sim-
ilar in plan of Morking. None of them,
however, seem to have come into general
use.

DOES BLASTl.NG ROCKS WITHIN THE VICINITY OF
HIVES DISTURB THE BEES':*

I live right in the city. INfy lot is 50 by 13.j, with a
large house on it, so I have but little room to keei)
my bees. I work in the shop, V^, miles from home.
When my bees swarm my Avife telephones to the
shop, and I come home and hive them. 1 sold three
hives of bees for S^IS 03, and have three more engag-
ed for spring, if I have any left. They are building
a sewer right past my hives. Thej' have to blast
through solid roclf from 5 to 10 feet deep. Thej-
have from 'M to :5) blasts a day, and I think it dis-
turbs mj' bees, for I find a great many dead bees at
the entrance. ]Marsh.\ei, Dareing.

Waterbury, Ct , Jan. 2, U8o.

Friend D., if the l)lasting is to continue
any length of time, I think I would fasten
the bees in the hives and move tliem away
for a while.

how soon shall bees be packed for win-
ter? ARE CHAFE HIVES DESIRABLE?

A bee-man met me a short time ago, and in the
course of our conversation he turned to bees. He
asked me if 1 had fixed up my bees. " Yes," I said,
"early." Ho said he did not believe in fixing them
pp eomjilete so early for winter, for he thought it

was just like a person putting on all his winter
clothing in October. When the cold weather
would come, he could not feel them on him. What
say you, Mr. Roof/ 1 liave i)nt my bees away in
sawdust hives, and I spoke to another bee-man
about leaving them in the sawdust hives all sum-
mer, so that they might not bo too warm. Well, he
said he had tried bees in chaff hives, and they nev-
er gave nearly as much honey as hives that were
out ami exposed to the hot sun. So I thought I
would i-efcr the matter to you.

DoN.\LD Stewart.
Nairn, Ontario, Canada, Feb. 1, 1880.

Friend S., I suppose the locality of Cana-
da might make some difference in the mat-
ter ; but reports from localities, widely differ-
ent in climate and temperature, have invaria-
bly showfi that bees make more surplus honey
in chaff hives than in single-walled hives.
Your friend can easily satisfy himself of this
by trying a single-walled hive and a chaff
hive side by side. During hot sumtiier days
the bees iii the thin hive will crowd out in
great numbers, on account of the heat, while
those in chalf hives will remain comfortable
ifiside. We greatly prefer chaff hives for
snuifuer as well as for wiitter. This is
true, however, that there are times in the
spring when the warmth of the sun is bene-
ticial to thin hives, when chaff hives, on ac-
count of their extra thickness, are not warm-
ed up at all. On this account, it has been
several times suggested that the outer cover-
ing be made of glass, ificlosing a dead-air
space inside of the chaff. Du^'ing winter
and spring, the glass would keep off the cold
winds, but permit the rays of the siuito pass
through readily, warming up the bees as it
warms fip our solar wax-extractors ; and it
warms them up nicely, even when the weath-
er is zero outside. The objections to such a
hive would be, lirst, the expense; second,
without something to shade the glass, when
the sun becomes too warm it would melt the
whole inside of the hive down, and fiiore or
less supervision and manipulation would be
necessary. With a house apiary it might be
managed better ; and if it were desirable to
start bees to breeding very early in the
spring, there is hardly a question but that a
combination of a greenhouse and house-api-
ary would lix it to perfection.

THE GRANULATION OF HONEY NOT CAUSED BY
BEING EXTRACTED EARLY.

I believe it is generally admitted, that all pure
honey will granulate at the approach of cold weath-
er, which I And is not correct. My honey has not
granulated, neither did it last year, kept in a cool
honey house, in opentin cansithat is, loose covers);
also in light barrels; yet there is no appearance of
granulation. I have kept bees for (juite a number
of years, and iiave ncAer fed, all told, fne dollars'
worth of sugar to bees; and if my honey is not pure
the bees liave "played olf on me. My honey is Span-
ish needle. One writer, 1 think, said that if pure
honey did not granulate it was for the reason that
it was extracted too green. In answer to that, my
sister, living one-fourth of a mile from me, extract-
ed some before any of it was capped over, and hers
granulated at the apppoacli of cold weather, and
my honey stood in the hives a month after the hon-
ey season closed, and was perfectly ripe. All ^vas

270

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTUllE.

Apk.

gathered from the same source and at the same time.
Three years ago my honey was partly gathered from
what we call "jack-oak;" and that year it granulat-
ed. R. KOBINSON.

Laclede, 111., Feb. 15, imi.

Since yon mention it, friend K., T am in-
clined to think that well-ripened honey is
not as much inclined to granulate as When
it is "green/' as we often term it; and it
also occurs to me that honey from Spanish
needles is not apt to granulate when it is
thoroughly ripened. AV^e have had some of
a beautiful ambei' color, so thick that a sau-
cerful could be turned over without spilling;
and for all that, even zero weather produced
no signs of granulation.

ARE THEY BLESSINGS?

Though I differ with you in many things, I fully
agi-ee with what you said recently in Gleanings,
in regard to considering honey-yields as blessings
from God, and that it were perhaps safer to send us
more of them, if we would regard them as such.
By the way, is it quite fair to call the honey-dew we
have had, " bug-juice," and the like unthankful
terms, when many could have considered it a bless-
ing, as it came in a time when bees were getting
comparatively no honeys I extracted it mostly, and
used it for stimulative feeding; but as I did not
know what it was, and did not extract all of it, I
had considerable loss, but am the wiser for it.

Marshallville, O. ('. Weckesser.

Thank you, friend W. You are right, and
we will try to stop using any term that
sounds even in a slight degi-ee disrespectful
to the all-wise Creator. Tlie honey-dew has
indeed been a blessing to us in our business,
for it has kept brood-rearing going wlien it
would not otherwise have done so without
feeding; and with tlie large force of honey-
gatherers in our apiary, it is generally all
worked up into brood, so it does no harm.
Many of tliese things that seem at tirst to be
hindrances can be turned into blessings if
we handle them rightly ; and through it all.
our attitude of heart should be, "Thine be
the praise and the glory."

ROACHES IN bee-hives.

I liavc a few questions to ask about bee-keeping.
Did you ever have roaches in»your bee-hives? I
have two hives infested with them. I have changed
the bees into new boxes, and they are still in them.
I see they pick out the young brood in the combs.
Have you any way of getting rid of them?

Post Oak, Mo. J. S. Buuckart.

Friend B., the trouble with roaches, I be-
lieve, belongs to the Southern and Middle
States. We have none of tliem here. From
tlie reports given, I liave been inclined to
think they did buti little if any harm. If they
are picking the brood out of the combs, how-
ever, it is a serious matter. Will not a strong
colony repel them ?

LEAVING BEE-HIVES IN A SNOWDRIPT.

You advise us to leave our hives nearly or entire
ly covered with snow in winter instead of keeping
the entrances open. Now, have you over success-
fully tried that plan for one or two months at a
time? I lived the first twenty-five years of my life

within twenty-flve miles of Medina, O., and can ful-
ly realize the diflerence in the snowfall between
there and here. I have often resolved to let them
alone, with one or two feet of snow over the entran-
ces; but my faith in that plan has never held out
over one week at a time. This is a question of vi-
tal importance in this locality. We use chatf cush-
ions in upper story, with an inch hole in each end
of the cover for ventilation. This is an excellent
locality for bee-keeping, (hough last season was an
exception. J. II. M.vn.ning.

Sun, Newaygo Co , Mich.

Friend M., we have, ever since we kept
bees, rejoiced to see the snow all over the
hives so tliat they were entirely out of sight;
bat I do not know tliat we have ever had
them covered up entirely for as long a period
as two months— perhaps not more than half
that time ; but 1 have never had reason to
think tiiat a colony was injured by being
covered with snow, but quite the contrary.
Neither have we ever had any reports to the
effect that snow would hurt bees, unless it
was where the diainage was so poor that,
when the sun came to thaw the snow sud-
denly, the wet snow, or slush, would cover
the entrances. In that case, if the top of
the hive were light it might damage them.

SPEED OF BUZZ-SAWS, ETC.

When and how can I best move ten swarms in
chaff hives ten rods?

3 -Adam Leister, 7—10, 0—70.

Brunswick, 6 Ohio. .,(1—3. 3—7, 7 — 10.

Feb. I'.t, 1886. **"( X— S38, $20-$5, MX— $30.

Jlxplanation: The 3 here stands for 3 years of
beekeeping. The upper row shows increase in
successive years. In lower row, first figure in each
set shows cash income; second flgui-e shows cash
expense for that year; X stands for " experience;"
M, for " more." After name, 0 stands for surplus
honey in 1885; 70, for pounds of sugar fed; work,
not taken into account. At what speed do you run
buzz saws and cutter-heads? A. L.

Friend L., if you can move the hives after
a spell of cold weather that has prevented
the bees from flying, say from ten days to
two weeks, I think you will not have very
much trouble. See A B C book, p. 172. There is
much difference in the behavior of one colo-
ny under such circumstances, compared with
that of another. Some bees will take their
points and come straight back to their hive,
if you should move it every few days; others
will remeinber the location, even if they
have not had a fly for a month, or perhaps
all winter, and go back to the old familiar
spot. — Your interpretation of your charac-
ters and figures makes one thiiik you liave
been recently reading about Nebuchadnez-
zar and Daniel. Nevermind. It illustrates
how long a story can be told in a small space,
and that is a lesson that a great many of us
need to learn jtist now.— In regard to the
speed of buzz-saws, it is laid down in the
A B C book that the points of the teeth
should move at the rate of about 8000 feet
per minute ; but the kind of work to be done
has something to do with it ; also the kind
of wood to be cut. But the rule given above
will be found to be not far out of the way
for the generality of work.

ISSG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

271

FEUTILIZINC. CJUEKNS 1«Y MKCHANICAL MEAKS;
tOllMINCJ NUCLEI.

I notice in Gr.EANiNGS lor Ecc. 15, 188'), page 883,
editorial, that Prof McLain lias succeccU'd in "fer-
tilizing' queens by nieelianical means." I liave
been looking lor that lor some time in Gleanings.
I still don't know how, buthc pc that, as soon as jou
know, you will give it to your readers. It will be a
grand thing for nie and others of your readers who
are surrounded by black bees and log gums. The
season here has been unfavorable for bees this
year, although they have made enough to winter
on. I am a fanner, and do not have much time to
devote to my bees. 1 lo\e my bees a great deal bet-
ter than I do my plow; an 1 if I v.ore certain that I
could make money at the business, I would quit
farming and go at it right. I like G. M. Doolittle's
plan of forming nuclei. I have tried it a number
of times, and succeeded every time. That alone
has been worth to me more than Gleanings cost.
I have introduced iiueens by it when other methods
have failed. F. P. Hish.

Henton, Shelby Co., 111., Dec. 21, 18S5.

Friend II., I hardly think fertilization of
queens by mechanical means is going to
come into use very much, even if it succeeds.
You will have lo watcli the ages of your
queens, so as to take them at just the i-ight
lime, and then it will be necessary for you
to catch drones. The whole operation, it
seems to me, is going to be too much expense
to come into general use.— If I were you I
would stick to the plow until your bee-busi-
ness is so well established that it is a safe
tiling to give it your whole time ; that is,
make it a gradual work of letting go of farm-
ing and taking up bee culture. \Vhile the
bees may give much the larger prolit on the
investment and labor, there are a good many
risks about the businef.s.

natuual, swawming and non-sv/auming.
No queen, no bees; no bees, no honey. More
queens, more bees; more bees, more honey. Such
thoughts were in my mind in the spring of 188i;
and for experiment, two strong colonies were chos-
en, being swarms from the same colony in 1883.
One of these was to be tested by natural swarming,
and the other by artificial swarming. June 4feh, No.

1 swarmed, and, soon after, the old colony was di-
vided into nuclei of one and two frames each, all
having good queen-cells. One of these swarmed
(a mere handful), and was liived on a comb and a
frame with a little brood on it. These all raised
good queens; and as soon as hatching brood could
be spared from the new swarm, a frame was given
to each nuclei, building them all up e\cnly. Au-
gust 2d the new colony swarmed again, and, by
division, two more colonies were made. August 13th
one of the colonies swarmed and was not seen. No.

2 swarmed June 8th, and again the 21111.

The result of the season was. No. 1 an increase of
ten colonies and 325 lbs. of honey ; and No. 2, an in-
crease of two colonies and liil lbs. of honej', while
the best yield from a strong colony that did not
swarm was 15(i lbs. of honey. There was no honey
taken from the brocd-chamber, which was well fill-
ed for winter supplies. The average yield of the
apiary was 8 J lbs. of honey. In the spring of 1885,
on a farm seven miles from homo, were three colo-
nies of bees which I wished to Italianize; and as
there was no one to watch them they were divided

so as to prevent swarming, but failed in one in-
stance. Three dollar queens were used, and divi-
sions were made till there were IT new colonics with
Italian queens. The hives were well filled, and a
surplus taken of 353 lbs. of honey from the upper
stories. The division was carried too far for the
largest yield of honey. An increase of 7 colonies in
the first, and 13 the last trial, would have given a
larger surplus. In the first e.vperiment, those that
1 tried in 1884, allowing that the new colonies had
40 lbs. of honey each, the comparison shows that
division gave 725, natural swarming 271, and non-
swarming, 15G lbs. of honey. Successful as these
experiments have proven, I would not advise any
mathematical Californiau to waste paper in calcu-
lation of what he might do with 100 colonies increas-
ed in a like ratio for five years. L. M. BiiowN.
Sergeant's Bluff, Iowa, Mar. 8, 1886.

Friend B.,the point you make is a good
one ; yet much of the success you have met,
I think, depends upon the fact that your lo-
cality is not overstocked at all. On the con •
trary, perhaps there is honey for several
times as many bees as you keep. In such
cases, more honey will be secured by judi-
cious dividing or artificial swarming, and
by getting as many queens to lay eggs as
early in the season as you can. When, how-
ever, you have from .50 to 100 colonies in one
locality, so that the Howlers are all visited,
and the bees begin to crowd each other, then
there will be an advantage in the prevention
of swarming. I should say, that in any lo-
cality, not overstocked, more honey wall
probably be secured from a single colony by
judicious increase than with no increase.

A TKIP TO CALIFOKNIA; ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT
A VISIT TO FRIEND HAVHURST.

I have recently returned from ray winter's trip to
California, and have been and am taking pleasui-e
in reviewing old acquaintances and shaking hands
with old friends, so I would not forget you. I find,
that in central California, in the great river valley,
what honey they get is of no great value, being
dark and strong. There are a great many bees in
the trees, sometimes several swarms in the same
tree. In the foot-hills the honey, if they get any,
is likely to be better, that from the alfalfa being
fine. As nearly as I found out, the great honey
section is in the southern part of the State.

On my way home I stopped to see friend Hay-
hurst, of Kansas City, and was very glad I did so.
He has some of the finest bees I have yet seen, and
he knows how to care for them. To prevent the
queens from fighting, he cages each cell separately
before putting into the nursery. It is, as Mr. H;.
says, a mistake to suppose queens just hatched will
not destroj' cells remaining, or each other, for they
will so do if strong and vigorous. This has also
been my e.vpcriencc. Who lias a different reporfi*

I arrived at home and found my bees in good con-
dition for this time of year, and I hope so to keep
them. ('HAS. II. Bingham.

Edinburg, Ohio, Mar. 22, 1886.

wintering UEES UPSTAIRS IN A W.\RM ROOM.

Some time last season one It. F. Perrj', of Clarks-
ton, Mich., wrote me about purchasing some bees
or queens of me, and incidentally dropped the re-
mark that he never lost bees from wintering. In
replying to his communication I asked him how he

272

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

Apr.

wintered. Hu replied tliat he wintel-ed upstairs,
witii a stovepipe passing- tlirougli tlic room. I was
tlien very busy shipping' bees and queens, and
hadn't time to correspond further. His letter was
laid by and almost forgotten until I saw friend
Hutchinson's article in Jan. No., page 6, where the
idea is advanced that the temperature of cellars
may be kept even as highas9i)°. Then I thought,
"Why not put the bees upstairs where it is warm
and dry?"

I again opened correspondence with friend Perry,
and learned that for four winters he has kept bees
in an upper room, through which a pipe passed
from a stove below, where the family lived.

He prepares them thus: When cold weather is
well settled in, the bees are quietly carried into the
chamber; the covers are removed from the hives,
and a folded blanket laid over the bees; the en-
trances left all open, the room kept absolutely
dark, and as cold as possible, for six or eight days,
until the bees get used to the jar of the house;
then a Are is built below, and the room kept warm
all the rest of the winter. Has anybody else ever
tried this plan? Is it not much better than cold,
damp cellars? S. C. Psituv.

Portland, Mich., March il, 18F6.

SUCCESSFUL WINTERING IN BOX HIVES; A FACT
AGAINST UPWARD VENTILATION.

My father kept bees in Washington Co., N. Y.,
when I was but ten years old. They were kept in
box hives. The hives were set up about one foot
from the ground. The entrance was at the bottom
of the hive, about one-half inch wide' by four long.
They stood on- summer stands all winter, with no
ventilation except at the entrance, and the top was
sealed as tight as the bees could make it. I don't
remember of ever losing a swarm in winter. Fath-
er moved to Lorain Co., Ohio, when I was 15 years
old. I found a swarm on an apple-tree the second
year. T put them in a box hive, and carried them
home. They swarmed once that season, and both
swarms wintered well. The next summer I cut two
holes in the top of one of the hives, and put on two
boxes of a capacity of about .5 lbs. each. These I
took off in the fall, well filled. T laid a board over
the top of the hive. In the spring the bees wore
dead, although they left a good supply of honey.
The bole through the top of the hive was left open
during the winter. » A.Allen.

Tocumseh, Neb.

" CHAMPIONING " M){. HEDDON.

Its author may not have intended it, but the arti-
cle on page 171 gives the impression that, in my re-
view of Mr. Heddon's "separator record," I either
read carelessly, or, if I found any thing- upon the
(ipljnsitc side, I itupjjycsiscd it. I did neither. My on-
ly fault, if fault it can be called, was in not auiiiu
/»ac/f/((r ruouf/Zi, although I went back twice as far
as the editor said it was necessary. I went back
four {not "mimerouft") years, while the quotations
given, showing that ]\Ir. Heddon was once opposed
to separators, arc from writings five years old. I
have never "championed" any man, in the sense
in which I have bcenaccused of "championing"
Mr. Heddon, and never sliall. 1 have always fearless-
ly championed what I believed to be the truth, and
shall continue to do so, even if in so doing I am fre-
quently compelled to agree with Mr. Heddon, "or
any other man." W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., Mar., 1886.

QUIESCENCE IN WINTERING.

It has alwaj s been my aim to get the bees, while
in their winter (luarters, in that quiescent condition
mentioned by friend Doolittle, page 2V2. When I
can c'et them into that state, I always have good
success, and the amount of honey consumed is re-
markably small. With the experience of the past
winter I have concluded that I can the most effect-
ually accomplish it in the cellar, where, henceforth,
I think the major part of my colonies will be win-
tered. Christian Weckesser.

Marshallville, Wayne Co., Ohio, Feb., 1K8(5.

cedar hedge a good windbreak; HOW to
set OUT.

A cedar hedge makes a good windbreak for bees
in winter, and also a nice hedge around the house-
j-ard or garden. It is raised as follows: Dig the
trees and put them in a tub containing some water
and dirt, so that the roots don't get dry, or else they
will not grow ; then plant tiiem in a straight row two
feet apart. Cultivate them the first two years;
trim the new growth back occasionally. When
they have the desired height, trim off the top. In
four or five years you will have a nice green wall,
so thick and tight that a bird could not get through.
John F. Hockemayer.

Campbellton, Mo., Mar. VI, 1888.

a suitable bee-dress for a woman.

I think the neatest and mcst convenient bee-dress
for a lady consists of a linen ulster, which can be
slipped on over any kind cf a dress. For the head,
I prefer a light straw hat, with a rim of medium
width, to the edge of which is securely attached a
veil of brussels net, extending- clear around, in
such a manner as to admit of its being drawn down
over the face. This, with a handkerchief tied
about the neck, completes my bee-dress. As for
gloves, I leave them for those mIio can work in
them. Sarah E. Duncan.

Lineville, Iowa.

FROM ;!r) TO .''/O, and 5000 lbs. of honey; a good
report for sweet clover.

tE commenced the season with 35 colonies,
and increased to 50. Wc extracted .5000 lbs.
of choice honey, and have been aiid are'
now selling at 20 cts. per lb. at retail. We
are not selling- much at wholesale. Wtiole-
sale prices are about 10 tol2'.> per cent less. Tiie
honey was from alfalfa mostly; nearly all Colorado
fiowei-s furnish some honey, but nothing seems to
yield every year like sweet clover. Alfalfa failed
in 1884, but yielded largely in 1883 and in 1885. T use
chaft' hives; winter on summer stands, and last
year was more profitable than any other business I
struck. If 100 colonies would average as v.-ell as
50 or less, I guess I would take the 100.

R. H. Rhodes.
Arvada, Jefferson Co., Col., Feb. 10, 1880.

A FEW FA.CTS OF EXPERIENCE, FROM A LADY.

Friend Rant:— Wc hereby hand in "our I'oiu-th an-
nual report for 18S5. We commenced the season
with 37 colonies; and although we worked most of
the season against increase, wc closed the season

ISSG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

273

with 44 colonics and S2T lbs. extracted honey and 217
lbs. comb honej', and our bees all in g-ood shape for
winter. We wintered .?8 colonics in the cellar and
0 in chatf hi\es on their summer stands. All came
throujj'li in f^-ood condition. We weighed and placed
thom in the cellar Dec. 10, 188."). We took them out
March i;5th, and, weig-hing- them again, found they
had lost, on an average, '> lbs. and 6 oz. per colony.

The season of 1885 was a peculiar one— cold and
wet in the spring-, and cold and wet during- the
honey-tiow in September, Avhich cut ovir crop short.
Althoug-h not as g-ood as some seasons, yet it was
better than others, and we are well satisfied with
the season's work. We have to work against a
great many disadvantag-es in this locality, having
no white clover or basswood; but for all that we
have made mo.ney every season that we have kept
bees. Nearly all who have tried the business here
have failed, and given it up as unprofitable.
" Doesn't pay," is the cry. Our success, though
moderate, has not been through superior knowl-
edge of bee-keeping, but to giving a strict atten-
tion, to details, and doing a thing when it should be
done, mi.ved with a good deal of enthusiasm and
hard work. Had the others who have failed worked
as hard as we, they probably would not have failed.
Many times we have felt like giving up, as have all
bee-keepers sometimes. I don't mean all, but some
of them have been, and others yet will be, the
worst-disgusted mortals that ever lived, and will
almost wish they had never seen a bee. The dark
clouds pass away, and we feel renewed strength
because we have conquered, and rejoice thereat.
During the past season we have formed a few opin-
ions as follows:

That the Heddon method to prevent after-swarms
has never failed with us, and is the best; that wide
frames to procure surplus are as good as any. Last
season our opinion was in favor of the Heddon
ease; our opinion is i-eversed this season; that there
is little or no ditlerence in the amount of honey
gathered, whether bees are working on the L., Gal-
lup, or our own size of frame, size 10X12\i, every
thing being equal; that the Cyprian bees gather
more honey than the Italians, but they are poor
comb-builders; that hybrid Italian queens, crossed
with German drones, produce better honey-gath-
erers than pure Italians, but perhaps no better than
a pure Italian queen mated with a pure Italian
drone of another strain; that we don't like clipped
queens, but might change our opinion if our apiary
ran up into the hundreds; that we shall have a
good chance to test the merits of our five aci-es of
alsike clover sown last season as a honey-plant, as
nothing else yields honey at the time it blooms.

Rossville, Kan., Feb., 1886. Mrs. M. F. Tatman.

BEES DOING WELL— ONLY ONE COLONY LOST OUT

OF 105.

My bees are doing well. I lost only one out of
1(15. I tliink we shall have swarms by April 1. My
bees are all very strong, and have a large amount
of brood. I think it will be advisable for me to
extract from my upper stories, as they have whole
frames of sealed honey. They are now bringing a
great deal of pollen and some honey.

I think from the present indications that we arc
going to have the greatest honey-flow since 1882.
I am getting a good many of my neighbors to quit
the old log gums, and adopt in their stead the mova-

ble-frame hive. The bee-fever seems to be advanc-
ing- to a very high point in this portion of the State.
I tliink from this, if for no other cause, I can get
them to improve their bees. M. Simpson.

Gatesville, Te.\'., March 16, 1880.

WINTERING NICELY.

I have 48 good strong healthy colonics of Italian
bees in two-story chaff hives, all wintering well so
far on the summer stands. They have plenty of
stores to winter on. I fed each colony one dollar's
worth of sugar last fall. I lost but one swarm, and
the queen was a dronc>-layor, which was the result
of losing it. We have had nice warm sunny days,
so the bees would get a flight eveiy now and then.
From all apiwarances we may have a good sum-
mer for honey here this summer.
Lower Salem, ()., Mar. 5, 1886. Charles Haas.

KEEPING A RECORD WITH THE BEES.

I went into winter quarters in 1884 with 2fl, and
came out with one strong and Vo weak colonies.
The strong- one was the one to which I introduced
the Italian queen I bought of you. She had more
bees than three of the others put together, and I
got 105 lbs. of comb honey from this one— as much
as from all of the rest. Tu 1885 I incrca;-,ed to 38. I
doubled up to 35, and sold one. I then went into
winter quarters in 18S5 with 34 in good condition.
I have lost three from freezing. My bees had a
good fly the 7th and 8th of February. I winter on
summer stands. It was e.vceedingly cold here this
winter. The mercury was 20 below zero.

Total receipts on bees S.53.00

E.vpense 25.15

Net profits $27.85

I keep a record of all expenses and receipts, the
same as dealing with my neighbors.
Cowden, III., Feb. 18, 1886. A. W. Spracklen.

I,OST 4 OUT OF 15 COLONIES.

Bees are in good condition at this time; they are
having a good fly to-day. I have lost 4 out of 1.5,
fall count. I began the spring of 1885 with 5 weak
colonies in old box hives; increased to 15 and took
140 lbs. of comb honey, pi-incipally from red clover.
I hope to do better this season. J. N. Davis.

Moreland, Ind., Mar. 18, 18^6.

20]0 LBS. OF HONEY FROM 16 SWARMS T,\KEN
WITH A HOME-MADE EXTRACTOR.

We have had throe or four frosts this winter,
which reminds nic that I have made no report yet
for last season. I commenced last spring with 26
hives of bees, nearly all in old bo.xes, which I trans-
ferred to Simplicity hives. I made my own extract-
or and extracted 2C0;) lbs. of honey from 16 hives,
and from the other 10 I got about 250 lbs. comb hon-
ey. I sold four stands, and have twenty-four to
commence with this year. I received the saws you
sent by mail, and was glad to know that you are so
prompt in business as to correct the mistake at
your own expense. I have never dealt with any
one whom I would rather deal with than j'ou, for I
believe you to be honest.

Uvalde, Texas, Jan. 3, 1886.

Walter B. Fisher.

FROM 4 TO 9, AVU 400 LBS. OF HONEY.

I started in the spring of 1885 with 4 colonies— 3
strong, one weak; increased to 9, and took 400 lbs.
of comb honey, nearly all from basswood.

Georgetov/n, Iowa, March 9, 1886. Ira Williams.

274

GLEANINGS IN HEE CULTUltE.

APlt.

HOW SHALL WE PUT UP OUfi EX-
TRACTED HONEY?

IRON-JACKET CANS DISCARDED.

fllE package used for liquid honey by
the friends in California is, at least
for the most ]nirt, a square tin can,
either soldered up tight or having a
screw cap at the corner to pour out
the contents, as shown below.

OUR NEW 58-LB. HONEY-CAN.

A square tin of itself would hardly be safe
to ship by freight ; but a stout box can be
made to cbntain a single can, at an expense
not to exceed 7 or Sets.; and where two cans
are crated together, which is the usual way
the friends in California do it. the outside
protecting box can be furnished for an even
10 cts. The figui-es above explain the matter
so fully, no further description will be nec-
essary. The materials required for the can
are two sheets of charcoal tin, 14 x 20, and
two sheets 10 x 10. By reference to our price
list you will find that the tin costs 12 cts. for
the body, and about 8 cts. for the top and
bottom ; so the materials cost only al)out 20
cts. To make the can, you take the two
larger sheets and lock them together so as to
stand end to end. This gives you a sheet of
tin about 14 x 40 inches. Square it up true
and accurate, and lock the extreme ends to-
gether, making it a sort of oval-shaped can,
without top or bottom. Bend it at right an-
gles where the seams are, and then between
the seams, and your can-body is done, ex-
cept the top and bottom. Notch out the
corners of your 10 xlO pieces ; fold the edges
with a suitable folder, and they will slip on
the can tight enough to solder. Put on a
screw cap, as shown in the cut, and a handle
made of stout wire, and your can is com-
plete.

FRIEND T. P. ANDREWS' UNIVERSAIj HONEY-GATE.

The above is shown in an enlarged view

at the left, below the large cut. It is made
of a piece of stout charcoal tin, 2* x 8 inches.
A piece of heavy leather is fastened by four
rivets to this piece of tin. The leather is 2
X 3 inches, so that we have i inch of the tin
projecting on two sides. Fold this tin which
projects, in such a way as to take in the tin
slide, as shown in the cut. Before putting
the leather on, we solder securely to this
piece of tin the loose top of one of the above-
mentioned screw caps belonging to the hon-
ey-cans. After it is soldered fast, with a
suitable i)unch we cut a hole through both
cap and tin. This gives us aboney-gate that
will tit on any of our square honey-cans, so
your grocer need have but one honey-gate,
and he can attach it to his square cans as
fast as he retails from them. Friend An-
drews, the inventor of this honey-gate, writes
as follows in regard to the whole apparatus :

POME OF THE ADVANTAGES OF THIS PACKAGE
OVER BARRELS AND KEGS.

This packag-e bas been used by myself and oth-
er bee-keepers here for the past two years, with
great satisfaction. The case of 3 flve-gallon cans
cost 65 cts. each, with cork nozzle; f) ets. more for
screw caps like the one I sent you. They are made
by E. T. Mason & Co., 247 Lake St., Chicago.

It costs less per gallon than the cheapest kegs;
and no more, I think, than barrels when waxed.

The honey in these cans is sealed up air tiglit. It
gets no bad taste from the packages. The cans are
ready for use (can get them in three or four days).
They do not leak. It makes a convenient package
for the retail trade, with my honey-gate attached.
If the honey becomes thick or granulated, it can be
readily liquefied by setting the can on the stove, or
in hot water. A case similar to this is largely used
by the California bee-keepers.

Now in regard to the gate. You will see that it
can be screwed on to the can in place of the cork-
lined screw cap, which is to remain on the can till
it is desirable to draw the honey. If, when the gate
is screwed on tight, it is not right side up to draw
from, it may be unscrewed a little, and a bit of
string, or a small rubber band, put around the noz-
zle, and the gate screwed up again until it is right
side up when tight. To make the honey run freely,
a small hole must be pricked in the top of the can,
in the corner furthest from the gate. If the gate
should leak any, the can may be set on end when
the gate is not in use. I have made a dozen or more
of these gates, for the use of my customers. In
making them I bought the caps— worth $2.00 per
100. I cut the tojfs of the caps out with a center-bit,
the lip having been filed oif. The corresponding
hole in the tin was also cut with the same bit. I do
not intend to manufacture them for sale. With
heavy tin, and leather of even thickness, I think
thcj- can be made tight enough so as not to leak un-
der as low a pressure as they would be subjected to
on a five-gallon can; and if the gate should leak a
little it would not be a very serious objection, as the
can may be easily set on end.

To make the slide work easier, I would suggest
that it be made at least 's of an inch narrower than
the ways in which it slides. T. P. Andrews.

Farina, Fayette Co., 111., March 1, 1886.

In regard to prices of the above, we can
furnish a pair of the cans in a box, screw
caps and all, for 90 cts. each ; in lots of ten,
80 cts. each ; and in lots of 100, 70 cts. each,

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

275

the same as they are offered in Chicago.
The little honey- gates will, foi' the present,
be 15 cts. eacli ; $1.25 for 10, or $10.00 per 100.
One honey-gate will answer for 100 cans or
more, as yon will observe. The air-
hole is easily stopped by means of a drop of
solder when the can is to be nsed again for
shipping. These cans liold exactly 5S lbs.,
or 5 gallons, like the old iron jackets. The
price of a can crated singly is .50 cts. They
will, as a general rule, be shipped in pairs. A
stick, one inch sqnare, is laid over tlie tops
of the cans, before tlie cover is nailed.

Gleanihcs in Bee Ccltcre.

Published Seini-JTouthly .

•i^- I. IROOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clulting Sates, See First Page of Keidit" Ihtter.

We have to-day (April 1), 5240 subscribers.

Ar>SlKE CLOVEIl.

On immediate orders wc can furnish alsilie clover
at $8.C0 per bushel. If less than a bushel is wanted,
the price will be $4.2.5 por half-bushel; 12.25 per
peck, or 18 cts. per lb.

BLUEBEIiHY-PI.ANTS.

Since the letters were published in regard to
these, on another page, more of a similar import
have come in. If Mr. Delos Staples wants to refund
the money he has received for these dried twigs, he
may regain his good standing, but nothing else will
answer.

wintering bees in a warm uoo.m.
The plan of wintering, on page 271, I tliirjk is a
mistake. In the first place, it is a very difficult mat-
ter indeed to make an upper room absolutoli' dark;
and after you have got it absolutely dark, my e.\-
pericnce has l)een that the bees will go out when
the temperature gets up to 63 or 70°. Although
there may be occasions when very strong colonies
would stay in their hives, as a rule I am sure it
would not work.

MAPLE SUGAR AND SYRUP.

We have now a very fine lot of new maple sugar, at 7,
8, 9, and 10 cts. per lb., according to quality. By the
barrel of 520 lbs., one cent less. For the convenience
of those who want a sm':'ller package than a gallon,
of the new evaporated maple molasses, we have
the whole crop made by neighbor H., put up in
half-gallon cans at 60 cts. per can. Neighbor H. has
already, this 29th daj' of March, .500 maitle-trees on
his own grounds, dropping the crystal sap into new
tin pails, and one of the most modern evaporators is
to-day boiling it down into this maple syru]). The
half-gallon cans are tilled with the hot syrup in the
Eugarbush, and a screw cap is so arranged as to
seal them hermetically while hot, so they may
reach our customers in as nice shape as the best
canned fruit, Ten cans, 55 cts. cnch; 103, 50 cts,
pad).

KIND WORDS OF SYMP.\THY SINCE THE LOSS OV
OUR W.IREHOUSE.

I TAKK this Opportunity to thank the friends who
have written such very kind letters in regard to
our loss by fire, and to express my regret that it is
impossible for me to answer them individually, in
the kind way their letters seem to demand. If it is
indeed true, that the fire was the work of an enetny,
God's promise seems to begin to be verified already.
" Surely the wrath of man shall praise thee."

AN OMISSION.

The advertisements of W. H. Osborne, Chardon, O.,
and C. Weckesser, Marshallville, O., should have
appeared in our last issue, as they do in this. In
writing about this, friend Osborne makes the fol-
lowing strong point:

"Perhaps it has done no damage to me, but people seem to
liave more confidence in regular advertisements.'*

Those who complain about not receiving a reply
from an advertisement inserted but once, would do
well to remember this.

PERFORATED ZINC OF OUR OWN MANUFACTURE.

After some months of diligent toil we havebuild-
edahugc press, to be run by the engine, capable
of perforating sheets of zinc about as fast as a good
cow will chow up cabbage-leaves. The perforations
are exactly like those made in England, which
seem to give the best satisfaction, as a general
thing. Our machine, however, perforates sheets
only 28 inches wide by 8 feet long, making IS-'i
square feet in a sheet. Prices will be 10 cts. per
square foot, or $1.50 for a whole sheet, as above.
Two sheets, 5 per cent off; 10 or more sheets, 10 per
cent off. Samples mailed free on application. The
above low jn-ices are because we do not have to pay
duties to Canada, nor England either.

OUR NEIGHBORS OF THE BEE-KEEPERS' MAGAZINE.

A NEW pric3 list from the above firm (Aspinwall
&Treadwell, Barrytown on the Hudson) is at hand,
and it certainl3' is a novelty in some respects. The
picture of the factory, store, and shipping-house on
the banks of the Hudson is quite home-like, and
a description of their factory at the close of their
30-page catalogue has so much of the right ring in it
that I want to make a brief extract. After describ-
ing the difl'ercnt buildings, we read:

The executive dcartment is seen on the ripht. There, sur-
rounded on fill sides by enoujrh paper to make a junk-dealer
hajiiiy, may be found your humble servants, jjentrini,' away at
their correspondence, always happy to be honored by either a
letter or order, however small, from jou.

May much prosperity and manj' 3-ears of useful-
ness reward the new fli-m.

WRITING LENGTHY ARTICLES.

Friends, something must be done to enable us to
condense our ideas. It is not fair nor right to let
one man occup.y a great portion of the space in any
issue, to the exclusion of half a dozen others. Let
me suggest a little. Write more about your actual
experience, and less about your opinions. For in-
stance, we get long articles about reversible frames,
from somebody who has never used them, and who
opens upby saying hewouldn't have them in his api-
ary. Do we want such articles'/' .lust at present, I
do not believe that wc do. The same will apply, a
good deal of it, to the Heddon hive. What we
want now is facts from those who have been work-
ing with them. Let friend Heddon send some hives
to the friends in the South, where their bees are
working, and in two weeks' time they can give us
facti from experience. Please consider that we
are a great body, and wc want to hear from a great
many. Cut your articles off at both ouds, and glvo
up the meat.

276

GLEANmGS IK 13EE CULTURE.

Ai'ii.

LOW PKICE3 OF HONEY.

SHALL WE KETAIL IT AT HOME, OR SEND IT TO
THE CITYV

flilEND ROOT:— In your comments upon my
article in Gleanings, pag-e 133, you say that
you have heard of no one selling- his houey
forScts. per lb. If you turn to the market

reports you will tiud the (]Uotati{ins from 6 to
8 cts. in Boston. Some quotations say no demand
for extracted honey; comb honey all the way from
10 to 15; mostly centers on 13;4. My crop of honey
was 80l!0 lbs. I have been working- off 3J00 in the
home market; .5000 I shipped to diUerent parties in
New York. One lot was sold for 6 cts. per lb. After
paying freightage, commission, and taking out cost
of barrels, I find the honey nets me 5 cts. per lb. I
Avrote to friend Muth, our relinblo cash buyer, ear-
ly in the winter, for his prices for extracted bass-
wood honey. He would give 6 cts. but I must deliv-
er it. By the time it was put down in Cincinnati
the freightage and cost of barrels would leave me
but about .5 cts. per lb.

In relation to working up the home market, I
have the same experience as Mr. Todd, of Philadel-
phia, only in a less degree. He says, " I have tried
to develop a honey business here; and with a mil-
lion people I can only say it is a heart-breaking
job." Perhaps it is because it is Philadelphia. I
have wondered many times why we never had quo-
tations, or any indications of a honey mai-ket at all,
in so large a city as Philadelphia.

Every bee-keeper who has had any degree of suc-
cess has more or less competition. Other bee-keep-
ers in his own and adjoining towns enter the mar-
kets with him; and where his crop is in tons he can
not work it all off. It has been recommended as an
excellent plan, to i)lace honey on sale in stores, far
and near, and visit the stores often erough to keep
up the supply. The honey will have to be put up in
small packages, and sold at a low price, with a com-
mission to the grocer, which, added to the expense
of keeping a team on the road, will reduce j'our
profits again to 5 cts., or so near it that you will
wish you had got rid of all the fuss and worry by
shipping your honey in bulk to some reliable com-
mission house. To show you how rapidli' honey
^yill sell when leftin the show windows of a grocery,
I give you the following: Oct. 11th I left 16 pails of
honey with a reliable gi-oeer in a thriving manufac-
turing village of about 10,000 population. The hon-
ey was put up in pails, nicely labeled. 1 lef t —
Four 5-Ib. pails at (10 pts. each, to be soldjfor 7.5.

Kour2M-lb. •■ " 32 ' 40.

FourlK-lb. " '-17 " " " " " " 2.'>.

Four lib. " " 12 ' " " " 18.

My price per pail would average mo 10 cts. per lb. ;
then adding- the price of the pail gave me my prices.
The last column gives the prices sold at, and the
dift'erence between that and the ne.xt <M;>lumn gives
the grocer's profits. In six weeks after leaving this
small lot I called and found a few of the smaller
pails sold. A few days ago I called again and found
all sold but two 5-lb. pails. The grocer thought he
would want more of the small pails, but he would
let me know by postal. The postal has not arrived.

At the same time I left some comb honey, and
that was as slow sale as extracted. In another vil-
lage I have a cash purchaser for small lots put up
in the Jones pails. His sales have been a little bet-
ter, but not enough to give much enthusiasm.
. There is one peculiarity about, the sale of honey
that I presume every boe-kcepcr has ncticed. You

may have an excellent customer for your honey for
a time, when all of a sudden he stops short rtf; and
when you inquire the reason he tells you that the
children eat so much of it they all get sick, and
can't bear the sight of it on the table, "and wife
and T don't like it so well as we did." Eating honey,
with some people, is like eating quails. You soon
get satisfied, and no more goes down. In relation
to comb honey at 10 cts. per lb., I was informed that
a large producer sold his honey at so near 10 cts.
that, after taking out expenses of shipping, etc., I
was safe in saying 10 cts.; furthermore, dealers in
New York quoted me comb honey at ISij cts. Now
take out commission, freightage, and breakage, and
how much are you above 10 cts.?

These low prices are facts wc have got to face.
You say you would give 5 cts. for any quantity.
Perhaps you are so fortunate as to receive cash
orders from remote points, and can aflord to sell
your honey thus; but we haven't all got that wide
reputation, and we find it costs money to get it.

Hartford, N. Y., Feb. 24, 1886. J. H. Martin.

Your facts are somewhat discouraging,
friend M. ; but even if facts are stubborn
things, I suppose it is good to have them.
Will friends France and Coggshall, who
make honey-extracting a business on a large
scale, tell us if their honey does not net them
more than 5 cts.V When I spoke of the price
5 cts., I supposed you meant that you sold it
at that figure, and were obliged to furnish
barrels, and deliver it besides. Probably
the grocer in that town of 10,000 inhaliitants
sold only a very small part of the lioney re-
tailed in that town ; and if other grocers
sold as much as he did, it might not be such
a very bad showing, after all. It seems to
me that the fact that he sold all except two
of the largest pails would be a fair indica-
tion that it would pay to give him another
supply.

THE VANDEUSEN CLASP,

FOR F.\STENING STORIES TOGETHER, FOR FASTEN-
ING MOVABLE BOTTOM-BOARDS, ETC.

tOTTOM- BOARDS nailed fast, or bot-
tom boards loose from the hive, have
been discussed and argued over until
the question has been dropped by mu-
tual consent— one party declaring they
never wanted another loose bottom-board iii
the apiary, and almost as many declaring
they never want a hive with the bottom-board
nailed fast. To accommodate both parties,
one of our veteran bee-friends, Mr. C. C.
Vandeusen, of Sprout Brook, N. Y.. some
years ago invented the device tigured below.

THE VANDKl'SEN CLASP AS IT APPE.VRS ATTACHED
TO A HIVE, CLASPING THE UOTTOM-BOAKD.

Little hooks, made of malleable iron, have
been used for this purpose, so arranged as
to catch on two screws ; but these are objec-
tionable, because theve is not suflicient pow-

18556

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

277

er to lliem, unless made very lieavy, and also
because they are not conveniently iiooked or
unhooked \vlien you are in a hurry. The
devi'ce shown above possesses great strength
because the point of the hook is held by a
projecting arm of the iron. This projecting
arm is arched over so it can not hit against
the screw-head. This arch also serves as a
projecton to strike against when you wish to
dra\v the clasp up tighter, or to release it.
On the opposite corner a similar projection
answers the same purpose. If you can not
get hold of a stone or piece of brick to drive
them off or on. you can almost always make
your boot -heel" hit one projection or the
other; and the machine is so stout that
there is no danger of breaking it. Since
iron has come down in price, we are now en-
abled to sell these clasps for 2 cts. each, with
a couple of strong screws included. In lots
of ten, 18 cts.; or lUO. Sl.-'O. If wanted by
mail, the postage will be 2 cts. each extra.
Where you want lUOO clasps, without screws,
w-e can furnish them for an even ^10. UO, or
at a cost of onlv 1 cent each.

PERTAINING TO BEE CULTURE.

We respectfully solicit the aid of our friends in conducting
this department, and wouid consider it a favor lo have them
send us all circulars that have a deceptive appearance. The
greatest care will be at all times maintained to prevent injus-
tice being done any on».

N. C. MITCHELL, AGAIN.

fRIEND ROOT:— Do you know any thing about
the National Bee-way Co., with N. C. Mitchell
lor manager? He gave a lecture here the
other evening-, and wants to introduce his
house here. It is patented. He wants to
sell rights to use, etc. I should like information.
Plymouth, Richhind Co., O. John Edwin.

Friend E..you are evidently not conver-
sant with our back volumes, or you would
have known that N. C. Mitchell lias been ad-
vertised as a fraud and swindler for years
together. For some time past, however, we
have heard little about him ; but of late I
have had several notices that he was at work
around Cincinnati. Do not, under any cir-
cumstances, pay him any money. He is not
in accordance with modern bee-keeping, and
any money sent to him, or given to him, is
lost. Some years ago I told the friends that
it was like pouring water into a tunnel. The
money is gone as soon as it is out of your
hands, and you have nothing in the way of
an equivalent, and no means of getting it
back.

BLUEUEI(HV-P1,ANTS AND DELOS STAPLES.

1 bought .")(10 blueberry-plants of D. Staples, Mich-
igan, last year, and liave none left to tell the tale,
although carefully set. The plants looked like
huckleberr\-bushes pulled up in some swamp, that
were three or lour years old, and from 4 in. to 18 in.
high. 1 think he is a fraud. C. A. Hatch.

Ithaca, Wis., Mar. 2;2, 1886.

In rci)ly to y<.vtr inquii-ics about blueberry-iilants,
we would say that we purchased one dozen from
Deles Staples. They were r-cnt liy mail, and when

received they were as dry as last year's pca-bi-ush.
They had neither oiled paper nOr moss around them,
but were wrapped In a piece of old newspaper.
We made up our minds that ho belonged to that
great army of frauds our country is cursed with,
and did not care to waste a postage-stamp writing
about the matter. A. H. & G. B. W^)rthen.

Warsaw, 111., March 30, 1886.

At the time Mr. Staples tirst advertised
blueberry-plants in our journal, we ordered
some for our own use. They were simply
dry sticks, with scarcely any thing on them
that could be called a root. I wrote to him,
I'emonstrating. lie said they would grow,
even if they had no roots. By great care
and sutllcient watering, we got a little start
on a few^ of the sticks; but, with all our
care, none of them lived. In the tirst place,
it is preposterous to call dry brush " plants.''
The reason 1 asked for reports from others
was because I wanted to see whether that
was his fashion of doing business. The
above letters, it seems, settle the matter
sutiiciently. If the friends will tell us what
they paid "for their plants, we will pay them
back their money; and, inasmuch as Mr.
Staples has advertised blueberry - plants
quite extensively through all of our agricul-
tural papers, I would ask that he be as wide-
ly advertised as a humbug and swindler.
Several of our agricultural papers have
already published him as above, and that is
wiiat called my attention to the matter. I
very much doubt wiiether blueberry -plants
will grow on ani/ soil, as he asserts, even if
good strong plants with roots were fur-
nished. Will our nursery friends please
say if I am not right ?

THE GKEAT "acme PENETRATIVE," FOK BURNING
STUMPS, ONCE MORE.

We copy the following from the American
Agriculturist :

Subscribers are receiving a glowing circular print-
ed on L)lue paper, describing the virtues of the
"Great Acme Penetrative." of New Carlisle, Ohio.
The circular sets forth, that "this penetrative actu-
allj' burns stumps," and "good, honest agents arc
wanted." Then follows a long list of indorsements
from people who have used the Great Acme Pene-
trative; but, unfortunately for Messrs F. E. Fross
& Co., of New Carlisle, who claim to manufacture
this i)enetrative, they have foi-gotton to give the
liostoflKcc address of a single individual who indors-
es their combustible.

The friends will notice that it is much in
line with what we said on page 44, in our
issue for Jan. 15, 188(). This F. E. Fross has
also been offering seed-corn, possessing re-
markable virtues. Many of our agricultural
papers have advertisetl the corn. Fross
claims that he offers the seed at a price that
would pay only for the packing and postage,
in his zeal to have farmers test it through-
out the dilferent parts of the countiy ; but
complaints have become so numerous, say-
ing tliat that lie never sent any corn at all,
that the editors receiving his advertisements
have lieen obliged to apologize for them.
We have private advices, saying that the
corn .lie has advertised so extensively was
purchased by him out of the farmers' cribs,
anywhere he could lind it in his, own vicini-
ty. Will our agricultural friends please
pass him around until he discovers that the
way cf tlie transgressor is hard?

278

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

Mak.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Having: boug-ht an intei-est in A. F. Stautter's
supply eslablisiiment, to whicli I will devote my en-
tire time, 1 will sell my apiary of

50 Colonies of Hybrid Bees, Cheap.

For further particulars, address

7-9db J. a. SEIDEL, Sterling, Illinois.

DONT READ THIS

UNLESS YOU WANT TO BUY BEES

AT H UEDUCED ■ PRICES. • Address
CHARLIE IV. BRADISH,

7-8d Greig, liswis Co., N. Y.

WANTFfl '^ 8'ood reliable man who understands
VVnli I LUi bees, to take care of lOU colonies. For
further particulars, inquire by postal of
7d nOBEET BLAOKLOOK, Gag-erville, Carter Co., Ky.

r UUnUn l lUn, w. T. LYONS, Docherd, Tcnn.

HELP FOR THE SUFFERERS.

400 lbs. of black bees to sell at .fl.OO per lb. Dur-
ing April and May, black queens. 2{Jc, and hybrids,
40c, to go with them. Safe arrival and f atisiaction
ffuaranteed. MRS. J. ATCHLEY,

7-8d Lampasas, Texas.

AT SITKF Clean new seed, $7.00 per bushel,
-**■■"*-'■*■**■•'-'• bag's free; discount on large orders.
Sin0rirt/iiov Raspberry and Strawberry plants,
xjfJCf.iuiiie!>. jtniiHn queens, B.L. fowls and eggs.
1 will not be undersold. C. M. GOODSPEED,
7d Thorn Hill, N. Y.

6 STOCKS OF HYBEID BEES. $3.00 EACH. Rose • comb
White Leghorn eggs. 15 for $1.00; ;jU for $L60:
45 for $3.00. C. G. FENN, Washington, Conn. 7d

U/AMTCn Fifty swarms of bees on shares here.

VVMIiIlUi Address A. L. MII-[,ER,

7d West Toledo, Ohio.

PTIR QATP' Hybrid bees, good colonies in
X V/Xl urLUXj. Simplicity hives, with 9 frames,
?4.00; delivered at R. R. station.
7d MISS MABEL FENN, Tallniadgc, Ohio.

FnnQ Plymouth Rock, Hawkins' strain, f 1.00 per
'-yy^? setting. Langshan (Cradd) $1 00; B. B. Red
game (imported stock). $13.00. Also Canaries and
pets, nicely mounted. Sent bv mail prepaid, with
50 cents as guarantee. JOHNSON & CO.,
7d Taxidermists, Allenwood, Union Co., Pa.

■PmS C A T "P 25 COLONIES OF EYBKID BEES in
r Ulb UXlLlJj. H-frame Simplicity hives;
frames mostly all wired. Will take $5.00 per colony
if ordered now. Will deliver at express oftice May
Ist. Address A. B. JOHNSON.

Ttfdb Clarkton, Bladen Co., N. C.

50 Colonies of

Italian Bees For Sale,

In shipping-box, 7 L. frames, tested queen, per

colony $6 00

4-frame nucleus, tested queen 3 00

" " " untested queen 2 50

Safe arrival guaranteed.

7-lOdb TOM PHELPS, Sonora, Ky.

A NICE LOT OF eOLiDFISH now ready for
salt!. Order from W. L. McINTlRE,
7tfdb ■ Mt. Vernon, Ohio.

100 COLONIES OF ITALIANS

AT BED-ROCK PRICES.

Also 3000 new wired combs at 10!4 cts. each, all
flrst-class. Satisfaction guaranteed.
7-8d RICHARD HYDE, AlUcrly, Wis.

SMPORTED

ITALIAN QUEENS.

V/e shaJi receive lOO Quesns from
Italy in May.

MUCCI & BRO.,

'^ii LEXINGTON, KY.

BEES BY THE POUND,
a;^d untested queei^s a speqialty.

One pound of Bees. -fl.dO. Ouecns, ij^lCO eac'i.
Express charges prepaid on orders of 10 lbs., to any
part of the United States except California and
Oregon. Write for discount on large orders. Or-
ders from dealers for a weekly delivery of queens
solicited. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Make money orders, drafts, etc . pavalilo at Baton
Rouge, La. JOS. BYRNE,

7tfd Ward's Ckeek, East Baton Rouge Par , La.

I

>A
<

?

7-9

QHEEN? FROM ¥}IE ^%Jm^

In April, $1 25 each; $13 00 per dozen.
'• May 1 15 •■ 13 00 "

" June 1 01) " 10 0

Tested, f»..50, in April and May.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed
Special rates to dealers. W. J. F.LLISON.
d Statebuug, Sumtek Co., S. C

ITALIAN QIJFENS, untested. May and June,
$1.0.); six for .$5.00; after July 1st, 8.5c each : six,
$4. .50; 3-fr. nucleus, untested queen, June. $3.75;
after July 1, $3.35. Send for price list of bees hy
the pound, fdn., etc. JOHN HEBEL & SON, High Hiil, Mo.
7- 13d I)

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say yon w.ant your ad. in this ile-
partment, or we will not bo responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; Init all over
live lines will cost you according to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell a few sittings of
Mammoth Bronze turkey eggs, $400 per 13:
Partridge Cochin, $3.00 per 13. Also 30 swarms of
bees in chaff hives, or exchange for beeswax at 3.5c
per lb. See ad. March 15. 7d

L. Gorton, Salem, Washtenaw Co., Mich.

early
col-

W ANTED.— To e-Ychange iron shafting, ne:
new, 7!2 feet long by I'j inches., with 3 .

lars and 3 pullies, 8, 10, and 16 inch ; also 3 four-inch
boxes, bablntted to fit shaft; one shaft 3 ft. 9 in.
long by 1 'a in., with 10-inch crank arm, and 36-in.
pully with 3 six-inch boxes, babbitted to fit shaft,
for Italian queens in June, or otfers. 7d

F. D. VVooLVER, Munnsville, Mad. Co., N. Y.

WANTED. — To exchange Brown Leghorn eggs,
for liatching, for light comb foundation. 7-!)d
C. M. GooDSPEED. Thorn HiH, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange bees and queens for
thoroughbred poultry, P. China and Chester
W. Pigs, Simplicity and chaff hives, etc. Address
7-9d Jno. W. Martin,

Greenwood Dejtot. Alb. Co.. Va.

WANTED. —To exchange ajiple. peach, pear,
cherry, and plum trees, small evergreens,
grapevines, raspberry, blackberry, and strawberry
plants, flowering shrubs, vines, etc.; also a lot of
Simplicity hives in the flat, or made up, with frames
complete. I will exchange for bees, beeswax, sec-
tion boxes, a Barnes foot-power saw, etc. 7d
D. G. Edmiston, Nurseryman,

Adrian, Lenawee Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange Simplicity hives or

shipping' and retailing cases for oorab-fdn,
mnchino, G. A. Fakrand,

7d Rockport, Cuyahoga Co,, O.

18S6

GLEANINGS IK I3EE CULTURE.

279

WANTED.— To cxchai)g:e bees lor a Barnes saw,
foundation-mill, or Liglit Brahmafowis; or I
will sell bees by the pound; also queens in season.

James P. Steiujitt,
5-6-7-8d Sheakleyville, Mercer Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchang-c new Novice honey-e.x-
tractors tor A. and L. frames; will exchange
for a bone-grinder, or good books, or any thing use-
ful. Geo. VV. B.A.KEK, Milton, Ind. "S-S-T-O-ll-lSd

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Engs for hatvh-
(■«(/, from 'i varieties of high-class fowls, se-
lected stock, costing from $12 to $2.) per pair.
Brown Leghorns, Silver-Spangled Hamburgs, and
Plymouth Rocks. Egg.*, per setting of 13, $3.00.
Safe delivery and a fair hatch guaranteed. (Will
exchange for beeswax delivered here at 3jc per lb.)
Circulars of bees and poultry free. Five settings of
Brown Leghorn eggs for $5. Address .
etfdb A. H. Duff, Creighton, Gucrn. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange eggs from standard
pedigreed and registered White and Brown
Leghorns of the celebrated Smith and Bonncy
strains, for bees, queens, and supplier.
6-7d L. J. McNaughton, Chardon, Geauga Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange foundation for wax.
.59db B. Chase, EarlvlUe, Madison Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock, espe-
cially evergreens, for Italian bees, queens,
and two-frame nucleus with Italian bees and queen.
6T8d K. A. Lewis, Cherokee, Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange. I have a complete
printing-office, consisting of 30 fonts of gen-
eral job type, nearly new, seme i;cver used: 18 lbs.
brevier, for circular work, all in .job cases and cab-
inet; one Cottage hand cylinder-press, 6x10 chase,
one Novelty press, 10x14 chase; composing-stick,
rules, leads, etc. Cost over $300. I will take fdn.,
sections, cash, or other goods. Make an offer.
6tfdb E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Iowa.

WYANDOTTE and Houdan cockerels; good birds
VV at low prices, to close out surplus; also one
^^'hitl' Wj/andottc cockerel: or I will exchange for
white extracted honey. Eggs for hatching, $3.50
and $1.50 per 13. J. Evans,

6-7 Box 89, Schaghlicoke, Kens. Co., N. Y.

"117 ANTED. —To exchange. Simplicity or other hives
VV for good section or extracted honey. AVill sell
hives (in the Hat) cheap for cash, or will take one-
third pay in full colonics of bees, or poultry. Hives
in any quantity to suit customers, up to a car-load
per day. G. A. Farrand,

3tfdb Rockport, Cuy. Co., Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees, lirood, and
queens, for fdn., beeswa.v, type-writer, or any
thing having a standard market value. Utfdb

Thomas Horn, Box 691, Sherburne, Chen. Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange white-poplar sections,
sandpapered on both sides, or any kind of bee-
keepers' supplies, for comb or extracted honey.
Send 5c. for sample section; 50-page circular free.
6-7d J. B. Mason & Sons,

Mechanic Falls, Andrcscoggin Co., Me.

WANTED.— To exchange one W. Moore & Co. 's
double-barreled breach-loading shot-gun (re-
bounding-bar locks, good as new), and one silver
hunting-case watch, nearly new (Columbus Watch
Mfg. Co.'s make) for foot-power saw, bee-keepei-s'
supplies, or choice poultry or Italian bees,
etfdb J. A.BuCKLEW, Clarks, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange for a farm, or sell my
place, consisting of V'i acres of ground in the
town of Lewisville, Ind. A small dwelling, poultry-
houses, stable, and an everlasting gra\-el-hank,
which affords about 30(¥) loads of gravel every year,
which sells readily at from 10 to 15 cts. per load.
The place is in a good hone.y locality, and good
shipping facilities. Apiary slopes to the south and
oast; is surrounded on the north and west by a
tight plank fence, about 7 ft. high. Apiary is set in
g-rapevines. I will give five years' time, if sold. Di-
rect all commijnipations to
;i-5-Td Geo. W. Baker, Milton, lud.

WANTED.— To exchange apiarian supplies at any
time, or nuclei in June, for extracted honey,
extractor, or foundation-mill. Circulai-s free.
67d C. P. BisH, Petrolia, Butler Co., Pa.

WANTED.- To exchange S. C. Brown Leghorn
Vl eggs or P. Rocks of pure breed for Pekin Duck
eggs or other eggs of pure-bred fowls; also for sale,
$1.00 for 15, 36 for $3.00. David Lucas, Jewett, O.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange, farm, 180 acres,
VV good buildings, good sandy soil; also latcstim-
proved Steam Thrashing-machine. Either or both
at a bargain. Address J. A. Osbun & Son,
7tfdb Spring Bluff, Adams Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange for bees, or to sell,
15.000 Cuthbert raspberry-plants ar 75 cents
per 100, «5.0() per lOUO. They are nice plants, true to
name. Remit by reg. letter. Address

7d P. D. Miller, Grapoville, Westm'd Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange 13 Brown Leghorn pul-
lets, 10 Plymouth Rock pullets, 1 trio S. S.
Hamburgs, 1 Wyandotte cockerel, eggs from P.
Rocks, Wyandottes, Light Brahmas,S.S. Hamburgs.
Brown or White Leghorns, for Barnes foot-power
buzz-saw. Novice honey-extractor, and saw-man-
drel. Cash or offers. Adolphus Newton,
7d Plymouth, Chenango Co., N.Y.

TTyANTED.— To exchange Carniolan and Italian
VV <iueens or bees, for pure-bred Brown Leg-
horn (Bonney's Strain), and Wyandotte eggs, for
hatching. Send for circular. Chas. D. Duvall,
7tfdb Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

WANTED.— To exchange about 50 or 60 good Ply-
VV mouth Rock and Light-Brahma fowls for api-
arian supplies, or 9 hens and one cockerel for $5.00,
cash preferred. Julius Johannsen,

7d Port Qlinton, Ottawa Co., Ohio.

ITTANTED.— To exchange pure Italian queens for
VV beeswax at 38c per lb. Queens, select, $3.00;
warranted, $1..50. Ship wax by freight to Barry-
town, N. Y. CoRiNELius Bros.,
7 11 db LaFayetteville, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange 800 empty combs (near-
l.y all v.'ired fdn.), L. or Simplicity size, and
103 Simplicity hives (.50 covers, 50 bottom-boards (all
well painted, for basswood or white-clover honey,
to be delivered next fall, coml;s and hives ready to
ship now. Write for particulars.

E. T. Flanagan,
7 8d Box 995, Belleville, St. Clair Co., 111.

P. S.— Will exchange 300 lbs. sweet-clover seed
for honey or raspberry- plants.

^IfANTED.— To sell or exchange, pnre S. C. Brown
VV Leghorn eggs at '!'•> cents per 13, for beeswax,
or books of poetry or history.
7-8d Mrs. Alice Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.

WANTED.— To exchange 13 Plymouth-Rock eggs
for 75 cts. in cash; securely packed, and
warranted inire. Orders filled at once. 7d

MRS. C. E. HATCH, Kentlaud, Newton Co., Ind.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange Hoags' hand-
planter lor corn, beans, etc. (a, $3.50 cash, or
$3.(^0 in trade. Satisfaction guaranteed, or money
refunded. S. hives in the Hat taken.
7d Henry L. Weiss,

Berkley Springs, Morgan Co., W. Va.

WANTED.— To exchange Crescent, Wilson, and
Sucker State strawberry-plants for Italian
queens, Wyandotte fowls, or cgjis. Address
7d M. D. Hewitt, Farina, Fayette Co., 111.

WANTED.— To sell cheap, or exchange, a 5X7-
inch printing-press, type, etc., for earl.v nu-
clei, queens, or full colonies. Write at once, as it is
in my way, and I am an.xious to dispose of it.
7d C. Weckesser, Marshallville, Wayne Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange, rabbits or Wyandotte
fowls, or their eggs, for Gregg raspberry-
plants. A. A. FR.\nENBURG,
7d Port Washington, O.

280

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

Names of responsible parties will be Inserted in
any of the following- departments, at a uniform
price of 20 cents each insertion, or $3.00 per annum,
when g-iven once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names inserted m this department the first time with-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatientof such delay as njay be unavoidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sends the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will probably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

•^H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa.

Itf

23tfd
23tfd

3tfd
3-1

*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. Itfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. Itfd

*Wm. Ballantine, Mansfield, Rich. Co., O. Itfd

*D. G. Edmistou, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. 23tfd
*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeflf. Co., Ala. Itfd

*S. C. Perry, Portland, Ionia Co., Mich. 23tfd

*E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. 23tfd
D. McKenzie, Camp Parapet, Jeff. Parish, La. Itfd
Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp. Co., N.C.

Itfd
G. F. Smith, Bald Mount, Lack'a Co., Pa,
*Jos. Byrne, Baton Rouge, Lock Box 5,

East Baton Rouge Par., La.
J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La.
*E. Burke, Vincennes, Kno.x Co., Ind.
Richard H. Bailey, Ausable Forks, Essex Co., N. Y.

S. M. Darrah, Chenoa, McLean Co., HI. 7-17d

S. H. Hutchinson & Son, Claremont, Surrv Co.,

7-17d Va.
N. E. Cottrell, Burdick, Porter Co., Ind. 7-17d

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.

A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. Itfd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
Kennedy* Leahy, Higginsville,I>af. Co., Mo. 2.3tfd
E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. 23tfd
S. D. Buell. Union City, Branch Co., Mich. 5-7-9
C. P. Bish, Petrolia, Butler Co., Pa.

BEES IN IOWA,

— SEE FOSTER'S —
ADVERTISEMENT.

TESTED aUEENS, $3.00; untested, $1.00. Wax-extract-
or, $3.00. Other supplies. Send for circular.
OSCAR F. BLEDSOE. Union Apiary.
7tfd Grenada. Miss.

PEKIN DTJOK EOOS, 10 for $1.00. I. g . ^ evnress
LYMOUTH-EOCK EGGS, 13 for 7.5c. \ ^^°^' '^^ evpiess.
7-lOdb C. L. DAVIDSON, Flemington, W. Va.

FOR SALE.

ITALIAN AND CYPRIAN BEES

and Queens (in any quantity).

Extractors, Bee-Books,''etc. Address 6tfdb

OTTO KLEINOW, Apiarist, DETROIT, MICH. (0pp. Ft.'WajmeGato.)

SAVE FREIGHT & MONEY by ordering
your Apiarian Supplies from L. J. TRIPP,
7-8d Cii-cular Free. Kalamazoo, Micii.

I arise to say to the read-
ers of Gleanings, that DOO-
LITTLE has concluded to
again rear queens for sale
during 1886, at the following
prices:

Untested queens, each, $1 00

" per five 4 00

" " per ten 7 .50

" per 2U 14 00

Untested q-.ieens, learcd

hv natural swarming,

each 1 .50

per five 6 2.5

perten 11 00

per twenty 3J 00

■ _^ Tested queens, each ... 3 00
-^^ " " per five 7 CO

'"' Tested queens by natu-
ral swarming, each.. 3 CO
Tested queens, by natural swarming, per five 10 GO
" " 188.5 rearing, pent in May or

after, each 5 00

Extra selected, two years old, each 10 00

Circular free, giving full particulars regarding
each class of queens. Address

O. ITI. DOOLiITTIili:,
7-13- Borodino, Oiioiidaga Co., N. Y.

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED

or OUH OWN GROWTH, PURE AND CLEAN,

AT 13 CTS. PER POUND, BAG INCLUDED,
in orders of BO lbs. or more.
Send money orders on Fort Plain, N. Y. Address

WILL C. HALL,

78d Haiisvlile, Montg'y Co., N. Y.

The right to manufacture and sell the STANLEY
AUTOMATIC REVERSING HONEY-EXTRACTOR
for the States of Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky.
Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and all States and
Territories west of the Mississippi River, except
California. Will sell all or part of above-named
territory. For prices, addiess

7-8d J. E. STANLEY, Wichita, Kansas.

SEED POTATOES.

Dakota Red, per peck, 50 cents; bushel, $1.50.
White Star, Clark's No. 1, Jordon's Prolitlc, Watson's
Seedling-, and Early Mayflower; peck of any one va-
riety, 40 cents; bushel, $1.35. Sacks free. ITnder
oi'dinary cultivation I grew over .55 bushels of Da-
kota Red from 49 lbs. seed. Descriptive circular
free. O. H. HYATT,

7d Shenandoah, Iowa.

To all who
wish to use the
best honey-sec-
tions, V-g-roove.
and which fold
without break-
?^|age, we say, tnj
ours. Prices
reasonable, and
iberal discount
on lai'ge ordei'S.
Send for prices
of both apiarian
supplies and
fruit-boxes. Ad-
dress as above.

7-8-9d

EARLY BEES AND QUEENS FOR SALE.

I can ship Colonies, Bees by the pound, and Queens,
early in spring. Prices on application. Address
5-7d ' G. W. BECKHAM, Pleasant Hill, Lane. Co., 2. 0.

COIWB FOUNDATION. Headquarters in CANADA.
Four first premiums in two years. Commencing
our fourth year without one complaint. A. I. Root's
Simplicity hives and supplies, ('ircular free.
7d WILL ELLIS, St. Davids, Ont.

1886

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTUKE.

281

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Inveril

Invertible Frames,

INVERTiBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Catalogues Free. Address

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4-;klb

SYRIAN AND ITALIAN QUEENS,

Before June 15, tested, S2.5,) each; utter, $^.(11) each.
Untested, lieforc June 15, $1.00 each; after, sing-le
queen, $1.00; si.x for $5.00; twelve for $9.00.
Btfdb ISRAEL. G0019, Sparta, Teim.

Italian Queens sent by Mail.

Untested queens from imported mother, April,
$1.25: May, June, and Julv, $1.00. After April, per
half-dozeu, $5.00. E. CRUDGINGTON & SON,
6tl'db Breckinridge, Stephens Co., Texas.

C. W. Phelps & Go's Foundation Factory.

SEE ADVEETISEMEMENT IN ANOTHER COLUMN.

HONEST at HONEST

SiElIESX^S PmCES.

]^"DIKECT FROM THE GROWER.„^J
Strawberry Tomato, or Ground Cherry, true seed, .10
Cook's Imp'd Popping- Corn, best in the woi-ld, .10
Cook's Improved Lima Bean, " " '• .10

Chufas, or Earth Almonds, very hardy, .10

Jiatnmoth Russian Sunflower, best eg-g-'food, .10

Japanese Nest-EgK Gourd, a prett.v climber, .10

Chinese Yam, or Cinnamon Vine, 6 bulbs, .10

Purple-Husk Tomato, true seed, .10

Mixed Flower Seeds, over 200 choice varieties, .10
J^'"A11 the above choice seeds sent postpaid for .50
^^-SPECIAL INTRODUCTION BOX of seeds for
Family Garden; viz., 25 Packets well filled with the
best seeds, mailed for only 65 cents. TWO for $1 .00

Stamps taken. Address A. T. COOK, Seedsman,
Clinton Hollow, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

[Mention this paper.] 6-7d

%

FOR
SALE

ADDRESS EUGENE HOYT,

6-7tfd Highland, Madison Co., Illinois

1886 NORTHSHADE APIARY. 1886

PRICES GREATLY REDUCED.

Full colonies of Italian bees for spring- delivery.
Nuclei, queens, and bees by the pound for tlie
season. Comb foundation for sale. Wax worked
by the pound or for a share. Fdn. samples free.
Price list ready. Q. H. TOWNSEND,
ctfdb Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

Clark's Bee-Keeper's Diary.

A convenient register, with printed headings for
Bixty colonies, giving a record of swarms, surplus
honey, and queens. Price only three cents.

SUPPLIES.

Industrial S. & W. Hives, Carniolan and Italian
queens, etc. Price List free. J. W. CL.AKK,
6Td Box 34, Clarksburg, ITIoiiiteuii Co., ITIo.

HEADQUARTERS IN THE SOUTH

FOE THE UANUFAOTUEE AND SALE OF

BEE - KEEPERS' : SUPPLIES.

The only Steam FacUni/ Erected in the South, Ex-
clutiively for the Manufacture of Hives, Frames, Sec-
tions, etc. The Viallon and Root SimpUcUy Hives a
Specialty.

ITALIAN QUEENS,

tintested, in April, $1.25 each; $13.00 per doz. From
May 5 to June 1, $1.10 each, $12.00 per doz. After
June 1, $1.00 each, $10.00 per doz. Tested, $2.50
each; select tested, $3.00 each to first of June.
Contracts taken with dealers for the delivery of a
certain number of queens per week, at special
figures.

FOUR-FRAJTIE NUCLEUS,
With pure Italian queen, containing 3 pounds of
bees when received; in April, $4.00; after May 25,
25cts. less. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

BEES BY THE POUND,
Delivered, express prepaid, in lots of 5 pounds or
more. Send for price. Same discount given as of-
fered by A. I. Root, in Gleanings from month to
month. For more particulars, send for catalogue
for 1886. p. L. VIALLON,

Ttfdb Bayou Goula, Iberville Parisli, La.

SUMNER & PRIME,

BRISTOI-, VERL/IOITT.

— M.\NUFACTURERS OF —

Pee - J^eepers^ Supplies,

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping
Crates a Specialty. Price List and samples free.
l-2tfdb

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOE,

SQUARE $JL.ASS HONEY-JARS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, &e., &€.
PERFECTION COLD- BLAST SMOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

VIRGimA LAND AGENCY.

Cheap Farms. S])lendid climate. Short Mild Win-
ters. Good Markets. Descriptive Land List Free.
6-ndb GRIFFIN A JERVIS, PETERSBURGH, VA.

— SEE FOSTER'S —
■ ADVERTISEMENT.

BEES IN IOWA

imTO"RJ PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

JLl.\JJIXiJL% SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

SUPPLrE^YERTCHEAP!

ITALIAN BEES, BEE-HIVES,

SECTIOXS, ro UXJt.L TJON, EXTRA (.'TORS,
SA W-MAXDRET.S, ETC.

As I manufacture all kinds of supplies, I can sell
very cheap. E. Y. PERKINS,

5tfci Jefferson, Greene Co., Iowa.

FOUNDATION, I SECTIONS,

WARRANTEE FIRST CLASS. | OF FINE QUALITY.

Samples and reduced price list of supplies, free.
J. D. GOODRICH,
3-5-7-0-11— lild East HAubwuK, Cai-. Co., Vt.

282

GLi:A^l:NGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Apr.

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in coloi", evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; V. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind. ; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armsti-ong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine: C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; J.W.Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. K. Ncwcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.: J. A. Huma-
son, Vienna, O. ; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y., and numerous other dealers.

Write for samples free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Compliiiientary and unso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guai'antee eve)~i) inch of our foundation equal
Lo sample in evo-y respect.

CHAS. DADANT A: SON,
Sbtfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinoiei.

WE WILL SELL

Chaff, hives complete, witli lower frames, for $3.50;
in flat, $1.50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Bo.xes, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 33 33db

A. F. STAUFFER &, CO., Sterling, Ills.

Names of i)arties wanting first-class dovetailed
honey-sections, to whom samples will be sent on
receipt of address. Also crates in season. A per-
fect iron section - box former sent for $1.00, and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo. R. Lyon,
4-9db ■ GKEENE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

CONTRACTS WANTED

-WITH-

SUPPLY DEALERS

FOR NEXT SEASON'S STOCK OF GOODS.

CHAFF, STORY AND HALF CHAFF, AND SIM-
PLICITY HIVES, SMOKERS, EXTRACTORS,
COMB FOUNDATION, FT?:4.MES, SEC-
TIONS, BOOKS, ETC.,

At wholesale and retail. Unexcelled facilities.
Circulars and estimates free. Successors to S. C. &
J. P. Watts. Sta. Kerrmore, B. C. C, & S. W. R. R.

WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Itfdb.

LOOK HERE

To inti'oduce my strain of pure bright Italians,
equal to any in the United States, I will otter
tested queens, $1.00 each; extra fine, selected,
SI. 50 each; one-frame nucleus, consisting- of one
extra select queen, one frame of brood, '/2 lb. bees,
for $3.00. If you want any bees, send me your ad-
dress on postal and I will send you sample by re-
turn mail. Beeswa.x or honey taken in exchange.
33tfdb THOMAS HOKIV,

Box 691, Slierburne, Ciien. Co., N. Y.

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

CO c. to $1.00 per lb. Queens, 30 c. to $3,50. Order
from new circular, sent free. 6tfdb

OLIVER POSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

T

HIVES, SK<'TIONS, CASES, CRATES, ETC.
<OI«B l'OlM>ATIOIV, IT.VLI.IN BEES
AN1> Ql EENS, BRED FOR HON-
EY - UATHERINO.

Wax wanted. Send for free Catalogvie to

Gtfd EEYNOLDS BEOS., WILLIAMSBURG, WAYNE CO., IND.

WHOLmLEAND FOUNDATION.

Warranted good as any made at the following prices :

All-in-one-piece V-groove i
Sections, $4.00 per liOO;
for larger lots write for |
prices. Wax worked very
cheap. Send for price list
of otlier Supiilies.

1 to 3.') lbs. per lb. 42c.

3.5 " 50 40c.

no " 100 " " " 39c.
100 " '.GO " " " 38c.
Thin, 6 cts. per lb. extra.
M. H. HUNT,

etfdb Near Detroit. BELL BSANCH, WAYNE CO., MICH

J. P. CONNELL,

HILLSBORO, HILL CO., TEX.,

Makes a specialty of rearing i)ure Italian queens,
and of shipping bees in two, three, and four frame
nuclei. Tested queens in March and April, .$3.50;
after, $2.00. Untested queens in April, $1.25; after
$1.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. tlTOlld

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

BEES BY THE POUND. READY NOW.

Price $1.35 per 'i pound. Address
C7Hd >. R. FITX Hir«H, JR., IPioolata, Fla.

FOR SALE.— ~0 Colonies Italian Bees on 7 L. frames,
in shipping-bo.v, 1^7.00 each. Eggs from pure-
bred S. C. Brown Leghorn fowls (Benny's strain),
.*1.00 for 15. .^67d T. O. KEATOR. Accord, N. Y.

THE

Apicultural Establishment

OF

K J. D0K0lIPm,

In Yigaun, Upper Carniola,
Austria, Europe,

Send QUEENS postpaid. Safe arrival and purity of
breed guaranteed.

Price each in German ReichsmarU.

Carniolan Queens, Native,
Italian Queens, Native,
Cj'pi'ian or Syrian Queens,

Native, 23 20 20 20 18 18 18

Cyprian or Syrian Queen?,

bred in Carniola, 12 12 U 11 10 10 10

.579db.

Av)r.

8
il

May.

7
9

Jan.
6
8

Jul.
5

7

Aug
5
7

Se;)
4
6

23

20

20

20

18

18

12

12

u

11

10

10

HONEY AND BEESWAX.

Our market, and location as a trade center, the
rapid growth of our city and country, gives us a
large demand for honey. We have found it impos-
sible to keep a stock of Mb. frames, unglassed, and
of which we are in need. This style of comb sells
much faster than any other and we vvill make liber-
al ofiei'S on receipt of samples. We are well stocked
on 3-lb. sections, also extracted. Beeswax wanted
on commission. GLEMONS, CLOON & CO.,

15-7b KANSAS CITY, MO.

WO Colonies of Bees for Sale!

Mv 650 colonies of bees are more than I can well
handle, and I will sell 100 full colonies at $5.00 each
for hybrids, $6.00 for pure Italians. Discount on
larger numbers. I will also sell a few colonies of
Caucasian bees, which breed I imported from the
Caucasus Mountains, Asia, in 1880, and have found
them of great value to nie. Address

JUI.IIIS HOFFMANN,
.5 C 7d Canajoliarie, ITIont. Co., N. Y.

(Formerly Ft. Plain, N. Y.)

1886

GLEANINGS II^ BEE CULTUHE.

28?

Contents of this Number.

Alsike 32?

Basswoods, Our 3(lti

Bees of Our Own 317

Bees, Do They Hear? 305

Bees, Teiniierature of... 301, 302
Bee-houses. Temperature.. .322

Bee-pastuniu-e 327

Bee ruiieh. liuilding 3W

Blueherry-pl.ints 2111

Brood-iiest, Temperature. . .301

CuUand Bees 320

Cartoon 31.S

Chuff Hive 303

Circulars Received 2'JO

Co hi Weather and liees . . . .327

Coml) Honey, Our New 3';'.i

(.^invention .Votiees tj'.iii

Cook on Heddon'sHive 2'.i2

DelosStaiihs -J.H

lOditorials 328

J'j.xperiinental Stations .....293
I'.xtraetor while Transl'K. .31.H

Fly-traps 310

Hains' Apiary i'M

Heddon's Corrections 202

Hives, Red 310

Honey vs. Susrar.. 200

Honey .Shi)iped in Barrels. 201
Homy Candied in Combs.. 322
Honev and .-Vlum 310

Honev Column 2'.)0

How to Be Happy, etc 307

House-apiaries 207

lee atlMitranee 320

Isin;;i;iss ill Cartons 328

Kind Words 322

Jhison'sKxiierience 29B

Ma-on on Wintering 2%

Miller on c iverstoeking 290

Mohawk Vallev 317

.Mvself and My Neighbors. .31.'>

(iverstockiUK- 29fi

I'erloralinf; Machine 329

I'roof-readintf „3U

I'rovcrlis :298

i;ahl>its 320

lie,iM)ii and Superstition. ..293
Ki'liorts Kncouraging ..>... 328

School Kxhiliitiou ."...3111

Seleelis. Illllllovod 209

Sretiuns. To Keiaov,' 300

Sii]i|ilieities, Reversible. . . .300

Suiidus Honey in Boxes .304

Swarmint;: and Increase 325

Tliei monieters 297

Wanted- Maple Sugar 320

Weijrht of Warm Air ...'..tsoa

Wiicomc .\ iiiary 294

Wliiskv-l.arrels 291

Winteriiiir Under Snow 290

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Ill order to supplement the offer of a nucleus of
bees. I think it was, to largest club-raiser for Gle.vn-
iNGS, I offer an " Ideal g-lass-front bee-veil."

St. Albans, W. Va., Apr. 6, 1886. J. C. Capehart.

GLEANINGS AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM.

My advertisement in Gi^eanings has brouffht me
more letters than any paper 1 ever advertised in,
and that is over two hundred. W. J. Hesser.

Plattsmouth, Neb., March tiO, 188(5.

gleanings '"SEMPER IDEM."

1 like all of Gleanings, and when I like a thinu-
I'm not froing- to pull it all to pieces. I think
Gleanings is put together just as well as I could
do it, and it is Gleanings every time. Sometimes
1 do not see a number of Harper's Monthly for
yeai'fv; but when I do see one Jt is Harper's or noth-
ing: else, and Gleanings is the same way.

Mahala B. Chadd6ck.

Vermont, III., April 3, 18i-6.

KIND WORDS FOR ERNEST.

What excellent work Ernest is doing- on Glean-
ings! Perhaps you haven't noticed it, hut I have,
and T feel like congratulating- both you and him.
W. Z. Hutch iNsoN.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., Mar. '2'i, 1886.

[Thanks, friend Hutchinson, for your ver.ykind
words. If I have merited any encourag-ement from
one of the old veterans, I shall be happy to contin-
ue in this work; for I have sometimes felt as if I
ought to keep still till I " growed" a little more in
aplcultural learning.] Ernest.

some pleased customers, etc.

The hives, etc., ordered of you Feb. 'Z7, arrived
the 1st inst., and were unpacked to-day, and I deliv-
ered those ordered for my neighbors. Pleased'::' I
should say they were. You ought to have seen that
smile on their faces when they saw those tin
covers. They are far ahead of what we have been
getting. Every thing is here — nothing missing.
They cost us a little more than the Louisiana hi\es,
on account of thelongcr distance; but they xuit )nr
better, and I expect to patronize you hereafter.

My bees are very strong- iu numbers, and have
plenty of stores, and are also getting a good deal of
honey from redbud and haw; also apjile- bloom.
Bees are beginning to swarm some in the neigh-
borhood. A. P. Wright.

Keagan, Falls Co., Texas, April :}, 1886.

SYRIAN AND ITALIAN QUEENS,

Before June 15, tested, $'2.')U each; after, S^i.uO each.
Untested, before June!'), $1.00 each; after, single
queen, $1.00; six for $5.00; twelve for *9.00.
Utfdb I!SKA1:L. OOOD, Sparta, Teuii.

HEADQUARTERS IN THE SOUTH

FOK THE MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF

BEE - KEEPERS' : SUPPLIES.

The only Steam Facto7-y Erected in the South, Ex-
clunively for the Manufacture of Hives, Frames, Sec-
tio)is, etc. The Tiallon and Root Simplicity Hives a
Specialty.

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Untested, in April, $1.25 each; $1:5.00 per doz. From
May 5 to .lunel, $1.10 each, $13.00 per doz. After
June 1, $1.00 each, $10.00 per doz. Tested, $3.50
each; select tested, $3.00 each to first of June.
Contracts taken with dealers for the delivery of a
certain number of queens per weelt, at special
figures.

FOUR-FRAJTIE NUCLEUS,
With pure Italian queen, containing 3 pounds of
bees when received; in April, $4.00; after May 35,
35cts. less. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

BEES BY THE POUND,
Delivered, express prepaid, in lots of 5 pounds or
more. Send for price. Same discount given as of-
fered by A. I. Root, in Gleanings from month to
month. For more particulars, send for catalogue
for 1886. P. L,. VIALLON,

Vtfdb Bayou Goiila, Iberville Parisk, La.

BUCKEYE SECTIONS, V-GROOVE.

WHITE AS SNOW. ANY SIZE. VERY CHEAP.

We manufacture the SCIENTIFIC BEE-HIVE; shipped
in the flat (body and frames); can be set up in live
minutes, without hammer or nails. This hive beats
them all for box honey. Send for circular to

Vd J. B. MURRAY, Ada. O.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfil

MUTH^S ^

HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

SQUARE GLASS HONEY- JABS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, dec, &c.
PERFECTION COL^- BLAST SMOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

VIRGINIA LAND AGENCY.

Cheap Farms. Si)lendid climate.- Short Mild Win-
ters. Good Markets. Descriptive Land List Free.
611b GRIFFIN & JERVIS, PETERSBURBH, VA.

DCCC III inilfJI - SEK FOSTER'S -

DCCO in lUfff Ai ADVERTISEMENT.

^AYS EXPRESS CHARGES

SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

HORN

HELP FOR THE SUFFERERS.

400 lbs. of black bees to sell at $1.00 per lb. Dur-
ing April and May, black queens, 20c. and hybrids
4:0c, to go with them. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. MRS. J. ATCHLEV,

7-8d Lampasas, Texas.

ITALIAN QUEENS, untested. May and June,
$1.00; six for .$5.00; after July 1st, 8'5c each; six,
$4. .50; 3-fr. nucleus, untested queen, June, $2.75;
after July 1, $3.35. Send for price list of bees by
the pound, fdn., etc. JOHN NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.
7-12db

'T^^^'p-EEEPESS' GUIDE, Memoranda, and Illus^
J3 XdXd tint L'(\ catalogue, 48 pages; FREE to all
bee-keepers sending address to
8tfd JOS. NYSE WANDER, DeB Moines, Iowa.

288

GLKAI^^INGS IN JJEK CULTURE.

Apr.

STil2Sri-E-Z'''S

AUTOMATIC HOi^EY- EXTRACTOR.

The only self-reversing- Houey-Extractor known.
Will do double the amount of work of any other ex-
tractor. Send for new circular, just out April 1st.
Californians, send to Baker & Barnard, San Buena-
ventura, Ventura Co., Cal. Canadians, send to E. L.
Goold & Co., Brantford, Ont., Can.

All others, address G. W. STANLEY,

8tfdb Wyoming, N. Y.

NOTICE.— Owing to changes in our busniess ar-
rang-ements, my brother, J. E. Stanley, will not, at
present, manufacture the Automatic honey-ex-
tractor at Topeka, Kansas, as stated in Gt.kaninos;
but for the season of 1886, or until further notice,
machines for all States except California will be
made at Wyoming, N. Y., as before.

G. W. Stanley.

QUEENS UNEXCELLEd7~

From Mr. Benton's best imported mothers, very
low. Send for circular to
Stfdb S. F. REED, N. Dorchester, N. H.

TTHR QAT17 lOO three- fbaitie NU-
run oALiEjf cijEus hives.

Italian bees, ready for shipping bv the 5th day of
April, 1886. Address D. O'ROURKE,
8-9d Selma, Dallas Co., Ala.

DCCC III inUfA -SEE FOSTER'S —

PECO 111 lUWfli ADVERTISEMENT.

DIIDC ITALIAN BEES.

I I In I Full colonies, nuclei, bees by the

I WIIKh pound, and Queens a specialty. Also,
Simplicity Hives, Frames, Sections, Comb Founda-
tion, and supplies generally. JT^" Send for my cir-
cular and price list. You will save monev bv so do-
ing, c. M. Dixoisr,

4-11-db PARRISB, PllANKLIN Co., ILT..

ALL PROGRESSIVE BEE-KEEPERS

Suffer for my price list of Bee-keepers' Supplies of
all kinds. Send for price list and be convinced.

J. IV. BITTENBENDER,
4-9db KNOXVILLE, MAKION CO., IOWA.

run UUIUIIICa, Scml for Viirnlar.

C. 0. VAUGHN, 4tfdb COLUMBIA, TENN.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION PACTOEY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. Sbtfd

Bee-Hives, Honej^oxes, Sections.

Lasgest Bee-Hive Factoey iij the Wosld.

CAPACITY, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAY

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

^A;[ Designs for brackets, etc , for 10c and .5 names of
iVlfi'ct-sawycrs. J. L. Hyde, Pomfret Landing, Ct.
8tfd

-g r|r^r| lbs. of bees for sale.

AvVFVF See Gedyk's advertisement. 8iadb

DEVEESIBLE simplicity hives, complete $2 5n

•' Sectional Brood-Chamber Hives (8) complete 3 00
Either for extracted or section comb honey —

specify which.

Reversible Section Cases, complete 1 00

Containing 30 sections, witli starters and separat-
ors. Can be used over ordinary Simplicity hive.
See page 307, Glkanings, March 1.5, 1886.
QUEENS. Italians, Hybrids, Blacks, 33c to $3 00
BEES, either race, in strong cages, 1 lb 1 25

Send for catalogue and price list.
M HEMPHILL & GOODMAN, ELSBEEEY, MO.

S SALE.

The undersigned will sell at public auction, at
premises of F. E. Townsend, deceased, the following
described property, on Wednesday, April 38, 1886:
About 7.') colonies of Italian bees, mostly in double-
walled chaff hives, Gallup frames, IIXII14, and in
good condition. About 50 single-walled hives, and
frames of empty combs, in No. 1 condition; 1 new
comb-foundation mill; uncapping-stand; smokers,
10 crates and sections, and other articles used in the
bee-business, too numerous to mention.

Also offered for sale, 40 acres of choice land, 3
acres cleared, rest good timber; new frame two-
story house, 16x34, finished outside, and primed,
ready for plastering inside; drive well and pump in
house. Situated 8 miles southwest of Ithaca, Coun-
ty-seat of Gratiot Co., Mich. This locality can not
be equalled in the State for bee-business. Above
property is subject to private sale before com-
mencement of auction. For particulars, address

H. E. TCWNSEND,

S<1 Hubbardstou, Ionia Co., Mich.

HORN

PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

The BUYERS' GUIDE la
issued Marulk aud Sept.,
I cacli year. 4Eg= 380 pages,
Sl4xll}<, incbesjvvitli over
3,500 illustrations — a
>vIiole Pictui'e Gallery.
GIVES Wholesale Prices
dirrrt to consiDiK'rs on all goods for
personal or family use. Tells how to
order, and gives exact cost of every- 2
thing you use, eat, drink, wear, or g
have fan with. These IlVVAIiUABIiE <=•
BOOKS contain information gleaned
from the niarUets of the world. Wtt
will mail a copy FREE to any ad-
dress upon receipt of 10 cts. to defray
expense of mailing. Let us hear from
you. Respectfully,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

£"-T & 229 ^^ atjaslj Avenue, Cliicago, 111.

Goto NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers, Separators,

&e., of Koot's Manufacture, Shipped

from here at KOOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern j-ellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price List Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3-34db

FRM *'^ ^° ^^ °*^- ' sections, 4i4.\4i4. U per M. Will
rUlli I those who have rec'd my circular please take
notice. Send for circular. L. J. TBIPP, Sihmizoo, Mich.

50 COLONIES BEES FOR SALE

I have 50 stands of bees for sale, hybrids and
blacks, and in the Mitchell hive, 15 frames in hive,
well painted, and metal rabbets. I live on the Ar-
kansas Midland R. R., and can ship by R. R. or
water via Helena. I will take $4.50 per stand, de-
livered on board train, and delivered by latter part
of March. PETER METZ,

3-8db Poplar Grove, Phillips Co., Ark.

Look! Honey-Cofflb Foundation! look!

Friends, if you want any Foundation it will pay
you to purchase of us, as we have the very latest
improved mills. Discounts on early orders. Send
for free samples and prices. Strawberry plants,
grape roots, and Italian queens at reasonable
prices. Address

C. W. FKELFS & CO.,
4-5-6tfdb TiOG.-v Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

18SG

glea:nijs^gs ls jjee cultuiie.

289

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To exchange foundation for wax.
59db B. Chase, Earlville, Madison Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock, espe-
cially evergreens, for Italian bees, queens,
and two-frame nucleus with Italian bees and queen.
WSd R. A. Lewis, Cherokee, Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees, brood, and
queens, for fdn., beeswax, type-writer, or any
thing having a standard market value. 6tfd'b

Thomas Hokn, Box 601, Sherburne, Chen. Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange, farm, 183 acres,
good buildings, good sandy soil; also latest im-
proved Steam Thrashing-machine. Either or both
at a bargain. Address J. A. Osbun & Son,
7tfdb Spring Bluff, Adams Co., Wis.

TTTANTED.— To exchange Carniolan and Italian
VV queens or bees, for pure-bred Brown Leg-
horn (Bonney's Strain), and Wyandotte eggs, for
hatching. Send for circular. Chas. D. DuvAiiT,,
7tfdb Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

WANTED.— To exchange.— I have a complete
printing-office, consisting of 30 fonts of general
.iob type, nearl.v new, some never used. For partic-
ulars see advertisement elsewhere. Make an offer.
8tfdb E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange pure Italian queens for
beeswax at 28c per lb. Queens, select, $3.00;
warranted, $I..50. Ship wax li.y freight to Barry-
town, N. Y. Cornelius Bros..
7 12 db LaFayetteville, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange, pure S. C. Brown
Leghorn eggs at 75 cents per 13, for beeswax,
or, books of poetry or history.
7-8d Mrs. Alice Bright, Mazeppa, Minn.

WANTED.— To sell cheap, or exchange, an opos-
sum, 3 squirrels (gray), 3 years old; Concord
vines. Sharpless plants, young white-poplar trees,
or hybrid bees, for B. Leghorns, Italian bees, or
supplies in the flat. B. W. Head, Vienna, Va. 8d

"llfANTED.- To exchange for bees, or pure-bred
VV poultry, 10,000 Mammoth-Cluster and Turner
Kaspberry-plants, $1.00 per 100, $6 0;) per 1000; also
3i).000 Strawberry-plants. Crescent Seedling. Cum-
berland Triumph. Sharpless, and Glendale; 75 cents
per 100; $4.00 per 1000.
8tfdb W. J. Hesser, Plattsmouth, Neb.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange 103 lbs. of bees, in
April and May, for foundation. Sample want-
ed; 7.5 cts. per lb., 10 lbs., $6. "iO. Safe arrival guar-
anteed. H.vbrid queens. TiO cts. now. Prompt at-
tention to all orders. S. H. Colwick,
8tfdb Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

WANTED.— To exchange bees (Italian or hybrid)
for eggs of Pekin ducks or eggs of Wyandotte
fowls, or high-class poultry. Bees are in L. and
Simplicity hives. Write for particulars.
8-lOdb J. H. Eby, North Robinson, Craw. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange basswood - trees and
raspberry-plants for bees by the pound.
8d H. WiRTH, Borodino, Onondaga Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange 13 Pekin duck eggs, 40
cts.; 26, 7.5 cts., for cash. Warranted fresh.
8d Albert L. Martin, Leonardsburg, Del. Co., O.

^ITANTED.- To sell or exchange Ideal ghiss front
VV veils (75c by mail). See 16-page circular of tes-
timonials; 2-story L. hives (*3.25i; chaff hives ($4.50);
Books, $.50.00; Fruit-evaporator. $35.00. for bees, sec-
tions, foundation-mill, eggs, poultr.y. pigs, or ofl'ers.

Jno. C. Capeiiart, Kanawha-Valley Apiarv.
8tfdb St. Albans, w. Va.

WANTED.— To exchange bees for a Barnes saw,
foundation-mill, or Light Brahma fowls; or I
will sell bees by the pound; also queens in season.

James P. Sterritt,
.5-6-7-8d Sheakleyville, Mercer Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange pure Brown Leghorn
eggs at 75 cts. for 15; 45 eggs, $2.00; 100 eggs,
$4.00, for foundation. Cash preferred.
8-9d K. J. Nash. Williamson. Wayne Co., N. Y.

Air ANTED.— To sell or exchange Strawberry-plants,
VV Crescent Seedling, Sharpless, Manchester, Chas.
Downing, Mt. Vc rnon. and Longfellow. Per dozen,
by mail, jiostpaid, 25 cts. ; by exi)ress. per 100. 50kts. ;
per 1000, $3.50. J. A. Gkeen.

8 9d Dayton. La Salle Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange 800 empty combs (near-
ly all wired fdn.), L. or Simplicity size, and
103 Simplicity hives (.50 covers, .50 bottom-boards (all
well painted, for basswood or white-clover hone.y,
to be delivered ne.vt fall, combs and hive.s ready to
ship now. Write for particulars.

E. T. P'lanagan,
7 8il Box 99.5, Belleville, St. Clair Co., 111.

P. S.— M'ill exchange 200 lbs. sweet-clover seed
for hone.v or raspberry-plants.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Eygs for Tiatcli-
i»/(/. from 3 varieties of high-class fowls, se-
lected stock, costing from $12 to $23 per pair.
Urown Leghorns, Silver-Spangled Hamburgs, and
Plymouth Rocks. Eggs, per setting of 13, $3.00.
Fowls for sale. Address A. H. Duff,

Stt'db Creighton, Guernsey Co., Ohio.

WANTED TO EXCHANGE.— One Barnes foot-
power buzz-saw complete, good as new; also
one Steavens 22-cal. rifle; won championship of
Philadelphia; good as new; four 10-gallon honey-
cans with large gates. Also years 1884 and '85 of
Gleanings complete. Also a set of big U. S. pen-
nies for ever.y year excepting three; also 7-colon.v
pennies, all in first-class condition, for some small
power or |)ortrait camera and lens or ofl'ers.
C. H. BEELEH,a849 North 43d St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For *he benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which the.y want to dispose of, we will insert notices nee ol
charge, ivs bcl'iw. We do this becuse there is ha'dly value
enough to these queens to pa.y f' r buying them up and keei>-
ing iliem in stock; and yet if' is often'inies quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not aflord higher-priced ones.

I have a few black queens for sale at 35 cts. each.
Ready by May 5th. T. L. Rees,

Winchester, Adams Co.. Ohio.

I shall re-(iueen my whole apiary this year, and
will sell black and hybrid queens at 25 and .50 cents
each, from May 1st. D. A. Fuller,

Cherry Valley, Winnebago Co., 111.

100 black and hyl)rid queens for sale at 30 and 40
cts. each, all clipped. Address L. T. Ayres,

Kankakee. Kankakee Co., 111.

Black and hybrid queens for sale at the usual
rates. Geo. D. R.vudenbush,

Reading, Pa.

For Sale.— 8 young inismated Italian queens.
Ready now. ' Miss A. M. Taylor.

Mulberry Grove, Bond Co.. HI.

50 Colonies of

Italian Bees For Sale,

In shippitig-box, 7 L. frames, tested queen, per

colony $6 00

4 fniine nuclevis, tested queen 3 00

untested queen 2 50

Sale arrival guaranteed.

7-ludb TOM PHELPS, Sonora, Ky.

WANTFD SITUATION in an apiary.

11 .n-i-^ *■ M^i-f Salary reasonable. Satisfaction
guaranteed. Address WESLEY BALDUFF,
April 10. 8d Millord, Iroquois Co., 111.

290

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Am.

pe^EY C©MMN.

CITT MARKETS.
New York.— Honey. —V7e note an improvement
in sales of comb honey the past two weelis; and
owing- to the lateness of the season, prices rule low.
In consequence of the low rates of freiiurht from San
Francisco to New York, many dealers in honey arc
taking- advantage of the rates, and shipping- ex-
tracted honey to this market at prices ranging from
•t'2@5'2C per lb. This has already had its effect on
State goods. We quote prices as follows:
Fancy white comb honey, 1-lb. sections, 12(a},lBc

"4 " " " 3-lb. " 9@,10c

" buckwheat " 1-lb. " 9c

3-lb. " 7@8c

Otf grades, l(ij).'Zc per lb. less.

Extracted white clover, 6@7e

" buckwheat, SfwSVz

" California, 5(a;6c

" Southern, as to color and flavor,

per gallon, o0@60c

April 6, 1886. McCaul & Hildketh Bros..

34 Hudson St., cor. Duane St., New York.

Chicago.— Hoijp;/-— Market active this month, but
prices are easier, 16 cents being the very outside
for white comb; e.xtracted, without much change.
Becswa.r steady at 25 cts. per lb. Market brisk all
ai'ound. R. A. Burnett,

April 10, 1886. 161 S. Water St., Chicago, 111.

CLEVELAND.— JJofiry.— The market is bare of new
1-lb. sections, and in consequence the 3 lbs. begin
to move a little; also, for want of new the old 1-lbs.
are moving at 8(rt'to9c. Best 1-lb. new white would
sell readil.y at 14(§*1.5c: 2-lbs., 13fflil3c. E.xtracted, 7c.
Beeswax, scarce at 35@.38c. A. C. Kendel,

April 30, 1886. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

MiiiWAUKEE.— Ho?ie!y.— The supply of choice hon-
e.v of any sort continues (luite small, and shipments
of either comb or e.xtracted will find a sweet recep-
tion. We can quote choice 1-lb. sections, white, at
]6W!l8o; 3-lbs., 15@16c. Dark honey not wanted.
Extracted, white, in kegs or bbls., 7i4@8'/2c; good
dark, do.. 6ffl!6iic. Beeswax wanted: 35 cts. for yellow.

April 10, 1886. A. V. Bishop.

143 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Western N. Y. ami Northern Pa. Bee-keeiiers' Associa-
tion will liokl their next anniial meetinff at Randolph. N. Y.,
May 4, 1886. A. D. J.\cobs, Sec, Jamestown, N. Y.

The semi-annual meeting- of the Prog-ressive Bee-keepers'
Association will be held at Granpre Hall, Bedford, O., on Thiir.s-
diiv. May 6, 1886, at 10 o'clock a. m.

BL'dford, Cuyahoga Co., O. Miss Dema Bennett, Sec.

Linwood Bee -Keepers' Association will be held in Condit's
Hall, Koek Elm. Wis., Saturday, May 1. 1886, at 1 o'clock P.M.
All interested in bee-keepiuK "are cbrdialy invited to attend
and make the meeting a p)ofltablc one. ^B. J. Thomp.son, Sec.

The .Vnnnal Meeting of the Northern Ohio Bee-keepers' As-
sociation will be held in the New Town-Hall at Wellington,
Ohio, I'-.iiday, April 30.1886. All are invited to come and help
make the meeting both pleasant and profitable. A special in-
vitation is e.\tended to the ladies. The officers of the Associa-
tion will be elected at this meeting. H. U. Bo.\rmian, Sec.

East Townsend, Ohio, April 6, 1886.

The Keystone Bee-keepers' .\ssociation will meet at Conrt-
House in Scranton, Pa., on Tuesday, May 11, 1886, to elect
officers, transact important business, and listen to the able
papers of Messrs. G. M. Doolittle on the ]iroduetion of comb
honey; L. C. Root on the production of extracted honey, and
the Dadants on queen-rearing and izeneral niaiiageraent.
Come one and all, and make this meeting tlie best of all.

Clark's Green, Pa., Apr. 2, 1886. Arthuk A. Davis, Sec.

The Western Bee-Keepers' Association will meet in P.vthian
Hall, N. W. cor. 11th and Main Sts., entrance on Ilth, Kansas
City, Mo., Apr. 29. 30, 1886. Parties can take the Cable line at
Union Depot for 9th and Main Sts.
The following essays will be read;

' ' The Honey Market," Clemons, Cloon & Co., Kansas City, Mo.
" Bee-keeping in Iowa," E. Ki-etchmer. Coburg, Iowa.
"Best Method of Handling Bees for Comb Honey," A. A.
Baldwin, Independence, Mo.
" Missouri Bee-keeping," I. D. Pearce, Kivksville. Mo.
"Does Bee-keeping pay as a Pursuit!" Jos. Nysewander,
Des Moines. Iowa.

" Invertible Frames and Hives," J. M. Shuck, Des Moines,
Iowa. p. Baldwin, Sec.

Independence, Jackson Co., Mo,

CIRCULARS RECEIVED.

The following have recently sent us their price lists.

.1. M. Shuck. Des Moines, la., a 32-page, illustrated price list
of bee-supplies. Contains much valuable, information besides.

H. H. Brown, Light Street. Pa., 18-nage list, bees and queens.

John C. Capehart, St. Albans, W. Va., 16-page list of bees and
queens.

T. S. Sanford, Bradford, Pa., 8-page list — bee-supplies.

Bright Bros., Mn/.eppa. Minn.. 20-page list, apiarian supplies.

Smith & Smith. Ki-iiton, ()., 20.page list, supplies in general.

W. S. Russell. Millbrook, Ont.. 1'2-page circular. Vjee-supplies.

Joseph E. Sharer, North River, Va,, an advertising sheet of
apiarian supplies.

Jno. C. Stewart, Hopkins, Mo., a 10-page list — bee-supplies.

J. E. Pryor, Dexter, la., a 4-page list — hives a specialty.

T. F. Shep.ard. Franklin, Pa,, 6-page list, apiarian .supplies.

C. Weeks, Clifton, Tenn., an advertising card— Italian bees a
specialtv.

A. E. AVoodward, Groome's Corners, N. Y., a 4-page sheet of
bees and queens.

J. B. Kline, Topeka. Kan,, 4-page price list, poultry and bee*,

J. C. Bowman, North Lima, O., a 12-page list, bee-supplies and
poultry.

C. M. (ioiidsniM'd.Thorn Hill, N. Y.,4-p, sheet, hees and poultry.

The followiiit;- h;i vc had their price lists printed at this office:

G. W. Sfaiilcv, Wvoiiiing, N. Y,, 0-page price list — specialt,v,
the Stanley ,\ntoinatic extractor.

Abbott I,. Swiiisoii, (inldsboro, N. C, an advertising sheet-
bees and queens a ^i)eeialty.

1 am being aslced rny (>]iinion of the new circulars Mrs. Cot-
ton is ai;aiTi seudiMg out ciiiite plentifnilv. The statements she
makes, and Ihe prices she chai-)j:es lor the goods sh<' sends nut,
would, in iiiy c.pniion, foi-liid lier licing classed with our i-egu-
lar su]iply-dealers, to say nothing of the strings of complaints
against her that have filled our bee-journals for years i)ast.

1000 Lbs.

Bees FOR Sale.

H(>re I am for the spring of ]8?(i, with 1000 LBS. OF
HYBEID BEES for sale by the pound. Bees $1.00, and
(luceiis 51) cts. in Ma.y; bees $1.00 and (jueens 35 cts.,
after the liith of .lune. All express charges paid by
me in the United States and Canada. Safe arrival
guaranteed. Orders received first will be filled
first. Remember, I can not fill all in one day. Or-
der early, and avoid delay. No order will be booked
without the inonej'. Mone.y returned when re-
quired. I have no circular. Inclose stamp when
.vou want a reply. I will start to ship on the 15th of
May, weather permitting.

THOMAS GEDYE,
8 13db La Salle, La Salle Co., 111.

IMPORTED

ITALIAN QUEENS.

We shall receive 100 Queens from
Italy in May.

MUCCI & BRO.,

7-8d LEXINGTON, KY.

CIYE

ME LARGE ORDERS

.lune 1st, and I will warrant
queens for 75 cents each. I have
no importation but Italians. This
will not appear again. If you are
in want, speak at ouce. Ira D. Alderman,
8d TAYLOR'S BRIDGE, SAMPSON CO., N. C.

ONK POUND of HYBEID BEES containing mismat-
ed queen, onlv $1.3.5, in April.
8d Miss A. M. TAYLOR,

Mulberry Grove, Bond Co., 111.

$3m^CHEAPrCHEAPT-l^^^0!

During Ma.y I will sell two L. frame nucleus col-
onies of Italian bees with e.xtra tested Italian queen,
for only $3. .59. Write for further information.
8d F. W, MOATS, The Bend, Defiance Co., Ohio.

100 COLONIES OF ITALIANS

AT BED-BOCK PRICES.

Also 3000 new wired combs at lOU cts. each, all
first-class. Satisfaction guaranteed.
7-8d RICHARD HYDE, Alderly, Wis.

Vol. XIV.

APRIL 15, ISSO.

No. .8

TERMS: SI.OOPerAnvum, IN Advance;! 77'^,/^ 7, 7,' r. 7. xi ^ -!-,n 1 Q 'y '3 f Clubs to different postofBces, not i,kps
2Copiesfor8l.90;3for82.75;5for84.00; I JliC> LUjO ILb rOCLV LlV J. O / O. I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, In the
5 or more. 75 ots. each. Single Number, ! I U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-

10 eta. Additions to clubs may be made \ ruBLisiiED skmi-moxtiilt by i ,r\en of the Universal Postal Union, 18c

atclubrates. Above are all to be sent » t Tjr\r\'Ti TV/fTT'T^TXr a /~kTTT/^ | peryenr extra. To all countries not of
TO OXKPOSTOPFICK. J -A., i. ltUU± , iVl JliUllN iV, UiliU. I the U. p. U. ,42c per year extra.

SHALL WE SHIP OUR HONEY IN" SEC-
OND-HAND WHISKY-BARRELS?

DOES IT DAMAGE THE TRADE BY SO DOING?

T HAVE looked for a long- time in several of the
(M[ bee-journals for information regarding shlp-
]lr ping- extracted honey by the barrel. I have
•*■ seen but one article In a bee-journal, and that
was in the American Bee Journal during Aug.,
188-i, and the pamphlet of the Messrs. Dadant on
" E.xtracted Honey." Both of the before-mentioned
articles, from Messrs. Muth and Dadant respective-
ly, are not exi^llcit enough for the beginner, and
are misleading besides.

Not being able to profit by the experience of oth-
ers, I Avas forced to enter the dear school of person-
al experience the past year, and learn for myself.
I haven't Mr. Mutb's article at hand, and can not
state its points correctly; but Mr. Dadant's pam-
phlet, on page 13, says: "The barrels that we use
for extracted honey are oak barrels which have
contained alcohol or whisky. We allow them to
dry up thoroughl3' before using, and wet them only
slightly when putting up the honey." This was my
main guide during the past season, except I did not
" wet them slightly." I allowed the whole and half
whisky-barrels to stand in the shade, and dry till
the hoops would fall off when 1 moved them. As I
needed them I drove the hoops as tightly as I could
drive them. Occasionally I would bur.st a hoop ofl'
in driving it. Then I put in my honey, bunged the
barrels up, and rolled them under the house. In
two weeks the hoops would be so loose that the hon-
ey would be oozing' out all around the barrel^, and
the cracks would be covered with bees.

■\Vhcn 1 rc-ccopercrt them I was able to drive the

hoops (except the end hoops) from li to '/2 an inch
each time.

Last April I sent 4!2 barrels of white-clover honey
to Mr. C. F. Muth, Cincinnati. O., first having to re-
drive the hoops after hauling to the landing. I
wrote to Mr. Muth, asking his opinion as to quality.
He answered, " It is of good quality, but does not
come up to our Northern clover-honey." Why?
The probable reason will appear later on. He gave
me 5 cts. a pound for it.

In June I sent seven barrels of white-clover hon-
ey to McCaul & Hildreth Bros., New York, in what
I thought perfect order. The barrels were dry as
bones; coopered as tightly as hammer and steel
edge could drive them before loading to take to the
landing; re-driven after unloading at the landing,
and I had jierfect confidence that they were in per-
fect condition, both as to quality of honey inside
the barrels, and cooperage on the outside the barrel.
In a couple of weeks I received a letter from McC.
& H. Bros., in which they said that the honey arrived
in bad order, and was leaking badly; that they had
to have the barrels re-coopered on the wharf, and
again when they were unloaded at the store. They
charged me f 1.7.5 for cooperage, and rendered me
an account sales at .55 cents per gallon. The rest of
my honey Avas dark.

Now, Mr. Root, Avhat was the cause of such low
prices for white-clover honey? I wrote to a Chica-
go commission merchant concerning the future
honey market, and he replied as follows:—" If your
honey is free from the odor of that which comes in
Southern honey generally, I don't know of any
reason Avhy it Avill not grade with our Northern
white clover."

Where does this "otjof" copicffojii, that depreciates

292

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

the price of Southern honey? A druggist here told
me a short time since that the smell of a whisky-
barrel would taint honey, and I am fully prepared
to accept it as truth. My average price for honey
the past year, above freight, etc., was 4'4 cts. per
pound; ll'i barrels were white clover, and 9'4 dark.
That seems to me a very poor price for honey.
My reason for it is, that the whisky-barrels ruined
the quality of the honey. If this is true, it will be
in keeping with the fact that whisky ruins the
quality of about every thing it comes in contact
with, especially the human kind. I am done ship-
ping white-clover honey in stinking whisky-barrels,
which cost 75 cents, while T can get brand-new cy-
press molasses-barrels for $1.10, or second-hand
molasses-barrels in good order, free on board, for 7.5
cents. I have no doubt that much of the honey
that helps to injure the market is caused by such
doings as mine last year— shipping fine honey in
stinking barrels that are fit for nothing but fire-
wood. . I venture to say, that a whisky-barrel will
taint honey enough to depreciate its value at least
one cent per pound; and if so, that would be a mon-
ey loss of about $5.00 a barrel. If this be so, is not
a whisky-barrel, which seems cheap at 75 cents,
but which causes a loss of over $+.00 a barrel, be-
sides causing slow sales, the very costliest barrel
possible to find? I have just laid in ten cypress
(second-hand) molasses-barrels re-coopered, in fine
order, for 75 cents apiece, and I shall henceforth
have no further use for whisky-barrels for honey.

This matter cost me a great deal this past season
to learn about, and I wish you would give your
ideas concerning packing honey in hard-wood sec-
ond-hand whisky-barrels. This whole Mississippi-
River country is a great honey country and saloon
country, and whisky-barrels are used because pre-
sumably cheap. Please help to put that kind of
package under condemnation. C. M. Higgins.

Hahnville, La., Mar. 4, 1886.

Many thanks, friend II., for your very
valuable, practical article. Some years ago
we put up some honey in whisky-barrels ;
and although they were not waxed we never
had any complaint on that score, that I
know of. Now, are you not afraid that yoit
will have your honey tainted more or less
by barrels of any kind ? I should be very
much afraid of the second-hand molasses-
barrels you speak of, unless they are very
thoroughly washed, and then waxed; and I
luxve a sort of notion that wood may taint
honey, even in spite of waxing; that is, I
have been better pleased with the flavor
of white-clover honey that was run right in-
to iron-jacket cans, tin sap-pails, or tin stor-
age caiis, than when put into any kind of
wooden receptacle. The package illustrated
on page 274 of last issue, it seems to me, is
going to be pretty nearly what is wanted,
when we settle down to a regular package
for honey. — In regard to the flavor of white-
clover lioney that comes from the South, I
confess I have never seen any samples of
Southern honey that didn't have a peculiar
flavor, a little different from the white-
clover honey of. say, Ohio, York State,
Michigan, and Wisconsin. I have some-
times thought there might be some particu-
lar honey-bearing plant in the South that
blooms about the time of white-clover, and
that it was so prevalent that the honey par-

took of the flavor, more or less. I believe
friend Muth considers, as a rule. Southern
honey not quite as desirable as that from
the North ; that is, there are more people
who prefer the peculiar flavor of the honey
from the Northern States than any other
kind that has been put on the market. Even
the finest specimens of basswood honey now
begin to be quoted at one cent lower than
clover.

HEDDON'S INVENTION.

SOME CORRECTIONS.

tRO. ROOT:— I accept your offer of a "wee"
space to correct the false impression made
by the use of several columns and cuts illus-
trating my invention. I inclose you a copy
of Mr. Kretchmer's patent, cited in his arti-
cle on p. 211. Now, you see that Mr. K. is deceiving
your readers, for there is not one feature in the con-
struction or purpose of his old hive that anticipates
any feature or function of mine — ?iot one. The
brood -chamber is not in two divisible parts; it can
not be divided, alternated, nor inverted; neither can
the surplus- apartment be inverted. The purpose
of his invention, as set forth in his four declarations,
is entirely foreign to mine. Why do our brothers
wish to wrong me in this way ? I call your atten-
tion to the fact, that, in the last issue of the A. B.
J., page 200, Dr. Tinker concedes the hive he de-
scribed in your paper, pages 203, '4, '5, as coming
under my invention. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich.

We notice, in comparing friend Kretch-
mer's article on page 211 with his patent-
claim, the last clause is not to be found
anywhere in said claim. We have written
to him for an explanation.

KIND "WORDS FROM PROF. COOK ; HED-
DON'S NEW HIVE, ETC.

"RENDER UNTO C^SAR THE THINGS THAT ARE
CESAR'S."

If\ EAR MR. EDITOR:— I need not tell you how
nl highly I appreciate Gl eanings, and of the
>i pleasure which it has ever given me to note
^ the progress which you have made in build-
ing up a journal which has taken fast hold of
the affections of our bee-keeping public. Glean-
ings deserves to be what it is -a tremendous force
in the country. It has reached out in everyway
that it could to promote the welfare of its patrons,
and has certainly greatly aided its readers in the
hard mattei-s of busy, practical, every-day life, and,
better still, helped them on to nobler, better lives.
Hence you will not wonder that I am grieved when
I see it taking what looks to me to be a backward
step, aiding wrong, and abetting that spirit— too rife
among us— of dishonesty where it is safe. It seems
to me that stealing melons is no less a sin because
community will condone it. Genuine honesty will
not cheat in a horse-trade because it is reputed
common.

Now, my friend, we have all known you too long
to even dream that you are intentionally doing
wrong or injustice; so if, as I fear, you are in this
one case aiding injustice and helping to make men
less fscrupulous of others' rights, you would, when

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIlt:.

293

convinced, feci more keenly the error tli:in would
any other person.

I believe most sincerely, as I believe nine-tenths
of the intelligCTit bee-keepers of the United States
and Can;;da do, that Mr. Hcddon's hive and methods,
as given in his new book, are original. Have yon,
my dear friend, the faintest conception that we
should have heard of this hive and system, if Mr.
Heddon had not ppoUcn? I don't believe any in-
formed bcc-keeper in the United States thinks so.
Of course, as yet the value cf the invention is a
question to most of us; but I can not see how the
fact that it is original with Mr. Heddon can be
questioned. Now, if I am right, I think I should be
just as excusable in taking from your office the
incney i-cceived from Gleanings as to make and
use the }Icddon hive without first securing the
right. 1 have not heard a word from our friend
Dr. C. C. Miller on this subject, and I shonld like
him to say in Gleanings if he docs not utter an
amen when he reads the above. I speak of Dr.
Miller, because I believe that he is one of the best
representatives of a large class— almost all— of our
American bee-keepers who love justice as they do
life, and who will never consent to see a bi'other
bee-keeper robbed of his rights. A few knaves and
a great deal of ignorance robbed our good father
Langstroth of his property. Gleanings, the
American Bee Journal, and a host of other potent
influences, have so reformed the former and lessen-
ed the latter that the thing can not be i-epeatcd.
Unless I am entirely mistaken in my estimate of
the bee-keepers of America, and I don't think I enn
be, Mr. Hcddon's rights, legal and moral, will be
kept inviolate in their charge.

K. L. Taylor, of our State, is one of our best bee-
keepers, thoroughly informed, is as true, genuine,
and honest a man as is Dr. Miller, and, besides these,
is a good lawyer. I have not asked his opinion in
this ease, but I am so sure what lie would say that 1
should be willing to rest the case with him as a
judge. Please, Mr. Editor, ask his opinion, for the
good of us all.

Now, why I am so earnest in this matter is this:
It seems to me our very social atmosphere is dark
with dishonest practices. The business maxim oft-
en urged, "Treat every man as a knave," is a shame
unto us. We are in no dangir (,f becoming too
scrupulous in our dealings with men. Let us, then,
frown upon all words or acts that even savor of in-
justice. The work on ethics which I studied in col-
lege urged that, if the least doubt as to the morality
of an act exists, we should avoid the iict. I wish
every editor would urge this rule.

A careful inspection of Mr. Krctchmer's patent
convinces me that his hive, and the sj'Stem its use
would necessitate, arc not Mr. Hcddon's at all.
Dr. Tinker's words in the American Dec J<nirnal are
wise and true—" The hive ix original, the ><ysteni is
new."

Again, we do no injury in urging all to do justly
in this matter. Without Mr. Hcddon's book and
patent we should have known nothing of his hive
and methods, and certainly would not have used
them. We need not use them any more now. We
owe our opportunitj' to use them to Mr. Heddon;
then surely, if Ave think them worth adopting, we
owe him the small sum asked for the right. That
American bee-keepers will concede this fact, and
act accordingly, is beyond question.

lam glad that the American and Ca)m(li<ni Bee

Journals arc both urging the right course. I feel
just as sure that Gleanings and its editor will
heartily adopt the same course. "Let us be just,
though the heavens fall," is a resolve we may all
safely make, and urge upon others. I have no
doubt or fear of the outcome in this matter; but I
am tremendously anxious and desirous that Glean-
iNG.s should teach the most exact justice.

A. J. Cook.
Agricultural College, Mich., April 2, 188(5.

Dear friend Conk, [ luive not tlie least
doubt in tlie world cf the entire sincerity
with wliicli yon wrote tlie above; but yet
I do tliiiilv— in fact, I can not tliink other-
wise, than that yon are at least just a little
mistaken. There are U\o plain sides to this
question, and it seems to me th;it you are
looking? unconsciously en only one side. I
do not feel as though it were my duty or my
place to take sidts with either party; l)nt I
can honestly and sincerely say this much: If
any one who I'eads Ileddon's book feels dis-
l)0sed 10 follow his plan of woiking, let him
purchase a liive of Heddon, exactly as it
should be. After having satistied himself
that he wishes to adopt the plan or i)rinci-
ple. either buy all of his hives of Heddon or
pav friend II. live dollars (or whatever other
1)1 ice may be agreed upon) for the privilege
of making them himself. So far the matter
is easy, and we are now on common ground,
where we can all agree. When it comes,
however, to the nice point of deciding what
infringes on friend Ileddon's invention and
what does not infringe, 1 beg leave to be ex-
cused from trying to decide or even advising.
I myself m;iy be })ie,judiced, and I may look
on one side more than on another; but this
thing my conscience does tell me most
strongly, we ari' wasting precious moments
in what I am sure is not a matter of such
very great imi)ortance after all ; and I am
sure it is wrong to take more space for this
matter— not oidy wiong to the great mass of
our readers, but a wi'ong in the sight of (Jod.
Can we not drop it here?

LET REASON TAKE THK PLACE OF
SUPERSTITION.

ati;ibuteto the worth of the expei;imental
sta'l'lons of ouk different states.

HEN I have looked over the agricultu-
ral pai)ers, especially the papers de-
voted to poultry-keeping, 1 have been
pained to see the glowing advertise-
ments of packages of some kind of
secret comi^ound to " make hens lay,"' and
other things of similar import. Ho you ask
why I felt pained ? AVell, I felt pained be-
cause it seemed to me so improbable that
the^idvertisement was an honest and truth-
ful one. It is, as it were, on a line with the
remedies for bee - stings. Over and over
again I have been asked to insert advertise-
ments of bee-sting remedies. A good many
times, bottles hav(> been sent to me to test.
IIow do yon siip])ose it has turned out?
Why, just as I have told you in the A B C
book. When tried fairly, the remedy prov-
ed to have no effect whatever. If used
thoughtlessly, as people often use things,
the verdict woujd be iii favor of t}ie remedy.

294

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTUEE.

Apr.

They put on some of the medicine, and the
pain soon ceases, as it wonld have done had
no medicine been employed. Well, onr
friends pay 50 cts. for a package of egg food.
It is given to the liens according to direc-
tions, and the hens begin to lay, just like
drumming on tin pans. After you have
drummed a while the bees begin to cluster.
I have not said any thing about the egg
food, because 1 hadn't time to investigate.
Our man who has charge of the horses and
cattle bought a package, and I decided in a
very few moments, that, even if it were
good, it was a swindle to cliarge 50 cents for
it. Please read the following extrnct. which
we clip from the K-::w-Eni/land Fanner of
March B:

Prof. W. H. .Tonliiii, Director of the Maine State
Experiment StHtion, reports in a recent bulletin
upon the food value of some of the "conriimental "
foods found in our markets, and arrives at the con-
clusion that they cost those who purchase them
several times their actual worth. The Imperial
egg food, costing- 50 cents per pound, contained 84
per cent of mineral matter, chiefly g-round clam or
oyster shells, and a little bone, the rest being water
and organic matter; but he found only one per
cent of tiesh-forming material. Its true value is but
a small fraction of the price asked. Poultry-keep-
ers do well to furnish their poultry with abundant
supplies of shell or bone, but these can be bought
by the hundred pounds at from one to two dollars,
leaving the other forty-ciyht (Uillais for the dealer's

Eroflt. ".Johnson's Continental Food," made in
ynn, Mass., and the "English Patent Food" for
cattle, which sells at from TU to eight cents per
pound, Avere found to be composed chiefly of wheat
bran and corn meal, with a trifle of fengreek. an
aromatic seed, and a little sulithur, neither of which
is of any. value to healthy animals, nor of any reli-
ance for curing sick ones. Neither of the foods
have any greater nutritive value than the bran or
corn meal from which they are made. But there
is a mystery in the minds of most persons concern-
ing all substances that are claimed as having me-
dicinal properties, and so the exorbitant prices are
paid quite cheerfully, The experiment stations are
doing good work when they clear away the mists
fiom'before the eyes of the working and debt-pay-
ing classes.

Kow, friends, it may be that this egg food
contains some stimuhmt for ponltry, such
as cayenne pepper, or something of that sort;
and it is also possible that the combination
of substances is of value in stimulating the
hens to lay ; but, why charge .50 cts. a
pound for something that could be sold at a
proht for 5 cts. a pound? Is it fair or right?
and ought any one who professes to be a
Christian to engage in any«snch kind of
business ? I think Ave can safely say,
'• Thank God for this new era of experimen-
tal stations, kept up by the States."

BLUEBERRY - PLANTS AND DELOS
STAPLES.

THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL -EXPERIMENT STATION
NOW TAKES THE MATTER IN HAND.

J THINK you are right in exposing Delos Sta-
pleg. Blueberry -plants such as he sends will
not grow on upland soil. I ordered some of
him two years ago, supposing from his adver-
tisement and the letter he wrote me, that he
had improved the upland species; but the plants
he sent evidently came from a swamp, and had but
very little root. They were also packed very poorly,
and 1 knew from experience that no kind of tree
or shrub with such poor roots, and so badly dried,

would grow; hence I remonstrated with him before
paying for them. He wrote me such a penitent let-
ter, agreeing to profit by my suggestions as to
packing, also offering to send more plants, that I
sent the money. I inclosed a receipt for him to
sign, and then had to write sevei-al sharp lettei-s,
and even threatened to publish him, if it was not
returned. The last letter brought the receipt, and
more penitential promises, but that is the last that
I ever heard from Mr. Staples. I am now persuaded
that I ought to have published him. He may not
be defrauding intentionally, but surely his method
is the same as that practiced by the Bain gang and
others. First, you see au article in some unsus-
f.ecting newspaper on the blueberry, by Delos Sta-
ples; then his advertisement. Furthermore, he gets
his bushes from the swamp, and either does not
know how, or does not care to know how to pack
them. I even agreed to pay him for another lot of
plants, if he would pack according to my directions,
but it seems that he is not anxious to have his
plants experimented with.

W. J. Green, Horticulturist,

Ohio Experiment Station.
ColumV)us, O., Apr. 3, 1886.

Friend Green, I am very glad indeed to
have your assistance in this matter, and I
hope now the agricultural papers at large
will give him sucli publicity as he deserves.
It is not alone on blueberj-y-plants, but in
other things that he is taking the part of a
swindler. Some years ago, failing to collect
an account of him, I ordered potted straw-
berry-plants; but instead of potted plants
he simply sent plants with what seemed to be
a ball of mud around the roots. As they
were put loosely in a box, the mud was
pounded off the greater part of them. But
it was almost impossible to get a word from
him in regard to the matter; and our ex-
perience was eventually about like your
own. One who advertises as widely as he
does ought to be just as widely exposed,
A great number of letters have been re-
ceived since the notice was put in Glean-
inCtS, and all tell the same story; viz., dry
twigs, no roots, nor suitable packing.

REPORT FROM W"ELCOME APIARY.

SIXTEEN YEARS OF BEE-KEEPINO, AND A PICTURE
OF FRIEND HAINES' BEE-YARD.

rc-TurELCOME APIARY is located in the village of
''' Bedford, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, on the Cleve-
land & Pittsburgh and Cleveland & Canton
Railroads, both of which run through it,
dividing it about equally — the east half
only showing in the above engraving. It may be
said to have been established July 4, 1844, when a
fugitive swarm of bees clustered on a tree near
where the house-apiary now stands. Being eleven
years of age, I assisted in hiving and caring for
them, and from that time they received box-hive
attention— sometimes numbering a score or more,
at others only two or three colonies, but never be-,
coming entirely extinct.

In the spring of 1870, there being but three stocks,
I transferred and Italianized them, and commenced
bee-keeping on modern principles. I have tested
nearly every thing said to be an improvement or a
help in the business. I have retained only such as

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

295

proved to be beneficial, among which I may mention
movable frames, comb I'oundatian, honej'-extractor,
smoker, veil, slow feeder for spring- and rapid feeder
for fall, division-boards to contract brood-nest, and
last, but not least, pure Italian bees in well painted
chaff hives, in the shade of trees.

Notwithstanding I have had uniform success in
wintering bees in the house-apiary, I wish to class
It among the things I do not recommend on the
score of economy and convenience. I keep bees
only In the south side, and it is more work to care
for them than for an equal number in hives. You
had better invest your money in chaff hives. I want
no bee-bench, bee-shed, nor bee-house of any kind. I
want no queen-excluding honey-boai-ds, no sections
larger nor smaller than one pound, no reversible
frames. I fill my wired frames clear down to the
bottom with foundation, and there is no necessity
of reversing them to get them filled with comb; and
if the honey in brood-combs is uncapped when the

has not exceeded one-fourth that amount. On the
whole, I believe I have received just about a fair
compensation for the money invested and the time
devoted to bee culture, and am fairly satisfied with
the result, as I expect to earn about a hundred
cents to get a dollar out of any legitimate business.
Although this article is already too long, I wish
to refer to one feature of the work in our apiary,
and that is, it is largely done by women, which dem-
onstrates that women can adapt themselves to the
business, and become successful apiarists. Mrs.
Hains and her cousin. Miss Bennett (wlio, by the
way, are treasurer and secretary of the Progres-
sive Bee-keepers' Association, which holds its next
meeting- in this place May 6th) have almost exclu-
sive charge of the queen-nursery, as well as other
departments of the work. Tnexpei'ienced persons
would not hesitate to pronounce them wasteful in
the extreme should tliey witness their selection, or,
rather, rejection, of all small and medium sized

APIARV BELONGING TO .J. li. H.\INS, IJEDFOItn, Olllll.

sections are put on, the bees will remove the hon-
ey as fast as the queen needs the room.

In addition to the apiary illustrated above, I have
six others, in adjoining towns, aggregating about
200 colonies, and they are managed for comb honey
principally, while my borne apiary, which is kept as
near a hundred as circumstances will i;ermif, is de-
voted to queen-rearing and the production of ex-
tracted honey.

My winter loss in my home apiary is usually
about ten percent, comiKised largely of united nu-
clei. My report for the winter past is as follows:

Of 86 stocks on summer stands, lost 4; of 2.5 in
house-apiary, lost none; of 18 in cellar, lost half.

I have purchased about as many bees as 1 have
sold during the last sixteen years, in which time I
have increased from 3 to .'iOO stocks. The largest
yield of honey obtained from one stock in one sea-
son was 130 lbs. The average yield, year after year.

qufcncclls— a rule which they rigidly enforce, be-
lieving that none but the most perfect ai'C worthy
to bear the title of royalty, and that, through care-
ful selection, we may expect to come the nearest
to realizing the hopes of all bee-keepers, which is,
securing the best possible race of bees.
Bedford, Ohio, Apr. 1, 1S86. J. B. Mains.

Friend II., I am very glad indeed to hear
that your apiary is managed by women.
Perhaps this has something to do with the
neat and tidy appearance it presents. I re-
member Mrs. Ilains quite well ; and, if I re-
member correctly, she does not look as if the
duties had been so arduous or fatiguing as
to wear her out, either mentally or physical-
ly. We should be very glad indeed to have
some reports from either of the ladies. I
fear we are not having so many communica-
tions of late from the other sex as we used
to have in former volumes of Glkanings.

296

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

WINTERING BEES UNDER SNOW.

tIEND MASON GIVES HIS EXPERIENCE IN TH
MATTER, AWAY UP IN MAINE.

N Gleanings of Apr. 1, J. H. Mftiining asks you
if you have ever successfully tried the plan of
I letting bees be under the snow for two months
or more. I liave thought many times, while
reading your advice on this matter, that I
should like to know if you have ever thoroughly
tried the plan of letting the bees be covered for
throe months with snow; and, if so. I have wonder-
ed why my bees fared so ditferently from others. 1
tried it for years, and made a loss every year, and
every year I laid it to other causes, because 1 found
it advised by what I regarded the best authority.
My bees are so situated that they have good drain-
age, as you will see by looking at a picture of my
apiary whicli I send you, with the exception of what
few bees are in the sheds, which are shown in the
picture. The bees are arranged on grades, one
alcove another, running around a bank; those on
the lower grade are all covered with snow first;
those on the second grade are not covered so long,
and those on the top grade are never covered at all,
and always come out the best, and the second grade
ne.vt, while the third grade always comes out damp,
moldy, in a dying condition, or dead. Now, T have
noticed this so maTiy times that I am satisfied that
covering with snow is an injury to my bees.

J. n. Mason.
Mechanic Falls, Maine, Apr. .5, 1880.

Thanks, friend M.; bnt I am a little sur-
prised to receive these facts. Not only have
1 made it a practice all my life to leave all
the snow just as it falls, but 1 have heard
the same thing from so many other veteran
bee-keepers that I supposed there was no
doubt in the matter ; and if snow does do
harm, it is probably because you have it so
much deeper than we do, and remaining on
the ground so long a time. We seldom have
the snow remain on the hives longer than a
couple of weeks — sometimes, perhaps, a
month ; but very rarely so deep as to cover
the hives as much as one week. Going
around to the hives as fast as the snow falls
is so much of a task that I think I should
much prefer to set the hives up on high
stands, or, better still, on high ground, situ-
ated as you suggest your upper row is.

OVERSTOCKING.

what we do know and what we don t auout

IT.

T FANCY I hear the reader say, " You don't know
|lf any thing about overstocking;" to which 1 can
^t retort, " Neither do you." 1 believe, however,
■^ it is a subject of very great importance, and,
possibly, by talking about it, even if only to
tell what we dnn't know, we may eventuallj' learn
something about it.

It is in the memory of many living bee-keepers,
when it was very common for farmers and others
to keep a few bees, so that, on a day's journey,
many apiaries would be past, if from one to ten
colonies could be called an apiary; but a collection
of 100 or more was unknown. Now, however, one
maj' make a day's journey and scarcely see a liive
at any farmhouse by the way; but within a few

years very many have made a specialty of the busi-
ness, keeping fifty or more colonies in one place.

There are those who believe that, in the near fu-
ture, bees will be principally kept by those who
make bee cultux-e a principal part of, if not all, their
entire business. The tendency of the last few years
has certainly been in that direction, and even now
many a man is asking of himself, if not of others,
"What is the outside limit, for greatest profit, of
the number of colonies I can keep in my apiary'?"

It is a very slii)pery subject. No matter how many
facts we may gather, so great are the varying con-"
ditions that surround them that any positive, defi-
nite conclusion always evades our grasp. For in-
stance, Bro. Doolittle (p. 13, Gle.\nings) gives some
very interesting facts as to the product of his field;
but as to his conclusions, there are a good many ifs
in the way. He says that one year 500 colonies
gave 15,000 lbs. surplus, and afterward 300 colonies
gave 24,000 lbs. surplus; and from those and other
data he deduces certain conclusions. Here are cer-
tain things that he /rnoit's, and he has the right to
use them; but when he takes along with them
something that he docs not know, and uses it as
fact, he vitiates his right to correctness of conclu-
sion. The thing that he does ?io< know, but takes
for granted, is that the product of the field was the
same each year. Just here is the great stumbling-
block in the "way of making anj' progress in the
problem, just this variableness of seasons. He may
say there was the same amount of bloom each year,
but that doesn't settle it. Every observing bee-
keeper knows that he can not tell by appearances
the amount of nectar the bees can gather. One
year T obtained over 16,000 lbs. of surplus; and an-
other year, from about the same number of colo-
nies, and with a better show of bloom, I got 3000 lbs.
So we see how difficult it is to get at anything tangi-
ble. Nevertheless, Bro. Doolittle's contribution is of
value, and I presume he was as fully aware as any
oneof theditBcultiesof whichi have been speaking.
]f wecan get a great mass of facts bearing upon
the matter, we may get some knowledge that may
be of value.

J am not unaware that there are those who say
there is no danjicr of overstocking, and even a few
who insinuate, or sny plainly, tliat there is no possi-
bility of it. To these latter few, I want, in all kind-
ness, to enter a most earnest protest against the
utterance of any such sentiments. Please, breth-
ren, considei' the mischievous tendency of such
talk. It may make no difference to you whether
you are right or wrong. You have only a few colo-
nies, and can be little affected by any view; but
here is a man, limited in experience, who succeeds
in getting a good crop, and reasons thus: " I may
just as well have five times as many bees, and get
five times the crop;" so, by increase and purchase,
he starts the next season with a fivefold number,
and, as a result, there are so many bees that the
field barely gives them enough for their own sup-
port, and not a pound of sui'plus is obtained. If
you say this is an exaggerated case, not likely to
happen, let me give you what is likely to happen,
and has happened.

Mr. Smith has an apiary upon which he depends
for support. As nearly as he can decide, he has in-
creased to the maximum number for greatest profit.
Mr. Jones happens to live within h"alf a mile or a
mile of Mr. Smith, and, believing there is no such
thing- as overstocking, couimences to build up an

1886

GLExVNINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

297

apiaiy. Every single colony Jones keeps is a dam-
age to Smith; and if he increases to etjual the num-
ber Smith had, Jones will himself make an ignoble
failure. I have no desire to put a gag on any man's
mouth to prevent his uttering his honest convic-
tions; but I protest against any one of influence
makingastatementof asupjiosition as a fact, that he
does not know to be a fact, when such statement
may lead to damage and loss on the part of others.
If any brother happens to have any clear conviiJ-
tion on the subject, with proofs to support it, by all
means let such brother arise. There are a good
many of us who will be gldd to be convinced— our
prejudices are all in that direction. I, for one,
could afford to paj- a man well to come and satisfy
me that I can keep 3J0 colonies in one apiary, and
realize as much profit from them as from a smaller
number.

If I were asked to prove that 300 colonies in my
apiary would be less profitable than a smaller num-
ber, I am not sure that I could do it, past all contra-
diction. I think, however, I could give some facts
pointing in that direction. For instance, in 1880 I
started with 200 colonics, spring count, in one apia-
rj'; took no honey to speak of {nS lbs.), and decreas-
ed to 162. Practically these bees secured honey
enough for their own living, but no surplus. Am I
not pretty safe in concluding that these bees got
about all the field afforded? If I had had only 100
colonies, would they not have stored as surplus a
large part or the whole of what the remaining 62 or
100 gathered for their own support? Another thing:
There are a good many bee-keepers who have kept
2,50 or more colonies. Is there one of them who
keeps 250 in one apiary? Does not each one show
his belief in overstocking by the trouble and ex-
pense he incurs to establish out-apiaries?

We are still left to struggle with the question.
How manj' colonies are required to overstock a
given locality? or, rather, what is the number for
greatest profit? What facts can we have bearing
upon this? Bro. Doolittle has figured that 250 is the
maximum number to be located within two miles of
his house. This would allow a distance cf four
miles between the two most distant apiaries, and
does not say how many might be kept in one apiary.
About the most I can say very positively about my
locality is, that in one particular year 200 colonies
proved quite too manj'. What further light can wo
have?

THERMOMETERS.

The first thermometer you sent me was so long on
the way it had time to get broken; though how it
could be broken with such careful packing, I can
not imagine. The second came very promptly, and
is a nicer thermometer than I can buy here for the
same price, and, so far as I can judge, just as good
a thermometer as one which cost me 35 cents. Still,
how do I know which is right and which is wrong?
In the winter 1 keep four thermometers in constant
use, and they vary about two degrees. Now, if I
had one that I knew was right I could correct the
others by it. Possibly, what I insist upon is im-
practicable and too expensive; but it is so desirable
that I may be excused from further mention. If
you, Bro. Root, can not buy accurately tested ther-
mometers, get one in some way that you know to be
correct. Then test others by it, and put in one lot
those that prove entirely accurate. Perhaps an-
other lotmay be justone degree too low all through;
but if the purchaser knows this he can make the

proper allowance. Another lot may gradually
change from being correct at 20° above to being too
high or too low at some other point. Now, put
price enough on these to pay for all trouble, and,
if necessary to put on treble price, I don't think
many of the correct ones would stay on your hands.
We want some place where we can all buy ther-
mometers, and know something about them.

C. C. Miller, 340-324.
Mai-engo, 111., Apr. 5, 1886.

Friend Miller, I think I can give you an-
other fact in this matter of overstocking;
With SOU or -lOU colonies in our locality each
summer, even though many of them are
queenless, and consequently not full of pop-
ulous colonies, our locality is all the while
overstocked. No one can keep bees within
a mile of us to any profit. They have tried
it repeatedly, and 1 think they have all given
it up. During great yields of honey they
might do tolerably well for a little time ; but
in the end they decide it doesn't pay. For
the same reason, honey-dew does us very
little if any damage. There are so many
mouths to feed that they use up the honey-
dew, and almost every thing else, as fast as
it comes. — In regard lo thermometers, the
manufacturers are now at work at a lot of
standard tested thermometers, made espe-
cially for us. You may not be aware that
the usual way to test thermometers is to
ivy them at the freezing-point and at the
boiling-point, then take it for granted that
they will be right at other points. Now, al-
though all show alike at these two extremes,
they may vary considerably at other points.
For instance, when it gets to be 20 below
zero they won't tell quite the same sto^
ry ; and they may also vary some at or-
dinary summer temperatures, say 70 or 80
degrees. These new,ones are to be tested at
four different points— one down below zero,
one at freezing, one at CO or 70, and at the
boiling-point. The price will be 35 cts. each.
Besides the above tests, the scale will be
longer so the degree-marks are more easily
seen than the common ones. We have not
yet decided whether they can be safely sent
by mail.

FRIEND VANDERVOBT'S HOUSE -API-
ARIES.

FRIEND WRIGHT TELLS US ABOUT THEM.

fRIEND ROOT: I have just received a card,
asking me to tell you about friend Vander-
vort's house-apiaries. I will trj' to do so as
best I can. From what you have said, I
think that you have a very incorrect idea of
friend V.'s house-apiaries. They are made very
cheap. I don't think that they will cost to exceed
one dollar per colony for the number of colonies to
be kept in each house. The house is made in sec-
tions; the walls are double, and are packed with
four inches of sawdust all around, under the bot-
tom and over the top. The house can be taken
down, loaded on trucks, and taken anywhere you
wish to have it. Fii-st take off the top, then the
sides and ends, and your tiouse is ready to move.

Friend V. was moving one of his house-apiaries
when I was there. For a house to hold 40 colonies,

298

GLliA^^jiNGS I^ BiiE CULTUiiE.

Apr.

the house would have to be about 8 x 16 feet, and 7
or 8 feet high. There are two rows of hives on each
side of the house— one on the floor, and one on
a shelf about 3 feet high on each side. The house
is nearly full. There is no place to store or extract
honey. Above each hive there is a pigeon-hole, or
air-hole, about six or eight inches square. These
are opened and closed by a slide door; when it is
cold, these are kept closed; and when it is hot, they
are kept open. Friend V. tries to keep the temper-
ature at a point where the bees can build comb, and
evaporate and seal up honey at all times during the
honey season, and at the same time keep it low
enough not to excite the swarming fever. He said
he had not lost a dozen swarms from these houses
by absconding. In ten years. If a cold storm lowers
the temperature, friend V. drives at once to his
house apiaries and closes the little doors; when the
temperature I'ises, he opens them again. He uses
nine-frame hives; the fi-ames are about the same
depth as the Simplicity, but one inch longer. I be-
lieve he takes all of his honey in 2-tb. sections. He
uses a case something like the Heddon, except that
he uses separators, and has no partition between
each row of sections. The sections rest on a tin
made like an inverted T, thus: X- The sections rest
In the corners, and the separator rests on the knife-
edge; one tier of sections is put in, then a separator,
and then another tier of sections, and so on until
the case is full; then a false side, or follower, with
two steel springs. Is put in. These springs press
every thing tightly together. The case is placed on
the hive so that the sections are right over the
frames, and the space is often built full of brace-
combs. These, friend V. carves oft' with a long
knife. This would be distasteful to me, but he
seems to enjoy it; and as long as he gets the honey,
I suppose we have no right to complain.

You spoke in your foot-notes to Bro. Clarke's ar-
ticle, about bees getting on the floor. They do get
on the floor, and die there— lots of them ; but friend
V. has got used to walking over dead bees, and
doesn't notice them. I was there in April, and the
bees in these houses were so strong that they were
building bits of comb; and in some hives the bees
were actually crowded out. No honey is ever tak-
en out of the cases at the house-apiaries. The cases
are taken to the honey-house at home, the honey
removed, the cases refilled, taken to the house-apia-
ries, and put on the hives. If I remember correct-
ly, friend V. told me that he pref^^rred to work his
bees in chaff hives out of doors; but this he can not
do away from home, on account of thieves. They
have tried to break into these houses; but when I
was there they had not succeeded in getting
through to the bees, although they had damaged
the houses some. I stated that the houses were
made in sections. I will say that it is not necessary
to make them so, unless you wish to; and if I were
building one for myself, I would build it solid, just
like any other building.

If the above is not plain, and you don't under-
stand it, I will answer any question you nmy ask.

Geo. a. Wright.

Glenwood. Susq. Co., Pa., Mar. 13, 1886.

Many thanks, friend W., for the informa-
tion you give us. You say no honey is ever
taken out of the cases at the liouse-apiaries ;
but how does friend V. get the bees out ?
This point has been one of the great troub-
les in planning expeditious work in tlie

house-apiary. I have suggested letting the
cases of honey be until cold weather drives
the bees down into the brood-chamber ; but
tlie honey gets badly soiled or darkened by
so doing. I should think it would keep
friend V. pretty busy, driving to these
house - apiaries and moving these little
slides, every time the weather changes.
Can't he have an automatic regulator that
would work them the same way that we see
the dampers of some stoves operated by the
contraction and expansion of a bar of metal V
You see. I am first on this invention, do you
not ? We sliould be very glad to have
friend V. himself tell us something about
how he works, and the immense crops of
honey he gets.

PROVERBS FOR BEE-KEEPERS.

BY HEV. W. D. RALSTON.

fHE ways of bee-keeping are not all ways of
pleasantness, nor are all the paths thereof
the paths of peace.
2. Man is to eat his bread In the sweat of
his face, and there is no exception made in
favor of the bee keeper.

3. To work successfully a man must work wisely.
To work wisely with bees, one must know their na-
ture and habits; these can be learned only by care-
ful study and observation.

4. AVe live in progressive times, and the true bee-
keeper must be progressive.

5. In bee-keeping, as in other things, the diligent
are crowned with success.

6. The obstacles in the way of successful bee cul-
ture are, ignorance, carelessness, being too eager to
increase the number of colonies, and cold ivinters.

7. A fair knowledge of bees, faithful attention to
the apiarj', and a thorough and timely preparation
for the honey-flow, swarming, and wintering, will
make any man or woman a successful bee-keeper.

8. A tyrannical Pharaoh demanded of his workers
the full tale of bricks, but furnished them no straw.
Do not demand from your little workers the full
tale in pounds of honej', Avhen there is none in the
fields, or when you reside in a region poor in honey-
yielding plants.

9. Carefully lay up your honey-crop where thieves
{especially rohher hces) can not break in and steal,
and your empty combs where moth worms will not
destroy them.

10. Profitable bee-keeping gi-eatly depends upon a
gathcring-up of the fragments, that nothing be
lost. Fragments of time can be used in caring for
bees, fragments of lumber in making hives and
frames, fragments of combs for wax; and every
drop of honey is useful; even though mixed with
dirt, it can be fed to needy colonies.

11. Some bee-keepers seek their profits in raising
bees or queens to sell; but remember, that the true
aim of bee-keeping- is to supply our markets with
delicious honey.

13. Live not for self. Make your knowledge profit-
able to others seeking to learn bee-keeping, that
the coming generation of bee-keepers may excel
the present, increasing in numbers and in knowl-
edge, until every pound of honey secreted by the
unnumbered flowers of our land is gathered.

Hopklnton, Iowa, March 8, 1886.

188G

GLEANINGS IN \MLE CULTUUE.

lioy

AN IMPROVEMENT ON SCREENS FOR
KEEPING OUT FLIES.

ALSO FOMETIIING FOIJ BEE-KEEPERS TO PUT ON
THE WINDOWS OF THEIR HONEV-HOUSES.

El^IRE cloth over llie windows iuitl doors
is a grand thing, as everybody can tes-
tit'y who has tried keeping house
with and without it. But suppose
the tiies all get on the window and
stick there, what tlienV Over at our house
the women-folks take a cloth and beat tlie
poor insects to death, and then tumble tliem
outdoors, maimed, sick, and wounded. It is
hard, I know; but tlien, '" tlies have no busi-
ness to be tlies.'' We can not have our furni-
ture all spotted and specked up, nor have
our ears and noses tickled when we want to
take a nap after sunrise on a June morning.
Well, our enterprising friends of the Hub
Manufacturing Co. have got out a little de-
vice that costs only lu cts., whicli lets tlie
tlies outdoors just as fast as they want to
get out, but it dots not let them come back
again.

^.

2^.

HONEY VERSUS SUGAR FEEDING.

^ JL

WELLS PATENT WINDOW-SCREEN.

Figure 1 shows the screen as it is s. en
from the outside. Figure '2 shows a sectii;ii-
al-end view. Perhaps I might rema.'k Ik re,
that the engravings aie not very goo(l,i;nd
that they were not made by our engraver.
The machine that is offered"^ for sale for 10
cts. is showTi by E, 1, and J. It is a strip of
wire cloth as wide as the window, and bent
as shown above. At J some round holes
are punched in the wire cloth, big enough to
let a bee or a lly get through; then up at the
top edge of the outside screen some more
holes are punched at ('. The Hits buzz
along up the screens until they get to J,
when they crawl through the holes made o!i
purpose, and, hnding themselves •' in a box,''
they hasten to get out at ('. We have not
yet had an opportunity of trying it with
bees, but there is hardly a (lueslion but that
it will work all right. We have them in
stock, ready to ship, three ditferent widths,
26. 28, and oO inches. They can be sent by
mail safely for another 10 cts. Printed in-
structions, for fastening them to window-
screens go with them.

SOME PITHY REMARKS FROM FRIEND SMITH.

fKlEND KO0T:-On page 97 of Gleanings,
Mrs. Harrison, I think, gives us her honest
convictions in rcg'ard to the hon?y and sugar
ciucstion; and (allow mc to consider that you
arc the president) I would heartily say "aye "
to lier article in <j:,ncval, and to her resolution in
particular. But the expression, ''Now Ijt us feed
our bees the dark, rich, g-ood sweet honey, and net
depress the market with it," I object to, and upon
these grounds:

). Because I can not winter bees successfully on
late-gathered stores which are composed of this
"rich, dark" honey.

2. I have no difflculty in selling, at good prices, all
of my buckwheat and goldenrod honey. In fact,
eight out of every ten of my customers prefer it to
either clover or basswood honey, even at the same
prices.

She also writes, " Now, it is advocated to take
away the honey from the bees, and give them su-
gar syrup instead, benefiting the sugar market to
the detriment of honey. Are we going to teach the
bees that their own production is not fit food for
them, thereby?" etc.

I should like to ask how the purchasing of sugar
is to injure the honey market; that is, in the man-
ner that Mrs. H. concludes it docs. If you take
1000 lbs. of honey from j'our be?s and replace it
with sugar ?yrup, to be sure you help the sugar-
trade; and if you sell tliis honey foi- home consump-
tion, the way that all honey should be sold, why is
it not a benefit to the public and to the honey-trade?
I think v.'c never shall see the day when honey is to
take the place of sugar in the markets.

As to "teaching tlie bees tiiat their own produc-
tion is not tit food for them," how about " honej"-
dew"? Does not Mrs. H. advocate teaching the
bees that our modern movable-comb hives are bet-
ter adapted to their needs than the trees which na-
ture provides? Why not the same, then, in regard
to their food? When man finds that well-sealed
sugar stores are better for the bees than poor hon-
ey, why should be hesitate to feed it?

I bought my granulated sugar at 7 cts. per lb. by
the barrel, and, of course, it did not cost me much
over C cts. per lb. when made into syrup. I did not
sell a single pound of dark honey less than Q'i cts.
per lb., and I did not peddle it either. Moreover, I
bad to buy several lots of my neighbors to supply
my customers. Now, I claim that I received
enough extia for my honey to defray the expense
of feeding, besides having swarms in better shape
to go into winter quarters.

In the articls following Mrs. Harrison's, Mr.
Wright says: " It is very embarrassing to me when
I go to the city to sell honey, and begin to show my
samples, to have tlie merchant look up, with signif-
icant grin, and ask me what I fed my bees." Now,
I ha\e had the same question asked me by mer-
chants and consumers a score of times; but I can
assure you that it did not embarrass me in the least.
I always tell them that I make a practice of feeding
pure (/r((Hi/(f(fe((-*ii((/ar )<yritp, and that I will give
them fifty dollars if they will prove that there is
one ounce of said sugar in my honey. My sales of
honey, and the prices that I received this season
for the same, will bear me out in saying that the

300

GLEAKmdS 1:N bee CULTtjilE.

Apr.

"feeding business" does not injure my honey-
trade.

I believe, as does brother Root, that if we must
feed sugar we Should educate the public to it, and
not conceal a single action in regard to it. Perhaps
Mrs. H. and Mr. W. meant thbir remarlis for their
immediate localities; if so, then they will pardon
my seemingly hasty criticisms.

In concluding this article, allow me to say,
Bro. Root and others, that rf you are " riding the
sugar hobby," just sticlt to the saddle until you
are xure that you are wrong, then dismount.

Pittsfleld, Mass., March, 1886. Chas. H. Smith.

Below we give a communication from an-
other friend, on the opposite side of this
subject.

FEEDING SUG.\R INSTE.^D OF HONEY, WHEN HONEY
CAN BE PURCHASED AT 40 CTS. PER GALLON.

A. Wright speaks, on page 98 of Gle.^mngs, in re-
gard to feeding our bees sugar syrup, and thus
building up the sugar-manufactories at the e.\-
pense of the poor apiarists of America, by using
and advising the use of sugar in feeding our bees,
instead of giving them their ow;n natural pi'oduction,
honey, when they require to'toe fed. Is it pos.sible
that we can produce any article of food for bees
that is superior to their own riatunil ])roduet, honey,
to sustain life and bring them through winter in a
better and more healthy condition? I should say, it
is not possible. Is it a fact, that artificial food is
better than their natural production, honey? If so,
why? Certainly it is not so according to the law of
nature, in any other one thing that I know of.

There are many points in friend Wright's letter
that we as bee-keepers should earnestly consider;
and it is necessary that we should do so in justice to
ourselves and to one another. We are forming a
"Protective Union " against such things of oppres-
sion as come through legal prosecution, and why
not in this matter of feeding bees, by using honey
instead of sugar, thereby opening an additional
market for the disposal of thonnands of pniinds of
honey where sugar is now fed, and thus very natu-
rally assist one another? for where some of us have
to feed, others of us have honeij for sale, and for
which we are trying to create a market for its dis-
posal, instead of utilizing such an extensive open-
ing for the disposal of it among ourselves as is
given us by force of circumstances and nature, and
which is being fast yielded up to the sugar-manu-
factories, while we seek other openings ahead.

I have already fed 3.53 lbs. of granulated sugar
since January 1 to my bees, owing to their vei"y weak
state and small stores, caused by having run the
most of them in the queen-rearing business quite
late in the past season; still, they have not more
than half enough stores to carry them through to
spring; this sugar cost me 8 cts. per pound, and I
used it, too, after having the offer of squeezed hon-
ey at 60 cts. per gallon (squeezed honey is that
which has been squeezed fi'om the combs by hand,
balling it up and squeezing with the hands, the only
method that is practiced here in the South whe;-e
box and gum hives are ctclusivly used). Why did I
do this? you ask. Simply this: The sugar is here
at hand, while the honey is 70 or 80 miles off; and
rather than order it and wait, I used sugar. Now,
since considering this matter, as I take it, in its
proper light, I shall send and get the honey, and
not use any moi-e sugar to the exclusion of honej',

thereby affording a sugar-market among our-
lielves to the exclusion of one oum products. No, sir I

Now, friends, let me give you a few facts. There
are quantities of honey sold in E. North Carolina
— S(iueezed honey, at from 10 to 75 cts. per gallon.
Last summer, several parties I know of went to
Wilmington, N. C, to dispose of a barrel of honey
each, and they were offered only 40 cts. per gallon
for it, and but little sale for it at that. It is retailed
by the gallon at the producer's door for 60 cts. per
gallon. Now, what need to feed sugar, is there,
since this honey can be bought and put at your
door for less than sugar is now at its very loweM
cost, while these prices, as given for honey here, do
not Huctuate, as does the price of sugar? This state
of things will bear serious consideration, and a
change, if we desire to assist ourselves and one
another too, and aid the bee-keepers in being suc-
cessful apiarists. 4— Abbott L. Swinson, 71—66.

Goldsboro, N. C, Feb. 5, 1886.

The opening article answers you in part ;
and anotlier thing, friend 8., a pound of gran-
ulated sugar maizes more than a pound of
syrup as thick as honey ; and, again, I think
I am correct in saying that it goes further,
pound for pound. Sugar syrup is pure su-
gar. The honey gathered by" the bees is not
only grape sugar, a large part of it, but it
contains gummy matter and a great variety
of foreign substances. You have yourself
also given one powerful argument in favor
of sugar. It is always to be had at your
nearest grocery or country store, at about
its actual cost, while the honey is a good
way off, as in your case. In your opening
paragraph, you speak of the honey being the
natural food of the bee. I don't believe it is
worth while to quote nature very much.
Nature's way would be to let our cows go
without milking, and to let our hens go with-
out gathering the eggs. We are assisting
nature at every step— or, if you choose, im-
proving on nature's process. Modern bee-
keeping is almost all — nnnatiiral.

^ I ^

REVERSIBLE SIMPLICITIES.

friend shuck's experience in the matter.

T WISH to add to the remarks of Hemphill &
||p Goodman, in Gleanings for March 1.5, that
^l I used substantially the same thing as much as
"*■ eight years ago. I advertised the hive for sale,
and applied for a patent on it more than a
year ago. In order to make this form of hive ^•s
practicable as possible, I fill the trough in the met-
al frame-supports with strips of wood, thus con-
verting them into the old-fashioned rabbet (metal
rabbet, as generally used in this connection, is a
misnomer; they are not rabbets any more than
they are O. G. moldings), so that when ptopolized
they will stand firmer than when on the thin edge
of the metal supports. I then put strips across the
top of the frames near each end of the hive, that
are just as long as the hive is wide inside, and just
thick enough to come flush with the top edge of the
hive body. On top of this I clamp my invertible
top-board, and the arrangement is perhaps as per-
fect for inversion as this foi-m of frame can be
made. I hope everybody will try this,, if only to
note the hoi-rid deformity of the ordinary hanging
frames when inverted. They look well enough

1886

GLEAKIKGS IK BEE CULTUBE.

SO I

when well made and properly spaced, if you view
them only from the top; but to turn them over and
take a peep at the other side is discourag-lnjf, to say
the least. I always want to turn it back and try it
over again.

As a complete invertiblc hive it has the disadvan-
tage that it may be wrong side up when the frames
need handling, and must bo righted before you can
take them out. The hive can also occupy but two
positions— right side up and the reverse. A com-
plet3 invertible hive possesses the most advantag-
es which can occupy four positions, either of which
can be given it in a moment, and without inconven-
ience to either the bees or their keeper.

J. M. Shuck.

Des Moines, Towa, March »'0, 1886.

Friend S., you have hit it exactly, in say-
ing that the appearance of a Simplicity hive,
or any hanging-frame hive, is just awful
when turned over and you take a view of
the bottom-bars as they appear when turned
uppermost; and I felt just as you did, that
when I got it upside down I felt anxious to
turn it back again right side up. We, how-
ever, put some cinders and sticks between
the frames where they pressed together, and
with a little pains made it look tolerably pre-
sentable.

^ I ^

TEMPERATURE OF BROOD-NEST.

WERE DOOLITTLE'S EXPERIMENTS ON PAGE 19],
LAST YEAR, IN ASCERTAINING THE TEMPER-
ATURE OF A COLONY IN WINTER, FAULTY?

fN page 43 we find, among others on the subject
of " upper absorbents," the assertion that
" moist air is heavier than dry, especially
when cool." I wintered about 25 colonies on
summer stands during the winter of 1883-"4 in
my Climatic chaff hive. They stood close together
in one row, faciag east, with a tight board fence on
the west, and stable on the north, with temporary
board roof. I had tight-fitting division-boards on
each side of the brood-nest, with a chaff box on top
instead of cushions. That part of my hive which
incloses the brood-nest (first story) is chaff packed,
each end being four inches thick, the end walls and
division-boards extending one inch above brocd-
frames. This gives my chaff box, or cushion, a
drop of one inch to act in conjunction with chatf
walls of hive in retaining heat.

My boxes used that winter were made of inch
pine, bottom of burlap, and filled with about seven
inches of wheat and oat chaff, and the box set down
on the nine brood-frames ; the box fit close (as you can
make wood fit against wood) to the one-inch projec-
tion of end walls and division-boards, as above ex-
plained. The entrance I left open and kejit free
from snow; the cover, or cap, had a ]i.i-inch hole
covered with wire cloth in each end. Now comes
the test of the scientific assertion, that " cool moist
air is heavier than dry." In the si>ring, upon ex-
amining these hives 1 found the nuijority, if not
all, as nearly as I remember, of the chaff boxes with
an average of 2 inches of wet, moldy chaff on toii,
and the rest of the chaff, four and five inches down
to the bees, nice and dry; and in hives strong in
bees, the chaff was warm toward the bottom. I had
a clustering-space under the burlap bottom. I have
discarded the boxes, and use, instead, cushions,
pretty thick, with a Hill device sewed fast to the

under side of cushion. The cushion and device can
be stored away each spring together, without sep-
aration. I use the cushion instead of the box, for
the reason that a cushion can be made to fit sjiiii/ all
around in the one-inch drop alluded to, where the
wooden boxes would allow heat to escape.

Now, I believe, from my experience so far, that a
cushion about 8 inches thick, or thicker, made to
fit close, with a clustering chamber under it, and the
entrance left open, will allow of a slow draft, insuf-
ficient to carry off enough heat to be detrimental to
the bees, yet causing the excess of moisture to be
carried and deposited partly on the tipper surface
of the chaff, and part escape through the holes in
the cap.

About my first experience with bees was some
eight years ago. T tried to winter a few in Ameri-
can hives, by covering them up so snug and thick on
the frames, with pieces of carpet and cloths, that
the moisture failed to escape, and two out of three,
I believe I had then, I found so wet that combs and
bees were in a kind of " mush," too dead to make
"wax." I do not understand why any one can ob-
ject to upper absorbents, if the cushion is arranged
to retain the heat to fit down close, and put on early
enough so the bees may wax it fast.

I examined a number of colonies this week, tem-
perature about 10 above zero, and found, in every
one at which I peeped hastily, the bees clustered in
the chamber made for them under the cushion.

I was thinking, a few days since, that if we could*
make a chamber large enough to hold a good col-
ony the shape of the shades found on our parlor
hanging-lamps, which aredome shaped, with a large
opening in the top, as in the shade, and cover the
whole with a <7ac/f chaff cushion, and let the mois-
ture escape through the opening into the chaff
cushion, it would insure almost to a certainty their
wintering, as the bees could be all in one cluster,
and the heat thus generated would defy our sever-
est winters.

We can not winter bees successfully whei-e the
cluster is separated by one or more combs of honey,
as must be the case wtiere wintered in the brood-
nest; not enough bees can cluster between two
combs to stand our severe winters. If the above
" shade " chamber were made out of some light
material, like the wooden buttei'-plates found in
our groceries, and thickly perforated with about
'a-inch holes, then pour around it about 20 lbs. of
"Good" candy, leaving the center open as in the
shade, for the moisture to escape into the cushion,
which would completely cover the chamber, sugar
and all, it would, I believe, be an excellent house to
winter in; the walls of said house would be
" around and about them," and the bees could" just
sit around " and lick the sugar when and where
they might choose.

THE NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF A COLONY IN
WINTER QUARTERS.

On page 191, in your foot-notes you say that dis-
turbing the bees would cause the temperature to
rise rapidly, and that you do not quite see that Mr.
Doolittle had settled it; also, on page 91 our hiber-
nating friend Clarke says, " Mr. Doolittle's experi-
ments prove the extreme difticulty, if not utter im-
possibility, of ascertaining the normal temperature
of the interior of a bee-cluster; for the moment the
bees are disturbed and excited, the heat begins to
increase." Now, I think you and Mr. Clarke a little
premature in your decisions, as well as Mr. Doolit-

3()2

glea:nings in bee cuLTUlii:.

Aptt.

tie's conclusion, the first day be drew the thermom-
eter out from that cluster; for, notice, he left it in
from 4 p. M. until the next morning'; and in taking-
it out the act was so quick that the temperature did
not rise from the disturbance caused at the moment
of opening; the heat could not rise and affect the
thermometer in the short time it would take him to
reach in and pull it out. The bees surely had set-
tled into their natural quiet state during the inter-
val between 4 p. M. and the following morning.

In the second experiment, when five days inter-
vened, in which the cluster would surely assume its
wonted quietness (and Mr. Doolittle would not tar-
ry when pulling out the thermometer, but he no
doubt reached in and lifted it out immediately, and
cast his eye as soon as possible on the instrument,
before a moment's time could lower the tempera-
ture), would the bees have time, I should like to
know, in the moment of time consumed, to aS'ect
the thermometer? I can not sec it. Then, again,
his thermometer gave the coldest point reached in
the cluster during the five days, which was 63°.
They were not disturbed while registering the
above 63°. Why not, for that size of colony, in his
make of hive, put the normal temperature at 6>j°?
How can it be otherwise, when they had five daj s
to cluster around the graduated part of the ther-
mometer (which Mr. Doolittle inserted), and regis-
ter undisturhcd? The G'.°, I claim, was the normal
femperature of the cluster; for uf'ler the Lees
cooled down after inserting the thermometer, the
cluster entered into a normal state, and the tem-
perature would naturally be the lowest— i. e., e,'.",
during the cluster's five days of guiot.

About four years ago I spread my brcod-ne.st in
the center, giving about IVz or 3 inches space be-
tween the two central combs for clustering. One
day, when Vt degree above zero outside, I inserted
a thermometer quickly in the space above men-
tioned—not among the bees, as the cluster was at
one end of the hive, and I hung the thermometer at
the other, where a few scattering bees were, taking-
it out when but a little time had expired (a few
hours). The temperature had raised to 8l-° (summer
heat). The hive was my Climatic, as described
further back.

Two days ago, in same make of hive, I placed the
thermometer (which hung outside, and registered
2' below zero) under the cushion, in the clustering-
space under the Hill device, allowing the lower end
of the thermometer to just touch the clustei- and
extend " out in the cold." I left it m only about 15
minutes, and it registered 40°. Two hives treated
this way registered the same. In the first experi-
ment I think I took the thermometer out too soon;
the rise in temperature was caused, no doubt, by
what little I disturbed the bees. The second I did
not give enough time for the thermometer to regis-
ter even the abnormal heat.

1 am only an ABC, and have doubtless been pre-
sumptuous in the foregoing; but 1 wish some veter-
an would presume to prove me mistaken. School
is open at all hours, and we are willing to learn.
We little ones will throw stones now and then, but
we will take the conscciuenccs, and probably learn
something. Wm. M. Young.

Nevada, Ohio, Feb., Um.

Friend Y., I can not see that your experi-
ment particularly«touches tlie question of
the weight of damp air or dry air. Tlie
moist air ascended and dampened the cliaff

in your hives, because the air was cold out-
side and warmer inside, which always pro-
duces an ascending current. In regard to
the temperature of the brood-nest, see the
following article.

WINTER TEMPERATURE OF BEES.

FURTHER EXPERIMENTS IN THE SAME DIRECTION.

N Mr. Clarke's article, p. 01, in reply to Mr. Doo-
little, he endcavoi"s to substantiate his hiberna-
tion theory. It seems presumptuous for me to
cope with such able writers as Mr. Clarke and
Doolittle; but, according to my observations,
they are both somewhat in error in some of their
conclusions; and I think that, by the time I am
through, I can unsettle Mr. Clarke's hibernation
theory considerably.

1 infer, from Mr. Doolittle's article, that his exper-
iments were conducted in the latter part of January
and the first part of February; and he also had the
benefit of colder weather than I did. But accoi'ding
to my experiments, a fall in the outside temperature
does not alwaj s produce a corresponding lower tem-
perature in a cluster of bees that is undisturbed,
but, rather, the contrarj-, especially when taken at
ditterent times on the same day, as the following
tables will show.

I am inclined to think that Mr. Doolittle's figures
are too low, though ditterent localities and different
circumstances may cause a diiference in tempera-
ture. If 15° of change in outside temperature, as
Mr. Doolittle says, make one degree in the cluster,
an outside temperature of 75° would give only 69^ in
cluster, which I think much too low. Is it not pos-
sible, Mr. D., if j'our thermometer is as long as the
average one, that, when it was suspended between
the frames, the bulb was situated almost at the low-
er extremity of the cluster ? A common thermom-
eter is about 7 inches long; and, if suspended the en-
tire length below the cushions, would extend within
two inches of the bottom of the frames; and as the
temperature certainly decreases from the center of
the cluster to the outside, is it not probable that
your figures are too low ?

The following series of experiments were all taken
from one hive, though partially verified by experi-
ments with other hives. The hive selected was one
of my best hives, with the usual chaff cushion, and
situated in a row of hives which stand about 8 inch-
es apart. The spaces between, and about 6 inches
at the back, are packed with straw, and over all is
a temporary roof. I used a common thermometer
by slipping the graduated scale, with the tube, out
of the case. I then cut a slit in the mats (two of
which were used, as one was gnawed full of holes),
just large enough to admit the thermometer and
hold it in its place when slipped up or down. It
was then placed in the slit (without disturbing the
frames), with the upper end extending about 3 inches
above the frames, over which an inverted tumbler
was placed, and the cushion over all. By raising
the tube '2 to 1 in., the temperature could be seen
at any time, and disturb the bees but little. The
observations were taken about sunrise, unless oth-
erwise designated; at noon, when it was possible
for me to be at home at noon ; and at night. I placed
the thermometer in the cluster Feb. 9, and have the
following results:

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

oUS

..Clear

11.

12 Kainy....

13 Damp

14 Clear

15 Showery.

If) .... Clear. ...
17 ■•

.Outside teniii-iSS".

.Inside temp., 53°
(i2
66

At this poiut the hibernation theory litid taken
pretty firm hold on me, and I had begnn to believe
that the temperature of the bees (ii(} sometimes
fall below the frcezinnr-point. But, still having-
doubts, I investigated, and found that the liees had
chang-cd their positions, on account of the foreign
substance in their midst, and left the thermometer
fully two inches from the cluster, where it had
doubtless been during the whole time. When it was
again placed in the cluster, with the temperature
outside at 16" above zero, it arose almost immedi-
ately to f^O"; and, before closing the hive, it regis-
tered 90° ! This knocked the hibernation theory
out of me so completely, that it has never returned.
The above table shows that the temperature outside
the cluster averages about '^j° above that of the
outside air. The bees behaved themselves tolerably
well after this, with the temperature rang;ng as
follows :

IMte.

Weather.

Time
of day.

Out-
side
air.

In
clus-
ter.

Feb 18 .•

Clear.

Cloudy.
Windy

Cloudy.

Clenr.
Rainy.

Noon.
Even'g:.

Noon .
Eveu'g.

Noon.
Even'g.

Noon.
Even'g.'

Noon.
Eveii'g.

27"
50
50
40
15
22
21
26
.6
38
24
41
53
40
15
i»
28
14
18

78"

74

•' 18

7ii

" 20

76

r.9

" 20

70

" 21

" 21

" 21

" 24

65'
61
74
7+

" 25

" 25

SO

" 25

■,5

" 25

79

" 26 .

7S

" 26

" 27 '.

76

72'

" 28

'•2'

* Near outside of clu ter.

Owing to the varying position of the center of the
cluster, some observations are a little irregular;
but I think those taken on the ]8th, 2')th, and 20th,
are very nearly correct. You will notice one thing-
peculiar; that is, that the temperature is highest in
early morning, lowest at noon, and intermediate at
evening. This seems contrary to the natural order
of things; but all my experiments in co?(/ weather
tend to conflrm the above results. For some time I
was at a loss to explain this singularity; but 1 have
arrived at the following conclusions:

The colder the weather gets, the more closely the
bees will pack themselves, and the harder will the
outer bees crowd for a warm corner, making, on a
cold morning, a knot of bees so dense as to be im-
pervious to cold, and which retains nearly all the
animal heat generated, thereby maintaining a high
degree of temperature. As the day advances, and
it grows lighter and warmer, the cluster relaxes and
unfolds itself more or less, to make motion possible
inside the cluster, in order to obtain their daily ra-
tions (and I think they are in almost daily need of
food), so that they may be able to withstand the
cold of another night. This, of course, would pro-
duce a lower temperature.

Then, if bees hibernate at all, they must do so at
high temperatures; that is, the higher the temper-
ature of the cluster, the more complete is the
hibernation. I forgot to say, that the colony was
examined about a week after the conclusion of the
experiments, to ascertain whetlier or not it con-

tained brood, and I found only a patch of eggs,
about the size of a dollar.

THE CHAFF HIVE.

In friend Bish's communication, page 128, 1886, he
says that I jn-oposed to change the inside dimensions
of the chaff hive; but, if he will refer back to my
article (page r~), he will find it to the contrary.
But, friend Hoot, why not change the dimensions,
making the hive 'i inch longer from back to front,
in uj'ppr story, thus making it possible, with the
ample space at the sides, to use a Simplicity body in
the ujiper story? I think such a change would be
received with great favor by bee-keepers in gen-
eral. It will not interfere with the usual manage-
ment of the hive, as the tin rabbets may still be put
in their places, and the wide frames may at any
time be used in the usual way. I think, then,
that the chaff and Simplicity hives will make a per-
fect system of hives, as the different parts of each
will be still more interchangeable. As you know,
it is a great advantage, when a swarm issues from
a hive, leaving incomplete sections, to be able to
place the story bodily on another hive; but if you
wish to change to a chaff hive, you have to pull the
frames all apart and handle them separatelj\

I have about concluded to change the inside di-
mensions I4 inch in the hives I make in the future—
at any rate, for my own use. This increase in
length will necessitate no increase in the length of
the siding, but only a fevv minor changes, which
will cause no trouble or extra expense on the part
of the manufacturer. E. B. Cross.

Racine, Meigs Co., Ohio, March, 188(5.

Frientl ('., jour experiments seem to be
quite conclusive, and are doubtless right.—
I do not know of any reason why the chaff
hive should not be made so a Simplicity may
be set down inside of it. We used them
this way some years ago, but it seemed to
be so dithcult to set the Simplicities in and
set them out again that we abandoned the
plan, and the chaff hive was contracted in
the way we make it now, because there
seemed'to be no object in making it large
enough to admit a Simplicity.— And now,
friends, as winter is gone and summer is
near, shall we not drop the subject of win-
tering, temperature, etc., for the time being?

WHERE DOCTORS DISAGREE, WHO
SHALL DECIDE?

DOES THE AEDIXION OF JIOISTLTRE TO A GIVEN VOL-
UME OF AIR INCREASE OR DECREASE ITS SPECIFIC
GRAVITY PER CUBIC FOOT?

N the Scknii.fic American for Marcli ]8, a
querist, wliose initials are '' J. A. (f.,"
asks as follows :

1. Is it true, that moist air is lighter than drj-
air at all temperatures?
•Z. Is not moist air that is cooled to the dew-point
heavier than unsaturated air at the same tempera-
ture?

The S(--lcntt,lic Antcrlran replies to the first
question :

Moist air is always heavier than dry air at the
same temperature.

And to the latter,

Yes.

Now, then, (Uiyofs Physical (Geography
contains tlie following paragraph in regard
to the distribufion of vapor in the atmos-
phere ;

301

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Apr.

Water, whether in the sea or on land, is slowly
transformed into invisible vapor, which, beinn
niucli ligliter than air— as 3: .5— rises, and is diffused
througli every part of the atmosphere. Thus the
latter becomes tlie ;g-reat reservoir of acjueous va-
pors.

My oi)iuion is, that the Scientific American
lias made a mistake, or that they haven't got
liold ot the question aslved by J. A. G. And,
by tlie way, is it not our bee-friend J. A.
Green who propounds tiiese inquiries? If
invisible vapor is lighter than air, to the ex-
tent of the proportion of 3 to 5, no wonder it
lises and forms clouds. It may be said, the
vapor rises and not the air, but I think this
can not be true.

BUILDING UP A BEE-RANCH.

HOW IT WAS DONE IN C.VLIFORNIA.

TN November, 1S83, 1 was teaching school near the
(^It central part of Ventura Co., in Southern Cal-
]|t ifornia. Three seasons before, I had purchased
''■^ an apiary which I ran for two years, and then
sold out. Some of my neighbors, knowing I
was interested in bees, offered several colonies to
nie at my own price. I paid from $1.00 to f 1.10
apiece for fourteen colonics, returning the hives.
I afterward pui-chased si.v more, paying 100 lbs. of
honey for each colony when the original colony
would make it. These last were bought after it was
certain the season would be very good. I took out
over 300 lbs. per colonj% and increased my bees to
130 colonies in the spring of 1884. This honey, most
(;f which was very fine, I sold at 4, ili, and 5 cents
per lb., net. Before the honey season was over I
was obliged to move my bees out of the valley, on
account of the fruit, the danger to teams, etc.
Thc^ weather was so warm, and the roads so rough,
that I lost 10 colonics in moving them about 20
miles.

The ne.\t year I took out alH)ut 4 ) lbs. to the col-
ony and increased only 17 colonies. This was a
poor yield. But veri' few bcc-lcecpers made any
lionej' last year. This year every thing looks as
favorable as in 1884. ISIy e.vpenscs so far have been
for hives, wliich cost mo about $1..5) each; a honey-
tank, holding 3 tons, cost mo $2.).O0; an extractor,
«;~'5.00; ahoney-hous:>, 16X16, two stories, .11=160, and
lioney - knives, smokers, wheelbarrows, heaters,
foundation-machine, etc., about $50 more; so at the
end of this season 1 sliall have, lyobably, 300 colo-
nies and .*t'0) invested in the ajiiary and fl.xturcs.
With si.\ years' experience, 1 can say that this in-
vestment will yield me on an average about 1630 a
year above e.vpenscs (not reckoning my own labor).
I do not believe it will be profitable to keep more
than 300 colonies upon my range, though there
arc places wliere they keep three or four times as
many, and average ten or twelve tons of honey a
year.

In 1883 1 looked around for a place where I could
both keep bees and raise fruit. After many days'
hunting In the mountains I found a canon a mile or
more long, about 1500 feet above the ocean, and 15
miles inland. There are about 130 acres of plow-land
in the canon, or little valley. The soil is very rich,
and the surrounding hills are covered with alttleria,
mustard, sage, clover, and other flowers. The feed
is very fine for stock, but there is neither wood nor
water on the place.

I rented the plac3 to a now comer, agreeing to

build him a cabin and give him all he could make
upon the place for plowing the land and taking care
of my young trees. I put out 14 acres of fruit-trees,
at a cost of about $30.00 per acre, planting apples,
poaches, jilums, prunes, apricots, pears, almonds,
and nectarines. Trees mature so cjuickly hero that
mine, planted in March, 1884, produced some fruit
h'st year, and this year are so full of blooms that I
expect several tons of fruit. The value of what on
orchard will yield each year in California is estimat-
ed at from $10 Uo $3000, the smaller number being
usually much nearei-the truth. The profits i'rom or-
chards are often given, as with bees, by taking one
tree (one colony) and calculating what 100 to the
acre would yield in like proportion.

1885 was a dry year. To the first 160 acres I took
up as a timber-culture claim, I then added 16J acres
more as a homestead. The one who had rented my
place the year before took it again on similar terms,
giving me what I wished for my own use from the
crop. He had (;ultivated about .50 acres of beans,
corn, etc., making 1000 lbs. of beans to the acre
(worth 3 cents per lb.), 30 centals of corn, etc. In
18S5 the crop was much poorer, mainly because of
a lack of proper tillage. This year I farm my own
place, and the i)rospects are very bright for a large
yield. What do you think east, of 60 bushels of
corn to the acre, raised without onCdrop of rain
from the time it is planted until after it is ripe"?
In my garden are two-year old tomato-vines, still
blooming and bearing as they have for every month
in the year. Charles M. Drake.

Springvillc, Veijtura Co., Cal.

SURPLUS HONEY IN BOXES.

SO.VK NEW THOUGHTS FROM FRIEND DOOLITTLE,
IN REGARD TO STARTING THE BEES IN

SECTIONS.

0N page 181 of Gleanings, present volume, I
find these words: "The most difficult prob-
lem I find in bee-keeping is how to make bees
store surplus honey in boxes." As this was
once the perplexing problem with me also, I
thought perhaps by telling how I had solved it so I
have no more trouble along that line, I might bene-
fit some of mj' fellow-apiarists.

At first I tried the plan, so often given, of taking
boxes from such colonies as had commenced work
in them, and placing said boxes, bees and all, on the
colonies which still refused to work, and in this way
I was generally successful; but occasionally a col-
ony would not yield to such persuasion. After try-
ing various plans on these obstinate ones, I at last
hit upon a plan which always brought any colony to
terms. It was this: I went to a colony which had
asurplus of drone-brood, and cut out a piece of said
brood, fitting it in a single box or section, putting
this section in the center of all those on the hive. Im-
mediately the bees would enter this section to pro-
tect this brood, which resulted in a start being made
in the sections all about it. The great objection to
this plan is tlie trouble, and the gettingof an inferior
grade of honey where this brood was. As 1 did not
like these two objections, I fell to studying, the re-
sult of which was that the next year found me re-
ducing the size of my hives by means of dummies,
or division-boards, so that the brood should be close
to the sections, as was the case when the drone-
brood was used. Upon looking over all these ob-

1886

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

30o

stiuate colonies I I'ound that all of them were such
as had much empty comb-space in the broodcham.
ber at the time the boney - harvest commenced,
Avhich space the bees filled with honey, when they
began crowding: the queen, rather than taking to
the sections.

I have often noticed, that, if the bees start to
storing- in the brood-chamber to any great extent
before entering the sections, such colonies will
generally be unprofitable as far as section honey is
concerned. For this reason 1 take away all combs.
not occupied with brood, from the colony I nm to
put sections upon. Dummies, or division-boards,
are used to take the place of the broodless combs
taken away; and thus when the bees get a surplus
of honey it must go into the sections, as they have
nowhere else to put it.

Another thing, when I put on sections I put on
only a few to start with, for a large amount of
room given at the commencement of the season
tends to discourage the bees. I generally give
room to the capacity of from 1.5 to 30 lbs. to start with,
and in a week add room for 10 to 1.5 lbs. more, and so
on till the full capacity of the hive is reached. In this
way the bees are led along so as to accomplish the
best results. When hiving new swarms, they are
allowed only from 4 to 7 brood-frames, according to
the size of the swarm, which plan always gets them
in the sections at once. They are allowed no more
room below until 25 days after hiving, at which time
their numbers are largely augmented by the rap-
idly hatching brood. At this time the hive is
tilled out (9 Gallup frames), and, if needed, more
surplus room is added, so as to prevent what are
called " virgin swarms " issuing. As soon as all the
brood is hatched out of the combs in the parent col-
ony, and the young queen gets to laying, this brood-
chamber also is contracted to from 5 to 7 combs,
and thus all are at work in the sections during the
best of the honey-flow, to the best possible advan-
tage. When the white-honey harvest is over, the
sections are taken off and all hives filled out with
combs to their full capacity, so that, as a rule, I
have plenty of honey and plenty of bees for winter.

In the above, Wm. G. Norton (page 170) will find
an answer to his queries. I will further state, for
his benefit, that I use " duck " and enameled cloth
on my hives In place of a honey-board, and these
quilts are rolled back as more sections are put on,
so that the top of the hive is kept covered. In this
way I can put on few or many sections, as I desire.

Borodino, N. Y., Mar., 1886. G. M. Doolittle.

Friend I)., I congratulate you on havinjj
brought out a very valuable point indeed.
Since you call attention to it, it seems very
plain and clear, and I have no doubt you are
right, although the whole thing is to me a
new thought. I have often noticed that
bees prefer to commence building comb as
near to the brood-nest as they can get it —
often building fins at the ends of the frames,
rather than go a little higher up and Avork
in section boxes. I have also noticed that
they commence building new comb much
quicker after the brood-apartment is closed
up so as to make the l)ees fill it pretty close-
ly. "When they begin to feel the need of
more room, and begin to crowd out some-
where, if we can make them crowd up into
the sections it is just what we are after.
The idea comes very seasonably; and let
our friends all look to the matter of prevent-

ing honey-storing in any empty space in the
brood-chamber as much as possible wlien
honey begins to come in. I am sure, also,
that it is much better to give more room to
a colony gradually. A wiiole upper story at
once is, as a rule, too much. Some may ob-
ject to tlie time and extra manipulation, but
I do not see how the best results can be se-
cured without some pains and some work.

-^

DO BEESS HEAR?

AND DO THEY H.WE ANY VISIBLE OUOANS KOK
THIS PURPOSE? AN EPISODE OF A SPIDEK.

Tp N. TONGUE, of Hillsborough, Wis., asks me
K&j the following question: "Do bees hear?
>*^r Let Ernest examine and report. It is dis-
'^^ * puted by some, but I claim they can." Mrs.
Chaddock, a short time ago, asked the £ame
question, and 1 will now proceed to answer it as
well as I can. I do not think we shall ever be able
to render a decision that will be final to all parties.
This question has remained in uncertainty for cen-
turies. As long ago as 7.50 B. C, Isaiah seemed to
believe that the bee possesses the power of hearing
(Isa. 7: 18). Ai-istotle, who lived in the year 380 B. C,
something over a hundred years after the time of
Esther, of whom we have been studying lately, said,
" Iiiceitum est an audiant"—it is uncertain whether
they (the bees) hear. Ruber, to whom we are in-
debted for so many valuable observations, express-
es ills doubt as to whether the bee hears, and yet is
inclined to think that they have something analo-
gous to the power of hearing. Our own Prof. Cook,
if I am correct, though I may be mistaken in the
person, says that bees probably can hear, though
there aie no distinct visible organs which can be
found, answering this purpose. Naturalists arc
not agreed as to the exact location of the bee's ear;
but the majority are of the opinion that the power
of hearing resides in the antennie, or " feelers," as
they are commonly termed, basing their arguments
from the number and the analogous location of
these organs. Others ascribe to the antenna' only
the power cf delicate touch, and not a compound
organ of both hearing and feeling. They further
assert, that bees are sensible to sound only as vi-
brations affect the organs of touch. It seems to me,
in the light of present facts, that this position
can hardly be tenable.

Let us glance for a moment at a few facts and ob-
servations. We are all familiar with the peculiar
piping " zecp, zeep," emitted by the queen on cer-
tain occasions, as at introducing and at swarming
time. Why does she do this? Certainly not for ber
own individual pleasure, nor that we, as human be-
ings, may listen to her tiny voice. We must agree
that this is manifestly a signal to the workers, and
that the workers understand it. Many a time, in in-
troducing queens, I have heard this sharp note.
The workers would then show considerable signs of
excitement. It is true, that scent may have pro-
duced this cfTcct, but I think not in such a marked
degree.

Once, while standing in front of a hive, I heard
this peculiar piping of the queen. It was sharp
and prolonged, and I then began to suspect some-
thing. Before I had time to form any opinion, out
poured the bees from this hive by the hundred, un-
til the air Avas filled >vith a large swarm. I natural-

30G

GLEANINGS IN Bii^E CULTUUE.

Apr.

ly concluded then, and still think, that the queen
jrave her signal loi* the swarm to issue, and that the
bees heard it. The queen may not always signal
the time foi- swarming, but T feel confident that she
did in this particular instance.

Again, the very existence of this piping note of
the queen proves, to my mind, that it was not cre-
ated without a purpose, and this jturpose manifest-
ly was that the bees should hear it and act accord-
ingly, as they choose.

During my e.\perimcnts recently in determining
how long a few bees would live, caged on Good can-
dy, I learned one or two other things besides.
Some of the cages that 1 had for this purpose con-
tained a single bee, and others a dozen or more.
The cages were scattered through the various
sections of fv paper-holder, perhaps two or three
cages in a section; and were so arranged that the
occupants of one cage could not see those of anoth-
er. On several occasions I noticed that, when the
bees of one cage set up a buzzing, the rest all be-
gan, until it seemed like a whole swarm. Now, I
think the bees of one cage must have heard those
of another, in order for all to buzz at the same
time as they did, for all other means of commu-
nication were cut off.

DO SPIDERS HEAR AND APPUECIATE MUSIC?

Whether the bee hears the drumming of tin pans,
or can appreciate the delicate sounds of music,
might be a matter o' doubt— at least, I never heard
of a bee that was spellbound at the sound of
music. It is said that Sir John Lubbock, after play-
ing the violin before his bees, was jiot able to in-
duce them to waltz, beat time, or try the key of
" one sharp " on him. Whether Sir John ever tried
any thing of this kind, I am not prepai-ed to say; at
any rate, an indilTerent behavior on the part of the
bees is not to be wondered at. In books of natural
history we read that spiders, however, seem to ex-
hibit signs of keen enjoyment at the sound of the
guitar or other instruments. When 1 first saw this
statement it was too much for me to believe; but
chancing, one evening, to play my accordion some
years ago in the factory, one of my friends who
was with me ejaculated all at once, "Oh, look at
that monstrous spider!" As I continued to play,
the insect advanced toward me, for reasons that I
did not then suspect, and, before I was aware, it
was perched upon my knee, whereon rested my ac-
cordion. Feeling a cold chill creep down my back
as I discovered this intimate friendship, I shook the
ugly " baste " upon the floor, stamping my feet as I
did so. The spider made good his retreat, and dis-
appeared under a pile of boards. When quiet pre-
vailed, and I had resumed my playing, lo and be-
hold! our good friend crept cautiously out as be-
fore. I will not say that he waltzed, but he did act
as though he were spellbound. I then recollected
what I had read, and naturally concluded that it
was the music that delighted his worship. If I
ceased playing, the spider soon crept away; and
whenever I resumed he would reappear. I made
repeated trials, with the same results, and on sep-
arate evenings too. On one or two occasions I call-
ed him out in this way to show him to my friends,
who were a little incredulous.

It seems hardly possible that the vibrations caus-
ed by the music produced an agreeable sensation
upon the antenn<t> of the spider, and that it was on-
ly a delicate sense of touch, and not of hearing. On
the contrary it is reasonable for mo to suppose

that the spider not only heard, but enjoyed, the mu-
sic. Whether a bee can appi-eciato musical sounds
or not, we can not decide; but if a spider can enjoy
them, I liclieve a bee can hear at least the "zeep,
zeep," cf the queen. E. K. Root.

I will add to what Ernest has said about
the calling of a queen, that I have repeated-
ly seen l;ees start, as if with one accord,
toward a strange queen when she uttered
this strange " zeep. zeep;'' and. nnore than
that, I have seen the bees on a neighboring
frame start en inasse towartl the point from
which the sounds proceeded, when a strange
queen uttered this call; and. if I am not
mistaken, I have seen them do it when the
frame containing the queen was in one hand,
and the bees that started in response to the
call were held on a frame in the other hand.
I am satisfied that bees can hear the call of
their (lueen, or of a strange queen; but I
am also well aware that a pistol may be
fired within a few feet of them without our
perceiving even a flutter or vibration of the
wings.

HOW TO TAKE OUT SECTIONS.

THOSE 4000 liASSWOOD-TREES MENTIONED IN THE
ABC.

AN you tell me some good way to take the first
row of sections out of your crate? It is easy
enough after that. — 1 doubt not that many
others vrould be glad to know the result this
year of the 4003 basswood-trees mentioned on
page 30 of A B C— When I return combs to second
story of the hive after extracting last time, the bees
usually clean them up by gathering the honey into
a few cells in the center of each comb, making it
necessary to pars all combs through the extractor
again. How can I get them to take this honey be-
low, or will it be all right to leave it in the combs?
Salem, Columbiana Co., Ohio. M. F. Tabek.

Friend T.. the easiest way to take the sec-
tions out, if the case is ail full, is to turn
the case over, and. with a suitable follower,
press them out all at once— the case being
raised half an inch from the top of the table,
with suitable strips of wood in each end. If
you want to remove the filled ones, and leave
the others to be finished, we usually have
but little trouble in getting the first one out
by means of a screw-driver or a heavy-blad-
ed knife. — During 1S85 our bassw6od-or-
chard yielded a tolerable crop of blossoms,
and quite an army of bees could be seen go-
ing in the direction of the trees every morn-
ing while they were in full bloom. As there
are some heavy forests of basswood near by,
however, it islikely that quite a large part
of the bees visited "these forests. — The only
w^ay to get every drop of honey out of your
combs after extracting, is to leave on the
upper stories until the bees collect these lit-
tle patches of honey and carry them down,
toward the approach of winter. If some
honey is left in the combs over winter it
does no harm, providing your combs are
wintered in some place secure from moth
or robber-bees ; that is, you do not want
robbers to work at them wdien they com-
mence to work in the spring or late in the
fall.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

807

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT,

Continued from March 15.

chaptp:ii xiii.

Better is little, with the tear of the Lord, than great treasure and trouble therewith.— Phov. l.'i: 16.

As I commt'uce this chapter during this
6th day of April, 1886, our country is beset
with troubles on account of strikes because
of the conflict between lab.)r and capital.
A great many are also in trottble because of
the very low prices obtained for every thing,
and therefore many are out of work. I
bought a load of large beautiful " Northern
Spy '' apples at only 30 cts. a bushel. The
man took that, rather than drive around
from house to house, meeting only with the
discouraged statement that they had more
than they wanted already. At the very
time I bought those apples, my own were
rotting at the rate of a bushel a day, and I
did not need any more. Anotlier farmer
sold me twelve dozen eggs for only an even
dollar; and if one were to keep his poultry
shut up, and feed them till they lay twelve
dozen eggs, I am sure the feed would cost
more than a dollar. Fifty bushels of turnips
are shooting up sprouts out where they are
buried, but no one wants them, even at 85
cts. a bushel, although they usually bring a
dollar a bushel in the spring. A year ago
last fall I thought I should like to try my
hand at raising a piece of wheat. I was go-
ing to show the farmers what big farming
and modem implements, underdraining,
phosphate, etc., would do. How do yoti
suppose it turned out ? I think I got about
21 bushels of wheat to the acre ; but I was
offered so little for it I concluded to keep it
to feed to my Light Brahmas. It is true,
we have had eggs almost all through the
winter, and I have enjoyed keeping the
poultry; but I doubt whether the eggs
would have sold for enough to pay for the
wheat, and I doubt again whether the wheat
would have sold for enough to pay for the
expense of raising the crop, to say nothing
about the value of the land, that cost me
over S200 an acre.

Although labor is plentiful, and people
are everywhere begging for a job, yet real
faithful farm hands are not plentiful. Out
of the hundreds who apply to me for some-
thing to do, I doubt if there is one who
would feel greatly worried or troubled if he
knew the crops he raised for me would not
sell for enough to pay the wages he receives.
He would doubtless think that was viy part

of the business, and that his was to do as he
was bidden. May be he would think I had
lots of money, and that I was doing it for
fun any way, and that he might just as well
have some of my money as anybody else.

Now, I presume I could write several
chapters fidl of discouragements like the
above. Shall I go on V I think there is no
need of it ; in fact, I think the better way
will be for us to examine the above, and see
where the troulile is. If this book is to tell
you all what to do, and how to be happy in
doing it, we can not very well have it tilled
with such doleful tales as I have just given
you. I have before told you that tlie book
was written for poor people, or any kind of
people who have leisure hours, and want to
know how they can make some money dur-
ing those leisure hours. If somebody had
asked me to write a book stating how peo-
ple who are busy from daylight till dark
could make vtore money by luring other peo-
ple, I think I should have said at once I
didn't know how to write any such book.
In fact, I very much doubt whether a book
could be written to tell people how to make
money by hiring somebody else to take care
of their poultry, their garden, their green-
house, or any of these things. All these
kinds of industries need yourself, my dear
friend. God wants you, and no substitute ;
and the first thing to do in any kind of busi-
ness is to learn to be faithful and successful
yourself, and in due time this faculty of be-
ing able to employ others will come. It can
not be learned out of a book, although a
book may be a great help to you ; and this
book, I feel sure, will show you the way i*n
which you can be comfortable and happy,
providing you are willing to work. In fact,
I begin to think more happiness is to be
found with small possessions, than where
property lias been left you. Giving a young
man a good farm does not necessarily make
him happy ; and if he should get two or
three farms by the death of relatives, it
seems to me that, in the generality of cases,
they would be pretty sure to make him un-
happy. Our text says, " Better is a little,
with the fear of tlie Lord, than great trea-
sure and trouble therewith."

Now, then, about the low prices. There is

308

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Apr.

a bright side to it, even, as tliere is toalmost
every thing else, if you talce it in a bright
and iiopeful spirit. If apples are cheap,
think of the number of juveniles that re-
joice over healthful fruit in the spring of the
year. At the time I was telling you how
low apples were, I did not say any thing
about the price of potatoes, although I
thought of it. Potatoes bring readily 20 cts.
a pecfc at retail, and the price will very soon
be 25 cts., or a dollar a bushel, probably, for
there are no potatoes in our town, of any ac-
count. I need not tell you that, at these
prices, potato-raising is a very profitable
business. It is true, that eggs are only 8 cts;
but at the same time, butter is from 20 to 2-5
cts.; and I have just been informed there is
no butter in our town. Do you see the point ?
You are to make it your business to fill up
these gaps or vacancies. If your crops are
nicely cared for, and nicely husbanded for
safe keeping, and a scarcity occurs, you will
get good prices ; and even these same apples
that have been begging customers at cO cts.
a bushel may bring a dollar in a few weeks.
The roads have been bad, and farmers have
been saving their api)lcs for better prices.
Pretty soon they will all be gone ; then with
the inquiry for them comes a scarcity, and
good prices for the lucky ones. Eggs, as a
rule, are low in the month of April, and the
prudent poultry-keeper should bear this in
mind. The turnips will probably soon bring
a dollar a bushel, if they can be prevented
from growing and becoming pithy, ^'ery
likely some of my readers know how to do
this better than I do, and may be we raised
more turnips for our market last fall than
was wise. Last summer, turnips were quite
a hobby of mine, and Ave had th.e first in
market — yes, the first by several weeks.
Shall I tell you what the result was ? Why,
we got a dollar a bushel at retail for our
whole crop of yellow ruta-baga turnips for
table use; so if we overdid the matter a little
for turnips in the fall, we hit it exactly in
tlie spring. It requires experience and brains
to hit these things just right.

In regard to the price of wheat, the man
who has but a few acres of land near a town
or city should never think of raising wheat.
Nobody ever pays extra for the first wheat
that is brought into the market, and the
wheat business properly belongs to the great
prairie lands of the West. To compete with
them would be folly, and it is much the same
with corn. You can raise roasting-ears for
market, it is true ; but you can not raise
corn by the carload at 25 cts. a bushel, un>

less that is your business. If you can raise
potatoes, and have them on the market by
the -1th of July, so as to get two or three dol-
lars a bushel at retail, of course it will pay
you to raise potatoes.

In regard to poultry. We have sold great
numbers of Stoddard's book, entitled "■ An
Egg Farm ;" but although I have been wait-
ing for, and watching reports anxiously, I
have never heard of an establishment that
raised eggs on a large scale, so they could
sell them at 8 cts. a dozen at a profit. It
may be done ; but my impression is, it is a
pretty difiicult matter. Shall we give up
poulti-y V Surely not ; for every market gar-
dener, or every small farmer as well as large
farmer, needs poultry to gather up all sorts
of waste food that would ordinarily be lost
without them. " Gather up the fragments
that nothing be lost," is a wise proverb.
Last summer we had a hen that was pretty
wild, and she was allowed to hatch a brood
of Light Brahmas. Well, just as soon as her
coop was turned over so she was at liberty,
she took those Light Prahmas down to the
creek ; and when she got them there she just
kept them there. I used to go down morn-
ings and see them start out just after sun-
rise. How they did enjoy themselves among
the corn and squashes, and rambling over
the grounds ! Did we feed them ? Not at
all. They fed themselves, and benefited our
crops greatly. No one knows what those
two broods of chickens were worth on our
crops down by the creek. They cost noth-
ing in the way of attention, nothing in the
way of feed. When the old hen weaned
them they roosted nights under the maple-
tree ; and when it came cold weather I had
quite a time to get them to come up to the
poultry-house and avail themselves of the
advantages of civilization. People saw them
as they were passing by ; and before the
roosters were full grown I sold them at a
dollar apiece, and some of my customers
went away chuckling, to think I didn't know
any better than to sell them so cheap. The
eggs were from a choice strain of Light Brah-
mas— that is all.

Now, every good-sized farm would sup-
port quite a large lot of chickens, and the feed
in summer need cost nothing ; in fact, you
could afford to pay something to have the
hens pick it up. Sunday evenings we used
to take a walk down by the carp-pond, and
it was one of my delights to point out to my
wife and children my fiock of Light Brah-
mas that " worked for nothing and boarded
themselves." Perhaps some of the poultry-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

■SiY.)

keepers and poultry-journals would ridicule
such a slipshod way of raising pDultry ; and
they may urge the danger of their being de-
voured at night so far away from house or
home. Well, mine were never harmed, al-
though tliey were near the creek, where ene-
mies might be supposed to lurk. But should
there be danger of such nocturnal prowlers,
our ten-cent i)oultry-book gives directions for
a cheap and pretty little poultry-house for just
such flocks of chickens. If you are going to
keep chickens in this way, of course you can
keep only about so many on a certain area. I
got a dollar apiece for my roosters, and they

cost almost nothing. The reason is, as I
told you, I started, in the hrst place, with
some tine stock that was universally want-
ed. Besides the birds sold, agood many eggs
were disposed of also, at 50 cts. a dozen ; but
I suppose everybody would liave been satis-
fied at a dollar a dozen. After investing sev-
eral dollars in one of the best male birds
this spring, I am now going to charge a dol-
lar a dozen for the eggs. Now, there is
something else I wanted to say in regard to
poultry; but as it starts from a different
standpoint, we will take it up in another
chapter.

CHAPTER XIV.

That which tlie palinorwoi-m hath Iclt lialh the
hath the cankcrworm eaten; and that which tlic
—Joel 1:4.

My friends, if you desire success in raising [
plants or in raising poultry, or in any kind
of business, you have got to fight against
difficulties and discouragements. Sometimes
it would seem as if the odds against you are
terrible odds. If j^ou do not work carefully
and wisely, you will see the work, not only
of hours, but of days, swept away so quickly
that it willtake you by surprise and astonish-
ment. You may have made ample provision
against the effects of frost by means of glass
sash and steam or hot-water pipes ; but just
as soon as you get a temperature just right
to make the plants boom, you will discover
that you have hit it exactly in making in-
sect-life "boom." Perhaps tin first enemy
you meet will be green flies on your lettuce
and other plants ; and beware how you
think they do not amount to much, and can
not do much harm. So wonderfully rapid
are their powers of reproduction, that, be-
fore you know it, they will fill your green-
house. If you go to the books they will tell
you that a thorough fumigating with tobac-
co-stems will kill the flies. Tobacco costs
money, and fumigating takes time ; and by
and by you begin to fear it is more bother to
fight the green flies than all your stuff is
worth. If the little pests would only be so
accommodating as to die submissively after
you have smoked them enough, as it would
seem, to satisfy any reasonable bugs, you
could get along very well ; but they will get
sick from the tobacco, and fall down on
their backs, and after a while get up again
and increase faster than ever. We became

locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left
cankcrworm hath left hath the caterpillar eaten.

almost discouraged this last winter, throngh
this same pest ; and I verily believe that the
bugs would have come out ahead had we
followed the directions given in the books.
In despair. I wrote to our frieiul Peter Hen-
derson, lie told me that it is quite a hard
matter to kill the flies on the leaves of let-
tuce when it got to making heads, for they
would get down uiuler the leaves, where the
tobacco smoke could not reach them ; and
he said the only plan was to cover the
ground witli tobacco dust and then drench
the plants with a tea made of tobacco-leaves.
This conquered them — at least for the time ;
but to go over all the greenhouse in that
way takes more time and tobacco than the
lettuce would likely be worth.

About the first of January, for an experi-
ment, I set one of my Light J5rahmas under
one of the benches in the greenhouse. Only
one chick hatched out, through some care-
lessness on my part; but that one chick
came pretty near managing the green flies,
alone and imaided. When, a little later,
half a dozen more spry little J3rahmas came
on the stage, they went over the whole of the
beds, and througli all the boxes of plants,
and so effectually picked out the green flies
in about three or four days' time that the
victory was complete. Friend Terry says,
in his potato-book, that the best and cheap-
est way to master potato-beetles is to take
them off and kill them by hand. And I be-
lieve a good many others find it so. Now,
after you have seen a chicken go through a
grepnhouge bed and snap up the insects one

810

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

af ler anolher, you will doubtless decide that
Imman ingenuity can never make a better
machine for the purpose than the chicken
that human ingenuity did not make, but
that God gave, as he gave all of tliese other
tilings for us to utilize. A year ago I made
a similar discovery of the utility of chickens
in banishing the little black flea that infests
cabbages and turnips in the open air. The
chickens, however, must be of the right age.
In ten days after they did such execution
among the letlucc t'.iey began to eat the
young tomato-plants at such a rate wc were
obliged to keep them off from the beds, even
tliougli they chased us about and chirped
incessantly to be lifted up.

Now, then, I should say that whoever goes
into gardening, or starts a greenhouse or a
liot-bed, wants to start, at the same time,
some chickens. AVhen you have secured a
temperature right for your lettuce to grow,
you have also secured a nice place under the
lettuce-bed for a hen to sit ; and I would
start one sitting, say in October or Novem-
ber, and then start another every three weeks
all winter long. The chickens will pay ex-
penses by keeping down all kinds of insect-
pests. They will also amuse the children,
and make your greenhouse a pleasant and
happy place for yourself and visitors. No
hen is needed in the warm greenhouse after
the chicks are three days old. Fix a warm
spot somewhere for the chickens to cluster,
then pick up the old hen and put her among
the other fowls, and she will forget all about
her chickens in a day or two, and go to lay-
ing again. Your flrst brood of chickens
will take care of the next, and so on. When
any of them get so large as to make trouble
in the greenhouse, "transplant" them to
the regular poultry quarters. Where chick-
ens are wanted in the greenhouse, a hen is a
detriment ; for she keeps calling them down
from the beds, where they can be allowed,
but where she can not be allowed for obvious
reasons. In a little time they get so busy
and delighted with their work in the beds
that they pay but little attention to a moth-
er. The temperature of the greenhouse is
usually so warm they need but little or no
brooding. When you use chickens for keep-
ing down the little black flea, or " jumping
jack," as it is called, out in the open air, the
case is different. Then, you want the moth-
er to brood them when the weather is chilly,
and to hold them to the desired spot. A con-
venient place for her is in the ordinary coop
made in the shape of a letter A. I would,
however, cover the front with poultry -netting

instead of the ordinary slats. So you see
poultry is going to be a necessary part of our
business in market gardening. I am told
that Pekin ducks will live entirely upon the
refuse of a market garden, and thatthey will
eat potato-bugs, squash-bugs, and every
thing in that line. Well, we have a pair of
old ducks, but ducklings have not yet made
their appearance. Perhaps you would like
to have my ideas of the way in wliich poul-
try should l)e kept, to make a sure proflt and
yield a sure pleasure. Very well ; here goes:

HOW TO KEEP POULTllY, THAT THEY MAY

AFFORD Y'OU BOTH PLEASURE AND

PROFIT.

You may think this a simple matter ; but
I find it quite important that you consider
well, and lay your plans wisely before you
start. It is just as easy to start right as to
start wrong. If you have no poultry, and
never Icept any, you will need to deliberate
quite a little time, perhaps, before you can
decide upon the best place to keep them. If
they are going to yield a profit above what
they cost, we can not afford to pay out very
much m')ney in the start ; and I am glad to
be able to say that not much money is need-
ed. Although you may have plenty of time
on your hands now, you are not going to
have when you get things in running order.
The location should flrst be such as to save
time and steps. If you have a cow, horse, or
pig, it will be economy to have the poultry
quarters near these domestic animals ; for
when you go out to care for one you can care
for all. Our poultry-house is placed between
the factory and dwelling-house, so that I can
have an eye on them every time I pass to
and fro. If I neglect to take a look at them
for a very long time, I am sure to repent it,
although they have feeding-boxes and water
so they are always provided with these things,
whether they are visited daily or not. The
poultry-house should be sheltered from the
prevailing winds. It should also have plen-
ty of sunshine. During pleasant weather
there should be open sheds fronting the
south, for the fowls to get out and in, and
take the sun and air. Two of these sheds
are very convenient— one that takes the sun
in the forenoon, and the other in the after-
noon. Sometimes the wind is in the east
and sometimes in the west. If you give
them two sheds, they can select the one of
the two that will cut off the cold winds.

While poultry must have dry quarters and
di'y ground to stand on, they should also be
as near to Mother Earth as may be, so as to
get the benefit of the heat from this source.

1886

GLEAKIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

sn

Uuriiig severe winter weather, their quar-
ters should be so arranged that they may be
confined to a pretty small-sized inner room,
to economize the animal heat. I discovered
last winter, when the thermometer was be-
low zero, that twenty-live large fowls like
the Light Brahmas would keep such an in-
closure at a very comfortable temperature,
simply by the heat of their bodies. At such
a time the openings may be closed about
as tight as you can get them, and they will
still have plenty of air.

If you can stand the expense it is an excel-
lent idea to have the fowls so they can be
shut up in a certain yard when, at certain
times of the year, they become troublesome.
For instance, if they get into a habit of dig-
ging up your new-made beds in the garden,
shut them up until they get over it, or imtil
the soil has, by reason of the sun and rain,
ceased to look so tempting to them. They
may get into the notion of eating your toma-
toes at a time when it will be less trouble to
shut them- up than to try to keep them away
from the garden.

Mrs. Root says she would not have poul-
try encouraged to come around the house
very much. The walks around our house
are sawed flagging, from the Rerea grind-
stone quarries. This Hugging looks very
nice and cool and refreshing when it is kept
swept olf clean ; but although Light Brah-
mas are very handsome and nice looking in
the proper place, they are not just what is
wanted on a nice lawn or on the walks. If
their quarters are, say. 'SO or -10 yards from
the house they will seldom prove a nuisance
in this Avay, unless they are encouraged to
come around by bread crumbs or other food
thrown out careles.sly. Keep a pail in the
house, called the " poultry-pail,'" and put the
crumbs and bits from the table into this pail
until there is enough to carry out to them.
I like the idea of having a small plate near
my own plate on the tl inner-table : and when
I come across a bit of food that I think is
more appropriate for poultry than for ray-
self, I lay it aside for them. Don't let any
thing be put into the kitchen fire, or be care-
lessly thrown away, that will please the
chickens, llemember they need water, grain,
meat, and green stuff such as cabbage and
lettuce, bones, to make egg-shells, and ashes
to wallow in. etc. When you get into the
way of buying ashes from your neighbors,
you will find that, by sifting them with a
sieve of the propsr mesh, that there are lots
of small bits of bone in the ashes. I was
greatly surprised, in sifting the ashes we

have saved up in this way, to find a splendid
lot of bits of bone, burned enough so they
break up very easily, just right for poultry.

A great many ways have been devised to
keep poultry-houses clean. I have never
found any thing equal to peat. Draw several
wagon-loads, and pile it up near the poultry-
house. Whenever the ground looks untidy
under the roosts, cover the untidiness with
a scoop-shovelful of peat. Take a rake oc-
casionally, and rake it all up together. This
will give you a fine compost for your plants.
IS'otice, will you, how the hens and the gar-
den work together if you manage them
rightly.

If you have only a few hens, and find it
difficult to keep them as warm in winter as
they ought to be, fix the place where they
roost in winter, and where their nests are
arranged, something like the cut below,
which has been kindly loaned to me by our
friends of the Itund New -Yorker.

1'OUIjTI!Y-U<)USE, protected FUOM cold liV SODS
AND EARTH.

The picture gives the idea of this, so that
you can modify it to suit your taste. I have
no doubt such a place would be very pleas-
ant and cozy during bleak wintry days, pro-
viding, of course, you keep it dry inside. A
sub-earth ventilator would bring in air, and
at the same time make a very perfect drain-
age, if tile were laid around the outside,
to keep the water from soaking in through.
The small cut adjoining
this shows a plan for
making a Avarm place
for a single hen and
chickens. A barrel is
imbedded in a suitable
bank of earth, being careful to have perfect
drainage as heretofore. .Sod it over so that
the grass will help keep out tlie rain. When
the weather is very cold, put a board Ijefore
the door, and fasten the mother and brood
in. They will be warm and comfortable,
even during a severe freeze. If it could be
managed so no dampness nor wet could pos-
sibly get inside, some chaff cushions, such
as we put over our bees, might make it very
comfortable for the biddy and her brood.

*M-^^

812

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aril.

Now, unless I am very much mistaken,
you who undertake to keep poultry will, un-
less you are naturally given to doing every
thing well, experience many disappoint-
ments. Any one who is in the liabit of say-
ing, "■ There, I think that will do well
enough," or, ''Well, that is a little risky,
but I guess it will have to answer," and
such like expressions, will surely meet with
disappointments and losses that Avill spoil
all the profit. When I was a boy, and had
nothing on my mind but my poultry, I used
to succeed right along. I remember dis-
tinctly of setting a large white Shanghai
hen on fifteen eggs, and getting thirteen
live chickens, and I believe all were raised.
Shall I tell you a little of how I have man-
aged since I have got grown upV Well, I
have set four hens this year, and the result
is only four chickens. The failure in each
case was because too many other things
were on my mind, and I couldn't give the
hens the thorough care and attention they
needed. Tlie first attempt, thirteen eggs
produced one chicken. I overdid the matter
by providing food for my sitting hen, so she
never needed to come off from her nest at
all. I didn't let nature liave her own way.
The next time, I took a smaller-sized hen,
gave her eleven eggs, but took her off the
nest regularly every day for food and re-
freshment, and gave her a nice place to
wallow in the dust. She hatched out six
chicks from the eleven eggs. The next time,
a neighbor kindly offered to let me have a
hen that wanted to sit, when none of mine
would. To save trouble, I carried the eggs
to my neighbor's poultry-house. Well, dur-
ing the big snowstorm the fowls were fas-
tened in by the snow, without food. AVHien
they could do no better they all turned upon
the sitting hen and broke and devoured a
part of her eggs, so I got only twcF chickens.
The last time, a Brahma hen was allowed to
sit ; but a pair of Pekin ducks were left in
the same yard, thinking they would do no
harm. Now, although the ducks had plenty
of food— corn, wheat, cabbage, and refuse
from the table, they got to persecuting this
sitting hen and broke all of her eggs but
about three, before I knew it. A few days
ago somebody broke a pane of glass out of
the door of the greenhouse. They were go-
ing to repair the damage, but I told them
that, during this warm April weather, it
might just as well be left out. A cat got in
at night, ate one chicken and killed two
more, so I have only four left. Well, these
disappointments were the consequences of

lack of care, and letting things go in a sort
of slipshod Avay. Now, I am going to raise
a lot of Brahma chickens, just to prove that
I can do it. The Brahmas are to have a
yard by themselves. No ducks nor rabbits
are to intrude ; and when a hen wants to sit
she is going to be allowed to do so in the
good old-fashioned way, without annoyance
from other fowls or other animals. Tlie
young chickens are to be protected by poul-
try-netting so no cats nor other enemies can
possibly get at tiiem. And this reminds me
that mishaps and disappointments often
happen because a gate or door is left open,
and then something happens. Dear friends,
accidents rarely happen unless some piece of
carelessness permits them to happen. We
are in the habit of speaking of some people
as lucky, and others as unlucky. Now, I
am sure anybody can be lucky with garden
stuff or poultry if he tries hard enough ; and
if he does not try hard enough, he will sure-
ly be unlucky. A friend of mine (and she is
a woman — I hope my lady readers will
excuse me) succeeded in getting thirty-one
chickens hatched by three hens, and thirty
out of that number are now alive and doing
nicely. Was it luck? No. It was simply
good liard common sense and faithful care.
There is no excellence without great labor.

On next page is a cut of the poultry-house
I have often referred to, and which was made
according to my own notion. The s )uth
roof and the south side are all glass, as you
will notice, and I liad it made in this way
because I had noticed how nicely chickens
did in a greenhouse.

The glass feature I like very much indeed.
During some of the severest cold weather
last winter, the fowls were cackling and
scratching, and enjoying themselves in the
full blaze of the noonday sun, even though
the temperature was far below zero outside,
and that, too, without any heat except tlie
heat of the sun combined with the heat
from their bodies. The body of the house
containing the glass is 10 x 14 feet. The Avings
are exactly alike, and are 8x9 feet. They
are both open towards the south, as you will
notice. The eaves come down within 4 feet
of the ground, so that you have to stoop a
little when you go under. My reason for
making them so low was to admit the sun,
but exclude cold storms as much as possible.
Unless the weather is very severe, the fowls
will be found occupying one or the other of
these sheds almost every sunny day. In the
morning the sun pours directly into the shed
at the right ; and in the afternoon the same

18S6

GLEANmGS IN BEE CULTURE.

81.

way with the other on the left ; and one or
the otlier of them is almost always protected
from the cold winds. You have probably often
noticed tlie way in which fowls congregate
around the corner of a building, so as to
avoid the wind. Well, the open sheds are
made to answer another purpose still. In
sultry weather the poultry seem to be hap-
pier when roosting out in the open air, or up
in a tree, than anywhere else. Now, their
roost is a strip of pine, finches wide by 1
inch thick, and running straight through the
three buildings ; that is, this perch runs
llirough the back part of each shed, and
through the back part of the body of the build-
ing also. Tlie tlu-ee buildings are made of two
thicknesses of inch pine, with building-pa-
per between them ; and where this perch or
roost passes through the walls of the main
bnikling, close-fitting doors, large enough

tell you they always choose the shed when
the weather is suitable, moving over to the
warmer apartment only when the nights are
chilly. Well, now, in this main apartment,
p]-otected by glass, we have a partition run-
ning lengthwise right under the ridge-pole.
The figure below gives you a view of this
partition.

INTESIOR CENTRAL PORTION OF POl'LTR V-HOI'gE.

OrU POULTltY - HOUSE AS IT APPEARS ON OUR (

for even the largest Brahma rooster, are
made right ov^er the perches. In winter the
fowls all roost in the warmest apartment of
the main building; but as soon as the weath-
er will permit, these little doors over the
perches are swung open, and the fowls crov/d
out into the sheds. I wanted to see what
they would do if given their choice in regard
to a roosting-place. Well, I am gratified to

HOUNDS AT THE "HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES."

You will observe that this partition does
not extend clear up to the roof. It goes up
about 6 feet high, and then is covered over
by means of hinged doors like lids of a
chest. In the cut above, one of these doors
is shown, swung open and hooked up to one
of the roofs. This is for ventilation. Dur-
ing zero weather these doors close down
tight. The door, also, in the center of the

3l4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

partition, is closed, making it so tight that
many might thinli the fowls would smother;
but we lind by experiment, that, althougli 25
fowls arc roosting in this little apartment,
only about 3 feet wide and U feet long, they
are quite comfortable, and the air is not by
any means close so long as the temperature
is below zero. A thermometer at such times
will show this sleeping-apartment to be al-
ways above the freezing-point, with 2r) large
fowls. It must be ventilated promptly,
however, as soon as the weather changes
sufficiently.

Occupying each corner of the room above,
and up against the partition spoken of, you
will see a couple of feeders. These are
made of inch boards, and screwed fast into
the corner. The top is made sloping enaugli
so that fowls can not stand on them, nor can
their droppings iind a lodging-place. Each
feeder holds a two-bushel bag of grain. You
will notice that the grain all runs down into
the little trough at the bottom. The fowls
have access to these troughs by means of
four auger-holes. The auger-holes should
be just large enough to let a hen get her
head in. If too large, they will get to scat-
tering the grain. AVhile feeding, they stand
on a perch, as shown, about a foot from the
ground. Neither rats nor mice have ever
found access to these feeders. Between
these feeders you will notice a pair of nest-
boxes. The roaf of these is also sloping,
for the reason given above. These nest-
boxes are made large enough to admit a
Brahma hen and let her turn around. The
strip in front is to prevent eggs from being
rolled out by accident. We prefer to have
them in pairs, because, if the occupant of
one nest is sitting, any hen that wishes to
get in with her can get accommodations so
near by as to avoid discussion yi regard to
who has the best right, etc. These nest-
boxes are so they can be hooked against the
wall wherever convenient ; and if for any
good reason the sitting hen is to be moved,
unhook the box and
carry it where you wish;
or if it be desirable, the
box can be dipped in
whitewash or coal oil,
to circumvent insects.
Over the ridge of the main buikling is a
sort of cupola. This hinged ventilators, has

POULTRY FAUCET.

fectly water-tight.

MOVABLE he:

always kept open, except in extremely cold
weather. In front of the lower sash, on the
south side, is a large box kept full of ashes
for the biddies to wallow and dust them-
selves in. Provision for water I would have
located in one of the sheds, in moderate
weather. In cold weather it may be put in
the central apartment, to keep it from freez-
ing. Perhaps a barrel is the cheapest ar-
rangement ordinarily at command. To let
the water out about as fast as the poultry
drink it, and no faster, a faucet made espe-
cially, like the one in the cut adjoining, is
very convenient. It is
made of brass, to pre-
vent rusting, and ta-
pering so it will screw
into a round hole per-
A liole is drilled length-
wise and tlien tapped with a thread, so that
the brass screw turns in loosely. This
screw is bent at right angles, as shown, to
make it convenient to turn it in or out. If
you turn it so the water drips from the point
of the wire as fast as the fowls drink it, it is
all right.

Coarse bone meal, for the use of the laying
hens, we put into one of the feeders with the
grain. Gravel, whichis found by experiment
to be just what the chickens want, may also
be put in the feeder, to come out with the
grain. The above arrangement is for fowls
in confinement ; but I think it an excellent
plan to have similar quarters, even where
they have the range of the farm. At any time
when the weather is unfavorable for outdoor
wandering, they can then find a comfort-
able retreat and plenty of good feed. You
will notice that my arrangements are for
giving feed, all they want, whenever they
are hungry enough to hop on to the perches
before the feeders. This may not be the
best way for others to do, but it suits me
best. Whenever I undertake to cut short
the rations, I find my fowls begin to cut
short the number of eggs, and I have tested
it pretty faithfully with Pekin ducks. When
they had all the grain they could eat every
day, they laid regularly. When I shortened
their rations, occasionally one or more days
passed without any eggs ; but they took just
as much exercise, and seemed to enjoy play-
ing in the puddles all the same, whether they
had the grain ad libitum or not.

To he continual May 15, 18SG.

He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— Luke 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

The steps of a g-ood man arc ordered by the Lord:
and he delig-hteth in his waj'. Though he fall, he
shall not be utterly cast down: tor the Lord up-
holdeth him with his hand.— Psalm 37: 23, 24.

T HAVE before called attention to what
m the Bible has to say about enemies.
W David often speaks' of them in the
"^ Psalms ; and in the imprecatory Psalms
he seems to be almost pleading with
God to send calamities upon them. Then he
rises above these feelings ; and in one place
he says. '' I will not be afraid of ten thou-
sands of people who have set themselves
against me round about.'' The first part of
the same Psalm opens up with, " Lord, how
have they increased that trouble me I" Are
lue now beset with enemies the same way V In
one sense I think we are. An hour ago, at
the noon service, I startled some of the
friends gathered there by soberly declaring,
" I am sorry to say, friends, that an enemy
is threatening us. We have talked of him
before, and now there is no (luestion but
that we have got to figlit him down."'

As a matter of course, I soon liad the at-
tention of all gathered there, and quite a
few looked a little anxious. Perhaps some
of them wondered if we were not going to
revive the su))ject of the burning of the
warehouse, even though I had, a few days
previously, asked them not to talk about it
nor think of it. When they were listening
anxiously, to know wlio or what it was, I
spoke to them something as follows :

" The enemy I mean js the chap who goes

around to the different rooms and takes tools
away and does not bring them back ; or if
lie does bring them back they are found to
be damaged or ruined, and worthless. Dur-
ing the fore part of tliis week, Mr. F. missed
his hammer, with which he embosses the
rolls of our foundation-mills. This is very
precise and particular work, and it is quite
important that a hammer of just the right
weight be used. Well, the enemy carried
off the hammer ; but before we could find out
what he did with it, he brought it back and
laid it on the bench. Mr. F. enjoyed the use
of it for just two days, and now it is gone
again, and nobody can tell where the chap
took it.

" This morning I noticed in the tin-shop
they were cutting the corners out of sheets
of "tin, for making the new honey-cans illus-
trated on page 274. by taking two snips with
the shears, instead of using a pair of shears
made expressly to cut out a corner at one
clip. I asked the foreman of the tin-shop
wliy he didn't use the regular corner-snips ;
and wliile doing so I took tliem down from
the nail where they hung. The steel was
chipped right out of the corner, making the
toolrfilmost wortliless.

" 'VVHiy, Ned, how did this come about V
said I ; and I certainly looked anxious while
I spoke, and may be I looked a little cross.

" 'Why, somebody grabbed them up to cut
off a piece of wire. And that isn't the worst
of it ; for they come in here when they want
a piece of wire, and always get the best
shears, because they don't know how to cut
wire, tlien go off and say nothing about it.'

316

glea:nings in hee cultuue.

Apk.

" Now, friends, you see who the enemy is.
Instead of going to the foreman of the room,
and saying, ' I want a piece of wire so large
and so long,' he undertakes to get it himself,
thinking, probably, that any fool ought to
know how to cut off a piece of wire ; while
the truth is, few wise men, unless they are
wire-cutters by trade, know what kind of a
tool is needed, and how to do it without in-
juring the tool. A great many people will
pick up a steel wire, with too high a temper
to be cut with any tool, and, seeing some
shears or nippers, imagine they can do it.
This enemy is just that sort of a fellow.
Sometimes I catch glimpses of his coat-tails
as he is just getting out of some room. Once
or twice I have cornered him up, and got
hold of him ; but he always talks so fair,
and explains so well that he didn't mean
any harm, that I let him olf and let it go ;
but witli the rush of business we are now
having, I am getting to be almost like David
in his imprecatory Psalms. We must catch
this chap, and I don't know but we shall
have to put him in jail if he does not stop."

At this point in my talk, tht' anxious and
alarmed expressions' on the faces of many
l)egan to give place to a knowing look. One
ventured to remark, " Mr. Eoot. he has got
my pruning-knife." This came from the
friend who sends out grapevines. Another
remarked. '' lie lias taken our rule out of
our room." After the service was over, the
pruning-knife came to light. The owner
lent it to a fellow-workman, to cut the tops
off the turnips while it was raining. lie
slipped it, for the time being, into his over-
coat pocket ; and when the sun came out,
the overcoat was laid aside, and it could not
be found. I told them that what was want-
ed was, that we should all light against
these careless ways of doing business, and
all such besetting sins. We sliould be care-
ful about touching a tool in somebody's else
room, even though we want it only one min-
ute ; and to avoid doing daningo to tools
inadvertently, we should make it a point to
go to the foreman, or to the proper work-
man, and have him do wliat we want
done.

Now, this very matter has troubled me
sorely. I have prayed over it, I have ''scold-
ed" over it, and I have sometim^is begun to
feel in despair, as if my project of having
so many industries carried on under one
roof would have to be given up as a failure,
because of this enemy of whom I have
spoken.

Now, friends, do you see the value of this
noonday service in a factory like ours V
With God at our head, and a feeling in our
hearts that we are his children, it helps us
to be neighbors in the truest sense of the
word. It helps us to tight unitedly, and
with a will, any common enemy ; Jtnd it
helps us to claihi the promise in the two
little verses at the head of this chapter about
myself and my neighbors. Do you not see
it soV It helps us to recognize that the
worst enemies we have in this world, and the
one most to be feared, are those that lurk
(unknown and unrecognized, perhaps) in our
own hearts, and not in the hearts of our
neighbors.

GOING TO A SCHOOL EXHIBITION.

MRS. CHADDOCK TEI.LS US HOW SHE ENJOVEU THE
EXERCISES.

T AST night I went to a school exhibition. I
l^j knew better, but my girls ai-e just crazy to go
rl *° every thing, and they coaxed me to go
■*" with them. The roads were just awful; but
by driving slowly down, and walking slowly
up the hills, we managed to get there at last. All
one end of the schoolhouse was curtained off with
three-cent calico, and they had a stage with a
lounge and an organ on it, and some chromes
adorned the wall. Tlie crowd came pouring in, and
every third man had a big looking-glass or a screen,
or something that had to be handed over the peo-
ple's heads, while dusky ghosts flitted to and fro
behind the curtain.

The house was packed; there was no more stand-
ing-room, and everybody leaned against everybody
because there was no help for It. I am a large
woman, and am always getting smothered; and as
fate would have it, I had to have a seat in the very
hottest corner, where the window-fastening was
bi'okeu, so that the window could not be raised.
The reason 1 had to sit there was because none of
the other seats were large enough to hold me.

The curtain parted at last, and the "school marm"
stuck her head out and said, in a high thin voice,
" We mvist have better order or we will dismiss and
go home;" then when all the folks had changed
feet she went on, " The first thing will be a select
reading, called Betsey and I are Out." Then the
American colonies fought and bled anew, and gain-
ed their liberties, with many a reference to ancient
Rome. Next thing was a dialogue by two little
girls, then a song by the big girls and boys. Then
they read " a paper." The teacher announced " the
paper "to be in " two parts;" but as a matter of
fact, it was in half a dozen parts. One boy read till
he gave out, then another took up the strain; and
after reading all that he held in his hands he began
fishing around in his pockets, and brought forth
"paper " after " paper," till ray head seemed to be
swimming with a confused murmur of " roosters,"
"mustaches," " bangs," "boxes," "long-eared rab-
bits," and "beaux." I think I almost swooned;
and when I revived, the reader was saying, " George
Brown has made a hot-bed, and put his mustache
into it to sprout."

I sat on the back seat; just behind me was a long
bench, and it was full of boys and gii'ls, wedged in
so tight, standing cheek by jowl, that, if one of
them moved it moved the whole row, and everybody
said, "Don't push," and, "Look out thei-e;" and
every one looked innocent, and said, "It wasn't I."
One girl sat on fourteen different sides of me.
She is a rather heavy girl, and she pulled this way
and that, just as she happened to turn; and a heavy
boy leaned on my left shoulder, and a slim girl
leaned on my right shoulder, while a fat woman sat
close up to me on the left, and a big girl, standing
on the bench behind me, clasped me round the waist.
The girl who sat all over me got in my lap and
squashed me. I felt that I was going to die, and all
the folks began to call for air, and a girl punched
the broken spring with a slate-pencil and opened
the window. I stood upon the seat and fanned my-
self with Minnie's hat. The daggers in it pricked
the fat woman in the back, but she told me to fan
on, she did not mind the daggers, it "felt good." It

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

317

was against the rules to stand upon the seats; but I
made up my mind to risk smashing the seat, and, if
it fell with me, buy a new one. I'm pretty close
and saving- with my nickels; but when it comes to a
choice between smotherins' to death or paying- five
dollars for a new seat, the five dollars has got to go.
But when I stood up my feet had to suffer; they
not only had to bear up my own weight, but the
weight of various other people; for though my
rising loosened me from one set of leaners, a new
one surrounded me and leaned more heavily than
the others had done, and the " heavy girl" trod on
my toes and set my biggest corn to thumping, and
the cold wind striking my face gave me the dancing
toothache. The boys and girls with blackened faces
were singing "Every day will be Sunday by and
by," and I felt that every day would be Monday
with me pi'etty soon if I did not get out of that.
But there was no getting out.

Then they had tableaux, real nice ones, "Night
and Morning," the " Rock of Ages," and a little
fairy with long crinkly hair, and at each scene they
burned colored lights and filled the house with a
cloud of smoke; but at last, when the last dialogue
had been acted, the last declamation spoken, and
the last song sung, the crowd began to unpack it-
self. And when the "heavy girl " got off me, and
the young man who weighed a ton took himoClf off
my left shoulder, and the " fat woman " got off my
polonaise, and the three "school m.arms"in front
had taken their feet otf my right foot, and the old
lady in the black hood had released my other foot, I
worked myself loose from the rest of them, and
came home a sadder and a wiser Avoman.

Mahala B. Chaddock.

Vermont, 111., March, 1886.

BEES OF OUR OWN.

MItS. HAUIUSON TALKS TO THE CHILLIREN ON
H(JW TO START IN THE BEE-UUSINESS.

tOYS and girls, I am glad to know that so many
of you have bees of your own. It is said,
that a person who owns his home is a much
better citizen than one who rents — takes
more interest in the prosperity of his neigh-
borhood, as to roads, schools, etc.

Why, all of you who own bees are l)ee keepers. You
are adding to the wealth of our own, our native
land. It makes me feel good all over to think of it.
Have you made any money in the business? Vet-
eran bee-keepers are discussing whether it pays to
keep bees. Who among you will solve the prob-
lem? J wish you all had money in jour pockets.
Did you ever hear of its burning a hole in them?

Now I want to ask a favor of you all. It is spring
now. Take an inventory of your stock— how many
colonies you have, what they are worth; keep an
account of your expenses — hives, sections, etc.;
and when you have sold your honey, see how much
you sold it for, and how many pounds you had. If
you would sell your honey as Mr. Root told in last
Gleanings how to sell lettuce and radishes, I
should exiieet to hear that your bees paid, and that
you all have money in your i>ockcts, and shouting
to yo\n- mates, " I've got money! I made it myself
from my bees." Mrs. L. Harrison.

Peoria, III., March, 1886.

Many thanks, Mrs. II. Vour remarks are
just to the point, and I can heartily second

all you say. We will try to put your sug-
gestions into effect. Will the juveniles
please take notice? At tlie close of tliis
season, to any little girl or boy who can send
in a good report as the proceeds of his own
work and ]i!s own bees, we will send one of
our large i)anpl chromos, and they are beau-
ties too. Now, some of the little folks have
no bees of their own, so I hope the parents
will help such by giving them a pound of
bees or a whole swarm, thereby cultivating
habits of enterprise and business at the
start. If the father has several children
interested in bees, let there be a stock com-
pany whose capital shall be a swarm of
bees. This will be something like the com-
pany of Jane Meek I't Brother, of whom
we read in Glkaninos. At the close of the
season, when one or more swarms have been
cast, the children can pay back the borrowed
capital, and, very likely, have enough bees
and honey left to fully pay them for their
season's work.

Now, little friends, if you will tend right
up to business it will not be long before you
can say, "• I've got money, and I made it my-
self from my own bees." Yon will then rec-
ognize the value of this money, if you ever
did, and put it to some very good use. How
many young enterprising bee-keepers shall
we have? Who knows but that you may
outrival some of the best reports of the old-
er ones? Ernest.

THE MOHAWK VALLEY.

HOW TO MAKE HONEY CAKE.

SAVING left my bees to the care of friends,
that I might spend the winter in this histor-
ic Mohawk Valley, I have thought the juve-
niles might be interested in hearing of this
part of the country.
Do you know that, thirty-nine miles from Albany,
is a cave culled Howe's Cave, a place of considera-
ble interest? The temperature inside is always ivy°.
This valley isquite remarkable as a great thorough-
fare between the East and the West. Many people,
and quantities of merchandise, i)ass through it dai-
ly. On either side arc the steep hills, covered with
evergreens and other trees, with bare rocks peei>-
ing out here and there. Following the road as it
winds up the hill we have a fine view of the valley
and the distant hills. At the left is the village of S.
Below is the wagon-road, and just beside it are the
double tracks of the West Shore R. R. Next is the
famous old Erie canal, along which, all summer,
maybe seen the horses dragging the odd-looking
boats through the water.

On the decks nuiy be seen men, women, and chil-
dren, and sometimes the family washing is hung
out to dry as they go. In the winter the canal fur-
nishes skating and sleighing. Beyond the canal are
the flats, the rivci-, the four tracks of the N. Y. C.
R. R., where you can see a train at almost any time;
another wagon-road, and then the hills again; and
down these hills the streams leap and rush as
though they were, indeed, hurrying to the sea.

The juveniles would find these streams, with their
rocky bottoms and i)retty falls, delightful places
for play.

Back among the hills, and surrounded by them, is
a fall of water over ledges of rocks. Near by are

•MS

GLEAKIKGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Am.

several houses, much too shabby-looking for this
beautiful place. Near one of them I saw three bee-
hives. I can learn but little of the bees about here;
but about three miles away is Mr. Nellis, whom a
bad boy in the postoftice caused so much trouble
with the beekeepers; also another g-entleman of
whom I heard it said, that he built his house and
barn with money made from bees.

Near by is an old stone farmhouse with an old
wood-house near it. From my cousin I learned that
her father once partitioned off a little room in the
chamber, put in some shelves and a swarm of bees.
When the weather was quite cold they would go in
and cut out honey. Sometimes it was nice and
white, and sometimes not. After a time the bees
died, " as all bees will." They used to make good
honey cakes from the first of the following recipes.
The others they do not remember to have tried.

HONEY CAKE.

Two teacups of honey; I'i teacups of butter, a
good teaspoon of saleratus dissolved in two table-
spoons of water. Mix soft, with flour enough to
roll; caraway seeds. Then roll them over a fancy
board.

HARD HONEY CAKE.

Twelv'e ounces of butter, one quart of honey, a
teacupful of sugar, a tablespoonful of saleratus
dissolved in water. Mix this cold with flour to roll
soft and thick.

HONEY CAKE.

Twelve ounces of honej', one pound of sugar, and
one pound of butter; a tablespoonful of saleratus,
and raisins halved and stoned.

Sprakcrs, N. Y. Miss L. Williams.

Your graphic description of tlie scenery
along the N". Y. C. K. R. reminds one for-
cibly of the landscape and scenery along the
side of the road when traveling by rail, Miss
W. It has often seemed to me tliat those
homes among the hills, with their many
beautiful springs and delightful streams,
must be a happy place for the children to
play. The temperature of Howe's Cave
seems to correspond exactly with that of
Mammoth Cave, even though it is consider-
ably further north. Xow, is it not true that
most caves, where they go far enough into
the earth, average pretty nearly -5o^V

This is what I did while they all were at work: I
went in there where they were at work with the
bees, and stayed about ten minutes and got one
sting. I thought that was enough for me, so I left
the room, and about one hour afterward I got hun-
gry for some more honey, and I went to the door
and got Frank to hand mo a taste of some; and be-
fore I got out of the door, another bee rtung me,
and I tell you I got away from fhcrc in a hurry, and
did not go back there soon. It took Walter until 11
o'clock to get through with the bees. He is going
to transfer another hive to night.

Rosalie Se)MEKFoifi).
Navasota. (irimes Co., Tex., Mar. 3, 188().

USING

THE EXTRACTOR WHILE
TR AN SEERRIN G.

REPORTED BY A JUVENILE.

'ALTER got his honey - extractor about
three days ago. Yesterday he made a comb-
basket out of some wire cloth. Last
night he transferred a hive of bees. He
carried the hive into my room, and we
all went in to see the fun. He then tore off the
side of the hive. Their tempers began to rise, but
we used the smoker and cooled them down. He
cut out a piece of comb and put it in his comb-bas-
ket, and put it in the extractor and tried the extract-
or for the first time. He did not want to screw it to
the floor, so he and Fred tried to hold it down while
they extracted; but it hopped about almost as live-
ly as a flea. Walter took out the combs and un-
capped them with his razor. He declared he was
going to send on for your uncapping-knife. Fred
and Frank got the extractor up in the corner, and
did the extracting, and handed the combs to
Florence, and she fastened them in the frames.

A MIDSUMMER-NIGHT DREAM.

SOLAU WAX-EXTltACTOR, AND ITS ASTONISHING
UTILITY IN COOKERY.

fATING mince pies and maple sugar
just before going to bed doesn't always
' make little folks sleep very soundly.
So with friend Johnny ; he lies and
tosses in his bed; he thinks of every
thing, and finally his mind reverts to what
he has read in Gleanings, and he wonders
why maple sugar couldn't be boiled down
very cheaply in one of '' them things." Why
couldn't a patent evaporator be arranged so
that the sun would do the whole businessV
He wouldn't have to chop nor carry wood
anymore; and wouldn't that be fine? Think-
ing thus he goes to sleep, and " a midsum-
mer-night dream ■" creeps over him. Then
he thinks his pa and his ma are cooking
breakfast by the aid of old Sol, who smiles
pleasantly upon the scene. But there is
generally something a little inconsistent in
every dream, and Johnny's was no excep-
tion. You see, the sun has just poked his
grinning face over the mountains, and he
would hardly have time to get the eggs boil-
ing ; but that makes no difference, for it is
only a dream. Johnny has sent us a picture
which tells the remainder of the story very
vividly, and here it is.

.JOHNNY'S DREAM.

Next morning, Johnny comes down stairs
with eyes all blood-shot, and lids swollen.
He has a pain in his digestive apparatus,
and he thinks that boiled eggs are more sub-
stantial than pie and maple sugar.

Ernest,

188G

GLEANlKGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

319

jj)K^ ,»-. Every boy or prirl, under 15

liW^^' years of age, who writes a

letter for this department, containing

SOMK VaI.UABI^E fact, NOT BKNERALLY
KNOWN. ( N BEKS OR OTHER MATTEHS,
will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent Hve-cent Sunday-school books.
Miiny of these bools contain the same mat-
ter that yen llnd in Suiida.y-school >^ooks
costing: from 81.00 to SI 50. If you have had
one or more books, tfive us the n.-inies that we
may not send the >ame twice. We have now
in stock six ditVerent books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
Family, Kescned from Eg:ypt, and Ten Nights in
a Bar-Koom. We have also Our Homes, Part I.,and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself, Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little "colored
pictures of birds, fruits, (lowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of anyone of the above pictures
or books for ever.y letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

" A chiel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prentit."

J' TIAVE just been out watching the bees.
[ Did you ever see them working in the rye
t meal, liow they maketlieir little loaves of
■ bread, and pack them on their hind legs
to carry home to their baby-bees? It is re-
ally funny to watch them; but just how they
make their bread, and how they get it on to
their hind legs, is a little hard to tell. I de-
clare, after getting down on my hands and
knees in the dirt, and watching with all my
might, till my eyes and back fairly ached, I
had to confess that I didn't know much
more about it than I did before. On tlieir
Jiind legs the little loaf, or pellet of pollen,
seemed to just grow by some sort of sleight-
of-hand that almost baffled me. A bee
would fasten his fore feet upon the edge of
the tray, or a chip of wood, and then com-
mence a vigorous kicking with his heels, in
the white dust, all the time rubbing his hind
legs together as if to grind more finely the
Piirticles of meal. Then, by some strange
means, tliat little loaf of bread began to
grow in the pollen-baskets.

Now, little folks, I want to know how it
got there. I could tell, perhaps, if I watch-
ed for days at a time, but I liaven't the time,
and so I call upon you for help. In your let-
ters, tell me about it. Xow is a good time
of the year to settle this matter, if such a
thing be possible. If you haven't a tray of
meal, see the A B C book, page 190, under
head of ■' Pollen," for directions for starting
the bees on the rye flour. If you don't learn
any tiling by it, you will find it great fun at
any rate. You will see no prettier sight,
and their happy hum at the opening of a new
season is sweeter to me than the notes of
the birds in spring. By the way, little folks,
don't you believe the bees have their wav of
praising God, like the old biddy, when she
sings on a warm summer's day. Perhaps
they don't know from whom these blessings
come, l)ut they are happy nevertheless.

FLY-TRAPS, AGAIN.

Our little fly-trap is dead. Yes, he actual-
ly ate so much that it made him look sick.
1 wonder if he had the dyspepsia or the gout,
or was the diet of green flies unwholesome?
At any rate, the little fellow did the best he
knew how, and was faithful to the end.
We now have about half a dozen more to
take his place, and the way they do make
those naughty bugs disappear is almost won-
derful. They really enjoy the fun, I be-
lieve; and wlien they fall off the beds they
will tell us, in the best way they can, that
they want to be put back on. If you should
go through our greenhouse some time you
would find that the plants are stripped of
bugs as far as the chickens can reach; but
there are not many plants above their heads,
so they manage to get pretty nearly all.

Eknest.

OOING TO MAKE A VINEYARD APIARY.

Pa has ':0 colonics, and has the most in chaff hives.
He has the most of them Italianized. Pa thinks the
Italian bees are very kind, and exact in their work.
He is going to make a vineyard as it shows in the
ABC book, with a windbreak on the west side.
The swarms will have a pleasant home. Last win-
ter we made our hives by foot-power; but this win-
ter we are going- to drive it with horse-power.

Bluffton, O. NoAii Welty, age i:!.

DO BEES LIKE RED-PATNTED HIVESV

My father has 30 hives of bees, and raises a great
deal of honey. He raised about 5TO lbs. of comb
honey in pound sections that he bought of you, and
sold them from 18 to 30 cts. a pound. The extracted
honey brought him 13'i cts. a pound. The bees win-
tered outdoors, and only one colony died this win-
ter. The honey is mostly made from lucerne, and
is of a light color. It is very good. We children
like it. Do bees like red-painted hives? Father had
two swarms tty into the only red-painted hive he
had. Father intends to send for some queens this
summer, if they can be sent by mail.

Caroline A. Folkman.

Plain City, Weber Co., Utah, Mar. 14, 188fi.

The facts you give, friend Caroline, seem
to indicate that bees do like hives painted
red; and no doubt red hives would be good
for them in the sjiviny, because the dark
color absorbs the heat of the sun more than
if the hives were white. I have never been
really satisiied that bees notice colors, but 1
am satisfied that Uiey can smell, right well.
Last week, some hyacinths were blooming
in the greenhouse; and the wind carried the
perfume out of the open door. So many
bees flew in and got imprisoned on the glass,
that I was obliged to carry the hyacinths
out in the open air. After that, not a bee
entered the greenhouse.

HONEY AND BURNT ALUM FOR COLDS.

I don't know any thing about bees, but 1 know
that honey and burnt alum is good for children
when they have a cold. Amanda Stults, age 9.

New Helena, Custer Co., Neb.

Thank you, little friend. After our expe-
rience with the croup that I spoke of last
month, I was told by a friend who has had
considerable experience, that we ought to
have given Arthur honey and burnt alum,
the same remedy you recommend. I won-

820

GLKANJNGS i:N BEE. CULTUilE.

Apr.

der if this is generally considered^ good for
colds. Ernest.

V.'II.L AN ENTRANCE CLOSED WITH ICE DURING THE
WINTER, RF.rULT IN DEATH TO THE SWARM ?

My pa's bees increased from 3 to 6, and g-athered
110 pounds of cap honey. One of his swarms had a
fly last Tuesday. AVhen they got into the snow, the
chicliadees would pick them uj) and eat them. The
entrance to one hive got closed up with ice. Would
the liees have died if pa hadn't opened it '! They had
a chaff cushion over them. Carroll P. Miner.

Taylor Center, N. Y., Jan. ~'8, \%n.

It is a little liard to say ; at all events it is
much safer to have the entrance in winter
unobstructed, and full width. Ernest.

A POOR CALF IS A VICTIM THIS TIME TO THE BEES.

I like bees. Papa boug-ht two hives in the spring-.
He increased to T swarms, besides 3 which went to
the woods. My papa is a brick-maker and a farmer.
I have a little brother three months old. His name
is Huber. Papa got the name out of Gleanings.
I was sitting in front of the bce-hivcs one day last
summer. One of the bee?, walked up my sleeve and
stung me. Mamma tore my dress to get it. Papa had
a calf tied under a tree near the beehives. Papa
was working with the bees. They got cross at him
and chased him into the root-cellar. Then the bees
went for the poor calf. Papa went out and untied
the calf, but then it was so frightened that papa
could not hold it. You ought to have seen them
run through mamma's garden. The onions and my
pretty flowers were all alike to him.

Tessie a. Taylor age 10.

Shelby, Oceana Co., Mich., Feb.. 1886.

No wonder the poor calf got demoralized,
and made a raid through your mamma's nice
garden, and I am not sure that "■ more rope"
would have been of very much service eith-
er. I verily believe that the next report of
this kind will tell of the lusty squeals of
some poor unfortunate pig that has been
sticking his nose where he ought not. Bees
will not, as you know, allow their homes to
be tampered with ; and sliould some burly
hog poke his great snout near their homes,
I am afraid our big fat friend would fare
the worse. Let us be careful, little folks, of
these dumb friends, and keep them away
from the bees. Ernest.

"WHAT IS GOOD FOR RATS IS GOOD FOR CHICK-
ENS;" A NAUGHTY ROOSTER.

My pa, with his incubator and a brooder, raises
lots of chickens. The rats liothered our chickens
some, and pa got some poison for them. He put it
under the floor, and my little brother Charley got it
and gave it to the chickens. He said if it was good
for rats it was good for chickens too; but it killed
the chickens. I am at my grandfather's, in Gallon.
He keeps bees, and takes Gleanings. The bees
were worlcing like every thing last week. They
flew well in February, and on the 11th of that month
they gathered lots of pollen. Grand]>a says he
never saw bees do that before. He thinks they got
it at the flour-mill. Last spring he had but one col-
ony, and this winter he has seven. Grandma tliinks
honey and butter Avarmed together is one of the
best things for a cold that she can get. Grandpa
felt very bad when he heard of the fire you had.
He heard that all your shops were burned down,
and he thought he would not get Gleanings any

more; but he was very glad when he heard it
wasn't any worse. Bertie M. Mumford, age 9.
Gallon, Crawford Co., O., Mar. 22, 1886.

What is good for little girls is good for lit-
tle boys ; what is good for chickens is good
for rats ; but what is good for rats is not
always good for chickens, as experience tells.
Last' summer the rats were eating more of
the chicken-feed than the hens did. I de-
termined that I would get rid of the nuisanc-
es, so I put some "rough on rats" in one
of their holes. But the sly creatures seemed
to think that what '' was good for rats was
good for chickens," so they pushed it out of
the mouth of their hole. I happened to pass
by about ten minutes after, when, lo ! the
huge Brahma rooster was trying to get his
biddies to eat some of the poisoned bread at
the moiitii of the hole. Quickly jumping
the fence I gave one big" shoo," and made a
lunge for tiie lord of i lie feast. The hens,
like good biddies, ran off; but the old roost-
er—do yoit think he did? No, sir; he tried
hard to swallow a big chunk of the poisoned
bread. I chased him around the poultry-
house, and yet he persisted in his efforts to
swallow that chunk of bread. Finally, as a
last resort, I '• knocked the wind out of him,"
as the boys say. This so disconcerted his
lordship that the bread shot out of his mouth.
Do you think he felt grateful toward me ?
Not a bit of it. Like little boys who have
been punished for things that they ought
not to do, his wonted pride changed to an
air of injured innocence. So, little boys and
girls, when you have been punished for tak-
ing or meddling with things that you ought
not, remember the story of the rooster, and
think what it may have saved you. The
rooster's punishment saved him.

Thank you, little friend, for what you say
in regard to honey as a cure for colds. Our
grandmas are pretty good judges of " what
IS good for little folks," and no doubt honey
and butter will prove very effective.

Ernest.

HOW to prevent the liABBITS FROM GNAWING
THE TREES.

I would have told C. H. Sargent, page 829, 1885,
liow pa keeps the rabbits from the small fruit-trees,
but I could not have sent him Avord in time to do
him any good this winter. My pa slips a drain-
tile over the tree. This protects it from " varmints"
in winter, and does not need to be removed until
the tree fills the tile. If longer tile is wanted it
may be ordered at the Iciln.

James Sheneman, age 13.

Pharisbui-g, Ohio, March 1.5, 188,5.

The drain-tile would answer very nicely,
but I should think that they would be rath-
er expensive ; and when the trees get big
the tile would have to be broken to get them
oft'. We are not troubled with wild rabbits
in this section of country to any extent ; but
we have had some experience with Huber's
tame rabbits. During the past winter we
have kept them in our poultry-yard, where
are several small evergreen "trees. From
these the rabbits stripped the bark as liigh
as they could reach, although they had a
great abundance of cabbage-leaves and other
waste vegetables. We had to send them all
back to friend Fradenburg, of whom we got

1880

gLeaniKgs In beI: ciiLtuUE.

321

them. Tliey were liandscliie pets, but we
can not afford to have our property injured.

Ekxest.

.JUVENILE PUOOF-KEADING.

Dear Mr. Hoot :— I have sentiences to write and
correct every clay at school, and I thought I would
try to correct Joseph's letter, page 150. I find 26
errors.

My " intellig-ence " is so little, i [1] do not no
[know] of any thing to write that will interest [you],
but you must excuse this one, as it is the first. I
like to help pa [Pa] work with [in] the bees, except
such a one as that cross hybrid stock that stung pa
so much threw [through] his f5riches [breeches]
and run him off to the spring- and me under the
fiore [floor]. They drove the young mule colt that
was .% feet away, and made him kick and snort; his
hare [hair] was long, and they tangled in it, but he
soon fiew [ran] away and "brade" as he run. Pa
says the holy land Bees will suck 8 tiours [flowers]
while the i[I]talians will suck 2; he says they do
not fool time away in Buzing [buzzing] a Round as
the i[l]talians do. We keep sawdust 3 or 4 in. deep
in our apiary; the ants and frogs will not work in
it, the frogs have no place to hide as the duot keeps
[keep] the weeds down; a frog will eat .50 bees, if he
can get them, so much for sawdust. The Pecan
[Pekin] Ducks has [have] a good chance to ketch
[catch] the moth miller between sundown and dark.
The ducks go among the hives every evening and
ketch [catch] every miller that flies; no grass in
thear [their] way, so they always lit on Pekins.
every one that fly [flies]. TJiese ducks is [are]
worth keeping for this alone; besids [besides] each
duck will lay 200 large cgs [eggs] evei-y year, then
they weigh 15 lbs. to pare of 2 [a pair]. The feath-
ers is [are] beautiful and white, and the meat is as
nice as chicken. So come and see us and wee [we]
will have a big fat one for dinner.

Henrietta P., age 11.

Bayou Sara, W. Fel. Par., La.

Here is what our proof-reader says :

Well, Henrietta, you have done very well indeed.
Your points of order are all well taken, except
three. Let us see what they are. You want Jo-
seph to spell " pa " with a capital P. That is an error
which nearly all the juveniles make. They begin
by saying, " My Father keeps bees." In that case,
"Father " means God; hence, pa with a small p is
correct, except when it begins a sentence.

You want Joseph to say that he works in bees.
That would be a very small workshop for Joseph, as
well as quite a burden to the bees. Let us suppose,
lor instance, that we make it read, "I like to help
my pa work amotig the bees;" wouldn't that be bet-
ter'/ I think the popular prejudice would be in
favor of the preposition among, although the same
idea might be expressed in other words.

Jesejih sa.\s, " Dust keeps the weeds down;" and
you correct him by saying, "Dust keep the weeds
down." Your error here is so plain that you will read
ilysee it, so you have only 23 scores against Joseph.

But after all, Henrietta, you have left so many
errors unmarked, that, if we should print Joseph's
letter with your corrections, it would be just about
as bad as ever; for when u coffee-pot has several
hundred holes in it, and you solder up onlj'23of
them, it will leak as fast as you can pour water
into it, and hence is unserviceable. You have

paid little or no attention to the punctuation and
manj' other features which printers are called upon
to look after. If the editor thinks it worth while,
we will, at some future time, reprint Joseph's letter
just as we would have marked it for our regular
use, and then please tell us how many changes we
have made, and whether you think our changes are
real improvements.

I will explain that Henrietta's corrections
are inclosed in brackets so our readers will
see how well she has done her work. Well,
I think she has done pretty well, consider-
ing that she is only 11 years old. We insert
the above from our proof-reader to show the
amount of Avork required on some of our ju-
venile letters. As a general thing, however,
you little folks send us as good copy, if not
better, than many of the older ones."

Ernkst.

MAKING GRANDPA HAPPY.

I noticed in Gleanings for Feb. 15 a letter signed
.loseph S. G. According to my count there were 2+
erroi'S in all. My brother Will has taken Glean-
ings for about two years. I read the children's
letters. Papa and brother Will have 28 hives of
bees. I am afraid of bees. Whenever a bee comes
near me I run. My little bi-other Oliver Hazard,
who is six years old, is not afraid of them, though.
In the summer he goes all about among them, with-
out any thing over his face or hands.

W^e take the following papers at our house. Mj'
papa takes two county papers. My brother Will
has the Youth's Companion and Gleanings, and I
take The Ladic'fi Home Journal, so j'ou will observe
we have plenty of reading-matter. There are Ave
children in our family— four boys, and myself— two
older and two j'ounger than I.

Grandpa is an invalid. He was a soldier in the
late war, and I find great pleasure in helping pass
the time away by reading to him.

I lost all my my house-flowers this winter by
freezing, and they were nice ones. Our canary
birds are dead. The house seems different without
them. I am wishing for summer to come, so I can
have lots of flowei-s out of doors. There are lovely
ferns in the woods neai- our house, in the summer.
Lizzie Perrv, age 11.

Van Wert, O., March 14, 1886.

Thank you, little friend. There are one
or two things of interest in your letter, to
which I wish to call attention. You will
see that your count of the errors found in
Joseph's letter agrees very nearly with the
count of Henrietta, found i'n another place.
Notice there what our pi'oof-reader says. —
You say that you take several papers. If
you read them all, you certainly will derive
a good deal of benefit. One Vvho has read
considerable, always shows it; and I will
say, for your encouragement, that your let-
ter is unusually free from misspelled words
]?ut, do you know what interests me more
than ally It is your kind attention to
your grandpa. You say you find great
"pleasure in helping pass the time away for
liim. We always lind "great pleasure''
when we try to help others ; and a bright-
eyed little girl, such as I take you to be, can
be a (jrcat comfort to grandpa. I remember
the time when I had two grandpas, but they
are both dead now ; but I have one dear old
grandma living now, and lier silvery-gray

2-25

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Apr.

hairs are loved by every one. What is the
text—" Honor thy father," etc.? You know
the rest. Ernkst.

ONf^y ONR COT.OVY DEAD OUT OF 800; REGUtiATINO

TUll TliMPKKATIJKE OF A CELTjAU BY MEANS

OF STANDING WATER.

Pa says some folks put a stove in their bee-cellars
to dry them out. He puts water in, and he says it
is good for them. The water has been about one foot
deep in the cellar since Dec. 1st. Pa says there are
'ZX> colonies alive, and one dead, in his cellar now.
Jeanie B. Br.ANcnARD, ag-e 11.

Hilbert, Calumet Co., Wis., Mar. 17, 1886.

Well, Jeanie, you have given us a big
fact in favor of a body of water in the cellar.
People who have worried for fear the damp-
ness would kill their bees, ought to be satis-
fled that dampness does not always prove
injurious, for where can we get a better re-
port than the one you have given us?

temperature of bee-houses.

Pa has two apiaries. It is a very cold winter but,
pa's bee-houses are warm. My oldest sister keeps
one of his apiaries, six miles from where we live.
Pa has nearly 'M) swarms. Pa says last year was
only a "middling:" one for honey. His bees are
wintering' well so far. Pa's bee-house is above
ground, thick walls of sawdust, two upward venti-
lators, and one underground in each house, so he
can keep them at an even temperature of 40°, which
he thinks is the best. Nellie Moffatt, age 9.

Riceville, Ont., Canada.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

I will third Mr. Viallon's offer, by giving an un-
tested queen to the one who gets the third largest
club for Gleanings. I will also give an untested
queen to the one who sends me the first .$3.00 order
for goods, by June 1. L. J. Tripp.

Kalamazoo, Mich., March, 1886.

I may say, that I never lose an opportunity of
speaking a good word for Gleanings, as well as
for the '■ Home of the Honey-Bees;" but I believe 1
have already induced all to subscribe who care to
keep posted on bee culture. The rest do not feel
the want of progressive knowledge.

Independence, Cal. Wm. Muth-Rasmussen.

KIND WORDS IN REGARD TO TRIALS AND AFFLIC-
TIONS.

I was very sorry to learn of your loss; but your
article in Gleanings satisfied me that I was sorry
too soon. Really, I am not glad that you are burn-
ed out,' but I ani glad to see you w^e put in such
shape that you could write that article. Even
Paul needed to be afflicted that he might learn " to
comfort others with the comfort wherewith he him-
self was comforted of God."— II. COR. 1 : 4.

Periysburg, Ohio^ G. A. Adams.

WHAT SHALL BE DONE WITH HONEY CANDIED IN
COMBS ?

The bee-goods, etc., ordered from you on the 22d
ult. arrived in due time, and all reached us in good
shape. We found every thing according to order,
as we always have, since we commenced dealing
with you in" 1880. A five-cent article gets as much
attention from you as a five-dollar one. The goods
are all quite satisfactory.

Bees have wintered well here so far; they had good
honey last year. What is the best way to dispose of
honey that has candied in the comb 'f

Brady's Bend, Pa., Mar. 8, '86. Jas. Somerville.

[The best way to dispose of honey that has can-
died in the comb has never been agreed upon,
friend S.; but you will find considerable in regard
to the «iatter"in our back volumes. It depends
upon whether it is honey in sections, cr honey in
ordinary brood-combs, if the latter, 1 would make
the bees use it up for brood-rearing during warm
weather.l

THE RELIGIOUS TALKS IN GLEANINGS.

Your wishing j-our friends success, whether they
patronize you or not, is something 1 like. The fault
that some of your patrons find with Gleanings,
viz., that it contains your sermons and religious dis-
courses, is one thing that makes me more desirous
to subscribe. I have very little hesitation in saying
that, had you listefied to them, you would have
made a gross mistake in many ways.

Sherbiu-ne, Ont., Can. James Fennell.

GLEANINGS AN OLD FRIEND.

1 can not do without Gleanings. It would be
like parting with an old tried friend, whose smiles
and voice of love awaken joyous memories of other
days. The first visits Gleanings ever made to my
home cheered me through the darkest period of my
life (the last sickness and death of my young and
beloved wife); its cheerful words and kind admoni-
tions have made me better; its influence is for good.
Consider me its true friend. Your brother in
Christ, J. E. Lay.

Hallettsville, Tex^

HOME papers and THEIR WORK.

I am glad you are taking the liberty in your val-
uable journal to do some work for the Lord. Your
teaching is sound and practical, Go on, brother
Root; do all the good you can, and may your noble
and gifted son even exceed you in the glorious work
of turning people from darkness into light, and
from the power of Satan unto God. I was convert-
ed about 20 years ago; but only for the past few
years have I been strong enough to be a bold ser-
vant and witness for Christ. H. S. Hoxie.

Holloway, Mich.

WHAT an ATHEIST THINKS OF GLEANINGS.

Gleanings is just right. If it were not so, I
would try to find a paper that is. That, I call com-
mon sense. Your talks on religion suit me to a T.
Although myself an atheist, I like to read and learn
about all sides, if it is presented in a common-sense
way. I love to read what the Christian has to say,
if he only says it in a kind and reasonable way. I
read very nearly all of Gleanings every number.
As far as bees are concerned, I consider you good
authority, and try to improve by your teachings. I
take other bee-journals also. Tile g(!ods 1 had or-
dered of you some time ago came all right and per-
fect; all gave perfect satisfaction. I shall need
some more supplies this winter, and you will get my
order in due season. L. W. Lighty.

Mulberry, Pa.

SOME KIND WORDS IN GOOD EARNEST.

Dea/' F;ic/id:— Though not personally acquainted
with you, I can not help regarding you as one of
my greatest friends; for mainly through your kind
advice in Gleanings I have been changed from a
reckless person to a— I will not say Chriatian— but I
have been earnestly trying to be one. I do not
wish to take up your time, but must give you
thanks, for you are justly deserving.

My bees, 20 colonies in all, are doing nicely, with
the exception of one or two, rather weak. They
are in chatf hives. The winter has been rather se-
vere here. I neglected to renew mj' subscription
for Gleanings, on account of building a new
house, which took most of my time, and money too.
My leisure hours are principally spent with bees
and Gleanings. Alex. Smith.

Setauket, N. Y., Mar. 27, 1886.

[Friend S., you have made me happier by the
above report than if you had told me I had helped
you to become a rich man; yes, more than that. I
think more of such testimonies than I do of orders
amounting to gi-eat sums of money; for while the
orders may help to make me rich in dollars and
cents, the report indicates that my labors have
helped you toward the kingdom of God and his
righteousness, and this, you know, is laying up
treasures in heaven. Jesus said to his disciples
when they came back, " Rejoice not that the spirits
are subject unto you, but rather rejoice because
your names are written in heaven." And now, my
dear friend, if you have confidence in my ability to
still guide you, do not, by any means, stop where
you are. If you are not united to some band of
Christian people, go at once and tell them you want
to be one of them in doing Christ's work. Do not,
under any consideration, or any circumstances, nes-
lect this." " Ignited we stand, divided we fall."]

1886

(JLEANiKGS IN liEE CULT V RE.

323

0aR pepEg.

Thercroro I take ploiisiirc in infirmities, in re-
proaches, in necessities, in persecutions, in dis-
tresses for Clirisfs salie: for when 1 am weak, then
am I strong-.— II. Cok. lii: 10.

And be ye kind one to another, tendei-hearted,
forgiving- one another, even as God for Christ's sake
luvth forg-iven jou.— Eph. 4:33.

JN both of tlie above little verses yoii will
notice tlie expression, "For Christ's
sake ;" and it is about the words, " for
Christ's sake," I wish to speak in this
talk. Tou know we who profess to be
Christians claim to be living and working
for the sake of Christianity and for the sake
of the Cluistian religion ; or, to put it short,
for Chrisfs sake ; and I suppose that you
know that even the best of us waver a good
deal, both one way and the other, from the
straight line that would be made if we were
truly working and thinking and doing ev-
ery thing for the sake of Christ. It is true,
we get in something almost every day, prob-
ably, for Chrisfs sake ; but there is mixed
in, and stringing along with it, a great deal
that is not for Chrisfs sake. In my life, I
should say there is a good deal that (as I re-
view the events that have passed by ), is a good
way off from that straight and narrow line
of "for Chrisfs sake.'' Somebody does
some ridiculous thing, because his mind was
not on his work, perhaps, or, may be, be-
cause he hadn't thought much about it, and
it is my business to reprove or correct him.
How shall I do it? Why, do it in such a
way that it Avill further the cause of Christ,
to be sure. It is my duty to considei' well
before saying any thing, whether tlie course
proposed is going to tell directly for the
Master, or whether it is going to tell some
other way. I might say :

" Look here, you senseless idiot ; what do
you mean by fooling away your time in that
way on something that is of no sort of use
to anybody'?"

I guess I have drawn it pretty rough,
liaven't I, friends'? There may be people
who feel 2)rornptcd to speak like the above,
but I hope there are not many who give way
to such promptings. Satan does prompt just
such thoughts as these. I know' by ex-
perience ; for sometimes, when I am wor-
ried and fretted, and find that time and ma-
terial have been wasted, it seems to me as if
a speech set somewhat like the above would
be just the thing exactly. But I feel guilty
and bad after I have let such thoughts come
into my mind. It is danrjerous to contem-
plate such ways of speaking. People who
arc addicted to profane swearing often men-
tally run over the words tliey would like to
say. although they do not utter them out
loiid. It is a good thing, friends, to keep
your thoughts to yourself, even if you don't
do any better, at such times ; but "it is a far
better thing not to let your mind run on
such thoughts. Well, if the above expres-
sion is not the right one under such circum-
stances, how will this do'?

" Mr PATiENCK, child, there isn't any sort
of need of doing that at all. Here you have
wasted half an hour on something that is
of little use to anybody. Do it this way.''

The latter is better, and might not hurt
the feelings (at least very much) of the
average boy or girl who had erred in judg-
ment. But there are some, especially those
tine sensitive natures, who are very anxious
to do every thing just right, who would feel
a great deal hurt at even the last form of
expression. Yes, I know by what I have
learned, tliat it might cause them a sleepless
night, and perhaps spoil all pleasure and
enjoyment for the rest of the day. Some of
you may say a little impatiently, " Why,
Mr. Hoot, you are putting too fine a point
on these things. Children'must be talked to
a little sharp sometimes, or they won't heed
or pay any attention to what you tell them."

Well, perhaps it is true that some children
must be spoken to sharply. I say perhaps
it is true, for I am not quite sure in my own
mind after all. The point begins to'come
out here, that, to be a good teacher or a
good employer, is one of the fine arts. It
is indeed one of the fine arts, my friends, to
work constantly, daily and hourly, for the
sake of the Master. Do you want me to tell
you just what form of speech ought to be
used '? Well, I will attempt it ; but you will
have only my wisdom for it, after all. Al-
though I'have been tolerably successful as a
teacher (under the great Master), there are
doubtless many who could improve on any
thing I could frame for such occasions. In
the hrst place, you ought to know the dispo-
sition of the child or pupil w'ith whom you
are dealing. You ought to weigh very nice-
ly the motives that led him to make the
mistake. May be it came about because he
was anxious to do every thing well ; and,
on the other hand, it might be because he
didn't care— because the work was distaste-
ful to him, etc. How would this do '?

" Why, my little friend, I ought to have
come around sooner to look after your work.
You did not quite get my idea in regard to
it, I see. Let me show you."

Now, some might think a part of the
above sentence was a big fib, where I told
him he didn't " quite get my idea,'' because,
to tell the truth about it, the child hadn't
got " within a mile " of what was wanted or
expected. Well, if you are disposed to
call such forms of expression " fibs," I
should say such fibs are a pretty good tiling.
It is simply softening the form of expres-
sion so as "to give your pupil to understand
that the offense is not one of such great mo-
ment, even though it might be a matter of
considerable loss, and the motive for so do-
ing is, that the child may be guided to bet-
ter ways in the shortest and simplest way.
Scolding children, hurting their feelings,
stirring up a bitterness in their little hearts
toward yourself, is a long and roundabout w^ay
of teaching them to be clever and handy
about any kind of work. Gentleness and
ttnc7«e.s.s ("see text), compared with the above
methods, are a short cut through the troub-
les and trials of this world. "For Christ's
sake" is a .s7/or^ (nit, my friend, not only
through all the difficulties and perplexities
you meet here on earth, but it is a short
cut from earth to heaven, to the hoine of
the Father.

Now, in the preceding cases I have supposed

324

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr,

we were talking to a child. Let it be " chil-
dren of an older growth " for the time
being. We are all of us employing some-
body. You employ your grocer to keep such
things as you need, and at such time as you
need them. You employ the dry-goods deal-
er, the blacksmith, and the shoemaker, in
the same way. They are serving you foi-
wages. They misunderstand, or jperhaps
get lazy and indifferent ; they forget ; they
burden you with grievous burdens", may be.
A shoe that does not tit ; is too heavy or too
light ; the meat is not fit to l)e sent to any-
body. You don't tell the butcher so to
his face, but perhaps you say it to some one
of the household. What is the best way to
right these wrongs ? The way your good
sense will dictate when you start" out to do
it for Christ's sake.

Paul says he takes pleasure in infirmities.
1 wonder if he meant a badly titting shoe
that pinched some tortured corn. If he got
pleasure out of such an atfliction, he certain-
ly was a good and faithful servant. He took
pleasure in reproaches. I3id you ever have
anybody call you names, or revile you V If
so, did you look pleased ? If they called you
names because you were good, and because
you were trying to be a Christian, you ought
to have felt happy. I do not know that it
would be a Christian duty to look up at
your persecutor and smile, because you
might thereby make him madder still, and
defeat the object in view ; namely, to call
out his better spirit, and make him a Chris-
tian. Paul says, also, that he took pleasure
in his necessities. Have you any necessities,
my friend V Are you pinched or scrimped
anywhere V Are you worried and tried V
Take it for Christ's sake, and you may be
serene and joyful.

May be you have been tried and vexed be-
cause there is so much time and talk wasted
in this world. I grant that there are a great
many false motions; that is, there is a
great deal of work done that is just a form,
and accomplishes nothing. There is a great
deal of talk going on, too, that is idle talk.
It does not do a bit of good anywhere. In
these days, when economy is so much
needed, how very desirable it is that noth-
ing should be wasted ! I enjoy saving. It
is really a pleasure to me to get some good
thing out of nothing. I lik« to pull up a
weed and make a tomato or strawberry grow
in its place. I like to take the heaps of
ashes that disfigure the landscape about our
homes, and make them help raise the above-
mentioned strawberries and tomatoes. I
like to gather up the old tinware that is
kicking about — bits of hoop iron, broken
crockery, and all that sort of rubbish, and
put them into the reservoirs to hold water,
down under that same strawberry or tomato
plant. It is real fun and enjoyment to me
to gather up what everybody else passes by,
and make it do good somewhere. In the
same way I greatly enjoy taking the surplus
energy of some mischievous, meddlesome
boy, and utilizing it so as to do good some-
where, instead of evil — starting him to set-
ting out plants, for instance ; give him a
frame so he can set them in rows at equal
distances, without any possibility of hav-

ing the work look crooked and awkward,
and then see him smile when you tell
him how beautiful is the Avork of his
own hands, and let him follow it out and see
the good that follows from it. In almost
every neighborhood we have talkative people.
Their tongues get to wagging, and they so
enjoy letting them wag that they never ac-
complish any thing anywhere. I have some-
times tliought they were worse than old tin-
ware and hoop iron. But 1 have found a
use for them. We don't bury them to make
reservoirs (their tongues, I mean), but we
tind them a place where somebody is wanted
to do a great amount of talking. During
certain seasons of the year we have a great
number of visitors in our establishment.
They want to look around, and they want
somebody to talk to them, and tell them all
about things. Now, since the new agricul-
ture has come on to our grounds there are
more things than ever before to talk about
and explain. Almost anybody can show
visitors around, and make it pleasant by ex-
plaining things, say for one day ; but who is
there who wants to go over the same thing
the next day, and the next, and so on ?
Why, all that is needed is one of these people
who are so excessively fond of talking and
visiting. This love of talk comes right in
play here, and is just what is wanted. In-
stead of getting out of patience, and calling
them names, let us use these talkative pro-
pensities in such a way that they will work
for Christ. Is it w^orking for Christ to en-
tertain visitors ? Most surely it is ; and
where the spirit of Christ has found lodg-
ment in the heart of a great talker, this
tongue that might otherwise be working
mischief is a powerful factor for Christ's
sake.

Of late there is an overplus of people want-
ing employment. People object to going in-
to tl)is, that, and the other industry, be-
cause the product brings so little on the
market, or because it requires such diligence
and such strict economy to come out whole.
One must work from morning till night to
make both ends meet, and he does not get
ahead even then. Yes, I know it is so ; but
I am inclined to think that this very thing
is a part of God's plans. He wants to teach
us over and over again, as he taught the
children of Israel, by line upon line and pre-
cept upon precept, that there is no excel-
lence without great labor. He wants us to
learn to clip off useless expenses, useless
motions, useless talk, and useless reading.
My friend, if you have leisure on your hands,
so that you can sit down and read from
morning till night, it is a misfortune for
you. I do not see how we can be good
Christians unless something spurs us all the
time to be throwing away the useless and
selecting only the best. Pick out that which
is for Christ's sake, and throw away the
other. When you feel like giving somebody
a big blowing-up, remember you have not
time, and it won't pay. Sift out the phrases
and expressions you are going to use that
are for Christ's sake. Leave the rest unsaid.
Then shall you have treasure laid up in
lieaven. Never mind feelings • of spite or
revenge ; never mind the gratification of

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE OULTUllE.

325

having " relieved " your mind. Let it go
without " relieving/' Sny just what will do
good and lielp the matter, and nothing more.
If somebody has gone and done something
wrong, be careful to decide, before you say
any thing, what will help the matter ; and
what will not help the matter, let go. If the
same individual is to do the same work
again, he needs to l)e carefully instructed
not to fall into the same error the second
time. If, however, as is often the case, it is
something he may never have to do again at
all, accept The job as it is, and say nothing
more about it. Never hurt anybody's feel-
ings by complaining or criticising, nnless
something is somewhere to be gained by it.
The fact that you will /'«>/ better for having
relieved your mind is not to enter into the
consideration at all.

Is it not true, that the reason why we fail
to accomplish in a day what we have pro-
posed is often because we have wasted time
in the way I have mentioned? Instead of
liaving labored steadily for Christ's sake,
some selfish plan or selfish appetite or pas-
sion got in the way, and we stopped to in-
didge in that. Is not this the reason why
we don't prosper in our occupation V The
world sees and recognizes this spirit, and
the world pays a high premium for^t. Not
many of us are called upon to labor as does
Mr. "Moody, Ilev. Sam Jones, or Rev. Sam
Small. The world pays homage to them be-
cause they are laboring for Christ's sake;
and the world will pay deference and hom-
age to you, my friend, if you are working
patiently and solely for Christ's sake, in
your field of labor." I^et me give yoi; an il-
lustration.

The greatest oatmeal establishment in the
world was lately located in our neighboring
town of Akron, but it has recently been
burned down. The proprietor, Mr. Schu-
macher, has for many years had a standing
litigation and expensive lawsuit with a Mr.
Seiberling, the proprietor of one of the great
reaper and mower works in Akron. Well,
Mr. Seiberling had a strike among his hands.
Seventy left in a body. lie employed more
, to take their places, but the league to which
the seventy belonged threatened any board-
ing-hor'.S3 that gave them lodgings, and for
a time it seemed as if the diificulty of get-
ting a boarding-house that would dare defy
the league was of itself going to prevent Mr.
Seiberling from filling their places and go-
ing on with his business. At this crisis Mr.
Schumacher came forward, told his old and
bitter enemy that a certain hotel which he
owned was at his service. " Bring on your
men, neighbor Seiberling; and if we haven't
accommodations enough for all of them, we
will make arrangements so they can have
comfortable places to stay, that you may go
on with your work."

Mr. Schumacher is a Christian, and did it
for Christ's sake. No doubt he rejoiced in
hnding an opportunity of doing his old ene-
my a kindness, even though that enemy had
persecuted and wronged him for many years.
Perhaps some of you may think that friend
Schumacher was carrying the matter too far;
but let me tell you that such ways of doing
have been prospered to such an extent that

he w\as worth, before the fire, over a million
of dollars, and the money has all been made
by honest business in the "town where he first
settled down when he came from Germany,
a poor boy, without friends, home, or mon-
ey. Now, then, was not his course in help-
ing his enemy a short cut compared with the
usual way of'doing business? I do not know
that the two are now friends ; but I feel
pretty well satisfied that they are on friendly
terms, and probably always will be, to the
ends of their lives.

A great many times, when we have difil-
culty something must be said. Explana-
tions must be made, and it is well to come to
an understanding with your opponent ; but,
dear friends, I speak from experience when
I tell you to beware how you talk too inudi.
Let your words be few, and let them be for
Christ's sake. Look out, or Satan will get
in, even at the last moment, and upset it all.
I have known many dithculties to be fairly
settled, when a word too much raked it all
up again, and the fires of passion waged
stronger than ever. While I write these
words I feel myself weak and frail, and I
would say helpless, were it not for the
"■ Rock that is higher than I." When we
are working for his sake he has promised to
befriend us ; nay, more :

And every one that hath forsaken houses, or
brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife,
or children, or lands, for my name's sake, shall I'e-
ceive a hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting-
life. -Matt. 19:39.

SWARMING, AND AMOUNT OF IN-
CREASE.

HOW I'KIEND FRANCE MANAGES WHEN SWARMING
TIME COMES.

fOU ask how much increase we make. I will
g-ivc you the number from our last two
years' increase. Spring of 1884, 287 colonies;
fall, 455; 168 increase. Spring- of 1885, 330 col-
onies; fall, 510; 190 increase. So you see we
don't nearly double the stock. We work for honey,
and keep all as strong as we can, and keep them
from swarming.

When they begin to work in the spring, if we have
any weak colonies we strengthen them up from the
strong ones by giving them brood— gettingalls(»-0H!/
before we make now colonies. There is no danger
of swarms coming off until there is a good flow of
honey; usually about the 10th of June the white
clover will begin to give a little honey, and if the
bees are all strong at that time, we begin to divide.
Take two brood-combs from each strong colony,
and put them into an empty hive; leave the queen
in the old colony; give the old hive two empty
combs, if we have them: if we have no spare combs,
we give them empty frames to build combs in.
Now take two brood-combs from another old colony,
and put them with the lirst two in the empty hive;
take two more combs of brood from another old
colony and put with the four. We now have si.v
brood-combs in our new colony; this will make a
very good beginning. W'ith each pair of combs tak-
en from the old colonies, take from one to two
quarts of bees. If in the morning, when the old
bees arc mostly at home, take two quarts; but if
the bees are working as strong as they usually are
in the middle of the day, one quart will do, as the

326

gIEANJNGS in bee CULTtjliii:.

Apij.

bees you take then arc young- bees that have never
been out of the hive, and they will stay where we
put them. We now close up the new hive for a
week or ten days, until we come again. I don't
mean to coutlne the bees in the hive so they can
not get out, but just shut up the hive, and leave
the entrance open so the bees can work. We go
over the whole apiary in the same way, taking- from
one to three combs, according to the strength of
the old colonies, and making new colonies of six
In-ood-corabs and six or eight quarts of bees. In a
week or ten days we are back again. Now we take
our extractor with us, and extract all the honey we
can get. Our old colonies should be just as strong
as when here before, and have as many combs.
They will build two empty frames full in a week.
We again take two or three brood - combs and
bees as before, and fill out the old colonies with
frames or combs, if we have them. The combs and
bees that we have taken out of the old colonies, we
use; first fill out the young ones, started when here
before, to !) combs— that is, the full size of our hives.
After they are all filled out, make more new colonies
of six combs. This time we cut out all but one of the
queen-cells from the new colonies started when here
before, and insei'tinto each new colony, started this
titne, one of the queen-cells taken from those started
before. Some of those cells will be accepted and
hatch; some will be destroyed, and those will have
cells to use when we come again. In about a week we
are back, and the programme will be about the
same. Taking brood-combs from the old colonies
keeps them from swarming, and we keep the new
colonies strong, from the brood taken from the old
ones. We usually go over all about five times; but
the new colouies we make, the last two rounds, we
make 9 combs, a strong full hive; then we are ready
for a sudden stop. The main idea is just this: Keep
just brood enough with the old queens so they
won't swarm; keep all young colonies strong, by
giving them a proper amount of brood, and allow
them only one queen-cell, and they won't Swarm.
Extract about once a week, then the bees have
enough to do without swarming. My experience
with bees is, they swarm only when they are or
have been crowded during a good flow of honey.
We have no trouble about swarming; we use a large
hive, extract once a week, increase modei-ately,
keep all laying queens' wings clipped, then there is
no loss if they do swarm, as they will go back again.
Platteviile, Wis., March, 1886. E, France.

WANTED.

MORE MAPLE SUGAR.

RS|EADERS of Gleanings, you ought to have
^5 seen my eyes sparkle, and heard my heart go
'"^V pit-a-pat this afternoon when I came across
"^ \ the maple-sugar advertisement in March No.
of Gleanings, and for sale, too, by a man in
Vvhom I had the utinost confidence— one who would
not sell me an impure article if he knew it. I wish
I could have you all hero under the sound of my
voice, and could tell j'ou all about my little visit up
Ihere two years ago, and doit justice; then you
Would understand why I write this. I shall always
think Providence directed me there, and I expect
the outgrowth of that little visit to be a benediction
to me as long as I live. But, to return to my sub-

ject. I must have some of that maple sugar in the
cake, to stimulate with ; if it will do as well as syrup,
it is so much more convenient. I wrote you, Mr.
Editor, my fears concerning my bees. I had ex-
amined but one colonj', iiiid found a scarcity of hon-
ey, and judged all the rest by that one. Mar. 16, 17,
18, I took out every frame hi every hive, and I
know their true condition. To my great surprise I
found plenty of stores to last for some time. Surely
the dear Father heard and answered the petitions
sent up from time to time, to " not let them starve."
I did what I could for them. Number of colonies, was
47; 1 was dead, plenty of honey, the hive leaked, and
they were wet; 4 were queenless; 1 united them
with others; all the rest were in good condition, and
raising brood. I clipped all the queens that were
not clipped. I am now ready to stimulate "with a
vengeance," when that maple sugar comes.

With your consent I will now have a little chat
with sister Harrison. Sister, your article is just
what I have been wishing for, for some time. As I
am one of the young sisters (only four years old in
the business, and fifty in years), I am bashful when
in the company of my elder sisters; but as " over-
come " is one of my mottoes, I will overcome my
timidity, and make a suggestion to you, in answer
to your first question to the editor—" What are we
to do, who have not chaff hives, and are not able to
procure them?" Appropriate part of the honey
money for that purpose, or sell part of the bees and
make the rest comfortable.

I will now give you a sj'uopsis of ray husband's
manner of wintering bees. He first tried the cellar,
then the parlor bedroom, then a south room up
stairs, and finally a clothes-press 8 x 10. Those four
years of apiculture will never be forgotten by me.
It was heavy lifting, anxious care, and loss, until I
was sorry the dear Lord ever made a honey-bee.
Mr. Gulp then made a chaff hive. I do not know
whose invention. It so far excelled the other meth-
ods that he was satisfied, but, like your parrel
method, they had to be lifted in, in the fall, and
taken out in the spring, and that I found to be a
nuisance. When I visited Bro. Root, and saw his
chaff' hive for the first time, I said, "There, t/iat
hive is complete," and I will not rest until mine is
as near like it as it can be made. Next to Root's
chaff hive, I have the best arrangement for winter-
ing bees I have seen anywhere; and the success I
have is all that need be said in its favor. I have
lost only one colony each winter; and when I let a
colony get wet, or starve, I do not blame the chaff
or cut-straw hive with it.

I would say to beginners, adopt Root's chaff hive
every time. I have visited not less than 20 apiaries
within two years, and find no method of wintering-
equal to the Chaff-hive arrangement. It is such a
comfort, when thinking about your bees, to feel
they are comfortable-not too warm in summer
nor too cold in winter; and if they want a whiff of
fresh air they can slip down to the entrance and
help themselves. The very thought of confining,
in a cellar or bee-house, away from the sunshine,
any living creature, created to go at will, is repul-
sive to me.

Do you not, sister, take unnecessary trouble In
fixing the top part of your hive? My method is
simply to examine the brood-chamber by taking-
out every frame. If too much honey, take out
some; if not enough, give some from surplus
frames saved when extracting. Put on Hill's de-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

327

vice, a new muslin sheet, two or three thicknesses of
flannels, old pieces of carpet, or old vests, pants, or
coats, on top of the flannel, then chaff' cushions— no
using- hot iron, nailing-, or wire cloth.

Do not insult j-our bees by putting- on any of
these old cast-off garments without first boiling-
them in good strong soapsuds; then re-boil them,
and rinse until they smell sweet and look clean.
The more you have of these the better.

I should like to hear from the other sisters who
are making a specialty of bee culture, about their
method of wintering. Mrs. Jennie Culp.

Hilliard, Ohio, Mar. 33, 1886.

My dear friend, I am sure yon are giving
me more credit tlian I deserve, and I felt al-
most as if I ought not to let such -very
kind words go into print •, but on a second
thought I think we will let them balance
some others not so kind. VV^hen somebody
intimates that I am not trying to be fair and
honest. I will hunt up your kind letter, and
one will balance the other, and then 1 will
go on my way, trying still harder to live at
peace with all men. — The results of this
past winter make me feel again as you do —
that I never want to try wintering bees again
on any plan that necessitates lugging them
about here and there. Perhaps it may be
well to say right here, that our bees liave
come through this past winter with the loss
of only about three colonies out of 200 ; and
the surprising part of it to me is, they were
all wintered on natural stores. Not a colony
needed a pound of feed after we had doub-
led them up and utilized the full combs set
aside purposely for wintering.

WILL COLD WEATHER KILL BEES?

FUIEND NI.MAN GIVES US SOMEJ'ACTS IN REGARD
TO THE M.iTTER.

TN the winter of 1858-'9 I purchased a colony of
|P bees in a common box hive, with a honey-
^l drawer in the top, of 30 lbs. capacity. This
"■^ hive was all open at the lower end, suspended
in the open air, about two feet from the
jfround. In the summer, combs were extended 10
or 12 inches below the hive. The following winter,
by walking past, one could see the bees clustered
any day belOAv the mouth of the hive. The first of
March, middle combs were filled ^vith brood. In
warm days this brood was e.x'posed to view for
hours.

That season it issued seven swarms (last one
small), and made 33 lbs. of honey. This hive and
bees remained in the same position for a number of
years, and it did well.

In 18.52 I put a colony in a hive made of ;^8-inch
boards; these wintered well for 17 years on summer
stands without any other protection. I now have a
colony in a hive, and this winter will make the ninth
it has stood the test. This hive is made of :'i-inch
boards, no other protection. It has an open space
on one side, -M of an inch wide from bottom, to
within 3 or 4 inches of the top. The comb and bees
can be seen from the outside, any day in the winter.

The winter of 1884-'.5 was the hardest I ever kntnv
here on bees. One of my neighbors had some ten
or twelve colonies in common bo.x hives, no protec-
tion, and the mouths of the hives all open; that is,
they stood two or three inchps from the bottom-

boards ; they came through safe, and did well last
season, while all in the neighborhood that were
tucked in .so very close perished. John W. Niman.
Spring Mill, Ohio, Mar. 8, 188H.

Friend N., we have had facts, such as
you give, before us for years past ; but for
all that, and in spite of all that has been said
and written on the subject, they have never
been really satisfactory to my mind. Sever-
al times lately this subject has come up, of
wintering bees with the bottom of the hive
left off, or, at least, a large opening in the
bottom-board. Now the question is. Do
these cases simply show that a vigorous col-
ony will oftentimes get through a severe
winter in spiteof such exposure, or do they do
better with simply a warm shell above them,
and the lower part of the cluster exposed to
the outside air? Do you know this comes
pretty near to the point we made awhile ago,
about wintering bees in an inverted large-
mouthed bottle V

BEE-PASTURAGE.

SOME VALUABLE ANT TIiMELY HINTS UPON THE
SUBJECT OF SOWING ALSIKE.

§ BEING the subject of bee-pasturage some-
times mentioned, I thought I would describe
the way I have managed to supplement the
natural supply for my bees during the last
five or six j'ears. I first tried sweet clover
with but poor success, so I took up alsike clover,
and this is the way I work.

About this time of the year, I buy from 200 to
400 lbs. of best alsike clover seed in Montreal, at
wholesale price. This year I can get it for 12 cts.,
perhaps less. I expect to buy my supply next
week. It will cost me '■/i ct. freight, and I shall
probably sell it to the farmers who are within two
miles of my apiary, for 10 cts. per lb. At this price
it is readily taken up by all who are " seeding down "
land suitable for alsike, as the price in the stores
here is from 16 to 18 cts. Three pounds mixed with
timothy will seed an acre very well, so j-ou see I get
pasturag-e which will last from two to five years, of
the very best quality of honey, at the small cost of
$7.50 for 100 acres. I can not conceive of any plan
which, with me, would be cheaper, less trouble, or
that would give as quick and reliable returns. I
could get a good deal of seed sown by selling it at
cost; but I find that taking- off two or three cents
per pound makes a great difterence in the amount
sown. As white and alv.ike clover are the most relia-
ble honey-plants we have here— very rarely failing
entirely— the results have been very marked and
satisfactory.

To those who wish to try this plan I would say.
Work up the matter personally; canvass every
farmer within two miles and more in every direc-
tion from your apiary (those living more than two
miles should pay cost of seed), showing them a
sample of your seed, pointing out its advantages,
etc. Although alsike clover hay will not weigh
so heavy as red clover, it is far sweeter and better,
and all stock far prefer it to eat. One pound of
seed, also, will go as far as two pounds of red clover,
as the seeds are so much smaller.

Canvassing the farmers should be done at once,
as every g^ood farmer plans his work and buys his

328

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIIE.

Apr.

seed early. After j-ou have finished canvassing,
add up your orders, send to a reliable seedman, dis-
tribute, and get pay for your seed, and your work
for the season is done; but it should be repeated
every season, to enlarge your "base of supply " as
much as possible. Of course, you will have to wait
one season before the alsikc will bloom.

In localities where different apiaries are near to-
gether, if the seed is furnished under cost, the par-
ties should make up the amount of the difference
pro rata, according to the number of colonies they
have.

A WORD OF CAUTION ABOUT SOWING ALSIKE.

First, get the very hcst seed you can find. Poor
seed is an abomination. Don't sow it on dry, sandy
land, for alsike delights in a moist soil. Try this
plan, brother bee-keepers. I think you will be
pleased with the results, especially if the alsike is
sown on land at all suited to it.

This simple plan of increasing pasturage may not
be new, but I never hcaixl it mcntionetl, though
doubtless some have tried it. Geo. O. Goodhue.

Danville, Quebec, Canada, March 30, 1886.

Friend G., I believe that whenever you
write for the bee-journals you always give
us something good ; but the above, it seenis
to me, is the best suggestion we have ever
had in regard to artificial pasturage. I only
regret that we didn't have it in time for an
earlier issue.

^EPe^wg ENcenF^6iN6.

WINTERED FINELY.

■y bees wintered finely this winter, and are
starting off well this spring, although the
loss of bees throughout the country has
been very heavy this winter. At least one-
half of the bees have died. I have the Ital-
ian bees. They are the bees lor this country, as
they are much stronger than the blacks.

.1. W. WiLLlIIDE.

Webster, W. Va., March 31, ISSB.

CELLAR WINTERING.

I suppose reports of cellar wintering are in order
now, so here goes: My bees (95 swarms) were put
into the cellar about Dec. 1st, and taken out March
26th, with a loss of only 3 swarms, and the survivors
are all in excellent condition except 2 swarms, which
1 find by my plat-board were laffe second swarms.
The way my bees were arranged, and the cellar pre-
pared for wintering, T did not feel the least bit wor-
ried or uneasy about them. I am now feeding them
sugar syrup, with Gray's Simplicity feeders.

C. A. Sayre.

Sargent, Floyd Co., Iowa, Apr. .5, 1886.

prospect for a HONEY-YIELD GOOD; BEES BOIL-
ING OVER STRONG.

Bees are humming again. They have been on the
wing two days, and the weather is all that can be
asked for— just right for bees. The snow is all gone
and the prospect for a honey-yield is good. I think
the white clover is not winter-killed, for the snow
has been on the ground all winter until now. My
bees came to the front 68 strong, and boiling over at
the entrance; they ai-e bright and healthy, but I
will not count my chickens before they are hatched.
They may not be so strong in May. John Rey.

East Saginaw, Mich., Mar. 5, 188(5.

from 43 TO 90, AND OVER 3030 LBS. OF HONEY. BE-
SIDES 100 QUEENS REARED, IN THE H.^NDS
OF A BEGINNER.

I Started with 43 swarms last spring; 20 of them
were in the Viallon hive, and 23 in the old bo.x hive.
I transferred late on account of not having hives.
I have now 90 colonies, about 80 heavy and strong.
I extracted over 3 )00 lbs. of honey and several hun-
dred pounds of comb and section honey. Hone3' is
slow sale here. I sell extracted at 8 cts., comb at
lOcts. I have 2 bbls. on hand now. In addition to
this I reared over 100 queens. I have a good Italian
stock now. I think this does very well for a begin-
ner. My hopes are not blasted by any means. In
doubling my nuclei I found one h.tc queen, not
fertilized. J. J.Waldrip.

Staitles Store. Texas. Feb. 1, 18;-6.

Gleanings in Bee Culture.

Published Scnil- Monthly.

.^^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clnbbicg Sates, See First Page of Beadicg Uatter.

Thou Shalt eee grpater things than those— John 1: 60.
A NEW DRESS.

The Canadian Bee Journal now comes out dress-
ed in a neat and tasty cover. It has just finished its
first volume, and our Canadian ^friends are to be
congratulated upon its success. We wish it all the
prosperity it deserves, and that is a good deal.

ORDERING THINGS WE DO NOT ADVERTISE.

We expect to keep in stock, ready to ship prompt-
ly, every thing we advertise in our catalogue; but
where parties think proper to order of us things we
do not advertise, we will do the best we can to sup-
ply their wants. But we can not be responsible for
the quality or jirice of goods we procure for others
simply as a matter of accommodation. We expect
to do all we agree to do, but we can not always do
what we do not agree to do.

THOSE BIG BARRELS.

It is said that "Aggers won't lie if you place 'em
right; " and when our printers got the weight of a
barrel of maple sugar 520 lbs., instead of 250 lbs., in
our last issue, it showed the truth of the old max-
im. After some of the last sheets were printed, we
discovered that the size of the sheets of perforated
zinc should have been given as 7 feet long, instead
of 8, and that a whole sheet contains le'a square
feet, instead of 182,i. Vv^e'll try to be mere careful
next time, if you will make a note of this.

A PASTEBOARD BOX, WITH A " WINDOAV " IN IT, FOR
HOLDING COMB HONEY.

Mr. a. Cox, of White Lick, Ind., sends us one of
our ordinary pasteboard bo.xes, with a round piece
of isinglass set in the front. A round hole is made
through both label and box, with a suitable punch.
The Isinglass is then laid over the hole, and the la-
bel pasted on, holding it securely. Customers can
then get a glimpse of the beautiful white comb,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

329

without opening- the packag-e. The isinglass is not
easily broken, and in many localities slips suitable
for the purpose could be had at a cost almost insig-
niflcaut. The factories, too, where the boxes are
made, ought not to charge more than a quarter of
a cent each additional, to put in these little win-
dows. I suppose the idea belongs to friend Cox.

ANOTHER SWAKMING-BOX.

G. M. Bishop, of Indianapolis, Ind., sends us a
sketch of a swarming-box, made by placing a three-
frame nucleus hive on the end of a pole. In front
of the entrance of the hive is a broad alighting-
board. This alighting-beard is pushed up under
the lower end of the swarm, with the hive attached.
The bees leave the cluster and crawl into the hive.
The whole is let down and taken where desired.
The pole is riiade in three sections, so it can be used
at different heights. No doubt this arrangement
will work nicely. A frame of unsealed brood can
be put in the little hive if desired.

THAT PERFORATING MACHINE.

Our zinc-perforating- machine has greatly exceed-
ed our expectations; and while I sit here its great
jaws cut out 68 holes at every stroke, or TOCO perfo-
rations every 5 minutes, so j'ou can form some idea
of its immense power. It is a self-feeder, and our
machinists who made it have a pleased expression
upon their faces as they watch the thing " chank,"
" chank," and roll out the ,-hects of perforated met-
al. The capacity of the machine is 12 whole sheets
per hour, or at a rafe calculation of 100 sheets per
day— enough perforated zinc to make nearly a thou-
sand tin-lined honey-boards. The very low rate at
A^hich we are offering- this zinc ($1.50 per whole
sheet, or 10 cents per sq. ft.) has started quite a run
on it, and we hope we can supply our friends with
all they want.

BUSINESS AT THIS DATE.

So far as we have been able to gather from letters
received, bees have wintered unusually well; in
fact, I do not remember of a f eason since Glean-
ings had an existence, when the reports were so
uniformly favorable in regard to wintering as at
the present date. As a consequence, our business
is perhajis as thriving as it ever was before at this
time of the year; and notwithstanding our loss by
fire, by the aid of past years ef experience and bet-
ter machinery we are filling all orders quite prompt-
ly, with but few exceptions. Some delay was
caused waiting for the machine that perforates
the zinc, to be finished. Orders for odd-sized goods,
those not mentioned in our catalcgue, and which
M'c do not keep for sale, have occasioned some de-
lay.

"FOR CHRIST'S S.VKE."

I WANT to add one thought here that was omitted
in Our Homes. Many times in life we run on to
wrongs that ought to be righted. The duty de-
volves upon us, and we can not escape it. The only
question is, to decide how we can best do it for
Christ's sake; and the point I wish to make is this:
If the matter is something that is already nearly at
an end, perhaps we had better permit it to go on.
You may have difficulty with some one with whom
you have deal: to right it may necessitate a law-
suit; but if your contract with him is nearly ex-
pired, bear with him, or put up with him for the
time being for the sake of peace, or, if you choose,
for Christ's sake. In the same way, many other

things in life will rigrht themselves if let alone, and,
perhaps, cause less trouble and hard feeling to all
parties concerned; so when you are about to dis-
turb society, and stir up bad feeling, look tho
ground over carefully before you do any thing, and
see if the matter will not right itself before very
long, if just let alone. Bear quietly and uncom-
plainingly the wrongs you, are suffering, for the
sake of peace; ard do not be in haste to bring
trouble upon yourself and those about you. How-
ever, when duty doca demand that you should bring-
iniquity to light, do it without flinching; but first
be sure that Christ's cause will be furthered by so
doing, and that the act is solely for ChiisVs sake.

A BARGAIN IN NICE COMB HONEY IN SECTIONS.

We have just had a very pleasant visit from Mr.
Gain K. Smith, of Victor, Ontario Co., N. Y. Mr.
Smith says he has taken Gleanings right straight
along since the time it was printed by wind -mill
power, and he has been a bee-keeper all these years.
Well, last year he produced a crop of eight or ten
thousand pounds of beautiful comb honey. He
sent it to the city of Pittsburg, to be sold; but as
it did not go off to suit him he turned it over to his
old friend Novice, who runs Gleanings. The hon-
ey is in neat pine cases holding 24 sections each.
The sections weigh about I'j lbs., glass and all, for
everj- section has glass on each side of the honey,
after the fashion friend Doolittle puts up his cele-
brated comb honey. The glasses are fastened io
with tins, so they can be removed in a second. They
are all filled and nicely sealed, and the sections
have been nicely scraped off', so it is a handsome-
looking lot;, and in point of flavor it is equal to
any white -clover honey I ever tasted. We offer it
for sale at 14 cts. per lb. for the sections, with the
two pieces of glass included; that is, 14 cts. per lb.,
glass and all. The sections are made of pine, so the
woodwork is comparatively light. There are 171
cases in all, and the table below shows just tho
amount of money required for each case. It is so
well packed that the entire lot came all the way
from Pittsburg here without the bi-eakage of a
single crate or a single comb, and it will doubtless
reach you in just as good condition. It can be
shipped safely either by freight or expi-ess. If you
wish, we can usually decide which manner will be
the cheaper of the two.

NO. OF CASES.

LBS. PElt CASE.

PRICE PER

33

$4.62

.34

476

.36

4.90

35^

4.97

36

5.04

36K

5.11

37

5.18

37M

5.25

;i8

5..32

38><r

5.39

:«

5.46

3'JK

5.53

40

5.80

4()K

5.67

41

5.74

4i)<;

5.81

42

5.88

42>i

5.',l.5

For two or more cases we make a discount of 5
per cent; 10 or more, a discount of 10 per cent; 100,
1.5 per cent. The above honey is the cleanest and
most perfect lot I think I ever saw. Each section
is so perfectly scaled that not a bit of honey has
dropped out or got daubed on the glass, and I do
not believe there is a sticky section in the whole
7000 lb,s.

330

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

BE SURE

To send a postal card lor our illustrated cataloAiucof

APIARIAN e^iI^Xre^.-Tt'^^Sf SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE L.OWEST PKICES.

XTJi^XjXJi^2<T

2tfd

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford, "Washington Co., "Wis.

SECXIONS,

To nail, ori dovetailed, per 1000, $4.50. Send 2cent

stamp for sample and price list. 4tfd

PARKER NEWTON, Earlvillc, Madison Co., N. Y.

BEE-HIVES, SECTIONS^

COMB FOUNDATION,
/IT GREAT REDUCTION.

DEALERS AND LARGE CONSUMERS WILL

FIND IT TO THEIR INTEREST TO WRITE

FOR PRICES FOR 1886.

JOHN J. HUHLBERT,

LYNDON, WHITESIDE CO., ILLINOIS.

2tfd

$1.25 PEK 13, f rom pure-bred, single-comb
Brown Leghorns. Unexcelled layers.
• Address H. B. Geeu, Nashville, Tenn., or
) E. W. Geer, St. Mary's, Mo. 3-8db

BEES FOR SALE.— I will furnish full colo-
nies of bees on good worker-comb, in good
Langstroth hives, well painted, for $5.00 each, from
April 15 to May 15. delivered on board the cars.
7-lOdb ALBBET POTTER, EUREKA, WINNEBAGO CO., WIS.

SECTIONS, S4.25 PER M.

T-12db S. Y. ORR, Morning Sun, Iowa.

ITALIAN InD SYRIAN QUEENS7

Before June 15, tested,' $:5.00 each; untested, Sl.OO
each. Later, tested, $3.00 each; untested, single
queen, f 1.00; six for $5.00; twelve or more, 75 cts.
each. Untested queens warranted purely mated,
etfdb I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Elkhart Co., Ind.

FflR QAI F 30 COLONIES ITALIAN BEES in good
run uHLLi condition, on 7 Langstroth frames,
in shipping-boxes, $4. .50, or sliipi)e(l in Parker chaff
hive, $6. .50 per colony. Purchasers for the above
can, if they prefer, send their cSish to A. I. Root,
Medina, O. WM. AMELANG,

7tfdb Ottumwa, Wapello Co., Iowa.

P ROCKS! Choicest pure -bred stock. Eggs,
• $1..50 per 13. (Re/. Ed. Gleanings).
7tf(3b YODER & METZLER, E. Lewistown, Mah. Co., O.

SURE

TO SEND

FOR M? NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Before purchasing your Bee -Sup-
plies. Cash'paid I'oriBeeswax. 7tfdb

A. B. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.

CHAFF-HIVE APIARY AND FACTORY
IN MISSOURI. Price List Fkee.

JOHN C. STEWART,
7tfdb Hopkins, Nodaway Co., Missouri.

G. W. Phelps & Go's Foundation Factory.

SEE ADVERTISEMENT IN ANOTHER COLUMN.

FOUNDATION

VANDERVORT

We have a large stock of choice yellow beeswax,
and can furnish Dunham comb fdn. for brood comb,
cut to any size, for 42c per lb. Extra thin Vander-
vort foundation, 48c per lb. We guarantee our
fdn. to be made from pure beeswax, and not to sag.
Will work up wax for 10c per lb., and 20c per lb. for
section. F. AV. HOLMES,

4tfdb Coopersville, Ottawa Co., Mich.

SECT

THE CHEAPEST YET.

One-Piece Grooved Sections, $3.00 ^oer 1000.

Ten Thousand or more, $2.50 -per 1000.

Address CHAS. S. BEEBE,

678d Baltimore, Md.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. .3btfd

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

WEEKZY, $1.0O PER YEA It.

JONES, Mcpherson & CO., PuWlshers, Seeton, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one 5'ear a
volume of 833 pages. 9tfb

ALSIKE CLOVER SEED

or OUR OWN aROWTH, PURE AND CLEAN,

AT 13 CTS. PER POUND, BAG INCLUDED,
in orders of 30 lbs. or more.
Send money oi'ders on Fort Plain, N. Y. Address

WILL C. HALL,

78d Hallsville, Montg'y Co., N.Y.

FOR SALE.

The right to manufacture and sell the STANLEY
AUTOMATIC REVERSING HONEY-EXTRACTOR
for the States ol Wisconsin, Illinois. Kentucky,
Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and all States and
Territories west of the Mississippi River, except
California. Will sell all or part of above-named
territory. For prices, address

7-8d J. E. STANLEY, Wichita, Kansas.

To all 'who
wish to use the
best honey-sec-
tions, V-groove,
and which fold
without break-
ago, we say, tnj
ours. Prices
reasonable, and
liberal discount
on large orders.
Bend for prices
of both apiarian
supplies and
fruit-boxes. Ad-
dress as above.

7-8-9d

DCCC 111 inUfl — SEE FOSTER'S —

Dttd IN BUflAi ADVERTISEMENT.

PEKIN DUCK EGGS. 10 for $1.00. I s,„„<. ,,-, p^^.-psg
LYMOUTH-EOCK EGGS. 13 for 7.5c. ( ^^°* ^^ e.Ypiess.
7-lOdb C. L. DAVIDSON, Flemington, W. Va.

SAVE FREIGHT & MONEY by ordering
your Apiarian Supplies from L. J. TRIPP,
7-8d Circular ^rce. Kalamazoo, Mich.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

831

Italian Queens, and 2-Franie Nuclei

A SPECIALTY.

My queens are reared from an imported mother,
and in full colonies. Untested <iueen, in April,
»\:2'i; in May, $1.00. Tested, in April, $2.50; in May,
.$2.00. Two-frame nuclei with untested queen, in
lig-ht shipping--boxes (S. frs. Avired), in April, $2.75;
in May, $2. .50: in June, $2.25. It larger nuclei are
desired add Toe for each frame wanted. Send for
ray circular and price list free. Address

A. B. JOHNSON,

7tfdb CLARKTON, BLADEN CO.. N. C.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Catalogues Free. Address

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4-3db

WESTERN ILLINOIS MODEL POULTRY & BEE YARDS. Premi-
um and imported stock: also Apiarian suiiplics.
Catalog-ue free. 8-]2d L. HORNING, Prop., Milvera, 111.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND NUCLEI.
Prices in February and March Glkanings.
7-lOdb ANNA M. BROOKS, Sorrento, Fla.

SCALE and MIRROR CARP for sale by the 100 or
ICOO. A fine lot of spawners now ready for
shipment. Ttfdb W. L. McINTIRE, Mt. Vernon, O.

60 Colonies of Bees Tor Sale.

For particulars, call upon or address

Ttfdb A. L. EDWARDS, Skaneateles, N. Y.

BEES IN IOWA.

SEE FOSTER'S
ADVERTISEMENT.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION rAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

What you can get for fS.OO. A o-frame nucleus
on L. frames, containing- two frames of brood,
Italian queen, frames covered with bees: 75 Italian
(jiieens will be sent to fill first orders. Such nuclei
as I send will not only grow into strong- colonies,
but will doubly pay all expenses with surplus hon-
ey. A great many customers have reported over
$8.00 from each nucleus. If you want full colonies,
or l)ees in any form except by the pound, write me
before ordering elsewhere. Orders will be filled
from the 25th of May to June 15. 5-8db

DAN "WHITE, New London, Huron Co., O.

ITALIAN AND CYPRIAN BEES

and Queens (In any quantity).

E.vtractors. Bee-Books, etc. Address 6tfdb

OTTO ELEINOW, Apiarist, DETROIT, MICH. (Opp.Ft. WayEoQate.)

FOR SALE.

VANDERVORT

COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

ScncJ fgy samples and reduced price list.
2tfdl) JNO. VANDERVORT, Laccyville. Pa.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Having bought an interest in A. F. Stauffer's
supply establishment, to which I will devote my en-
tire time, I will sell my apiary of

50 Colonies of Hybrid Bees, Cheap.

For further particulars, address

7-9db J. a. SEIDEL, Sterling, Illinois.

Names of parties wanting first-class dovetailed
honey-sections, to whom samples will be sent on
receipt of address. Also crates in season. A per-
fect iron section - bo.v former sent for f 1.00, and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo. R. Lyon,
4-9db GREENE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

PlirP ItalianQ ^^^S tested queens. lean dis-
r Ul C liaiiailO pose of a few colonies at fair
prices. As to quality of bees, and personal charac-
tei-, I refer to .1. E. Pond. Jr.. Foxhoro, Mass.
7-8d SAM'L COOMBS, Foxboko, Mass.

Cf)D 0 A I C — iO colonics ot my improved strain
run onimU. of pure Italian bees In two-story
chaff hives, (<ji $7.00; in single-walled hives,l'2 story
@, $6.50; 50 two-story chalf hives, including frames
and ci'ates, @ $1..50: .50 single-walled hives, frames
and crate, @ .90. Hives have tin roof. 1 honey-
ext. for L. frame, $;>.00. A wax-ext., $1.00. Must be
sold immcdiatelv. "tfdb

GEO. F. WILLIAMS, NEW PHILADELPHIA, 0.

Y&..

WYANDOTTE FOWLS, ITALIAN

BEES, QUEENS, and SUPPLIES.

Send for Price List.

W. H. OSBORNE, OHAEDON, OHIO.

.5-lldli

NOTICE THE LOW PRICES ON

BB

Bees, Brood, Queens, Plants, Etc.,

IN Mr NEW CIRCULAR. PLEASE WRITE FOE ONE.
C. WECKESSER,
5-lOdb Marshall ville, AVayne Co., Ohio.

SEND s^^^i.^f'^^F FOUNDATION

TO C. W. PHELPS & CO., TIOGA CENTRE, N. Y.

1886 NORTHSHADE APIARY, 1886

PRICES GREATLY REDUCED.

Full colonies of Italian bees for spring delivery.
Nuclei, queens, and bees liy the pound for the
season. Comb foundation for sale. Wax worked
by the pound or for a .share. Fdn. samples free.
Price list ready. O. H. TOWNSEND,
etfdb Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

BEES, Full Colonies, Hybrids and Italians, for
sale, in Simplicity and Adair hives. T guaran-
tee safe arrival by express. My bees have wintered
as well as usual on the summer stands. Write how
many you want, and for prices. H. M. Mover,
7-9db Hill Chui-ch, Berks Co., Pa.

CfiD QJII F ~^^ Colonies of bees in S. hives,

run MfiUu. nucleus colonies in shipping-boxes,
tested and untested Italian queens. 7 8d.

N. ADAMS, Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla.

Eggs for hatching I have got.
From Pekin ducks and Wyandottes;
If you will send me dollars two.
Thirteen fresh eggs I'll send to you.
" Rabbits as usual.' A. A. Fiiadknburg,

7-8d Port Washington, O.

125 STOCKS OF BEES FOR SALE

Mostly Italians, These bees must be sold, and
will be sold che^ip. All in Quinby frames. Sold
with or without hives. Send tor prices of Italians,
hybrids, and blacks. Address

WM. E. CLARK,
7-lOdb Oriskany, Oneida Co., N. Y.

882

GLEAi^INGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Apr.

DAD ANT'S

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brig-htest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag-, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cag-o, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind. ; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freebui-g, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, III.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O. ; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; J. AV. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.; J. A. Huma-
son, Vienna, O. ; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y. ; Barton, Forsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, and numerous other
dealers.

Write for samples free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Coiiiplinieiitary and imso-
licitcd testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee every inch o/ our foundation equal
to sample in every respect.

CHAS. DADANT A: SON,
3btfd llatnlltoii, Hancock Co., lllliiol^.

MY 18TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN,
CYPRIAN, and HOLY-LAND BEES, QUEENS,
NUCLEUS COLONIES, and APIARIAN SUPPLIES,
sent to all who send nie their name and address.
8d H. H. BROWN, Liyht Street, Col. Co., Pa.

WE WILL SELL

Chaffi hives complete, with lower frames, for $3.50;
in flat, ffl.50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Bo.vcs, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged sluip. Italian Bees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 23 32db

A. F. STAUFFER &. CO., Sterling, Ills.

CONTRACTS WA U TEDT

-WITH-

SUPPLY DEALERS

FOR NEXT SEASON'S STOCK OF GOODS.

CHAFF, STORY AND HALF CHAFF, AND SIM-
PLICITY HIVES, SMOKERS, EXTRACTORS,
COMB FOUNDATION, FRAMES, SEC-
TIONS, BOOKS, ETC.,

m

At wholesale and retail. Une.vcellcd facilities.
Circulars and estimates free. Successors to S. C. &
J. P. Watts. Sta. Kerrmore, B. C. C, & S. W. R. R.

WATTS BROS., Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Itfdb.

WANTED.— To exchange. 1 have a complete
printing-office, consisting of 30 fonts of gen-
eral job type, nearly new, some never used; 18 lbs.
brevier, for circular work, all in job cases and cab-
inet; one Cottage hand cylinder-press, 6x10 chase,
one Novelty press, lOxU chase; composing-stick,
rules, leads, etc. Cost over $300. I will take fdn.,
sections, cash, or other goods. Make an oiler.
6tfdb B. Kretchmer, Coburg, Iowa.

EXPRESS PREPAID upon EQQS FOE HATCHING
from our premium stock of Fowls. Send for
price list. Satisfaction guaranteed.
8d BOSTWICK & ASHLEY, Medina, Ohio.

QUEENS. 1886. QUEENS.

Reared from Imported Mothers. Two, three, and
four frame nuclei. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Send for price list. Address
5-lldb FRANK A. EATON, Bluffton, Ohio.

Having sold the 10!) colonies of Bees offered in
the Maicli Nos. of this journal, 1 am now booking
orders only for

NUCLEUS COLONIES AND QUEENS. ALSO
BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.
Send for 1886 i)rice list. Address
Ttidh WM. W. CARY.

Successor to Wm.W\ Cary & Son. C(jli:h.ai ne, Maps.

$350. ATTENTION. $350.

APIARY FOR SALE.

50 swarms of splendid bees in 3-story Langstrolh
hives, comb-lioneii outfit complete. \n location where
bees never freeze or starve. Will pay for them-
selves the ttrst year. Combs all built on fdn., and
wired. A splendid chance for a live man to gain a
livelihood in sunny California. Reason for selling.
must havr money. Address 678d

DAVIS BROS., Box 166., Selma, Cal.

Reference, Judge Fowler, Selma, Cal. This is an
irrigated district, and a complete failure is un-
known. 1 his climate is splendid for those suffer-
ing with lung complaints. Inclose stamp. Also a
small farm for sale.

1886 Golden Italian Queens. 1886

Our bees won first prize at the St. Louis Fair over
several worthy competitors in Oct., 1885.

Extra tested queens, 3 years old ?ft3 .50

3 00

Untested, " after May 1.5 100

We will also dispose of .50 full colonies at the fol-
lowing low price, in one-story Simplicity hives:
One colon j% with tested queen $8 00

" " " untested queen 6.50

Five or more, 10 per cent discount.

Delivered at R. R. station, and safe arrival guar-
anteed. Send for circular.

DARROW & ROSS,

8 lOdb Lebanon, St. Clair Co., 111.

20 Colonies of Bees For Sale.

I will sell twenty colonics of bees in the A. I. Root
two-story chaff hive, combs straight, on wired
frames, with metallic cornei'S, all in good condition.
Hives are as good as new, and well painted, for
$10.00 per colony. Address J.REYNOLDS,
8 9d Clinton, Kennebec Co., Maine.

DAMTAMQ »" varieties; WYANDOTTES, POLISH,
DHniHIIId^suMATRAS, p Pp--u WOODBURY,
SILKIES, PHEASANTS. DUCKS, *>. r crry, n. j.

finest quality. FEEE CIECULAE. 8d

PURE ITALIANS.

May

June
1 to IS

June 21
to Oct. 1

Tested queens I #3 50 | $3 35 I $175

Untested queens | i 1 35 | 1 00

Bees per pound I 2 00 I 1 .50 I 100

Nuclei per comb | 90 | 65 | 50

All communications promptly responded to, and
all queiAtions chcerrnllv answi-red.
7-13db S. (. PERRY, POETLAND, IONIA CO., MIOH.

ITALIAN BEES FOR SALE.

1 colony, sifT.OO; 5 colonies, $6. .50, L. hive. Bees by
the lb. or nucleus, and queens the last of June.
8-lOd L. T. HOPKINS, Conway, Franklin Co., Mass.

quote you rock-bottom prices. Circular free.

AT HARD-P.\N PRICES. Y-grooye or square
cut. Samples free; also chaff' hives. Root's pattern;
Dunham comb-foundation and apiai-ian supplies of
all kinds. Write, stating what you want, and I will

sd EZRA BAER, Dixon, Lee Co., Illinois.

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUHE.

333

JOB LOT OF WIRE CLOTH

AT GREATLY ItEDVCEI) I'ltlClCS.

SECOND aUALITY WISE CLOTH AT 1'4 OTS. PEE saUAEE FT.

SOME OF THE USES TO WHICH THIS WIRE CLOTH CAN BE AP-
PLIED.

This wire cloth is second c|Uiility. It will answer nicely

for coverinyr doors and wiiuiows, to keep out fliis; for

covering bee-hives and raKes for shippin^jr bees; making

sieves for sifting seeds, etc.

Number of Square Feet contained in each Roll

Respectively.

2iO

I iron of 180 s. f.

71 22 rolls of 217, 38 of 21C. 1 of 195, 2 of 215 , 1 of 210 s. f.
11 9 rolls of 233, and 2 of 234, s, f.
7 5 rolls of 281s. f.
38 Ti 27 rolls of 316, 2 of 285, 2 of 317, 1 each of 032, and 2If)

s. f.
42 1 1 roll of 245 s. f.

1 rollof 300, lof 318 s. f.
1 roll of 152 s f.
4ll rolls of 400 s. f.

riEST aUALITY WIEE CLOTH AT l?i CTS, PEE SaUAEE FT.
The following- is first quality, and is worth IM cts.
per square foot. It can be used for any purpose
for which wire cloth is ordinarily used; and even at
1^4 cts. per sq. ft. it is far below the prices usually
charged at hardware and furnishing- stores, as you
will ascertain by making inquiry. We were able to
secure this very low price by buying a quantity of
over one thousand dollars' worth.
f I

I 22 1 roll 14.3 s. f.
24 43 rolls of 200 .sq. ft, each; 1 each of 120, 108, 190, 140, 150, 140
I sq. ft.
I 20 57 rolls of 216 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 199, 195, 201, 200, 227, 204
^ sq. ft.

•028I73 rolls of 233, 11 of 221, 8 of 222, sq.ft.; 1 each of 257, 219
?30 sq. ft.

" '6 rolls of 250 sq.ft.; leach of ZiZ^lli, 240, 220, 227, 237, sq.
ft.
I 13 of 200, 7 of 256, 2 of 253 sq. ft. ; 1 each of 250, 275 sq. ft.
034 30 rolls of 283 sq. ft. each.

,536 22 rolls of 300 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 288, 279, and 285 square
1 I ft.
3811 roll each of 300 and 310 sq. ft.
I 40 1 roll of 233 square feet.
I 42 1 roll of 350 square feet.
[46'l roll of 192 square feet.

A. I. KOOT, medlna, Ohio.

42

JOB LOT OF POULTRY-NETTING,

.Ml ct. per sq. foot; 5 per cent otf for two or more pieces;
10 per cent ott for 10 or more pieces; IJ^ cts. per sq. ft. when
we have to cut it. Besides this job lot we keep in stock the
regular 4-foot poultry-netthig, in rolls of 150 lineal feet at
same price as above. These tieures givf the number of sq.
feet for each roll; .and by dividing by the number of feet
wide .you can determine the length of each piece.

1 piece each of 15. 25, 30, 37, 65, 110, 180, 194. 258, and 265 sq. ft.

1 ' 18, 18. 33, S3, 36, 39, 03, 09, 69, 84, 87, 180, 258 375,

387, 390, and 414 sq. ff.
1 piece each of 21, 182, 200, 210, 350,and 350 sq. ft.

FOR SALE.

1 1 piece each of 125, and 180 sq. ft.
■ " " " 24, 36, 42, 54, 54, 00, 00, 72, 72, 72, 138, 150, 180, 300,

450, and 552 sq. ft.
We know of nothing nicer or better for a trellis for creeping
vines, than the above netting. The 6-ft. pieces are. just the
thing for morning-glories, and the 36-in. for sweet p6as. We
tried some last summer, and can speak from experience.

A. I. ROOT, Medi.va, Ohio.

Italian Queens sent by Mail.

Untested queens from imported mother, April,
$1.35; May, June, and July, $1.00. After April, per
half-dozen, |,5.00. E. CRUDGINGTON & SON,
6tfdb Breckinridge, Stephens Co., Te.vas.

25 COLONIES OF HYBEID BEES in
S-trame Simplicity hives;
frames mostly all wired. Will take $5.00 per colony
if ordered now. Will deliv'cr at express office May
1st. Address A. B. JOHNSON,

Ttfdb Clarkton, Bladen Co., N. C.

FOR SALE.

Mends Everything.

This is the best cement we have ever
tried. Almost any article mended Avith
it will break anywhere else before the
place mended. It holds honey labels on
tin, etc. Ten cents per bottle; ten bot-
tles, !i0c; 100 bottles, *,s.OO.

A. I. ROOT, IVIedina, O.

One second-hand fdn. mill that will roll sheets 14
inches wide. The mill is at present in New Ham-
burg, Ont., Can. The original price on it was S40.00,
but we will now sell it at half price, or $20.00.

Also one exactly like it, owned by W. W. Bliss, of
Duarte, Los Angeles Co., Cal. There is nothing;
wrong with these mills, e.\'cept that the rolls are of
smaller diameter than those we now make, in con-
sequence of which they do not make quite so thin
fdn. right in the middle of the rolls as those made
now with rolls of a larger diameter. They will, how-
ever, roll narrow sheets equal to any, and will roll
sheets a foot wide; but when of so great a width,
the center is a trilie thicker, as explained above.

Also one 9inch Dunham mill, second hand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, equal to a new one.
Price S30.00. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $40.00.

Also two 10-inch mills of our own make, that were
taken from parties who were wanting mills of long-
er rolls. These have been finished, and we pro-
nounce them in every respect almost as good as
new. Price $15.00 each.

Also one 10-inch mill, 01m make, fixed over so as
to do about as good work as it ever did. Price
$13.00. A. I. ROOT, medina, O.

A NICE LOT OP GOLDFISH now ready for
sale. Order from W. L. McINTIRE,
7 8 9 Mt. Vernon, Ohio.

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample aud prices.

M. R. MADARY,
23 3ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

BeeKeepers,

^lupplies]

Wholesale^Reltai 1_.

OH lO.

Orders filled the day they are received, except for
bees and queens. 4tfdb

8 COLONIES HYBEID BEES FOE SALE, in 10-frame Lang--
stroth hives, at .M.T5 per colony, taken at apiary.

8 HENRY A. HEIST, East Qermantown, Wayne Co., Indiana.

WHITE ° CEDAR TREES.

Now is the time to order. Ornamental and useful
for dooryards and windbreaks, cheaper than ever.

3 doz. trees, 1 ft. high, $1.00; 41/2 dozen $2 00

2 '• '■ 3 •• •■ 3.00; F. O. B.
8-9d P. J. HAAG & CO., Scott, Wis.

ITALIAN BEES, full colonies, by the lb., and queens.
' Also pure-bred poultry. For price list, address

8d F. S. McClelland, box 370, New Brighton, Beaver Co., Pa.

KENWARD-HALL APIARY.

Thankins" our friends for their large orders,
March and April, we assure them that we shall try
to merit all orders in the future. 300 nuclei. Our
queens imported by ourselves. Price $1.00; '.; doz.,
$5.00; 1 doz., $10.00. Tested, $2.00 and $3.00. Special
rates to dealers.

J. TV. K. SHAW & CO.,
8-lOdb Lioreauville, Iberia Parish, Lia.

Uf<snfoH Situation as assistant apiarist. Student

If dlllCll. of D. A. Jones. Address

8d W. E. MORRISON, Alvinston, Ont., Canada.

334

GLEANi:NGS IN BEE CtJLTtJllE.

Avn.

SUI»PI_IES T

HIVES, SECTIONS, <'ASES, CRATES, ET€.

(OITIB FOUNDATION, ITALIAN BEES

AND QUEENS, BRED FOR HON-

EV - FATHERING.

Wax wanted. Send for free Cutalog-iie to

(itfd EEYNOLDS BEOS., WILLIAUSBUKG, WAYNE CO., IND.

WHOLmLEAND FOUNDATION.

Warranted good as any made at the following prices;

All-in-one-piece V-g-roove
Sections, *4.00 per ICOO;
for larg'er lots write for
l>riccs. Wax worked very
cheap. Send for price list
of other Supplies,

1 to 3.5 lbs. per lb. 42c.
2.5 " no " " " 40e.

.50 " 100 ' mc.

100 " 500 " " " 38c.
Thin, fi cts. i)er lb. extra.
M. H. HUNT,

titfdb Near Detroit. BELL BRANCH, WAYNE CO., MICH.

DON'T RE AD THIS

UNLESS YOU WANT TO BUY BEES

AT I REDUCED : PRICES. ■ AddreiKgi
CHARLIE W. BRADISH,

Greig, Xisuris Co., N. Y.

THE

Apicultural Establishment

OF

K J. D0K0apm,

In Yigaun, Upper Oarniola,
Austria, Europe,

Send QUEENS postpaid. Safe arrival and purity of
breed guaranteed.

Price each in German Reichsmark.

Cainiolan Queens, Native,
Italian Queens, Native,
Cyprian or Syrian Queen."!,

Native,
Cyprian or Syrian Queens,

bred in Carniola,
.579db

Apr.
8
9

May.
7
9

Jun.
6
8

Jul.
5

7

All?
5

7

6

20

20

20

20

18

18

12

12

U

11

10

10

-8d

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

60 c. to $1.00 i)er lb. Queens, 30 c. to *2..50. Order
from new circular, sent free. 6tfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

APIARIAN * SUPPLIES

OF AT.Iy KINDS MAlSlFACTUIiED liY

E. L WESTCOTT, Fairhaven, Rutland Co., Vermont

Having' titted up witli new niaoliinery ile«!ilg;ned and built expressly for tliis worlt^
my faeillties are iinsiirpa.«!xed for doing, FINE AND ACCURATE WORKMANSHIP.
For full particiilarM and LOW PRICES send for my ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

and sample of tlie celebrated puplar sections.

-^SADQUART^j:^

FTJRE

BniSD

Italian and albino Q,ueens.

Untested, .June 1st to 15th, $1 10; after $1 00

" after June 15th, per half-dozen ,5 00

Tested, progeny three-banded and prolitic 3 00

,"" selected, j'oung, large, and light-colored 3 00

Full colonies, April or May, in Langstroth or Simplicity hives, with tested queens, $8 00; after 7 00

Nucleus colonies, June and July, two-frame L. or Sim. frame, is lb. of bees, brood, etc. (add the

price of queen, if wanted) 2 00

Pure Italian bees, per pound, in June, %\ 50; July and August 1 00

8tfd

PUHE -i- ITALIANS -i- EXCLUSIVELY.

-«

STOP, ^^ READ, V AND o ORDER.

i^

Having determined to devote my time and attention exclusively to the production of pure Italian bees
and queens, during the season of 1886, 1 offer, in order to reduce stock, 50 C'lioice Colonies of Pure
Italians in 10 Langstroth frames, guaranteed to contain at least 4 full frames of brood and 4 lbs. of bees
in new chaff hive, at $10.00 each. I append my prices for the season.

My terms are cash with the order. First orders will be filled first. I will refund money at any time n
customer may become dissatistted with waiting.

My methods: One kind, and the best of that kind. Nothing except tested queens sold at any price. I
will send one-year-old queens until stock is exhausted, and then this season's hatch. I will commence to
send, about May 1st.

1 tested queen $100 1 1-frame nucleus, tested queen ?2 00

1 pound of bees 100 | 3 " " " '• 3 00

1 frame of brood and bees 100 3 " " " " 4 00

I 4 " " " " .5 00

In lots of ,5, five per cent discount; in lots of 10, ten per cent discount. In lots of 10 or more nuclei or
pounds of bees, I will pay express charges for the first 1000 miles. Now remember, I guarantee safe ar-
rival and absolute satisfaction in all cases. Sample of live workers free by mail. Capacity, 2.5 queens
per day after May 1st.

titfdb BOX 691, SHERBURNE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

1S8C

GLEAKIKGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

339

1000 Lbs.

Bees FOR Sale.

Horo T am lor the sprinjf of 1886, with 1000 LBS. OF
HYBKir BEES tor sale by the pound. Bees .$1.(10, and
queens 511 cts. in May; "bees SlOO and (jncens 35 cts.,
after the Kith of June. All express chai-fics paid by
me in the Unite*! States and Canada. Safe ari-ival
g'uaranteed. Orders received first will be tilled
first. Remember, 1 can not till all in one day. Or-
der early, and avoid dela.y. No order will be booked
without the money. Money returned when re-
quired. I have no circular. Inclose stamp when
you want a reply. I will start to ship on the 15th of
May, weather permitting-.

THOMAS GEDYE,
8-12db La Salic, La Salle Co., 111.

JOB liOT ^F wire" CLOTH

AT gbeatIjY rddvcej) rjiici:s.

SECOND aUALIT? WIEE CLOTH AT Vi CTS. PEE SaUAEE FT.

., i 'SOME OF THE USES TO WHICH TIUS WIRE CLOTH CAN BE AP-
2il~\ I'LIKI).

This wire cloth is Fecum) quality. It will answer nicely

for covering doors and windDws, to keep out lliis; for

covering bee-hives and cajxes for shi|)|iing bees; raakiny:

sieves fur sifting' seeds, etc.

Number of Sijuare Feet contained in each Roll

Respectively.

1 1 roll of 180 s. f.
afi 71 22 rolls of 217, 38 of 216. 1 of 105, 2 of 21.i , 1 of 210 s. f.
11 5 rolls of 2a:t. and 2 of Zii, s. f.
7l4 rolls of 281s f.
37i26 rolls of 310, 1 of 2S5, 2 of 317. I e.-icli of (■,:i2.

S. f.

Hi roll of 245 s f.
211 rollotSCfi. lof 31Ss
2 2 rolls of 400 s. f

FIEST aUALITY WIEE CLOTH AT V., CTS. PEE SaUAEE FT.
The following- is fii-st quality, and is worth ]?4 cts.
per square toot. Iican he used for any i^iM-jiose
for which wire clotli is ordinarily used; and even at
i% cts. per sg. ft. it is far below the prices usually
charjied at hardware and furiiishinji- stores, as ,\<)n
will ascertain by makinji- iiujuir.w We wi'ie alile to
secure this very low price by luiyiniL;- a ipiiintit.N' o1
over one thousand dollars' worth.
I

I 22 1 roll 143 s. f.
2442 rolls of 200 s(i. ft. erch; 1 each of 120, lOS. lilO 140. 1.50, 140
j sq.ft.
I 26'.56 rolls of 310 sn. ft. each; 1 each of Ht.l. 19."., 201. 200, 227, 204
« 1 s.|. ft.

^28 72 rolls of 233, 11 of 224, 8 of 222, sn.ft.: 1 each of 2.57, 2!<.l
>30| sq. ft.
" 36 rolls of 250 sq.ft.; leach of SS', '.7.5, 240, 220. 227, 237. sq

i32 13 of 206. 7 of 250. 2 of ■^53 sq. ft. ; 1 each of 2.")0, 275 sc). ft.
cj:M 30 rolls of 283 sq. ff. each.

536,22 rolls of 300 sa. ft. each ; 1 each of 288. 27!l, and -28.'. squai-i
I I ft-
.38 1 roll each of 300 and 310 sq. ft.
I 40 1 roll of 233 square feet.
I 42jl roll of ,360 square feet.
[46 1 roll of 192 square feet.

A. I. ROOT, ITIcdiiia, Oliio.

JOB LOT OF POULTRY.NETTING,

At 1 ct. pei- sq. foot; 5 per cent off for two or more pieces;
10 per cent otf for 10 or more pieces; 1}4 cts. per sq. ft. when
we have to cut it. Besides this job lot'we keep in stock the
regular 4-foot poultry netting, in rolls of 160 lineal feet at
same price as above. The.se figures give the number of sq.
feet for each roll; and by dividing i)y the number of feet
wide .you can determine the length of each piece.

.30,1 piece each of 15, 25, 30, 180. and 194 sq. ft.

36 1 ' 63, 258, 375. .387, 390. and 414 sq. ft.

72 1 " " " 24, 36, 42, 54, 54, 00, 66, 72, 72, 150, 186,
1 and 300 sq. ft.

We know of nothing nicer or better for a trellis for creeping
vines, than the above netting. The 6-ft. pieces aie just the
thing for morning-glories, and the 36-in. for sweet peas. We
tried some last summer, and can speak from experience.

A. I. UOOT, Medina, Ohio.

WHITE -CEDAR TREES.

Now is the time to cn-der. Ornamental and useful
for dooryards and windbreaks, cheaper than ever.

3 doz. trees, I ft. hlRh, *1.(I0 ; 414 dozen $3 00

3 " "3 " " 3.00; F. O. B.
8-9d P. J. HAAG & CO., Scott, Wis.

1884. I^Tar-Heel Apiaries.^ 1886. \

PE0PIIET03,

COLDSB030, Wayne Co.,N. Ca.

Importer, breeder, and dealer in the finest bees in
America. All cells built in/((/; cnlonics. No queens
reared in less than '.\ L. frame nuclei. Satisfaction,
or money refunded. American Albino Italians (the
finest and best bees 1 have, from home-bred moth-
ers; a well-acclimiited strain of Italians, and per-
fect beauties); Syrians and Carniolans of first
g-rade. Imported mothers from F. Benton. Untest-
ed queens, warranted pur ely mated. May. !|S1.0(Jeach ;
.lune to Oct., $1.00 each; 6 for S5.00. "Fine tested
queens. May. !?3..50; .June to Oct.. $3.00 each. Nu-
clei, 75 cts. each, L. frame, bees and brood; bees liy
pound sent only in nucleus of one frame, brood and
honey, each, for $1.00 a pound, price of brood to be
added. 1 tj'utirantee safe arrival. Foundation 45
and 55 cts. (clraii and pin-e), per pound.

Choice breeding- queens, of my American Albinos.
$5.00 each. Send 10 cts. for sample workers, and be
convinced. Kev. Lewis Werner. Edwardsville. Ills..
April 4th, says: "The American Albinos are the
fliii'st I ever saw." Fiiend Chas. F. Muth says:
"They are well worthy to be bred." I make a spB-
cialty at fine American Albino Queens and Nuclei. 9d

KALER'S

Swamin^ - Box.

No more CUTTINO LIMBS I No
more ABSCONDIiTG SWAEMS ! No
more CLUjIEEINO of TWO swarms
TOSBTHEE! No moi-e HAED WOEK
X" HIVE CWAEMS! EASILY done.
QUni'LY dunp. and WELL d(me
\M I h KALBE S SWAEMINO - BOX I
Mii.le of GCOD MATEEIALl EEADY
tor USE, at $1.00 each.

Maile to SUir ANY SI3E of
FHAME, liy

.Aiidei'-iiiiiiville, Indiana.

Send postal for description.
In orderins? Box. give name of
,hi\e and size of frame used.

FOUNDATION

VANDERVCRT

We have a larj-e stock of choice yellow beeswax,
and can furnish Dunham comb fdn. for brood comb,
cut to any size, for 4t;c i)er lb. Extra thin Vander-
vort foundation. 46c per lb. We guarantee our
fdn. lo be made from juire beeswax, and not to sag-.
Will work up wax for 10c per lb., and 20c per lb. for
section. F. W. HOLiittES,

4tfdl) Coopersville. Ottawa Co., Mich.

E. B. P. EGGSJSEES, a POTATOES!

If you want Egg-s from the best Pure - bred
Poultry, Italian Bees or Queens, ITIaiu-
inotli Pearl Potatoes, or any thing else that we
offer, please send us your order. See ad. on page
345. Send for circular, and mention Gleanings.

J. C. BO"WMAN & CO., North Lima, O.

J. C. STEWART,

HOI'KINS, M(l.

BEES IN MISSOURI,

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. NIADARY,
23 3ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

340

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

KENWARD-HALL APIARY.

Thankinj,'- our Irioiifls for their UirfiO or(Un-K,
March suid April, we assure them that we shall try
to merit ail orders in the future. 300 nuclei. Our
•lueens imi)ortefl liy ourselves. Price $1.00; V4 doz.,
f.'J.OO; 1 doz., flO.OO. Tested, fa.OO and *3.00. Special
rates to dealers.

J. AV. K. SHA"W & CO.,
8-10db Lioreauville, Iberia Parish, La.

Ready after May 1.5. Send
for price list.

J. C. MISHLER,
i'-ii'i Ligonier, Ind.

CTD AUf DCDDICC Send as many cents to
d I llfinDCBiniCOl C. Weckesser, Marshall-
ville, ()., as ynu wisli jilants, and sec what a fine eol-
ieetion lie will send you. Name the varieties you
have and jjrefcr. Statni)s taken. !1d

LOOK HERE.

QUEENS

Untested queens, only
each ; 10, 00 cents each.
!)d

cents each. 0. 70 cents
IV!. S. ROOP,
Council Bluffs, Iowa.

DO YOU EAT CANDY?

Send $l.2r\ iind I will express ."> lbs. of Todd's Honey
Candies, same as made a sensation at last Pennsyl-
vania State Kail'. Keinemher, vvvvy pound sold
helps the h()ney-t^ad(^ Special i-ates ior quantities
for fairs. Dadant Koumhilion always in stock at
market prices. Pecs, (^)iKeiis, Hives. Smokers Vol.
1 of Frank ( Micsliires new book niailed fiei-. '^:lr>i.
»I4db AETHUE TODD, IDIO Qermantown Av^., PhiiadelpMi, Pa.

CCIi^DCOpNEO

From pure mothers. One untested, SI (10; '■A dozen,

$4.50; per dozen, *«.()!). (!. W. BECKHAM,

Hd J'leasant Hill, liancastcr Co., S. C.

Rfini^ FRFF Our catalogue for 1886 contains
U\J^n I l)l-L.i 4.5pag-cs; 31 are devoted to bee-
keeiJiiiR-. It treats the different operations clearly
and practically. It is just what the bcRinner needs.
Tells how to use the various iinplemonts, and em-
braces the following subjects: Who should Keep
licesV Location of Apiary ; Handlins' Hees; Hives;
Implements; llohbin<r; Italianizing'; Swarming;
Surplus Hont^y; Feedln">'; Diseases and Enemies of
Bees; Winterin^^ Pees; Marketing- Honey; and a
complete list of supplies. Tliis book will be sent
free to any address by WATTS BROS.,

Otfdb Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

Introducing Queens.

Henry Alle.\- has «i\-en, in the May nunil)erof tlie
Amicimcan AiMciii/niuiST, several new methods
for introduciufi' botii fertile and unfertile (piecns.
Sample copies free. Address

AMERICAN APICULTURIST,
•'tW' Wenham, Mass.

ITALIAN%CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Bred in separate apiaries, awa.v- from
other bees. Warrant(Ml Italian or un-
tested Carniolan (pieens. in May. $1.3");
(i, f-n.irr, .lune, $1.10; (i, »r).<)0; .I'uly. $1;
0, $.'). State which you prefer, Ital-
ians lired from my Uriiiiizoiia strain,
oi' (loldini Ituli(uiii. 1 am prepared to
please all.

JtlClCS AT UKJUKK/) KATICS.
For full particulars, and prices of tested queens,
bees, etc., send for circular and iirice list. Satisfac-
tion guaranteed. <;IIAS. I». nHVALL.,
9tl'db Spencei-villc, Ifloiit. <'o., Jtld.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sectloiifit, Extractors, Kinokeriii, Separators,

&c., or Koot'M manufacture, Sliipped

Iroin here at UOOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in g-encral. Fricc Li»t Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

li ;i4db

Hard-Time Prices in May.

Two-fiame nuclei of Italian bees, with tested
Italian queen, $3.,'')0; :!-franic, ditto, .$3.(10. Full col-
ony, in A. I. Root's Siniplicit.\ hive, $0.(10. All on
wired Jj. frames. redij;rcc(l i'oland China piffs for
sale. Single jiiff. 10 weeks old, $8.00. Per pair, not
akin, $l.').(iO. Per trio, $;;2.00. Safe arrival K-uaran-
teod. 1 shall do by all as I would be done by.

Address

!id

N. A. KNAPP,

Rochester, Lokain Co., Ohio.

FOR SAL.K.-100 colonies of Italian bees, and
■~00 tested and untested queens.
!» l;.Mb E. BUKKE, Vincennes, Ind.

RUBBEB. FOR MENDING RUBBER BOOTS,
tniPTVrT'TW^'T' 'it'BBER SHOES, and all kinds of
L/JjIVIXjIiI a , rubber g-oods. An article worth its
weight in fj-old. for \hv savin^r of health, annoyance,
and tioulile. Printed directions for use accompany
each liottle. Tcti cents i)er bottle; ten bottles, Wc;
100, $8.(10. Not mailable.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

ITALIAN QUEENS IN TEXAS^

Riared irom Root's best imiioi'ted untested
()ueeri, $1.00. Selected, and tested, $3.0(1, $3 .^iO. Sent
by mail. AD. MEYER,

Otfdb Sweethome, Lavaca Co., Te.\as.

50 STRONG COLONIES BEES

rOB. SAIiH CHEAP.

F. L. ^'v'UIK.lHT, 0 Kid ft>laii>licld, ITIicli.

SEND sl^^^^^FOUNDAJT^

TO C. W. PHELPS & CO., TIOGA CENTER, N. Y.

FOliU-PBl-:*'!'; ONF-POIND

DOVETAILED SECTBONS,

$2.25 PER lOOO. SAMPLE FREE.

M. A. LOHR, Vermontvk.i.e, Eaton Co., Mich.

Recent Additions to the Counter Store.

FIVF - CKNT €OllNTF,K.

1 I MAREET-BASKETS. These are much better made

tliaii lliDsc we lia\'c- I n si'llinK IiitcIiiIoic, and tlK-y arc

parlo'il lor shipiiiciil . Ill in a nest, witli llic liariillcs lousr. Ity
this means they will kh .if a iiuic-h hiwcr latc (illrcitrht tliiih
formerly. Wi' lii-e enabled Ici mal;i' tlie luires liv the tens and
hundreds as follows: \ li\isliel, id. X> ets.; 1(10. »:!.nil. '4 busliel,
10, 1)8 cts.; 1(10, $325. "^ Imshel, Id, .1(1 ets.; Idd. $:',.M. At tlie
al)ove iirices, (Inuhle-iininled taelcs are ineliuled. tor taeliini^
the handles. We ean send samples hy mall wlierc^ desired, at
aeost ol' « ets. for the ', Imshel, or 'lO cts. for the K 'Hishel.
We hardly need mention the thousand and one uses for a
lik'ht, pietly, and slont marUelii.isket.

FIFTEEN - CENT COUNTER.

0 I BENCH-VISE | 1 40 | 13 .''.0

This. thou>!;h, small, is a little beauty, and wonderfully handy
for any one who likes to fix things uji. The jaws are one Inch
wide and the vise is S inches long.

TWENTY-FIVE CENT COUNTER.

fi I CAEPENTEE'S BEVEL, or try square. ,. 1 3 00 | 18 00
C.iii b(^ set af any bevel. Finished with rosewood handle,
blade « inches lony-

THIRTY-FIVE CENT COUNTER.

3 1 EULE, TWO-FOOT, 6 fold | 3 00 | 25 00

This is oftenlimcs more convenient than an ordinary four-

fohl rule, because it shuts up so as to go In the vest-pocket

without any trouble.

A. I. ROOT, ITIcdIiia, O.

1886

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

1211

Names of respoiisil)lo parties will be inserted in
any of fhc followiiifi' departnients, at a iiniforni
price of :iu cents each insertion, or $'^.00 per annum,
when jriven once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names ini^ertedin this department the first time willi-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 eacli, under tiu' followiiiti-
conditions: Nofjiuirantce is to be assumed of jmrity.
or anything of the kind, only that the (lueen lie rear-
ed from a clioico, i)ure mother, and had eommencied
to lay when they w(>r(> shiiiped. They also ajiree to
return the money at any time when eustomei-s l)e-
eome impaticiitof such delay as may be unavoidable.

ISear in mind, tluit he who sends tlu^ best (jueens,
liut up most neatly and most securely, will probably
receive th(> most ordei-s. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested (|ueens, furnished on apijlieation to
any of the i)arties. Names with *, use an imported
(]U(?en-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for .$1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, lAaht Street, Columbia Co., Ta. Itf
*PauI L. Viallon, Mayou Uoula, La. Itfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. Itfd

*Wm. Ballantine, Mansfield, Rich. Co., O. Itfd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. 2atfd
*S. G. Wood, BirmiuKham, Jeff. Co., Ala. Itfd

*S. C. Perry, Portland, Ionia Co., Mich. 2;Jtfd

*E. Kretchmer, Coburg:, Mont. Co., Iowa. 'S.M'6
D. McKenzie, Camp Parapet, Jeff. Parish, La. Itfd
Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp. Co., N.C.

Itfd
*Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

~':itfd Par., La.
J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La. 3tfd
*E. Burke, Vincennes, Knox Co., Ind. 3-1

Richard H. Bailey, Ausable Forks, Essex Co.,N. Y.

S. M. Darrah, Cheuoa, ISIcLean Co., III. 7-17d

8. H. Hutchinson & Son, Claremont, Surrv Co.,

7-1'fd Va.
N. E. Cottrell, Burdick, Porter Co., Ind. 7-17d

H. C. Duty, Walnut Hill, LaFayette Co., Ark.
Peter Brickoy, Lawrenceburg, And. Co., Ky. fltfd

C. C. Vaughn, Columbia, Tenn. !(tf<l
*J. W. Keei'an, S. E. cor. Mason and Moulton St..

Bloomington, 111. iltfd

D. A. McCord, O.xford, Butler Co., O.

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.

A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. Itfd
C. W. Costcllow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. l-~:i
Kennedy & Leahy, Higginsville,Laf. Co., Mo. 2;!lfd
E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. 23tfd
S. D. Buell, Union City, Branch Co., Mich. .fi-T-i)
C. P. Bish, Pctrolia, Butler Co., Pa.

Foundation - Mills For Sale.

One nine-inch Dunham mill, second hand. The
mill has, howevei-, been com))letely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, iin<l is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, e(iiuil to a new one.
Price iK20.()(l. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $40.00.

Also one 10-inch mill, 01m make, fi.ved over so as
to do about as good work as it ever did. Price
fl2.00. A. I. ROOT, inedina, O.

A NICE LOT OF OOL.I>FISH now ready for
sale. Order from W. L. MclNTll^E,
788 Mt. Vcnion, Ohio.

HEADQUARTERS IN THE SOUTH

FOE THE MANUFACTUEE AND GALE OF

BEE - KEEPERS' : SUPPLIES.

Tlic (inly Steam Factarji Erected in the Smdh, K.r-
clusively for Die Manufacture of Hives, Frames, Sec-
tions, etc. Tlie Mathin and Uoot Simplicity Hives a
Specialt}/.

ITALIAN QIJKENS,

Untested, in April, $I.2r)each ; $13.00 per doz. From
May 5 to June 1, $1.10 each, $12.00 per doz. After
June 1, $1.00 each, $IO.Oit i)cr doz. Tested, ,$2..50
eacli; select testeil. $;!.(10 each to first of June.
Cimti-acts taken wilh dealers for the delivery of a
certaiu mimbiT of (lueens iier week, at special
llgures.

FOJIIC-B<'llAJTIK M1<'L.1<:MJ«,
With pure Italian (pieeii, containing 3 jjovinds of
bees when received; in April, $4.00; after May 2.5,
2;")Cts. less. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

b<i<:b<:s iiv tijic poiii\i».

Delivered, express prepaid, ill lots of .5 pounds or
iiuire. Send for i)i-ie(>. Sanu' dis(!ouMt given as of-
fered by .v. I, Hoot, ill Gi.KANiNGS Irom month to
month. For morc'^pnrticulars, send for catalogue
for ISSti. p. X,. VIALLON,

Ttfdb Bsiyoii («oiil:), Iberville I'arisli, lia.

Bee-Hives, Honey-Boxes, Sections.

Lakqest Bee -Hive Factory in the World.

c.'ip^crrr, i carload of goods per day

Bcs

List.

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
G. 15. LEWIS & CO.,

Itldb.

Watertown, Wis.

DAI»ANT'N FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. iJbtfd

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

!>>«tl< AKB^: 4*I/AKS HOr«Bi:V-JIADCW,

Tl>l Eiai«;BiETS, REK-HIVKN,
HONKV-SECTIONN, Ac, iVc.

i*i<:kfbu)tion <ol.i»-ul./\st sitiokeus.

A i)ply to CII AS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

VIRGINIA LAND AGENCYr

Cheap Fai-ms. Splendid climate. Short Mild Win-
ters. Good Markets. Descriptive Land List Free.
<i-ilb GRIFFIN & JERVIS, PETERSBURGH, VA.

— SEE FOSTER'S —
ADVERTISEMENT.

PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

IT.tLiI.tN tlliKKNS, untested. May and June,
.$1.0.1; si.\ for.tr).00; after July 1st., 8.5c each; six,
$4M; 2fr. nucleus, untested queen, June, $2.75;
after July 1, $2.2.'). Send for price list of bees by
the pound, fdn., etc. JOHN NEBEL & 30N, High Hill, Mo.
I^Mb

Comb Fdn., Bee- Hives, and other
APIARIAN SUPPLIES.

570(1

JAS. A. IVI<:L.«;0N, AVyandottc, Kans.

SYRIAN AND ITALIAN QUEENS,

Uefore .June 15. t(,>ste(], S2..50 each; after, S2.(I0 each.
Untested, before June 15, $1.00 each; after, single
queen, f 1.00: si.v for $5.00; twelve for .ffi.OO.
fitidb IISBAKli.OOOP, Sparta, T«im,

U2

glea:ni:ngs in bee cultuhe.

May

DADANT'S

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag-, most reg-ular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, I nd.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
.Tr.,Freeburg, 111.; Ezra IJaer. Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Arinsti-ong-, .lersevville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
]i)10 Germantown Ave., Phila, Pa.; E. Kretehmer,
Coburg. Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark .Johnson &
Son. Covington, Kentucky; J. Tl. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Rirmingham,
(). ; M..1. Dickason. Hiawatha. Kan.; .I.W.Porter,
Clmrlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. K. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N.Y.; .1. A. Huma-
son. Vienna, O.; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, ().,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, and numerous other
dealers.

Write for s^ampleK /;-ee, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Coiiipliineiitary and unso-
Ucitcd teatimimials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1 883. We guarantee event inch of our foundation equal
to sample in evei-y respect.

CHAS. DADANT & SON,
3btfd Ifainllton, Hancock Co., Illinois).

Chaff hives complete, with lower frames, for $3.50;
in flat, $1.50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Boxes. Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
m.'ichinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 33 33db

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

— SEE FOSTER'S —
ADVERTISEMENT.

BEES SN IOWA,

T WILL SELL NOW for delivery first week in
I Juiae, 3-f rame nucleus, L. size, with brood, pound
of bees, and untested Italian queen, at $3. All or-
ders filled in order of receiving-.
9d C. W. KING, Kalamazoo, Mich. Box 336.

PURE ITALIANS.

May

.Tune
1 to 18

June 31
to Oct. 1

Tested queens I $3 50 | $3 35 I $175

Untested queens I i 1 35 I 1 00

Bees per pound I 3 00 I 1.50 101)

Nuclei per comb I 90 | 65 | .50

All communicatioTis promptly responded to, and
all questions cheerfully answered.
MSdb S.ie. PEKKY, PORTLAND, IONIA GO., MICH.

1886 Golflen Italian Qufflns, 1886

Our bees won first prize at the St. Louis Fair over
several worthy competitors in Oct., 1885.

Extra tested queens, 3 years old $3 .50

3 00

Untested, " after May 15 100

We will also dispose of .50 full colonies at the fol-
lowing- low price, in one-story Simplicity hives:
One colony, with tested queen $8 00

'• " " untested queen 6,50

Five or more, 10 per cent discount.

Delivered at K. R. station, and safe arrival guar-
anteed. Send for circular.

DARROW & ROSS,
8 lOdb liebanon, St. Clair Co., Ill,

Italian Queens sent by Mail.

Untested queens from imported mothei-, April,
$1.35; May, .Tune, and July, $1.00. After April, per
half-dozen, $5.00. E. CHUDGINGTON & SON,
etfdb Breckinridge, Stephens Co., Texas.

QUEENS. 1886. QUEENS.

Reared from Imported Mothers. Two, three, and
four frame nuclei. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Send for pi'ice list. Addi-ess
5-lldb FRANK A. EATON, Bluffton, Ohio.

SOLID li^

Having sold the 100 colonies of Bees offered in
the March Nos. of this journal, 1 am now booking
orders only for

NUCLEUS COLONIES AND QUEENS. ALSO
BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

Send for 1886 price list. Address
7tfdb WM. W. GARY.

Successor to Wm.W. Gary & Son. Col,eh.\ine, Mass.

LEWIS ¥-CROOVE

ONE-PIECE SECTIONS

Doivn, Down, Goes the Price.

First Quality, White Basswood, One-Pound Sections,
In lots of 500 to 3000, $4.00 per 1000.

SPECIAL FREIGHT RATES.

If 3000 or more are wanted, write for special prices,
delivered to you, freight paid by us.

C. B. LEWIS & CO., stfdb

April 15, 1886. Watertown, Wisconsin.

WANTED^

A man in every town, as agent for our goods,
which are used by every one who keeps a horse.
Profit large. Will not interfere with other business.
Write for particulars to

LOWELL, TRACY & CO.,
9d 7( Asylum St., Hartford, Ct.

READK READY, READY.

100 nucleus colonies will be ready by the 1.5th or
30th of May, 3, 4, and 5 frames, at $4.(10, $5.00. and
$6.00; all with good laying untested Italian queens.
They will all have plenty of bees, brood, and honey.
Queens and full colonies for sale.
9-lOd LOUIS WERNER, Edwardsville, 111.

FOR SALE.

16 strong colonics of Italian and hybrid bees in
Simplicity hives, each with nine frames ol brood
and honey. Price $5.00. If taken at my apiary,
less. T. J. EBERMAN,

9tfdb Merrimac Point, Monroe Co., 111.

RAPPT7T QT OAK; hold 50 galls.; steam-test-
lJ/\.r\X\i:iljO . cd, and equal to the best, at the
following prices, each: 1 barrel, $3..50; 3, $3.40; 3,
$3.35; 4, $3.30; .5, $3.35; 6, $3.30; 7, $3.15; 8, .$3.10; 9,
$3.05; 10, $3.00. No further reduction for less than
twenty. GEO. H. HOYLE, Mobile, Ala. 9-lOd

Mends Everything.

This is the best cement we have ever
tried. Almost any article mended with
it will break anywhere else before the
place mended. It holds honey labels on
tin, etc. Ten cents per bottle; ten bot-
tles, 90c; 100 bottles, $8.00. .

A. I. KOOT, Medina, O,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

348

Contents of this Number.

Apiary, Location of 362

Apiculture in Cornell Uni. .37H

Banner Apiary 345

Bark-lice 3fi8

Bee Moth 363

Bees in Texas 35ft

Bees Emiprrating 3B3

Bees, Mexican 3fi2

Bees, Moving- in Winter 3.%

Bees, Forcing in Sections.. .:<54

]!ees, Bartluiided 365

Bees. SfttinfT Out 3J6

Book-Reviews 348

Books on Entwines 366

Bucket of water for Bees. .366

Bumble-bees 349

Circulars Received :M4

Conventions 344

Cyprus 358

Drones Congregating 365

Editorials 372

Eggs, Sex of 362

Florida ;K)9

Goods by Express 374

Heads of Grain :!6J

Home Market 347

Honey Column 314

Honey from White Ash 373

Honey, Coreopsis 357

Honey, Poisonous 362

Honey-trade :<63

Honey-boards. Perf'd 373

Horsepower for Hives 366

House-apiaries 365

Imitation of Or'd Honey... 366

Iodine for Stings 364

Italians vs. Blacks 368

Jane Meek & Bro 351

Kind Words 343

Linden, European 865

Linden from Seed 364

Lindens 364

Lindley's Report .■i47

Market for Honey 354

Microscopes 373

New Zealand 360

Notes and Queries 368

Our Own Apiary 371

Poultry-house, Our 367

Privies 371

yueen, Refusal to Accept.. 3.50

Queens, Surplus 369

Red-clove r Queens 349

Reports Encouraging :-'6n

Reversing Dark Honey ... 368

Road-sides, Seeding 368

Salt for Bees 356

Sand-Bees 369

Sex in Bees X,3

Solar Wax-extractor 352

Stings in Honey 369

Stories, Upper, in Winter ..363

Swarms in Forest 366

Sweet Clover 369

Ventilation, Upward 359

Wint'g on Empty Comb 365

Wintering Warm 348

Wintering 357

400 Lb

i5.

"^'^•J"^* Thin Foundation

still on hand. The lot, 43c per lb.; 100 lbs., Uc; less,

45c. Few lbs. more brood at 3.5c.

9d H. L. aEAHAM, OEANDVIEW, LOUISA CO., IOWA.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

CHAPTER 12— HIT THE NAIL SQUARE ON THE HEAD.

Friend R., we want to say that never, in our ex-
perience, have we read so good a chapter as No. 12.
page 220, Gleanings, March 1.5. You hit the nail
square on the head. I believe hundreds will thank
you for it. With best love and wishes.

R. C. Taylor.

National Cemetery, Fort Scott, Kans., Mar. 24, 1886.

"THE OLD ROOT AND THE ROOTLET."

I appreciate your efforts to give us the latest aud
best pertaining- to bees, carp, etc., and now as the
young " Rootlet" has come to the assistance of the
" old Root," I presume the tree of knowledge will
take a boom; iu fact, it has already started, and 1
wish it success. C. R. Schmeltzek.

SchoU's Ferry, Oregon.

now WE DO OUR ,JOB WORK.

Friend Root:— I have had hundreds of dollars'
worth of printing done within three years, and con-
sider myself a good judge of job work, and can say
that the work you did on my " First Principles in
Ree Culture " is very fine, and fully meets my o.v-
pectations. G. K. Hubbard.

La Grange, lud., March 20, 1886.

A KIND WORD FOR GLEANINGS AND ITS WRITERS.

Received the goods all right and in excellent con-
dition, packed by " Bert." They were eleven days
in transit. I just got my freight bill, $1.13; reason-
able enough for V2o lbs., the distance they came. I
am highly pleased with them. Every thing comes
together exactly right and true to nieasure. I am
a practical carpenter, but I can buy of you far
cheaper than I can make. As you seem to be criti-
cised on the moral.part of Gleanings, permit me
as a subscriber to say that part is very welcome
here. I was sorry to see friend Hutchinson disa-
gree with you, for I like his writings in Gle.\nings
very much. The information he gives is worth
more to me than I pay for Gleanings. And then
Doolittle— well, his contributions are second to
none, in my estimation, sub ram, not even to Nov-
ice himself. Now, as you have so many to cater
for, you must expect to step on some of our toes.
Per.sonally, I chew tobacco; there you step on my
toes; do I complain? Not much; you are too light
to hurt. I believe you think it wrong, but I don't.
I read your articles, however, for I like both sides
of a question. I think you are doing as you wish to
be done by; only give us the amount of bee-infor-
mation we get now, and I won't complain.

Cape May City, N. J. Geo. W .Rlake.

HOW shalij we keep the boys at home.

The opcning-up of these diversified industries on
the farm not onlj' gives employment to persons of
different tastes, but makes counti-y life more at-
tractive, and will do much to answer the question
so often asked, " How shall we keep the boys on the
farm?" Your Home Papers have been helpful to
me, and 1 heartily sympathize with you in your ef-
forts to conduct your business on Christian princi-
ples. Wm. C. Coombs.

Lindale, O., Apr. 4, 1886.

get aboard at the right station.

I have been reading your A B C book, also some
of30ur old journals, and found ^?i6m. very intei-est-
ing. I have only one swarm of Italians. I wish to
increase my stock. I want a through ticket, and
wish to get aboard at the right station; therefore
please find inclosed one dollar for Gleanings for
this year. R. E. Harper.

Hartsgrove, Ashtabula Co., Ohio.

THE EDIT0RI.\L "WE."

Friend Root: — I am glad to see that neither you
nor our Ernest young friend, who bids fair to be his
father's worthy successor, is addicted to what is
sometimes called the vice of " wegotism." I like
to see any one, even if he be an editor, give his
own opinions on his own responsibility, and not
cover it up with a we. and it seems ridiculous for
one who has reached the position of a "stump
speaker," or for an editor of a one-horse county
paper, to speak as if he represented a large and im-
portant constituency. You have my hearty sympa-
thy in regard to your loss. Burdett Hassett.

Howard Center, Iowa.

excellently packed.

Please excuse me for not letting you know before
this that the goods purchased from you came to
hand all right. I have examined every article ex-
cept the comb foundation, and have found them all
right, and am much pleased with them all. They
were excellently packed— not a single thing either
broken or scratched by shipment. I am much
pleased with the ABC book. Its being in the form
of a cyclopaedia makes it very easy to find just
what we want at any time; and as to Gleanings,
I do not think a person could invest an honest
dollar in any thing else that would pay him better.
Please accept my sympathy on account of your re-
cent loss by fire. Fikm.\n Tettemer.

Montgomery Citv, Mo., Mar. 29, 1886.

kind words of sympathy by a fellow-soldier

—OLD JACK.

It was with deep feelings of regret that I read of
your heavy loss of propert.v in the loss of your
warehouse and contents, and the cruel loss of your
old family servant " poor old Jack;" but I think I
should rather be in your place than in the shoes of
that ])oor miserable specimen of humanity, with
the remorse of conscience that he must carry
through life, although it seems sometimes if such a
thing could be possible, that some folks were born
without any conscience, or had lost the very small
one they might have possessed. I am glad that
your factory and lumber was spared, and that yoil
are tfoing to be able to fill all orders; and I hope
the friends will all remember you In your misfor-
tune, and give you their orders, and will all be
blessed with good luck with their bees, so they will
prosper and need to send good large orders. May
the Lord ever bless .vou, and keep and prosper j'ou,
both spiritually and temporally, all of your days;
and may you finally receive the reward of the
righteous, is the best wishes of your friend and
fellow-soldier of the cross. D. H. Allen.

Birney. Pa., March 29, 1886.

[Poor faithful old Jack ! After giving a life of al-
most twenty j-ears of faithful service to our family,
letting each new baby learn to drive by holding his
lines, and learn to ride by trying to sit astride of his
great broad back; aftercarrying the whole family,
singly or collectively; after pulling boxes and pack-
ages through the mud, or our whole factory, almost,
and never flinching, poor faithful old Jack lost his
life by the burning of our warehouse. Mar. 7, 1886.
He was the special property of my wife, having
been raised by her father; and now the only me-
mento of this faithful old servant is a blackened
horseshoe. May God help us to remember these
household treasures while they are with us.]

344

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTUllE.

May

OUR 8^1.00 FORCE-PUMP.

The goods shipped me the Ifith were received to-
day, and are all right. The pump was a surprise to
me, lor I did not e.xpect so perfect a one for the
monej'. Many thanks for the favor.

Nichol Junction, Mo. Wilt. T. Zink.

DOTH .JOB FEAR GOD FOR N.\UGHT?— JOB 1: 9.

Mr. Boat:— I once felt a little vexed at you. as I
honestly thought you had not dealt fairly with me
concerning- an advertisement I sent for Gleanings.
I then used language like this: " I once had some
faith in your relif^ious pretensions. I now tind 1
was deceived." Since that I have watched your
course, and am now satisfied that your intentions
are honest, and that your Christianity is sincere,
hence I will humbly beg- pardon for having- used
the language above quoted. T have met a number
of bee-keepers who have, like myself, at some time
in the past had serious doubts as to your Christian-
ity, believing- you were pursuing- this course for
the sake of the " almighty dollar; " but I think al-
most all of them are now convinced that you are
consistent with your profession. I thought I
would feel better mentioning this matter, and have
all right in the sight of God.

John A. Buchanan.

Holliday's Cove, W. Va., Jan. 23, 1886.

JI6NEY C6MfIN.

CITY MARKETS.
Milwaukee. — Honey. — Recent receipts of hon-
ey on this market give now a very fair supjjly for
customers for either comb in sections or extracted,
and we can quote choice 1-lb. sections at ITOl^c; 2-
Ibs., 16(rtjl7c; extracted, in kegs or tin, white, 71 aS'Sc;
dark, 6@6;2C. Beeswax, 2ac. Demand fair.
April26, 1886. A. V. Bishop,

142 W. Water St.. Milwaukee, Wis.

Kansas CiTV.—Ho?icy.— Market firm for 1-lb. sec-
tions at 15@]6c., and very little on the market. 21b.
sections, 10f?i),12 cents; California the same. Ex-
tracted, dull and on demand, 3(5.5 cents. Beeswax,
22 cents. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Apr. 20. Cor. Ith & Walnut St's., Kansas City, Mo.

Cincinnati.— Ifojie!/.— No new feature whatever
on the market. Trade perhaps duller than usual.
Manufacturers are seeming to take a rest. Prices
are nominal, and no changes to note from last quo-
tations. Beeswax.— There is a fair demand for bees-
wa.x, which we quote at 20(ai2hc on arrival.
April 21, 1886. C. F. MuTH & Son,

S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Chicago.— Hodey.— The demand for comb honey
is good, and the supply of choice grades is scarce.
Prices range at IfiC* 17c for fancy; extracted shows
little change, and demand light. Beeswax, steady
at 25c. K. A. Burnett,

April 21, 1886. 161 S. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Boston.— iZo?!ejy.— There is no change in prices,
and rates are a little slow. Blake AfliPLEy, '•
April 31, 1886. .57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Cleveland.— TToncy. — The market continues bare
on 1-lbs., best white, which would bring 14@15c on
arrival. Best white 1-lbs. are selling at J2@:13. Old,
8@9. Extracted, 7@.8. Beeswax, 25@38.

April 20, 1886. A. U. Kendei..

115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

St. Louis.— Honey.— Choice comb honey has good
inquiry. We quote white clover at 14(§ 16c. Bass-
wood, 12@.12'/4c. Buckwheat ."^.nd Spanish needle,
10@llc.

Extracted slow at 7fa'9c in cans; 5(56 in bbl. Dark,
in.bbls., is selling as low as 4c.

Beesu'aj-. —Finds ready sale at 21c for good stock,
though the supply is liberal.
■ April 21, 18S6. W. T. Anderson & Co.,

104 N. 3d. St., St. Louis, Mo.

BEAUTBFUL

Detroit.— HoHcy. —The market is almost bare of
comb lioney, with but little demand, however, at
about!l4 cts. for best. Beeswax, scarce at 25c.

April 21, 1886. M. H. Hunt,

Bell Branch, Mich.

And very choice all-in-one-piece SKC'TIOINS, V-
groove — wholesale and retail, and exceedingly
cheap. Send for Samples and Free Price List of
everv thing needed in the apiary.

(Near Detroit.) M. H. HUNT. Bell Branch, Wayne Co., Mich.

SECTIONS,

^3.50 per M. Dovetailed, all-in-one-piece. Send 3-
cent stamp for sample. E. S. ITIILiliER,

9-13db Drydeii, Micli.

CARNIOLAN

QUEENS & BEES A SPECIALTY.

Send for Descriptive Price List and Circular.
9tfd H. F. SHANNON, Clarksburg,

(Formerly of Spring Hill.) Decatur Co., Ind.

//7 Orc/er to Introduce my Go /den Italians

And place them within reach of all, I will send un-
tested queens for 90 cts. each; '2 doz., $5.00; 1 doz.,
$9. .50. Tested queens, $1.75 each. My queens are
reared from an imported mother, and in full col-
onies; 2-frame nuclei, with untested queen, $2. .50;
3-frame nuclei, with untested queen, f3.00 (on Sim-
plicity wired frames). Full colonies, Italians, in 8-
frame Simplicity hive, $5. .50. Full col. hybrids, $4.00.
Kef. A. I Root. Address A. B. JOHNSON,
9tfdb Clarkton, Bladen Co., N. C.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

Tlip next annual meeting of the Michigan State Bee-Keepers'
Association will be held in Ypsllanti, Dec. 1st and '2nd, 1886.
All are cordially invited. H. D. Cutting, Sec.

Clinton, Mich., Apr. 2i. 1886.

The Central Michigan Bee-Keepers' Association will meet
May 18, 1886. with Capital Grange, at their hall in North Lan-
sing, at 10 o'clock A. M.. to hold three sessions, forenoon, after-
noon, and evening. All bee-keepers, and those interested in
bee culture, are invited to attend, and to bring or send hives
and tixtures, and any thing of interest to bee-keepers. For
anv special information, address the secretary.

North Lansing, Mich.^ E. N. Wood.

As per notice previously given, the bee-keepers of Stark and
adjoining Counties met in Grange Hall, Canton. O., Apr. 13,
1886, and organized the Stark Co. Bee-Keepers' Society. A very
plea.«ant and prolitable meeting was had. and there are pros-
pects of gnat good being done tlie cause tlirough the instr-d-
mentiilitv of this societj'. The next regular meeting will oc-
cur on the last Tuesday in August. Mark Thomson, Sec.

Canton, Ohio.

The Keystone Bee-keepers' Association will meet at Court-
House in Scranton, Pa., on Tuesday, May 11, 1886, to elect
officers, transact important business, and listen to the able
papers of Messrs. G. M. Doolittle on the production of comb
honey ; L. C. Root on the production of extracted honey, and
the Dadants on queen-rearing and creneral management.
Come one and all, and make this meeting the best of all.

Clark's Green, Pa., Apr. 2, 1886. .\rthur A. Davis, Sec.

CIRCULARS RECEIVED.

The following have sent us their price lists:

S. W. Morrison, Oxford, Pa., an advertising sheet— Carniolan
queens.

Geo. F. Smith. Bald Mt., Pa., a 4-page list— apiarian supplies.

Hemphill & Goodman, Elsberry, Mo., one-page list of bee-
supplir>— spciirtlty. the Ideal Reversible hive.

M. H. Hunt. lieirBianch, Mich., an 8-page list of bee-supplies
in general. Mr. Hunt is every bit an energetic business man,
and we note with pleasure the consequent growth of his
business since he began.

C. A. Stillman, Hornellsville, N. Y., aOpage list of bee-sup-
plies.

J. C. Mishler. Ligonler, Ind., an advertising sheet of Italian
bees and queens.

Jas. M. Denham, Valley, Ky., an advertising sheet of bees
and poultry.

B. Davidson, Uxbridge, Out., a i-page price list— bee-supplies
and fanning-mills.

The following were printed at this office:

J." B. Hains, Bedford, O., an 8-pjge list of apiarian supplies in
general.

Jos. D. Enas, Napa, Cal., an 8-page circular of bee-supplies.

I am being asked my opinion of the new circulars Mrs. Cot-
ton is again sending out quite plentifully. The statements she
makes, and the prices she charges for the goods she sends out,
would, in my opinion, forbid her being classed with our regu-
lar supply-dealers, to say nothing of the strings of complaints
against her that have filled our bee-journals for years past.

Vol. XIV.

MAY 1, 1886.

No. .9

TERMS:«1.00PrrAn'NUM, INADVANCR;! fP ., + ril^l T ol^ n rJ T I'l 1 Q 'J '^
2Copiesfor9l.90;3for$a.75;5for84.00i I ILfiLU^OLVbrl/GU' ZJo JL O / O.

5 or more. 75 ots. each. Slnsrle Number, !
10 cts. Additions to clubs maybe made (
at club rates. Above are all to be sent ]
TO ONB POSTOFFICK. I

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

A. I. ROOT, MEDIJ^^A, OHIO,

f Clubs to different po.stoffices, not LK^ s
I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
1 U. S. and CuiuulMK. lo all o'her ctuti-
1 fries of the Universal Postal Union. 18p
I per .yen r extra. To all countries not of
I the U. P. U.,42c per year extra.

NOTES FROM THE BANNER APIARY.

No. 77.

THE WINTERING PHOBI.EM.

TN thp article quoted last month from Air. Qninby,
j^f it was apparently sliown that the I'ccdiiiji- of
^r sugar did not prevent diarrhea. Mr. Quinby
■*■ did not say so, but it is presumable that there
was bee-bread in the combs, and that the bees
were wintered out of doors. Such being- the case.
the trouble is easilj' accounted for, at least by some
of the leaders in the " Pollen Theory," by sa.ving
that the temperature was so low that the Lees
sought and consumed the liee-bread.

Dr. Joslin says that the temperature should be
kept about 40° in the fore part of the winter, in or-
der that the bees may remain in that quiet state
that Mr. Clarke calls hibernation, ^^;hich is so con-
ducive to their health. Later in the season, when
they have commenced breeding, and are more live-
ly, he would raise the temperature, a Ja Hoardman,
to 45", or perhaps .50°. I do not know but I agree
with this. I would say, however, that some of my
colonies were nearly as (luiet when I took them
from the cellar the middle of April' as they were in
December. Dr. Joslin says, that "bees will not eat
pollen when kept warm enough," hence the theory
vanishes. Yes, but suppose they are ?(o( kept warm
enough, what then? And suppose that the honey
is full of nitrogenous matter, what then? No one
has claimed that pollen would cause dysentery
among bees unless they consumed it. How shall we
prevent its consumption? is the question. Shall
we remove it from the hive, or is it possible to keep
the temperature at such a point as to prevent its

consumption? Perhaps a combination will answer.
We will bring the bees through, to the close of the
hone.y season, in nearly a staiving Condition, feed
them sugar, then hcep them warm. I have just been
back and read Mr. Doolittle's account of how he
warmed up his bee-collar, by artificial l:eat, to .50°.
It was HI the fore part of the season that he did this.
I can not help wondering-if the result would not have
been different if the heat had been used in the lat-
ter part instead of the fore part of the winter.

You say, Mr. Editor, that your use of artificial
heat proved disastrous in the house apiarj'. At
what degree was the mercury kept, and at what
part of the winter was it employed? I have been
corresponding with Oliver Foster. He says his
house-apiaries are from warm to Imt according to
the ventilation, and during the past winter he has
lost only 2 colonies out of 296. He has tried sub-
earth ventilation in connection with house-apiaries,
and abandoned it on account of expense and m.s«-.
lensncHK.

I put 25 colonies in my cellar, under my kitchen,
last lall. Some had natural stores, some sugar
stores, some no bee-bread {one was overloaded with
it), some were com parativel.y free from bee-bread,
some were prepared early, some late, some later,
and some latest, etc. The temperature was varia-
ble. It would average about 45'; in lact, there is
where it was most of the time. Some cold mornings
it would be found at 38°; in two hours, however, it
would be back to 45°. Two mornings it was at ;r>°.
In warm afternoons it would run up to .50°. There
is only a single door between the cellar and the out-
er ai The cellar is damp. It was visited several
times a daj;, scmctimcs with a light. Quite a good
many bees came out and died upon the floor. One

1^46

GLKAI!^1KGS LN IJEE CULTUllE.

May

colonjj was queenless, tried to raise another, raised
some drones, and died. The one having combs
overloaded with bee-bread perished with diarrhea
in its worst form, although it llng-crcd until nearly
spring-. This is, perhaps, hardly a fair test, as the
combs were selected, and were so full of bee-bread
that it didn't seem as though there was room to
store the sugar syrup. It was fed early. Others
may have succeeded in feeding bees late, and in
preparing them for winter late; or, rather, they
may. have been successful in wintering bees thus
prepared, but I have not usually succeeded. I com-
menced last year, the first of September, to prepare
bees for winter. Every few days I would prepare a
colony or two. All those prepared in September,
with the exception of the one that had so much bee-
bread, and the one that was (jueenless, came
through in good condition, with no distinction be-
tween natural stores and sugar; but all those that
were fed or prepared for winter in October, either
died or were so weak that they were nearly worth-
less. Two of them died, and the rest were united
until 1 have only 17 colonies left. Those colonies
that were prepared late did not seal their syrup.
There were slight traces of dysentery in the colonies
fed late. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich.

Friend II., when we used artificial heat in
the house-apiary it was Icept warm by our
lamp-nursery, and the heat was used in the
spring of the year, during March and April.
I do not remember the temperature, but 1
think I aimed to keep it about 60 or 70^, that
the queens might extend their brood-nest
without being in danger of getting chilled.
The lamp-nursery answered the purpose of
keeping the building warm, even when it
was cold and frosty outside. It started
moth-worms nicely in empty combs, but it
didn't seem to help brood-rearing much.
With the experience I have since had in rais-
ing plants in the greenhouse, I think I might
do better ; but I believe we can raise all the
bees we can make use of by cheaper means
than the use of artificial heat.

BETTING THE BEES OUT OF THE
CELLAR.

u

A DIALOGUE.

|a| OOD morning, friend Doollttle. I called to

It see if you had set your bees out of the

It^ cellar. I heard yesterday that you did

^^ not practice setting your bees out as

early as some of us do."

"No, I have not set the majority of mine out yet,

friend S., and I don't see any object in getting

them out before there is any thing for them to do.

They only waste away in their fruitless attempts

to get sap from the sap -buckets, water from the

cold brooks, and by trying to rob from each other.

By leaving them in, this loss, ve.xation, and robbing

are avoided, while the colonies are much better for

the season's work. Have you set yours out ?"

"Yes: I set them out more than two weeks ago,
for I thought I must, as I read in one of my agri-
cultural papers that bees should not be left in
later than April 1st."
" Have you had any trouble with their robbing ?"
"Yes, plenty of it; and I called to see what I
could do about it. The paper said, that after the

bees were out they should be fed a little in the
middle of the day, so as to stimulate brood-rearing.
So I went to feeding, and I have had an awful
time."

"Well, if that is what you have been doing, I
don't wonder; for I tried that plan of feeding years
ago, and I, too, had an awful time. It seems
strange to me that such advice should get into
print when all bee-kcopers must know, it seems to
me, that such a course is sure to ' raise a row.' If
you feed at all, the evening is the time to do it,
feeding about sunset on warm evenings, and about
dark on cool. The reason for feeding at dark on
cool nights is, so that no bees will get lost by flying
out, as feeding always excites the bees to activity;
but, lest I forget it, I will tell you what I do to stop
robbing when the bees get started at this time of
the year. As soon as I see that a colony is being
robbed I close the entrance so that only one bee
can get in or out at a time. This keeps the robbers
from getting much honey, and allows the bees
from the hive to get in. At the close of the day I
set a comb of honey in the robbed hive, if I think
they have been robbed short, and set the hive in
the cellar, leaving it there until pollen is plentiful
from elm and soft maple, at which time there is lit-
tle danger from robbing, as the bees now care
more for pollen than any thing else. Now return
the colony to its stand and all will be well."
" When will you set your bees out?"
" When the before-mentioned trees get in blos-
som, so that the bees can do something to advan-
tage, which will be in a few days now, if the weath-
er holds warm as it is this morning."

" One other thing I should like to know, and that
is, how you keep the bees from stinging you when
you are setting them out. I got stung fearfully
while setting mine out. My hives have loose bot-
tom-boards, which I do not carry into the cellar;
and upon setting the hives out, the bees would be-
gin dropping out, when they would get in my cloth-
ing, or anywhere they could, and then sing and
sting."

"1 know how this goes, having often had a trial
of it; and of all the wicked bees to sting, those
which drop from the hives at such times beat any
except the Cyprians. Besides, there is quite an
item of loss here; for all these bees which drop out,
mark their location where they drop, and are lost."
" i'es, I noticed that part; for in carrying out one
hive 1 came near dropping it close by the en-
trance of the cellar, which caused a lot of bees to
get out, and they hung around there all day, ready
to sting me every time I-went near."

" Exactly; and now I will tell you how to prevent
both loss and stings. Just outside the cellar-door
place a wide boai-d, and close by place your smok-
er, all ready smoking. As soon as you get to the
door of the cellar with the colony, set it on the
board and immediately putf some smoke under the
bottom. Now close the cellar-door and place the
hive on your spring wheelbarrow, pufBng in a little
more smoke at the bottom ot the hive. Wheel to
the stand, and you will lose no bees nor receive any
stings. This also keeps the bees from all rushing
out pell-mell, and thus less confusion results."
" A spring wheelbarrow 1 What do you mean? "
" Do you take Gleanings? "
" Yes."

" Well, I moan just such a one as the latest one
pictured in that paper."

1886

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CULTUilE.

;m7

" Do you set your bees all out at one time, or on
the same day? "

"No: I set eight or ten out in the morning of a
pleasant day, as soon as the mcrcurj' marks 45° in
the shade, and then as many more at about i
o'clock in the afternoon. In this way there is no
chance of robbing or mixing, as those hives arc
scattered about in the yard while but very few bees
are tlying from any save these hives, and sill gets
quiet before night or the middle of the day."

" How about setting the colony on the same stand
it occupied the season before?"

"I pay no attention to this; for by scattering
them about, and using the plan I do, all mark their
new location perfectly."

"Wei!, good morning, as I see j'ou are in a hur-

" Good-morning. Call again."
Borodino, N. Y., Apr. 17, 1S86.

r.. M. DOOMTTF.E.

DEVELOPING A HOME MARKET.

NO NEED OF SENDING OUK HONEY TO THE CITT
MARKET.

XN his article in Gleanings for Apr. 1, page 2'6.
^ J. H. Martin says: '• These low prices are facts
^i we have got to face." Now, what is it that
"*■ causes these low prices? Perhaps some will
saj', overproduction; but I think this is a mis-
take. I believe that the present low prices of hon-
ey are caused more by producers neglecting their
home markets, and sending the entire crop to the
large markets, than by overproduction.

I wish that village of 10,000 )>op'alation which
friend M. speaks of were near here. I think I could
show him that honey could lio sold there, and at a
better price than in New York or any other large
market. In two small villages near here, of about
1000 population each, there was sold, last season,
over a ton of honey, netting the producer about V,i
cts. for comb, and 11 or 13 cts. for extracted. In
these same villages, a few years ago, scarcely a
pound of honey was sold. We have also sent honey
to other villages along the line of the A. & S. R. R.,
Avhich has netted us about the same price. As
friend M. says, when a bee keeper has s:overal tons
he can not work it all off in lliis way; but every
pound that is sold in country villages is one pound
less to be sent to the large markets, which are al-
most always overstocked.

1 know that it costs something to develop a mar-
ket in country places; but I believe that it pays in
the long run, for we get a lino of customers that
are reliable, and can be depended upon year after
year. We have customers who purchase whole
cases (30 lbs.) at once, for their own family use,
and their children do not "get sick," neither do
they " stop short off," as long as we supply them
with a good article of well-ripened honey. Our
experience has been, that there is always a demand
for the best; but a poor article sells slow at almost
any price. Some merchants refuse to sell honey at
first. They get an idea that it is bad to handle, and
will daub their other goods; but they can usually
be induced to try it when they sec that it is put up
in neat attractive cases, and that it is convenient
to handle.

Since we can not compel people to buy our hon-
ey, we must try to prodvjce nothing but si first-

class article in cvey respect, and then spare no
pains to put it up for market in the most conven-
ient and attractive manner possible.
Afton, Chenango Co., N. Y. O. G. Russell.

TRUTH BOUND TO PREVAIL.

TUIiNING THE TABLES.

fOR the last three winters, after selling my own
crop of honey I have been selling for hec-
men in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois. Yes,
the train men would roll oft' the .500-lb. barrels,
right In broad daylight, for me. It was not
long fill it was reported that Lindky w:;s selling
artificial honey. I know it has made mc feel sad to
know that people would think so. Some thought I
was dccei^'ed in the honey: l)ut T have gone on
with my business, and I am glad to say that my
trade is on the increase, and falsehood is giving
way to truth; and I have gone from place to place
teaching the i>coplo that bee-men do not make hon-
ey, as stated in the papers. Y'es, 1 have gone to
nearly every house in a city of ir),000 inhabitants,
holding up the banner of ti'ufh for the bee-war. If
I have made but little monej', I hope that the bread
I have cast on the waters will be gathered many
days hence.

Sometimes when I feel weary, and trade is dull,
I think of the day that is not far off when, instead
of selling from 3 to .50 lbs. at a place, I maj' sell 200
or .?00 lbs. or more. 'Now, this is the point I want to
make: That those of us who are poor, and need
money to pay our debts, should not wait for some
one to send for our honey, paying us a small
price for it, nor that we should send it to the
city to glut the market there. On the contrary,
let us take a sample, go right out among our
neighliors, and teach them to use hones', even
if it docs take work. Some, I know, are too
pi-oud to do this sort of work; but, "He that hum-
bleth himself shall be exalted; but he that exalt-
eth himself shall be abased."

Now, when we get every small town, as well as the
large ones, well supplied with good honey, and the
vast multitudes in the country taught the truth in
regard to lionci', then I think it is time enough to
talk about " too much honey " raised. Yes, brother
Root, I think the day is not far off when we can sell
honey to large numbers of people who now use
none.

I have been in the bee-business six years. I have
not done much at it, I know, yet; but it has been
my own fault, most^-. I shall not give it up, but
press on by the help of God.

In one of our daily papers the other day I saw
something like this: That the honey sold by J. R.
Lindley, of Georgetown, was examined by Prof.
Cook, of the Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich.,
and pronounced pure honey. Doubting parties sent
a sampl? of the above honey to friend Cook. Y''es, I
shall show the public that my honey is pure.

Georgetown, III., Mar. 31, 1880. ,J. R. Lindley.

Thanks, friend L. Your suggestions are ex-
cellent, and they apply not only to disposing
of a honey-crop, but to any sort of a crop.
It is everybody's business to use all proper
means to dispose of his produce, whether
he is a minuifacturcr, farmer, gardener, or

348

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

May

bee-keeper. And there is one thing I especi-
ally like about this matter of going around
among your neighbors with wliat you have
to sell. It opens the way for pleasant and
friendly relations in your "whole community;
and where one is seeking the kingdom of
God and liis righteousness, as I am sure you
are, by the Scripture texts you give us, it
gives him a wonderful opportunity to work
for the Master. By all means keep your
neighbors thorougliiy posted in regard to
your produce and what you have for sale.

Be0K-;^EYIEW DEP^^5f|IEfiT.

SIMMINS' NON-SWARMING SYSTEM.

f^% EFOKE me lies a copy of a little work bearing'
1^ the above title. It is an English production,
1^ written by Samuel Simmins, Sussex, Eng--
•*^ land. It contains 64 pag-es, concisely setting'
forth the system as therein described. Brief-
ly, the system, when comb honey is the object, is
this:

Jiist prior to an expected honey- flow, crates
containing sections filled with comij previously built
out are placed over the brood-nest. These crates
are not tiered one above another, but are of such
a size as to be arranged horizontally, side by side.
So far the method is similar to the one advocated by
Walter B. House and others a few years ago; that
is, that the sections must be in readiness, filled out
with new empty comb.

Mr. Simmins discourages the use of heavy foun-
dation in the brood-chamber, claiming that it is a
useless expense. This will probably accord with
the views of Messrs. Doolittle and Hutchinson, as
expressed by them a short time ago. In the lower
story, Mr. Simmins reduces the number of brood-
combs to about half, filling out the empty space in
front of the entrance with empty frames without
even foundation for starters. He claims that the
brood-chamber, as thus arranged with the filled
sections above, does away with swarming altogeth-
er; that the bees coming in heavily laden with hon-
ey, on finding no convenient place to store the hon-
ey in the brood-chamber, will carry it above into
the sections, filled out with comb. The author fur-
ther claims that he thereby secures the advantages
of contraction, yet allows the bee? a large amount
of room. In order to continue this state of affairs
he keeps the upper story well supjilied with sections
filled with comb; and if the bees should build comb
in one of the empty frames (which he says they rare-
ly do), he cuts it out and places the same in the
sections. The whole secret, he says, is to give plenty
of room. So much for the non-swarming system.

IS NATURAL COMB CHEAPER THAN THAT PRODUCED
FROM FOUNDATION?

Among other things, the author, as before stated,
does not recommend foundation for the brood-cham-
ber. His reasons for so doing are, that brood-comb
can be produced more chcai)ly by the use of raw
sugar, and empty frames. There are many of us who
are ready to take issue with him hei'e. Accord-
ing to the experiments of Prof. McLain recently,
and others in former times, it takes 20 lbs. of syrup
to make one pound of wax. When syrup is .5 and 6
cents per lb., it looks as if combs made in this way

were pretty expensive. To put it in Prof. McLain's
own words, in his report for 1886 he says, "Esti-
mates can easily be furnished to prove that the
production of every pound of wax costs the bee-
keeper ten times the sum realized from its sale."
Mr. Simmins does not, however, disparage the use
of foundation in the surplus-department. In fact,
the comb filling his sections is first built from foun-
dation.

In regard to reversible frames, the author can
see no real advantage to be gained from their
use, notwithstanding his American cousins have
said so much in their favor. After numerous ex-
periments, he says that, in his opinion, many of the
reversible frames now in use will, in a short time,
remain unreversed.

While there are some things we would criticise in
this little work, a careful perusal of the same will
convince us that there is much that is valuable as
well as practical in its pages. Its teachings are not
strictly new, but they are presented in a rather new
light. I do not know the price of it, but I presume
it could be ptirchased for a small amount, of the
publishers, T. Pettitt & Co., 33 Fifth St., London,
W., England. ernest k. root.

WINTERING IN CELLAR AT HIGH
TEMPERATURE.

experiments IN REGARD TO SA.ME.

cella

RIEND Miller's report, page 23, has been the
means of my attempting to give my experi-
ence in cellar wintering. I shall not attempt
to answer all of friend Miller's questions in
regard to what is the best temperature for
etc., but I will give my experience for the last
four years.

I have made bee-keeping a bread-and-butter busi-
ness for the last eight years, and have never lost
over 8 per cent in anyone year, but have had experi-
ence in what we will here term high-temperature
cellar wintering for only four j'ears. Previous to
eight years ago I had kept bees in connection with
my farm, the bees getting attention when there
was nothing else particularly urgent for me to do,
and during that time it was my custom to winter in
the cellar; and I always noticed, about the middle
of March, when the temperature began to rise, my
bees would get uneasy, just in proportion as the
temperature rose, and it then seemed to me that
if ] could keep the temperature down to 40 or 4.5° all
would be well; but I found I was not equal to the
task. After making bee culture a study and busi-
ness, devoting my entire time and eft'orts in that
direction, it occurred to me that, if the little pets
would keep quiet, why not give them about 60° in
the early winter, and keep the temperature there?
Would it not be as well?

About that time friend Barker gave bis experi-
ence in high-temperature wintering, and I arrang-
ed my cellar to give the new theory a test. I now
put mj' bees in as near the 15th of Nov. as 1 can,
and leave them in until those packed in chaff bring
in pollen plentifully. The bees in the cellar are
quiet— as much so in April as in Februai'y. I have
no occasion to give them a cleansing flight, which
I used to think necessary when they were in a cold
cellar. I keep the temperature as near 6,5° as I can
(and it seldom varies more than two or three de-
grees), and I notice that many strong colonies clus-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

' 34!)

ter on the outside of the hive, yet seem very little
disturbed when entering the cellar with a light,
which is my custom to do quite often. To avoid
running too much risk in any one place I have been
in the habit of dividing my bees in two or three lots
of nearly the same number of colonies, and pack-
ing the strongest lot in chaff, and putting the oth-
ers in cellar and clami); but after four years' ex-
perience in burying in clamps 1 have discarded that
method entirely, as I find (with me) it is not only
uncertain but very untidy as well. The last three
years I have not lost a single colony out of 115 win-
tered in the cellar, while I lost about 5 per cent of
those packed in chatf.

Lost' winter, to give a fair test, I reduced the
temperature to 48°. At 53° the bees, wintered nicely,
but were somewhat uneasy in the spring, and wei-c
set on their summer stands two weeks earlier than
the two years previous, and the result was spring-
dwindling: and although wo did not lose any, yet
all were weakened to a greater or less extent. I
had in January 117 colonies in the cellar, with the
thermometer marking 65° during the cold wave,
while it was 16° below, outside. Now, the principal
advantage I receive from a high temperature is,
less honey consumed, which is quite an item with
me. I can leave my bees in the cellar very much
later in the spi-ing than I could at 40°, thereby in a
great measure avoiding spring dwindling. Whj'
they do not dwindle seems evident enough to me;
but my theory may not be correct; therefore I will
leave others to draw their own conclusions. From
these facts I also find that nearly all will breed in the
after part of the winter, and thus some of the weak-
er colonies actually come out stronger than they
were when they went into winter quarters. Friend
Miller asks, "Should our cellar gradually become
warmer toward spring?" From my past expci'ience
I should answer no, but keep the temperature as
even as we can. I never care how much pollen
there is in a hive, as I never had a case of dysentery
when the temperature did not get below 50 during
the winter. Now, Bro. Root, I learn by the bee-
journals that this question was pretty well discuss-
ed at the Detroit ponvention, but it seems to me we
are keeping the temperature of our cellars too low;
also, I fear, we are too cautious about putting too
great a number of colonies in one cellar; and it is
my belief that bees need but very little air in win-
ter; and I would modestly ask if we are not inclined
to give them too much draft during their winter
repose. I have given my experience, hoping that
some who have not been as successful in wintering
as myself, may be benefited thereby; and if such
should be the case I shall feel amply rewarded.

A. E. WOODWAHD.

Groom's Corners, N. Y., Jan., 18^6.

Friend W., this matter of wintering bees
at a temperature of from (iO to Go degrees
was a good deal discussed in Detroit, and it
is one of the puzzling things about bee cul-
ture. After we had got itlaid down in the
books as beyond question or controversy, al-
most, that the temperature of the cellar
should not be much if any above 50 degrees,
here we have, at this late day, quite a num-
ber who practice and recommend a tempera-
ture of 65 degrees, or even higher. If the
bees can be kept quiet, and be made to stay
in their hives, or even on the outside of their
hives, no doubt it will be a saving of feed.

SOME NEW-OLD MATTERS.

KED-CI.OVER queens; JUGGING BUMBLE-BEES.

§OME new old matters are being discussed over
again, I see. Noticing advertisements as
well as reading matter, I could not but smile
when reading red-clover queens and red-clover
bees for sale by two or more dealers. Visit-
ing the blooms ol i-ed clover belongs to all the yel-
low races of Ai>U mdlifica.

Is not Dr. Arwin, page 587, 1885, mistaken about
queens being produced in 8 days from starting, of
cell ■? I think Dr. Gallup, when living in Iowa, sev-
eral years since, made the same mistake. I have
reared thousands of queens, at all seasons, from
early spring to late autumn, and have never yet
had a queen emerge from the cell in 8 days from
the starting of the cell.

I agree Avith Mr. Searcy, of Griffin, Ga., in all he
says concerning the "Mt. Lebanon" strain of Syrian
bees. He could have said more in their favor, and
some non-desirable qualities. A cross with the
Italians takes most of the ill temper out of them,
and adds to their size and beauty. They have some
good qualities not possessed by the Italians. 1
like them.

And Bro. Wm. F. Clarke is about to become al-
most converted to clipping queens' wings, and says
that one argument he has used is, it disfigures the
queen. Without reference to back volumes of the
bee-journals, if I remember correctly, he argues
that the continual clipping of queens' wings would
ultimately result i;i a feeble or wing-deformed
progeny— that it was barbarous, and in keeping
with the same ignorance as plucking geese, etc.
His arguments were from wrong premises. I have
not yet discovered that it interfered in the least
with the fjucen's value, (u- that of her progeny, to
clip off the wing. In fact, in performing the opera-
tion, just as I would give the scissors the clip, the
queen would, in turning round and round, get one
foot, or one foot and part of the leg, between the
scissors, and off it would come too. I have kept
such for more than one season, without seeing any
ill effects from the amputation.

And you, Mr. Editor, say in foot-notes on the arti-
cle on jugging bumble-bees, you never had any
faiih in it, because it seems so unreasonable. In
Moon's Bcc-World, Vol. 3, p. 175, you may find the
same method for trapping them. A brown or blue
jug is as good as a black one, Mr. Hoot, and will
capture them. After one or two get in and get to
buzzing, they pour in like sheep going through a
gateway. In my boyhood days, one of the amuse-
ments of the schoolboys at recess, or after dismissal
in the evening, was fighting bumble-bees and break-
ing up their nests. From ill usage our old wool
hats had "gone to seed," so to speak, elongated,
with a hole in the top. With the face well protect-
ed and neck tied up with handkerchiefs, the en-
raged bumble-bees were sure to plunge into the
hole in the top of the hat, and were not in a hurry
to get out.

From your report, and that of others, I was not a
little surprised at the large trade there is still in the
(jueen-supply business. Eight or ten years ago one
would have thought that by this time everybody
and everywhere would be supplied with the new
races of bees; but it seems the business is enlarg-
ing and increasing. One of the boys last winter
got mc shifted on a side track in business, ajnd I

350

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

May

reared but few queens as compared Avith former
years. But I am at home now, and will be in the
apiary all the time, and will be in the bee-business"
in all its branches the cominj? season. Pome of the
])lea8antcst and happiest days in years gone l)y
were spent in watching- and working in the apiary
and vegetable-garden. Work (not too hard) gives a
relish for one's meals and sound sleep. And you
have but little idea what a pleasure and satisfaction
it gave me when I used to send you by mail, one,
two, or three dozen queens, and receive a postal
acknowledging the same, with the remark, "The
queens were lively as crickets,"—" line, "or " good "
or "satisfactory," or something of the sort, and
"not a dead bee in the cages."

When you again come within one hour's ride of
my home, as you did on your trip to New Orleans,
I will just say the latch-string hangs on the outside;
andalthough you might find things loose around,
as though a widow lived here, nevertheless you'd
be welcome, and we should like to see you.

W. P. Henderson.

Murfrcesboro, Tenn., Jan. 18, 1886.

Several have reported queens hatched in
eight days from the time of the starting of
the cell. If I remember correctly, I think
we have had such cases in nine days. Is it
not possible, under some circumstances, that
a worker-larva of just the proper age might be
changed into a queen in eight days from the
time orood was given to a queenless colony?
— Yon are right, friend II. Many of these
things have been discussed for years ; but a
new generation has sprung up since Glean-
ings was first started, and the matter is
new to them, if not to the veterans. The
matter has been very fully discussed as to
whether clipping queens' wings could result
in wing-deformed workers. I think those
most capable of judging decided that the
matter would have to be carried on for ages,
and even then might not affect the wings of
the workers at all. —I am very much obliged
for the additional light you give us in regard
to the black-jug bumble-bee trap. If they
go into the hole because they hear their
comrades buzzing inside, and if the color of
the jug has notliing to do with it, it puts
quite a different phase on the matter, and I
have no doubt but that you are right. — In
regard to the queen-business, almost any
business will enlarge and increase if the
manager keeps himself in readiness to fill
orders promptly every day in the year. We
don't quite do that, but we come pretty near
it on queens and bees — at least, so near it
that people have got into the habit of saying,
"•If you send to Eoot you will get your
queen by return mail ;" and a good many of
the brethren know by experience, that, when
they send to some others, and those, too,
who advertise pretty extensively, they may
have to wait not only days but sometimes
weeks. Friend II., it gives us pleasure to
receive queens with not a bee dead ; and as
I have told you before, there is another
thing I greatly enjoy; that is, handing over
the cash to those who are helping us to be
prompt to our customers. — I am sure I was
not aware that I was within one hour's ride
of one of our old friends and patrons. Had
I been, I fear I should have been a trifle un-
easy about passing you by,

A COLONY THAT WOULD NOT ACCEPT
OF A QUEEN.

ALSO A COLONY THAT WAS QUEENLESS FROM THE

10th op august TILL THE 14TH OF APRIL,

AND STILL WINTERED ALL RIGHT.

fHE 10th of Aug., 1885, I removed a queen from
a colony of bees. They at once started cells.
On the 10th day from the time of removing
the queen, or on the 30th of Aug., I destroy-
ed all cells and caged a laying queen over
the frames. After being c-"ged 21 hours the bees
acted well disposed to her, and I liberated her. In a
few hours, I looked and saw that she was there all
right unmolested. Next morning she lay in front
of the hive dead. 1 then examined thoroughly for
a cell or a hatched queen, thinking I might have
missed one, but I could find none, and so I caged
another queen over the frames. They acted kind-
ly toward her, and in 48 hours I liberated her. The
bees seemed to receive her well. In a few hours
I examined the colony, and she was walking lei-
surely over the combs, the bees seeming to take no
notice of her. Next day I looked carefully in front
of the hive, but could see nothing. The ne.xt day I
examined, expecting to see eggs, and found the
queen on the bottom-board dead. Then I went over
them thoroughly, but could find nothing that had
any signs of a queen, but I decided there must be
one and so I waited two weeks.

At the expiration of thattimeevery thing remain-
ed the same. 1 then put in a frame of hatching
eggs, but they started no cells. Then I went over
them again, then tried another queen, with the same
result. Fairly disgusted with them, Iletthem alone.
When I put my bees into the cellar there was
about a quart of them, perhaps three pints. I set
them in, and, to my surprise, this spring, the 14th
of April I found nearly as many, apparently, as last
fall. I set them out, gave them a thorough looking-
over, but could find no queen or eggs. I then gave
them a frame of hatching eggs, but they started no
cells; and as I had some surplus queens on hand I
tried it again. They accepted the queen, and she
is all right.

Now, what should have caused that colony to be
so obstinate? Has any one had a case like it?

HOW I WINTERED MY BEES.

I put into a room 10 feet square, made of matched
boards, without any ventilation, 75 colonies — 30
strong, 20 fair, and 35 rather light; temperature
ranged from 45 to 55°. I removed them. Apr. 14 and
15, with the following result: 18 extra strong, 35
good, 14 light, 4 too weak to recover, and 6 dead
outright. J. B. Mason.

Mechanic Falls, Me., Apr. 17, 1886.

Friend M., the case you mention is rather
unusual. I should still be inclined to think
there was some sort of a bee in the hive,
which the bees recognized and treated as
a queen. This would account for their re-
fusal to accept queens, or to build queen-
cells ; but I may be mistaken in the matter.
The most important fact brought out by the
above report is, that this quart or three pints
of bees lived from August till April. As
these were all old bees, and quite old at that,
we should like to have you tell us if there
was any difficulty about their feeding their
larvae and taking up the general work of
bi'ood-iearing.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

351

THE FIRM OF JANE MEEK & BROTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

BY REV. W. D. RAI^STON.

CHAPTER V.

SPRING WORK.

omon
gone;

T length the snow melted away from around
the parsonage, and every thing- indicated the
approach of spring-. Mr. Meek, as he con-
ducted family worship one morning, read
from the second chapter of the Song of Sol-
"Lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and
the flowei'S appear on the earth; the time of
the singing of birds is come, and the voice of the
turtle is heard in our land; the flg-tree putteth
forth her green figs, and the vines with the tender
g-rapes give a good smell." He remarked, "Surely
these words describe the pleasant spring-time.
How grateful we should be that this pleasant, hap-
py season is now at hand I "

After they had arisen from kneeling in praj-er
around the family altar, Tommy said, "If spring is
at hand, our bees ought to be out to enjoy it."

His father replied, " We will set them out to-day,
providing it proves as fine a day as it now prom-
ises." The day was fully as fine as could have been
expected, and at ten o'clock Mr. Meek went to the
cellar, lifted the nail-keg hive, and, gently carrying
it into the yard, placed it where it had stood in the
fall. After being so long imprisoned in darkness,
the bees enjoyed their flight very much, and filled
the air as though swarming.

Mr. Meek judged from the weight of the hive
that more feeding would be necessary. The chil-
dren again put their spare cash together and bought
fifty cents' worth of sugar, which was made into a
syrup, and fed in the same manner as in the fall,
only more sparingly, with a view to stimulate
brood-rearing. The bees were safely through the
winter, and preparation might now be made for the
summer's work.

One day the children accompanied their father to
town, and went Avith him to the shop of Mr. Woods,
the man who made bee-hives. He showed them
samples of the different hives made by him. They
were all well made, and nicely painted. Reading
Mr. Langstroth's book led the the children to select
the Langstroth hive. These he sold at two dollars
each, if sold singly; but he said if they would take
five they could have them for eight dollars. Their
father advised them to purchase five, saying, if not
all needed that year they would be needed some
other year. With each hive he was to furnish a
rack for holding section boxes.

After their return home their father directed
them to clean out a small out-building, and use it
as a storeroom for bee-fixtures, except things likely
to be injured by rats or mice; such he advised
them to place in the family storeroom where they
would be safe. The children felt very proud of the
nice new hives.

While all were absent at town that day, except
Mrs. Meek, a man who made a business of cutting
stencils for marking names on grain-sacks and the
like, called at the parsonage to see if they wanted
any thing of that kind. Mrs. Meek ordered from
him a stencil for marking bee-hives, Ihat would
mark the name of the firm, " Jane Meek & Brother,"

in large letters; also a brush and bottle of marking-
paint. When these were delivered, a few days
afterward, and presented by her to the firm. Master
Tommy indulged in quite a dance on one foot
clapping his hands, and crying out, " Good! good!"

Ho and Jane soon had the name of the firm
marked on the front of each cap. If Tommy had
been permitted to have his way, it would have been
marked all over the hives. The white hives, nicely
painted with the name of the firm on the front of
the caps in large black letters, looked finely. Mr.
Meek had procured a price list of supplies kept by a
dealer in a neighboring town, which he and the
children had been looking over, and considering
what Ihey should order. At length the following
order was made out and sent to the dealer: 500 sec-
tions, 5'.i inches by6'.i; one smoker; 50 tin sepa-
rators to suit sections; 8 pounds of thin combfound-
ation, cut to fit sections.

All these arrived in due time, and were placed in
the out-building, except the foundation, which was
carefully laid away in the family storeroom. The
neat sections, being all in one piece, with grooves
for the corners, and the ends nicely dovetailed,
were a marvel to the children, who immediately
set to work to put them together. There were sec-
tions advertised of various sizes; but their reason
for ordering that size was because the racks that
came with the hives were made to fit that size.

In the spring they talked of having the bees
transferred from the nail-keg into one of the new
hives; but as Mr. Meek had never seen that work
done, he advised them to let them alone, at least
until after the swarming season. No honey-bo.x
was placed on the nail-keg, lest it might tend to de-
lay the swarm. The whole family, but especially
Jane and Tommy, were anxiously looking for the
swarm to come olf.

One day both Jane and Tommy rushed into their
father's study, and hurried him away to look at
the large bees Hying around the hive. He pro-
nounced them drones, and caught one or two for
the children to examine, and see that they had no
stings. He said it indicated that the bees were
thinking of swarming. The children therefore
watched the hive more closely.

One day the children were at work in the garden,
when Tommy started to the house for the spade.
He had to pass near the hive, and Jane was sur-
prised to see him stop a moment and then begin a
dance upon one foot, clapping- his hands, and cry-
ing, "Good! good!" She called to him to know
what was the matter, when he shouted at the top of
his voice, "The bees are swarming! the bees are
swarming! "

She soon stood by his side, and, sure enough, the
bees were pouring out of the old keg in a perfect
stream. As Tommy expressed it, they were tum-
bling out, heels over head. Jane thought of the new
hives, and said, as she started for the out-house,
"A hive! a hive! " and before their father or moth-
er reached the j'ard they were back with the hive.

The children had never seen bees swarming be-
fore, and became greatly excited as they gazed up-
on the thousands of bees circling through the air.
When they began to cluster on the low limb of an
evergreen. Tommy seemed to lose all the sense he
ever possessed; he danced first on one foot, then on
the other, clapped his hands and threw his hat high
into the air. ]FIe evidently hardly knew whether ho
was on fopt or on horgeback.

3oL

GLEANINGS IN I3EE CULTURE.

May

Their father said he would hive this swarm, to
show them how to do it. He took a large cloth, and
spread it on the ground beneath the tree. At one
edge of it he placed the hive, the portico resting
upon the cloth. He said the}' could be hived with-
out the cloth, but he considered it a help. As the
bees marched along over it to the hive they would
not be hindered by the grass or weeds; and also by
raising the edges, the bees could be shaken toward
the hive if they marched too slowly. He then
opened the hive to see that all was right inside, and
that the boards above the frames were so fixed that
no bees could enter the cap. He then asked for
the dish-pan, which Jane brought. This he held be-
neath the cluster, while Jane and Tommy shook
the limb vigorously, causing all the bees to drop in-
to the pan. These he emptied on the cloth before
the entrance of the new hive, and, breaking a twig
from a tree, guided them as they marched in. The
children came up close, and eagerly watched the
proceedings. Fortunately their father caught sight
of the queen as they marched in, and pointed her
out to the children, who obtained a good view of
her. Jane asked if she might take her up in her
hands, and look at her more closely. Her father
said, " No. A queen at this season is very precious,
and, being full of eggs, is easily injured; and as
you do not undei-stand how to handle her without
hurting- her you had better let her alone."

By this time quite a bunch of bees had collected
on the branch where the swarm had clustered. Mr.
Meek had Jane hold the pan while Tommy shook
down the bees, which she then emptied before the
hive, as her father had done with the other panful.
When these had entered, the hive was removed to
the place where it was to stand. Mr. Meek elevated
the back end of the hive, making it condsiderably
higher than the front. When the children asked
why he did so, he replied that M. Quinby's book
tells us that if our young swarms are so placed, the
bees will be more likely to build straight combs in
the frames than if placed level; "and," said he,
"we want straight combs."

Strange to say, that amidst all this excitement
and flying of bees, not one person was stung, yet
none wore any protection. Mr. Meek said the
children ought to have some kind of protection for
their faces, and explained to Jane how she could
make one out of any old hat, by sewing a curtain to
Its rim with a piece of wire net in front, through
which to see. To keep the bees from crawling un-
der the curtain, it could either belied around the
neck or else have a jacket buttoned over it. She
said she would make such a bee hat for both her-
self and Tommy that afternoon.

To he continued June 1.

THE SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOK.

FRIEND GREEN MAKES A CORRECTION.

fOUR cut Of the solar wax-extractor is entitled,
"Solar wax-extractor as devised by friend
Green." 1 object. If you will examine the
one I sent you, you will see that the cake of
wax can be easily taken out of the wax-pan,
as all of the sides are sloping, and there are no pro-
jections. With a square pan having projections in-
side, such as you illustrate, the cake of wax would
have to be broken to get it out. Moreover, a part
of the comb to be ujeltec} ^yil! bp shaded by tlje

straight sides of the pan, which will prevent satis-
factory work. Of course, this could be prevented
by keeping the comb away from the outer edges of
the tray. I am inclined to think that the difference
in results between the extractor I sent you and
yours with only one thickness of glass was due to
the unusual thickness of the glass I used, it being
twice the ordinary thickness. J. A. Green.

Dayton, III., April 8, 1886.

Thank you, friend Green, for calling our
attention "to this matter. By some means
or other the drippinjj-pan was made with
perpendicular sides. We have notified the
foreman of the tin-room, and the dripping-
pan will hereafter be made with sloping
sides.

LOCATION OF AN APIARY.

FRIEND FRANCE CONSIDERS THE VERY GREAT IM-
PORTANCE OF THE MATTER, BACKED
BY LARGE EXPERIENCE.

"Hp S I have had a great many questions sent me, I
gf,^ will try to answer them. In the location of an
I^K' apiary, I am satisfied that a great deal of our
"*"*■ success or ill success comes. I have had a good
deal of experience in that line. I can count
up ten locations in our neighborhood where we
have kept bees within the last 1.5 years, which
we have abandoned, and we are now using six lo-
cations. Why did we move? We got one location
too near a public i-oad; travelers and horses got
stung; that won't do. The want of a good wind-
break in other locations has caused us to move, and
we are again to move one yard this spring, for the
reason that the timber is nearly all cut away, which
formerly has been our windbreak. The place is on
a dividing ridge, and will not do without a good
windbreak. My home apiary is on high ground,
when I came on the place there was plenty of good
timber all around me; but it is all cut off, and we
have put up a tight board fence eight feet high on
the east, north, and west sides. This does very well,
but it is not so good as high timber.

We have one apiary 4'/4 miles N. E. of us that just
suits me. The location is in a valley, between two
ridges about one-fourth of a mile from the top of
one ridge to the top of the other. On the north
ridge, and nearly down to the valley, is thick tim
ber— timber on the west, timber on the noi'theast,
open to the south and southeast. The bees are
placed close up to the timber on the north and
west; for pasture they have an abundance of white
clover all around them, with basswood two miles
away.

In the year 1884, that yard, 41 colonies, spring
count, and 73 fall count, gave us IIWJ lbs. surplus
on an average. In the spring of 1885 we had 70 good
strong colonies in that yard, having lost only 3 out
of the 73, one of which was quecnless, and died ear-
ly in the winter. The other was the last colony we
made, which failed to mature their first queen,
and had to raise another; so they went into the
winter weak— about one quart of old bees. They
lived until spring, and then dwindled away.

Another yard of 74 colonies, fall count, went down
to 54— a loss of 30 colonies. Location had a great
deal to do in making the difference in wintering
those two yards. The last-named yard was in a val-
ley very niueh like the other, as far as the make-up
o{' t))e groyne] goes; but the apiary was on the

1886

GLEANII^GS IN BEE CULTUilE.

85:;

iioi'th side, near the top of the ridg-e, with no wind-
break on the north. There was timber on the east,
close to the bees, and timber south near to the bees.
A house and big barn and some timber were on the
west, with a few trees among- the bees. Now, had
this yard been open to the east and south, and had
there been a good windbrcals north of them, they
would have been all right; but as it was, there was
too much shade, which kept the hives too damp and
cold in the spring:. The bees would come out, be-
come chilled, and dwindle badly. We moved this
apiary last June four miles to a better-protected lo-
cation.

I am sure we can make bee-keeping- a success, and
winter our bees outdoors on their summer stands
in Ibis part of Wisconsin. If a man is g-oing- to com-
mence bee-keeping-, the first thing- is pasture for
his bees, and here the main dependence is white
clover and basswood. Then if he is g-oing- to winter
outdoors lie must have good windbreaks— timber
or hig-h blufls on the north and west sides. Locate
the apiary on the north side of a valley, facing the
south, and do not have shade-trees in the apiary.
They keep the hives too moist. Give the apiary the
benefit of the morning sun, to dry off the dew and
warm them up. Look out for an easy way to get
out of the apiary with the honey. Don't put the
bees too near the dwelling-house or barn or stock-
j'ard, nor near a public road, nor where the bees
will be liable to sting- folks about their work, or
when traveling along the road. Don't locate with a
meddlesome family, nor among- them. It will cause
no end of trouble and vexation. Locate with a good
respectable family, and pay them well for their
trouble. Keep on hand a few extra clean veils for
the use of visitors; and when they come, treat them
with due attention, and answer all their questions
carefully. Don't be afraid you will teach somebody
something.

DO WE OWN TJIE L.\ND WHERE OUR An.VRlES .\RE
AWA\' FROM HOME':'

No. All the land we own is -where we live and
keep our home apiary. Other places we pay rent
for, and we pay from $10.00 to ^15.00 a year for each
yard. We aim to pay about 35 to 33 cents a colony,
spring count. We have never paid over 30, and we
have no trouble in getting places at this price. The
family have nothing to do with tlie bees. Wo do all
the work; we visit each yard in the honey season
once a week or ten days. If we attend to them in
just a week, with no longer^ intervals, there will be
no swarms out. We keep the queens' wings clipped,
so in case they do swarm when we are away there
are no swarms lost. The bees go back, and usuallj'
the queen gets back also. But in case the queen
should be lost the last of June or first of July, or in
any part of July for that matter. It is no loss at all
as far as the honey crop is concerned. We never
get any sui-])lus honey after the ~2d of July. Two
years we have ceased our work on the 13th of .July.
Now, if we should lose a queen, say the3r)thof Jvine,
her eggs keep on hatching until fbout the L5th of
July. Those last-hatched bees won't get out to
gather any honey until the harvest is over. I think
we could get more honey with the queens taken
away the 35th to the 30th of June than we could
to have them remain, because then there would be
an interval, right jp the height of the honey-har-
vest, when there would not be a herd of hungry
larva^ to feed. The bees will raise a young queen,
so we shall have a young queen in the place of an

old one to winter, and the young queen has plenty
of time to raise bees to winter. The bees will work
just as well without a queen as they will with one,
providing they have material out of which to raise
one. If I had a colony of bees that had the swarm-
ing fevei", I would take away their queen, and that
would cure them at once. But, of course, we should
have to attend to cutting- out queen-cells after that.

I thinklha\e now answered all the questions I
have on hand. E. France.

Plateville. Wis., :Mar. 37, l.Sf-6.

Friend F., we are very much obliged in-
deed for the very valuable facts you give us.
Within a mile of where J am now writing is
a deep gully, surrounded on the north and
west by hills covered with tall forest-trees.
In this gully is a Hat spot and a l)eautiful
little spring; and for yeaislhave wanted
to locate an apiary just on that spot. As it
is, however, half a mile from any wagon-
road there would be some difliculty in get-
ting to and from it. But your experience
corroborates what I have long felt— that it
would pay us well to select such spots for
our bee-hives. On bleak cold days, when
icicles are hanging everywhere, we find a
pleasant summer temperature in protected
nooks like these. Another trouble with my
pet location is, there is not a house within
lialf a mile. I have been thinking I should
like to move some bees there and camp out
during clover and linden bloom, and I really
believe it would pay.

DETEKMINATION OF SEX IN BEES.

AN INTERESTING CASE SHOWING THAT THE SIZE
OF THE CELL PLAYS NO PART IN THE MATTER.

fAVING read with interest several articles in
Gleanings on the subject of sex of the bee
as determined by the queen, I will add an
item which s?ems to me of some interest as
bearing on the question.
Last summer I had a colony of blacks that
became queenless. A comb of brood, with sev-
eral queen cells, was given. These were soon all
destroyed except two, and one of those was open at
the side; but the larva appeared uninjured. I
pressed the opening together closely, returned the
frame, and smoked the hees freely. No further ef-
fort was made to destroy the cells. They were not
again looked to till the young queen had been lay-
ing for several days. I then found part of one
comb filled with drone-larvse, as afterward proved
to be the case. These, apparently, she produced
first. I also found about two frames filled with
worker-eggs, evidently laid afterward. These last
were all in good shape, except that very few were
in the center of bottom, but on the side of the cell,
or near the side and on the base of the cell. The
(lueen was looked up, and was found to be deform-
ed. What seemed to be a scar, when seen under a
magnifying power of four or five diameters, was
found upon the upper right-hand surface of the ab-
domen, beginning in the first ring, and extending
backward and slightly forward across the second
and third rings, and terminating near the middle of
the fourth in a sort of knotty appearance, and with
a slight protuberance. The extremity of the abdo-
men was drawn to the right so much as to be nearly
Oil fi Jipc with tjie right side of the abdomen. The

354

GLEA^IJ^^GS 1^ BEE CULTUilE.

May

whole of the abdomen had the appearance of being
stretched in length, but was very small, no part be-
ing- larger than a good-sized oat straw, seemingly
because the injury, or whatever it was, caused
the mark, or scar, describi.'d. This queen produced
worker-eggs and also a few drones in the few drone-
colls to be found in the hive, putting each in its
proper place, except the drones at first, though it
was impossible that the abdomen should be com-
pressed by the cell, or even touched at the same time
by the opposite sides of the smallest worker-cell.

Now. I do not know that this queen came from
the injured cell, but I believe she did. and that the
mark described was caused by the torn edge of the
cell pressed in upon the larva by my unskillful
attempt to repair the cell, which, while not ruptur-
ing the skin of the larva, did, by pressure, while the
larva was in process of development, cause the scar
described. This queen produced both drone and
worker eggs, according to the cell being occupied
(except at first as stated above), and that without
any pressure of the cell in any case, the diameter
of the abdomen not exceeding two-thirds that of
the smallest cell. Now, if this queen could produce
fertile eggs without the much-talked-of pressure of
cell, is not the conclusion natural and reasonable
that others or all can also? My own experiments
and observation have satisfied me that drones may
be, and, in rare cases, are, pi-oduced from worker-
eggs; but that it is unusual, and possible only when
done almost immediately after the deposit of the
e^i:^ by the queen. 8— L. T. Ayebs— i:iO.

Farina, Fayette Co., 111.

Friend A., you have given its a valuable
fact. I have several times patched up queen-
cells when they were torn open, and had
tliem hatcli out good queens. Sometimes
the (lueens will hatch out all right, without
being patched up, if the bees take a notion
to let them remain that way. It is quite
common for yoimg queens to produce only
drone-eggs at first, and worker-eggs in proper
order afterward.

HOW TO CREATE A MARKET EOR
HONEY.

SHALI., WE ADVERTISE AS DO PATENT - MEDICINE
MEN?

f^ HE great cry of honey-prod -jcers is, " Sell all
%^ that you can at home before "shipping to the
} large markets;" but, now, what shall we do
to start this home market? Some say, " Ad-
vertise liberally in your local papers;" but
what is the use of advertising an article that the
people do not know that they want or need? Some
say, " Write up pieces, and have them inserted in
your home papers;" but you take the honey-pro-
ducers through the country and how many could
you find who would or could write any tiling that
would have any weight with the public? Then
what can we do to educate the people, and counter-
act such lies as Wiley's or Wells'? There are but
few whom we can i-each individually; and then, un-
less they are personal acquaintances, or know your
reputation well enough to believe .you, you could
not convince them that you bad a genuine article
unless you could out-talk all the book-agents and
lightning-rod peddlers in the country ; and who can
blame them when, a short time ago, they could hard-

ly pick up p. paper but had something in it about
adulterated hone.y, or something as absurd?

Now, is there not some way thot we can educate
them to the use of honey? (]an we not copy after
the patent-medicine men, and keep honey before
the public all the time? I find that the most of the
papers throughout the country are using short
stereotyped pieces to fill out their papers, especially
when they have job work which pays them better,
and that they would gladly use any such thing as
would interest and instruct their readers. Then
why can't we have such pieces? And, friend Root,
I think you are just the one to get them up for us.
You could otter prizes for short essays on honey,
print them in Gleanings, stereotype, and have
them ready to scatter broadcast through the coun-
ti-y; and, as nearly as I can learn, the price of two
or three pounds of honey would give a short piece
each week for the people to think about; and if it
seemed to have no object but to fill up the papers,
they would have more confidence in it than any ad-
vertisement that you could get up; and then with
a short local, telling them where they could get it,
and by having it in a neat and attractive form at
the leading groceries, it could be made a financial
success to all parties. What we want is short pieces
to make honey-consumers, not honey-producers.
Let us hear from you, so that we can work up this
or some better plan to help us die-pose of the com-
ing harvest that we hope to receive.
Bangor, Mich., April 'J, 1886. J. J. Penoyeh.

No doubt, friend P., much could be done
to help the sale of honey in the way you
propose, and considerable is being done in
that way. In reading our agricultural ex-
changes, I have been pleased of late to note
a considerable space being given to bee and
honey interests, and I am glad to see the
sensational stories about artificial eggs and
artificial comb honey giving place to sound
sense. One trouble about advertising honey
to the extent that patent medicines are ad-
vertised is. that there is not profit enough in
honey. There is often not a difference of
two "cents a pound between wholesale and
retail ; but with patent medicines, an article
that costs only 20 or 25 cts. per bottle, every
thing included, sells for from |1.00 to $1.50
per bottle. With such a margin, you see
they can afford to fill the papers with flam-
ing advertisements. It is very rare that sta-
ple food products afford any great margin.

^ I ^

FORCING BEES INTO SECTIONS.

J. E. pond's method.

1^ NE of the troubles existing in the matter of se-
cli-J curing- comb honej' consists in the reluctance
||1 of the bees at times to occupy the sections
^'' early; the consequence of their not doing so,
being excessive swarming. Many plans have
been adopted to overcome this reluctance, and
many theories have been ui-ged as to its cause.
None of them, in my opinion, have hit it just right
as yet; at least, no one as yet succeeds to the extent
that may be fairly called success. The exponents
of the reversible plan have the floor at present in
theory; in practice, however, this method is so cum-
bersome and unwieldy, whether frames are revers-
ed singly or aggregately by revei-sing the" hive, that
it will hardly supersede the methods most common-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUK.

ly in vogue. For the last two or three years I have
been experimenting- somewhat in this direction
with results that so far are quite satisfaetoi-y to
myself, both iu the results attained aud the labor
involved. It is a well-known fact, that bees depos-
it tlieir surplus most largely above tlie brood, and
the natural reason for tliis is at once appai-ent. It
is a well-]jnown fact, too, that store combs are al-
ways (when room is given) built deeper than those
used for brood, and equally true that brood is not
reared in combs that aiemore than 'g inch wide.
The logical deduction from all this is, that when the
frames are si)aced at such a width apart that the
comb can be built out to a greater than the regular
width such combs will be used for storage, and, as
a consequence, the sections will not be occupied for
that purpose, while any room therefore remains in
the brood-chamber. It also follows, that if the comb
Is spaced only a bee-space apart, it will not likely be
used for storage, but will bo used for brood. These
propositions were so self-evidently true to myself,
that I have given the matter a fair test during the
last three years, and these predicated results fol-
lowed in every instance.

I tried reversing-combs; and while I found them
fairly successful, I also found that it required too
much time and labor, and that closer watching was
required than I was able to give. I then adopted
the plan of forcing each colony to full size as early
as possible; and on the near approach of the honey
season I exti-acted the combs in brood-chamber and
shaved them down to exactly '« inch in width;
then I replaced the frames in the brood-chamber
just a bee-space apart, using dummies with which to
fill empty space. By this plan I have found the
brood-chamber was used for brood alone in the ear-
ly season, and that the bee^ would occupy the sec-
tions as soon as they were placed upon the frames;
this I found, also, was a labor-saving oi)eration, and
a great saving in time also. I am aware that the
theory of thereversionists is, that all surplus should
be forced into sections, and the winter stores sup-
plied by feeding. This is theory to a great extent,
and as yet requires verification by actual tests, not
by one or two in their own localities, but by the
masses generally throughout the whole country.
With my method, by removing a frame or two at the
close of the honey season, and Avidening the spaces
between those remaining, the same state of things
will, of course, result. The method above indicated
is not only practicable and practical theoretically,
but has been tested, as I have indicated, to an ex-
tent sufficient to positively assure me that it is
worthy of being tested on a large scale. I do not
advise any great or expensive changes, and in order
to try this plan none such are required; for while I
myself use the L. hive, my method can be used with
any other that contains frames 's inch wide, and
no expense whatever need be made in adopting it.
Whether or not this method may lie deemed jjracti-
cable by others, I am so well pleased with it that I
shall continue its use in working for comb honey,
knowing that equally good results can be obtained
by so doing as by reversing either frames or hives,
and with less trouble and expense.

Foxboro, Mass., April, 1886. J. E. Pond, .1r.

Friend P., while your plan may not have
been followed up exactly as you have it, it
has been touched upon from time to time
during past years. Where you move the
combs up to only a bee-space apart, it is nec-

essary that they should be very Hat and
straight, or bees will be imprisoned in their
cells, or the cells will be closed up so that
even the nurse-bees have no access. On this
account I would keep the combs occupying
the same relative places to each other as
much as possible when working in that way.

BEES IN TEXAS

That Build Their Nests to Limbs of Trees, in
the Form of a Sphere.

DO BLACKS AND HYBRIDS EVER, BUILD THEIR
COMBS TO LIMBS OF TREES LIKE A HORNET'S

NEST?

1^ N page 829. Dec. 1, 1885, Mr. McCamant recites
4 tI 'I" incident i-elated by Rev. F. B. Ticknor, of
l^!| finding in Western Texas a colony of bees
^^ styled "Mexican bees." Had the Kev. Mr.
Ticknor carefully investigated those bees, I
think he would have found them to have been onlj'
common blacks or hybrids, or stray Italian bees.
I found a colonj- of common black bees last year,
clustered on the end of a broken limb, about 30 feet
high. The comb, as Mr. T. says, was somewhat
shaped, or resembles, a hornet's nest. Fii-st a
central straight comb about 14 inches long by 13
wide under the limb, which was about two inches
in diameter; two others, one on either side, about
13 long by 10 inches wide, attached to the limb, arch-
ing outward, and held in position by a comb-brace
about SU inches long by I'i thick, the cell walls be-
ing fully i'our times as thick as the ordinary comb-
cells were; the partition wall of this comb-brace
was about ^a inch thick. Tlien on either side were
two more pairs of arched combs with braces as
above described, the first pair being about 9 inches
long by 8 wide; the last pair was about B'j inches
long by i wide. They were all arched over and at-
tached to their fellows nearly their whole length.
The free edges indicated that they had been started
at the comb-brace, and had been arched over for
additional support. There were no cells on the
arched part of the combs above until they became
about vertical, and then but very shallow cells on
the outside of the two smaller combs. Under the
arch, however, the cells were complete over the en-
tire combs. Tiie brood-nest was below the comb-
brace, and occupied most of the lower pai't of the
three central combs. The inside of the fourth and
fifth combs, except about an inch at the bottom of
all the combs, was filled with honej', the combs all
tapei'cd to a thin edge at the bottom and the free
extremities. Tiie whole mass could very easily be
imagined to resemble a hornet's nest.

Did the bees i-eason, so to speak, that the arching
combs would protect the brood and cluster from
rain'? or did they arch the combs over to get addi-
tional support'!* I think the latter at least the
main reason for arching over. I have Seen bees
clustered, and combs built on limbs, in Indiana;
but I never saw such swarms build combs in a glob-
ular form there. There is nothing in the above but
what obtains where bees build natural combs in a
hive, except the arching and comb-braces. The
comb-brace was evidently built heavy to prevent
the comb from encroaching on its fellow, and was
necessary as a starter for tlie next coml). The
globular form of the comb might load to the belief

356

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

May

of a distinct race of bees; aside from that, 1 see
nothing to warrant such an opinion, and I think in-
vestigation will prove my conclusion correct; i. e.,
they are blacks or hybrids. I should be proud to
believe America to be the home of a race of bees
Tjotter than the best; bvit if such is to be the case, it
will be by selecting- from the best of other lands,
and rendering- them homogeneous, and so raising
up a Saul in Israel, or a strain, head and shoulders
above all others. E. S. Arwine.

Patterson, Texas.

^ I ^ — ■

MORE FACTS TO SHOW THAT BEES
NEED SALT.

BEES CONTROLLING THE SEX OF THE EGG.

SN page 178 I saw an article from W. H. Green,
entitled, " Salt a Necessai-y Element for
Bees." His experience only relates what is
an absolute fact, that salt is one thing neces-
sary in making up the food of the bees. If
any one has not tried it he will be surprised to see
how eager they are for salt, when put in proper
shape for them to get at it handy. While keeping
bees in California, where there was plenty of foul
brood all around us, I used to prepare all the drink-
ing-water my bees used, and the water was medicat-
ed with salt, salicylic acid, and borax, but it was
made pretty salt. I gave it to them in shallow dish-
es, with a loose piece of sack thrown over it. The
sack was allowed to fall down inthe center, leaving
the edges hanging over the dish. The bees would
suck the water through the sack, and take every
drop of the medicated water from the dish. This
water was given to them every morning, as regular
as the morning came. I used it as a preventive
of foul brood. I took the ground that the salt and
salicylic acid were both disinfectants; and as the
bees fed the young larva? the water I prepared, it
must of necessity benefit them; that is, if there
were any germs of foul brood in the combs.

Now, friend Root, I have been much interested
In the articles of Chas. Dadant and Prof. Cook on
" Egg-laying of Queens." While I have no disposi-
tion to open a controversy with two such able cor-
respondents as the above, yet they will allow me to
say that I think there is much to learn about the
egg-laying of queens. Under some circumstances
their ways are past finding out. Now, what old ob-
serving bee-keeper has not seen queens, drones,
and workers, all reared from what we suppose to be
the same eggs? Take a full sheet of worker-comb
(not a cell of drone-comb in it) from a prosperous
colony, before the eggs are hatched, and place it in
a queenless colony that has no brood of any kind and
sometimes they will rear queens, drones, and work-
ers Irom this sheet of eggs, that, had it been left in
theparent colony, would In all probability have been
every one worker-bees. 1 have had them cut down the
workei"-cells to the septum, build drone-cells, and
rear as flne-looking- drones as I ever saw reared un-
der any circumstances. Can you tell how they
manage it? I give it up, and am willing to let some
one else try. Will Prof. Cook or Mr. Dadant give
his views? It is light that I am after, not criticism.
For the sake of courtesy, I might wish that I could
agree with either of the gentlemen's views upon
the subject; but my observation has led me to the
belief that, in the instance whei-e young queens
lay drone-eggs before they begin laying worker-
eggs, is because they had not yet met the drone;

and if I say that I am inclined to say as you do,
that the bees have the power to determine the sex,
I shall not be accused of departing from the ground
I have taken before. A. W. Osburn.

Havana, Cuba, March 15, 1886.

This subject as to whether the bees can
convert worker -eggs into drones has been
discussed a good deal already. At the con-
vention at l)etroit last fall it came up, and
some of our wisest heads discussed it ; but
as a rule I think they seemed to be a good
deal incredulous, it seems to me as though
brood that would have ordinarily produced
worker-brood is often converted into drone-
brood when put into a queenless hive. We
want careful experiments in the matter.

MOVING BEES IN MID-WINTER.

WINTERED WITHOUT LOSS.

fHERE is no doubt but that perfect quiet is
the best, when once the colonj' has compact-
ly custered, and winter has set in in earnest.
But circumstances may be such, sometimes,
that some unforeseen emergency may occur
when we are almost compelled to handle a colony
in mid -winter. Then the query naturally comes
up. Can we do so without endangering the life of
the swarm ? I have tested this matter more thor-
oughly the past winter than I ever did before. I
liad purchased 7 colonies long after my own had
been snugly packed away in the cellar. He had
left them out on their summer stands, without any
extra packing or care. On the 13th of Jan., when
the thermometer was 10° above zero, I took a sled
and went tweh'e miles after the bees, in a very
deep snow. This was only four days after the noted
four -days' blizzard, during which time the ther-
mometer had been, much of the time, down to 15°
and 20° below zero. Of course the bees became
very much aroused by the time 1 got home, and it
was with much misgiving that I set them in the
cellar. I watched them closely at intervals during
the remainder of the winter, and was pleased to
see that, in a day or two, they had settled down to
that i)eaceful quiescent state, so satisfactory to the
apiarist. Two days ago they were put on their
summer stands, and all came out bright and dry,
and strong in bees and stores.

My 01 colonies were set in a house -cellar the .5th
of Dec, and the 7 colonies were set in the liJth of
Jan., as before mentioned. They all came out, not
only alive, but bright and clean, with only half a
dozen or so with entrances a little specked up with
dysentery. They have been busily engaged bring-
ing in pollen and some honey from soft maple.

Our cellar is quite dry, and well banked up with
slough hay. They had no ventilation, or, rather,
the cellar had no ventilation, except what was af-
forded from passing in and out once or twice a day
form an outside door. The bees were tiered up
tour deep, as compactly as possible, with full-
width enti-anccs open, and each cover slipped for-
ward, so as to let the bees pass in and out at will,
at each end of the top of the hives— no quilt, no
chaff, or absorbents of any kind. I hung a good
thermometer over the hives, and kept the tempei-a-
ture at 45° to .50=" all winter, by firing pretty heavily
during very cold weather, in a sitting-room over
the bees. Wo kept potatoes, apples, milk, canned

1886

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTUtlE.

&r>1

fruit, etc., in the cellar; and, worst of all, about 100
rats, tuore or less, took up their abode in the cellar.
But I soon fixed them with poison.

You ask if I advocate tliis kind of cellar for bees.
No: I have a model bee-ca\'e in construction (men-
tally) with circular cement brick for arching- over-
head, and with tile sub-earth ventilators, etc.; and
so confident do I feel of successful wintering-, pro-
vided they have feed late, and have g-ood stores,
that ] would not wish to give any great sum to have
them insured to winter over. D. E. Brubakejb.

Maxwell, Story Co., la., Apr. 9, 1880.

Friend B., although you wintered your
bees safely that were moved during a low
temperature, I do not think it would be safe
to say that we can do it as a rule. In our
back volumes, several cases have been noted
wliere bees undisturbed wintered nicely,
while those moved in the middle of the win-
ter, in much the same way you moved yours,
all died with the dysentery, showing conclu-
sively, it would seem, that disturbance was
the cause of the mortality. There is some-
thing very complex and perplexing in this
whole matter of wintering bees, and the re-
sults of the experiments are so very con-
flicting that it is a very difficult matter in-
deed to decide j)o,s-i7uT?(/ on any thing.

ANAB C SCHOLAR'S SUCCESS.

WINTERING WITH PROTECTED, CONTRASTED WITH
UNPROTECTED HIVES.

TN the fall of 188-t, Frank S. Ledyard, who has
Ijf been one of your patrons, sold off all his bees
^[ at a public sale. As we had been without bees
'*" for several years, I concluded to purchase one
colony and try my hand as a bee-man. I there-
fore bought his best swarm, which were pure Ital-
ians, paying him $7.00 for it. Father also bought a
weaker swarm for f ^.{X). M r. L. also had a very weak
colony which he did not sell. I got him to put our
three colonies into winter quarters, which he did by
placing a rough box around each hive, leaving a
space of about six inches, to be filled with dry plan-
er-shavings. An empty hive was also placed upon
the lower story, which was also nearly filled with
shavings. After placing the lid on top, and a i-nof
over all, they were ready for the winter. Now,
everybody who knows any thing about bees, and the
winter of 1884-'.5, knows that it was a " stunner" for
bees. This section of country never had such a
mortality in the apiaries. One of my nearest neigh-
bors, Mr. R. B. Bobbins, who has also been one of
your contributors and patrons, lost his entire stock,
and he claimed to have a hardy strain of bees.
Well, when spi-ing came, father discovered that his
swarm must be interred in the same graveyard as
the hardy strain, while Mr. L.'s and mine i-emained
to gather the hone3'.

About this time I received a copy of the ABC
book, and began reading it carefully. My swarm
came out very strong and bright in the spring. On
the fourth of June I took out one card of brood and
formed a nucleus for father, and made two starters
of the remainder, each having four cards of brood
and comb. I added empty combs to each as was
needed, until each was full again. The one that had
the queen, built up very fast, while the other was
more backward. I soon discovered that they were
rearing queens, and in a short time had 17 cells

nicely capped. Just before they hatched out I re-
moved all but one or two, and placed some in wire
cages on top of the frames to hatch out, which they
did very nicely, and were fed by the bees from be-
low. In about two weeks from the time I divided
the swarm, I took two cards of brood from the
colony having the queen, adding several emptj-
combs, and placed them in a hive where the old
colony stood, moving the former a little to one side.
I also gave them a virgin queen. It was surprising
to see how fast the young- colony built up. The old
hive was nearly destitute of its workers for a few
daj's, while the young- hive was just booming. In
five days they threw out a swarm which returned;
the next day they did the same thing. I couldn't
think what was the matter. When they came out
the third time my brother hived them and gave
them one of my caged virgin queens, which they at
once accepted and settled down to business. I aft-
erward concluded that the reason they persisted so
in swarming was because they were too much
crowded, as I had placed division-boards in the
hive, having only five combs. Do you think I was
right ?

The nucleus that I formed for father rapidly be-
came a strong colony, and in the latter part of July
I took several cards of brood from it and formed
another for him, which made rather slow progress
during the season.

The season for honey in this locality was just
moderate. The white clover honey was only a
medium yield, but a very fine quality. The bass-
wood was unusually full of bloom. I heard men of
experience say that the flow at no time was very
heavy, but the bloom continued much longer than
usual, so that an average yield was received. My
bees obtained quite a supply from the buckwheat,
but the greater part was obtained from the white-
clover and basswood.

Last fall I went into winter quarters with si.\ col-
onies of my own, father having two. I packed them
the same as the previous winter. Besides giving
them all plenty of honey for winter stores, I ob-
tained about 30 lbs. of comb, and 50 lbs. of ex-
tracted honey, which commanded a price of 10 and
15 cents per lb. M. B. Fimon.

Bloomdale, Ohio.

cor:eopsis honey.

THE FLORA OF FARINA, ILL.

f 5^ HERE are some peculiarities respecting the
§)'' honey resources in this locality that might
i interest the readers of Gleanings. I have
been keeping bees for the past 16 years in
this place, and have yet to see the first pound
of surplus honey gathered from clover or basswood
in this locality. Until the summer of 1882, I usually
had to feed my bees in June to prevent their starv-
ing. By the first week in July they would usually
become self-supporting, getting- honey enough to
live on, from plants of the mint family principally.
After the great drought of 1881, which killed out
much of the grass in road-sides and pastures white
clover (which had not been hindered from perfect-
ing its seed) came in quite strong, but yet not
enough for any surplus, nor enough to induce
much swarming. Near the timber, bees get plum
and crabapple and other forest bloom, and build up
strong earlier than on the prairie. But thai is not
very important, unless one wishes to sell bees by

358

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

the pound, since we rarely jfet any surplus befoi-e
August, unless honey-dew puts in an appearance,
Avhich it sometimes does in Jvine. Early in August
the bees usually begin to yet a little surplus. By
the middle of the month they are frequently get-
ting' a fair j'ield from some of the larger species of
the sraartweed family.

Our main dependence, however, is Coreopsis Aris-
tosa, usually, though erroneously, called Spanish
needle. It begins to secrete nectar about the 37th
of Aug., and lasts 15 to 17 days. It grows on dry
land as well as wet. Many of the stubble-fields ap-
pear like a solid mass of yellow bloom. There are
usually some hundreds of acres of coreopsis bloom
within range of my bees.

About the only causes for failure to get a good
yield of honey from coreopsis are, either a severe
drought, or weather so cool as to prevent the bees
from working. During the past 16 years we have
not had a single season in which our bees failed to
get abundant winter stores, though we have had
two seasons in which they failed to get any surplus
to speak of. Once the failure was due to cold
Aveather which prevailed during the coreopsis
bloom, in the year 1879. The second failure was
during the severe drought of 1881. We have had
other seasons when the yield was materially dimin-
ished by very cool or very diy weather. In fact, I
believe our honey-crop this year was shortened one-
half by the cold weather that prevailed in August
and September.

The honey gathered from corerpsis is thick,
weighing 13 lbs. to the gallon. It has a beautiful
amber color, has a pleasant aromatic flavor, and
does not leave any rank or unpleasant taste in the
mouth. I have never known it to become sour, or
foam up, as some other grades often do when e.Y-
tracted too soon. It is very slow to granulate, usu-
ally remaining liquid until near the close of win-
ter. Its thick and non-souring qualities make it a
good winter feed for bees. My winter losses have
been light, though kept on their summer stands,
last winter being my poorest record, with a loss of
only ten per cent. Bees do not build comb or draw
out foundation as i-eadily when gathering this thick
coreopsis honey as when Avorking on the thinner
smartweed or clover honey. Bees show very little
desire to swarm while working upon it ; and since
our honey-supply before that is usually too scanty
to induce swarming, we get along with very little
natural increase. In fact, during the past two years,
without trying to repress swarming,%I don't think
I have had more than six natural swarms, and yet
my honey-crop for that time has amounted to 18,000
lbs. This coreopsis, while so plentiful here, seems
to abound only in limited areas.

To make this a good honey locality, we need clover
in addition to our present resources. I think this
want can be best met by cultivating alsike clover in
our meadows and pastures.

16— T. P. Andrews, 34.5.

Farina, Fayette Co., 111., Dec, 1885.

We have had quite a quantity of the hon-
ey mentioned above, but we always called it
goldenrod honey. During a conversation
with friend Andrews at New Orleans, I be-
came convinced that what we call goldenrod
honey is honey from the Spanish needle.
The body and flavor are excellent ; and when
it is so thick tliat a saucerful may be turned
over without spilling, it candies little or

none at all. Its dark amber color seems to
be the worst thing against it; but when it
is better known and recognized, it seems to
me the price ought to rank nearly if not
quite equal to that of the best clover or bass-
wood honey.

A LETTER FROM THE ISLAND OF CY-
PRUS.

GETTING SWARMS TO CLUSTER ON THE S.-V-ME SPOT
DURING THE SEASON.

f^ HE goods you forwarded to me arrived In
|]^ good condition. I am glad to say that every
/ thing was found nice; the foundation ma-
chine works beautifully.
Having derived much benefit from reports
I read in Gleanings, I consider it is my duty to re-
port a discovery I made in bringing down swarms
during last season.

I started bee-keeping with ten stocks in February
last. In May I had twelve swarms; before the
swarming commenced I was told by a lady that
swarms prefer clustering on orange or lemon trees
to any other kind of tree. As I have only two of
this kind of trees in my house, and as they are far
in the other corner of the garden, I thought I could
vise the small branches and shoots thereof by
cutting and hanging them on the branches of the
pomegranate-trees which are near to the hives.

On the day I was expecting the first swarm I cut
two shoots from the lemon-tree, each having about
ten leaves; and having first rubbed the leaves to
make the smell rise, I tied them on the pomegran-
ate-tree, which was about four yards distant from
the hive. About three hours after, the expected
swarm came out and went right on the said lemon
leaves; and after all the swarming bees were set-
tled thereon, I slowly removed the cluster into a
hive.

Some days after, I saw another hive was swarm-
ing. I immediately cut off a small branch of lem-
on-tree; while I was tying it on a tree, my servant
brought to me another branch from the orange-
tree, the leaves of which I rubbed, and secured it
to the same tree, but about one yard from the
former; then the half of the bees clustered on the
lemon leaves and the other half on the orange-
leaves, making two separate clusters of one swarm.
I hived them separately in nucleus hives on
combs, one partly filled with honey and pollen, the
other empty. The bees from the one having the
empty combs went to their parent hive because
there was no queen with them. Three other
swarms 1 caused to clu.ster on the lemon branches
while I was holding them up for the bees. At the
time when the other swarms were seen in the air,
in my absence from the house, my servant caused
them to go straight into the hives prepared for
them, having thrown into the hives a few leaves of
a lemon-tree.

I am sure I lost no swarm, and I hope I shall not
lose any so long as I shall use such a bee-magnet.
I think that orange-water, or lavender, used for
toilet, will attract swarms to any place desired, the
same as fresh leaves of orange or lemon trees do.
M. S. Dervishian.
Larnaca, Cyprus, Feb. 5, 1886.

Thank you, friend D., for your kind re-
port from your far-away apiary. In regard

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

359

to the efficacy of orange or lemon trees, it
maj' be that the pecuHar scent of the leaves
is attractive to the bees, in the same way in
which the scent of the oilof anise seems to
attract wild bees in bee-hunling. But aft-
er you have once succeeded in getting a
swarm to cluster on one particular limb or
branch, there is nothing particularly new in
the fact that all subsequent swarms cluster
on the same branch. The matter has often
been discussed in our back volumes. It is
quite common to have almost every swarm
from an apiary cluster on the same spot, or
on the same Jimb, that the lirst swarm of the
season occupied. Especially is tliis tlie case
after two or more have occupied the same
tree or branch.

UPWARD VENTILATION.

KVEUY KUI.K H.AS ITS EXCEPTIONS IN BEE CULTURE.

fRlEXD G. M. Doolittle, on page 266, argues
against the necessity of confining- the heat
of bees to the liive by contracting the hive
and restricting upward ventilation. Wliether
lie docs this simply for argument or not, I do
not know; but as I have been a supporter of the
opposition, and you have alluded to me as such, I
wish to say a few more words on the subject.

Every rule has its exceptions, and there are but
few rules in bee-keeping Avhich may not bo disre-
garded with impunity under certain conditions.
Experience has convinced me that bees, to winter
well under ordinary and average conditions, should
be restricted to a small hive, well protected from
the cold, and as nearly air-tight ^s possible, except
at the entrance, which should be lai-ge. Do not un-
derstand me to say that bees will not winter well
under other conditions. Some of the most succcss-
1'ullj' wintered colonics I have ever had were win-
tered in lai-ge hives with free upward ventilation.
]n my spring report, given on page 3S2 of July
Gr-EANiNOs for 1883, are these words: " One of the
strongest swarms I have was wintered in a large
chaff hive, with V2 frames below and .5 above, only
partially covered with a piece of duck."

As I look back over the many experiments I have
made in this line, and think of what I have learned
from others, 1 can recall cases where colonics that
liave wintered well in large hives, with an abun-
dance of ventilation, seemed to show an unusual
degree of vigor and energy the next season.
Whether tin's energy is the cause or result of their
successful wintering, I do not know; but I am in-
clined to think it is the former. I have often
thought it was because colonies in large hives are
not apt to be subjected to the ovei-hauling and
dirturbar.co of the brood-nest that is likely to fall
to the lot of those in contracted hives.

lam not simply arguing in support of a theory,
suppressing all facts I know (hat may seem to dis-
prove that theory. It is the truth that I am seek-
ing, and, if 1 find it, I care not what theories are
overthrown.

I freely admit, that I have frequently been suc-
cessful in wintering in large hives, and with free
upward ventilation; but the ratio of loss has been
so much greater in the colonies wintered by this
method that I have come to the conclusions given
In my article on page 42 of the present volume.
Oliver Foster hits the nail squarely upon the head

on page 256. We never hear that; " upper absorb-
ents" are necessary in ventilating our homes and
public buildings. The impurities of the air must be
removed by ventilation and not by absorption, and
it is generally agreed that the most satisfactory
and economical systems of ventilation are those
which provide for the escape of the contaminated
air at the bottom of the apartment. It is true, that
the impurities thrown off into the air bj' the respi-
ratory oi-gauG and the excretory organs of the skin
rise at first; but becoming chilled, they fall to the
bottom. Moisture is far from being the only thing
added to air by an animal living in it. The same
principles apply to a bee-hive. Bees can not go
into that hibernating condition assumed by many
other insects, wherein they can endure the most
extreme cold of winter in a state of comijlete tor-
por, requiring no food to nourish them or sustain
animal heat. The inmates of the bee-hive must at
all times maintain a certain temperature, and they
must consume food in order to do this. If the
whole of a colony of bees should be chilled into that
benumbed and torpid condition which the outside
bees of the cluster fall into during cold weather, it
is very probable that they Avould never revive un-
less they were warmed up very soon by a change in
the weather.

The interior of the hive, and particularly the in-
terior of the cluster, is much warmer than the out-
side temperature. This heat must be maintained
by the consumption of honej*. The colder the hive,
the more honey must be consumed, and the more
tlie vital forces of the bees are wasted in digesting
this honey. Economj- of heat is economy of vital
force. Small hives, closely sealed above, are most
economical of heat; therefore, other conditions be-
ing equal, they arc best adapted to the outdoor win-
tering of bees. J. A. Grken.

Dayton, 111., April 8, 1886.

FLORIDA.

not a liAND DIS,\GBEEABLV COLD ]N WINTER OR
EXTREMELY HOT IN SUMMER.

T HAVE often felt a desire to express some of my
|IP heart-felt gratitude for the many bits of good
^[ counsel coming from you through Gleanings,
"'' which comes to me very regularly, and is read
with untiring interest and pleasiu'C. I always
feci editied and strengthened after reading your
lectures, and my heart and mind run out to my
neighbors who take Gleanings, and I feel so glad
that they ha\e the bonoflt, too, of so good a lesson,
besides the many good practical ideas that come to
me through it from yourself, Ernest, and other
good bee-men and bee-women. This is a great or-
gan, and is calculated to do a great deal of good. T
am glad to say I have never seen any thing in
Gleanings, except .Jay C. Ell's letter, taken from
the Charlottesville C/ironic/e, which contained any
thing disparaging to P'lorida; and I was sori-y to see
such an envious, exaggerated statement in as pure
a work as I have always felt Gleanings to be; aiid
as dearly as I love the editor of it, I can't help but
feel a little disappointed to see such an unjust and
exaggerated statement; and it seems that Mr.
Griffin showed some Levite spirit too in the matter.
Mr. E. is what the many respectable, well-to-do
Northern settlers here term one of the black sheep,
which is very natural and common, as there are some

3G0

GLEANINGS IK 1^EE CtJLTUllE.

May

in every flock. Such sift themselves out of here. It
requires vim and judgment to succeed here as well
as in many other places; and it seems that Florida
must be a God-forsaken land, instead of a land blest
with Uowors, where even the thermometers Mill
not indicate truth, much less interested land-agents
that do their work by writing and talking. I do not
approve of exaggerating, as no doubt some of the
many laud-agents of Florida do, for there are some
black ones among them.

I approve of Mr. W. S. Hart's advice to those con-
templating moving to Florida— come and see before
pulling up your stakes where you are, unless you
know some man or friend who has an honest pur-
pose at heart, and has sound judgment, such as you
can trust to advise in so important a matter as
moving into a new country and climate, especially
where a man has a family. There are a great many
things to look out for besides land-agents. As for
society, 1 feel it my duty to say that it is good. We
have churches of nearly or quite all denominations.
They are well attended in most parts. Schools, I
can not say are good, though improving very rapid-
i.y.

Again, Mr. E. not only asserts that thermometers
are worthless, but that the climate is a fraud. I do
not know how that is; but I feel sure that God nev-
er made nor ordered any frauds in his kingdom.
Now, because we had a cold snap the past winter
that spoiled our oranges and vegetables, and killed
some small seedlings, we must not denounce God's
ruling and shut our eyes to keep from seeing his
blessings and wisdom. I haven't a doubt but that
the cold here last winter was a blessing instead of a
fraud, if we could see through God's wisdom in
sending it. As much as has been said about the
cold and hot weather in Florida, I feel inclined
to state just here a little of my e.xperience in the
twelve years that I have been in the State. I am
neither a Floridian nor a land-agent.

The lowest that the thermometer had been until
this winter, at my place, was 38°. This winter it got
down to 33°, the highest 95°. Just here I have to
differ with Mr. E. again. I have never felt it un-
comfortably cold to work out of doors, nor so op-
pressively hot the hottest day as it was up noi-th,
where I was raised. The nights are delightful, both
winter and summer.

A word in explanation to those who are not famil-
iar with our situation and the causes of our pleas-
ant summers. We are between the Gvilf of Mexico
and the Atlantic Ocean, consequently «ve are fanned
by the gentle breezes from one or the other, almost
every day during summer. This breeze reaches us
here in Orange Co. from 7 to 9 o'clock a. m.

Now a word about the precious little busy bees.
1 have 28 colonies, all Italianized, one Bellinzona
and one Carniolan. They are all g<ithering honey,
and rearing brood nicely. Some of them liave drones
out this 8th of March.

Pardon me, friend R., for one question just here.
Will yellow-jessamine honey kill young bees? Some
of them seem to sicken and die trom the first
sip they take after they come out. This disease
does not affect the Carniolans. I hope to give a
more favorable report of my bees later In the
season. John S. Womble.

Oviedo, Fla., March 8, 1886.

Friend W., may be the report from the
Chronide was a littk^ severe ; but there are
certainly extremes both ways, and no one

would want people to sell out and go to
Florida, to be disappointed after getting
there. No doubt the cold snap in Florida
will prove to be a blessiiig if taken right ;
but the same rule will apply north as well as
south. The writer of the article alluded to
meant to say that thermometers didn't seem
to him to be worth as much as a guide, as
here in the North. I am glad you like your
Southern home.— I do not think that the
honey from the yellow jessamine ever kills
bees at all ; and Prof. Cook takes the liber-
ty of doubting whether it ever kills anybody,
if eaten in moderation.

^EPei^Tg ENC0aR^6i]^6.

GOOD REl'OItT FROM AN A B C SCHOLAR IN NEW
ZEALAND.

T N the month of January, 1883, a vagrant swarm
M of bees thought proper to cluster on a small
^l tree near our house. 1 got an empty candle-

'*' box, and so hived my first swarm of bees. A
few days after, neighbor K. called and tried to
impress upon me the advantages of the modern
system of bee-keeping, and, by way of proving his
arguments to be correct, he gave me a Simplicity
hive and ten frames, with fdn. starters, and trans-
ferred my bees for me. He also lent me your A B
C and a great pile of Gleanings. This interested
me so much that I resolved to try to raise honey
suflicient for our own use. At the end of the next
season I had 8 colonies of bees and 150 lbs. of honej'.
Another j'ear passed away, when I had 16 colonies
and 1500 lbs. of honey; and now, Mar. 1, 1886, I have
37 colonies of bees and :53O0 lbs. of extracted honey.
During this time I have not bought iiny bees, and
have tried to keep them from increasing too much.
It seems to me that the mt)St important question
for the apiarists of this country will be, how to pre-
vent swarming, and how to sell honey. Thei-e is no
trouble in wintering bees. They can be left in
their Simplicity hives on the summer stands, with a
cushion over the mat; and if they have plenty of
honey there is no fear of loss. We have no snow
here, except on very high mountains, and very little
frost — what we call hoar frost, in the night,
making the ground white, and forming thin ice in
small puddles; but, when freezing at night, the days
are always very fine and warm. The summer time is
not so extremely hot as with you. We think 80°
warm weather; 93° in the shade is the highest I
have known, and that does not often occur; and
even then, mount Ruapheu, which is about 60 miles
distant, can be plainly seen, towering up in the skj%
its summit covered with perpetual snow.

I think I may say that your Simplicity hive and
frame is the standard national hive of this country.
Of course, we have some men who regard an alter-
ation as an improvement; but these are very few
Gleanings just suits me; its mixed character adds
g-reatly to its value, in ray opinion. I have gained
moi-e information as to the climate, natural produc-
tion, manners, and customs, of America and its
people, from Gleanings, than, from all the histo-
ries and books of travel I have read. We have been
in the habit of saying, "Our American cousins!"
but the kind and friendly tone of Gleanings makes
me feel like saying, " My American brothers." We
are of the same origin, with the same literature and

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

361

language; and I hope the time will soon come when
we shall unite in one great brotherhood, to turn
the sword and spear into plowshares and pruning--
hooks, and resolve that there shall be no moi-e war,
but peace. .T.Wood.

Ohaupo, Auckland, New Zealand, Mar. ], 1886.

Well done, hmthcr Wood. We thank you
for the kind compliments yon pay us, and we
reiterate your words. Let us by all means
strive to be brothers, even though the ocean
may separate us.

FKOM 5 LBS. OF BEES TO OVER 10 COLONIES; A
KIND WORD, ALSO, FOR E. M. nAYHURST.

I am a dentist, not an apiarian; but nevertheless
I may have some latent or undeveloped apiarian
powers or qualifications; and, indeed, if enthusi-
asm and love lor the bee and its habits, save its
sting-, are earmarks of an apiarian, I have great
hopes of success, for these attributes T possess in a
marked degree. On May 17 last, I received of E. M.
Hay hurst, through Mr. Harry Hobbs, 5 lbs. of bees
and live queens. The order and the money sent
was for loan-anted queens, and just see how bad-
ly (?) Mr. Hay hurst treated me. Owing to the late-
ness of the season, and pressure of business, he, in
order to fill his orders promptly, sent me tested
queens— a method of fair, honoi-able dealing, for
which, I have since learned, Mr. Hayhurst has
achieved a well-deserved reputation. From those
5 lbs. I increased to 10 strong colonies, practically 13,
tor I caught a swarm of hybrids in the country,
which I divided into three colonies, and Italianized
from my Hayhurst bees. At first, reci-eation and a
change from the routine of indoor labor was the ob-
jectsought; but in spite of everything, I caught the
lever; and should I lose my bees this winter, the
probabilities are 1 shall be convalescent in the
spring, but not absolutely cured. In August I
bought of W. M. Scheidall 43 stocks and all his api-
arian supplies, consisting of prize bo.xes, 8000, most-
ly in-flat; 300 frames for prize boxes, honey-extract-
or, A B Cof Bee Culture, Gleanings since 1879,
Simplicity hives sufficient to increase my apiary to
300 single boxes. Thus you see I have at this writ-
ing .56 colonies. If this isn't bee-fever on short no-
tice, Mr. Root, then what would you call it?

Eureka, 111., Dec. 30, 188.5. S. W. Lakin.

FROM .50 TO 66, and 200O LBS. OF HONEY, BY ONE
WHO IS 74 YEARS OLD.

I take Gleaninos, and am very much interested
in reports. T am 74 years old, and have been in the
bee-business more or less since I was 18 years old.
I took out of my cellar last spring 50 stands of bees
in good order. Notwithstanding the poor season, 1
took over 2000 lbs. of extracted honey, and put back
this fall 66 stands, strong and in good condition. I
have never raised section honey, but I think of do-
ing so now, as I have given up other business, and
will have more time tor my bees.

Cascade, la., Dee. 30, 1685. Wm. Heitchen.

FROM 31 TO .54, and 1200 LBS. OF HONEY.

Bees did better here last year than usual. I be-
gan the spring with 31, and closed in the fall with
.54. I have already moved most of my bees, and
will move the rest soon to the Dugdown Mountain.

We got last year about 1200 lbs. of honej', in-
creased 23 swarms, and sold 3 besides. Most of the
honey was extracted, and was sold at 12^ to 15 cts.

per lb. We have oh hand at this date, about 15 gal-
lons. Some of our colonies are weak, but I think
we shall be able to begin the spring (say first of
April ) with 45. We expect our bees to do better
this year, as we think we have a better location.
The Dugdown is a part of the Appalachian range of
mountains, beginning in Alabama, and extending
to the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. We are
now at the foot of this range (north of it), so that
our bees will have access to the forests on one side,
and the fields on the other. J. M. Harris.

Cedartowu, Polk Co., Ga., Feb. 13, 1886.

FROM 37 TO 95, AND ONE TON OF HONEY.

I now have 95 swarms in the cellar, and they
seem to be feeling first rate, by their appearance,
this cold winter weather. I increased from 37,
spring count, to 95, and secured a ton of salable
honey. I could have done much better, but I was
alone, and had all to do as far as attending to the
bees was concerned. My wife made nearly 1200
honey-boxes, and helped about extracting some
300 lbs. We extracted only to give the queen more
room. We are somewhat advanced In years, ray
wife being 53, myself .58. H. F. Newton.

Whitney's Crossing, All. Co., N. Y., Jan. 20, 1886.

FIRST PREMIUM FOR THE BEST DISPLAY OF HON-
EY AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXPOSI-
TION, BY A "NOVICE."

At our State Fair, held at this place last Oct., I
received a diploma for "best display of honey."
I sent a few sections to New Orleans, and have just
received a diploma from there for display of " very
fine honey," and I feel very much pleased for a
"novice" in the business. I have not made much
money as yet, but am still pushing along, and I
think that, after this season, I shall be able to hold
my own. E. A. Moore.

Reno, Nevada, Apr. 15, 1886.

THE ENORMOUS YIELDS OF ONE COLONY.

The past honey season in this vicinity was the
best I have known since I commenced keeping
bees, ten years ago. It is the first season I have
been able to obtain any surplus from the willow.
Some of my best swarms gave me 20 to 25 lbs. of
willow honey in sections. The season throughout
was very favorable. From my best swarm I ex-
tracted 360 lbs., mostly clover; this was from one
swarm only, no increase. I ran them this season 6
stories high, L. hive (winter them in three stories).
I think I could have taken 401) lbs. from that swarm
if I had had help to extract at the proper time.
Last season they gave me only 45 lbs. The two sea-
sons pi-evious, that hive gave me 340 lbs. each year
(1882-'83); in 1881 it gave me 310. The honey for
1882-'83 (640 lbs.) I sold for ip!136. That hive has paid
the best of anj' I ever owned. Somehow I have not
been able to obtain nearly that amount from any
other hive. They seem to have the "push" to them,
and work with more vim than any other swarra
in my yard.

I wish to say a word in favor of the perforated-
zinc honey-boai'ds. They work to a charm with me.
1 would not be without them for twice their cost;
no trouble now in obtaining frames solid full of
honey in tlie supers. I shall use them largely
the coming season. Cl.\reni)ON Butman.

Plymouth, Maine, Jan. 35, 1886.

S62

GLEA^J^GS IN BEE CUJ/rUilE.

May

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

A SMOKKU NUT ALWAYS NECESSAUY; ALSO A KIND
WORD FOR THE EDITOR OF GLEANINGS.

fKIEND ROOT:— I believe you a friend to every
"beeist," tlierefore I hope I am not unduly
familiar in addressing' you as "friend Hoot"
on such short acquaintance. The impression
your editorial and comments therein have
left on my mind are that you are "full of the milk
of human kindness," and that I need not be so
formal in writing you.

My first experience in bee-keeping- began last
spring, when I bought three strong hives of Ital-
ians. During the season they increased to ten (in-
cluding one swarm that "took to the woods"). I
sold three hives and a little honey, and started the
coming season with six strong colonics that have
been left just where they were first placed, and
have required no feeding or other attention so far,
and I think they will come through all right.

I want to give you a bit of my experience with
the smoker which I got from you. It was a little
late in the season when it arrived, and I had safe-
ly hived my three first swarms without getting a
sting, and I used neither smoke, gloves, nor veil; but
when my smoker did come, I thought I'd show
them that I was "big Ike," and let them know what
was in store for them if they didn't behave. So I
loaded up the smoker, went out to one of the hives,
and lifted otf the top, with a sense of authority and
srcurity that must have tickled them immensely,
for it wasn't more than ten seconds after when I
gave them Iheir first dose of smoke before they be-
gan to "tickle" me in a way that was not at all
funny to me, however much they may have appre-
ciated it. Since then I use smoke only when I'm
obliged to, and I find that, by careful, gentle hand-
ling, I seldom require it. Wm. E. Cu.n'ni.ngham.
Hartwell, Hart Co., Ga., Feb. 23, 1886.

Friend C, you have hit upon an important
truth. A great many times bees behave
worse witli smoke than without it ; and it is
the business of the intelligent bee-keeper to
tell when to use it and when not to use it.

MEXICAN BEES, IN APPE.VUANCE LIKE .-VN ITALIAN
QUEEN.

I saw in one of the back numbers of Gleanings
where Mr. McCamant spea'is of l^cxican bees.
One of my friends told me of cutting a bee-tree up
in the Nueces Caiion. He said the bees were
yellow, and longer than the blacks. I supposed at
the time they were Italians; but the other day
another of my friends who had worked with bees a
good deal told me of robbing a cave up there, and
that the bees were long and yellow. They were
very gentle, and did not sting him once. I ques-
tioned him closely in regard to them, and showed
him my Italians— also a queen. He said they were
all like the queen I showed him. Next summer we
are going up there to see if they are really as he de-
scribes; and if I do 1 will send you a few of the
bees. W. B. Kendall.

Uvalde, Tex.

Friend K., by all means look this nuitter
up. If we have native bees in our own land,
with yellow stripes on, we all want to know
it.

poisonous honey op ASIA MINOR.

From an article on honey, in the Library of Uni-
versal Knowledge, I note the following:

It should be mentioned, that honey occasionally
possesses very deleterious properties. Xenophon,
in his history of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand,
describes the honey of Trebizond as having pro-
duced the effect of temporary madness, or, rather,
drunkenness, on the whole army who ate it. Mr.
Abbott, writing from Trebizond in IBS}, to the secre-
tary of the Zoological Society, observes that he
has himself witnessed that the effects of this honey
are still precisely the same as those which Xeno-
phon describes, and he adopts the views propound-
ed by Tournefort in 1704, that the poisonous proper-
ties are consequent on the bees extracting the
honey from Ihe Azalea Portica. Many other in-
stances of poisonous honey are on record.

From an article on the Azalea (same authority), I
note:

The whole is narcotic and poisonous, and the hon-
ey collected liy bees from its flowers, which very
much abound in honey, is said to cause stupefac-
tion and delirium. — Nor'tli America abounds in aza-
leas.

Dresden, Tenn., .Ian. 23, 1886.

Geo. S. Boyd.

CAN THE worker-bees CONTROL THE SEX OF EGGS?

Two years ago, on taking bees out of my cellar, I
found one qucenless colony, and I gave them a
frame filled with worker-eggs, no drone-cells in the
com'j. On examining, after some days, I found
seveial queen-cells, and apatch of drone-cells about
3 inches square, from which perfect drones were
hatched. Does not that prove that the workers
have the power of controlling the se.v of the egg'?
I think it is conclusive proof that they can, and do
so when circumstances render it necessary for
them to exercise that power. J. Blagkhall.

Hobart, Ind., Mar. 2f3, 18b'6.

AVITAT KILLED MY BEES.'

Tlierc is notliing in bee-keeping that is more an-
noying than robbing. I have had several cases of it
since I began, three or four years ago, and in every
case it was brought about by some oversight or
negligence on my part. I had a case during the
winter ; and from the confidence with which "sheet-
ing" is recommended I unhesitatingly applied the
sheet to the robbed colony. The result was a con-
siderable loss of bees that at nightfall were found
adhering to the sheet, unable to flj-. In addition
there were quite a number in the same condition
on the ground under the sheet. I concluded that,
warm as was the day for winter in latitude 32°, it
was too cold for a prolonged stay of the bees out of
the hives. But having another robbing case this
spring, and again applying the sheet, the loss of
bees was still more striking. In putting on the
sheet, which was quite large, I look particular pains
to stretch it as far away from the hive as possible,
so that there might be no lack of fresh air to the
imprisoned bees. The result was the death of hun-
dreds of bees. As 1 did not wish to have my bees de-
stroyed in such a way, I confined them next day to
the hive by means of a wire-cloth covering over the
entrance. This seems to have worked nicely, as I
was very careful to shield the hive from the rays
of the sun, and at night to give them a small pan of
water, every drop of which they drank. Now, in
the sheeting cases, what killed my bees? I confess
that I am utterly in the dark. Josepho.

Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Friend J., didn't the bees sting eacli other
while confined under the sheet? Robbing
usually results in the death of a good many

188G

glea:nings in bee cultuhe.

363

bees, no matter how it is managed. By far
tlie better way is to have the colonies and
entrances so arranged tliat no robbing ever
gets started, even for a few moments.

IIUUTING THE HONEY-TRADE.

I am compelled to bring my pen into use now, as
I have I'cad Mrs. Harrison's and Mr. George A.
Wright's letters in Feb. 1st Gleanings, pages 97, 93.
1 could not help saying amen when both strike the
key-note on feeding honey in place of sugar.
Theirs have been my thoughts for two years, but I
would not say a word to you about it, for fear you
would just give me " hakins" because you recom-
mended feeding sugar so much. A bee-friend of
mine some four years ago fed sugar, costing him 10
ots. per lb., and sold the same at J5 to 20 cts., and
was caught at it, and that little bit of transaction
has damaged the honey-trade in this place to such
an extent that it will take years to get rid of the
idea that all honey brought into market by bee-men
is more or less sugar. But old box-hive farmers
have pure honey, as they have not learned to feed
sugar. Why, one of our grocerymcn asked me one
day where I bought my sugar to feed so many bees
—100 colonies. What I say is, Let the bees die if
they do not raise enough to live on. I, too, feed
section honey, if I have not enough other. The
time has come for bee-men to stop helping the su-
gar-trade to our detriment. Wii,i>iam St. Martz.

Martinsville, 111., Feb. 3, 188B.

EFFECT OF REDUCING THE SIZE (JF THE ENAiMEL
CLOTH OVER THE BROOD-NEST.

I notice in a recent issue of Gleanings that an
inquiry is made by a correspondent in regard to the
use of enamel cloth over the brood-chamber, the
same cut somewhat smaller than the hive. Your
reply, that it would not be practicable unless slits
were cut in it, is directly opposite to what my ex-
perience has been for the past two years. I cut my
cloth about two or three inches smaller than the
hive, so the space left uncovered is, of course, from
one to I'i inches wide. I have had no trouble from
the queen, and I think sections are cleaner than
when no cloth is used. I think it very unlikely that
a bee heavily laden would make her way over the
brood-combs, covered as they are by bees, but she
would take a more unobstructed passage up the
sides of the hive and outside ends and side of the
frames. If this be so, the cloth might come within
Yi inch of side of hive, and not be any obstruction
to them.

Another advantage of the cloth is, that a strong
draft is prevented through the brood-ncst when
operating with the sections, and the bees are not
excited to the extent thej' are without it.

Kochdale, Mass., March 1, 1886. J. R. Nichok.

THE BEE MOTH.

It has been discovered beyond a doubt, that the
bee moth follow civilization. We emigrated from
Lake Co., Ohio, in Maj', 1844, and landed at Milwau-
kee, Wis., then quite a nourishing village. We
moved up by land to Sheboygan Co., on the old
military road, cut through the wilderness by the
government. The upper lake counties being all
timbered lands, we found that the woods in the
western part ol' Sheboygan Co. abounded in wild
bees in trees. There were no signs of the bee moth.
We found some trees where the bee-comb was so
old and black that the honey-cells were not one-half
size. The comb was heavy; we could not strain out

the honey, so we boiled it out and then boiled it
down and clarified it the same as maple syrup. The
bee moth did not api^ear until the 7th year among
the domesticated bees. The wild honey-bees were
far in advance of settlers in Wisconsin and Minne-
sota.

HOW BEES EMIGRATE'?

A bee-hunter saw a swarm going in Illinois in the
direction of a grove that was 1.5 miles distant, being
the nearest timber. On arriving there he was told
by a settler that they had gone over; and the direc-
tion thej' went from the grove, it was 30 miles to
the next timber. During the war, when the -tth
Wisconsin Volunteers were in route from Fortress
Monroe to New Orleans, and when off the coast of
Florida, a swarm of bees went through the rigging,
going seaward. There was some speculation among
the officers and men as to where the bees would
hang up at night, etc., as they must be Union bees,
flying from the land of secession, being invariably
robbed by both armies; they passed over about 11
o'clock A. M., going in the direction of Cuba.

Chetek, Wis., Feb. 18, 1! 3(5. E. G. Slavton.

LEAVING ON THE UPPER STORIES DURING WINTER;
FRIEND FRANCE'S IDEAS UPON THE SAME.

On page 101 of Feb. Gleanings I find an article
entitled, '^'Danger of Leaving an Upper Story on
During Winter." Mr. J. W. Thompson says ho has
lost one colony, and charges the loss to the bees
having all sealed honey. He says, "So you see the
less of this colony is attributable to my neglect, for
1 knew very well that bees could not winter, even
in this climate, on all sealed honey." And the edit-
tor, in his foot-notes, doesn't help the case at all.
He saj-s, "Bees are always liable to go into the up-
per story when it is left on all winter, because the
warmth from their bodies rises naturally, and
they follow in their efforts to cluster in the warmest
place in the hive."

Now, I disagree with Mr. Thompson, that bees
can not winter on all sealed honey. Allow me to
say a few words, as I have had a large exjierience
in wintering bees outdoors. If Mr. T. had put that
set of all-scaled honey into the upper story, and
his empty combs in the lower story, his bees would
not have starved. I am wintering 60 colonies in L.
hives, all with upper stories on, and my aim was to
have the upper story full of good sealed honey. I
have the lower story full of combs, and have
enough of the lower CDmbs empty for the bees
to cluster in during wet weather. When the
weather is very cold, the bees crawl into the combs,
one bee in each cell, and then fill the spaces be-
tween the combs with bees, making a solid ball of
bees. If their stores are over the bees, they will
get it, as the heat of the bees rises, but they won't
cluster up among the full combs of honey in cold
weather. As they could occupy only the spaces be-
tween the combs, and could not keep themselves
and the honey warm, they cluster up as near the
honey as they can, and will fellow the honey up as
they eat it out.

A good strong colony, with empty combs to clus-
ter in, and honey enough over the cluster so they
don't eat their way up through to the top of their
honey, will stand a great deal of cold weather, and
come out all right in the spring.

My L. hives arc all made (juadruple chaff hives. I
have used them four years, and have had good suc-
cess wintering outdoors. E. France.

Flattt'ville, Wis., Feb. 15, 1883.

304

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

May

FACTS VERSUS THEORIES, AND THE THOMPT WAY
IN WHICH FRIEND BROBKS OBEYS ORDERS.

I notice you say in Gleaninos, April 1, tliat
you want us bee-keepers to give you facts from
experience, not opinions. Now, 1 have to-day liad
some little experience which has taught mo one
fact which I will try to remember; and as others
may have similar experience, only it might turn
out worse than mine, I will give the facts hei-e, so
that others may profit thereby. To begin, 1 had a
rousing swarm of bees come out about 9 o'clock,
April 3, which were duly hived, and are doing well
at this writing. Yesterday I noticed that a great
number of young though seemingly mature bees
Avere crawling out of the parent hive above men-
tioned, and were dropping in a helpless condition in
front of the hive. I felt suspicious, but let them
alone until this morning, when I opened the hive
and found the bees were actually starving. I at
first thought it might be something else; but to
test the matter, 1 tilted the hive back and poured
in about a gill of sugar syrup, and in less than half
an hour every thing was lovely again, and they
have been working all the rest of the day. By way
of explanation, I must state that, the night after
the swarm came out, there came a north wind
which blew for three days, and, of course, checked
the honey-flow completely, as we came near having
frost; in fact, we did have a little, but it did no
great damage. I could give you my opinion about
the matter, but that would be contrary to orders,
so I give you the facts, and should like to have
your opinion. I have never heard of a similar
case; and if I had not been on the lookout, I should
have lost a good colony of bees; therefore I give
the above as a caution to others. I have had six
swarms up to date— 41 colonies, 5 nuclei on hand.

Gonzales, Texas, April 8, 18S6. M. Broers.

Very ^ood, friend B.; and the moral to
your iiltle story is so plain I ihink we can
all " catch on," even if you don't give us
your views.

over $500 AVORTH OF GOODS OF US— ALAVAYS SAT-
ISFACTORY.

I have just received a draft for honey and Avax
sent you. I am very thankful to you for helping
me out on honey. I have sold only S=.500 or .$600 this
season, about one-third as much as usual; price 10
and 12'2 cts. for extracted, and 13 '2 and 1.5 cts. for
comb. I have been looking over our accounts
since I began bee-keeping Avith four swarms In 1878,
and find I have purchased of you m^er $500 Avorth
of goods, and your goods have always given satis-
faction. I now have 70 chaff hives, Avith metal -cor-
nered wired frames for all of them. I Avould not
use any other frame. I am A'ery particular to have
the wires imbedded in the frame, as it is less bother
Avith propolis. I like the plan of filling the upper
tier of wide frames Avith closed-top sections, as it is
less woi-k to clean them. After having a good many
sections built AVholly on one side, and others stuck
to tins, I am particular to have the frames and box-
es stored perpendicularly instead of down flat, as I
used to. The red-clover queens I got of you have
alAvays given good results. Nearly every Italian
swartn gathered enough honey to Avinter on, Avhile
the fcAV blacks I have had to be fed from 5 to 20
lbs., and there has ahvays been about the same
difference every year.

What has given me more pleasure than your
square dealing, and the interesting varied depart-

ments of Gleanings, with your sound views on
tobacco, and all other evils, is the education of your
children for honorable productive industry, instead
of making aristocratic nobodies of them.

Ceaude Smith.
Norwich, Chenango Co., N. Y., Mar. 11, 1886.

iodine as a remedy for bee stings.

Noticing your remarks in -ABC booic concerning
remedies for t)ee-stings, let mo relate: F'or many
years I have obtained a precarious liveliliood by
the i)ractic.? of medicine. I once hud sever.il
SAvarms of bees, and read "Langstroth on the Hon-
ey-Bec." Of course, I got stung. Now, a bce-siing
is with mo a rather serious matter. One in the fall
Avill closo my eyes (one or both) for two days.
When attending medical college. Prof. Braincrd
demonstrated to us tho control of iodine over the
"woorah" poison, and gaA'e his opinion that the
poison of serpents and of venomous insects is
nearly or quite identical. 1 tried tincture of iodine
on the bee-stings, Avith complete success. If ap-
plied bofore the poison has time to get beyond its
reach, it (on me) relieves the pain irMantly, and pre-
A-ents the subsequent swelling. Let "the boys"
try it; and if it proves a success, publish it in some
bee-journal as a small contribution to the relief of
one of the ills to which humanity is liable.

O B. Ormsby, M. D.

Murphysboro, 111., Apr. 4, 1886.

Friend O., your remedy has been given
several times iti the pages of Gleanings ;
but as it has been dropped after a time, and
apparently forgotten, I can not think that it
as a general thing makes any very great
difference. If the reniedy can" be made to
reach the liquid poison, ho doubt it might
neutralize it.

growing linden fro.m seed, not advisable.
In response to some inquiries in regard to
raising basswood, or linden, from the seed,
the proprietors of the Elgin nurseries answer
as follows:

In reply Ave Avill say, that Ave do not think it
Avould be advisable to recommend growing the
linden from seed or laj'ers; those Avho do not un-
derstand it Avould only make a failure of it; and if
they Avauted only one or two thousand trees they
Avould spend more time and money than it Avould
cost to buy the trees one or two years old; and
nine out of ten would haA'c nothing to show for
their bother and cost of seed. If you Avant us to
grow linden for you on a contract, we can groAv
them very cheaply— much cheaper than any one
can afford to grow them Avhere only a few are
Avanted. The above is the most sensible thing Ave
can give you on linden, as you Avant them.

Elgin, 111., Mar. 13, 1886. E. H. Bicker & Co.

EUROPEAN and OTHER LINDENS; SOME A'AIiUA-
BLE FACTS.

1 wish to State that the European linden {Tilia Eu-
ropcea) ha> not so large a leaf, nor is it so rapid a
grower, as the American, but forms a more com-
pact head, or crown. The fame may be said of T.
moATophyUa. There is, hoAvcA'er, a serious draw-
back to the European forms; during our hot and dry
seasons, Avhen they are often denuded of all leaA^cs
for a long time till the moist season sets in, a small
after-growth is produced, which is not always con-
ducive to a healthy state. The so-called silver-
Icufed linden Oieteropliylla) is a native, often found

1S8G

GLEANLNGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

365

among' others. Protty kirg'e trees can be transplant-
ed, in cities and villajres, where maples, elms, etc.,
I'ail. I have succeeded with linden, and jilane-tree,
or buttonwocd. F. Z. ISI. Otto.

Sandusky, O., Mar. 7, 1886.

BAREHEADED BEES NOT CAl'SED BY M'AX-WOKMS.

I noticed in Gi.EANiNr.s some time ag-o, where C. C.
Miller says: " Now, I don't quite think they ever
leave them uncovered till the wa.x-worm uncovers
them, or runs a gallery over the bees in the cells for
the bees to dig- away, thus leaving the cells uncov-
ered," and he also puts the cjuory to you, " Did you
ever see a patch so large that you could lay a silver
dollar upon it and have all the cells under it uncov-
ered?"

Now, friend H., I have read the statement refer-
red to by friend M. in the ABC, and have made it a
point to verify it; and I can say positively that I
have seen strong- colonies of bees, in hives perfectly
free of worms, that left patches of brood barehead-
ed, as you term it. that you could not cover with
fuv> silver dollars, and old enough to begin to assume
the natural color of a bee when mature. Our warm
climate may have something to do with the matter,
but what I tell you I know to be a fact.

Gonzales, Texas. M. Buoers.

HOCSE-APl.ARIES — DIFFICULTIES OBVIATED IN
PART.

In your remarks on friend Clar'.ic's article you say
you would want no tloor. How would you make it
mouse-proof? My house is mouse-proof, also bee
and moth excluding. When moths undertake to
get in they only get under the outside doors, on to
the screen-doors, and are easily killed in the morn-
ing. My house does not heat up, as friend Clarke
says. The screen-doors admit a circulation of air,
they being the only ones used in hot or warm weath-
er, except that the outside doors are closed nights.
I think the reason bees do not go out at those little
doors, as you mention, is because such a draft of
air comes in so strong as to almost take the little
fellows back, and the air is cool too. There should
be no windows, as the sun shining on them causes
much more heat, and they bother getting the bees
out of the house, while screen-doors do not.

H. S. HoxiE.

Holloway, Lenawee Co., Mich., Mar. 8, ISfC

Friend 11.. I would get rid of tlie mice by
using " rougli on nxts." We huve of late,
and tind that it is clieaper tliun cats or any
thing else, and it does the business effect-
ively.

A FEW MORE PROOFS THAT DRONES DO CONGRE-
GATE IN LARGE NUMBERS.

On page :J.59, O. G. Russell strikes the right key
where he says, " I believe that drones congregate in
large numbers, and the queen, attracted by their loud
humming, flies among them and is fertilized." We
have large red ants here that live in the ground,
make a mound, and earrj- seeds to live on (agricul-
turists). The queens and drones have ii'uiys. I have
seen the spot three seasons whei-e the queens were
fertilized. The air is full of drones and queens, and
they fall to the ground clutched together. I have
seen several drones holding to one queen. I have
noticed drones from my hives all going in the same
direction. My neighbor, living over four miles
away, keeps black bees. One season I noticed my
drones going south-east, and afterward we noticed
he had Italian l)ces. I have thought for ten years

that the drones selected a spot, and that the queens
congregated there by the humming of the drones.
I should like to hear more on the subject. I think
the spot can l)e found by lining the drones.
Sherman, Texas, Ajir. 8, 1886. M. S. Klum.

EUROPEAN LINDEN INFERIOR TO AMERICAN.

Having just received Gleanings, I see that you
ask if there is any one who could tell about how
much honey the blossom from the European linden
would produce, compared with the American. 1
don't know that I am competent to explain it clear-
ly. I wa.s born in Switzerland, and emigrated to
America iu 1870. I was then ~0 years old. I have
gathered linden-blossoms there, as they use them
for tea in some kinds of sickness. The blossoms
are about half as large as they are in American lin-
den and are not as plentiful as on American linden
either. I am taking a county paper from home,
and see that a bee-keeper gives his report for lb8."),
the person being a minister of the gospel. He had
60 colonies in spring, and obtained 2800 lbs. of honey.
He sold it for 2800 francs. He considered the sea-
son one of the licst they have had there for many
years. H. Wirth.

Borodino, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1886.

Thank you for the valuable information
you furnish in regard to the European lin-
den, friend W. Aery likely our American is
the best for honey.

A query in REGARD TO MAKING FOUNDATION.

The foundation-mill came to hand in good order.
The charges en both packages were but 90 cents,
which I think was very reasonable. Now one ques-
tion: Do you ever use water in the center can? If
not, how do you get the wax out when it gets partly
out, and you have no more with which to fill?

Bees are wintering well. 1 suppose almost cverj'
bee-keeper is trying to accomplish something un-
usual, either in wintering or something else, and I
am no exception.

WINTERING A SWAItM ON ONE EMPTY COMB.

On the 20th of November last I took a small late
swarm, without a particle of honey, and gave them
one empty comb to cluster in, or so that the queen
could start brood whenever she saw fit. I placed
this comb with the bees between two of iny patent
feeders, filled with food enough to winter ii small
swarm. I have not had the feeders patented jet ; but
as it is getting to be fashionable to patent hives and
fixings in Michigan, 1 don't know but I shall have to
follow the fashi<m. On the first of December I put
this swarm, with the rest of my bees, into my bee-
cellar. The fifth of iMareh I took all my bees out
for a fly. You can imagine about how I felt when I
found this little swarm in as nice condition as
though they had been wintered on a hive full of
honey or any other kind of food.

Now, friend Root, I know that one swallow does
not make a summer; 1 also know that one straw
will show which way the wind blows. Another win-
ter, if I live, and my bees live, there will be more
than one swarm fixed for winter just the same as
this swarm was. The feed will cost from 75 cts. to a
dollar per swarm. A nmn can make and fill ftn-d-
ers enough for ten or fifteen swarms iu a day. You
have no bother feeding, Ijcsides saving all the hon-
ey. But, wait a moment. I said one swallow doe.?
not make a summer. J have just been out and ex-
amined this swarm. They have a nice jiatcli of
brood, and :inr' of the feeders is about opethh-d fill-

366

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

May

ed with nieo new comb, as white as paper; and
as the top-bar of the feeder is the top-bar of an L.
frame, or, rather, the feeder is an L. frame with my
—well, my patented sides nailed on, all you have
to do is to take the sides off and you have a' nice
comb all ready for the queen, and I am not sure but
if I had looked closely I should have found l»-ood
in this comb. Wm. L. Kino.

Sodus, Berrien Co., Mich., Mar. 10, 1886.

The matter of using water under the melt-
ed wax, in making foundation, lias been fre-
quently discussed. We do not use it in our
work, because we always liave plenty of
wax ; but many of the friends say they suc-
ceed just as well with water under the wax.
—The matter of wintering a colony on empty
combs is not new. The same thing has been
done repeatedly, with nothing but lumps of
candy laid on top of the empty combs.

BOOKS ON ENGINES AND STE AM-BOILEJ{S ; WHERE
TO OET.

I notice in Gleanings, Mar. 1, that V. W. Keeney,
of Shirland, 111., wishes to get a work on the steam-
engine. I will say to him that he may procure the
work he wants from " Frederick Keppy, Bridge-
port, Conn." Send him a stamp for his catalogue.
His books are fully up to the times. The following
books of liis publication, best adapted for station-
ary engines, arc, " Use and Abuse of the Steam-
Boiler." Price .f2.00; and "Practical Steam-En-
gineer's Guide," price $3.50, postage paid. I think
you will do well to add the above two works to
your book-list. The time is coming when engineers
will be required to have a thorough knowledge of
the duties they are called upon to perform.

Luna, Ark., Mar. 1, 1886. E. H. S.mith.

CAN PURE GRANULATED HONEY BE SUCCESSFULLY
IMITATED?

In all I have read about honey since I became a
bee-keeper, I do not remember of any one claiming
or suspecting that pure granulated honey could be
successfully imitated, except friend Foster. If I
remember rightly, you did not agree with him, Mr.
Editor. Now, if you regard pure granulated honey
as difficult, or not likely to be imitated, why not ad-
vise the friend on page 181 to purchase granulated
honey? Very many of us claim its imitation is im-
possible, and state this to dealers and consumers.
I wish to know whether this is true or not.

J. B. COLTON.

Waverly, Bremer Co., la , Mar. 8, IgSj.

I have never seen a successful imitation
of granulated honey, friend C. The granu-
lation of grape sugar might, at first glance,
be considered the same thing; but careful
investigation will show that it is not granu-
lation at all. It is simply solidification,
just as tallow gets hard by cooling.

WHAT IS THE BEST METHOD OF MANAGING THE
CLUSTERING OF SWARMS IN A FOREST?

I write to you for advice as to how to manage our
bees. We work for section and comb honey most-
ly, and some extracted. We have managed by nat-
ural swarming, putting swarm No. 3 into hive No. 1,
swarm No. 3 into hive No. 3, and so on. We get
plenty of honey sometimes, but it takes much
hard work, for we live in the timber, and are sur-
rounded by forest-trees. Many swarms alight 2,5 to
30 feet high, and 1 have to move a heavy ladder and
climb after them. As I am 57 years old I do not see;

much romance in it. The bees swarm out a good
deal, and thus make us more work. If you give
us some easier way, we shall bo much obliged. We
have the ABC book (old), about one bushel of
Gleanings, and over 80 swarms of bees in Simplici-
ty hives. We use division-boards, and pack in chaff
by setting a rough bo.x over the hive, filling in, and
covering over with about 4 inches of chaff. We
put tliis on in the fall, and take it off about the first
of June. AVe use the hives two and three stories
high in summer, taking them off' in the fall, and
wintering in the lower stories. I have been very
successful in wintering without loss, and my bees
come through pretty strong too. We do not make
it paj^ financially. I like to work with the bees
pretty well, but my women-folks do not care much
about it. Our two oldest girls have gone to Wash-
ington Territory, and that will leave us short of help.
There is very little sale for bees here.

E. A. Kii'lKpatrick.
Bowling Green, Pike Co., Mo., Feb. 10, 1886.

Friend K., this matter of keeping bees
from going into the tops of high trees to
cluster has been a good deal discussed ; but
it seems to me that no better way has ever
been offered than to have tiie apiary located
where such large trees are not very near by.
Swarming artificially, so as to keep the bees
from natural swarming as much as possible,
is also a remedy^

ONE BUCKET OF WATER DAILY FOR THE BEES.

My bees have been gathering pollen every day
since the .5th; they consume about one bucket of
water daily (29 colonies); have brood in all the hives,
and are all doing tiptop. Day before yesterday I
neglected to put warm well water (74") in my stone
troughs, as is my custom, and the result was I had
about half a pint of bees chilled, and in the cold wa-
ter, in about three hours; but after taking them
out, and putting them in a sunny place, they (with
the exception of about half a dozen) came to them-
selves again and went to their respective homes.
I give this merely as a caution to new hands at the
business, not to supply their bees with ice water,
at least in cold weather. M. Broers.

Gonzales, Texas, Feb. 18, 1886.

Friend 13.. a bucket of water daily for 29
colonies is, I think, more than I ever knew
bees to use before during the hottest weath-
er. Didn't a great part of it evaporate V

horse-power for making hives, etc.

I see by Gleanings that you want to be posted
in regard to the "Fearless" horse-power. I have
had one in use for 30 years, and it is as good as new.
I send you by to-day's mail an old circular. I think
the machine a good one. Gain R.Smith.

Victor, Ont. Co., N. Y., Apr. 7, 1886.

Thanks, friend S., for your circular.
Since your article was printed we have re-
ceived "quite a number of circulars in regard
to horse-powers for hive-making. The
tread-power is probably one of the best ;
but the one you mention as the " Fearless."
we notice costs about $140. Circulars of oth-
er horse-powers have been sent us. We no-
tice one from the Sandwich Mfg. Co., Sand-
wich, 111., that costs only 30 or 40 dollars.
Perhaps this latter will not give the power
of the other, but it comes nearer within the
means of the average bee-keeper.

1886

gleani:ngs in uee cultuue.

367

OUK POULTBY-HOUSE.

A BETTKIl PICTURE OF IT THAN WK GAVE LAST
MONTH.

ITp S the engravers disappointed us in get-
^M^ ting our engraving ready, we were

pi^ obliged to use, last month, a simple
•^-*^ outline picture. Since tlien they have
made so nice a picture that we con-
cluded to give it here.

The large building in the background be-
longs to Neighbor IT. You will remember
that NeighboVlI. and myseif married sisters,
so it comes about that we have houses on
opposite sides of the street. Neighbor II.
does not raise chickens— that is, he is not a
chicken-man, although lie gets a good many
eggs in the good old-fashioned way by just
letting the fowls "slide." lie is a most en-

have now been turned out for bad behavior.
After I put them outside, every little while
somebody kept telling me that my rabbits
were loose, or that my ducks had got out.
I replied by telling them that both had been
excommunicated for bad conduct. The
Light lirahmas are now the sole occupants
of the yard, except a little Brown Leghorn
hen that is my especial pet. She will let me
pick her up any time I wish, even when she
is Avalking across the lawn. She has raised
one brood of chickens since the iirst of Jan-
uary, and is now diligently presiding over a
sitting of thirteen. By the Avay, ray heavy
" "t work well as sitting
so heavy they keep
1 lixed their nests in
ever conceivable way, but they keep crush-
ing their eggs with their great clumsy feet.

Light Brahmas don'
hens, for they are
breaking the eggs.

OUK POULTRY-HOUSE AS IT APPEARS ON OUR GROUNDS AT THE "HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES."

thusiastic bee-man, however, and just now
liis household, as well as the little cousins
across the way, are full of enthusiasm over
a new " queen-bee,'' in the shape of a new
girl-baby, only afcont ten days old, belonging
to him.

The picture of the poultry-house above
shows very plainly the way in which the
roosts run clear thrcu:?!! the whole of the
buildings, although the engraver forgot to
l)ut in the little doors that permit the fowls to
sleep in the shed or in the inner apartment,
according as the temperature of the weatlier
may move them. During the winter we
permitted the rabbits and Pekin ducks to
occupy the yard with the fowls ; but both

no matter what 1 do. while my trim little
bit of a Brown Leghorn covers about as
many eggs as the Brahmas, and she was
never known to break an egg in her life. It
really seems as if she laid an egg every day
of her life, when she is not sitting. It has
been suggested, that the Brahma eggs have
too thin shells. Now. they have bone meal
right before them all the while ; but some-
where I saw it mentioned in the poultry-
journals, that overfed fowls are apt to lay
very thin-shelled eggs, even if abundantly
supplied with lime. May be that is the
trouble ; but I would much rather have it
said that I feed my domestic animals too
much thiin that I feed them too little.

sm

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

May

\mE^ i5]\[D QaEi^iEg.

WANTED, IRON-CLAD, FROST-PROOF QUEENS FOR
EARLY SHIPMENT.

I OLD weather, not candy, caused vlic loss. We
wish to breed an iron-clad, trost-i)roof bee for
the early spring time. Our losses are being
made good this week; weather superb.

J. W. K. Shaw & Co.
Loreauville, La., April 21, 1886.
[Quite a lot ot queens, received when the weather
was cold, trom J. W. K. Shaw & Co., came through
in bad order. When we suggested that the candy
was too hard, they replied as above.]

WHITE-PLUME CELERY.

I find Henderson's White Plume a better keeper
than has been claimed for it. I have it in fair con-
dition now. E. W. Shattuck.

Springfield, Mass., Feb. 23, 1886.

[So do we.]

DWINDLING IN AUGUST.

Have you or any of your correspondents had
their bees dwindle down in August, September, and
October, from a large, heavy, and populous colony,
to a very small one, say not more than half a pint
to a pint of bees? and if so, what is the cause?

Dexter, Maine. L. French.

[We have never had bees dwindle down in Aug-
•st and September unless it was from the name-
less bee-disease mentioned In Gleanings.]

THE PROSPECT FOR THE SEASON GOOD.

My 38 colonies of bees have come through the
winter in line condition on summer stands in
Quinby closed-eud-frame hives; they were packed
with oats chaff, and covered with snow during all
the cold weather. The prosi)ect for the season is
quite good. Green K. Shirer.

Greene, Butler Co., Iowa, Apr. 14, 1886.

" NOT DISCOUR.\QED YET."

There was neither honey nor money about bees
last season. I am not discouraged yet. I com-
menced last spring with .59 colonies; sold f 00.00
worth of queens and bees, and took oOO lbs. of hon-
ey. I have reduced my^stock by doubling. They
are in good condition. The peach-trees failed to
bloom this year, therefore the industrious little
things have to be idle because there are no blooms
for them to visit. W. D. Tharp.

Williamsburgh, N. C, Apr. 9, 1886.

bark-ltce no more.

The bark-lice on the maple, I belffeve, are mostly
dead. My reasons arc, there was not much of a sec-
ond flow of honey-dew last season. The bugs did
not fasten themselves to the limbs as they did the
year before. Many of them were found dead on the
leaves, and the leaves hung on the trees unusually
long, compared with the fall before. What arc now
on the trees, I am not sure whether they are most-
ly dead or alive. William Halley.

Kockton, 111., Mar. 2J, 1886.

two uirds with one stone.
1 am"constantly more and more convinced of the
fact that raspberries should be more extensively
planted by bee-keepers, because they are a profita-
ble crop, besides the honey they furnish, the latter
comingat atime when much needed, and being of an
excellent quality. Hansell and Cuthbert, for early
and late red varieties, are among the best, I think,
while I should prefer Tyler, Souhegan, Ohio, and

Gregg, for blackcaps, and Shafl'er's Colossal, across
betweenthe black and red varieties, to cap the list; it
is the most productive variety 1 have ever seen. Its
growth is simply wonderful, and the berries delicious.
Why search for the half-stunted berries, by miles of
tramping, when the waste ground about home
would be improved, and your health and comfort as

well, with an abundance of berries?

C. Wkckesser.

Marsliallville, Wayne Co., O , Apr. 12, 138:1.

THE SUIP.MAN ENGINE .JUST THE THING FOIl
KKE-KEEPERS.

I see that you have m Shipman engine. My pait-
ner and myself h.iveono also (a oneliorso power),
which we use in making Simplicity bee-hives. We
run one of Barnes' loot-power saws, and another
7-in. circular saw on one of your S7.0J mandrels at
the same time, cutting '« pine— just the thing for
bee keepers wanting small power.

W. J. KlNCHELVE.

Narrow Rock, Mo., Jan. C, 1886.

the NEW BARNES FOOT-POWER SAW.

In replying to your request in Gleanings, I will
say that I don't know that I am capable of passing
judgment on the new Barnes saw, as I never had
experience with that kind of machinery; but I will
say that it gives good satisfaction, and does fine
work if your lumber is free from any warp; but if
it is the least warped, in cutting ott' end bevels you
will have trouble. Will T. Zink.

Nichol, Greene Co., Mo., Mar. 7, 1886.

ITALIANS GREATLY SUPERIOR TO BLACK BEES.

I consider that it pays to Italianize. Mine were all
blacks and hybrids last spring except 3. I extract-
ed from one Italian swarm about 140 lbs. of nice
clover honey; while from a black swarm sitting by
its side, I got only about 15 lbs. Am expecting bet-
ter results this year than last. I should have got
three times as much honey last year as I did, but 1
was Italianizing my apiary, and had several hives
queenless at the wrong time, which 1 will not do
again. Wc must live and learn.

Tho-mpson Brown.

Clove-.dale, Ind., Jan. 1, 1886.

THE RESULTS OF REVERSING DARK HONEY.

There is one thing about reversible frames and
brood-chambers that I should be pleased to have
explained. How is it possible to prevent the dark
honey, which accumulates in the upper corners of
brood-frames, from being carried into the sections
when the frames are reversed? In some localities
quite a little dark honey is gathered before clover-
bloom. If, when clover begins to bloom, the rever-
sal of the brood-frames results in scattering this
dark honey through the sections, it would seem not
to be desirable. M. Frank Taber.

Salem, O., Mar. 22, 1886.

[Friend T., we have had so little experience in re-
versing frames that we can not answer your ques-
tion; liut I do not imagine that the dilliculty you
mention would occur. often enough to be any great
detriment.] '

SEEDING DOWN WASTE ROAD-SIDES.

Honey-producing plants are scarce here, and bees
can just about make a living. I am in hopes to do
better when I get some alsike growing. I have been
plowing the I'oad-side, and now have it in good
shape, with deep dead furrows on each side. I will
now seed down, e.\pecting to get some honey and
hai', besides keeping bad weeds from seeding. I

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

369

think all roads ou>rht to be flxed that waj-. The
good looks will nearly pay, and leave the crop for
profit. Eli.\s Eveuitt.

Philo, 111., Feb. 33, 1886.

CAN THE SCIIEW-C.\PC.\NS BE USED POH OTHEH PUR-
POSES THAN FOR HONEV AND SYRUP?

We received the 20 lbs. of California honey to-
day. It was i.acked very nicely, and the honey is
excellent. Could we use those screw-cap cans in-
stead of fruit-jars, for berries, tomatoes, etc.':"

Elkhart, Ind., Apr. 23, IS"?*!. M. Matuszkiewitz.

[Friend M., we do not know of any reason why
these cans wouldn't answer for any thing- where
self-sealing- fruit-jars are used. May b? it would be
necessary to use small rubber bands around the
edge of the screw caps, to make it tit absolutely
air-tight.]

DRONES OUT OF SEASON.

You will .'■■ee by this that my hopes are not " bust-
ed " so far this winter as they were last. I put 46
colonies in the cellar the 0th day of Doc, and Feb.
23d I took 46 live colonies out for a Hy, all in good
condition but one, and in thr.t one I found drones
crawling and hatching, and what I supposed to be
drone-eggs. 1 pinched the queen's head otT. Did I
do right, or should I have left her to rear early
drones?

WHAT DOES IT?

In carrying out my bees I found nearly all the dead
bees had holes bitten in the back of their heads,
and a great many bitten clear into thcii- heads. If
you can answer this you will oblige.

Orion, Wis., Feb. 30, 1888. F. L. Snyder.

[You are probably right, friend S., in destroying
any queen that produces drones in February.
Young queens, when they first begin to lay, will
oftentimes produce drone-brood for :i little while,
and then worker-brood afterward. The holes in
the buck part of the heads and bodies of your dead
bees were probably made by mice— possibly by
ants, if they were where ants had access.]

do bees POISON HONEY -^VITH THE VENOM OF
THEIR STINGS?

A correspondent of the Cj'Ci'ri/ Ocntlcman ad-
vances the theory that honey is sometimes poison-
ed by the venom from the stings of infuriated bees,
so as to be quite injurious to eat in large quantities.
This is especially apt to be the case when the bees
are roughly handled or greatly irritated, when the
lioney is removed. Gentle treatment he regards as
the best remedy for such trouble. What is your
opinion on the subject?

ESTELLINK n. WjI,I,lAMS.

Maysville, Ky., Feb. 2, 188i.

[This theory was advanced years ago; and Mr.
Langstroth, in his writings, aliudos to it; but I do
not know that we have liad any very positive facts
to substantiate it. It has been suggested that hon-
ey, heated almost to the boiling-point, is rendered
more wholesome.] ■ ■ -

HOW SHALL WE PUT UP OUR KXTRACTED HONEY?

Here is my answer: Go to the stores and places
where they use large quantities of kerosene oil,
and buy the empty cans at 10 cts. or less, and
engage the boxes they were shijjped in, at 10 cts.,
of your grocery merchant. Unsolder the patent
nozzles, and take them out. Three boxes of lye
will clean SO or 40 cans, and you can do the work in
half a day. Repair the holes that have been cut or
punched in the cans, or get your tinner to do it.
You can put in lione}--gates, or you can take a piece
of tin, and solder the cans ui) wlien they are filled.
Put them in the boxes, and Ihey are rcadj' to ship.
Two catis holding 13J lbs., and th? shipping-box,

ought not to cost o\er 40 cts. 1 hauled 1400 lbs. of
honej% put up in this way, with straw packed un-
der it, in a wag-on nearly 250 miles, and all the cans
were sound and good at the end of the journej'. If
you want me to do so, I will tell you how to clean the
cans. J. M. Killough.

San Marcos, Texas, April 31, 18S6.

S.\ND-BEES.

Pnif. A. J. C'dofr .-— I send you by mail herewith, a
specimen, which please notice in Gleanings, if
there is any thing of interest connected therewith.

Hudson, Mich., Apr.. 1886. A. D. Armstrong.

This is one of our common sand-bees, of the ge-
nus Osi/ita— sec Manual, page 39. They live solitary
lives, and not in colonies. They often steal into
the hives of the honej'-becs, to rob the latter of
their stores. This one is beautiful in color, and a
little smaller than the worker-bee. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.

SWEET clover; when and how to prepare THE
GROUND for.

I wish to sow a piece of heavy clay land with
sweet clover. It was in corn last year. Will you
please tell me how to manage it to the best advan-
tage ? Shall the seed be sown by itself this spring,
or is there danger of the weeds choking it if sown in
this way ? How would it do to sow It with oats, or
with buckwheat ? Will it freeze out on clay land ?

Salem, O., Mar. S3, 1886. M. Frank Taber.

[Friend T.. I think your cheapest way will be to
sow clover seed with the oats. There is no danger
of any thing choking it. 1 n fact, it will grow on the
most barren hill-side, or even in a hard road-bed,
and oftentimes it makes a most luxuriant growth
where nothing else would think of growing.]

KEEPING SURPLUS QUEENS FOR SHIPMENT.

I should like to know how you keep queens a
month in the office. Ferguson Whiteside.

Little Britain, Out.

[Friend W., we do not ordinarily keep queens a
month, yet we can do it by giving them fresh bees
every few days, and keeping the sugar in the queen-
cages saturated with freshly gathered honey. We
seldom keep them Umger than a week; for if we
get so manj' ahead as to cause such a state of affairs,
we prefer t) divide colonics and use them to
start nuclei.]

TBB^cce Oqmmn.

a SHORT SERMON ON TOBACCO; FROM A FHIEMt

WHO LETS GO OF THE PLOW-HANDLES LONG

ENOUGH TO REPLY TO THE GALLIPOLIS

.TOURNAL.

§ DANIELS, Pine Grove, Ohio, sends
us tlie followino- clipping from tlie
Gallipolis Journal. It contains so
• many sliarp hits that we here present
it to our readers who may liave an
interest in the Tobacco Column :

Mr. Nash:— In your last issue I noticed that you
wanted to hear from the farmers on the tobacco
question.

Now, my hand fits the plow-handle much better
than a pen, and my intellect has been trained to
raise fat pigs and big pumpkins; consequently my
patch of literature has been sadly neglected, but 1
will trv.

I notice that your Roard of Trade is to be solicited
to issue a pamphlet on tobac(!0. Now, I should lik<'
to make a few suggestions as to what it should con-
tain.

I should like for it to contain the name of the
man who can stand up and truthfully say that the
first tobacco that he placed between h's molars
tasted good.

370

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

Also the mother that advises her sons to chew
tobacco, and the lather who is proud of his dauj,'h-
ter because she can smoke a pipe and dip snuff.

L want to hear of the physician in jfood standing
that recommends his children to use tobacco.

1 should like it to contain, also, the name of the
youngr man that would prefer a bride with a pipe in
her mouth.

Also the name of the man that has good sound
sense, and has used tobacco ten years, that has not
wished himself clear of the habit scores of times.

I should like to have the address of the man who
can live on tobacco alone and nothing else.

I should like to have the name of the young man
that offers his best girl his plug of natural leaf and
a stoga.

Young man, she has just as good a right to use it
as you have.

Please have the name of the man inserted whose
breath is improved by the use of tobacco.

1 want it to inform me where I can procure a suit
of clothes that could be improved by blotches of
fllth from a tobacco-chewcr's mouth.

Also have it contain (in large type) the advantages
the tobacco-consumer has over one who does not
indulge.

If tobacco is good to chew, why is it not good to
swallow? Please publish the reason.

It is my opinion, Mr. Editor, that tobacco is a
curse to the American people, socially, physically,
and financially; and that the raising, manufactur-
ing, selling, and consuming, should be everlasting-
ly sat down upon by all good citizens; and if your
Board of Trade has nothing better to do than to en-
hance the popularity of tobacco, they had better
trade themselves off for a yaller dog and then get
some friend to shoot the dog; for the man that
raises one good potato does mankind more good
than he who raises tons of tobacco. Buck I.

We think of coming up and seeing your apiary
some time. I have quit using tobacco, after using
it for two years. I used to be a lover of it. If you
think me entitled to a smoker, send me one.

Isaac Throsikill,.

Barbers Mills, Wells Co., Ind., Mar. 8, 1886.

We should be happy to see yon, friend T.
Sometimes we are *•• awfnl " busy, bnt we
generally contrive to make it pleasant for
visitors.

I have used tobacco 35 years. If you will send a
smoker I will quit the habit or pay lor the smoker.

W. P. McNamee.
Houston, Chickasaw Co., Miss., Feb. 32, 1886.

Please send me your smoker, us I have none. I
quit chewing tobacco some time ago, and I heard
you would send a smoker to all who have quit its use.

Hartwcll, Ga., Mar. 13, 1886. W. M. Vickery.

As I use tobacco, and am to a limited extent in the
bee-business, I send in my petition, with the prom-
ise that, if I ever use the vile weed ag^in, I will pay
you double pi-ice for the smoker. W. W. Grant.

Marion, Williamsoc Co., 111., Feb. 19, 1886.

I promise to pay for the smoker if my father ever
returns to the use of tobacco. Albert Cusick.
Hartwick, Osceola Co., Mich., March 8, 1888.

Accept my thanks for the smoker. I am well
pleased with it; and if I ever use tobacco again I
will pay you for the smoker. John Beckwith.

McLean, Tompkins Co., N. Y., Mar. 6, 1886.

QUITS at 4.5 years of age.

Pa asks me to write to you. He is a man of about
45 years of age, and has been using tobacco for a
good many years. He declares he will never use it
again, and asks you to send him a smoker. If he
ever uses it again he promises to pay for the same.

T. F. gURPHARD.

Franklin, Venango Co., Pa., Mar. 30, 1880.

After using tobacco about 15 years, I will quit,
and expect never to use it again. If you think I
deserve a smoker, please send me one; and if I take
up the habit again I will pay for the smoker.

Jacob Geiser.

Goshen, Ringold Co., la., March 11, 1886.

ANY ONE can QUIT.

I smoked for 3J years, so much that it was a com-
mon saying in this neighborhood that, if my pipe
were to be found cold, it would be known that I
was dead; but 1 have not tasted tobacco for over
two years. If I could quit, any one can, if he
wants to. J. II. Tinker.

Olathc, Kan., Mar. 6, 1886.

TWO FRIENDS HAVE GIVEN UP THE HABIT.

In compliance with the request of my friends,
A. S. Ilulbert and C. H. Mills, I write you to send
each of them a smoker by mail to Rozetta, Hender-
son Co., 111. They have stopped using tobacco, and
promise to pay for the smokers if they commence
again. H. G. Gilbert.

Monmouth, Warren Co., 111., Feb. 11, 1886.

I saw in Gleanings that you would give a smok-
er to any one who would quit the use of tobacco. I
haven't used it in any way since last'October; but I
was a great slave to it up to that time— 3.) years at
least. I did not quit using it to get a smoker; but
I promise that if you send me one, if I ever use to-
bacco again I will pay you for the smoker.

C. M. Smith.

Turncrsville, Coryell Co., Tex., Feb. 16, 1886.

A "dose of truth" for one who points OUT
THE WAY OF TRUTH.

I have taken the " Dose of Truth." I agree that it
shows why the tobacco habit is a growing sin, and,
like snuff among females, is one of the woi-st of hab-
its. Our clergyman, Kev. E. H. Dixson, Staunton,
Fayette Co., O., is an inveterate chewer. If you
will not accept pay for the Dose of Truth, please
send our minister one. L. F. House, M. D.

Selden, Ohio, March 16, 1886.

QUIT USING tobacco AFTER TAKING GLEANINGS.

1 have quit using tobacco since I commenced tak-
ing Gleanings, after using it 40 years, and I have
not used it since Jan. 1st. If you think I am en-
titled to a smoker, send me one, and if I commence
to use tobacco again I will pay you for it.

We have 30 colonies in Simplicity hives, and one
in Root's chaff hive. I am very fond of Glean-
ings. John Beckwith.

McLean, Tompkins Co., N. Y., Feb. 33, 1886.

became a tobacco -user in order to manage
bees in the good old way.

When I got my first swarm of bees, folks all told
me I would have to use tobacco smoke in the good
old way, to subdue them. That way was with the
pipe. I couldn't tell at first which was the worse—
the smart of a bee-sting or the sickness from the
pipe; but I hung on to the pipe; then, to be more
fashionable, I occasionally changed to a cigar; but
now I have resolved to quit. No more of my bees
will get the full blast of a pipe or cigar, if you will
send me one of your smokers. I think the chaff
hives are the hive for this country.

Ilcsler, OvYpn ^o,, Ky., Mar. 15, '86. J. T. Hush.

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

371

COMFOKT FOR THOSE WHO HAVE LONG BEEN USERS
OF THE WEED AND DESIRE TO QUIT.

I often think if I couM wield the pen as well as 1
can handle the plow I would write for the tobacco
column— not for the purpose, however, of obtain-
ing' a smoker, for I have one, but for the purpose
of relating- raj' own experience with the weed, with
the hope that it would do some poor slave to ap-
petite good to see how one who has been a slave for
thirty years had g-ot rid of the habit, and for seseral
years has been breathing the pure air of freedom,
except only when coming in too close contact with
some one who was polluting it with the fumes of
his pipe or cigar. J. A. Haughey.

Sabina, O.

OUR OWN APIARY.

NUMUER LOST DURING THE PAST WINTER.

'ELL, friends, two more colonies have been
added to the death-list since our last re-
port. The cold spell of weather during the
fli-st week in April, together with the heavy
fall of snow, was too much for these two
colonies. One of them, besides being weak, was
queeiiless; the other was also weak, and during the
cold had deserted their brood for one corner of the
hive, where they perished. The total number of col-
onies lost the past winter is now five, or a loss of
something less than 3^/ of the number put into
winter quartei's last year. Oh that we hadn't lost
ajijy .' Suppore our bees had been fed on sugar
stores, then what? No one can tell.

We have not had a single case of " spring dwin-
dling,"and the hives inside look comparatively clean;
*. e., not spotted in a manner to indicate the pres-
ence of dysentery. At this date, April 23, the col-
onies seem vigorous and healthy, averaging from
3 to 5 lbs. of bees per swarm. It will be remember-
ed that all our bees had nothing but their own nat-
ural stores, and in many cases it was found there
was considerable pollen in the frames of sealed
honey where we had supposed that there was an
absence of it. At any rate, it did no particular
harm, and in many instances it was just what was
wanted to start brood-roaring.

Natural pollen is now coming in at a pretty fair
rate from the dandelion and fruit-bloom, which is
just beginning to appear.

ANOTHER wax-extractor.

Hugh Vankirk, of Washington, Pa., has ingen-
iously extemporized a solar wax-extractor, made
from an ordinary 48-lb. shipping-case, such as we
advertise. Those who have had such a shipping-
case will remember that the ends are rabbeted out
on the inside, in such a way as to let the cover drop
down plumb even with the top. Into these rabbets

GUI' friend drops a sheet of glass, cut from an old
window-pane to the size of the cover. A flat gallon
crock, into which is fitted a common cullender, is
placed inside. This answers the purpose of the
dripping-pan as well as the perforated metal. The
wooden cover to the shipping case is painted black,
to draw the sun's rays. This is then, by means of a
stick, held at the angle that will secure the best re-
sults. The whole is now complete, and its manner
of using is illustrated in the cut. The scraps of wax
can now be placed in the cullender over the crock,
and in a short time, no doubt, a nice yellow cake of
wax will be found in the bottom of the crock. The
cakes, if the odd sci-aps of wax were not too dirty In
the first place, will not have to be melted over again
in pans, but are just the right size for eommei'ce.
The sides of the case being open, the sun will strike
the sides of the crock. This, being of a dark color,
will draw a good deal of heat. In regard to its
working, our friend speaks of it as follows :

I took the extractor out and set the case right
down in the snow. I then put in the wax and left
it for some time; but when I went back the wax
was all melted and run through the sieve in the
crock. I thought that was melting two pounds of
wa.x in a short time, and this for a little money. I
think it would be hard to beat, for the lid can be
painted black, and used for a reflector, and it adds
to the case only the price of a glass IS^gXlS inches
wide, and a sieve and a crock, which almost any
one has. 1 must say I did not think it would melt
wax when snow was on the ground.

Washington, Pa., April 8, 1880. Hugh Vankirk.

I would suggest, that, instead of having the
cover painted black, we use a sheet of tin for a re-
flector, and that, whei'c we do not have any old
broken panes of glass largo enough, we can slip out
one of the sheets of glass in the sides of the case.
This is of just the right length, but it is a little nar-
row. Either a narrow piece of glass can now be
fitted in, or the other sheet can be drawn out of the
other side, and the two sheets be made to lap easily.
The sides vacated by the glass will have to be cov-
ered over with strips of boards to hold the heat ac-
cumulated. I have no doubt the extractor will
work well, and friend V. deserves our thanks.

E. R. Root.

SOMETHING FROM PROF. COOK IN RE-
GARD TO PRIVIES, ETC.

THE dry-dust ARR.\NGEMENT as IT IS USED AT
THE GROUNDS OF THE AGRICULTUK.^L, COLLEOis.

f^ HE recent articles in Gleanings in reference
^ to privies are certainly called for, and heoce
> are opportune. I think you once described
ours briefly. It has been so entirely satis-
factory for ten years that I am led to give
a description again, and more in detail.

Throe things are required in a perfect pi-ivy.
Convenience, neatness, and safety. Convenience
suggests that it be in the house, under the same
roof; neatness, that it be always clean and inodor-
ous; safety, that it can not possibly pollute the soil,
and through that the well and drinking-water. Ours
has fulfilled all these requirements for several
years. It is situated in the back corner of the wood-
shed, three feet from the ground, and on the same
level as the kitchen-floor. Old people and children
can visit it as easily as they can pass from one room
of the house to another.

The vault is the same size as the seat above— 15
Inches by three feet, and has a solid foundation of
brick which extends two feet under ground, and is

372

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

laid with water-limo. From the ground-level the
wall is laid with hrick, with an opening- on the back
side at the bottom, ton inches high, covered by a
lattice screen hnng on hinges, so as to open upward.
A box of pine plank, made to just fit the bottom of
the vault, is nine inches high; this is water-tight,
and prevents any possible leakage, so that the ma-
son-work below is kept drj', and is in no danger of
freezing- and cracking. This may be unnecessary;
but where health is at stake, it is better to make as-
surance doubly sure. Typhoid fever is not i-are,
even in the countri'. It is thought that it comes
from pollution of drinking-water.

The seat, and the special covers to each of its two
openings, all hinge at the back, and so can be raised
ui) where they will remain till put down. This
makes a neat and convenient gentleman's water-
closet, and makes it easy and neat to add road-dust
whenever the place is used. At one end of the seat
is the door to the dry-dust closet, which is made
(luite large, and with a slanting floor, so that the
(Uy earth is always at the door. The space just
back of the door has a fender, so that the dust will
not run out when the door is opened, and this also
gives a nice place for the shovel which is used to
apply the dry earth. A door outside, nine feet from
the ground, enables dry earth to be shoveled
into the earth-bin from a cart with ease. A carpet,
two or three neatly framed pictures, and a printed
sentence on the door which says, " Never leave this
room without adding dry earth," makes the neatly
plastered room quite a contrast to most places of
the kind. Need I say that our children have never
thought to mark on the walls, although they have
had lead-pencils ever since they could use them?
We have never been annoyed Avith any offensive
odor in the wood-shed, even in mid-summer. Indeed,
the very location makes it imperative to use such
caution that the place will ever be sweet, and so in-
sure thought and painstaking. Two good loads of
road dust sutflccs for the year. Shoveling out the
contents, and drawing the useful fertilizer to the
tields or garden is not at all offensive if the dry
earth has been added properly.

A recent writer in the New-York Tribune suggests
an improvement to the above. He places a large
heavy tin pail under each opening in the seat.
This makes it necessary to empty often; but the
work is easy, and there is no possible chance to con-
taminate the soil. In winter, a little hot water
poured on to the outside of the pails will loosen the
frozen contents. * A. J. Cook.

DAgricultural College, Mich., Apr. 20, 1886.

Many thanks, friend Cook, for your excel-
lent report and suggestions. I agree, that,
as you manage it, nothing can be nicer or
more convenient. It was tlie sight of that
pleasant little room that opened my eyes to
the fact that it was possible, with so little
expense, to make such a very great improve-
ment in these adjuncts to our homes.
When I think of those children with their
lead-pencils, I feel like saying, '• May God
bless them, and help them to grow up just
such useful members of society as their fa-
ther and mother are." We gathered road
dust one year liere at the factory; but we
found it quite heavy to shovel and draw
around, and I am afraid we got weary in
well doing. Somebody has suggested that
iishes from the kitchen-stove will do very

well when road dust is not at hand. They
are lighter to handle., and many times easi-
er of access, even if the resulting fertilizer
should not be quite according to the teach-
ings of modern science.

Gleanings in Bee Cdltcre,

Published Setni- Monthly.

.^. T. IROOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For ClttbbiEg Eites, See First Pago cf Eeidia' Matter.

Wlio'^oever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall
never thii-ht; but the water that I shall jrive him shall he in
him a well of water springin;? up into everlasting life.— John
i 14.

We should like reports of the new perforated
honey-boards, now that the price is so low as to be
in reach of every one.

COMU HONEY AT A BAHGAJN.

As the lot of comb honey mentioned on page 329
docs not seem to move off' very rapidly, we make
the price 13 instead of 14 cts. Discounts same as
before.

20,00J SECTIONS SHIPPED PER DAY.

The foreman of the freight department has just
informed me that we are shipping sections at the
rate of twenty thousand pei- day, and sometimes as
many as 100 hives. Does it not look, friends, as if
our goods are giving satisfaction, and that eveiy
one is getting ready lor a big run of honey?

ANOTHER bee -JOURNAL.

From E. H. Cook, Andover, Ct., comes now a little
pamphlet, called The Bee-Hive, published everj'
other month, at the insignificant price of 20 cts. a
year. Friend Cook is good for all he promises, or,
at least, always has been ; and as the initial number
is worth the 20 cts., without question, we don't see
why it shouldn't have a good circulation.

THE AUSTRALIAN BEE-M.\NUAL.

We are just in receipt of a new book on bees,
bearing the above caption, by Isaac Hopkins, Mat-
amata, Auckland, New Zealand. It is a large work,
of 330 pages, and illustrated with 113 engravings.
The author seems to take up very thoroughly the
scientific and physiological structure of the bee, at
the same time setting I'ortli a full elucidation of the
practical management and care of an apiary. We
liresiime it is written for and adapted to the climate
of Australia, and we are glad to note that the friends
of that fai-off' land have made such progress. We
have not had time to examine into the Soundness
of the author's views on the various subjects, but
may give a more extended review of the same soon.

THE PRESENT SEASON.

Bees, as a rule, wintered vei'y successfully, and
the month of April has been so far, perhaps, one of
the finest for our industry ever known, especially
in the Northern States. Apple-lrees are now in
bloom this '^Vth day of April, and honey is coming

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

rs

from a great many sources ut a pretty fair rate.
Bees and queens ought to be plentiful and cheap,
if conditions continue to he as favorable as they
now ai-e.

HONKY FHOM THK WHITE -ASH.

On Easter eve, April 35, while passing- along: the
street, toward sundown, my attention was called by
such a loud roaring: of bees that I commenced an
investig-ation. It came from a tree in a neighbor's
yard, and the roar was so loud that I heard it the
width of a wide street. It was a large, beautiful,
round-topped white ash, and there were moi-e bees
on the blossoms than 1 perhaps ever saw on any
other tree at a time. 1 do not remember to have
ever noticed bees on this kind of forest-tree before,
and it illuslrntes what has come up so many times,
that alnicst any tree or plant may yield honey pro-
fusely when it 80 happens that all the conditions
are just right for the secretion.

Ai'K^ur/ruuE IN cou.NEr.r, university.
We are jileased to learn that Prof. J. Henry Com-
stock. Professor 6f Entomology and General Inver-
tebrate Zoology of Cornell University, is making an
effort to start a department of apiculture in the
college. We presume it is the intention to make it
a part of the course of study, under the general
head of agriculture. It is to be observed, that Prof.
Comstock occupies a position relatively the same as
Prof. Cook of the Michigan Agricultural College.
With three such able men as Profs. Cook, Comstock,
and JlcLain, the latter of Aurora, 111., great things
are in store for us. Surelj' the science of apiculture,
as indeed a science it is, will not lack for a good sci-
entiflc backing.

A GOOD COMPOUND MICROSCOPE, FOR A SMALL
AMOUNT OF MONEY, FOR BKE-KEEPERS.

We have just received anew lot of microscopes,
such as we have been advertising in our price list,
for the e.vnmination of the eye, sting, etc., of the
hee. They are remarkably well finished, and their
adjustment is perfect, and they are quite supe-
rior to those we have formerly advertised and
sold at $3.00. The lenses of these insruments,
however, are very clear, and are mounted after the
American pattern, which is decidedly a great im-
provement. I have no hesitation in saying, that,
for certain kinds of work, they compare very fa-
vorably with the forty or fifty dollar instruments.
With it most specimens from the bee will appear
to good advantage. It will reveal a wonder to
these desiring- to look into the intricate mechan-
ism of the bee; and to one who can not afford to
invest a very large amount, this, I feel sure, will
give excellent satisfaction. Price, complete, pack-
ed in a neat mahogany box with dissecting forceps,
two glass slips, and two mounted specimens, $3.00;
by mail, 15 cents additional. Extra mounted
specimens from the bee will be 1.5 cents each, or
f 1..".0 for a series of a whole dozen.

us to be thinking about putting our bees in con-
dition for winter, by all means let us have them
then. If we discuss wintering during the honey-
flow, when our minds are taken up with other things,
even if we do read the articles we shall be likely to
forget the good hints that they contain. Meantime,
as far as possible, let us try to be just in advance
of the season. When we are running- for comb
honey, we all want to know whether any one has
discovered a better method than our own. The
same may be said of queen-rearing, robbing, and
wintering in its turn. Several of our contributors
are careful to carry out the spirit of the above.
Among them I might mention friends Doolittle,
Cook, Miller, France, and others.

PEltFORATED TIN HONEY-BOARDS.

Several have inquired why we do not make per-
forated till honey-boards, giving, as a rea?on, that
tin was cheaper. After several experiments with
our perforating-iuachine we have been forced to
abandon it as impracticable. Wo can perforate the
tin, but it does not give very good satisfaction.
When it leaves the machine it is considerably bowed
up in the middle, rendering it unfit for the purposes
of a honej"-board. The zinc, on the contrary, comes
out smooth. At present prices, tin is only a trifle
cheaper than the zinc; but as the latter is much
more rigid, and makes a cleaner cut, and the for-
mer is tiarder on the dies, and more expensive to
perforate, we must give our preference decidedly
in favor of the zinc, not only because it is much
more satisfactorj-, but cheaper when cut. Howev-
er, the tin will answer every purpose wlien used for
the perforated tin separators; i. e., with the oblong-
hole. Prices, as thus perforated, will be f 2.50 per
ICO, or f22..50 per 1000. Uy the way,

sheets of PERFORATED ZINC ARE STILL LOWER.

When we were constructing our perforating-ma-
chine our intention was to use sheets of zinc 28X96
inches, just enough for 10 honey-boards. When we
came to order the zinc we could not at first get
sheets longer than 7 ft. We have now succeeded in
getting sheets 8 ft. long, as first intended, and the
price of these sheets will be >?1.50 each; 5 :. oft' for 2
or more sheets: 10 :. off' for 10 or more. This is the
same price as was quoted on the sheets 7 ft. long,
but the sheet contains 'Z^j ft. more of the zinc.

IN SEASON AND OUT OF SEASON.

In spite of what I said last number about drop-
ping, for the present, the consideration of the win-
tering problem, quite a number of long articles
have since come In on the subject. I know it is
quite natural for us to discuss the question just aft-
er winter has past, when we feel full of good ideas.
No doubt your ideas arc good, friends, if you have
been successful; but just hold 'em in, and jot 'em
down in your note-book. Wlieu the lime comes for

UNBOUND PERFORATED ZINC HONEY - BOARDS,
CHEAP.

Later.- Our perforatlng-machine has just learned
a new trick, or, rather, our machinists have " tum-
bled" to a new idea. Said they, "Why can't we
make perforated honey-boards without the tin lin-
ing, leaving a margin of unperforated zinc in-
stead?" They accomplished this by taking out
five of the punches in the center of the great jaws;
and by stopping the machine at the proper inter-
vals there will be a good margin around each
honey-board. We next take the whole sheet to the
squaring-shears, and slice up our hone3'-boards by
the dozen. These boards will not be as rigid as the
tin-lined honey-boards, it is true; but might it not
be desirable to lift u|) one end in taking it off the
hive, somewhat as you do an enameled cloth ?
These unbound perforated honty-boards will yield
considerably without being bent up. Perhaps
there are some who would prefer them to the tin-
lined. We can furnish the plain, or unbound
honey-boards at 10 ets. each; 10 for $1.50; or Ifio
for $14.00.

374

gleamkgs in bee culture.

Ma\^

ORDERING HEAVY GOODS BY EXPRESS.

It seems as if there were more orders this season
than ever before for exceedingly heavy goods, and
g-oods that, from the nature of them, wo think can
not be wanted iiumcdiatelj', to go by express. We
have supposed one reason for this is the dehiys on
goods ordered by freight, in consequence of the
Btrilies; but it would be a very great relief to us in-
deed if our customers would make some explana-
tion in ordering goods to go by express that usually
go by freight. Suppose you add to the bottom ot
your letter something like the following: "I have
ordered the above hives in the Hat to go by express,
knowing that the charges on them will be ti-emen-
dous. But I would rather pay excessive charges
than to stand a chance of not getting them at once."
We have for years been in the habit of 'lisobeying
orders to the extent of sending goods by freight,
oven though ordered by express, when we were
quite sure the express charges would amount to
more than the value of the goods. But it is always
risky business to disobey orders. As a rule, we get
thanks for using our own judgment in such mat-
ters; but sometimes we get a fearful blowing-up,
with a bill of damages besides. In the latter case,
the man know what ho wanted, and had special rea-
sons for oi'dering his goods by express; but he omit-
ted to add just two or three little words, telling us
lie was prepared to pay the charges, whatever they
were. Sometimes it may pay a man to order his
sections and hives by express, even in the month of
April, providing lie lives in Florida or Texas, or
away south where the bees are swarming; but if a
man in York State or Michigan should order sec-
tions or hives in the Hat, by express, wc should eith-
er say he was not well posted, or else he was out of
his head. Now, will you not help us by a little ex-
planation, when you have made up your mind to
incur the excessive charges on bulky goods by ex-
press, rather than wait for them by freight?

A NEW BOOK BY FKIKNU T. B. TKKRV.

OUK compositors are now hard at work on this
book, entitk'd, "Winter Care of Horses and Cattle;
The Most Humane and Profitable Treatment,"
and the first 16 pages are already in print. We
think the book will be received with more favor
than any thing else that has yet appeared from the
pen of friend Terry. His plea for kindness and
good care toward our domestic animals i-anks him
side by side with friend Henry Bei-gh; and friend
■ Terry explains to us how it is that humane treat-
ment puts money into the pockets of the owners of
stock. The price will be, bound in paper, ,'iO cts. ; in
cloth, 75 cts. If wanted by mail, add ;> cts. postage
for the former, and 8 cts. for the latter. We expect
to have it ready about July 4th.

The number of our subscribers is slowly increas-
i ng. At this date we have 'i'>'^2.

LARGE QUANTITIES OF HONEY FROM
THE SWAMP-OAK.

THE HONEY AS FINE AS BASSWOOD.

r^\ EES arc doing finely here; and of over 2M eol-
t^ onies in this vicinity last fall, there is a loss of
^^ only thi-ee. All were wintered on summer
■^^ stands, principally in chafl' hives. Bees at
this date are gathering large quantities of
honey from the swamp oak. T noticed this morn-

ing that they wore very busy on a k.rge oak, and
upon closer investigation I found that there was a
minute drop of honey, clear as crystal, and very
thick, adhering to each leaf-bud. Of course, the
oak has not yet leaved out, but the buds are swell-
ing, and show a slight green color, and upon each
bud was the drop of honey. I took my knife and
gathered enough to make quite a large drop, and
tasted it, and it had no taste of honey-dcui or aphis
secretion, and in thickness and color it equals bass-
wood, and certainly I never saw any basswood pro-
duce as much honey as the oak I have mentioned.
If it is the work of the aphides, they are so very
small that they can not be seen with the naked eye,
for I looked very clo.'.ely, and had others look, and
even climbed the tree, and made a very close exam-
ination, but failed to find any thing indicative of
aphides. The bees are breeding up very fast as the
result, and yet do not use nearly all they gather,
and in the combs it shows very clear and thick.
Now, does the oak always yield honey, and am I just
finding it out, or is it only in rare, instances that it
does so? Will the editor. Prof. Cook, or somebody
else, express an opinion? We are very thankful,
anyhow, as it comes when most needed; and to see
the sheets of solid brood in our hiveshasa tendencj'
to make a fellow feel happy about his bees, if noth-
ing more. M. W. Sheimiei:d.
Kochcster, Lorain Co., O., Apr. 22, 1880.

Friend S., tlie lioiiey you mention from
the oak is probably tiie natural secretion.
It has been written about for yetu's past, al-
though I do not remember that we have liad
a report before of honey from oak-trees so
near our own locality. Neither do I remem-
ber of hearing other reports, mentioning
that honey was secreted before the tree was
in leaf. Former reports mentioned that
honey was secreted from the buds just be-
fore they opened to pioduce a blossom. If,
as you say, each bnd that would produce a
leaf yields honey, the matter is still more
curious. 1 am glad to hear so good a report
on wintering. Is there sutRcieut honey from
the oak to induce comb-buildingV and do
you tind it only on the swamp-oakV

GOOD'S 1TE"W

REVERSIBLE HIVE

all complete, well painted, for fS.OO. Sections vei-y
low, No. 1, 4iax4>.ixl 'a or P,!, at S4 OJ per 1000.

9-11 d B. J. MILLER Si CO., Nappanee, Ind.

YBRID QUEENS at 43c each; 2 for 7.5 cts.; 3 for
*I.O0. T. A. Pew, Middletown, Mont. Co., Mo.

H

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notic'i's will be inserted under this litail at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's iiitemled lor tliis department must not
e.te'ed .'■> lines, and you must say you want youi' ad. in this de-
pa' tment, or we will not he le^ponsible tor any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as* you please; but all over
live lines will cost you according to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To exchange foundation for wax.
.')9db B. Chase, Earlville, Madison Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To sell cheap for cash, or will ex-
change for bees, Root's chaff hives, the D. A.
Jones chaff hives, made up or in the flat, wide
frames, brood-frames, dovetailed sections, cases,
etc. J. M. KiNZiE,

ild Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

"IVANTED.— To c.vcban<>-c Italian bees, bi-ootl, and
VV (lueens, for t'dn., beeswax, type-writer, or any
thing: having- a standard market value. tittdb

Thomas Horn, Box G91, Sherburne, Cheu. Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To sell or exchang-e, farm, 189 acres,
grood building's, good sandy soil; also latest im-
proved Steam Thrashing-machine. Either or both
at a bargain. Address J. A. Osbun & Son,
Ttfdb Spring- Bluff, Adams Co., Wis.

'lir ANTED. —To exchange pure Italian queens for
VV beeswax at 38c per lb. Queens, select, $;J. 00;
warranted, $1.50. Ship -^vax by freight to Barry-
town, N. Y. Cornelius Bros.,
7 13 db LaFayetteville, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange for bees, foundation
VV and pure-bred ])oiiltry, also 30.000 Straw-
berry-plants, Crescent Seedling, (Cumberland Tri-
umph, Sharpless. and Glendale: '!'> cents per 100;
*1.00 per 1000. W. J. Hksser, Plattsmouth, Neb.
8tfdb

WANTED.— To sell or exchange 103 lbs. of bees, in
April and May, for foundation. Sample want-
ed; V.5 cts. per lb., 10 lbs., *6.,')0. Safe arrival guar-
anteed. Hybrid queens, .50 cts. now. Prompt at-
tention to all orders. S. H. Colwick,
8tfdb Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

WANTED.— To exchange bees (Italian or hybrid)
for eggs of Pekin ducUs or eggs of Wyandotte
fowls, or high-class poultry. Bees are in L. and
Simplicitj' hives. Write for particulars.
8-lOdb J. H. Eby, North Robinson, Craw. Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange, eggs of Plymouth
Rocks, S. and Rose C. Bio.va Leghorns. $1..50
per setting. Trio of Plymouth Rocks, trio of
Brown Leghorns, 100 yearling hen;. Plymouth
Rocks and Brown Leghorns, Oerry-Crales and
baskets, Bee-Hives in the flat, for cash, Italian
queens, Bees by the lb., Fdn., Harness, or offers.

Address T. G. Ashmead, 9d

Williamson, Wayne Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange bees and queens for
thoroughbred poultry. P. China and Chester
W. Pigs, Simplicity and ehatf hives, etc. Address
7-9d Jno. W. M.\RTiN,

Greenwood Depot, Alb. Co., Va.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange. 1000 Simplicity
frames of comb, #3.35 for 13, packed in a Sim-
plicity body. Arthur Todd, ntfdb
1910 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

llfANTED.— To exchange a pure-bred Brown Leg-
VV horn cockerel for 1 lb. of bees, also will ex-
change eggs for bees, or will sell at $1.00 per 13. Od
O. W. Shearer, Livermorc, Pa.

WANTED. — To excharige ior bees, side-hill plow,
cost $16.00; Wiard plow harrow, fecd-ciitter,
circular saw. Arthur Todd, Otldb

1910 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

IT'GGS. — From choice stock, for hatching. Safe ar-
li rival guaranteed. Wyandottes, $3.,50 for 13;
$■4.00 for 36. Houdans, $1.50 for 13; $3.00 for 36.
Breeding: birds and chicks for sale; or I will ex-
change lor bee-su]iplies I can use. J. EVANS,
ntfdb Box «9, Schaghticoke, N. Y.

WANTED.- Immediately. 1000 lbs. good beeswax,
in e.xehange for foundation. Wax worked for
a share by the pound. Work guaranteed No. 1.
Samples free. See ad. in another column. 9-lOd

O. H. TowNSE.ND, Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

ilj" ANTED. —To exchange Victoria Red currant-
VV bushes. Crescent strawberry, and Hanurd's
Improved blackberry-plants for Root's ('hall or Sim-
plicity hives, with frames, one-pound sections, fdn.,
etc., or cash. In sending for terms, please state
about what is wanted. Thomas Elwick,
!M Dccorah, Iowa.

WANTED —To exchange Brown Leghorn or Plym-
outh Rock eggs from premium stock, as tine
as any in the LT.S.. to exchange for bees or supplies,
or sell at 75 cts. for setting. H. C. Sif,VER, 9-lOd

Huntington, Ind.

WANTED.- To sell or exchange, Wilson, Crescent,
Vr or Sucker State strawberry-plants at $1.50 per
1000, for Italian queens, Wyandotte fowls or eggs.
9d M. D. Hewitt, Farina, Fayette Co., Ills.

WANTED.— To exchange new Novice honey-ex-
tractors for A. and L. frames; will exchange
for a bone-grinder, or good books, or any thing use-
ful. Geo. W. Baker, Milton, Ind. 'S-S^-O-ll-lSd

WANTED.— To exchange Brown Leghorn eggs,
for hatching, for light comb foundation. 7-9d
('. M. Goodspeed, Thorn Hill, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchang-e pure Brown Leghorn
eggs at 75 cts. for 15; 45 eggs, $3.00; 100 eggs,
$4.00, tor foundation. Cash prefen-ed.
S-9d R. J. Nash, Williamson, Wayne Co., N. Y.

AlfANTED.— To sell or exchange Strawberry-plants,
VV Crescent Seedling, Sharpless, Manchester, ('has.
Downing, Mt. Vernon, and Longfellow. Per dozen,
by mail, postpaid, 35 cts. ; by express, per 100, 50 cts. ;
per IJOO, $3.50. J. A. Green,

8-9d Dayton, La Salle Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Eggx for hatcli-
i))!7, t'l'om 3 varieties of high-class fowls, se-
lected stock, costing from $13 to $30 per pair.
Brown Leghorns, Silver-Spangled Hamburgs, and
Plymouth Rocks. Eggs, per setting of 13, $3.00.
Fowls for sale. Address ' A. H. Duff,
8tfdb Creighton, Guernsey Co., Ohio.

WANTED.- Persons in need of stationery to send
38c, 35c, or 40c for 100 envelopes or note-heads,
neatly printed to order. Address
9d Herbert Bricker, State Lick, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange, tested Italian queens,
reared last fall, at $3.03 each, for thin fdn., not
less than 10 sq. ft. to the pound.
Otfdb G. D. Black, Brandon, Iowa.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit ot friends who have black or hylirid queens
wliich they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charcfe, .as belnw. We do this beciuse there is hai-dly value
enouprh to these queens to pay f"r buying them up and keep-
ing-them in stock; and yet If. is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I shall have a limited number of hybrid queens
for sale during May, .lune, and Jiil.v, at 50c each.
Loui.s Werner, Edwardsvillc, 111.

Friends, I have 5 black queens that 1 will take 35c
each for; and 6 Hybrid queens for which I will take
.50c each during the latter part of this month.

A. L. JoHNScjN, Clarkton, N. C.

W. P. Davis, of Goodman, N, C, will sell h.\brid
queens during the months of May and June, three
for one dollar. Parties return same at my expense,
if not satisticd. W. P. DAVis.

Two black queens at 35c each ; 3 hybrids at 4Cc,
and about 10 mismatcd queens at 50c each.

G. D. Black, Brandon, Towa.

I have three black queens I wish to sell, L'S cts.
each. Will be ready the first week in May.

F. P. HiSH, Henton, Shelby Co., Ills.

For sale, 13 young mismated Italian queens, G. M.
Doolittle stock; wings all clijii'ed. Price .50c each.
Will ship at once. L. L. Hearn.

Frenchville, Mercer Co., West Va.

SECTIONS

and REVERSIBLE HIVES, Specialties.

Sections smooth on both sides, at $3.50 per 1000.
Circular free. B. IV.lLiKKR \ <'0.,

Otfd Capac, Sf. Clatr Co., Mich.

370

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

May

BEE-HIVES,

One-Piece Sections, Section Cases, Frames, &c.,

OF supEiuoit w()I^K^rA^;snIP, from
JSIVCX17X3: fcSe CSI-OOXDESXjXLi,

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL.

3tfd Send for Price List.

SPECIAL BrfELEPHONE,

id

S^ollo!

^3:ollo>S

77

" Well, what do you wantV" " Simply to inform
you that, if you want to i)urchasc the tincst Italian
lind Albino Kees and Qiieens in the world, try
F. Boomliower, of Gallupville, N. Y. He has
them at extremely low prices. Send for his circu-
lar. All right. Good-bye." 7-9d

BRISTOL, VERIv£02TT_

— MANUFACTUHERS OF—

Pee - }{^eepers' Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping-
Crates a Specialty. Price List and samples free.
. l-3tfdb

OUWK SALES, SMALL PROFITS.

The 3d edition of " Handy Book, or Queen-Rear-
ing," 300 pajjes, 100 illustrations, bound in
cloth, by mail f 1 10

Book, and sample of latest improved drone and
queen trap, b.y mail 1 50

Book and tested queen, any race (from Juno 1
to Oct. 1) by mail 3 00

Book and warranted queen, any race (from

June 1 to Oct. 1) by mail 1 7.5

Money-order ottice, Salem, Mass. Postage-stamps

will do for odd change. Send for circular.

7tfdb HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

BEES BY THE POUND,

AND UNTESTED QUEENS A SPECIALTY.

One pound of Bees, .51.00. Queens, Sfl.OO each.
E.N'press charges prepaid on orders of 10 lbs., to any
part of the United States except California and
Oregon. Write for discount on large orders. Or-
ders from dealers for a weckl.v deliver.v of queens
solicited. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Make mone.y orders, drafts, etc.. payal)le at Baton
Rouge, La. ' JOS. BYRNE,

7tfd AVakd's Ckeek, East Baton Rouge Par., La.

J. P. CONNELL,

HILLSBORO, HILL CO., TEX.,

Makff

j^..c.iv, ,,.„ .specialty of rearing pure Italian queens,
and of shipping bees In two, three, and four frame
nuclei. Tested queens in March and April, $3. .50;
after, fJv.OO. Untested queens in April, $1.35; after
*1.C0. Satisfaction gr.arantecd. .-n.^..

()T911d

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply House.

Wo manufacture Buc-Keepers' sup-
plies of all kinds, 6esf quality at low-
psf prices. Hives, Sections, Comb
Fiiuiirtation, Extractors, Smokers,
<"r;irt's. Honey Buckets Veils, Feed-
Bee- Literature, etc., etc. ^
inported Italian Queens, »^
■it.iliaii Queens, Bees liv the ^
Nucleus or Cnlonv. "Bee-

tle

iiiiiln

ninslralcd ( ataln^-ue" l)f 4H piljies

FKEK I" lUo-Kcfi'Prs, Address

JOSEl'JI NV.«KWA1S«ER,

WES .MOlNEis, IOWA.

i"^ lis SI Rqqc I ^'Ti compelled to reduce m.v
alloLiI D<;Cd. stock of bees, and will sell full

colonics and nuclei VERY CHEAP. Satisfactirm
iiuarantccd. E. A. GASTJTI.AN, Decatur, 111. 911db

All parties wanting Berry Crates,
lierry Baskets, Bee-Hives, and other

supplies, to send for circulars, to

9d T. G. ASHMEAD, Williamson, Wayne Co., N. Y.

THE

Apicultural Establishment

OF

F. J. DeKeapm,

In Yigaun, Upper Carniola,
Austria, Europe,

Send QUEENS postpaid. Safe arrival and purity of
breed guaranteed.

Price each in German Rcichsrnark.

Carniolan Queens, Native,
Italian Queens, Native,
Cyprian or Syrian Queens,

Native,
Cyprian or Syrian Queens,
bred in Carniola,
579db

ITALSAM BEES IN flOWA.

60 c. to $1.00 per lb. Queens, 30 c. to -*2 .50. Order
from new circular, sent free. 6tfdb

OLIVER POSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Apr.
8
9

May.
7
9

Jnn.
B
8

Jul.
7

Am
5

7

i

6

29

20

20

20

18

18

12

12

11

11

10

10

grani

-^STOP, V READ, o AND 0 ORDER.8^

Having determined to devote my time and attention e.\'clu.sively to the production of pure Italian bees
and queens, during- the season of 1886, I offer, in order to reduce stock, 60 C'liolce Colonies of Pure
Italians in 10 Langstrotii frames, guaranteed to contain at least 4 full frames of brood and 4 lbs. of bees
in new chaff hive, at $10.00 each. I append my prices for the season.

My terms are cash with the order. First orders will be filled first. I will refund money at any time a
customer may become dissatisfied with waiting.

My methods: One kind, and the best of that kind. Nothing except tested queens sold at any price. I
will send one-year-old queens until stock is exhausted, and then this season's hatch. I will commence to
send, about May 1st.

1 tested queen $1 00 I 1-f ramc nucleus, tested queen $3 GO

1 pound of bees 1 00 | 3 " " " '• 3W

1 frame of brood and bees 1 00 3 " " " " 4 00

I 4 " " " " 5 00

In lots of ,5, five per cent discount; in lots of 10, ten per cent discount. In lots of 10 or more nuclei or
pounds of bees, I will pay express charges for the first 1000 miles. Now remember, I guarantee safe ar-
rival and absolute satisfaction in q,ll cases. Sample of live workers free by mail. Capacity, 35 queens
per day after May 1st. ' '

mau BOX 691, SHERBURNE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

377

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Catalogues Free. Address

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

ITALIAN QUEENS AND NUCLEI.
Prices in February iind March Gleanings.
T-lOdb ANNA M. BROOKS, Sorrento, Fla.

SCALE and MIRROR CARP for sale by the 100 or
1000. A fine lot of spawners now ready for
shipment. T-S-Od W. L. McINTIEE, Mt. Vernon, O.

PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

HORN

The BUYERS' GUIDE ia
Issued March and Sept.,
^ each year. >8fcS=" 380 pages,
8)i X XX]., iiiches,-\vith over
3,~500 illustrations — a
■whole Pictui-e Gallery.
GIVES "Wliolesale Prices
direct to consuiiins on all goods for
personal or family use. Tells how to
order, and gives exact cost of evei^-
thing you use, eat, drink, ^vear, or
have fun tviiii. These IKVADUABLiK
BOOKS contain information gleaned
from the marUets of the ^vorld. ^Ve
Avill mail a copy FREE to any ad-
dress upon receipt of 10 cts. to defray
expense of mailing. I^et us hear from
you. Respectfully,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

227 & 229 \^ abasli Avenue, Chicago, 111.

BEES [N IOWA.

SEE FOSTER'S
ADVERTISEMENT.

Y&..

WYANDOTTE FOWLS, ITALIAN

REES, QUEENS, and SUPPLIES.

Send for Price List.

W. H. OSBOENE, OHAEDON, OHIO.
.5-lIdb

BB

1886 NORTHSHADE APIARY, 1886

PRICES GREATLY REDUCED.

Full colonies of Italian bees for spring- delivery.
Nuclei, queens, and bees by the pound for the
season. Comb foundation for sale. Wax worked
by the pound or for a share. Fdn. samples free.
Price list ready. O. H. TOWNSEND,
etfdb Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

BEES, Full Colonies, Hybrids and Italians, for
sale, in Simplicitj' and Adair hives. I guaran-
tee safe arrival by express. Write how many you
want, and for prices. H. M. Moyeh,

7-9db Hill Church, Berks Co., Pa.

VANDERVORT

COMB FOUITDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
2tfdb JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Having- bouMht an interest in A. F. Stauffer's
supply establishment, to which I will devote my en-
tire time, I will sell my apiary of

50 Colonies of Hybrid Bees, Cheap.

For further particulars, address

7-9ab J. S. SEIDEL, Sterling. lUmois.

'HTAISTXEID.

Names of parties wanting- first-class dovetailed
honey-sections, to whom samples will be sent on
receipt of address. Also crates in season. A per-
fect iron section - bo.\ former sent for #1.00, and
satisfaction guaranteed. Geo. R. Liyon,
4-9db GREENE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

FOR C>J/^ —40 colonies of my improved strain
run \jni-i-. ^^ pure Italian bees In two-story
chaff hives, (Tft $7.00; in single-walled hives, I'a story
@.${j.')0; 50 two-story chaff hives, including frames
and crates, ((>' $1.. 50; 50 single-walled hives, frames
and crate, Cm .01). Hives have tin roof. 1 honey-
ext. for L. frame, f;5.00. A wax-ext., $\M). Must be
sold immediately. Ttfdb

GEO. F. WILLIAMS, NEW PHILADELPHIA, 0.

To all who
wish to use the
best honey-sec-
tions, V-groove,
and which fold
without break-
age, we say, tn/
ours. Prices
reasonable, and
liberal discount
on large orders.
Send for prices
of both apiarian
supplies and
fruit-boxes. Ad-
dress as above.

-9>

SOUTHERN HEADQUARTERS'?-

FOR EAnL-Z" QTJEEITS,

Nuclei, and full colonies. The manufacture of
hives, sections, frames, feeders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Superior work and best material at " let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fully equipped, with
the latest and most approved machinery. Send for
my illustrated catalogue. Address
5tfd .r. I>. H. RROUrN, Aususta, Ga.

T7nP QATT? 100 THREE- FBAiTiE ivr-

r\JM\ OlXLtEd, C1.EUS HIVES.

Italian bees, ready for shipping bv the 5th daj- of
April, 1880. Address D. O'ROURKE,
8-9d Selma, Dallas Co., Ala.

NOTICE THE LOW PRICES ON

Bees, Brood, Queens, Plants, Etc.,

m M7 NEW CISC'JLAE. PLEASE WEITE FOR ONE.
C. WECKESSER.
.5 lOdb Marshallville. "Wayne Co., Ohio.

SEND s^^,^,.!^"^^ TOUNDATION

TO C. W. PHELPS & CO., TIOGA CENTRE, N. Y.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACT0E7, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

Wf STOCK fOF~BEES^FOR SALE.

Mostly Italians. These bees must be sold, and
will be sold cheap. All in Quinby frames. Sold
with or without hives. Send for prices of Italians,
hybrids, and blacks. Address

WM. E. CLARK,
T-indb Oriskany, Oneida Co., N. Y.

378

GLEAJNINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

May

Pure ITALIAN BEES and QUEENS

QUEESS Bni:D FROM IMPORTED STOCK.

Untested queen, just commencing to lay, - $1.00

Furnished bv the 10th of May.
Tested, *3.00. Select tested, $3.50. Furnished by

the 16th of May.
One-half pound bees, 90e. Furnished after the 1st

of April. Cage included.
Two-frame nucleus, consisting' of '2 lb. of bees, 90c,

two frames partly filled with brood, ilOc, and one

nucleus hive, 40c. Total 12.30; guaranteed.
All bees, queens, and nuclei are to be safely deliv-
ered at your nearest express or postofflce, you pay-
ing all express charges. Order early. First order-
ed, first served. C. F. UHL,
7-9d Millersburg, Holmes Co., O.

20 Colonies of Bees For Sale.

I will sell twenty colonics of bees in the A. I. Root
two-story chaff hive, combs straight, on wired
frames, with metallic corners, all in good condition.
Hives are as good as new, and well painted, for
iftlO.OO per colony. Address J. REYNOLDS,
8-9d Clinton, Kennebec Co., Maine.

15

PLYMOUTH-ROCK EGGS ty express for $1.00.
579d S. A.DYKE, Pomeroy, Ohio.

ITALIAN QUEENS

From imported and best tested queens, $1.00 each.
Tested queens, $1.75. Raised in full colonies. Bees,
per lb., 90 cts.; 6 lbs. for $5.00, in wire-cloth cages;
SJ colonies to draw from. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Pure-bred Plymouth Rock, White and Brown Leg-
horn eggs, 13 for $1.03. Spider-plant seeds by nuiil,
.$ l.;30 per lb. ; 15 cts. per oz. ' 7 9d

W. A. SANDERS, Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga.

HAVING moved my lars'o queen-rearing apiary
from Lewisville to Milton, I will still furnish
pure Italian bees and queens in any quantity and
shape. Those wanting to start apiaries should write
for prices. I also will furnish eggs from California
bronze turkeys, at $1..50 per sitting of 9.
;M9d GEO. W. BAKER, Milton, Ind.

To send a postal card for my catalogue cf Albiuo
and Italian Queen-Bees, and see what my cus-
tomers say about them, before purchasing else-
where. Addi'css D.A.PIKE,
5 7 9d SMITHSBURG, WASH. CO., MD.

QUEENS UNEXCELLED.

From Mr. Benton's best imported mothers, very
low. Send for circular to
8tfdb ' S. F. REED, N. Dorchester, N. H.

BEES IN mm.

— SEE FOSTER'S —
ADVERTISEMENT.

PURE

BEES.

Full colonies, nuclei, bees by the
pound, and Queens a specialty. Also,
Simplicity Hives, Frames, Sections, Comb Founda-
tion, and supplies generally. K^" Send for my cir-
cular and price list. You Avill save money by so do-
ing, c. M. Dixoisr,
4-11-db Parhisf, Franklin Co., Ijaj.

ALL progressiveTeI-Ieepers

Suffer for my price list of Bee-keepers' Supplies of
all kinds. Send for price list and be convinced.

J. W. BITTENBENDER,
4-9db KNOXVILLE, MARION CO., IOWA.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION TACTOET, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. obtl'd

A VF vFvF See Geuye's adve ise

OR SALE).

ent. 8-13db

BINGHAM SMOKERS

BoHOniNO, N. Y., Aug. 1.5, 1.SS3.
All summer long it has been "which
and t'other" with me and the Cyprian
colony of bees 1 have— but at la.st I am
/ms.s,- Bingham's Conqueror Smoker
dill it. If you want lots of smoke just
at the light time, get a Conqueror Smoker of Bing-
ham. G. M. DOOI.ITTLE.

Independence, Cal., Jan. 3, 1880.
aMcssvk. Bbmham & HrAheriri{iUm:—Dear Sirs:—

The " Doctor " came to hand last night in good
order. " It is a Daisy." Won'ctne little pets wink
their eyes when they get some of his medicine'? I
have one of your *• Large " smokers, which has
been in use si.x years.

Respectfully yours, Wm. Muth-Rasmussen.

Binghnin Smokers and Knives sent per mail, post-
paid, at ()5 cts. to $3.00. Send for free circular to

5lfd BINGHA IVi&HETHERiNBTON, ABRONIA, MICH.

AUTQWIATBG ^0?yEY-= EXTRACTOR.

The onlv self le^e^Slng Honc> Extiactoi known.
Will do double the amount of work of any other ex-
tractor. Send for new circular, just out April 1st.
Calilornians, send to Baker & Barnard, San Buena-
ventura, Ventura Co., Cal. Canadians, send to E. L.
Goold & Co., Braiitford, Ont., Can.

All others, address G. W. STANLEY,

8tfdb Wyoming, N. Y.

(UUifnrniaim.— Good live men to act iis suo-agents
in the different counties of Cal. Parties wishing to
become agents, or to manufacture the Automatic
extractor can address Baker & Barnard, San Buena-
ventura, Cal.. or G. W. Stanley, Wyoming, N. Y.
This is a good chance for those who want to make
and sell our machines.

Look! Honey-Coinl) Foundation! VA\

Friends, if you want any Foundation it will pay
you to })urchasc of us, as we have the very latest
improved mills. Discounts on early orders. Send
for free samples and prices. Strawberry plants,
grape roots, and Italian queens at reasonable
prices. We will allow 10 ', discount until May 1,5th,
and 5 until June 1st on fdn. Address

C. W. FHELFS & CO.,
8tfdb TioGA Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

1.S86

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

383

Contents of this Number.

Alley's Trap 42.'i

Apiculture, IiuHprtiVuce of .393

Arthui's Fac simile 417

Rfos. To <;et out of SeL'tions.393

Bees vs. Fiuit 392

Reni'li vise 102

Honk-Kcvie\v Department. .392

Rovs St.aliiis Honey 416

Burmah Letter 390

Cirniolans 424

Cells Capi'id with ("otton.. .388

Chapiniui Hcncv-plant 391

Colonies, StreiiK'theiiintr. . . .401

Controllable Hive 424

Dog Eating Brooil 396 j

Editorials 42.5 i

Entrance. Closed in Winter. 394

Extract. How to 41;')

Extr.actiiit.', Benefits of 423

Facts from Observation ...413 !

Filse St itements ....42.3

Fertili/ition, .\rtineial 392 ,

Frieiel in Trouhle 422

(Has, for V.mIs....; 401 !

({race's L-ltM- 413

Hay ,397 !

Heddon on AVinleriug 387 i

Honey for C >lds 416 i

Honey Colu .in .386

Honey for Croup 417

Hone.v and Alum 41.">

Honev-board-i 423

Hornets 39.5

Japan Letter 412

Kind Words 426

Lawvcrs aiul Bees 39'>

Mapie Svrup, Musty 400

Miilrv on l',istur.age 3.S9

:\lv Ncitrhhors 411

Nest, Petrified 41.5

Notes and Querie 4 3

Old Fogy 41.5

Our Own Apiary 424

Overworked Fiflks 369

Pasturage. Artificial . .rssit, 393

Pollen from C ictus 395

Queens Liying in 3 Days. . ..416

Ke|ioits Kiu'oii raging 418

He-uvrection Plant 417

Kobliiiis' Keport 399

S-oiits Sent bv Bees 388

South America 391

Teiiv's Tool house 39ii

T.ibacco Column 418

Wasps and Hornets 395

Water. Heating on Top 3n8

Wintering on Sugar .387

Wo.nen as Bee-keepers 391

AUTOMATIC HONEY- EXTRACTOR.

The only self reversing- Honey-Extractor known.
Will do double the amount of ^vork of any other ex-
tractor. Send for new circular, just out April 1st.
Californians, send to Baker & Barnard, San Buena-
ventura, Ventura Co., Cal. Canadians, send to E. L.
Goold & Co., Brantford, Ont.. Can.

All others, address G. AV. STANLEY,

8tfdb Wyoming, N. Y.

CaJi7(ir?ii(7)i8.— Good live men to act as sub-ag-ents
in the different counties of Cal. Parties wishing- to
become agents, or to manufacture the Automatic
extractor can address Baker & Barnard, San Buena-
ventura, Cal., or G. W. Stanley, Wyoming, N. Y.
This is a good chance for those who want to make
and sell our machines.

STANLEY'S DOLLAR SMOKER.

A large strong bellows Smoker, with 8 in. barrel,
and equal to any smoker in the market, for only
$1.00, or SI. 35 by mail. Can be sent immediately.

sviJciAL oi-rjui ryriL may -'sth.

Every person who purchases a 4-franie Automatic
Honey-Extractor before May S.'jth, and sends cash
with order, 5vill receive a smoker /ree.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For 'he benefit Oif friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, .as below. We do this because there is ha'dly value
enough to these (iiieeiis to )iay f-r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet if is often'iines quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not allord higher-priced ones.

T have about one dozen hybrid queens for sale at
23cc;ich. Good and prolific. M. Bhokks,

(Joi-i-zalis, Gonzales Co., Texas.

Ark. Brown iind hybrid queens 30 to 40 cts. each.
F. C MouKow, Wallaceburg, Ark.

Black queens, 2.5c until .Tune.

WALTKit B. FiSHEii, Uvalde, Uvalde Co., Texas.

Hybrid ijiiecns at 43 cts. from May 3dth.

.1. G. CoBii, Mount Cobb, Pa.

75 black and a few hybrid qiirens left for sale, at
35 and 3.5c eaeli. All clipped. Isafe arrival guaran-
teed by return mail. li. T. Ayeks,

Box 1T5, Kankakee, Kankakee Co., Ills.

T have some 10 or 13 black and hybrid queens to
ell, after the IHth inst., at 35 and 35c each.

J. C. ZiM.MEU.MAN, Wabash, Wabash Co., Ind.

Black and hybrid (jueens for sile at the usual
rates. Geo. D. Raudenbush, Reading, Pa. lOd

Hybrid queens must go. In order to rid my apia-
ries of the last vestige of black blood, I offer 6 good
jivbrid queens (all that I have) at 40 cts. each, or
13 OJ for the lot. Speak quick, for 1 will kill them
if not called for soon. Address

J. C. Bowman, North Lima, Mahoning Co., Ohio.

F. HOLTKE'S S-FRAME NUCLEI, WlTH

$1.00 Queen, for Only $2.oo!

Three-frame nuclei, with $1.00 queen, from 15th
of May on, i?3.0:). Combs built in Simplicity frames,
and well stocked with bees and lirood. 10-ll-13d

Fred'k Holtke, Carlstadi, Bergen Co., N. J.

Batche/der's Drone and Queen Trap

Ts the only one made that does not hinder the bees
in their work. Send 85 cents for sample. Send for
circular, and see what A. T. Root says about it.
lOtldb J. A. BATCHElrDEK, Keeuc, N. H.

SECTIONS

quote J ou rock-bottom prices. Circular free.

AT HARB-PAN PRICES. V-groove or square
cut. Siimples free; also chaff hives. Root's pattern:
Dunham comb-foundation and apiarian supplies of
all kinds. Write, staling what you want, and I will
8tfdb EZRA BAER, Dixon, Lee Co., Illinois.

PUHE -i- ITALIAITS -i- EXCLUSIVELY.

-€ STOP, » READ, « AND * ORDER.^

Having determined to devote my time and attention exclusively to the production of pure Italian bees
find queens, during the season of 1886, I otter, in order to reduce stock, 50 Cliolce Colonies of Pure
Italians in 10 Langstroth frames, guaranteed to contain at least 4 full frames of brood and 4 lbs. of bees
in new chaff hive, at if 10.00 each. I append my prices for the season.

My terms are cash with the order. First orders will be filled first. I will refund money at any time a
(Customer may become dissatisfied with waiting.

My methods: One kind, and the best of that kind. Nothing except tested queens sold at any price, I
will send one-year-old quecps until stock is exhausted, and then this season's hatch. I will commence to
send, about May 1st.

1-frame nucleus, tested queen $3 00

3 " " " •• 3 00

3 " " ," " 4 00

4 'I " " " 5 00

In lots of 5, Ave per cent discount; in lots of 10, ten per cent discount. In lots of 10 or more nuclei or

pounds of bees, I will pay express charges for the firgt 1000 miles. Now remember, I guarantee safe ar-
rival and absolute satisfaction jn all cases. Sample of livo workers free by mail. Capacity, 35 queen?
per day after May 1st,

Stfdb BOX 691, SHERBURNE. CHENANGO CO., N. Y,

1 tested queen ,.fl CO

1 pound of bees 1 00

1 frame of brood and bees 1 OJ

384

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

KENWARD-HALL APIARY,

'riiMiikiiiK' our fi-ienrls for tht'ir larfi'c onlcrs,
March aiui April, we assure tlicin that we shall try
to iTicrir all orders ill the future. 3J0 nuclei. Our
queens imported by ourselves. Price $1 00; '4 doz.,
$5.00; 1 doz, $10 00. Tested, $;3.00 and $3.0J. Special
rates to dealers.

J. AV. K. SHA-W & CO.,
8 lOdb lioreauville, Iberia Parish, LiR.

LOOK HERE.

Untested queens, only 75 cents each. ti. 70 cents
each; 10, 60 cents each. IV1. S. ROOP,

9d Council Bluffs, Iowa.

ITALIANmCARNlOLAN QUEENS.

Bred in separate apiaries, away from
other bees. Warranted Italian or un-
;r tested Carniolan (pieens. ii\ .May, $1.35;
6, $6 75; .lune, $1.10; 6, $5 'JO; July, $1;
6, $5. State which you prefer, Ital-
ians bred from my Bellinzona strain,
or Gulden Italians. I am prepared to
please all.

jiEiis AT iij:j)vcj:n batks.

For full particular.*, and pricei of tested queens,
bees, etc., send for circular and price list. Satisfac-
tion guaranteed. CHAS. D. DUVALL,
9ttdb Speiice ville, ITIont. Co., Md.

READY, READY, READY

100 nucleus colonies will be ready by the 1.5th or
3)th of May, 3, 4, and 5 frames, at $4.C0, $5 00, and
$6.00; all with g-ood laying' untested Italian queens.
They will all have plenty of bees, brood, and honey.
Queenaand full colonies for sale.
9 lOd LOUIS WERNER, Edwardsville, HI.

QUEENS UNEXCELLED.

From Mr. Benton's best imported mothers, very
low. Send for circular to
8tfdb S. F. REED, N. Dorchester, N. H.

BEES IN IOWA.

DIIDC ITALIAN BEES.

I linr Full colonies, nuclei, bees by the
I w Ilk pound, and Queens a specialty. Also,
Simplicity Hives, Frames, Sections, Comb Founda-
tion, and" supplies generally. £2^" Send for my cir-
cular and price list. You will save money bv so do-
ing. C. M. DIXON,
4-11-dh Paruish, Franklin Co., 111..

1000

See Gedye's advertisement. 813db

Look! Honey-Comb Foundation! Lcok!

Friends, if you want any Foundation it will pay
you to purchase of iis, as we have the very latest
improved mills. Discounts on early orders. Send
for free samples and prices. Strawberry plants,
grape roots, and Italian queens at reasonable
prices. We will allow 10 '.' discount until May 15th,
and 5 until June 1st on fdn. Address

C. W. FHELFS & CO.,
^tfdb Tioga Centre, Tioga Co., N. Y.

FOUNDATION

AND

VANDERVORT

We have a large stock of choice ypjlow beeswax,
and can furnish Dunham comb t'dn. lor bfood conib,
cut to any size, for 40c per lb. E.\tra thin Vander-
vort foundation, 46c per lb. We guarantee oui'
fdn. to be made from pure beeswax, and not to sag.
Will work up wax for 10c per lb., and 30c per lb. for
section. F. 'W. HOLLIES,

^tfdb - Coopersville, Ottawa Co., Mich.

QUEENS. 1886. QUEENS.

Reared from Imported Mothers. Two, three, and
four frame nuclei. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Send for price list. Address
.5-lldb FRANK A. EATON, Bluffton, Ohio.

-SEE FOSTER'S —
ADVERTISEMENT.

Having sold the 100 colonies of Bees offered in
the March Nos. of this journal, 1 am now booking
orders only for

NUCLEUS COLONIES AND QUEENS. ALSO
BEE-KEEPERS' SUPPLIES.

Send for 1886 price list. Address
7tfdb WM. W. CARY.

Successor to Wm.W. Cary & Son. Coleraine, Mass.

LEWIS V-GROOVE

ONE-PIEGE SECTIONS

Doivn, Down, Goes the Price.

First Quality, White Basswood, One-Pound Sections,
la lots of 500 to 3000, $4.00 per 1000.

SPECIAL FREIGHT RATES.

If 3000 or more are wanted, write for special prices,
delivered to you, freight jmid by us.

C. B. LEWIS & CO., Otfdb

April 15, 1886. Watertown, Wisconsin.

R APPT7T Q T OAK; hold 59 galls.; steam-test-
OAnnCiljO : ed, and equal to the best, at the
following prices, each: 1 barrel, .f3..50; 3, $3.40; 3,
$2 35; 4, »3.;-{0; 5, $2 35; 6, $3.20; 7, $2.15; 8, $2.10; 9,
$3.0.i; 10, $2.00. No further reduction for less than
twenty. GEO. H. HOYLE, Mobile, Ala. 9-lOd

WE WILL SELL

Chaflf hives complete, with lower frames, for $3.50;
in flat, $1.,50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Boxes, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
macliinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Oees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 33 33db

- A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

DCCC III inilfA — SEE FOSTER'S —

DCCd IN I U If A I ADVERTISEMENT.

PURE ITALIANS.

May

June
1 tolS

June 31
to Oet. 1 ,

Tested queens I $2 50 I $3 35 I $175

Untested, queens I i 1 25 | 1 00

Bees per pound I 3 00 I 1 .50 100

Nuclei per comb | 90 | 65 | .50

All communications i)romptly responded to, and
all questions cheerfuUv answered.
8-13db S. f. PERRY, POETLAND, IONIA CO., MICH.

1886 Golden Italian Queens," 1886

Our bees won first prize at the St. Louis Fair over
several worthy competitors in Oct., 1885.

Extra tested queens, 2 years old $3 .50

2 00

Untested, " after May 15 1 OQ

We will also dispose of .50 full colonies at the foj^
lowing low price, in one-story Simplicity hives:
One colony, with tested queen $8 00

" " '' untested queen 6 .5Q

Five or more, 10 per cent discount.

Delivered at H. R. station,- and safe arrival guar-
anteed. Send for circular.

DARROVir & ROSS,
8 lOdb X^ebanon, St. Clair Co., 111.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

58-5

1000 Lbs.

Bees FOR Sale.

Ht'i-e I lun for the spring- of 1886, with 1000 LBS. OF
HYBEID BEES for sale by the pound. Bees $1.(1(1, and
queens 50 cts. in May; bees !fl.(X) and queens 135 cts.,
after the 10th of June. All express charges paid by
me in the United States and Canada. Safe arrival
g-uaranteed. Orders received first will be tilled
first. Remember, I can not fill all in one day. Or-
der early, and avoid delay. No order will be booked
without the money. Money returned when re-
quired. I have no circular." Inclose stamp when
you want a reply. I will start to ship on the 15th of
May, weather permitting-.

THOMAS GEDYE,
8-13db I^a Salle, La Salle Co., 111.

BEAUTIFUL

FOUNDATEON

And very choice all-in-one-piece SECTIONS, V-
groove — -wholesale and retail, and exceedingly
cheap. Send for Samples and Free Price List of
every thing- needed In the' apiary. 9tfdb

(Near Detroit.) M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Wayne Co., Mich.

lAIESTEEN ILLINOIS MODEL POULTEY & BEE YARDS. Premi-
'• um and imported stock; also Apiarian supplies.
Catalogue free. 8-13d L. HOENING, Prop., Mahern, 111.

'T>^r<'yi -KEEPERS' SUIDE, Memoranda, and Illus-
JSXdXd truted catalogue, 48 pages; FSEE to all
bee-keepers sending address to
8tfd JOS. NYSEWANDER, Des Moines, Iowa.

BE SURE

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN ?,feXre^."Tt"llfn^ SUPPLIES
tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing-
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE LOWEST PRICES.

2tfd

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford, Washington Co., 'Wis.

MY 18TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN,
CYPRIAN, and HOLY-LAND BEES, QUEENS,
NUCLEUS COLONIES, and APIARIAN SUPPLIES,
sent to ail who send me their name and addresrS.
lU lltfd H. H. BROWN, LHiM Strrrt, ( ■<,l. Co., Pa.

Italian Queens sent by Mail.

Untested queens from imported mother, April,
*1.25; May, June, and July, «l.OO. After April, per
half-dozen, $6.0(J. E. CRUDGINGTON & SON,
6tfdb Breckinridge, Stephens Co., Texas.

■Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Ordc-rs for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
22 31db Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

Foundation - Mill For Sale.

One nine-inch Dunham mill, second liand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, equal to a new one.
Price *20.U(). The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $40.00. A. I. ROOT, IVIedina, O.

HEADOUARTERS IN THE SOUTH

FOE THE MANUFAOTUEE AND SALE OF

BEE - KEEPERS' • SUPPLIES.

The only Steam Facttny Erected in the South, Ex-
clusively for the Manufacture of Hives, Frames, Sec-
tions, etc. The Viallonand Root Simplicity Hiveg a
Specialty.

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Untested, in April, $1.2.5 each; $13.00 per doz. From
May 5 to .lune 1, *1.10 each, S12.00 per doz. After
June 1, $1.00 each. $10.00 per doz. Tested, $2.50
each; select tested, $3.00 each to first of Jujie.
Contracts taken with dealers for the delivery of a
certain number of queens per week, at special
figures.

FOUR-FRAITIE NUC1.EUS,
With pure Italian queen, containing 3 pounds of
bees when received; in April, $4.00; after May 25,
35 cts. less. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

BEES BV THE POUND,
Delivered, express prepaid, in lots of 5 pounds or
more. Send for price. Same discount given as of-
fered by A. I. Root, in Gleanings from month to
month. For more particulars, send for catalogue
for 1886. p. L. VIALLON,

Ttfdb Bayou Goula, Iberville Farisli, La.

Bee-Hives, Honej^oxes, Sections.

Largest Bee-Hive Faotoey in the Woeld.

CAPACITY, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAY

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

MUTH'S
HOFEY-EXTRACTOR,

s<tu.\RK (;l.ass honev-jars,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-IIIVES,
HONEY>SECTIONS, &c., Ac.
PERFECTION COL.D- BLAST SmOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

VIRGINIA LAND AGENCY.

Cheap Farms. Splendid climate. Short Mild Win-
ters. Good Markets. Descriptive Land List Free.
611b GRIFriN A JERVIS, PETERSBURGH, VA.

— SEE FOSTER'S —
ADVERTISEMENT.

BEES IN IOWA.

HORN

PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

IT*AI.IAN queens; untested. May and June,
$1.00; six for $.5.00; after July 1st, 85c each; six,
$4. .50; 3-fr. nucleus, untested queen, June, $3.75;
after July 1, $3.35. Send for price list of bees by
the pound, Idn.-, etc. JOHN NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.
7-12db

HIVES, SECTIONS, CASES, CR.l^TES, ETC.

COMB FOINBATION, ITALIAN BEES

ANI> QUEENS, BICEO FOR HON-

EV-GATIIERINCi.

Wax wanted. Send ft)r free Catalogue to

Ctfd EEYNOLDS BEOS., WILLIAMSBUES, WAYNE CO., IND.

SYRIAN AND ITALIAN QUEENS,

Before June 15, tested, $3..50 each; after, $3.00 each.
Untested, before June 15, $1.00 each; after, single
queen, $1.00; six for $5.00; twelve for $9.00.
(itfdb ISRAEL.] (iOOD, Sparta, Tenii.

88G

GLEANI:NGS IK liEK CULTlJilE.

May

JleNEY CeMMN.

CITY MARKETS.

Kansas City. =-Ho?iC.?y.— Demand for all grades
light, with a very light stock of comb in the city.
Extracted dull and very low. With the low freights
fi-om California, our trade has been well supplied.
One-pound sections, choice, 16

dark, J2(g*14

Two '* " choice, 12@14

" " " dark, 5@10

Extracted, from SYz to « cents. Beeswax, 33c.

May 11, 1886. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. 4th & Walnut St's., Kansas City, Mo.

Chicago.— Ho?)ey.— The supply of comb honey is
fully up to demand, unless it is for fancy one-pound
sections (without glass), which brings 15(Sil6c. Two-
pound sections, lOtfgl'Jc, slow of sale. The demand
for extracted is very light, at unchanged prices.
Beeswax, in larger supply at 23c. R. A. Burnett,

May 10, 1886. 161 S. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cincinnati.— Ho?iey.— There is no new feature in
the market. Demand fair for extracted honey for
table use, but exceedingly dull from manufactur-
ers. Prices are unchanged and nominal. Prices of
comb honey are nominal, and but little on the mar-
ket. We sell at 14@,ir)c a lb. for choice, in the job-
bing way. Beeswax.— 'Ihere is a good home demand.
Good to choice yellow brings 'M(VZ2c. on arrival.
, May 11, 1886. C. V. Mhth & Son,

S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

St. Louis— Hojie;/ —We liave no features to note
in our honey market, except dullness. Demand is
very light, prices quotably iniclianged— any way,
not improved. W. T. Andehson & Co.,

May 11, 1886. 104 N. 3d. St , St. Louis, Mo.

Milwaukee.— Hotiey.-Market here seems qiii'e
dull; the demand is very limited, and the supply
not very large. Values continue unchanged
Choice white 1-lb. sections,
" 3-lb.
" dark 2-lb.
Extracted, in kegs or tin, white,
" " " dark.

Beeswax, 25c. A. V. Bishop,

May 11, 1886. 143 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis

17@.18

15{a;16

8@8'/2
6@7

Detroit.— Hojicj/.— There is no honey left in com-
mission houses, and but little in the hands of retail
dealers. New honey will find the market bare.
Best comb, in 1-lb. boxes, 14c. Beeswax, scarce (g3.5c.

May 11, 1886. M. H. Hunt,

Bell Branch, Mich.

Cleveland.— JJojiej/.— Our market continues good
for best 1-lb. iinglassed sections, which bring 14@15
cts. readily on arrival, 31bs. arc dull at ISfinlS cts.
Glassed sections sell slowly at 12c. Extracted,, 7(g<8.
Becswoa;, scarce at 3ri(rt)38. A. C. Kendel,

May 8, 1686. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio. '

Boston.— Ho)if.j/.—No change 'in price of honey.
Sales very light. Blake & Rjpley,

May 11, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

HONEY - JARS.

Buckets and Tumblers of Crystal Oiass

CORKS, TIN-FOIL CAPS, ETC.

Best Quality, at Lowest Prices.

Address for Prices, ete., TYCARD SONS,
lOd 2119 S. Jane St., Pittsburg, Pa.

-4-I^QUEENS.-m-

I have them, bred from a best selected queen of
Root's Importation, 90 cts. each; 6 for $4.50. I can
give all orders immediate attention, and ship by
return mail. Send postal tor dozen rates.
lOtfdb B. T. BLEASDALE,

596 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

HILL-SIDE APIARY.

ITALIAN UMHH AND QUEENS, BEES BV

THE POUND, NUCLEUS, OR FILL

COLONY.

Sehd for Circular to

W. B. COCCESHALL, Supt.,

Summit, Union Co., N. J.

17/1T» Qalo A bargain for some one. 330 acres
A KJl OctlC. of land in Reynolds Co., Mo., on-
ly 13 or 1.5 miles from Iron Mountain R. R. Well
covered with pine timber, never having had a tree
cut on it. Taxes less than $5.00 per year. "Will sell
for $10.00 per acre. lOd J. S. WAENEE, MEDINA, 0.

Stanley's honeT-Ixtractor

AND DOLLAR SMOKER.

Special Offer. See Advertisement in another column.

^nilNnATinM s sheets fob lfeaue.ssc. fee lb.

r UUnUH I lUil, w. T. LYONS, Decherd, Tenn.

LOWCOST HOUSES

"- HOW TO BUILD THEM

A large Atlas, giving cuts and
full descriptions of -lOdesirahle
iiioderii nouses, costing from
*400upt0$6,«00. Profusely
iUustraling every detail and. ma-
ny original ideas. Houses adapt-
ed to all climates described.
The latest, best.and only cheap

... ,^. ^^ . work published. Sent by .nail.

VOStpald for 60c in 8t»mps. FUANKLIM KEtVS tO., PUILIOJL

EXPRESS PREPAID upon EOOS FOE HATOHINO
from our premium stock of Fowls. Send for
price list. Satisfaction guaranteed. Ref. A. I. Root.
9d BOSTWICK & ASHLEY, Medina, Ohio.

P.S— 4 in. German Carp, $5.00 per 100, F. O. B. here.

CONVENTION" NOTICES.

The Madison County (N. Y.) Bee-Keepers' Association will
hold a seui'-annual meeting in the parlors of the Eagle Hotel
at Oneida. N. Y., on Wednesday, May 28. The meeting will be
called at 10 o'clock A. M., sharp. All interested in bees or hon-
ey are invited to attend. All apicultural goods sent for exhi-
bition will be carelully looked alter Vjy the officeis of the as-
sociation. . F. S. Smith, Pres.

The date for (he next meeting of the N. A. B. A. has been
li.Ncd for the 18, 13, and 14 of October ne-xt.
Indianapolis, Ind. F. L. Dougherty, See.

CIHCULARS BECEIVED.

The following have sent us their price lists:

J. B. Batcheliler, Keene, N. H., an advertising thcet of the
BatchtlJer drone-trap.

J. J. Hulbert, Lyndon, 111., a U page cinular of bee-supplies
in general.

Thos. L Thornton, Dividing Ridge, Ky., a 6page price list of
apiarian supplies.

J. R. Landes, Albion, Ohio, a 4-page circular— specialty, tees,
queens, and poultry.

Will Ellis, St. Davids, Out, Can., apiarian implements and a
specialty of fine comb fdii. Will Ellis has obtained the flist
prize on foundation at the Lindon Western Fair, and first and
second ijrize on foundation an the Toronto Industrial Exhibi-
tion. This fdn. was made from one of our make of mills, and
tlu' friends w.l do well to bear this in mind when in need of a
(■onib-iiiill.

1 am being asked my opinion of the new circulars Mrs. Cot-
ton is again sending oiit quite plentifully. The statements she
makes, and the prices she charges for the goods she sends out,
would, in my opinion, forbid her being classed with our regu-
lar supply-dealers, to say nothing of the strings of complaints
against her that have filled our bee-journals tor years past.

REDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF BEES AND QUEENS
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE.

Just before noing to press.— The season is so ex-
tremely favorable for the production of bees and
queens that we have decided, besides the offer men-
tioned on page 436, to make the prices of bees and
queens, after the first of June, at July prices.

Vol. XIV.

MAY 15, IH.S6.

No. 10.

TKUMS: Si.OOPkb VNNiTM, IN .VnVANCE;'! 17 .,+ t^l^l -! nT-, ^ rl V-n 1 Q 'y Q r Clnlis to different postofllces.KOTLKfS

Jl>,>LClUllo/7/VCl' 0/0 JLO / O . \thnn90cts. e&ch. Sent postpaid. In the

2aopiesfor«l.90;3for$2.75;5forS4.00,
10 or more. 7S ct?. each. Single Number
5 eta. Additions to clubs maybe made

PUBLISHED SEMl-MONlllI.Y DY

U. S. and Conadas. To all other eonn-
tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18c

at club rates, .\bove are all to be sent ! » t -r>r\r\T^ tmitit^ttvta /"iTTT/-^ I per .vex r extra. To all countries not of
FICE. J A.i.itUUl, MJl,lJiiN A,UlilU. I theU.P.U.,42cperyear extra.

TO ONE POSTOFFICE.

JAMES HEDDON ON THAT WINTER-
ING PKOBLEM.

EXPERIMENTS IN FAVOR OF SUG.Ml STORES.

TT will 1)0 remembered that I have all along- de-
dlF clarcd that the prime cause of our great win-
^l ter enemy, bcc-diarrhca, was concealed in their
■*• food. Well, throu.uh the persuasion of Mr. Bar-
ber and other successful bee-kecpcrs I had al-
most made up raj' mind that possibly I was not al-
together right about the matter, and that tempera-
ture was about all wo need to look to; at least, I
hoped that this easy solution ol the difficulty might
prove true. Last fall 1 prepared for extensive tests
regarding the matter, and now I will state facts
relative to my experiments during the past two
winters, and let the reader draw Ills own conclu-
sions to suit his reason and understanding.

Perhaps the reader will remember, that in the
fall of 1884 I placed in a damp cellar !U colonies, 73
of which had no natural stores of an.v sort (not a
cell of bee-bread), they having clear sugar syrup
fed into clean dry combs, while the other IH had a
part all natural stores, and a part a mi.vturo of
natural and artificial. The cellar was very damp-
so much so that mold and pools of water could be
seen about nearly every hive. About one-third of
the colonies had upward ventilation; the others,
only entrance ventilation. The cellar was allowed
to become very cold. For weeks the temperature
stood as low as 20°. Nearly every one of the 18 col-
onies on natural stores had bee-diarrhea, and the
73 on pure syrup came out, after a confinement of
151 daj'S, without any fecal accumulations whatever.
When they had their first flight, not a thing— not
even water— could be seen coming from them— not
a spot on any of the white hives. Here was cold
and humidity, but no fecal accumulations. From
one of the sick colonies (dead with bce-ijiarrhca) I

took a sample of the excreta, and sent it to Prof .
Cook for chemical analysis. I also inclosed some
pollen from the comb contained in the frame from
whose top bar I took the exci-ela. The professor
answered as follows: "I have subjected the pollen
to a very careful examination with a one-sixth ob-
.leetive. I find several kinds of pollen grains, two
of which are by f;ir the most common. One is oval,
rather pointed at the ends, with a longitudinal slit
and numerous i>ro,jections; the other is globular,
and thickly set with projections much like those in
the other. I then studied the excreta; and had
some one else made the change, I should have
stoutly maintained that the objects were the same
that I had just studied. The kinds of pollen were
exactly the same in style and markings. The pol-
len you sent had been liberally appropriated by the
bees whose excreta you sent."

Last fall I placed in a flilcd-wall, above-ground
repository (room 11X7X18 feet) 150 colonies, with
stores part natural, and part s.vrup. This house
was keiit at a temperature between 45 and 50°, and
no signs of the disease appeared till late in winter,
and, when taken out, no less than 25 to 30 colonies
had diarrhea to a greater or lesser extent. For
over three weeks, at one time, I maintained the
temperature by closing the room as tightly as good
carpenter-work and packing could make it; and
during all this dearth of " fresh air," the bees re-
mained (juiet antl in apparently perfect health.
Here at home I placed 3'jO colonics in two cellars,
one damp and the other very dry, the same as at
Glen wood. We endeavored to keep up the temper-
ture by tightly closing the rooms in the coldest
weather, and we did so with the new cellar; but
with the old one we failed, as at the back end there
was a hole between the old boards that we over-
looked, and never should 'have found, but that we
caught it nielting holes through the snow on the

388

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

outsitlc. Nevertheless, the tcmperatui'e of both
cellars never went below 45° nor above about 50°,
1111(1 all was quiet, anrl no odor of diarrhea till near
ppriiig:, and then the disease began to ajipear, aud
was rather worse in eaeli eellar than at Glcnwood,
in the house.

Most of the colonies here were trusted to natural
and part natural stores and high temperature; and
none, except the few upon all artificial stores, came
Ihroug-h without nnij fecal accumulations. It has
well been said, that with honey at the present low
price and slow snle, the purchase of 30 or 30 barrels
cf sugar, when 20,000 lbs. of the nicest honey is on
liand, is almost impracticable, and this is the reason
that I trusted most of my colonies to all or part nat-
i;ral stores. I must say that T am disappointed to
find that, under no conditions, are wo at all times
sure of wintering- one-half of our colonies with nat-
ural stores. It maj' be that in many localities this
can always be done, but I can't do it here. This
much is solved: I can winter any colony with cer-
tainty; but to do so I must not only keep up a 45 to
60° temperature, but see that their only food is pure
cane-sugar syrup properlj- prepared and fed. My
last winter's experiments fail to attach any impor-
tance to ventilation and humidity.

I had two colonies on natural stores, thoi'oughly
packed, outdoors, and one of them died with the
diarrhea. I did net e.vpect this, but And the pollen
theoiy too true in my locality. I did not hope to
bring my bees through in perfect condition on nat-
ural stores, but I hoped to bring all through in
condition to make good working colonies by the
time clover bloomed; but I must own, that in this I
was mistaken. Friend Barber's plan won't do here.
I have just sent two specimens of the diarrhetic ex-
creta to Professor Cook, and here is his report:

"The thick feces is loaded with pollen of various
kinds, and largely insoluble in water. It has also
many spherical fungi. The other, also, has much
pollen, but less. It also has the spherical bacteria,
or fungi, and, in addition, some forms which are
chain-like. This is more soluble than the other;
but after boiling for some time in water there is
quite a residue that is insoluble."

The above are the facts, and all may draw their
own conclusions. It seems to me they pretty well
refute the opinions of Dr. Joslin and KatherQuinby,
as recorded by Mr. Hutchinson, on pages 249 and
250. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., May, 1886.

BEES CAPPING THEIR CELLS
COTTON BATTING.

"WITH

DO BEES SEND OUT SCOUTS DEFOUE SWAHMING?

X HAVE some quilts made of sheeting and cotton
|MF batting. I noticed, a few days since, at the en-
^l trance of one hive some of the filling of one

•*■ quilt, which had been carried out. I opened
the hive, raised out the brood-combs, and found
they had been using that cotton for capping some
of their brood. Some of the young bees had noth-
ing over their heads (and those that had no heads
formed), but simply tine bits of cotton stretched
across the cells in many ways, and I could look
through the network oovcring and see the little fel-
lows, like looking through a sieve. There was one
patch about two inches square with no capping ex-
cept cotton batting. You may say this was moth-

but

webs; but I say no, not the work of any thinj.
the bees capping their brood.

Last summer I was doing some carpenter work
for a nnin about a mile from where I live, about
the last days of Juno. As 1 had lost most of my bees
the winter before, I took what work I could get, as
the 20 weak colonies I had left did not require much
time. One day my wife came to where 1 was at
work and said my liees had swarmed. "Well,"
said I, " where did they go?"

"Why, they went into a hive," she said.

I said, " Do you know which hive they went into?"

"i'es," she replied, "I marked the hive with a
stone."

"Well, do you know which hive they came out of?"

"No," she said; "I did not see them until they
were all flying."

When I went home in the evening I found they
had entered a hive with combs in which the bees
had died the previous winter; and when I examin-
ed I found them to be hybrid Italians, very cross,
and I did not have a hybrid in the yard. There
were also more bees in that swarm than I had in
any two of my hives. The next week I noticed a
great many black bees flj'ing around my empty
hives, and at five o'clock in the evening a large
swarm of black bees came and went into another
of my hives. I saw them eome.

10-MoNT. Wyrick, 30—46.

Cascade, la., A]n\ 33, 1886.

Sometliing of this kind, about bees cap-
ping cells with fibrous material, has been
brought up before, and I presume there is
no question but that the bees do, under some
circumstances, use fibrous material. The
cappings of the brood-cells are not wax, in
any case. The fact you furnish about stray
swarms of bees occupying your hives is also
valuable ; it seems to me as if it might pay
to have hives fixed just right, ready for such
truant swarms.

HEATING "WATER AT DIFFERENT
DEPTHS IN A CAN.

THE FEASIBILITY OF BOILING EGGS FJtOM THE
SURFACE OF THE WATER.

X HAVE been a reader of your paper for the last
1^ year, and find it verj' interesting and instruct-
or ive. I noticed a sketch in March 15th issue,
"*■ over the signature of Ei-nest R. Koot, " Exper-
iments with Wax-e.xtractor," in which the boil-
ing-point, 212°, is reached. He thinks that eggs boil-
ed by the sun are quite pi'obablc. I think he will
have to boil them very near the top. I was attending
a farmers' meeting in our town somej'ears since.
The question came up concerning cooling milk
from the bottom. Some thought it could be cooU
ed to the depth of a foot or more; when Dr. Marquis,
one of our townsmen, who, bj^ the way, had been
experimenting with a pan he invented, asked the
club over to his store to see what he could do. His
pan was sixteen inches deep, with three faucets— the
first, four inches from the bottom; second, four
inches from the first; third, four inches from the
second. He first asked one of the gentlemen to try
the water in the pan. He found it alike in all the
faucets— the same temperature as the air in the
room. He then attached his cooling apparatus
(which is a hollow tube) to a force-pump in the cis-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

385

tern, and lowered it to the bottom of the i)an. His
next move was to attach his heating apparatus to
a steam-gauge, and lower it in the pan to the first
faucet from the top, this likewise a hollow cylinder.
He then stepped back in the store and got some
eggs and laid a couple on the heating cjiinder and
dropped one to the bottom of the pan. He then
told his servant to pump the water passing through
the cylinder at the bottom, and back to the cistern.
At the same time he turned on steam at the top,
and in a very short time the water at the top was
boiling rapidly. He kept both heat and cold going
pei'haps ten minutes, then he asked the gentleman
to draw some water from the middle faucet and try
it. It had not changed in temperature from where
it was at on the start. He then raised his heating-
cylinder and presented the ladies a couple of boiled
eggs. He next tried to remove his cooler from the
bottom, and found it frozen fast to the bottom of
the pan. When he got it loose he brought up the
egg, and at least one-half inch of blue ice. The egg
was frozen open. He then reversed proceedings,
putting the cooler at top, dropped some aniline on
the cylinder, and commenced pumping; in a very
short time the aniline was thoi-oughly mixed with
the water. So I am afraid friend Root will find it
up-hill business boiling eggs from the top.

NOYES B. Phetteplace.
Norwich, N. Y.. April 8, 1886.

Friend P., the matter yoii mention is a fa-
miliar one in cliemistry, and one of tlie ex-
periments often tried is to pour etlier on the
surface of water, and set tire to it. Wliile
the surface is more than boiling hot, a ther-
mometer just beneath the surface shows no
change of temperature, and ice may be in
the bottom of the vessel without being melt-
ed at all. This very fact is made itse of in
hot-water arrangements for heating green-
houses. The only way to warm a body
of water is to heat it at the bottom and allow
the circidation caused by the heat to warm
the whole body evenly. If the water con-
taining the eggs to be boiled were placed in
a black iron pan, I think the rays of the sun
would go down and heat the bottom of the
pan enough to warm up the water consider-
ably, but perhaps not enough to make it boil.

AKTIFICIAL PASTURAGE.

DR. C. C. MILLER TALKS TO US ABOUT IT.

fHE subject of artificial pasturage is one in
which I have been much interested. I have
spent upon it some thought and considera-
ble money. Some may think it premature
to talk of planting for bees, when millions of
acres are yet unoccupied; but the day maj' come
when these shall cease to be unoccupied, and it is
well to be prepared in advance for the possible.
There are a good many who have so many bees that
out-apiaries are established; and for such it would
be a great advantage if additional pasturage could
be furnished near home at sufficiently low cost to
maintain all in the home apiary. Besides, whether
many or few bees arc kept, there come gaps in the
season when there is almost nothing for the bees to
do, and it might pay to be at considerable expense
to provide artificial pasturage to fill up these gaps.
But it must be borne in mind that no one has yet
demonstrated, by actual trial, that one or more

acres of ground can be planted and occupied per-
manently by plants from which the honey alone
shall pay a profit. Something may be done by scat-
tering seeds on roadsides and waste places. I
should like, however, to be able to plant a certain
number of acres, and know wilh some degree of
approximation how many colonies could be sup-
ported thereby, and know, also, that the honey ob-
tained therefrom would morcthan pay all expenses.
Although my attempts have been failures mostly, it
may be of use to others to detail some of them that
they may be avoided. One year 1 planted a quarter-
acre of

SUNFLOWERS.

The ground was rich, they were well cultivated,
and presented a fine sight when in full bloom; but
I never saw any bees on them to amount to any
thing. They were of the "Mammoth Russian"
variety, and I think possibly the common kind
might be better. The Russian produces a large
quantity of seeds— perhaps, rather, a quantity of
large seeds— but a bushel of common seeds, I
should think, would contain about double the
amount of meats that the Russian would, because
the meat in the Russian seed bears no proportion to
the size of the shell.

ALSIKE CLOVER,

Although a great success with some, has been oth-
erwise with me. Sown on clay, several difterent
years, it has generally failed to make a good catch,
doing best, however, on low ground. Only one
year did I have any success, and then I had an acre
that was beautiful. Bees worked on it strong; but
after one season of bloom it was gone, root and
branch. Last summer there were some fine patch-
es of alsike on ground that had never been sown. I
can not think how it got there, unless from seed in
manure put on two or three years previously. I
have rather settled ujion alsike as one of the things
I can not succeed with, and yet it is quite possible
that, in five years, I may have acres of it flourishing,
by knowing just how to manage. I think- enough
has not been said about the beauty of the alsike
blossom. I have never shown it to the lovers of
flowers without calling forth warm admiration, and
I think many would consider it worth cultivating
for its beauty alone.

SPIDER PLANT,

From what little I have tried it, I consider worth-
less, although producing large quantities of honey,
because I know of no way of raising it by the acre
without heavy expense.

FLOWERING MAPLES,

Or abutilons, I have had for years. I have seen bees
woi-king on them, and have tasted from them the
richest drops of nectar I ever tiisted directly from
any flower; the largest in quantity, also, before
ever I saw any mention made of them as honey-
plants; but I am rather surprisi^l that time should
be taken to talk of such plants as this, poinsettia,
or other greenhouse i)lants. If the smallest slips of
these plants were started, by the time they were
rooted they could hardly be furnished for two cents
each; but a plant just rooted, and planted out as
early as our northern seasons will admit, would not
be fairly in bloom before frost. Such plants as
would be large enough to be of service would need
to be nuich larger, and could haidly be afforded for
less than ten cents each. But suppose they could
be had for five cents each; and to keep down ex-
pense, let us plant them four feet apart each way;

390

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

May

that will require 3733 for an aero, or an outlay of
J136 per aerc, to bo renewed annually atthe sameex-
pense, as every plant Avill be killed with the first
frost. Is it worth while to talk about setting out
such plants in quantity?

FUUIT-BLOSSOMS.

If I were not in a region Avhero fruit is quite
plentiful, I think I should certainly try to find what
kinds would succeed, and plant of them pretty
largely. I have succeeded in having honey stored
in sections during apple and cherry bloom but once,
and then only l)y a single extra-strong colony in a
few sections. But their influence in urging brood-
rearing is so great that Quinby, if I mistake not,
said the fruit-bloom decided the season. As to the
character of the honey, I have never observed
closely enough to make a positive statement, but
will rather put it in the form of a question: Is not
honey from cherry and plum rather disagreeable,
and from apple of fine flavor, resembling the odor
of ci'ab apple blossoms? If bees work much on
strawberries, I have never been able to observe it;
but on raspberries I have seen them work very
busily. The only objection is, that they come part-
ly in the time of clover bloom. C. C. Mili.eu.

Marengo, 111., May, 1886.

Friend M., over and over again I recur to
this subject, and I do tliink it is one of tlie
greatest importance. You say no one lias
yet demonstrated by actual trial that one or
more acres of ground can be planted, from
which the honey alone will be a profit. This
may be so ; but even if it is, why not devel-
op tlie ])lants where lioney alone is not the
only source of profit'? Bee-keepers should
raise buckwheat ; or if they can not do that,
induce others near them to raise buckwheat,
on the plan sufjgested by G. O. Goodhue, on
l)age 827. Buckwheat, alsike clover, rape,
and possibly raspberries, can be woi ked on
this plan ; and who knows but that we may,
in a lew years, raise basswood for the tim-
ber and for the lioneyV My basswood-or-
chard is getting to be a valuable piece of
property, and I should not be surprised if
the time would come when the timber would
be worth all it cost, to say nothing of the
honey. Unless we discover some plant that
yields honey in much larger quantities than
any tiling lit present known, it certainly will
not pay to raise plants to set them out, as
we should have to do with the abutilons and
spider plants. I presume you know there is
a new plant now under test. *8ee page 301.

LETTER FROM TOUNGOO, BURMAH.

FRIEND BUNKER TELI.S US OF THE CONFl>ICTS AND

TRIALS OF THE CHRISTIANS AMONG THE

IDOLATERS.

fHB goods reached us in good order, with the
exception of a few glass pails and tumblersi
broken. Taking into account that the goods
traveled over 13,000 miles, and were shipped
and reshipped several times, this was not
bad. The iron-jacket cans, a few of them, got a dash
of salt Avatcr, and were marred by rust; but this
was soon remedied by a dash of japan varnish. We
wore all very much plei^sed with t)ie goods, espe-
cially Nellie and I^utbie, who soon found clover-heads
and other treasures in the gvags and strjvw. T^Pge

have all been carefully collected for sowing, in the
hopes of raising some old home flowers. I had ex-
pected to have two Italian swarms of bees to begin
with, when the hives ordered of you should arrive;
but owing to bad packing.when they reached me both
swarms were suffocated. The first swarms to reach
Biirmah, and suffocated at that! I am much disap-
pointed, but hope for better success next time. I
have applied to thegovernment(agricultural office)
here for aid to make further experiments in this
direction as soon as this war is over.

You have heard through the papers of the annex-
ation of Upper Burmah, and the deposition of King
Theebaw, and perhaps you have thought, with many
others, if you have thought of the matter at all,
" How quickly this Burman Empire has been ovei^
thrown, and incorporated with Her Majesty's do-
minions!" But in fact, the work is far from being
completed. We have about 35,000 Christians in Bur-
mah; all the i"est are gross idolaters, except, of
course, Europeans. Now, the priests of these idol-
aters, " priests of Baal," have been preaching to their
people that King Theebaw, being the head and pro-
tector of their religion, has been overcome by the En-
glish because of the prayers of the native Christians !
What a grand admission of the majesty and power of
the Christian's God ! So these priests say, "Let us kill
off all these Christians, and we shall win back our
kingdom." As a consequence, these pViests havebe-
com e leaders of war parties, and are scattered all over
Upper and Lower Burmah, burning, sacking, and
killing all who will not join them. The government
police arc idolaters, and have joined the insurgents
with their arms in many cases.

The Toungoo Mountains run north and south
through Shwaygheen and Tavoy Districts, and
have a large population of Christian Karens. Of
those, 81 churches, or villages, or about 3500 bap-
tized adults, with a large nominal Christian popu-
lation, are under my care. A band of two thousand
or more gathered in the Shwaygheen hills, and at-
tacked the Karen Christian village, killing and
burning, especially burning, chapels, and cutting
up Bibles and other books. The government could
not meet the case, and could supply only a limited
number of arms. The people had no leaders but
ourselves, their missionaries, so we have been oblig-
ed to load our Christians to war as in the days of
the Israelites of old. The Karens, though poorly
armed, have met these idolaters, and have fought
them, and the slaughter has been great. The na-
five pastors continually quote the wars of the
children of Israel as their guide, and woe to the
man who seeks plunder. They bring all plunder to
the government officers for disposal. Hundreds of
these idolaters have been killed, and scores taken
prisoners. The leader, a priest of great note, for
Avhose capture the English officers had offered 500Q
rupees as a reward, was caught by my Karens ^
few days ago, under my leading, and is now safely
shut up in jail awaiting his trial. His capture re:
minds me of Sisera of old, for he was captured
largely by women, though thought by his followers
to bo able to ajipear or disappear, jump a mile, or
take upon himself any form he liked, at pleasure.
The superstition of these idolaters is marvelous in
the extreme. Our troubles ai-e not at an end. The
people are in a state of great excitement. We are
in the midst of idolaters; we know not what each
day has for us, nor when the people will rise. I
Jeftvc to-nioriow to try to raise aians for njy people

1886

GLteAKt^GS IN BEE CULTURtl.

39l

in Hang'oon. But few of our Christian Karons have
been killed, thoug'h many have been woundccl.
Their escapes have been wonderful, and Ihej* say,
" Surely God is with us, or we could not escape as
we have."

I have spoken of our mission in Toung'oo, but
these risings are taking- place all over the land, and
the English are put to llie exhibition of Iheir best
efforts to overthrow these insurgents. God, how-
ever, will smite these idolaters as he did in ancient
days. A. IIunkku.

Toungoo, Burmah, Mar. 9, U'SO.

Wliy, friend B.. we didn't know before
that missionaries liad to pas.s tlironj>h sneli
ordeals as yon mention. It is a, teiril)Ie
thing for a Oliristian to be obliited to take
np firearms, to be used against li is fellow-
men ; bnt I presnnie tliere are circumstances
wliere it can not be avoided, mucli as we
should like to live at peace with all men.
We presume yon know of the troubles here
at home in regard lo tlie strikes, and of the
contlicts between labor and capital. May
God grant that a Cliristian spirit may soon
prevail, both here at iiome and in far-away
Burmah.

WOMEN AS BEE-KEEPERS.

MR5, AXTELL GIVES US A LITTLE TAI,1C ON THE
MATTER.

SEAR MR. EDITOR :— Permit mo, through your
pag-es, to give my views as to whether or not
women should be deprived of that healthful,
ennobling, and remunerative occupation, bee
culture. Mr. Heddon has a I'ight to his ojiii-
ion as to whether it is degrading or not. There are
some Christians who think it wi-ong for women t<i
speak in church; but does it lu-cveiit her doing so/
To the pure, all things are pure. In this lunetcenth
century, God is opening doors to us that no man c;ni
shut. " Go ye into all the world, and jireaeh the gos-
pel to every creature " might greatly be obeyed if
longing, loving hearts knew of the golden mine of
the bee-hive. For my jiart, 1 wish many more wo-
men could be induced to learn the bvisiness, espe-
cially those daughters who are allowed to sit in the
parlor and let mother do the work, or fix up and g-o
down town every afterncon, especially about train
time. I am sure, that, were our girls encoumged to
spend more of their time at home in such healllilul,
ennobling, and lucrative employment ns caring for
bees, there would be many more happy homts, both
in the country and in town.

Many an overburdened mother would find it a real
rest to leave her hot kitchen and don her bee hat,
and, slijiping on her loose sack sleeves that cover
hands securely, and with smoker in hand spend an
hour or so with her bees. Who ever nursed trouble
over a bee-hivcV 'Tis all forgotten; and with glad
eyes and delighted heart i-he delves into its trea-
sures as she gathers up the golden nectar and stores
It away for her husband's tea-table.

I say, let woman keep bees all she has a mind to;
encourage her in every way jiossible, and then there
will he room enough left for the sterner sex. Why,
it almost makes me indignant to think that any one
should dare to try to discourage us in so delightful
an employment. Sauau .1. W. Ajctell.

Roseville, 111., May, 1886.

The above is about wliat I should expect

of you, my good friend Mrs. A. There is
another thing. They can not say thjit bee
culture is all very well for women who are
stont and strong, for we all know of your
feeble health for so many years. If women
feel as I do about getting out into the open
air, you surely are right about it ; for often-
times when I go to bed tired at night I feel
as if the greatest blessing that I have to
thank (iod for is the fact that I am privi-
leged to get out so much every day under
the l)road blue sky. By all metins, let the
women enjoy this blessing too, where they
feel inclined "to.

THE CHAPMAN HONEY-PLANT.

SOMETHING THAT IS SAID TO BE OF GREAT TROM-
ISE.

Wp T the convenlion in Detroit, Mr. Ili-
5^11 ram Chapman, of Versailles, N. Y.,

jPr brought specimens of a plaMt which
'^-^^ he claimed furnished honey in larger
quantities than any other known
species of the vegetable kingdom. He
has grown the i)]ant for several years,
and on a sutticientiy large scale, so that he
was enabled to pass around specimens of
comb honey said to have been produced by
this plant. lie sends us some plants with
the following letter:

I sl)ip jou to-day fifty Chapman honey-plants
which, if pi-ojicrly cultivated, will produce this sea-
son seed enough to sow half an acre of ground. It
is iny custom to transplant before it is so old, and I
place it in rows two feet apart. 1 find, also, that
a larger flow of honey is obtained in dry localities.
To test the length of (he blossoming season, cut
back some of the plants as soon as the first balls
appear, thus the vitality of the plant will be devot-
ed to the production of other blossoms; the root
will throw up strong healthy plants three or four
seasons.

I do not intend these as directions, but only as
hints to you in your experiments with these plants.
I have no hesitation in sending you the plants, for
my confidence in you is such that I know you will
not take advantage of the situation and use it ad-
versely to my interests; but to relieve yourself
from any embarrassment or annoyance which may
arise, ))lease acknowledge thi-ough some bee-jour-
nal the receipt of the Chapman honey-plant for
your iudividual use and experiments, and that it is
being tested by you; also report in some Journal,
and to me, the result of your experiments.

One thing I ask as a favor to myself, and to all
bee-keepers everywhere— Should you find that it
does not thrive well, or prove successful in your
particular locality, do not be hasty in condemning
the plant as a failure, for not you alone are testing
it; it is being experimented with, through a vast
extent of territory, from Massachusetts to Ne-
bi-aska, and the variation in soil and climate will
probably exert a marked influence on its growth.

You can set the plants nearer if you wish, but you
must consider that if your plants do well they will
bloom three years or more. Set the plaivts in good
soil, ten- the roots are old and they will develop.
They will not bloom as early as mine will at home.
The Chapman honey-plant is amcmber of the great
family to which the thistle belonsrs, and in some re-

892

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

§pects resembles the thistle. It hasnot, however, the
features which make the thistle so obnoxious, for it
does not send its seed broadcast on tiie wind, nor
pprcad from the root, and is easily eradicated from
the soil; but to save the necesity of overcoming- the
popularprejudiceag-ainst any thing- called "thistle,"
I think it expedient to avoid giving it that name, and
therefore request you to refrain from referring to it
as "thistle" in any report you make, or article you
Write concerning the plant. Hiram ChA!?Man.
Versailles, N. Y.

EXPERIMENTS IN APICULTURE, BY NELSON W.
MO LAIN.

«COPY of the above report has been sent us,
and, as was to be expected, we are not dis-
appointed as regards its contents. In it the
student interested in the science of apicul-
ture will find afield opened for in\cstigation.
The experiments therein contained arc interesting,
and some are quite conclusive on some of our old
disputed questions. The whole is worthy of a re-
print in Gleanings; but as our space is crowded I
will try to give a birdseye view of it, accompanied
with several extracts. First we will consider

EC(JNOMY IN the PRODUCTION OF WAX.

At the National Convention at New Orleans, Mr.
Paul L. Viallon, in a paper which he read, stated
that, in his opinion, the bees did not consume '^J lbs.
of honey to make 1 lb. of wax; that this cstinuvte
was too high. According to his experiments, tlie
consumption of only 7 lbs. of honey was required to
make 1 lb. of wax. Prof. McLaiii, however, verifies
the old estimate. He says:

If account be taken of the lof^s resulting from
having the time and energies of the bees expended
in wa.x-production instead of honey-production at a
season of the year when there is most imperative
need for uninterrupted and diligent activity in
honey-gathering, and of tlie value of the honey con-
sumed in producing wa.v, and of the labor required
in preserving and preparing tlie wax lor market, it
■will readily be seen that the production of a pound
of wax costs tlie producer many times the current
prices realized. About 30 pounds of honey are con-
sumed in producing 1 pound of wa.x.

From the fact that McLain's estimate of the cost
of wax is backed by former experimenters some
years ago, it would seem that 20 lbs. of honey td 1 lb.
of wax is verj' nearly correct. '•

WINTERING BEB6.

After speaking of the diffei-ent methods of win-
tering, and the conditions of success, the author be-
lieves that the lack of water to colonies in winter
quarters is one very potent cause of dysentery.
Here is what lie says:

Excessive thirst, and prolonged low temperature;
cause' what is called " roaring in the liive." Dis-
quietude from any cause induces excessive con-
sumption; dysentery follows; death usually results
I have frequently quieted roaring in the hive, and
restored the bees to their normal condition of qui-
etude, by supplying water.

To supply the bees with water, a moderately wet
sponge is placed in a hole bored in a suitable block.
The whole is placed over the cluster, under the
blanket or cushion. The addition of a little salt is
recommended as being a preventive to dysentery.
The water, he says, should be given when the
weather is suitable, and he thinks it will largely
prevent the loss of valuable colonics which might
otherwise be lost.

BEES VERSUS FRUIT.

For thoroughly testing whether bees could injure
fruit, a bee-proof building was constructed express-
ly for the purpose. The sides of the building were
so made that they could be opened, and wire screens
complete the inclosure. A stove was placed inside,
so as to maintain a high temperature, and also to
bring about as nearly as possible an artificial
drought. Fruit of various kinds, especially g-rapes
of the different varieties, was obtained from nu-
merous sources, and placed inside. Three hives of
bees on empty combs were also placed inside— two
of the swarms being hybrids and the other Italians.
As to how the bees regarded the fruit, the author
says:

The bees were brought to the stages of hunger,
thirst, and starvation. The house was kept locked,
and we carried the key. Every inducement and
opportunity was afforded the bees to satisfy their
hunger and thirst by attacking the fruit exposed.
They daily visited the fruit in great numbers, and
labored diligently to improve the only remaining
source of subsistence. They inspected and took
what advantage they could of every opening at the
stem or crack in the epidermis, or puncture made
by insects which deposit their egg:s in the skin of
grajK's. They regarded the epidermis of the
peaches, pears, plums, and other fruits having
thick covering, simply as subjects for inquiry and
investigation, and not objects of attack. ]f the
skin l)e broken or removed they will, in case of need,
lap and suck the juices e.vposed, Tiie same was also
true of the grapes if the skin was broken by vio-
lence, or burst on account of the fruit becoming
overrij)e; the bees lapped and sucked the juices
from the exposed parts of grapes and stored it in
tire cells for food. They made no attempt to grasp
the cuticle of grapes with their mandibles or with
their claws. If the grapes were cut open or burst
from overripeness, the bees would lap and suck the
juice from the exposed segments of the grape until
they came to the film separating the exposed and
l)i-oken segiuents from the unbroken segments.
Through and beyond the film separating the seg-
ments they appear to be unable to penetrate.

A test of this kin<l for 30 days, during which
grapes of a thinner skin were tried, showed that
the bees had no disposition to injure any of the
varieties of fruit; and only when the grapes were
rotten or broken open did they attempt to appro-
priate the juices. In one outdoor test, the grapes
were dipped in honey, and the bees were allowed to
get well started to robbing on them. The honey
liAving all been licked off, the grapes were all left
unharmed.

It is very gratifying indeed for us to Icnow that
these experiments have been made under the aus-
pices of the United States, and that the results show
that bees do not injure fruit. Whenever a contro-
versy again comes up, we can with pleasure refer
back to this report.

ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION OF QUEENS.

This has always seemed quite impracticable as
well as impossible, and it is yet possible that the
thing- is not yet solved. Prof. McLain has struck
upon a plan, however, which, to m? at least, seems
possible. In brief it is as follows:

After trying artificial fertilization in the cell upon
imago queens without success, or, at any rate, with
only i)artial success, he finally made experiments
upon queens which had reached the age v.'hen they
take their wedding-flight, or at the time when or-
gasm occurs. This, in most queens, is from .5 to 7
days from the time of hatching. His manner of ac-
complishing this result, we give in his own words:

When orgasm takes place, the generative organs
of the queen are highly excited and much distended.
We confined a queenlcss colony in their hive, and
gave them a queen-cell which had not been disturb-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

SQ'i

ed while maturing, and allowed the queen to hatch.
When the virgin queen was six days old, orgasm
occurred; and on the evening of the seventh day we
removed her from the hive and placed drops of the
male sperm upon the open vulva as she was held
back downward, by gently grasping the thorax be-
tween the thumb and forefinger. The instant the
male sperm was pressed from the testes and semi-
nal sack of the mature drone upon the excited and
distended vulva, itwas curious toobserve the effect.
The action of the abdomen and vulva resembled
that of j'oung birds while being fed. There was the
reaching up after the seminal fluid, and an action
of the parts resembling the opening of tlie mouth
and swallowing food. As much seminal fluid as
could be obtained, by the imperfect method em-
ployed, from three or four drones, was utilized and
readily absorbed by the queen, after which her
wing was clipped, and she was drojiped on a frame
covered with bees and returned to the hive, and the
bees were liberated.

This queen, he states, after assuming the appear-
ance of a fertilized queen, scon began to lay, and
her eggs in dlie time produced well - developed
workers. Observe, that the bees were confined
prior to the queen's fertilization, and after which
her wings were clipped. Of course, it does not
seem possible that the queen could have been fer-
tilized by natural means, and j-et she mioht have
been. The field is now opened; and if Prof. McLain
shall again meet with the same results in future
experiments, and his work be verified by others,
we ^hall then conclude that artificicd fertilizatiitnis
possible. We await the results.

IMPORTANCE OF APICULTURE.

Under this head I clip the following:

The estimated annual product ranges from
$b5,000,000 to !?a).(KH),000, and the annual product of
wax is about $l,(H)ii,000 in value. Not more than 8 or
10 per cent of those favoi-ably situated for the culti-
vation of bees are engaged in the pursuit. If even
one-half of those favorablj- sit\iated were so engag-
ed, the annual product would not fad below
$75,0U0.000 or $8U.0U0,000 in value.

The United States imported 2,400,000.000 pounds cf
sugar, at a cost of *94,923,500 in the year 1884.

In conclusion, for fuller details than I have been
able to give, I would refer jou to the i-ei)ort of
"The Experiments in Apiculture," as issi cd by the
author. Nelson W. McLain, Aurora, 111. After you
have read carefully the report, I think yen will
agree with me that Prof. McLain deserves a vote of
thanks from the bee keepers for the work he has
done. E. R. Root.

PERTAINING TO BEE CULTURE.

T READ your article concerning D. Staples send-
||F ing out dead t)lueberry-planfs. 1 sent one
^l dollar to him March 15 for two dozen jilants;
"*■ and as they did not arrive by April 20, 1 sent a
cai'(l to him to send them on. May 1st, a small
package of dead sprouts, no roots at all, and as
dead as a door nail, came. He should be adver-
tised far and near. It is worse than stealing, to my
notion. Fred Wirt.

Keithsburg, Mercer Co., Illinois.

Friend W., we liave placed to your credit
the one dollar you have lost in tliis matter;
and we will do the same with all the rest of
our friends who have sent money to Delos
Staples, and received nothing of any value
in return. We hope other papers will take
up this matter, and expose liis business, be-
fore he can swindle many more through his
advertisements.

HOW SHALL ^ii GET BEES OUT OP
THE SECTIONS?

HOAV ONE OF OUR FOLDING TENTS MAY BE UTI-
LIZED FOR THE PURPOSE.

fOU ask me, in your foot notes to my article,
Apr. 15, page 298, " How does friend Vander-
vort get the bees out of the cases'?" I frank-
ly confess I don't know, and this has been a
vexed question with me ever since I have
kept bees. For the last two years I have smoked
and shaken out all the bees that I could, and then
piled the cases up across each other, and sot the
folding tent over them with a small hole cut in each
end at the top, and the most of the bees will usually
leave in a few houi-s. I wish that C. C. ^liller,
James Heddon, or some others of the leading bee-
keepers, would tell us how they get the bees out of
the bdxcs. Some colonies have the habit of uncap-
ping the honey as soon as the hive is opened. How
are we going to manage these, for such honey is
unsalable at the best prices?

This has been a cold snug winter here, and bees
have dwindled some this spring; but we are having
fine weather now, and the bees are building up
very fast. 10— Geo. A. Wright, S5— 80.

Glenwood, Susq. Co., Pa., Apr. 24, 1886.

ARTIFICIAL PASTURAGE.

THE GOODHUE PLAN (SEE PAGE 327).

J' AM satisfied, after a six years' experience of
P the method of artificial pasturage which I
I spoke of on page 337. it will produce surer,
' gi'cater, and more satisfactory results every
way than all other methods of artificial pastur-
age combined; while for cheapness, simplicity, and
ease of working, 1 do not see how any other meth-
od can compare with it. 1 do not mean, however,
that it should supersede all other plans entirely,
but I think it should be given far the foremost
place. I bought SCO lbs. of alsike last week, and ex-
pect-to get most of it sown within two miles of
my apiary. The total expense of getting it sown
will not exceed f 10.00, and less than one day's time.
Without my e.vortions, one-fourth of the above
amount might perhaps be sown near me; and with
very little care and trouble I expect to quadruple
the quantitj'. Pei-haps some of our experienced
bee-keepers might like to make an estimate of the
quantity of honey this extra 375 lbs. of alsike is
likely to produce during the coming three years;
thus they might make a calculation to try to find
out how much it would cost to produce an equal
quantity of the same quality of honey by any one
or all of the other methods of artificial pasturage
now known. I should like to see how such a bal-
ance-sheet would look.

I think if this plan were faithfully tiied for a
few years we should hear far less complaint about
overstocking. Geo. O. Goodhue.

Danville, Que., Canada, April 29, lt-86.

I think you are on the right track, friend
G.; and from reports we have had, and also
from personal experience in our vicinity, I
am inclined to think that the cultivation of
alsike is the most practical undertaking
that has oi)ened to us, to improve our honey-
flow. Neighbor II. has repeatedly had good
yields of honey in his apiary where he had

394

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

fields of alslke near, Avhile the otliev apiary,
five or six miles away, wiiere no alsike uas
near, gave hardly any honey.

LETTE3E. FROM SOUTH AMERICA.

CAN THE BEE-BUSINESS BE PURSUED PROFITABT^Y
FROM THE SALE OF WAX ONLY?

fHE honey - business is worth nothing- here.
You couldn't sell large quantities at 2 ets.
per pound. My sole hope is the vinegar and
the wax. Can modern bee culture be pur-
sued to advantag-e by raising wax only?
Beeswax is worth here"_30 ets. per i)Ound, and still
more in candles. It' an apiary can be maintained
with profit lor the wax principally, please give me,
in your next issue, full particulars of the method
best suited for this design. Do you think some
honey mixed with the cow's beverage would im-
prove milk or butter? Is there any book about the
uses of honey? Can candy be obtained from honey
in hot weather, by artificial iirocess?

MiouEr, RiBEiRO LisnoA.
Barbacena, Brazil, April S, ISSIi.

Here is something else in the same line,
from one of our friends in Mexico:

As bee-keeping in Mexico is an afl'air conduct-
ed in a manner entirely without skill, El Indiishial
Mczicana, a monthly cyclopedia of which 1 am the
editor, is now giving the first information on this
subject. As wo have neither use nor demand for
honey, we are compelled to get all tlie profit on b.oe
keeping from the sale of wax, \\hich ranges in
price from 16 to 17 and lOcts. |)er arroba (3.5 pounds).
Wax has a very large demand in this country, and
one could sell as much as he could get. Now, Mr.
Root, does your ABC book give esjiccial informa-
tion for stimulating bees to build ccmb instead f)l'
gathering so much honey? You know folks don't
eat honey in this country. J. Gaudida.

City of Mexico, April 1.5, 1S8C.

Dear friends, we are very glad indeed to
get letters from so remote points, and we
shall be very glad indeed to make Glean-
ings a medium for helping in the produc-
tion of wax instead of honey, as far as it
may be possible to do so. Tliis matter Jias
been discussed in our back volumes. The
principal experiment we now think of is the
one by friend Hasty, somewhere in our back
numbers ; also see A B C boqjt, p. 12S8. Also
see Gleanings for 1883, page ()7.

While wax was worth from oG to 40 c., and
we we were obliged to import it from Eu-
rope in order to get enough to supply the
demand for comb foundation, it was consid-
erably talked of. The market i)rice now.
however, is only from 20 to 2") els. Still, as
the price of honey has declined in about tlie
same ratio, it may be well to consider the
production of wax in our apiaries, as well as
the production of lioney. One thing we
may do with safely, in any event, and that
is, take pains to save every particle of wax
the bees produce, allowing not an ounce to
go to waste.

We sliall be very glad to get reports in
the matter from any of our readers ; but so
far I believe experiments have not resulted
very encouragingly. With a mild climate,
however, and an iininterrtipted fiow of honey.

no doubt the chance might be much greater
for success. I htive never heard the ques-
tion discussed as to making cows eat honey.
I suppose it is because it costs too much here.
Cows are very fond of maple syrup, or sap,
however, and no doubt it might augment
the quantity and quality of milk and butter.
Friend Newman of Chicago, 111., has a little
book called"' Honey as Food and Medicine."
We mail you a copy. The ABC book tells
something about bees building comb. We
have sent you a copy, and hope you will find
it helpful.

CLOSING THE ENTRANCE OF HIVES
DURING WINTER.

HOW TO KEEP A CELLAR COOL.

1|. LTIIOUGH but a novice in bee culture, yet I
Q&Vi have often wondered why apiarists did not
jRJf recommend the closing of the entrances to
■^^ the hives when putting them into winter
quarters, so as to prevent their flying out.
Last fall I put 11 colonies, carefully prepared, into
my cellar, with the entrances open as directed.
The collar was well ventilated, and quite dai-k; yet
the bees would come out by the hundreds, and, of
course, perished. Now, 1 s-hould like to know what
evidence there is to show that a large proportion of
those lost would not have lived to protect the young
brood in the s-jiring if they had been prevented
from flying out. Two of the colonies died before
March, and I fear that several of the others are
quite weak, and that spring dwindling will follow.

Now, Bro. Root, T should like to ask what evil
could result by keeping the entrances closed with
wire screen, or something of that kind, at the same
time being careful to keep the openings clear of
dead bees, and giving them a good fly once in a
while on fine days. The weather becoming very
warm for several da3s, after the middle of April,
the bees became uneasy; but having obtained some
snow and ice during the winter I placed a pailful
once, each warm day, in a tub on top a barrel in the
cellar (17X3v)), and made the place totally dark, and
the bees became as still as mice.

Last fall a neighbor of mine put 13 strong colonies,
with lots of honey, into a warm cellar; but they
were exposed at times to the light of the sun; and
the result was, the bees came out by the thousands,
and were chilled to death; and before the first of
March, 9 out of the 13 were dead, leaving from 13 to
33 lbs. of honey i)er colony behind. JJow, who
will venture to say that, if the entrances had been
closed, as suggested above, the bees would still
have perished. I for one must acknowledge being
very skeptical in the matter. W. C. White.

Hamilton, Out., Can., April 36, 1880.

Friend. W., the matter of closing the en-
trances in winter has been very fully dis-
cussed in our back volumes. Sometimes it
succeeds very well, and at other times the
bees crowd about the entrance, become ex-
cited, and may be smother the whole hive in
their frantic efforts to get out. I believe it
has generally been abandoned. We practic-
ed it several winters ; but instead of trying
to confine the bees by fastening wire cloth
over the entrance, we put wire cloth over
the Mhole top of the hive. Those fastened
in their hives wintered about as well as the
others. We noticed very little difference.

1886

GLEANINGS IN JiEE CULTUUE.

395

■WHAT KILLED^THE BEES, ETC.

LAWYEKS FOR BEE-KEEPEliS.

WENT into winter quarters with three colonies,
as I thought good and strong. One died, and,
strange to say, it died with plenty of natural
stores. I could not account for it. When I ex-
amined them in January there was but about
a single handful of bees. These were on a center
comb, in the middle of which was a small patch of
brood about as large as the palm of my hand. They
had plenty of pollen, as well as honej'. Wo could
not find any queen. What do you suppose caused
them to " play out " in that style?

I started in the spring- with two colonies. I did
not let them swarm. AVe had a poor honey season
in our i:eighborhood, but I sold about $9.C0 worth
of honey and wax, and ate about $1.00 worth. It
was all comb honey. I was not at home, e.vcept at
night, and consequently had to keep the bees in
the hous3 where I slept. We got along finely to-
gether.

A DOG EATING BROOD.

In Gleanings for Nov. 15, I. R. Good speaks of
"eating- queen-cells," This reminds me, that, sum-
mer before last, while I was transferring some bees
for my avmt I laid a piece of brood out to one side,
andswhen we went to look for it the dog had eaten
it up. It was a good large piece of brood too, quite
as large as my hand.

SWARMING BEES.

In the laiter part of 1883, a lawyer of Burnet,
through my influence, bought a swarm of bees;
last s >:mmer his kees swarmed, while court was in
session hei-e. As he was expecting it he asked a
gentleman in the court-room one day if he knew
any thing about swarming bees. His friend said he
did.

"Come," said the lawyer, "and go with me to
dinner."

He went. The bees had settled in the top of a
sapling.

" Now," said the guest, " you take an empty box
and hold the open end up to receive the bees, while
I shake them off."

My legal friend obeyed, while his guest procured
a large stone, quite as much as he could handle
well. He struck the sapling a tremendous blow.

The bees covered the lawyer, who dropped the
hive and pursued his friend, whom, I need hardly
say, had taken to his heels. Round and round they
chased each other, through the orchard and over
the garden. Of course, a string of bees followed as
the.v >vent.

"I thought you told me you knew how to swarm
bees," was the first (luestion asked.

"I do; but I don't know much about hiving
them," was the answer.

FIGURES AFTER THE NAMES.

Please tell me what those figures before and after
the bee-keepers' names indicate. I thought at tii-st
it was to show how many colonies one had; but
how can one determine, when figures are used both
before and after names? C. W. Hardy.

Burnet, Texas.

Friend II., I do not see any thins strange
about the wayryour bees di^d. The colony
was so weak that their queen died, and tlien
the rest, as a natural consequence, followed.
The gueen laid tne eggs that produced the
broou, before she steppsd out. We general-

ly suppose that a lawyer can do almo.st any
thing if he sets about "it ; but it seems in the
iibove case that the combined talent of tico
lawyers didn't manage that swarm of bees
successfully.— Figures before a name mean
so many years in the business ; after the
name, the tirst number means fall count,
and the other spring count.

^ I ^

POLLEN FROM THE CACTUS.

what is the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WASP AND
A HORNET?

TTp FTER reading what Ernest said about bees
*ii|fe working in rye meal, I went out into a pas-
I^k' ture opposite our house where I saw them
-■^"*- gathering- pollen from the cactus flowers.
I noticed one of them alight in a flower three
inches across, containing enough pollen, I think, for
half a dozen loads. When he cam? out of his bath
he was yellow with pollen; and hanging to the edge
of the flower, sometimes by one foot, with a quick
motion of his other legs the pollen was scraped
into the baskets, and with the middle legs neatly
packed down, after which he Hew away. On return-
ing to the house I secured some pollen from an in-
coming bee, and found that it was quite sweet,
while that in the cactus flower was tasteless. This
confirmed the opinion which I have entertained for
a long time, that, in packing the pollen in their
baskets, they used honey to stick it together, and
the honey is sup))lied from some secretive glands.
While tlie pollen adheres readilj' to the bee, it did
not adhere to my finger, which was even moist
with perspiration. The cactus is rich in honey as
well as poilen, but it can not be reached by bees.
If honey were as plentiful in proportion, in this lo-
cali tj', as pollen, the yield would be immense. My bees
brought in pollen last winter as late as December
1.5th, and commenced again on the 14th of February.
There are but few pciiods when pollen is not abun-
dant. In a week or two, cactus will be in full
bloom.

About two weeks ago drones made their appear-
ance in one colony, but were soon dispatched. The
young drones were even torn from the cells and
carried out.

Why are robber bees nearly always black and
slick? I mean those professional robbers.

What is the ditt'erence between a wasp and a hor-
net? Please describe the kind of nest that each of
them builds. Can a wasp or hornet prolong the de-
velopment of its young by withholding food?

I often see my bees come in so heavily laden that
they have to stop on the alighting-board half a min-
ute, and fan themselves, before they can enter the
hive. T. F. McCamant.

San .Antonio, Texas, April ;J3, 1886.

Friend M., I guess you have hit the mo-
tions, in regard to handling the pollen, about
right. I supposed the drones were turned
out because of a dearth of honey. The pro-
fessional robbers become black and slick by
squeezing out and in small holes. Some-
times they get tiieir fur pulled off by the
sentinels of the hive grabbing them. — Your
questions in regard to wasps and hornets
come rather under the head of entomology,
and I feel sure that Prof. Cook will tell us
about them, especially the matter of prolong-
ing the development of tlie young.

1886

GLEANINGS Ii\ UEE CULTUKE.

397

EXTRACT TROM TERRYS NEW BOOK.

SOMETHING ABOUT HAV; THE DIKFERENCK BE-
TWEEN HAY JSIADK ON DRAINED AND UNDRAIN-
ED I.AND, AND SOME KINDRED MATTERS.

fE aiP SO mucli pleased Avitli llie new
book mentioned above, tliat we liave
decided to give our readers a single
chapter as a sample, and in connec-
tion with it we submit a picture ot
Terry's barn and tool-house, shown on the
opposite page. The tool-house was illustrat-
ed and described last fall, on page 7:20.
Gi.EAXiN(iS for Oct. 15. The description of
the barn is almost too lengthy for our col-
umns; but it is so intimately connected
witli t!ie sidiject-matter of the book that the
book is built up in and around the barn, as
it were. The t'oUowing chapter, you will no-
tice, comes in just abreast of the haying
season:

WHAT KIND OF HAY?— DRIED GRASS, RAISED ON
FERTILE DR.\INED LAND.

If the reader has decided to keep his stock
in a warm comfortable stable, and to feed
and watar them properly, the next question
which naturally arises is, What shall I feed
themV We will discuss this question rath-
er fully in this and following cliapteis, and
perhaps get a little off from our text now
and then, as it is a very important subject.

On many farms the answer to this (pies-
tion may be such as to give the owner an oj)-
portunity for a grand success or a bare liv-
ing. These are pretty strong words, but
they shall be made good before these chap-
ters are finished, by facts that no one can
gainsay.

First, in regard to the hay fed, let it be
earlj'-cut or dried grass, and a good share of
it clover, if clover can be made to grow on
your soil. To this, my friend Mr. J). E.
Fenn. of Tallmadge, at our farmers' insti-
tute, held in Cuyahoga Falls, added, '' Let
the grass be I'aised on well-drained land "'
He thought. that tile-draining would pay for
grass and clover, as the hay is of better
quality. There is no doubt but that he is
right. The hay should be raised on fertile,
well-drained land. Hay isn't hay, any more
than butter is butter. I saw a merchant
buying butter of a farmer for 12 cts per lb.,
the other day ; and if any one. I think the
merchant got cheated. I bought a crock of
my neighbor, and paid 2S cts. per lb., ar.d it
was wortli it. Now. I have seen hay grown
on rich drained land that would yield four
tons or more, in two or three cuttings, dur-
ing the season, and hay grown on land so
poor, and tilled with stagnant water, that it
would not think of making more than one
crop in a season, and that, perhaps, half a
ton to the acre, or three-fourths ; and there
was as much ditference in the feeding value
of those two lots of hay as in the value of
the two lots of butter spoken of. In the
case of the butter, possibly analysis would
not show much ditference In the comi)on( nt
parts of the two sorts; but our senses of
taste and smell are not governed by analysif.
We like a tine flavor and aroma ; so do our
anima,ls. I liave never known of any analy-
sis of the two kinds of hay mentioned above-
but from experience in "feeding I should

think there must be a decided difference'in
their component parts ; at anv rate, the catJ-
tle know which is most to their liking.

A friend was once rather hiaking fun of
my rank, coarse hay, grown on rich drained
laud. lie said the cattle would take his
liner hay. grown on laud that produced only
about a third as much per acre, first, every
time; that all stock liked such hay better ;
that mine was too coarse and woody. After
some dispute we agreed to leave the matter
to be decided by a lot of cattle I was feeding
in the stable. We ])ut samples of his hay
and mine along in the manger, so the ani-
mals could take their choice, and. mucb to
my friend's di.sgust, they took my "■ woOdy,
coarse" hay every time. No need of analy-
sis to tell them which was the better. It
doesn't follow, of course, necessarily, that
they would not gain as much flesh on a ton
of my friend's hay as on a ton of mine, al-
though it was not as well relished ; but from
other experiences I feel sure they would not.
The matter of relish alone goes'a good way.
When hay is, as one farmer expressed it to
me, '■'■ medicine " to one's cows, the best re-
suits can not be ol)tained.

Wiien [ first bought my farm, which had
been lented and abused till no one wanted
to rent it at any price, we mowed over a
good many acres "to get a few tons of hay;
and although it was cut reasonal)ly early, the
(piality was so poor it would hardly keep the
bieath of life in the stock during the winter.
Grain was bought and fed with it, and thus,
we managed to get along. Since that time,
cattle have been sold for beef in the spring
—not very fat. of course, but good fair beef,
that l)ad not had a pound of grain during
the winter. This has been done as an- ex-
periment, to s?e what could be done witli
choice hay alone ; but it is not, of course,
the wisest way. Cows have been milked
twice a day all winter, giving a good mess of
milk, on diied grass alone. Horses have
drawn heavy loads of potatoes and wheat to
Akron to market, some twelve miles, fed on
hay alo)ie, week after week and month after
month, some years, and kept in fair order.
These horses would have given out in one
week, if fed on the hay we first raised, be-
fore the wet land was tile-drained, and till-
age with a little manure and clover hael
made our land fertile. So" they would have
given out in a short time if the hay had not
been cut early, when at its best, anel if a
part of it had not been clover. I am not ad-
vising any one to keep his horses on hay
alone, but am merely using my success in
this line to illustrate what can be done with
prime hay. My work-horses are kept this
way because I can keep them healthy, and
ready for business, on such -feed, cheaper
than on any other. One needs, however, the
rigfht kind "of horses — not of the slim race-
horse breeds — and they need the right kinel
of driving.

When I began farming, hardly any one in
this vicinity thouglit of cutting any hay un-
til along about the last of July, and many
were still later. I was new at the business,
but common sense told me to cut the grass
when it -was green, and relished l)y stock,
and not let it stand until it was so ripe as to

;5!J8

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTUUE.

May

l»e II > ))etter lliaii straw. Farmers used to
Hiiv lo mt', " Wliy. your hay will all dry away
cut-tiny; it so jfreeii', and tlieii yon lose, a p;ood
deal of weight Ity its not Ix-iuK mort; llian
two lldids jfrown." Tlu^y forgot that the
second crop (!anio ri^lit on as soon as I cut
tlie lirst olf, and ma(h', as much j^iovvth in
tlic sann^ time, perhaps, as Hk; lirst would if
1 had left it standing- If it did dry away a
little more, what was left was extra choice,
and more than made ii|) in (piality what it
lacked ill (piantity. .\l)out th(! first of Au-
gust lliH S(M;oiid crop was cut — aliout tlu;
time (iilnrs were seciiiing their first one;
;in 1 some years three crops were cut. Ihe
last one ah;)Ul the first of Octoher. Souk;
laugliiiig was doiihtless dom^ at the town-
bred I k-farmer; luit when he began to

inciease his sto(;k until, instead of nine
cows, forty to sixty were in the l)ain in win-
ter, it was evident that something was the
matter. We do not claim any credit; but
numerous mowing-machines are now run-
uing as soon, or sooner, than ours. Our
ijest farmers who raise wheat strive to get
their liaying all done before the; time of
Avheat-hiirvest. JJut in traveling over the
country, one ;,ees large (piaiitities of grass
standing for weeks after it ought to have
been cut. Then the farmer feeds grain-
bought, «u- of his own raising— with it, to
make it young again, or to make it as good
as it might have l)eeii alone without grain,
if it had been cut at the right time, and
])roperly cured. Prol)al)ly its being more
difficult to cure is one reason why all do not
cut their grass earlier. It is some more
troulde to cure early-cut liay. Usually, the
Itetter a thing is, the more it costs. The
easiest way is rarely tlie best way. It is
easier to sliake apples from tlie tree than to
]):ck them; but it is hardly the best way.
It is easier— takes less labor— to stack our
hay. and feed the stock around tfie stack;
but few faimers, however, can now be found
in tills jiart of the country who will advocate
the plan. It is easier to let the grass stand
until about ripe, and then cut it and follow
right up with the rake and get it right in.
There is no fussing or bother. One can
keep the men riglit at fiard work all the
time, and shove the haying right along. I
will admit all this; biit when your cows
look pinched and unthrirty next spring;
when their excrement is almost as hard and
dry as a stone; and when the first warm
days come along, and you have to begin
"shoveling the corn meal into them," and
everv now and then have to call in the
neighbors to help lift one up; when you
liave got a few liides on the fimce, and the
milk of your dairy will hardly pay the feed-
1)111; then, if you an^ not prejudiced, you
ought to begin to "see where you missed
it;" to see thtlt the easiest way is not al-
ways the best. What was tlu; trouble ?
Why. you had, for one thing, let your grass
stand until it had lost one-half of its value;
then you expected your cows to return you
full value oil it, but you couldn't cheat na-
ture. The effect follows the cause ; and for
every dollar you saved in trouble at haying
time, you may liave lost five. This you liave
a perfect ri^ht to do, if you can stand such

business; but have you any right to half

starve those Y)oor cows ? Think of the suf-
fV'ring they endured, which you could liave
prevented if you had (;iit that grass at the
right time; and then yon would like, would
you not, to see those cows all on their feet,
strong and healthy, the hides all animated
once more, their manure thin and healtfiy,
as in summer time, and a good flow of milk
coming from tliem without feeding them
much grain V Wouldn't your jirospect for
milk tills summer be much lictter than now V
Will you think of this, and hire an extra
hand, and begin your haying early another
year, and get it all secured, if possil)le, l)e-
fore wheat-harvest V Your cows will thank
you, and you will b;'gin to have more faith in
th(^ stories you liear of dairymen who make
SiiO.OO or $70. 00 from a cow in a single sea-
son.

yVnother reason why hay is often left to
stand too long is, that the farmer has too
many irons in the fire, or too much to do.
Ills farming is not properly arranged so as
to prevent clashing. The farmer who under-
takes too much often loses by it. Home crop
must suifer. If tli<! hay can be secured be-
fore wheat-harvest, well and good; you can
raise wheat and not have any clashing. If
a part of it has to stand ov(!r for two weeks
while you are cutting and getting in your
wlii^at, you may lose as much on the hay as
you make on the wheat.

MY REPORT FOR 1885.

IS Tins A OOOU LOCALITY KOH HONEY? WHAT
SI7.K OF SECTION IS IIEST?

fHK lust season horo was nKain short; at feast,
we call it short. Dooiittle would not thinlt
four or five weeks of good honey-How very
short, esllmatcd l>y his e.vporicncn of a good
yield. Tlie wliltc-clover liarvcst lasted alioiit
five weel<s, but it always takes lices here a week to
get started, so they stored all their surplus, I might
say, in four weeks. In that tinier I got 40 to .50 lbs.
from my strongest eoloiiies, togettier with a swarm.
After July 4th nothing was done, except that a few
managed to fill out a few sections already nearly
full. This is nothing to compare with Mr. Doolittle's
reports for 1HS.5; yet, so far as my experience goes,'
bees gathered honey as fast during June as they
ever do. ft was evidently drought that cut short
the wfiite-clover harvest. Later in ttie season tlieio
was a great deal of lutart's-ease, and the fields were
y(!llow with Spanish needles; yet I did not secui'c
:iO lbs. of honey from these flowers; and what I did
get was stored in empty combs. They stored in the
brood ch am tKM- enough to keep (iO stands until the
last of April, I think, but I shall have to feed some
to carry them till clover season, unless fruit-bloom
yields a great deal more than it has of late years.
This later season was not too dry; the blossoms
oujiht to have yielded honey. Why they did not, no
one here seems able to toil.

TIIK SUMMINOIII'.

I started into summer with 45 stands, which would
havi- made about ;iO good ones. I increased tp 75 l)y
natural and artificial swarming and uiiitingr, l)esides
a few swarms 1 lost. I obtained 9(J0 lbs. of comb
honey; onctcnth of it, perhaps, not very well filled
out, and 4(K) lbs. of extracted, all from Avhlte clover,

1886

gLeakikgs In bee cult hue.

'M)

Those "5 colonics I doubled down to tiO lor wintel'. 1
think 1 Shull averag-e 15 cents per lb. for the comb
honey, and a fraction over lOcents forthc extracted.
I market all in Springfield, and the country and vil-
lages around. Tliis result of :l') lbs. to the stand is
rather small. The showinjr is better when I consid-
er that nearly all wtls obtained Irom about 30 col-
onies, a numlier of which were not able to go into
surplus bo.xcs until the middle of June, brintrinfr
the average up to 40 lbs. Hut even that is no very
great affair compared with the reports of our liest
bee-keepers. I am, however, better satisfied than
ever before. I feel that 1 liavc worked to I etter ad-
vantag'e, and succeeded better than I have yet le-
fore done. 1 have certainly done a great deal better
than any one else around here. The 8:eneral verdict
of my neighbers is, that bees do not pay. 1 should
think not, the way they manage. Some with sev-
eral colonies have not taken otf Ti lbs. of sui'plus,
and none cf them very much. I suppose two-ihirds
of the bees will starve out as they did last year. 1
had just carried a case of honey into a store last
August, when neighbor Ike camo in. Ho looked at
my honey, *<n nice Simplicity boxes, I tell 30U.

" Why, George, how is it that you can get so much
honey Avhen none of the rest of us can get any':"

"Simply because I take care of my bees— pay at-
tention to them— put my time to ihem. To make
any thing from bees you have to cultivate them the
same as you would a crop of corn."

In June, ISSiJ, an olil gentlenum about ten miles
from here came to sec l:ow ] fixed tt) ri.lse section
honey. Ho had then 3.5 stands, and he closed the
year with 80.

" I do not do any thing with my lees," said he,
" but hive them and take off the hone.ii ; but they
always do very well."

A few weeks ago I saw him, when he told me he
had gone from 100 down to Ifi. and the moth were
taking them. He does not think "tliey do \ei'y
well " now. I could tell sevcial more stories of the
same kind. When I compare theso reports with
many in Glhaning.s, I am led to inquire,

IS THIS A GOOD ItKOION VOIl HKK CU !/rUl( K.V

Docs white clover yield more copiously in other
localities than in tliis? Does the clover sonson last
longer in other jilaccs? Here — Central Illinois —
there is no basswood. White clover seems to be
the only crop that can be depended upon at all.
Heart's ease and Spanish needle yield well some-
times, Ijut they have failed the last three years,
and fruit-blossom never has yielded much for me.
In IH.'-'i and '3 there was considerable honey raised;
and if 1 had known as much then as 1 know now 1
could have produced (iO, perhaps "5 lbs., per colony.
But they were regarded as exceptionally good sea-
sons here. Is this a comparatively good honey re-
gion, or is it even fair'/

WHAT SI7,K OF PA( KAGE SHALL WE USE?

I oan not agree with friends Root and Hutchin-
son, that a Simplicity section \'2 or 1 '^3 inches wide
is the coming box. The narrowest I have used is
1^4, and I am not goitig to order any more, 1 think.
Whyy IJecause they do not suit my customers. In
Springfield a box that lu)lds about a full pound goes
very well. 1 have sold honey there in the old l'/4-
Ib. and :i-lb. bo.xes, and the merchant who has sold
as much for me as all others, there and elsewhere,
told me once that he did not see but the larger
packages sold as well as the smaller. This fall I
took him a case of l''i bf)xe8, and his customers did

not like them. Nearer homo I find that the largest
boxes actually give the best satisfaction. That
fact, and the fact that they are continually com-
plaining about the price, makes me think more
than ever what 1 said over a year ago, that it is not
best to throw away all our old bulk boxes; fori
certainly think that honey can be produced with
less cost in that form. Certainly it will pay me to
use several hundred large sections; and if it will
pay me, why not othei'sV Also, if they do tu)t like
honey in smaller than iiound lumps in Springfield,
I do not see why they should not dislike them else-
where. Geo. F. Robijins, +5—75 flfl.
Mechanicsburg. HI , Jan , 1S86.

REST FOR THE OVERWORKED.

MRS. €HAI>DOCK TELLS US HOW TO OBTAIN REST,
AND STILL BE BUSV.

OCTOKS disagree, so do friendly advisers. I
am fully persuaded that, if I had followed
one half the advice that has been given me,
I should have been iion est long ago. Now,
they seem to haves^ettlcd down on rei<t or
Al)out half of them advise rest; the others
" Stir out, stir out, or you will die."

I was in a large water cure establishment once
for a few weeks, and I then learned that to rich
people the advice was daily given, " Rest is what
you need, my good winian; complete rest; your
mind is too active for your body, and if you do not
rest you will land in the insane asylum." To the
poor folks the same doctor said, " Stir out, stir out,
young man; you don't want to go droning around
here lor ever. Use your will i)ower— exert your
thinking faculties, and get well."

One day the docter lectured on " Rest." He said,
"You want to lie down and rest, .iust as a horse or
cow does when sick. Nobody has to tell a sick cow,
'You are better now, and I think you had better
get up and go to eating grass.' No, sir; a cow just
lie.s there till she gets well, then she knows it, and
gets up and goes to eating. And don't keep all the
time thinking about the money that it takes to
kefep you here; you had better spend every dollar
that you have, and be cured, than live as you are
living now. "

It was a good kcture, and was applauded to the
echo. Now, in the room next to ours was a poor
young man who had stayed at the cure till he had
spent all his substance, and yet was not healed, and
the doctor walked straight from his lecture, with
rcM, irxt, complete rest, still warm on his lips, and
said to the poor young man, " Why, man aliye, why
do you lie here? Why don't you stir out? Stir out,
I tell you. You have a thinking mind, do you not?
Well, use your will power; force yourself to get up
and out; take interest in something; you will die
if you don't."

That convinced me that rich people ought to
rest, and poor ones stir out. For my part I like the
stiriiud mit. I'd rather drive a mule team than
play the piano. I can do it better, and there is
vastly more fun in it; but part of the time I am
not able to sit up, then I rest. As to Mr. Root's
rextiny by digging the ground half an hour, that
wan rest.

Rest, according to my notion, is any thing that
eases the strain on the nerves or muscles, or what-
ever is tired; and work that can be left at any

400

GLEAiNlA'GS IN liEE CULTURE.

May

minute whenever a fellow's back begins to ache is
justthe same as no work at all; it doesn't tire any-
'body. Now, if Mr. Root were baking- a dozen pies,
eight loaves of bread, and getting dinner tor work-
hands, and waiting on a sick man all at the same
time, and could not leave any of it till the dinner was
over, I do not think it would be much of a rest.
'I like to dig in the ground for about ten minutes,
th-en I want to change work with somebody. Some-
times I think that the pressure— the responsibility
^the feeling that a thing mu»t be done, is harder
than the work.

-' As to going South, I had numerous invitations,
but none from Florida, where I wanted to go. I
had warm invitations from iive States; and if 1 had
had the dollars I should have traveled all around
among the folks. As it was, I stayed at home and
wrote love-stories; and the only geese that I picked
were the editors who bought them of me. But I
must go somewhere or see somebody pretty soon,
for I have used up all the people I know— married
them off and decided them, and I now sigh for new
characters. 1 'do not think it is hard work that
makes farmers' wives crazy, but it is the mo-
notony—the staying at home for seven weeks, and
never seeing any one but one's own family.
Vermont, III. MAn.\i-,A.-B. Chaddock.

PROF. OOOKS EXPERIENCE
. .. ,,; ' MAPliE SYRUP, ETC.,

WITH

A SIMPLE PLAN OF HKSTOUING MUSTY SVHIP.

fRlEND ROOT:— AVe thought we were the
sweetest and most stuck-up people of the
country at our house, as we have honey to
sell and to eat, to give away and to keep.
More than that, maple syrup from six hun-
dred trees has helped to sweeten our food if not
our. tempers. Our relish for these incomparable
sweets has made us glad that you at the " Home of
the Honey-Bees" were equally sweet and equally
"stuck up." In handling our syrup this spring we
have discovered a fact of considerable practical
and scientific interest. Through an accident, 5 gal-
lons of syrup were put into a mustj' can. Syrup,
like cream and butter, is very quick to receive taint'
from surrounding impurities, and so, as we might
expect, this syrup was apparently ruined. I first
boiled the syrup, and found the musty taste still
pronounced and offensive. I then reduced a little
of the syrup to sugar, and founci it and the must
still companions. After that I added equal quanti-
ties of syrup and water, and boiled for some hours
till all was again reduced to the consistency of prime
syrup, 11 lbs. to the gallon, when, to my joy, 1 found
that the syrup was as fine as any ever eaten. I
presume the same result would have been attained
had no water been added, and the syrup repeatedly
heated to the boiling-point and cooled off.

This is quite in line with the admirable experi-
ments of Tyndall. He found that many fungi
could be killed in his flasks, and the contents ren-
dered sterile, by prolonged boiling and speedy seal-
ing while hot, while boiling for a brief period did
not render the liquids sterile. The theory is, that
the liquids contain the fungi and the germs. The
fungi are killed by brief boiling, which does not
kill the germs. Prolonged boiling or repeated boil-
ing either kills the germs or else develops them,
after which a brief boiling destroys them.

This fact has much of practical value to suggest.
If syrup is tainted in a sugar-bush by putting it in
a musty vessel, it can be put in the front of the
evaporator with sap, and again reduced, when all
taint will have been destroyed. If any person has
musty syrup, honey, or fruit, we note how the must
can be destroyed. I have jilready suggested this
treatment to two or three who have turned it to
practical account.

Is it generally known that maple syrup will retain
all its perfection of flavor, if canned and sealed
while hot ? We have had delicious sj'rup on our
cakes all winter, and just as fine as when new. It
is claimed by some of the Ohio sugar-makers, that,
if vessels are filled full of the S3'rup when fresh,
and then scaled tight, the syrup will keep as well
as if canned hot. We are trying that with a little
this year, and will report a year hence.

A. J. Cook.

Agricultural Collegr-, Mich., Api. 21, 1886.

Why, friend C, is it really possible that
yon have a COO-tree sugar-camp? I would
give almost any thing to see you out in the
sugar-camp, directing sugar-making. We
have had experience several times with
musty syrup, and we never found out any
way to lemedy it better than scalding. But
we liave noticed this: That sometimes the
scalding helped the matter, and then again
it didn't; and you have probably given us
tlie key to the different results at different
times. 1 liave repeatedly been told that add-
ing water to maple syrup, and then boiling
it out, always darkens the color. Do yoii
not find this so? Here is something further
from a friend near us, in regard to the ma-
ple-sugar industry :

WANTED, A BOOK ON MAPLE-SUGAR MAKING.

In making sugar this spring I have met with a
number of important points on which I needed in-
formation, but could not get it. There are hun-
dreds of maple? about here that might be tapped
with profit, if people could find out how to make a
good article cheaply. Have you ever thought of a
" Maple-sugar book," on the plan of the "Potato-
book," the "Carp-book," etc.? In my opinion, such
a book should not be written by an evaporator
/nan— we can not afford to lay out $75 or $100 for a
boiling-apparatus, and then sell syrup for 70 cts. or
less per gallon. A $10 evaporator, a good arch, and
proper information on how to manage the sap, the
boiling, the canning— in fact, every thing, would
prove valuable, I think. •

As the primitivf forest gradually disappears
hereabouts, its place is taken by maples— some
farms already having but few trees other than the
"maple. And there are not a few farms in this im-
mediate vicinity that could tap from .WO to lOOO
trees— a Jiumher that not many yeai-s ago seemed
enormous.

If you conclude to do any thing in this line, I will
try to do my share toward making the book a suc-
cess by furnishing a list of questions that might,
perhaps, be of some use to the writer or compiler.

Anton Leister.

Brunswick, Medina Co., Ohio.

' And now, friend Cook, can't you write
this book, or get somebody to do it'i* I might
add, that the finest syrup furnished us this
season was not made with the evaporator at
all, but simply with a common pan, boiling
all the sap tliat ran eacli day, weve.it much

lSS6

GLEANINGS IK J3EE CULTUUi:.

m

or little, and keeping the utensils bright and
clean, no matter how much trouble it might
take to do it.

STRENGTHENING AATEAK COLONIES.

UOOLITTI.E'S FLAN OF DOIN(J IT.

'HEN spi-iufr arrives, most beo kEt'iors find
that they have more or less weak colonies,
even when their bees as a rule winter well;
while now and then a spring' finds some of
us with a loss of nearly the whole apiary,
and the few colonies remaining are mostly weak,
or perhaps we have a part of the few weak, and a,
part strong-. If many weak colonies are on our
hands, and we are not an.xious to augment our
numbers, probably the best way would be to unite
them till all are in comparatively good condition.
But it more often happens that, when we have
many weak colonies, we are the most anxious to
save them all it possible, for we get many weak
colonies bnly after a heavy loss during winter, in
which case we are desirous to increase all we can,
so as to utilize our empty combs before the moths
destroy them.

Many ways have been devised to give strength to
these weak colonies so as to keep them along till
settled warm weather comes, so that they could
build up; but most of them liave proven failures
when put in practice. The most general plan is
that of giving hatching brood from the strong colo-
nies to them; but as a rule this results in a loss of a
part if not all of the brood; for the amount given
must generally of necessity be more than the weak
colony can cover and keep warm, while' the young-
bees so hatched seem to lack the necessary vitality
among- so few old ones to keep the warmth up dur-
ing cold nights; hence it often happens tliat all
perish together.

If brocd is given it is better to adopt the plan the
editor did several ycais ago, which wns to take a
cake or biscuit cutter and cut out a small portion of
a frame of brood, and all of that .iust gnawing-
through the cells, and insert this in the weak hive
in the comb, which the few bees cover. However,
this does not always work, as the editor well knows;
besides, it mutilates the combs so as to spoil iheir
beaut.y; and when wired frames are used it is out
of the (juestion altogether.

Well, after all my trials, I have at last struck on a
plan which has so far worked to iierlection, and by
it I am able to put a weak colony right "on its foot"
without materially injuring the strong one;'<. The
plan is this: Take the wire-cloth bo.x I have before
described in Gi-eanings. Perhaps I had better
describe it again here, so that the new subscribers
can make one. Make a bo.\ of any size to suit you
{ I use one holding about six quarts), and cov<'r the
two sides with wire cloth. Through the lop, bore
II hole to admit the small end of a large lunnel,
such as is used t)y those who sell bees by the pound,
and make a slide to cover this hole after liie funnel
is removed Now proceed to your strongest colony
(if you have no such, one should be bought, if possi-
ble, as it will i)ay largely on the investment), and
look it over till you find the queen. Put the frame
she is on aside from the others, so as to make it
impossible to get her in your box, when you will
select a frame well covered with bees (or two partly
covered). Now drum lightly on this frame so as to

cause the bees to fill themselves with honey, and
sot it down by the hive. While the bees are filling
themselves, put back the frame having the queen
on, and adjust the hive, except leaving a space for
the fi-ame which the bees are on. As soon as they
are well filled, adjust the funnel in the box, wlien
they are to be shaken down through the funnel,
and the box closed with the slide. After putting
the frame back in the hive, and closing it, the lo.\
of bees is to be carried to a warm room and a
blanltet thrown over the box to keep it dark, when
it is to stand three or four hours. During this time
the bees will realize their queenless condition, and
set up a great buzzing, telling plainly of their loss.
Now go to the weak colony you wish to strengthen,
and get their queen, which is to be put in with the
bees in the box. To do this, set the box down sud-
denly so that all the bees will go to the bottom;
then (juickly draw the slide and drop in the queen,
closing it again. Cover up again and leave until
about sunset, or three or four hours more, when the
bees will be found clustered compactly like a
swarm. Now go to the colony from which you got
the bees, and get a frame of hatching- brood, with-
out bees, and put it in the hive containing the
weak colony, when j-ou will at once hive the bees
from the box on it. If the evening is at all cool
I shake the bees from the bo.x right on top of the
frames so that none shall get chilled. I think all
will see the "why" of the plan, without my ex-
plaining further. G. M. Doolittle.
Borodino, N. Y., April, lf83.

Friend D., your plan will work all right,
without any question ; but you will excuse
me for suggesting tliat tliere is too much
machinery iibout it to suit o(n- woik. Jt I
wanted to strengthen ;i colony during apple-
bloom, or at any time when the bees are
working fairly, fwoiild just lift tlie fnmie —
brood, bees, and all — out of any Iiive that
coTild spare it, dui'ing the middle of the dny,
when most of the bees are in the lields, and
set it in the hive that needs strengthening.
I would be careful that the frame did not
contain very much unsealetl brood, however.
As most of the Hying bees are in the fields,
the bees covering tlie combs in the middle
of the day will be, as a rtile, young ones; and
with us, such a frame of bees will not quar-
rel nor be qutirrekd with, one time in ten.
Just set them quietly between the combs of
the weak hive, and let them get acquainted
their leisure. If they do quarrel, a brisk at
smoking will generally make them peacea-
ble with each other.

MOSQUITO -BAR VEILS VERSUS THE
GLASS FRONT.

REASONS FOR HREFEHRING THE I-ATTER.

§OME seem to think the objections to glass
fronts \ery "obvious." Perhaps the glas-s
fronts they have experimented with indeed
bear their "obviousness" upon the fttcc of
them; but when any one claims that glass
can not be so adapted to and inserted in veils as to
render objections "few and fai- between," we are
prepared to come^ orwai'd and bear testimony to
either his culpable ignorance or desire to misrepre-
sent. We desire to present the claims that the
glass front should have upon the favor of the pro-
gressive bee-keepers of our age.

402

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTtjiiE.

May

Just hel'e let me remark, that the beo keeper who
is so reckless of the powers of vision that God has
given him ds to strain his ejes peering- througrh a
110-glass veil, deserves the punishment so surely to
be meted out to him. What did friend A. H. K.
Blood, of Quincy, Mass., mean when he wrote us it
would have been worth thousands to him had he
never seen a bee, rather than injure his eyesight as
he had by using a veil without glass ?

OBJECTION NO. 1. — " GLASS WILL BIIEAK TOO

EASILY."

Then discard it from your windows and honey-
packages. This liability depends upon the kind of
glass, its manner of insertion, and the carelessness
of the wearer. Some of our friends, little girls
among them, have worn the same glass two seasons
through. If an accident should break it, it is but
the work of a moment to insert another. Better a
little trouble this way and have the satisfaction of
unobstructed vision.

OBJECTION NO. 3.—" TOO MUCH TROUBLE TO KEEP
THE GLASS CLEAN."

My friends, if you expect to enjoy the good things
of this life and shy around trouble, you will be
"weighed in the balance and found wanting; " but
let us suffer the "accumulated dirt of ages" to
gather upon the glass, and we are not peering
through so much misery as when trying to exercise
a clear vision through a mosquito-har, or Brussel.*
net, if you please.

However, no need of "seeing through a glass
darkly," when it is as easily kept clean as your
spectacles.

OBJECTION NO. 3.— "made OBSCURE BY THE DAMP-
NESS OF THE BREATH."

This is not so, even In cool weather, when a flve-
inch hat-brim is used; but allowing it for argu-
ment's sake, how easy and convenient it is to take up
a fold of the veil and rub off dampness ! Should
this, for two or three mouths in the North, cause
us to lay aside, for the remainder of the season,
this "blessing to bee-keepers," as J. B. Mason, of
Mechanic Falls, Me., terms the glass veil ?

OBJECTION NO. i.

In this you say, " Beginners can't use them ; for if
a bee should get inside, the novice would ruin the
veil knocking him out." What a compliment to
beginners !

OBJECTION NO. .5.— "GLASS, BEING SO HEAVY, JOS-
TLES ABOUT SO AS TO BOTHER ONE."

We guarantee our contrivance not to "jostle;"
Veil complete, glass 4X6 in., weighs^^i oz.

We unhesitatingly aflBrm, that a practical glass
Veil is a nearer approach to a Godsend to bee-keep-
ers (and all should use veils when so comfortable
under them) than all your pollen theories, hibernat-
ing theories, non-separator appliances, two-story
brood-flxin's, etc. Why "? Because thereby are pre-
served those precious organs of the body, the eyes.

Now, dear mine fraternally, in conclusion, let me
say that, if you want to buy a veil from us, all right;
but our improvements are not patented, nor will
they be, contrar.y to the wish of our friends; and
by sending to us we will either tell you where you
can get the material we use, or furnish it to you at
a slight advance on cost, and you make your own
veil; but under no circumstances use window glass,
or you will be forever disgusted with the idea.

St. Albans, W. Va. J. C. Capekart.

Thanks, friend C; but I don't quite see
how you answer all the objections which yon

quote. Discarding glass from windows and
shipping-cases because it will break when
used in bee-veils doesn't necessarily follow.
There is no possible substitute for glass in
windows ; as for shipping-cases, the very
fact that the glass will break is a security
against damage to the honey which it inclos-
es, when handled by expressmen. Again,
at the heading of the article you put "■ mos-
quito - bar veil versus the glass front."
Against the former you seem to direct your
arguments, and I think we shall pretty
much agree with you there ; but when you
include a veil made of grenadine and Brus-
sels netting, then I can't quite agree. I
have used a veil of this kind six or seven
different seasons in the apiary. I never had
any difficulty in seeing, and do not know of
any one who has injured his eyes by their
use — I mean a veil with a front of a fine
grade of silk Brussels netting. I have used
several glass-front veils, and they all became
more or less covered with steam from the
breath, and half the time the glass would get
out of place, so that one eye peered through
the glass and the other through the mosqui-
to-bar, making me feel vexed and cross-
eyed. Although the glass may be a trifle
clearer than the Brussels netting, yet as the
latter never becomes greasy or covered with
steam, in the long run the glass will be no
easier on the eye. Lastly, the glass veil can
not be carried in the pocket handily, and I
always like to have a veil tucked away like
a pocket-handkerchief for emergency, even
if I do not use them now to any great
extent. Nature's substitute, a full beard,
does very nicely, besides catching the little
rascal of a bee where his annoyance can
speedily be put to an end. Ernest.

HANDY TOOL FOR A SMALL AMOUNT
OF MONEY.

A BENCH-VISE FOR ONLY 15 CENTS.

&KEAT improvements have been made,
not only in the construction of bench-
vises, but also in the prices. A few
years ago, no sort of a vise could be
bought for less than a dollar or two.
Finally some enterprising hardware men got
one up that could be sold for 75 cts., and it
had a large sale ; and a little later a 50-cent
vise was put on the market, and then one for
20 cts., which we advertised about a year
ago. And now we take pleasure in showing
you a very handy little vise for the almost
insignificant sum of 15 cts. It is true, the

machine is
small, the jaws
being only one
inch wide, and
the entire vise
3 inches long;
but yet it is ex-
tremely handy
for a great va-
riety of work,
OUR 1.5-cENT BENCH-VISE, just bccause it
is small. The w^orkmanship is surprising
for so small a price. Prices are as follows:

One, 15 cts.; 10, $1.40 ; 100, $13.50. If want-
ed by mail, add 6 cts. each for postage.

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIIE.

iUS

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT,

Cnntlmtcd from April 15,
CHAPTER XV.

A PLANT-GARDEN.
Whatsoever lie docth shall prosper. -

-Psalm i:;{.

That is a pretty broad promise, dear
friends, is it not V I do not know that tlie
Psalmist meant to say tliat we should never
have any bad hick, nor make any failures ;
but he meant that the man who is studying
God's law day and night, and who delights
to obey that law, would, as a rule, meet with
success and prosperity. It is in the same
line with the text that says, "• All things
work together for good to them that 1 )ve
God.'' Now, then, if I should tell you that
your operations in gardening and poultry-
raising would all prosper if you follow my
teachings, it would be a pretty strong state-
ment. Well, I do not intend to make such a
statement ; but I ck) mean to empliasize the
promises in the Bible, each and all of them ;
and if, while your work is carried on, you
are lifting your heart continually in love and
praise to God, and working diligently mean-
while, you will surely meet with prosperity.
You may have sickntss and death, and tor-
nadoes and whirlwinds, but there will ba
( iiough besides these to give you a thankful
heart through all life's duties. Love is tlie
mainspring of success in any thing. If you
want to see [ilants grow, you must love them
in the truest sense of the word ; and if you
want to see i» )ultry do its level best, you
must love the poultry, and love God through
them, becau^jo they are his creation and his
gifts.

It is now May, and we must move out of
tlie greenhouse, out of the cold frames, and,
in most localities, Fet aside the sash and oth-
er means of protection from the frost, and
move out into the opon field. ILand-work
must, in a great measure, be laid aside for
the cheaper and more economical labor of
horses. But befoie stepping at once out
into the open fields covering acres, we want
to consider a sort of intermediate plan cf
gardening, as it were. This garden is to be
an open field, only it is to be woik(d l)y
hand, horses seldom if ever going into it at
all, the ground being worked over by the use
of the spade or spading-fork. Now, spading
ground is very expensive compared with
turning it over with a plow, and therefore
we want the ground very rich, very soft, and
friable. We want it so it will spade up and

tumble down line about as easily as yoil
would spade up the peat iii a peat-swamp.
)Ve want an admixture of sand and clay,
liowever, to make it heavier than peat, for
we can not well have it work quite as easily
as peat. This plnn of gardening is for c;ib'-
bage-plants, tomato-plants, lettuce-plants,
celery -plants, and all otlier plaiits that arb
called for, besides early lettuce to come first
into market, a few extra-early cabbages, a
few hills of cucumbers, to be forwarded by
means of hand-glasses, to be desciibed fur-
ther on ; early cauliflowers, beets, and on-
ions, and, in fact, a little of almost everj^
thing that you have learned by experience!
will bring a big pi ice, or a price big enough
to warrant more expensive hand-work in or-
der to get it first into market.

This plant-garden may occupy from one-
sixteenth to one-fourth of an acre, according
to your market and i-equiremcnts. It .should
be protected from winds by buildings, or tall
tight fences on all sides but the south ; then
it sliould l)e m st ])eifect]y unde](lr,iiiied,or,
better still, tixcd on the plan of tlie new ag-
riculture, as I have described in Chapters
v., VI., VII. The ground kIiouUI be ina-
nnred to a depth of two feet, or three feet if
you can manage it. It should then be work-
ed np so light and fine tliat, when you step
on it, your foot will sink in the soft earth ;
and when you get it just right you should
put some long boaids bstween the rows of
plants to walk on, to prevent tramping the
soil down hard while cultivating or gather-
ing the crop. You can easily tell when the
soil is in such a condition that it will be in-
jured by walking on it. The amount of rain
has something to do with it. Then, as soon
as you can, if you are not near a town or city
where water-works are accessible, you should
have a tank, with rubber hose attached, to
water your plants, or whatever el§e is in
danger of suffering from want of moisture.
As a rule, water is seldom if ever needed to
bring forward the crops where the ground is
in ])roper order, and sulliciently rich with
manure. But there are times when it is de-
sirable to set out plants, even during a spell
of dry weather. In such a case wo want to
take our rubber hose and saturate the ground

m

(;LKAXIN(iS IN I5KK CULTLIllK.

May

thoroughly wliei'o llje plants are standing, as
Mell as the ground whert^ Ihey are to be put
out. If you liave faciliti(*s for doing this,
you can transplant right in the midst of a
dry time in August, without losing a plant
or stopping their growth. Having a hose so
that you can Hood or sprinkle every foot of
your plant-garden when it is needed, is a
great advantage. If you get water from the
public water-works, you can usually buy it
at so much per 1000 cubic feet. If you have
an elevated cistern in or on the upper part
of a building adjoining your jilant-garden,
you can catch sufficient rain water so it will
not cost you any thing, and th s, perhaps, is
the cheaper plan.

into the garden is an txcellent plan. To
manage this nicely, your dwelling should be
on the south side of a road lunning east and
west. Our factory is tlius located, and this
gives us a nice shady place to keep plants in
view of passers-by, on the sidewalk, on the
north side of the building. Boxes of freshly
transplanted plants are tlius in the shade
until they get well rooted.

At the right of the picture you will get a
glimpse of the greenhouse, shown on page
142; and at the left, in the foreground, a
view of tlie cold frame, shown on page 1.S9.
The plan of the beds is about as it appears
m lealit} , onh the aitist has gieatly enlarg-
ed the i> ctuies of the cabbages lettuce,

A ROUGH SKETCH, 0[i A SORT OF BIH

A wind-mill pump, to draw water from a
-well, answers nicely, providing you can get
plenty of water without going too deep. I
should prefer the rain water, could I have
my choice. This plan of garden ought to be
located near a public road, so that you may
get the plants cheaply and quickly when
somebody calls for, say, only -5 cents' worth.
It should be located near the dwelling-house,
or near your shop or office, so that, no mat-
ter when somebody. calls for the plants, some
one of the household or establishment may
be. in readiness. to wait. on the customer at
once. Having the back door open directly

DSEVE VIEW, (JF OUR rL.\XT-GARDEN.

beeis, etc. Three feet of each bed, next to
the path, is occupied by plants of celery,
cabbage, lettuce, etc., ready to sell to cus-
tomer.i. The pair of stairs, of which you
get a glimpse near the upper right-hand
corner, leads to the store belonging to our
factory, making it very convenient for any
of the clerks in the store to go out and get
plants whenever they are ordered. The
operation is briefly like this : A hose is at-
tached to the water-works near the greer>-
house door. This permits it to be' used in-
side of the greenhouse, or in any part of the
plant - garden. When a customer wants

IbhU

glea^ni:ngs in jjee cui/ruui:

'105

plants, the clerk catches up a paper bag
hirge enongli to hold the quantity asked for.
lie then goes out, catches up tlie hose, turns
the nozzle so as to spray the bed where he
wishes to pull plants. If we are selling
them right along, as we are at this date, the
ground is kept pretty well saturated, aud
this is just what suits celery. Enough peat
is intermingled witii the soil forming the
bed of the plants, so that, when the plants
are pulled, (heir bushy and fibrous roots
bring along peat enough to dampen them
just about right, when they are put into the
paper lag, ami then handed to our cus-
tomer.

The plant-g.inlen is a very attiactive place,
because it is such a novelty to our town to
see plants growing so luxuriantly, and so
much in advance of the season. Under-
neath tliese plant-beds are reservoirs, de-
scribed on page 58 ; and it is presumed that
the cabbages and lettuce have already sent
their roots down into the water of tlu S3 res-
ervoirs. Whenever we have sufficient rain
toleacli through the beds, the leachiiigs of
the manure go into these reservoirs, and w-
main until wanted by the plants. The cab-
bages you see in the cut now measure two
feet across. They are of the " Jersey Wake-
field " variety that never grow very large, so
we are expecting some rousing heads before
many days. Some of the heads of lettuce
weigh li lbs., and measure is inches across.
We get 15 cts. apitce for them .on oui' miir-
ket-wagon. "We have been selling ratlishes
for several weeks, raised on this idant-
garden, and beets are large enough to go on
to the wagon now. An acre of such ground,
planted to cabbages, would, without ques-
tion, raise a crop that would si 11 for :?1(00.
Of comse, it would cost sonuthing to con-
struct the reservoirs, and buy manure; but
I think it would pay near a good market for
early cabbages in June.

The borders of the beds were mostly made
in Fel)ruary, by driving down stakes and
nailing on top of the stakes 2 x 4 scantling.
Around th(^ laiger beds wc nailed drop sid-
ing on top of the stakes, and had it after-
ward painted, to make it look tidy. The
smaller beds weie made in the snme way,
using any rough refuse boards to be found
around the premises. Eaising the beds
from the ground makes it convenient to
handle plants as well as to do the necessary
work. The tender plants were covered with
sash in February, but we hardened them
gradually so that the sa.sh w;>s used very lit-
tle drring tli'j m-ntli of Mr.rch.

Ti: A NSPL ANTING.

One great secret of ^^ orking tliis plant-gar-
den is to understand transplanting so as to
do it surely and safely. The plants are tak-
en from the seed-boxes in the greenhouse,
and transplanted into the soil of these
raised beds by means of the transplahting-
frame shown on page ISO. It is a good deal
more difficult to transplant in the open air
than to transi)lant in the boxes kept all the
time in the greenhouse. Drying winds are
very trying to tender plants just put out.
If these drjing winds are accompanied by a
scorching sun, you will liiul the labor of sev-
eral days all gone to nr.ught before you
know it. As a remedy for this, they should
be shaded for a few days, after being put
into the open ground, with light shutters
made the same size as your 3 x G sash ; that
is, the.se shutters, or shades, should be used
wlien yon sec the plants are suffering from
the .scorching sun and drying winds. The
slndteis had better be removed at night,
whenever dew falls, or on cloudy days.

Something answering still better than the
shutters is a shading-frame made of lath,
the lath b^ing lialf an inch apart. This pro-
tects the tender plants from the wind, and
enabh s them to get some sunshine; but as
the shadow is always moving, they get al-
ternate sunshine and shade, which seems to
siut them much bidter. It is especially im-
portant that celej-y-plants have this partial
shading. Wiien some of our beds looked as
if the celery-plants were pretty nearly all
dead, ten days' covering with these frames
brought them up to full vigor.

This plant-garden should be manured with
the very best old rotted stable manure, and
maniued heavily. On one little bed, 6 feet
by 20, we shall get, for a single crop of let-
tuce, perhaps $10.00. Two good loads of
mamu-e were put on to give this crop, whicii
were worth perhaps $2.00. The manm-e was
thoroughly forked in, so that Ave have nearly
or (pate two feet of soil that will give an im-
mense crop at almost any season of the year.
Now after having put s.> much expense on a
little jiiece of ground, tliis piece of ground
nuistbekeptcoiistantly cropped ; yes, winter
as well as summer. As soon as the lettuce
is off, put in beets, radishes, or plants, and
keep it going ; and along in the fall fdl it
with cold frame cabbige-plants, and keep it
doing sometlung right through the winter.
Some of the papers are inclined of late to
call plants raised very early in the spring
about as good as the cold-frame plants ; but
I tell yon, fripnds, they are nothing liko

400

G LEARNINGS IN UEE CULTUilE.

May

them. Our cold-frame cabbage-plants that
have stt)od heavy freezes over and over
again will stand drought, insects, and almost
any thing else, in a way that plants not so
hardened can not do. The same is true of
letluce-plants. The hardened cold-frame
lettuce-plants are ready to boom when plants
taken out of the greenhouse would shrivel

up and die. It is true, plants may be taken,
out of the greenhouse, and hardened olT in
cold frames, say in February ; but we think
It a good deal less trouble to get good
strong stocky plants in the fall, and keep
them so all winter. Xow, then, let us re-
member that this plant garden is to be made
to work every week in the year.

CHAPTER XVI.

Whatsoever a man sowetli, that shall he also reap— Gai-. 0:

We are now ready to consider the grooving
of crops on a larger scale than lieretofore ;
and as these papers are written mainly for
those of but limited means, as I have re-
marked before, they may not, perhaps, ap-
ply to all of you, although the general prin-
ciples are the same, whether you work on a
large scale or a small scale. Many who are
out of employment have no ground of their
own, not even a little patch big enough for
a plant-garden ; but it seems to me one of
the first things I would aim at, if I were so
situated, would be to get a little piece of
ground of my own. I would cut off some of
the luxuries in the way of food and clothing,
in order to save enough to buy a little piece
of ground. And now I hope you will not
tliiidf I am striking off suddenly into a piece
of eccentricity when I say that this piece of
ground should be in the form of a long strip.
It is true, it takes more material to make a
fence to inclose a Icuig strip of land than it
does to inclose a square lot ; but for all that,
we want the long strip. If you can get a piece
of ground for a plant and vegetable garden
half a mile long, you are a lucky fellow : if
you can make it a mile, you are still more
lucky. Do you want to know whyV Well,
read the following extract from Landreths'
price list :

IMPOKTANCIC OF HAVING YOUR GARDEN
LAID OUT IN LONG ROWS.

The old style of gardening, laid out in
squares, to be dug and cultivated exclusively
by hand, is becoming a thing of the past.
The vegetable-garden is now laid out in par-
allel rows, or drills, ranging from two to
three feet apart, and the cultivation of the
greater part is done by horse power, as has
been so frequently taught. The site should
be the best obtainable with reference to the
soil, exposures, and topographical features;
the area should be large, aiul every thing
done upon liberal and practical principles;
the seeds should be all sown in drills, or
rows, so as to be adapted to horse culture.
Hand labor is the dearest of all, and should

be avoided. The land, if circumstances will
permit, should not be of a less length than
75 yards, and may with advantage be ex-
tended to 200, according to the quantity of
vegetables required. Long lands, where an-
imal power is used, are much to be prefer-
red to short fields, as much time is saved in
turning; for example, a plow team in a
journey of eight hours, plowing land 78
yards long, will spend -1 hours and 89 min-
utes on the head lands; if the furrows were
274 yards long, the time spent in turning
would be but one hour and nineteen min-
utes. The tillage of the garden should be
the most approved labor-saving implements,
wlu'el-hoes for hand use, scarifiers and cul-
tiva'ors for the horse. Tlie seed should be
sown with hand-drills, and fertilizers of the
guano class applied with a similar appara-
tus, and, Avithout interfering with the la-
lior of the farm, be made to yield vegetables
in j)rofusioj), when, if the spade and hoe are
relied on, they are produced in stinted quan-
tities. The amateur gardener, and expert
as well, should make out a list of the varie-
ties of vegetables he desires to have, and
then lay off on paper a diagram of his gar-
den, assigning certain rows to each sort.

Just think of it, friends ! Four and a half
hours out of eight may be spent by an
expensive man and team in simply turning
around his horses ; whereas, by a little dif-
ferent management, these four hours and
more of the hardest and most fatiguing
part of the work may be reduced to one hour
and nineteen minutes ! Do you know why
everybody hates to plow a gardeji? It ia
because there is so much turning around to
be done. This turning around is so trying
to the teamster that he loses his temper, and
calls his horses ''fools" or worse names,
The horses doubtless lose their temper be-
cause they can not see any reason for so
much pulling and hawing about ; being
called fools and idiots because they do not
understand nor comprehend, and like
phrases. I once heard a man complaining
that there was not a teamster in Medina
who would plow a garden for less than $1.50.

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

407

He thought tlie price was next door to swin-
dling. Well, I presume the teamster did
not want jobs of plowing village gardens,
even at that price. Terry takes up this
matter with great vehemence in a chapter or
two of his Potato-book ; and this little book
has been the means of making a reform in
this very matter. The objection to plowing
land in long strips has been urged, that
many farmers want to plow their land in one
direction one year, and at right angles to it
the next year, to keep the ground level.
Well, if this must be done I would have my
fields ^alf a mile square — if I could. I have
sometimes thought I should like a field so
long that I could start down one row after
breakfast and get back on another just about

easier for the team to make half a turn than
to make a complete turn clear around ; and
when horses are tired I can see from their
very looks and actions how they dread being
pulled right squarely about while some awk-
ward piece of machinery has to be pulled
and hauled around also. Within the last
few days we have had a pair of wheels put
on our Acme harrow, so that, whenever we
have to turn abruptly, we can, by means of
a lever, raise the knives clear out of the dirt,
so it turns as easily as a cart ; ancfl tell you
it is a relief to me, I am sure, and a relief to
the horses. This Acme harrow on wheels,
or with a sulky attachment, as it is some-
times called, pleases us so much that I Avill
give an engraving of it.

CME IIAIiUOiV AVITH SULKY ATTACHMENT.

dinnertime. 'I'iiL- horses would have to turn
around Ijut onco in the forcn( on. I do not
know but 1 could alTord to stop and get a
drink of water, and give tlic horses some, at
this one turning; and if I turned near a
public road, and a neighbor should come
along, it might not be out of place to chat
with him, say five or ten minutes before I
started on the back track. On our ten acres
here at the Home of the Honey-Bees I have
been greatly tried and vexed because so
many of the men I hire would want to stop
and visit every time they came to a place to
turn around— especially if that turn-around
happened to be near a public road. I do
not like turning arouiul, any way you can fix
it. It is vexatious and trying to the horses
as well as to the driver, and it is a shameful
waste of time. Wc almost always plow
around our piece of ground, and harrow
around it, in order to avoid, as much as pos-
sible, turning stjuarely about. It is much

Tiie wheels can be attached to any Acme
harrow already in use. I prefer the Acme
harrow to any other I liave ever used, be-
cause of the cutting motion of the knives,
which chop every thing up, but never catch
and break the machine, or jerk the horses
unmercifully. You can run it over roots or
stones or brush, long manure or corn-stalks,
and it cuts them to pieces like taking a long
butcher - knife and slashing it repeatedly
across the article to be worked up fine. You
will see tliese knives will run over soddy
ground, and work it up fine without turning
up the sods or turning them over. It sim-
ply cuts them in pieces, and lets them lie
where they are. By means of the lever rigJit
before the driver, the knives are instantly
pulled clear off from the ground, sa that you
need not cut up the soilWhen you don't
want to. By moving the lever either way
you raise the wheels clear off the ground,
thus putting all the weight on to the knives,

408

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

so as to make them go down deep. By re-
peated liarrovving you can get the soil so
line and soft tfiat the l^nives run in the dirt
clear out of sight, moving it about, remind-
ing one of water behind a i)roppller-\vlieeI.
While we arc on this matter of turning
around with a team, 1 want to speak of
something akin to it. It is what an old
friend of mine calls

'' TURNING-AROUND GROUND."

This turning-around gronnd is a space of
twelve feet, without any thing l)eing planted
on it at all, at the end of every piece of
ground. He claims that it takes 12 feet to
turn about the horses and cultivator, and
that it is economy to plant nothing on this
twelve-foot strip. In fact, he recommends
that every market gardener have a road
twelve feet wide clear around his Avhole
farm ; and this road, at the ends of the rows,
is to be used for the turning-around business.
It lets the cultivator go clear up, or pretty
nearly up, to the last plant, and it lets the
horses turn about and start in the next row
without stepping on any thing. I do hate
to see nice crops trampled down by horses.
Well, I have carried this doctrine of the
turning-around ground a little further by
plowing our land so as to throw the rich
vegetable mold from this twelve feet right
over on to cultivated ground. At one place,
where the ground Mas remarkably rich, I
had it shoveled off clear down to the yellow
clay, and over on to tlie land adjoining, giv-
ing me l.'JorlG inches of lich vegetable mold,
instead of 7 or 8 inches.

Now, then, if you have got your long strip
of land planned for big crops, let us carry
out some principles on it we had in our green-
house beds and our plant-garden. Make the
ground clean, level, and free from stumps
or stones or trees. Shade-trees are nice in
their place, but we don't waflt them on
ground that has been manured up to the
standard for market-garden stulf . The trees
must go or the vegetable-garden must go.
Neither can we have stones in the way to
bump the plowand cultivator, and rasp one's
feelings when he is tired, an.d disposed to be
cross. I would pick up every stone the size
of a hen's egg, or larger. By the way, when I
was a small boy I used to think that picking
up the stones off from a field was the dr3est,
dullest, and most monotonous work I ever
endured. Do you think it is any thing very
wonderful if I find that the small boys and
small girls who come to me and want work
feel the same way now, about picking up
stones, roots, etc., scattered over our

grounds? Perhaps not; but somehow or
other I enjoy this work so much now that I
just feel happy to go out with the children
and pick up stones. Yes, I feel happy to go
out and pick up stones alone, because I feel
that every pebble got rid of from my grovmd
makes it just a little bit nearer to perfec-
tion. I have fig-
ured a good deal
in regard to pick-
ing up stones.
Last year we used
Terry's potato-
boxes, such as
are figured in tlie
adjoining cut. Tiiitwv's totato rox.

I would tell the small boys and girls who
were asking for a job, to carry a lot of these
potato-boxes out into the field, scatter them
where they would be handy, then fill them
with stones, or, at least, put in all the stones
that were very near the boxes. Then a man
with a stoneboat went around and lifted the
boxes on to the stoneboat so he could draw
them where they were wanted. Do you ask
where the stones were wai-.tedV Why, you
will find the place by turning to page 58.
The way we gather stones now is Avhen we
are rolling the ground. We have an iron
roller drawn by two horses, with a stout
plank box on top, made with sloping sides.
A man drives the horses, and tliree or four
children follow along to pick up the stones
and pitch them on to this plank box. The
box is ironed strong enough so the heaviest
stones they can lift won't hurt it. Some
way the children seem to enjoy it better to
work along with a man and a team. When
the roller-box gets full we drive to a reser-
voir left open on purpose to take the stones,
and the children have the fun of pitching
them into the water. We have just been
clearing the field of stones, down across the
creek. There is no place handy to put-
them, but I remembered a hole where water
stood most of the year. I had one of the
boys dig the black mud out of the bottom of
this hole, and throw it up around the sides.
Then we put all the stones they could find
into the hole and covered it, according to
the plan of the new agriculture, witii flat
stones and tinware, and then raked the
black mud and dirt that was shoveled out,
back over the stones, and we now have level
ground on which to raise Crops with the
new agriculture underneath it. Almost ev-
ery piece of ground has low places enough
to take up all of the stones, and the work is
not very liard nor very expensive cither. If

lSS(5

ClLKANtNGS tN JiEE CUtTllRK.

409

ihcs3 wlio dj it enter into llie spirit of get-
ting rid of tlic stones, filling irii lioles and
getting the ricli decayC(i leaves nsnally
found in such sinkholes upon tiie surface,
they won't consider it very hard work.
Some of our boys tliought it was a little hard
to go down into tliis nasty mud, but I fur-
nislied them a pair of rubber boots at my
own expense, and we don't find it disagree-
able, unless it is tlie nasty smell that arises
when such places are shoveled out. I rather
like the s;iiell, because it reminds me that
valuable fertilizing material is stowed away
there.

While speaking of the roller, I might re-
mark that we consider the tool a very valua-
ble one when used judiciously. It should
never be lun over plowed ground, however,
unless the soil is so dry that it packs it no
more than to mash up all the lumps, and
level the surface. To get ground real nice
for setting out plants, or for almost any oth-
er purpost', we go over it with the roller and
Acme harrow alternately. lloU it twice and
h;urow it twice, and your ground ought to
b \ in beautiful order for sowing the seed.

By the way, perhaps you would like to
know how I like to see the ground prei)ared
for sowing seed or for setting out plants.
But before describing my plan I ^^ ant to say
that >on will have to be governed a good
deal by circumstances— tlic implements at
command, the size of your land, etc.
Ground that has been plowed the year before,
as soon as it is dry enough, we go over
w iih the Acme harrow, then loll it until it
looks as if it might do very well for sowing
tlie seed. Well, when the ground is soft
and line and nice on the surface, we go over
it with the manure-spreader, and spread
twenty loads to the acre, of the best manure
we can find ; then the Acme harrow goes
over it again, and stirs the manure well up
"with the surface soil, until the ground is
line again. It is now ready to be plowed.

In regard to plowing the ground, I suppose
almost any old farmer can tell you more
about that than I can, if you do not know it
already. We want to do a nice job at every
step, and we want nice plowing to begin
with. After it is plowed nicely, go over the
same operations again; i.e., harrowing it with
the Acme harrow, rolling it, picking off the
stones, harrowing it again, another putting-
on of manure witli the manure- spreader, an-
other thorough harrowing; then, if the
ground is dry enough, finish with the roller,
and yon are ready for putting in the crop.
I have practiced subsoil plowing to some

extent, but so far I have not seen any very
great advantage resulting therefrom.

The entire difference between loss on the
one hand and gain on the other, may de-
pend on a little management. During these
beautiful growing days in the month of
May it is of the utmost importance that
your work move right along without any
hitches or breaks. If you are going to suc-
ceed, you can not go visiting very much,
nor attend picnics or excursions. If you are
going to be guided by me, you must get
your happiness from your work. Your
mind should be keeping pace with your
body. Plan all your work the night before-
hand, so as to be ready to take right hold
as so(m as you wake up in the morning.
When you get through using one machine,
have your mind fully made up what one is
to come next. Decide whether the wliipple-
trecs, ncckyoke, and clevises are all where
you want them. Don't go off across the
farm to hilch on to a tool, and find you have
forgotton the doubletrees, and then have to
go back after them. I have known men
who would get the doubletrees, and then
would go back again to get the neckyoke.
If you work in that way you will sm'ely fail.

Another thing, doubletrees and wliipple-
trees frequently break. I do not know that
it is practicable to make them so they won't
break. It might be done, it is true; but
you would have to have them so heavy that
you would prol)ably lose in another way in
the end. But, be sure of this: That there
are surplus whippletrees ready to be put on
at a moment's notice. I would also have
surplus bolts and burs nicely put away in
the tool-house, or wherever your tools are
kept. Have oil-cans, and tallow^ also, in
readiness, to keep all your tools in good
working order. Be sure that wrenches,
suitable for the work they are to do, be in
readiness near by, and make it your busi-
ness, sleeping or waking, to be ready to
push ahead in spite of accident and emer-
gency.

When the weather is fine, decide exactly
what you are going to do the moment it
rains; or, if you keep a hired man, have
work saved up in readiness for him during a
rainy day. Do not, under any circumstan-
ces, let him do work during beautiful
weather that can just as well be put off un-
til a rainy day. Hired men will do these
things unless you keep a careful watch on
them. Neither will it answer for you to
set a big strong man at something that a
woman or child could do equally well. The

410

tJLKANIN(JS IN MKIO CULTURI-:.

May

brisk competition that is now kept up in all
kinds of business is sucli that you will surely
fail if you are guilty .©f this kind of folly.
There may be circumstances, it is true,
to justify doing differently from what I
have just intimated ; but bend your whole
energies to the work of deciding how you
can accomplish most with the least expense.
Do not put great stout horses on work that
can be just as well accomplished with one
horse, and a light one at that; and don't set
a great stout man at something that a child
can do better and quicker. Children enjoy
work if their work is planned wisely for
them ; and they are far happier when doing
good somewhere, than if left to their own
devices.

Perhaps you object to all this fuss to get
your ground ready for a crop. Well, it is
true you can go along and put in your seed
after the usual plan, and raise a crop ; but,
my friend, if you are going to raise a crop
that will bring you $1000 for the proceeds of
a single acre, you have got to put labor and
capital on that crop. To-day our market-
wagon is selling heads of Boston market
lettuce at the rate of forty or fifty a day in
our small town of only about 2000 inhabit-
ants. Tlie largest heads bring from 10 to
15 cts. This morning I myself cut two
heads that weighed U lbs. each. Now, we
have never been in the habit of using very
much lettuce at our house. My wife has
often objected, because it was so much
trouble, especially when I brought in a lot
of lettuce just before breakfast was ready.
Since we have got to having single heads
that weigh a pound, however, she says the
easy is entirely different, for all she has to
do is to strip off a few of the outside leaves,
and the interior of the head is cleaner and
nicer than any wasliing can make it. It is
no trouble at all to fit it for the table, and I
can assure you it is no trouble to dispose of
it after it is on the table. The secret of
getting these large, beautiful, crisp, delicious
heads of lettuce is, however, fine tilth and
lots of manure. Such heads of lettuce can
be easily raised for the market so as to be
ready every day in the year ; and I imagine
it would be a pretty hard matter to over-
stock almost any market. Here is a crop
that will bring you money every day in the
year, and yet it has almost no insect ene-
mies, and is almost sure if you have your

To he continued

ground in proper order. Now, what do you
suppose an acre of such lettuce will bring?
And after you get your ground in trim to '
raise heads of lettuce that Avill weigh over a
pound, on every square foot of its surface, it
will yield an enormous crop of any thing.
Just figure up the number of square feet in
a mile ; cut off one figure, and you have the
number of dollars per acre tliat your stuff
ought to sell for. Very likely you urge that
no such an amount as an acre will grow or
can be sold in a locality. That may be true,
and then it may not be true. When you get
more than your home market will take, just
send samples to the right kind of a man in
some large city. As an illustration : We
found we had more '" Jersey Wakefield "
cabbage-plants than would be wanted in
Medina. We did not write to the city of
Cleveland to see if they wanted any. We
simply sent a basketful of plants for their
inspection. Here is what the commission
house wrote :

The cabbage-plants arc rather large, but they
were taken readily. We can allow you 33 cts. per
100 for cabbage, and $1.00 per 100 for tomato. You
might send us 500 cabbage-plants ne.vt Monday, if
prices suit you, and about 200 tomato. But we
need Acme, not Trophy. A. C. K.

Cleveland, O., May 6, 1886.

A few days after, comes the following :

Please express at once 300 Acme tomato-plants
at S^l.OO, and 500 Wakefield cabbnge-planls at 30c.
Cleveland, O., May 11, 1886. A. C. K.

Now, friends, please figure out the profits
on an acre of ground devoted to cabbage-
plants or tomato-plants, at the above prices.
It is true, you will need the aid of a green-
house, cold frame, or hot-bed, for plant-
growing ; but these are not difficult to com-
"mand. Please don't imagine, now, that I
advise every one to go to raising lettuce,
cabbage-plants, and tomato-plants. That is
not the idea at all ; but I do recommend that
you who are out of employment, spending
your time in loafing, or something worse, do
get hold of a little piece of ground some-
where near you and make it give up the
treasures God has wisely placed within your
reach.

We will suppose your ground is under-
drained (or, better still, fixed something on
the plan of the new agriculture), nicely
plowed and harrowed, stones picked off,
and every thing ready for the planting of
the crop. How shall we put in the seed 't'
June 15, ISSG.

EOttof^

CH^*OJD ESt-^iEJ NW CJ

He that is faittiful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— LuKR 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

Tliinkcl li no evil.— T. CoR. 13: 5.

ELL, friends, here it is along toward
llie lirst of the beautiful month of
Mas'. The apple-trees are in liloom,
tlie bees are rejoicing, and the
weather is so line that it seems to
me every boy and girl onght to be ashamed
of themselves if they can not rejoice also.
AV^e have not had a bit of frost for several
weeks; in fact, we liave 20(10 tomato-plants
growing nicely out in the held, and some of
them arc morethan a foot high, and covered
with bl()ssoms. A great many old heads are
shaking wisely, and they tell me I will
•'catch it.'' ihit I am willing to take my
chances. If the frost comes I will do the
best I can to save my plants ; and if 1 don't
succeed, 1 am going lo be hapi)y any way.
There are plenty more tine ones in the green-
house, for a reserve to fall back on.

Well, it Si'ems to me the bee-friends are
busy and rejoicing too, for orders are coming
ill as briskly as we ever saw them l)eforc at
the Home of the IIoney-Bees ; and, as a con-
seciuence, great numbers of neighbors are
all round about me ; in fact, for a few days
back it has seemed as if it were my gi-eiit
privilege to give work to almost every one
who a])plied ; that is, with the usual prom-
ise not to drink, swear, nor use tobacco.
There are so many of them, tliat I have some
in my employ whom I could not call by
name if I sliould try to. This brings me to
what I want to say to you to-day.
Since we have put down the price of foun-

dation, it has made a big boom in what we
call the '' wax-room.'' It is almost as full
as a schoolroom now, and most of the time
it is almost as quiet and orderly as some
schoolrooms. The wax-room is mostly in
the hands cf girls and women. Mr. C, who
has charge of it, says he does not believe it
is, as a rule, a good plan to have many small
boys and small gills together. They get to
be so bubbling over full of fun that they can
not attend to their work ;;s well as if the
boys were kept out, or in a room by them-
selves. With the older hands it does not
make so much difference^that is, when
they are old enough to behave themselves
like ladies and gentlemen. In that case, I
have sometimes thought that it was an ex-
cellent i)lan to have the sexes together.
Well, with the rush of business in the wax-
room, and the numl)er of hands employed,
there arc more or less complaints of mis-
takes, about , inferior quality of work, etc.
Several times customers have complained
that the base of the cells is not thin enough.
This is caused by running the machines
with the rolls too far apart. The other
evening the man wlio makes foundation-
inills told me that there were too many
liands turning the adjusting-screws to the
rolls. I told him I thought no one ought to
touch those: screws except the foreman of
the wax-room. lie said he had spoken to
him about it, l)ut that he replied something
like this :

'' The girls complain that the rolls turn
too hard, and then they loosen the adjusting-
screws, because that makes the rolls ttun

411'

GLEANINGS iN BEE CULTURE.

May

easier." Of comse, I ^vas quite veliemeiit
about the matter, and I declared if we
couldn't lind some way to make tlie girls
obey orders it would be funny. Next day a
piece of foundation oame by "mail, the letter
saying that a ten-pound box we had just
sent was all like it, and that he couldn't use
it at all, because it was too thick at the l)ot-
tom. I took the letter and started for the
wax-room, with a determination to straight-
en things up tliorovyJth/, When I got down
one pair of stairs, ssunething began to say,
" Be careful, Mr. Boot. Bemember what
you profess, and bear in mind that the sav-
ing of souls is a thousand times more im-
portant than having foundation just as it
ought to be, even though it is, witliout
question, your diUy to be faithful and lion-
est to those who send you their money.''

In answer to the above, I thought some-
thing like this :

" Yes, this is all true ; but this is a seri-
ous matter, and one tliat has come up over
and over again, almost every season, and it
needs to be straightened up decidedly.''

The still small voice ventured, as I was
going down the second pair of stairs, some-
thing like this :

'' Well, in any case will it not be better to
be very gentle, and find out first whether
there is not some mistake about itV"

Iliad been taught by so many, nuovy cases
similar to the above, that it is almiys safe to
be very mild and gentle, that I concluded
I would, although 1 didn't feel like it. I
asked the foreman of the room about it, and
he laughed a little, but said that at least one
of the charges was a mistake, lie didn't
say that lie couldn't mal-e the girls stop
turning the adjusting-screws. He is a good
Christian man, and, seeing by my face that
1 was disposed to be gentle and kind, lie
suggested that I should go and talk with tiie
girls about it. Just now I want to confess,
that, since my health has been failing, I
have not been in the wax-room very much,
and perhaps the same is true of a good many
other rooms. As soon as I came among
them and saw tlie crowd of anxious faces,
many of them being comparatively new to
me, I felt ashamed of myself right away. I
pleasantly asked them some questions about
making the foundation thin ; and when I
reassured them so they could ttrik freely, I
discovered that they had been having a good
deal of trouble and worry just because tliey
• could not get foundation to come off the rolls
without tearing, and have it as thin as they
knew we wanted it. One of them said,
" Why, Mr. Boot, we have wasted so much
time in trying to get the wax to come off
without tearing, from this little mill, that
we really felt as if we must do something to
prevent robbing you by charging for our
time wlien we accomplished nothing. By
turning tiie screws up a very little we could
make it come off nicely. See. Don't you
call this sheet pretty fairV

Well, it was "pretty fair," but not quite
what many of our customers would like, in
the way of "a thin base. My informant add-
ed : " But, Mr. Boot, as soon as we got this
last mill " (we had that day been obliged to
add still another mill to keep up with orders,

and tills last was one of our finest brand-new
ones) ''we have no trouble in making beau-
tiful foundation. Just see what nice work
they are doing with it.''

So you see, dear friends, that the trouble
was not witli the girls at all, and it was not
with the foreman ; but it came from a mill
that sometimes had a way of acting badly.
May be you have seen machinery given to
such tricks. I replied that they should liave
the nicest mills that could be made, and
plenty of them too, for we could not afford
to waste time on any thing short of the best.

Now, then, what a sad, sad thing it would
have been had I been hasty, and gone in
among that anxious little crowd, and scold-
ed and found fault when they were doing
the very best they could, and were worried
and troubled because they could not do any
better. Wliy, it would have been a cruel,
cruelihing. And suppose one of them should
have felt in her heart (for I am sure she
would never have spoken it) " That Mr.
Boot, who talks so much in the prayer-meet-
ing, and writes such nice things in his bee-
journal, is, after all, a cross, hasty, and un-
reasonable man." As I think of it, I can
only say over and over again in my heart,
" Thank God, thank God for the promptings
of his holy Spirit that bade me be gentle and
charitable while I was going down those two
flights of stairs." Wliy, when I look into
my own heart, and see the great heaps of un-
charitable feelings that lurk there, ready to
burst forth, and ready to jump at conclu-
sions upon the slightest pretext — ready to
imagine that everybody is evil, and lacking
in conscience and ti-uthi'ulness, it appalls me.
May God have mercy on me a sinner; and
may liis holy name be praised that he has
taught me to hold on, and to put a check
on these feelings, that they may not come
out and do liarm ; and may ids great love so
till my lieart that there may be no room for
even uncharitable thoughts. May kindness
and love toward all humanity, toward the
stranger within our gates, as well as those
who have known me intimately and well,
help me to remember tlie little text at the
head of our chapter, " Thinktth no evil."

FROM JAPAN TO PENNSYLVANIA.

INTERESTING LETTER OF THE JOURNEY, BY
THE SAME I^ITTLE GIRL WHO TOf-U US OF
.JAPAN TWO YEARS AGO.

jr^EAR MR. ROOT:— What do you think has bc-
A c| come of jour j'oung Japanese (?) friend? or
ll>)l have you given the matter much thought?
'■^^ I liad intended to write to you of cur expect-
ed departure from this "Sunrise kingdom,"
but on account of being so busy with our prepara-
tions for the same I was unable to do so; and when
we got here I entered school, which, thougli quite
novel, was equally a busy experience. As we are
having a week of vaealion at present, I have taken
this lainj^ afternoon to write to mj' old friends of
the adventures T have experienced since leaving
Japan last October.

Our voyage, which lasted about 17'e days, was
delightful— the last day especially being interesting,
on account of the shoals of porpoises which raced
with the ship, the groups of whales spouting in the

1886

GLEANINGS IN l^EE CULl^UllE.

413

distance near the coast, the tliing- fish, sea-serpents,
and, most of all, the sl-ht of dear old America,
though the lirst glimpse was of the Ijarc sides of
the hills bordering on the coast.

After a few days cf visiting at San Francisco we
started on our journey across the continent. Af tci-
we left the great ranches and enormous trees of
California, the scenery following was quite uninter-
esting. The Nevada plains and hills were studded
with clumps of sage-bush which soon grew monot-
onous; but the Great Salt Lake in Utah was inter-
esting, and I thought pretty. The mountains on
the opposite s!de showed signs of breaches quite
near the summits.

We noticed some very curious and beautiful
canons, waterfalls, and glens. In the Rockies: but
we passed some of the most noted during the night.

I thought Indiana's rolling surface, large groves,
and romantic scenery a lovely contrast to the drea-
ry, treeless plains of Nebraska and Kansas; but
when we came to Ohio 1 was charmed, especially
with Cleveland, the Forest City, where we spent a
short time. I went around the city a little, and saw
the great aqueduct, which cost several millions of
dollars; and we saw the cemetery where Garfield is
buried; and we also saw beautiful Lake Erie.

I wish I could visit you at Medina; but circum-
stances were such we could not stop, and we came
on to the "Knickerbocker" State, with its great
farmhouses and whitewashed fences which really
struck me first.

I entered school in the beginning of January, and
have enjoyed my first school life exceedingly. 1
am attending- a seminary for ladies and gentlemen,
which is under the auspices of the church. The
teachers are all very pleasant, and we have strictly
moral influences. The name is Schuylkill Seminary,
and it is at Reading, Berks Co.; ne.xt fall, however,
it is to bo moved to Fredericksburg, Lebanon Co.,
where mamma expscts to settle down.

With kind regards to your famili', and best wishes
for the prosperity of your magazine and business,
T am as ever, sincerely yours, Au.v M. Kkecker.

Norristown, P.i., March 2), 18ij.

Some of our readers will remember that
this same little girl wrote a letter over two
years ago in regard to the life and customs
of the people in Japan. We also had an en-
graving made at the time, of a Japanese
lady riding in a " palanquin " (see page 127,
1884). We are glad to welcome her back to
this country, and hope she is educating her-
.self to go back to ti life of service for the
Master. Ernest.

HOW" A LITTLE GIRL STARTED IN
BEE-KEEPING, AND SUCCEEDED.

HOW SHE MANAGED 5 SWAUMS OF BEES THAT Kt.EW
OUT AT ONE Tl.ME.

alight; two I threw water on, and drove them back,
and mine 1 threw water on. The bees got nearly all
out when the queen came out. I i-an into the house
and got two tablespoons and caught the que(Ml be-
tween the two spoons, and the bees went back.
That winter one of my stands died. Last summer
they swarmed twice. One day last summer there
was a swarm came here. Father said if I would
hive it 1 could have it. This I did, and I had four
stands then. These made about 80 lbs. of honey.
Father got about 3000 lbs., nearly all comb honey.
He put 77 stands in the cellar, and they are winter-
ing well. We take Gleanings, and mother says
she can not get along without it.

Grace Jewell, age U.
Shell Rock, UutlerCo., Iowa, Mar. 26, 1886.

Thank you, friend Grace, for your very
excellent report. You are the first one, if I
am correct, to demonstrate the soundness of
Mrs. Harrison's suggestions (see p. 317 ; i. e.,
that the children have bees of their own) and
report what Ihcn have done witli their own
capital. I don't think your father regrets
at all giving you the swarm, on the condi-
tion that you could accomplish a certain
thing with them ; and now you are able to
perform most of the operations in the apiary
successfully. I doubt very much whether
one of the veteran bee-keepers could have
managed those five swarms as well as you
did. and your report of how you managed
them is certainly interesting. You say that
you drove back two swarms with water. Did
you use the spray of a force-pump, or did you
siinply dash water on them with a dipper ?
I should also like to know how quickly the
swarm returned after you gave them a show-
er-bath. You know it is doubted by some
whether throwing water has any effect in
inducing tlie bees to cluster. — Your queen-
cage of two spoons is quite novel. It seems
to me there would be some danger of killing
the queen. However, in your hands no
doubt it answered very well. You have done
so well that I think you certainly deserve
a chromo, and an extrti nice one too. I have
told the mailing-clerk to send you one. Let
us have other reports from the little folks
who have bees of their own. Ernest.

fATHER has kept bees for eight years. Three
years ago he said if T w-ould take the bees
and racks out of one hive, and put them in
another hive I could ha\e them, when I got
them out. He told me to put them back in
the hive I took them out of, for they would not go
into the other hive. This hive then was mine. They
did not swarm that summer. The next summer
they swaimed twice. The last time they swarmed,
father and mother were away from home. While
thev were gone, five stands swarmed. I got two to

FACTS FROM ACTUAL EXPERIENCE
AND OBSERVATION.

FIJO.M OUIl YOUNG FRIEND CHARLIE.

fRIEND ROOT:— Bees wintered well here, and
are now in fine condition. They began gath-
ering pollen March IS and 19, but have gath-
ered very little since, on account of so
changeable weather. We have been feeding
some. We had one weak swarm run out of honey
one night, and the next morning 1 brought apart
of them to life by warming them, l)ut they did no
good.

One evening, a short time ago, we moved a
swarm two miles. When we fixed them up the bees
were spread about, all through the hive. After we
had got them home, sawed the entrance large, and
in other ways badly jarring them, we looked into
the hive, and were surprised at finding them drawn
up into winter (|uarters, and any amount of thunu>-
ing and pounding ftiiled to make a single bee move.

414

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

May

Now, do bees generally act so decent while being:
moved? Last winter we moved some swai'ms but
one-fourth of a mile, that became badly demoral-
ized. We wintered two large swarms this winter,
with entrances only 2\i by ^J inches; and in spite of
so little ventilation they came through, losing
scarcely any bees. In some hives, upper ventila-
tion right above the cluster was used all winter,
without causing any harm.

We have over 40 varieties of honey-plants near us.
The mallow, which blooms as late as November, is
the latest. It Tias short leaves, flowers variegated
v.ith white and pink, and it produces snow-white
pollen. Ironweed produces white pollen, and the
bees get covered with a white dust while working
on it. Bees do not work on red clover and golden-
rod here, as the blossoms of the latter get so de-
stroyed by the old fashioned potato-bug, or, may be,
because the bees do not notice it. Hawthorn,
four kinds of smartweed, and several species of
autumn flowers resembling sunflowers, are good
honey-plants.

It is queer indeed how bees find out honey so
quickly. One day last spring the cellar-doors were
left open. Some honey was down cellar. I was
near by at work, and I did not see a bee anywhere
about. Presently I left, but was back shortly after.
The cellar was just swarming with bees. I closed
the doors, and the bees came out of the cracks.
This started robbing. I find that bees are more apt
to flght on damp cloudy days than on bright warm
ones. On autumn mornings they often all mix up
in a big flght, but quiet down when it gets warm
enough for uU to go to work in the fields.

Fall before last a gi-eat many bee-trees were cut
down. One was said to contain 203 lbs. of honey.
Last fall, not one was cut down.

The morning of June 27, ISSH, was a bright one;
but at 10 A. M. it began raining, and rained until
;3 o'clock. The clouds then broke away, and the
bees went to work. One swarm I noticed was un-
usually quiet. On looking into it, it was found
quiet inside also. Presently they began rushing
about, and so they were shut up. Then they be-
gan swarming. When they clustered the limb was
sawed off and taken to the new hive. While doing
so a small bunch dropped otf. When the swarm
was hived we looked and saw that the bunch that
had dropped oft' had risen up and clustered on the
tree close to where the swarm had clustered. Part
of them were brushed off and carried to the hive,
and the rest were shaken oft'. These then struck
directly for the new hive, which was not over a rod
•listant. Now, thi.s, although a first swarm,
came out at 4 p. m., two hours past the usual
swarming time. It may be likely that they pre-
pared to swarm in the morning, and as the rain
stoppol thern they had to wait until it was over,
which made them quite late.

One sunny day last winter, when it stood only 33°
in the shade, I placed the thermometer on the
south side of a hive. It soon ran up to 8;5°, so it
was 60° warmer on the south side of the hive than in
the shade. Chahlie L. Greenftkld, age 14.

Somerville, Butler Co., Ohio, Apr. 5, 188(5.
Very good, friend Charlie. Your ther-
mometer was placed ill the sun, and that is
why it recorded such a difference in temper-
atnre. In taking such observations, the sun
should never be allowed to shine directly on
the thermometer, especially on the bulb.'

Every boy or girl, under 15

years of age, who writes a

letter lor this department, containing

SOME .VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
• KNOWN. ON BEES OR OTHER MATTERS,

will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent "five -cent Sunday - school books.
Many of these books contain the same mat-
cteithat you find in Sunday-school hooks
osting from 81.00 to $1X0. If you have had
one or more books, give us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six different books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Olt, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
i • Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in

a Bar-Room. We have also Our Homes, Part I.,and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself, Bine Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of any one of the above pictures
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
nformation.

' A chiel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prent it. "

WHAT TO DO, AND IIOAV TO BE HAPPY ;
A SEQUKL von THE WEE FOLKS.

^ LATTER, clatter, whackity bang, tick,
tack, click, clack — '' What's all thkt
^^■}i racket this time of the dayV exclaim-
ed I. The heavy machinery had all
slopped for the night, and I was sit-
ting at my desk, with pen in hand, prepared
to write something real nice for the little
folks. Racky tack, tick tack, cracky cracky
whack ! This only I received in response to
my question. " What in the world is all
that racket?'' I thought. '-I wonder"—
racky tack, ticky tack, ker squash— ''oh! I
know; it is one of the clerks who has been
working late hours to fill orders, and in his
blundering haste has tumbled a pile of goods
all over himself and on to the floor. How
clumsy some folks are !"

There, there ! in my uncharitableness I
have just lost a fujlendid thought, and I can't
recall— racky tack, tick tack. Half disap-
pointed at the loss of a brilliant thought
that wouldn't come back, and half bewilder-
ed at such an unseasonable din, I was on
the point of saying, '' Ma, make the children
stop that incessant noise ; I can't write, nor
hear myself think," when I remembered
that I was married now, and that I wasn't
over home, nor was Blue Ejes, Caddie, or
Iluber, anywhere around to bother me as in
days just gone by. " Ma, make them stop "
has become almost a part of my nature, and
it crops out once in a while now. Racky
tack, tick tack. "Oh dear me ! what shall I
do? In this noise I can't think of any thing,
and ' Barney ' is calling for the ' Introduc-
tion to the juveniles.'" The noise seemed
to grow louder. Half curious, half out of
patience, I arose from my seat and sallied
forth into the compositors' room, then
through the long hall, and at last halted in
the clerks' ofFice. All was (piiet, save that

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

41.)

'' lacky tack." Following the sound of the
noise I passed into the paper-room and book-
bindery. I then sauntered into the sample-
room. What do yon tliink I saw? There
were Hiram, Franky, Minnie— yes, and Ella
too. Sitting at a table, each one had a mal-
let, and something to do. Sections, heaps of
'em, were they driving up square. Tick
tack, click, clack, that was the noise every-
where. ''What to do and how to be happy "'
seemed to be fully exemplified upon their
bright happy faces, and I didn't feel a bit
mad when 1 saw how rapidly and how nicely,
too, they were folding together those one-
piece sections we manufacture. It seems
these children had seen what pretty work it
was, and they had teased their mother, who
"lias charge of the room, to let them do it
too. As she was somewhat behind in her
work, she consented to let them try ; and
when I saw them I was fully convinced that
they were the best automatic section-formers
I ever saw. Little 7-year-old Ella was keep-
ing up with the older ones. How fast do
you think she could fold them? We kept
track, and found that she could fold a whole
box of 500 sections in just about two hours.
From the looks of her bright face I don't
think she ever had any play that she enjoy-
ed better. The iiuestion of "what to do and
how to be happy" secm?d to be fully solved
for her. Now,! was wondering if other lit-
tle folks couldn't do it too. I imagine that
your papa, if he is a bee-keeper, has lots of
sections he wants folded, and perhaps he has
got a bright boy or girl who wants a job,
and a chance to earn money. We pay S cts.
per 100 for putting up sections in our facto-
ry. At this rate little Ella earned 1-5 cts. for
the two hours she worked, or at the rate of
li cts. per hour. I think that is doing pret-
ty well for a 7-year-okl chick. Of course, she
would get tired if she folded more than one
box at a time.

Now, I do not know of any thing you can
do at present that will help your father more
for the coming fiow of honey. I should like
to have reports from the liitle folks, telling
how fast you can put together sections. If
you will do real well I will send you any
thing you may choose from the lO-cen't
counter. Ernest.

A PETRIFIED WASP'SNEST.

My lather has a petrified wasp's nest. It is about
as big around as my fist. The cells are mostly filled
up, and some of them arc raised, while others arc
slightly broken. It looks a good deal like a honey-
comb. He has also some with fern leaves on them.
They are very pretty. Carhie Memck, age 10.

Waverly, Neb., March 30, 1886.

Now, Carrie, are you sure it is a petrified
wasp's-nesty From your description I am
inclined to think it is the work of some in-
sects like the coral insect. Something in re-
gard to this has already appeared in our
back volumes.

AS OLD FOGY.

I read all th? little letters and your loot notes.
Ma says that honey and croton oil (equal parts mix-
ed), given every two hours in teaspoonful doses is
the best remedy lor the dysentery that she ever
saw. She filso has a dropsy iccipe wl.l^h takes a

quart of honey to make it. Wc have a neighbor
who claims to be an old bee-keeper. He says if he
had a mind he could make all the neighbors' bees
come to him and stay. Do you think such a thing
possible? If so, is he not an enemy to bee-keepers
near by, if he is not honest'/' Tommy Buown.

Searcy, White t'o., Ark., Mar. 1, 18S(5.

Don't be alarmed, friend Tommy; that
neighbor you mention has probably got a
few old-fogy ideas in his head, one of which
is that he could call all his neighbors' bees
to himself. lie might induce them to call
on him for a short time by setting out syrup,
or starting a cider-mill, but the bees, after
they had feasted themselves at his expense,
and had pestered him all they could, would
return home without so much as saying,
" Thank you." Nothing so much annoys me
as to hear one of these old seers boast of the
big things he can do. Eknest.

THE NAUGHTY SABBATH-BHE AKEItS.

I wrote just one year ago, and told you about pa's
bees commencing to carry in pollen <m Sunday, the
1st of Feb. Now, these Sabbath-breakers commenc-
ed at work this year on buds of watei'-elm, on Sun-
day, the 31st day of January; so with all of our
example and teaching we have failed to teach them
better. Lizzie L. Mullin, age 10.

Oakland, Colorado Co., Texas, Feb. 17, 18S6.

Thank you, friend Lizzie. It is true, the
bees never respect the Sabbath ; but work-
ing on Sunday isn't the worst thing they
do. I have sometimes thought that Sunday
was their favorite day for stealing and get-
ting into mischief generally, and on holidays,
wdien folks are not at home. Several times
on coming home from church I have found
the little scamps on a " regular tear," as the
boys say. Eknkst.

HOW TO EXTRACT, AS TOLD BY .JACOB.

When we extract we take the smoker and smoke
the bees well, and then take the combs out of the
hive. We next cut the cappings off with a knife,
and then put it in the extractor. We then turn the
handle around. But if larva' are in the combs we
have to turn \ery slowly. Wo turn until the hon-
ey is all out, and then take the combs out of the
extractor, putting them in the hive again. We take
the cappings off the combs, and then when we get
enough we try them up and then take the Avax down
to the drug-store and sell it. We got (35 cts. for one
pound nine ounces. Jacob Battersbv, age 11.

Port Dover, Ontario, Canada.

Your description is very good, and shows
that you have had some actual experience in
the apiary, aside from what can be learned
in books. ^_ Eknest.

HONEY AND ALUM FOU COLDS; FROM A LITTLE
GIRL WHO LIVES AMONG THE INDIANS.

Honey, with alum grated into it, is good for the
croup. I am an orphan girl. 1 live with Mrs.
Thomas, and take care of little Ollie. We keei)
bees, and take Gleanings. Mrs. Thomas and I aic
going to attend to the bees this summer. Drones
were flying the first day of April. Mrs. Thomas
has given away a good deal of honey. Wc make
candy of it too. Lillie Mills, age 11.

Stringtown, Choctaw Nation, Ind. Ter.

1 presume you have Indians all around
you. and that you do not find them so terri-

416

GLEANINGS IN JJEK CULTUilE.

May

ble as little folks are apt to imagine. By
the way, if I am correct, the Ghoctaw Indi-
ans are the most civilized of any race of In-
dians in America. Missionaries are making
every effort to get them started in agricnl-
tnre. Now, can't yon do a little missionary
work, ;ind get the red faces interested in
bees? You can show them how delicious a
thing is honey, and perhaps induce some of
those who are not particularly fond of agri-
culture to start in bee culture. Unless I
miss my guess, an Indian and his papoose
have a sweet tooth somewhere. May we
hear from you again? Eunest.

A PRAYER FOR CHII^DKEN.

Inclosed please flud a beautiful prayer, clipped
from Zion's Watchman. My little brother and I
have learned it by heart, and repeat it every night
before we go to bed. Will you please print it in
Gleanings, so that many other children may see
and learn it too?

Father, now the day is past,
On thy child this l)lessinK cast:
Near iny iiilli>\v. li.xnd in hand,
Kee|) thy K'lardi.an angcl-band;
And throughout the daikling night
Bless me with a cheerful light;
Let me rise at morn again.
Free from every thought of pain;
Pressing througli life's thorny way,
Keep me, Father, day by day 1

Papa put out some rye flour for tho bees to day,

and they worked on it quite well. My mamma does

not think that honey is of anj' use for a cough or

cold, where jiersons are used to eating- it ever.y day.

Eva Gregg, ag-o 7.

Galilee, Wayne Co., Pa., April 3, 1886.

HONEY NOT GOOD TOR COLDS; MILK A REMEDY
FOR " HONEY-ACHE."

In answer to your question, my mamma says she
has been doctoring- babies for 33 years, and never
found honey of much use for croui>. Honey is as-
tringent, which is contrary for either coldsorcroup,
and mamma says people shouLl be ver.y careful
in giving it to babies. She was at a neighbor's house
with her baby. A young woman fed it a little hon-
ey, and the babe soon"bcgfin to scream and cramp. As
soon as the girl told mamma what she liad fed it,
mamma poured cream down the babe, and it soon
got better. Mamina thinks cream will alwaj's help
in such cases. She alwa.ys uses maple syrup or sim-
ple syrup for colds. We all love honey very much,
but mamma won't allow us to give Huber any. He
is my little brother, five months old. He is very-
smart, but cries much with the earache.* Can .you
tell us of any thing in the ne.vt Gleanings that
would cure it'? Papa has lost only one swarm of
bees, but it is very cold here j'et. Wo have just
commenced making- sugar. Mamma sugared off 81
lbs. last Saturday. Tessie A. Taylor, age 10.

Shelby, Oceana Co., Mich., Mar. 29, 18?6,

Dear me ! when j uven He doctors disagree,
who shall decide? Some say honey is good
for croup, and some say it isn't. I am al-
most inclined to believe you are pretty near-
ly right.— Giving children nice rich milk or
cream is undoubtedly good for little folks
when they have the honey-ache (you know
what that is, boys), from ah overdose of hon-
ey. You remember father Langstroth once
told of his little grandchild coming to him
and complaining, after eating too much new
honey, " O grandpa ! IVe got ' stomyaclie' "
(honey-ache). His good grandpa at once pre-
scribed milk. This the child took and wag

better. I often can not eat very much honey
myself, without old Dame Nature making a
"•howl;" but when I take milk with it I get
along very well. The old Bible expression,
" A land" flowing with milk and honey,"
seems to imply tliiit the two should go to-
gether. So, little folks, when you t:ike hon-
ey to cure a cold, and then get the "■ stomy-
aclie '■ — "' out of the fiyiiiir -pan into the fire,"
drink s,)ine jiood rich milk. — In icgard to
the earache, I suppose I have stiff retl from
it as much as most people— having had it
day and night for a week at a time. Miiny
of the remedies that are commoidy prescrib-
ed are worse than useless. Never tinker
with your ears. Soaking the feet in hot wa-
ter, and then taking a good sweat, beini}.
careful not to take cold, is the only thing
which I have fomid tliat will give relief. I
have instructed the clerks to send you a chro-
mo, as I think you deserve one. Ernest.

A NIGHT RAMPAGE — BOYS STEALING A SWARM.

Last summer some boys thought they would have
some honey (cainpers, I suppose), so they came
about 11 o'clock one night and were carrying off a
hive. Just as they were carrying- it to lift over the
fence. Cousin W^ill, who was coming- home from
seeing his "best girl," heard them. They dropped
the hive over the fence, upside down. The cover
flew off, and the frames fell out, one of which they
grabbed and ran over the road, and Will after Ihem.
The.v ran about 4J rods and dropped tlie frame of
honej-, and dodged out to the side of the road, and
slipped by him before he knew it, as it was ver.y
dark, and then he came back and told papa, and he
got up and went down with the lantern, but the
bees were all out, and h^ could do nothing- with
thein, and had to Ic.'.ve them thus in the road until
morning, then he took out the frames and put them
in a new hive and set them back on their stand, and
they arc now doing well. Skip.

Covert, Seneca Co., N. Y.

Thank you for your account of the steal-
ing, and the result.^. Although you say
your father could do nothing with the bees,
you do not mention whether the bees filled
the air in the dark, or only a few flew out,
and the rest remained in the hive in the con-
dition it was. If the bees swarmed out in
the dark, I should like to know whether
they all got back to the hive before daylight.
It would be an interesting point to know
whether scattered bees can in the dark clus-
ter in one spot, guided only by the hum of
their comrades. Can we hear from you
again? Ernest.

DO QUEENS LAY, 3 DAYS FROM THE TIME OF HATCH-
ING?

Pa put up one nucleus in 1885, and got 13.5 lbs. of
surplus honey that season: that was thi best yield
he ever got fi-om one nucleus. Perhaps you would
like to know how lie m;U<es a nucleus. He first puts
in one rack of honey; second, arack of sealed brood;
third, a rack of fresh eggs; fourth, a rack of sealed
brood, so as to leave the rack of eggs in the center,
from which ho expects to rear his (jueens; then he
lays a piece of ducking- over them, and lets it hang
down the empty side to keep them warm. Ten
queens is the most he ever got from one rack of
eggs. He transferred 3 of them jie fore they were
hatched, into other nuclei. When they hatched,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

417

and were three days old, he round, in each nu-
eleiis, iv space as hirge as his hand, with Iresh digs.
That was the earliest he ever bad them lay, or ever
heard of. It' you ever heard of any thing- like that,
let nie know.

I have been to sjliocl iilioiit r<)iir.\(ars. 1 like to
goto school very much, and I like in :te a nice
dish of honey on llie I able.

Mahv Jank Wai.tkh, age 11.

Wahoo, Saundeis Co., Nebraska, Mar. I~, 188j.

1 think Mary Jm\i\ there must bo some
mistake somewhere, either in your recoixl or
ill your father's experiments. Did he not
by mistake get the old (jiieens from the hive
and take them along to form a nucleus ?
I have done the same" thing several times.
I do not think it possible for a queen to com-
mence to lay when only three days old, and
they must have commenced a little sooner
than that, even, or they would not have had
a patch of eggs as large as you state.

THE RESURRECTION PIvANT.

One day I g-ave papa ten cents (he was going to
Lincoln), and asked him to tnij' nie a licop or else a
flower. He noticed a man at a street corner, who
was standing by a little stand with a curious plant
to sell. He culled it '• Mexican moss." Papa
bought one for me. It was all dried up, and teemed
to have no Lfo in it. I put some water into a teacuj),
and then put in the pliint. It began to slowly open,
and soon the cup was too small for it. 1 then put
it in a saucer, and it continued to open, growing-
green at the same time, until it was nearly as large
as the saucer. In about three days I laid it away,
and it dried up the same as before. When dried up
it is about as large as a hen's egg-, and of a light
brown colcr. Once in about two months I take it
out, put it in water for aboi;t three days, and then
put it away. It has a small Lutich of thrcallike
roots, and, when di-y, the,\- fortn about one third the
bulk of th3 whoL'. K vr i ;•; .M k M c :c a^-u 11.

Waverly, Neb , March ;;o, 1880.

Friend Katie, I li;ive seen these resurrec-
tion plants, ami have l)een (luile curious in
regard to them. Are y<ui sure the plant
comes to life agaiiiV Will it grow and pro-
duce more of its kind, if keptconstautly wetV
I do not believe it will, but may be I am mis-
taken. May be somebody else can tell us
about it.

HONEY, AND OTHER REMEDIES FOR COLDS AND
CROUP.

In answer to your (juestion in Gleanings, March
15, in regard to lioney as a remedy for colds, ma
says it is a good one. Sage, steeped and sweetened
with honey, is good, and I guess this is th? reason
California honey, which is gathered from wild sage
flowers, is better than our basswood. I am sorry
that Arthur had the croup, for I ha\e had It sever-
al times. Take goose-oil oi' soft lard, add a few
drops of spirits of turi):^ntinc; with tliis, bathe the
throat and chest, then apply a hot cloth; this gives
immediate relief. I am 12 years old, so I do not
have croup any more.

There are a gocd many lice-keepers around here,
and I think we shall stand a better chance this
year than la;t, as we all lest heavili'— some till.
The bees arc coming out well this spring. I think
snow is a good thing for wintering. Oui-s were
covered comjik-tely. When we topk iiway the

snow in March the ([voens we got of Oliver P\ister
had brood in all stages. (Jkokge W. Hear.

U.xbridg-.^, Out., Canadti.

Thanks, little friend, for the fact in re-
gard to the sag(^ It is possible that tlie
flavor of the s igc" in almost all California
lioney may account for its being better for
colils ai!(i croup. Mountain-sage honey,
j from my own experience, dc^es seem to have
I curalivt^ properties that other honey does
not have. 1 should very much like to hear
1 from the other little girls and boys who may
I have compared s ige honey with that from
other sources and its effect on colds. — Ar-
] tliur has now gone h:)ine to his parents, but
to my knowledge he has not had the croup
since he took that ''dose of cheese-rinds,"
and afterward the honey.

You have given us one more fact of inter-
est. You say your bees were completely
covered with snow, and that they wintered
well. J. B. Mason, in a recent number of
Gleanings, you remember, thought snow
quite detrimental to successful wintering.
Eknest.

removing propolis WITH COAL OIL.

Our little
friend Arthur
Hemphill is
too small to
write his let-
ter, so he has
printed it, and
sent it to us.
We were a lit-
tle afraid if
we simply set
the letter up
in type that it
would lose a,
great part of
its originality,
so our engrav-
er has here re-
produced it
just exactly as
Arthur sent it
to us. This is
what big folks
call a fac -simile. What's a fac-simileV
Well, ask your mamma, if you don't under-
stand from the above. Eknest.

A LITTLE GIRL WHOSE FATHER HAP THREE APIA-
RIES.

M.v papa has kept bees for eight years. He runs
two other yards, one six the other eight miles from
our home apiarj-, where we (that is, mamma and I)
work the bees. We gather all our honey on carts,
with springs under them, so there is no jar. Pa
makes all of our fl.xtures by water-power, improved
for the express purpose. He has invented a bee-
feeder, made from a square oyster-can. He thinks
it beats them all for cheapness and adaptability. It
looks to me like a cigar-box with a sliding cover.

There is, about a mile from us, a spring said to bo
the largest in Minnesota. Wc live on this S})ring
branch, in which are sjicckled trout. Pa caught
one weighing ;S lbs. 1.5 oz.

Grace KLECiii-EU, age i;S.

Spring Valley, Minp.. ,laiL 12, ISHO.

Very good, Grace ; but we should be very
glad of a longer letter. Perhaps a great

UOfW. o\L CD tf ^ ig

//'/)A/p ^ to ^ p r
^ TtilB tar.

SO;, p^

418

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

May

many tilings that your father does would be
interesting to the mass of our readers.

nUBEIl MILLEK.

1 have tlie smartest baby-brotlior. He is 11
months old. He could walk when he wr.s but ^li
months old ; and what do you think his name is ? It
beats your baby's name a Un\g way. His name is
Huber Miller. You know that Doctor Miller is a
great bee-man too. My little brother Josie is near-
ly 6 years old. He was paralyzed when he was 5
years old. He is ()uito lame in his left leg". He staj's
in the shop with pa nearly all tho time. He makes
little boxes, and calls them his bee-hives. We have
three \»hite rabbits. Josie and Huber like to play
with them. Pa's bees wintered nicely for him. He
has 25 colonics. Rome bee-keepers lost all their
bees this winter. Nannie C. Siiauer.

North River, Virginia, April ;^ 1S86.

^EPowg ENceaR?i6iN6.

AN A B C SCHOLAU RECEIVES 07 LBS. OF HONEY
PEU COLONY.

AM an ABC scholar, and have kept bees for a
year now. Last year I worked for extracted
honey, and look 97 lbs. per hive. My bees are
right in the heart of the city, and I think this
was doing- prettj- well. Not one colony offered
to swarm, and I did not increase at all. I wintered
them in Simplicity hives, packed with chaff, as you
directed in the ABC. They cam? throug-h the win-
ter very strong— not one colonj' lost, and all are do-
ing' very well now.

SHALL, WE DIVIDE OR NOT DIVIDE, IN ORDER TO
GET THE MOST HONEV?

This year I decided to work for comb honey, and
I should like to ask you if as much conih honey can
be obtained if we keep the old stock in very strong
condition, and give plenty of room for surplus, as
if you divide at the beginning of clover yield and
have two colouies at work. I have looked this up
in all my works on bee culture, and can lind no sat-
isfactory answer to it. Percy T. Walden.

37 Putnam Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y., Apr. 23, 1880.

Eriend W.,the question you propound is
an unsettled one. See what is said in re-
gard to it on page 271.

AVINTEUED 108 colonies OUT OF 110.

I am much pleased with the new df])arture in the
interests of horticulture. I like this mi.ving of sub-
jects extremely well, and would not like to see
Gleanings conducted on any other principles.

I put 110 colonies in cellar, 4 of which I expected
to carry out dead in winter. I have 108 " alive and
kicking" at this date, very quiet, and apparently in
good condition.

We live on the forty-lifth parallel. Last year was
a poor honey-season in this part— nothing but bass-
Avood honey, although white clover and buckwheat
were abundant. We took about 2.500 lbs. from 58
colonic.*, spring count; increased to 110. Blacks
gave better returns with mo last season than cither
Italians or Holy Lands; in fact, the latter did noth-
ing but swarm, as I did not get a i)onnd of honey
from them, and had to feed them for winter. I am
trying some young queens (bat are crossed; and if
they don't do better, off como their heads.

Almonte, Can. J. K. Dahling.

TeB^cce CeMMN.

THE undersigned, have quit the use of tobacco

in all its forms; and if I am entitled to a

smoker, please send the same. If I over

^ commence again, I will pay you for the

emoker. J. L. B.\kei{.

Hcnton. Shelby Co., 111., F.b. 2ii, n»?>.

1 leceived m.\' smoker, and was well |)lo;i; ed «iih
it; and it' 1 overuse the weed again I «ill pay ynu
for it. I am very much obliged to you. Gle.\n-
INGS comes all right. We put 8 colonies of blacks
in the beehousc last fall, and took 8 out. T«'o
were robbed, leaving •) strong colonics.

Barber's Mills, Ind. Isa.ac TiiuossiKir.L.

A LITTLE girl's INTEREST IN HER 15R()THE:i.

Bi-other .lohn has quit the use of tob.icco, and de-
sires me to say that if you see fit to send liim a
smoker he will pay for it if he ever uses tobacco
again. Laur.a M. Hobus, age 12.

Middleport, Meigs Co., O., Mar. 22, 18i-'R.

Well done, friend Laura. You now see how
much a little girl may do if she sets about it.
After your brother sees your letter here in
print I am sure he will not want to break the
promise he has given here before so many
people. You see the promise is down in
white and black, and it has been printed
more than live thousand times, and perhaps
ten thousand people will see it, and he Avill
surely stick to it before the eyes of all this
great company. Don't you tlsink he will?

AVILL QUIT THIS TIME.

My husband has left off tobacco, and I thank
God. If you send him a smoker, I should be glad.
He left off' two mouths ago, and I guess he is in
earnest this time. I thought so whoi I married
him; but he saj^s he will own up and pay for the
smoker if he fails again. He is too proud to own
his weakness. I think j'ou will get him this time;
because if he did use it he Avould pay up.

MltS. D. E. CfilCKNER.

South Allen, Hillsdale Co., Mich., Mar. C, 1886.

I agree Avith you, my good friend, for I
think we liave got him this time. If he has
consented to let you write this letter, to be
published, that consent and that promise
Avill brace him up to hold out.

I saw 3'our offer in Gleanings, to any one who
has quit the use of tobacco. Well, 1 have induced
a man who is living with me, and Avho has used it
for 30 years, to stop. He says that he Avill never use
it again if you will send the smoker. I will stand
good for him; and if he resumes the use of tobacco
I Avill pay for the smoker. There is another Avho
has quit chewing. We had a prayer-meeting the
last night of the old year, and prayed and sang un-
til the new year, and h-? set cut to (j'lit thru, and
has gained ten pounds. M. Si.mpson.

Gatcsville, Coryell Co.. Texas, Feb. 27, 1880.

Well done, friend S. And, by the way, I
think one of the most efficient modes of
Avorking against this tobacco evil is to get
your friends to cpiit, and also get their con-
sent to let you have the promise printed in
Gleanincjs. If you stand good for that
friend, Ave shall be safe, and tlie Master will
stand good for us all while we aretrying to
further the cause of purity and temperance,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

410

0a^ JiBfiEg.

Thou Shalt not covet thy ncig-hbor's «it'e, nor his
iiiuuscrvant, nor his maidserviiiit, nor his ox, nor
his ass, uor any thinf? that is tliy neighbor's.— Ex.
'M : 17.

'IIILE I write this beautiful lOlh day
of May, ouv country is stirred by
lieree couliicts l)et\veen labor and
capital. With the beautiful weatli-
er we liave had, and the bright pros-
pects for bountiful crops, it would seem as
if not only all nature but all mankind should
be at peace with themselves and at peace
with God. Why must we have such troubles,
and this, too, in a land of liberty, and a land
of churches and Christian people? Some
will tell us it is caused by one thing and
some another. But is it not true, that the
one great prime cause is the breaking of this
last of the commandmentsV \Ve are con-
tinually wanting something that belongs to
our neighbors. I have been told that the
Chicago troubles were mainly caused by a
class of people that would take all the prop-
erty in the world away from the rich and
give it to the poor ; that is, that they would
luive it divided up and equalized. I have
not been told wlietlier gamblers and inebri-
ates and higliway robbers were to have an
equal share with the rest or not ; but I sup-
pose they would, of course, come in. The
only class that could think of w^anting such
an arrangement brought about would, of
course, be those who expect to gain, and
who are dissatisfied with the place in life
that God has seen tit to give them. Now, it
is not alone the gambler and inebriate and
the higliwayman who want what belongs to
their neighbors, but I am afraid, ray friends,
the disposition lurks to a greater or less ex-
tent in the hearts of all of us. While it is
true, that there are multitudes of good
peoi)le who do not want a copper but what
justly belongs to them, and who would not
find any happiness in the possession of some-
thing for which they had given no fair
equivalent, yet for all that these same good
people sometimes get mistaken notions
about the rights of property. Sometimes
one who is employed by a large tirm or
company gets into a way of fault-finding,
something like this :

"Now, just look here; I have been at
work for Mr. A, B, and C, and have just
been coining money for them, and yet I get
only a paltry so much a month. If it were
not for me, their business would half go
down.""

Or, perhaps. A, B, and C may get into a
way of speaking of some of the best of their
help as follows :

'•Just look at that man. What was he
when we first took him into our employ?
lie was not earning, all together, fifty cents
a day. We took him in hand and taught
liim business principles. To make him feel
pleasant iind contented we advanced his
wages time and again, and are now really
paying him more than he is worth. But do
you suppose he ever thinks of it, or ever feels
a spark of gratitude? Not lie."

Now, friends, the attitude of the employ-
ers is a bad one, and the spirit of the em-

ploye is a bad one. On both sides there has
been the sin of covetousness, and the only
real, true, rational remedy for this sin is the
spirit of Christ— a spirit that prompts us to
make it our business in life to do good, and
to help the world along ; the spirit of suffer-
ing long and being kind, even to the un-
tlmnkful ; a spirit of not being puffed up ;
of not thinking of what is our own or our
just dues; of not being too hasty to think
evil ; the spirit that will enable us to bear
and believe and hope and endure. I have
told you before how this disposition grows
on us — a disposition to complain and find
fault when not getting our just dues. Do
you not see that it is in direct opposition to a
spirit of thankfulness? When Miss Ophelia
asked Eva where she had rather live, up
north or down south, she replied at once,
"Down south, by all means." When asked
for an explanation she replied, "Because
there are so many more to love down south,"
meaning the negroes. Sometimes we com-
plain because our station in life compels us
to wait on so many different people. Read-
er, are you a waiter? If you are, instead of
complaining of your lot, rejoice because you
have so many more to love. Do you not
think such a spirit would do much to quell
the dissatisfaction that lias sown the seeds
for these present strikes that are stopping
our railway trains, stopping the freights in
many of our large cities, stopping mills,
coal-mines, and factories, because of the
disagreement between employer and em-
ployes—disagreement where there ought to
be thankfulness and warm friendship on
both sides? While so many are seeking
work, it seems to me the man who furnishes
work ought to be regarded as a public bene-
factor ; and while so many are seeking to get
faithful helpers, ought not those wlio pay
them their wages week by week and month
by month, to feel grateful because they have
efficient and faithful helpers? I suspect that
all these troubles attendant upon strikes
have started in the first place from a habit
of gossip in our homes. Perhaps at the fam-
ily meals we have been discussing imagined
wrongs when we ought to have given thanks
for undeserved blessings. Before eating our
food we ought to give God tlianks; and
then, to carry out the spirit of asking a
blessing, we ought to be, by Avord and action,
giving God thanks while we sit at the table ;
and thanks to God come pretty near, as you
know, to tlianks to our fellow-men. " Inas-
much as ye have done it unto one of the
least of these my brethren, ye have done it
unto me." If you liave said " thank you "
and fcU " thank you," to those who have
lielped you during the day, you have in one
sense said "thank you " and felt " thank
you " to Christ the Savior, llow little
chance there would be f\)r strikes and quar-
rels in our business relations, if this spirit of
thankfulness were cultivated and developed I
There is a Avant of faith between employer
and employe — a want of confidence. Each
seems to recognize the other as an enemy.
Each seems to recognize the other as greedy
and avaricious, and working only for the
"almighty dollar," and not for love to his
fellow-man. There is too much of greed

420

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

May

and too much of a want of conscience, I al-
low ; but let us not be discouraged when we
see this. Let us look for the better qualities
that many times overbalance the evil. Good
traits uiiii evil traits may often be found in
the same individual ; or, if you choose, we
often find men who seem to have a lack of
principle in one direction, and in the next
they show themselves liberal and generous.
I don't know why it is, and I have just been
thinking perhaps you may see the same dis-
position in myself. If you do, please think
gently when you see my imperfections, and
1-emember my other good qualities in a way
tliat will help to overbalance them. Educa-
tion, many times, has much to do with it.
AVe have been accustomed to do tricky
things, and don't stop to realize how wrong
they ai'e ; and at the same time we may in
general be generous and liberal. Let mere-
late a little circumstance.

I have just purchased a span of horses
that cost me toward $400. Good judges de-
clared I had one of the best teams in the
county. For several weeks they seemed
perfect, without a flaw or fault. Finally one
of them showed unmistakable symptoms of
what we took to be blind staggers. A good
friend of mine, and one whom I have always
considered to be a very honest man, advised
me to keep still about it and never mention
that such a thing ever happened. This at-
tack happened luckily (so he said) out in
the fields, where nobody noticed it.

" Just keep still about it ; take him into
the city of Cleveland ; and as nobody can
see a thing amiss in liis looks, you can sell
him for all he cost and more too."

I protested.

" Why, said he, he was put on to yon, and
you are an innocent party. Just sell him
tlie same way you got him, and may be he
won't show it again for months, and perhaps
not at all."

I quietly replied, that, if he were sold, the
one who bought him should know as much
about his failings as I did.

" Why, my friend, you can never get
through the Avorld that way. You will be
swindled when you buy, and swindled when
you sell ; for if you tell wliat you know of
this horse, yon might not be able to get a
fourth of his value."

I replied that I liad got through the world
so far, and never lacked friends or money,
and that I should take the chances of being
honest before God in all my transactions, no
matter if it did cost me $150 or more.

I mentioned the subject a few evenings
ago at one of our teachers' meetings, wlien
an old farmer present said that the fashion
of buying and selling stock or produce in
the way 1 had illustrated was the besetting
sin that was the rnin of our churclies, many
of tliem, as well as of their members, and
that strict lionesty in deal was more needed
than almost any other one thing.

Now, friends, how much do you think
such transactions have to do Avitli the want
of faith between employer and employes? or
the lack of faith among men in each other,
because of these crooked things? I am hap-
py to tell you that a vet einary physician
told us a few days afterward that my horse

hadn't had the blind staggers at all. lie said
that it was caused by a rush of blood to the
head ; perhaps by overfeeding, or more like-
ly because the new collar he had been wear-
ing didn't tit right, and obstructed the cir-
culation. He said if the horse had had tlie
blind staggers it would show in the animal's
eyes ; whereas his eyes looked perfectly
bright, and he was as full of life the minute
after the transaction as he ever was. Fur-
thermore, he never showed any such symp-
toms except when he was pulling a load.
Now, then, the friend whom I have qnoted
above was an old farmer and an old horse-
trader. A great part of his life had been
spent buying horses of the farmers for city
markets. I may not have given the conver-
sation exactly as it occurred, but the sub-
stance of it was the same. A few days aft-
erward I wanted to buy some manure of
this same fiiend. As he kept a good many
hens and only one horse, a large part of the
manure was "from the poultry. I told him
that, under these circumstances, I would
give him 2") cts. more for it than what I had
paid other people. lie said he didn't want
any more ; he was quite willing to sell it at
the regular price, if I would take the whole.
I examined it, and told him it was well
worth 2-5 cts. more, but I could not make
consent to take it. So you see he is not
close in deal, and does not lack in liberality.
These things are, as you see, a good deal the
force of habit. No doubt Satan takes ad-
vantage of these habits and Avays ; and no
doubt he is constantly seeking opportunities
to whisper covetous thoughts and feelings to
us. I have seen this little evil weed of cov-
etousness take root, and grow. I have seen
it increase from raontii to month, and from
year to year. When the poor tempted sin-
ner gives way to it, and indulges in un-
charitable thoughts of liis friends and neigh-
bors, he soon gets to talking to others about
his Avrongs and indignities ; and if the love
of Christ does not come in to pull him out
of the abyss into which he has fallen he may
not bring up until he reaches the peniten-
tiary or insane-asylum.

A good deal of this spirit of covetousness
comes from mistaken notions that people
have about what others oitght to do. A pret-
ty wise old lawyer once said to me, " People
ought to do whatever they agree to do. When
a man does that, he is a pretty good man."

Perhaps this code might not be safe for a
Christian, but I tliink all of ns would be
better Christians if we kept the matter in
mind. A man once brought me lialf a bar-
rel of maple syrup. Now, I had learned by
experience to be careful about buying. I
told him I would take it if it was just to my
notion, and the price suited. I was carefiil
not to say if it were good, because so many
had declared that their maple syrup was
strictly first class, wiien I didn't pronounce
it so at all. After testing it I told him he
must have been careless about cleansing
the barrel, for that it had a musty taste that
would very much injure the sale of it with
my customers. He declared tliere was no
musty taste about it at all. I pleasantly
told him we would have to call it a diiference
of opinion, but that I didn't care to buy it.

1886

GLEANIKGS In i3EE CULtUlli:.

421

At this he became abusive. lie said that
was just the way we town folks took ad-
vantage of farmers. We got them to bring
their produce, then pretended tliere wa^
some fault with it, in order to get it for half
its value. Now, I hadn't agreed to buy the
man's maple syrup at all. 1 had advertised
to buy maple .■*»(/((/•, but hadn't advertised to
hwy si/rup, and he was abusive because I ex-
ercised my privilege of buying or not buy-
ing, as I chose.

Suppose I want a man to work for me.
He says he will work for two dollars a day,
but he doesn't care to go to work at a less
price. Now, perhaps I am acquainted with
him, and do not consider him worth over one
dollar a dny ; but he has a p?rfect ]-ight to
refuse to woik for less than two dollars, if
he chooses. I liave no riglit to feel hard
toward him, nor to complain. His strength
and skill are his own, and he has a perfect
light to do what he pleases with them —
that is, within the bounds of reason. He
has as good a right to ask two dollars a day
for his labor as the man who raised straw-
berries in February has a right to ask two
dollars a quart for them. If we do not want
to pay tliat price for strawberries, we are at
perfect liberty to decline, or let them remain
in the greenhouse where they were grown.
Just the same with labor. Although straw-
berries could not be raised at the above
prices and sold herein Medina, I should have
considerable respect for the man who was so
much of an expert with plants and fruits
that he could raise a crop of berries in the
greenhouse every time without fail.

I admire skill in any department, and I do
love to see men t'.nd women who can com-
mand big Avages. When I am in need of
such skill, it is a great pleasure for me to
pay big wages. So far, well and good. But
suppose some old hand of mine should make
xip his mind that he couldn't work for me
any longer unless I should pay him consid-
erably more than I had been paying. Ought
I to feel hard toward himV Not at all. Nor
lias he any right to feel hard toward me if I
pleasantly say I can not afford to give what
he tliiuks he ought to have. Neither of us
should feel hard if, in discussing the matter
we can not agree. I may think he magnifies
Ills value, and he may think I am mistaken
in thinkiug I can get Jilonc: without him, or
supply his place easily. We often have dif-
ferent opinions about these things ; but if
we are striving after righteousness, we cer-
tainly ought not to feel unkindly toward
each other because of these differences in
opinion. Xow let us go a step furtlier, and
suppose this hand should wait until the bus-
iest season of the year — the time, in fact,
when it would bo most dithcult for me to
supply his place on short notice, and then
demand an increase of wages before he
would consent to keep on with his work.
My friends. I think he has a right to do this
if he chooses, altliough it seems to me it is a
rather unkind way of doing, especially if re-
lations have been of a friendly nature. If
there has, liowever. been no agreement in
regard to giving notice before leaving, I can
not see that we should have any right to
censure very much. My old lawyer friend

would say, " What was the agreement?" If
no agreement !it all on either side in regard
to stopping without notice, he would say we
had no right to lind fault. Old and tried
hands are often hired by the year, and some-
times an agreement is made that either
party shall give a notice of 30 or 60 days if
they wish to change relationship. A Chris-
tian man, or even a gentleman, would usual-
ly tell his employer that he would stay by
him until he got over his crowd, or until he
could look up a substitute. Those who are
working for me have almost invariably been
willing, or preferred to do this. Perhaps it
is because those who do the work for me are,
as a rule, personal friends, and I am glad to
say those who are not given to the sin of
covetousness. They do not want to put me
to trouble and expense, even though they
may think I have not paid them as much as
1 liiight have done. A Christian man is
commanded to "■ do good to those who hate "
him. Now, if we are to consider the inter-
ests of oiu' enemies, and try to do them good,
how much more are we under obligations to
consider the interests of those who have
been ouvfr lends, and strive to do them good !

Now, when we consider a case where the
entire hands of an establishment, or at least
a great part of them, enter into a combina-
tion to demand more pay, we come right
into the strike business. Is it right? W^ell,
I think it is right and proper for laboring
people, or worldng people of a factory, to
agree together in this way. if they choose so
to do. But if they are Christians I think
they will give their employer sufficient no-
tice beforehand, so that he may make ar-
rangements to avoid loss. Everybody has
a right to work or not, as he chooses. He
has'a right, too, to sell his skill and strength
to the highest bidder, providing he does it
in a gentlemanly way— in a way consistent
with " thou Shalt love thy neighbor as thy-
self." Well, now, very likely t look at the
matter from one side ; but it does not seem
to me as if it were right for those who give
up their places, to discourage in any way or
in any way try to prevent new hands
from taking the places they vacated. When
we step over into this matter, telling others
what they shall or shall not do with their
labor, it seems to me Ave are getting on dan-
gerous ground. I have sometimes replied to
the friends Avho had their hives and honey
stolen, that there Avas a fault aAvay back
somewhere, and that the best remedy would
be to encourage Sunday-schools and church-
es in places Avhere such things happen.

It seems to me that such is the case where
this matter of boycotting and strikes is ram-
pant. There surely is a lack of godliness, a
lack of Hiblcs. and a lack of Christian spirit.
I can hardly think such a state of affairs
can come about where the proprietors are
good (christian men— where they have been
working for the interests and for the salva-
tion of the souls of those they employ. It
seems to me that it indicates a bad state of
affairs, and that this bad state must have
existed some time back, or matters would
never have come to such a crisis. We ha\'e
proof of this from the fact that the law is
almost powerless. These combinations are

42i^

GLEANINGS IN BEJi) CULTtJllE.

May

formed, and this work of intimidating any
who attempt supplying the place of tlie
strikers j,'oes on in broad oi)cn dayliglit, and
in a land that we fondly call a land of liber-
ty. In onr neigiiboring town of Akron,
strikers have even intimidated the proprie-
tors of boarding-honses, threatening them
if they entertained those who propose to
take the places of the strikers. Jesus said,
"Blessed are the meek, for they shall inlier-
it the earth." Strikers seem to think that
the right and proper way to inherit the
earth is to do it by scaring the people with
bowie-knives and revolvers; and these
things go on, and nothing much is done
about it. Well, I am not sure that much
can be done about it, unless we begin at the
root of the matter.

AVhen a man tells me that he can not get
along with his wife because she has got to
be so ugly, I usually inquire if there is not a
2xtir of them that have got to be " ugly."
And where a manufacturer has strikes
among those in his employ, it seems to me
that it indicates not only a bad spirit among
his hands, but a bad spirit in the employer.
A short time ago I went with my daughter
Maud to visit one of her college mates.
This college mate had just begun housekeep-
ing, and the young couple were a model
husband and "wife. After a while the hus-
l)and incidentally remarked that they had
had their wages cut down. I asked liim
how the employers managed to do it. His
reply was, " They did not manage at all."
They had been working all the week just as
usual, and supposed they were to receive
their usual wages. Saturday night, instead
of receiving the usual amount, they found
that about HO per cent had been kept back.
Some of the most intelligent of the men
went back and asked if it would be out of
place to ask for an explanation, telling the
paymaster that, if business was dull, and
the cut-down was a necessity, they were not
disposed to be uiu-easonable, but felt as
though something ought to be given by way
of explanation. The paymaster replied in
a harsh, overbearing way, " If you don't like
the pay we give you, you know what to do."
These same proprietors have had terrible
troubles within the past few weeks ; and if
I should treat my hands in that way, I
should be sure that terribh; troul^les would
come here. Why, I wouldn't hurt their
feelings, as I know such a thing must hurt,
for all the money the world could furnish. I
have sometimes had to cut down Avages ;
but I have never done it, I believe, without
talking the matter over, and arranging for
it in a neighborly and friendly way a week
or more hcforG the reduction was to com-
mence. Sometimes my hands go away be-
cause I can not pay them more, but almost
always with a friendly liand-shaking, and
kind words on both sides. Dear reader, is
it not worth sometiiing to so live that your
relations with your fellow-men may be like
this y and is there any name given under
heaven whereby we may be saved from these
troubles except that of Jesus Christ?

This very matter, by its strong contrast,
gives us a wonderf id glimpse of the beauty
of the character of Christ. He came among

men, a man himself, and yet a man that
coveted nothing belonging to his friends
and neighbors ; a man who, although he was
intensely human, yet labored and died for
others, and never performed even one mir-
acle for himself — no, not even when he
hungered and thirsted. Thank God, the
spirit of Christ exists in other human hearts,
even at this date. Multitudes of earnest,
honest Christians are laboring for the good
of their fellow-men, scarcely thinking or
caring for self ; and through such as these,
such as are living examples of the Christian
spirit, we are to lind relief from all these
troubles. So long as great multitudes are
living for nothing but money or gain, so
long shall we have tierce conflicts ; but Avhen
men can be educated and taught to obey in
spirit as well as action the commandment
at the head of this, then may we expect "thy
kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as
it is in heaven."

A miEND IN TROUBLE.

AND SAID TROUBT.E CONTAINS A VAI,UABLE FACT
FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF BEE-KEEPERS.

J WROTE to ask the editor of the Baltimore
Weekly Sim if ho could tell mo how to get x'id
of honey-bees from our house. He replied
that ho would advise me to write to A. I. Root,
Medina, Ohio, " who is authority on all such
subjects." The bees took ijossession of the side of
the house, between the plastering' and weather-
boarding, and have been there for 15 years and
more. Twico avc had them removed, with the
promise they would not return ; but the next season
they came with double ollantity. A year ago the
moths destroyed them; but in May, three largo
swarms came in, and are still in possession. The
house is suffering for need of I'cpairs, and 1 am in
great distress, as I can't get any one to go near
them, as they seem to be very spiteful. Is there
any way to keep them off, or to destroy them? I
shall bo truly grateful for any thing you can tell
me to do. I am a poor woman, with no gentleman
to act for me. C. T. Fenwick.

West River, Md., April 10, 188G.

Why, my dear friend, your little story con-
tains something wonderful for the encour-
agement of bee-keepers. If you can not find
some enterprising bee-man to help you out
of your trouble, it will be strange. We have
for years been working and devising to get
some arrangement that would induce bees
to take up, of their own accord, with some
hive already prepared for them, instead of
going to the woods. Now, your house, or,
at least, that portion of your house, seems
to have, by accident, met the requirements
entirely ; that is, if, as you say, bees persist
in coming to you for a lodging-place. Are
you not mistaken in thinking that three large
sirar'nis came all at once ? If so, it is a
phenomenon beyohd any thing heretofore
recorded in this line. If you don't hear
from somebody who will help you out of
your dilliculty within ten days after the
issue of this paper, let us know, and I think
we can help you. We are very much obliged
indeed to the editor of the Baltimore Week-
ly Sun for his good opinion of us.

1886

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

423

FALSE STATEMENTS IN REGARD TO THE HON-
EY BUSINESS OF OUR COUNTRY.

As a protection to our beo-keeping population, we propose in
this department to publisli tlie names of newspapers that per-
sist in publishing false statements in regard to the purity of
honey which we as bee-keepers put on the market.

§OME weeks ago our good friend Chaloii
Fowls, of Oberlin, O., wrote us that he
had been talking with one of the larg-
est wholesale lirms, dealers in fruits
and vegetables, in Cleveland, in regard
to bogus comb honey, but tliat he couUl do
nothing with tlu-m at all. They just laughed
at him when he attempted to convince them
that there was no sucli thing as manufac-
tured comb honey in the markets. In des-
pair he wrote to me, ;'.sking me to write to
them, as they were peisonal friends of mine.
I did so, and here is their reply:

Wc received your bee-journals, aurl read all the
articles you marked on the subject; and until the
other side bring- forward some proof to substan-
tiate their claims, wc shall not admit that there is
such a thing as manufactured comb honey.

C. Chandler's Sons.

Cleveland, Ohio, April 19, 18Sfi.

You see, friends, the victory is ours.
Through the inlluence of the bee-journals,
and tlie friends of the luney-bces, these
fraudulent statements have been met and
refuted; and almost every live intelligent
paper has given notice to its readeis that
the wdiole thing was a mistake. It i.s en-
couraging to find that we are not helpless in
such matters ; that earnest, persistent, faith-
ful elTort will always carry the day. espe-
cially in defense of the truth. Another
thing encouraging in regard to the matter
is, that we have proved that the press at
larj^e is not unwilling to refute error when
it is rightly mauaced, with ffood men's
names to back it. The N. Y. Weekly Wit-
jic.ssheld out hard and strong to the adulter-
ation stories; but when I sent them a letter,
explaining fully the points they had misap-
prehended, it was published at once.

\m]i^ W^ QaERiE^.

HUriRAn FOK THE ALLEY DKONE-TRAp!

fOU will remember I jjrot a lot of dronc-lraps of
yon, and I thoug-ht it might be of interest to
you to know how they work, so here goes. I
liud the Alley drone-trap a perfect blessing-,
as you will never have a swarm to abscond,
and you need not clip your queens either; and for
second swarms, where there are more (jueens than
one you can trap them and pick the nicest ont^; or
if you need a virgin queen for a quecnless colony,
use the extra ones, or do as you please with them.
I say, "Hurrah for Alley's dronc-lrap!" I would
not be without mine lor twice what they cost.
Gonzales, Tex., May S, lh'86. M. Buoeus.

35 CHICKENS HATCHED OUT OF 26 EOfiS.

You had such ij'xxl luck raising- chickens this
spring-, r thought T would tell you of mine. I f et
^G eg-gs, and had 25 chickens. They are all alive,
find doing well. MtfS. T. 11. Miles.

JVew lUchmond, I'u.

ANOTHER USE OF THE CLARK SMOKER.

I got one of j-our smokers— not for bees, but for
bugs. I liave tried it with tobacco-stems, on rose-
bushes, etc., and it performs beautifully. I have
not seen it spoken of as a " terror to evil-doers " in
that way, and I thought you might be interested in
hearing of its success. W. B. Marshall.

Indiana, Pa., May 5, 18?C.

A U!)()U REPORT FOR AN IMPORTED QUEEN.

You wish to know evei-y one's experience with
in)poi-ted Italian queens. Mine has been good.
The imported queen that I got from you a year ago
last July is far ahead of any other I have ever had,
in every way. Her bees arc quieter in winter, and
will not swarm till every crevice in their iiive is
filled up. I have sold off most of my other stocks,
and will keep only these raised from my imported
(juccn. Thomas Christian.

Lorraine, Ont., Can.

now to use the heduon slatted iionev-doard

f)N THE SIMPLICITY HIVE.

White clover is unusually plentiful this spring. I
should like to ask liow you use the Heddon slatted
honey-board on the ordinary Simplicity liive. By
answering the above you may oblige others as well
as myself. I would not think of keeping bees with-
out the ABC and Gleanings.

Frank A. Durand.

Esdaile, Wis., April 20, lt<8t).

[We have never used the Heddon slatted honey-
board on any hive, but we have made a good many
of them to order, made so as to lie jierfectly tlat on
top of the Simplicity frames. The upper stories
are then raised enough to make sulHcient space for
the honey-board, by lacking strips on the upper
hive ]

advantac.es of extracting.

Two months ago I shipped to Portland some of the
whitest extracted honey T ever saw. It was taken
from goldcnrod and blue aster, and such. good clear
honey, free of that sti-ong taste, I never had before.
The more I sec of extracting, the better I like it,
for we can keep colonies so much stronger that we
shall get honey, even in a jioor season. I am satis-
fied that we can keep down the swarming fever
better by extracting before much hor.eyis sealed
over, because it keeps the bees working to fill those
emptj- combs. 1 have no fear about evaporation;
warm weather does that all right; and besides, new
honey works much easier. Considerable is said
about half-pound boxes. Now, why not just cut
thel'a bo.x in two, so as to bo only half as large
aroundV Then two will take the place of one, and
there will be no confusion, you see. I shall try it
if nothing pi-c\-ents. It is quite inconvenient to
have a number of different sizes; but with this
there would be no troubk'. E. P. Churchill.

Lewiston, Maine.

THE SPRING DELIGHTFUL.

We are having a delightful spiing. The fruit-
trees in this part of the countiy are loaded with
blossoms; the bees are busily engagetl in securing
supplies from the open Howers, and building up
rapidly for the coming season. Our bees, 20 stands,
came through all right, bi-ight and clean, the past
winter. 1 am of the oiiinion that good honoj' to
winter on has more to do with successful wintci'-
ing than any thing else. We have the Italian bees

42 i

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

May

in A. I. Root's chaff hives, wintered on the summer
stands. I have found out that section combs that
were not capped over, tlie honey l)eing- removed,
are not suitable to use again. Tliej' becom? toiifi'h
and hard; last season the honey-flow was short.
The bees g-athered enough to winter well in this
part of the country. J. M. McRevnold-s.

Topcka, 111., April 37, 188C.

A GOOD REl'OKT FUOM THE CONTIJOMi ABLE HIVE.

Friend Rout:— J have 18 hivos of bees in ISfrs.
Cotton's Controllable hive, and they keep me busy.
It is the best hive I have seen so far. I hived one
swarm of bees in a Controllable hive last year,
June 5, and have used Mrs. Cotton's new system of
bee management, and that swarm left me 3f!-l lbs.
of surplus comb honey, and came out all right this
spring. AVm. Hiestands.

Palm Station, Pa., Apr. 2", 18SC.

[Friend H., we are very glad indeed to hear this,
and I have no doubt but that the Controllable hive,
managed according to Mrs. Cotton's instructions,
will give e.vcellent results. Neither is there any
doubt but that Mrs. C. might do a large and profit-
able business if she would sell her goods at prices
.something near the usual price asked for beesup-
])lies.]

OUR OWN APIAKY.

experiments with perforated zinc.

§OME one, whom I do not now remember, wrote
us that the perforations in our new zinc
were wider than those of the foreign make,
and that he thought, in consequence, queens
would get through. It is to be remembered,
that six or eight months ago Mr. Henry Alley, who
has had a largo experience in zinc, pronounced the
foreign as the best. If, indeed, Ihe perforations in
our zinc were wider than those of the foreign make,
then our perforated honey-boards might be almost
of no value for the purpose of excluding queens
from the surplus department. To test the truth of
the matter I have made some careful measure-
ments of the perforations, both in our own and in
other makes. The instruments usrd for the pur-
pose were some I had in college for laying out plats
and making other accurate drawings. They are
capable of measuring down to the four-hundredth
of an inch, and with these I obtained the following
results:

The width of the perforations in the foreign zinc
was nineteen hundretlis of an inch; the width of
the American, with oval holes, sixteen-hundredths;
the Jones, eighteen-hundredths; our own, a width
between the foreign and the Jones zinc. I verified
these results with a steel rule having hundredths of
an inch marked off, so that 1 do not think I am far
from the correct measurements. It is to be ob-
served from the foregoing, that the perforations in
our zinc, instead of being icider arc narrower by a
difference that is very slight. If queens can not
get through the foreign zinc, then I do not think
they will get through ours; that is, if measure-
ments mean any thing.

Now, laying aside measurements with which we
obtained the jireceding fractious, let us put the
zinc to an infallible test; namely, a trial in the api-
ary. Queeus from different parts cf the apiary
were seleted at random. Each of these was caged
over the zinc in such a manner that the only means
of escape back to tlie bees was through the perfora-
tions in the zinc. It was amusing to watch them in

their eli'orts to get through. After repeated twist-
ing and squirming, their attempts were of no avail.
Finally the apiarist selected the smallest, poorest
queen ho could find in an apiary of over 3)3 colo-
nies. The efforts of this queen likewise proved a
failure. The apiarist then picked (lueens up iiy the
wings, and tried to force them through, but found
that he could not do so without injuring thera.
The thorax of a queen is much larger than most
peoi)le think; and one is apt to suppose, on looking
at zinc, that queens can pass through that e.isily,
when an actual test would prove to the contrary.

If a queen can not get through, can workers filled
with honey? To answer this question I instructed
the apiarist to get two l>readpan feeders. These
he was to till about half with honey, and to put
over each the ordinary clieese cloths. The feeders
were then placed under the maples somelilile dis-
tance from th? apiary. Over one of the feeders as
thus prepared was i)laced a piece of our perforated
zinc, so adjusted that the bees could not get at the
honey except by passing through the perforations.
Over the other feeder in like manner was placed
a piece of American zinc. My reason for testing
the latter was to see how they compared in results.
Besides, several of the beekeepers have called for
this American zinc, stating that they thought it
better than the zinc of larger perforations. Well,
what do results say? In a short time the bees were
swarming over both feeders. Through our zinc the
bees seemed to have no dilliculty in passing, and,
even gorged with honey, they appeared to get out
as easily as they entered. Not so with the Ameri-
can zinc. The bees passed through tolerably well;
but on becoming gorged with honey they were
caged, and could not got out again. At the time I
was there, perhaps half a pint of bees were shut in,
and unable to make their escape. They could got
perhaps half way through, and a few mannged to
squeeze out, but I am sure the friends will not find
it economy to use il.

The size of the perforations should be such as to
admit worker-bees filled with honey to pass freeli',
but not allow the same privilege to queens. As
our dies were made after the foreign zinc, it seems
to me we have hit the size pi-etty nearly.

CARNIOLAN BEES.

During the early part of this Fpring these bees
seemed to be crossed with Italians, as nearly half of
the bees were of the latter race. Now that the old
Italians in the colony have all died off, leaving none
but this new race, the steel-gray color mingled with
the jet blMck stands out clearly. One can hardly
form a correct idea unless he views a whole swarm
of them at a time. IJut even yet 1 think when wo
come to talk about pretty bees the old Italians still
take the lead. Aside from color, I have not yet dis-
covered that the Carniolans differ very much from
the Italians. If the former should in no way prove
suj^erioi-, the mere matter of color or beaiity ought
not to warrant us in introducing tliis new race in
our apiaries very largely. The crosses with the
yellow bees would not very easily be distinguished
from the old-fashioned hybrids— at least, customers
would not know the difference, even if we did.

NUMUER OF COLONIES UP TO DATE.

In addition to the original 181 colonics, we pur-
chased 41 of friends Shook and Rice. After divid-
ing up a good share of the strong colonies" we now
have 30 J lair stocks. E. II. ROOT.

1886

GLEANINGS IN i5EE CULTUllE.

425

Gleanincs in Bee Culture,

Published Seinl-Monthly .

EDITOK AND PUBLISHER.
MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For ClQlitisg Bates, S«o First Pago of Eeadis^ Hatter.

There is none other name under he.Tven given among men,
\vhereb.v we must be saved.— Acts 4: 12.

THE CHAPMAN HONEY-PLANT.

Fifty plants, strong- and beallhj-, are all growing-,
as reported on page 331. They very much resemble
thistles. Wc have given them good rich ground,
between rowst)f small apple-trees, so they can re-
main in the same place three years or more. As
soon as they are in bloom wc will watch them care-
fullj', and probably have engravings made of the
plant in bloom.

A COURSE IN ENTOMOLOGY.

At Cornell, a summer course in entomology and
g-encral invertebrate zoology will be instituted un-
der the personal supervision of Prof. J. H. Com-
stock, of whom mention lias been made before.
Here is a chance for " bccists " and others who may
desire instruction in the special anatomy of the bee,
as well as of other insects. Further information
can be obtained b}- writing to the professer in charge.

"A YEAR AMONG THE BEES."

Tnis is the title of the book just out, written by
our old friend Dr. C. C. Miller. It arrived too late
for a review of it to ai)pear in this issue. If it is all
as good as the introduction, which we have read, it
surely will be a treat to peruse its pages. A glance
at the contents is .sufficient evidence to show that
no practical bee-kcepcr can afford to bo without it.
It is published by T. G. Newman & Son, and can be
purchased of them for 75 cts , postpaid, or uan bo
obtained at this olfico at that price.

AN OLD ALMANAC.

W. LiNCH, Maysville, Ky., sends us an old alma-
nac, dated 1839. Among other industries mentioned
in it we find a short article on the care and man-
agement of bees. The wiiter of said article dis-
courages the cruel use of brimstone, current at
that time. The hive ho describes is a plain box, 13
Inches square. Across the top of this arc slats
from which 1 presume combs arc to hang. The
bo.ves just mentioned are to be tiered one above
the other, according to the strength of the swarm,
and in this way the writer says he has tiei'cd them
four high. Tiering up, he chiims, will largely pre-
vent seconil swarms, which he asserts are almost
useless. The contents of the article shows that we
of today arc not so original in many things as wc
think.

BUYING NUCLEI IX THE FALL, TO BUILD UP BY

FEEDING, INSTEAD OF BUYING FULL COLONIES

IN THE SPRING.

On page 549 of our issue for Aug. 15, 1885, I wrote
an article in regard to building up nuclei by fall
feeding. If convenient, it maj- pay you to turn

back and read the above article. A friend wanted
six colonics of bees to beg-in with in the spring.
Such colonies as he wanted, we told him would cost
him over $100 in April, 1886; but wc soldi him select
tested (jueens and nuclei for a litt'e over $25.00. He
was to buy sugar, and feed them up before cold
weather came on. Well, now, although our custom-
er was a comparati\'ely new hand at the business,
having only his ABC book, and such instruction as,
we briefly gave him, I am glad to be able to note that
the six nuclei are now six strong colonies — no loss
and no dwindling. The question I asked, when the
above-mentioned article was written, was this: Will
a pound of bees and a frame of brood and a queen,
started, say, in the middle of August, build up so as
to make what maybe called a fair colony by the
middle of November? Our friend's experiment an-
swers it in the affirmative. His address is Thomas
Painter, Oberlin,0., should you wish to ask him more
about it. Besides the saving in money, he has ob-
tained an experience that is worth more to him,
perhaps, than the money saved.

MAliING PERSONAL ORDERS.

Many of the friends within a hundred miles or so
of our place have thought it a great advantage to
come here and make their orders personally. It is
true you can look at the goods and at the same
time obtain matters of information. There is this
about it, however: There is always a chance for
mistake in taking down orders verbally. Then the
controversy arises, " Who was nt fault?" Only last
week there was soccc misunderstan ling in an order
made verbally, and the result was that 15 J3 odd-
sized fraaics were m.idfi wrong. If wc have it all in
black and white, as is in (he majority of eases
where orders are made by letter, it is a very easy
matter to trace the soui-ce of the mistake. Anoth-
er thing, it generally takes one cf our valuable
clerks sometimes half a day to wait on a personal
customer, when the whole transaction by letter
could be disposed of in 15 or 20 minutes at the out-
side. Again, this personal customer, in many
cases, wants his goods right away, when the proba-
bilities are that we have written orders with cash
inclosed that have been waiting patiently their
time. Now, friends, as far as convenient will you
not make your oi-elers by letter? and as far as the
inspecting of goods is concerned, you are most of
you familiar with the wares we handle. Ifj-oudo
not know present prices of goods, write us with a
list of what you want, and Ave will send you an es-
timate by return mail, with discounts, if any. You
see, friends, it is a saving all around. It saves you
car fare, it saves our time, and, consequently, is the
greatest good to the greatest number by having-
more orders filled. Not only this, it avoids mis-
takes and controversies. It is fairne.=s to friends
at a distance; and will j-ou not try to accommodate
us? Of course, friends who live within 5 or 10 miles
of us can save freight by driving out after the
goods, and the foregoing docs not ai>ply to them.

The above was written by Ernest, to which I add,
wc do not, by any means, intend to be rough on our
visitors. Sometimes wc have genial friends who
come to sec us, who request permission to look
around, without bothering anybody, and we are al-
ways glad to see such— the more the merrier; but if
you come during the busy month just before
swarming time, please don't feel hard if you have
to wait on yourself a good deal. In regard to per-

426

GLEANINGS IN J13EE CULTURE.

May

sonal orders, I would suggest that the party making
the order be afterward i-equired to read the copy,
and then say whether it is correct.

REDUCTION ON BEES AND QUEENS.

Owing to the very favorable season, we are pleas-
ed to state that wo are now ready to fill orders for
any thing- in the lino of bees, queens, or full colo-
nies, at June prices.

BUSINESS AT THIS DATE, MAY 15.

Although our trade has been as large as it ever
was before, we are filling- orders, with but few ex-
ceptions, quite promptly. Strikes have made us
trouble in some lines of goods by the stoppage of
freight. But few if any of our oi-ders are more than
a week old.

THE WESTERN PLOWMAN AND TOBACCO.

We are pleased to note that the editor of the
Western Plowman, of Moline, 111., has fallen into
line, and is going to send his paper free one year, to
tobacco-users who give up the weed in every form
for a period of one year. The name is to be print-
ed, attached to the pledge given in the first number
of the Plowman; and if the signer "goes back " on
his pledge he is to pay 50 cts. for the paper — that is
all. The bright feature of this is, that the man who
promises to quit, publishes said promise in black
and white; and who would go back on his signed
contract, published in a paper, for a paltry 50 cts.?

THE BEE-KEEPER'S LAWN-MOWER.

Those lawn-mowers have exceeded our expecta-
tions. Around home the lawn had been neglected,
and the grass had grown to a height of six and sev-
en inches, and was of a heavy growth. But one of
those little mowers cut it all down. In a few places
the grass was eight and nine inches high, but the
mower leveled down even this; however, when
grass reaches this height it requires considerable
strength to run the machine, and to make the job
complete the ground must be gone over again.
Our boys have experimented with several diUerent
mowers, but never found one that, for ease of run-
ning and good work, would anywhere i}car com-
pare with this. For prices see advertising columns
of this isiue.

ORDEKS for odd-sized GOODS, CONSIDERED
ONCE MORE.

We always try hard to do "all wo agree to do,"
and the regular-sized goods in our price list we at
least indirectly, if not directly, agree to keep on
hand in readiness for shipment. Now with the
crowd on our factory, it is, without question, our
duty to till orders for regular goods first; and orders
for odd-sized stuff, that we do not advertise, and do
not agree to furnish, must come afterward. This
is but justice in several ways. We can generally
fill half a dozen orders for regular goods, where the
machinery is all fixed, where we could fill only one
or two that required delays for a new arrangement,
to make something special to order. In nuvking
your orders, please keep this in mind: The things
we advertise can usually go at once, or i)retty near-
ly so; but things that have to be made specially for
j'ou must await their turn.

REASONS FOB BEING THANKFUL.

The weather thus far has been most beautiful.
At the present writing, May 13, wc have had no
frost to do any damage, since the early part of
April. During April a spell of beautifnl warm dry
weather, just exactly as farmers waijted it to get

ahead with their work, continued so long that some,
who might be in a little hurry to complain, just be-
gan to talk about the drought. Since then, beauti-
ful summer showers have blessed us just about as
fast as thej' were wanted; and any one who works
outdoors (or indoors either, for that matter) and
has not felt a spark [of gratitude welling up from
his heart, must be, it seems to me, a little hard to
please.

KIND WORDS FROM OURXUSTOMERS.

THE PrtlNTINO AND BINDING OV THE ABU.

I must compliment .>nu on the iiresent edition of
your A B C of Mee Culture. The fine grade of ink
used, fogetlier with tlie quality f/f the pa)ier,
"bring out" the engravings and typo wiih a woii-
derliil cleai-ness and distinclness. It is a sample of
work that would lie a endit to any ininting and
book-binding estalilishment. J. H. \Vhitl(jck.

Eufauhi, Ala., May 4, 1886.

NONE MORE WELCOME THAN GLEANINGS.

T wish to say something in favor of Gleanings.
I take several journals of another kind, but none
are more welcome to my fable than bright and hap-
py Gleanings, with " What to Do and How to Be
Happy Avhilc Doing If." I was very fired when [
took your issue for .Ian. 15th, but after reading it
half an hour I felt like a new man. Wishing you
unbounded success I remain resp'y yours,

Brockway, Mich. W. H. Gowan, M. D.

GLEANINGS "A LAMP TO THE FEET OF THE YOUNG."

My children inquire of me every day. "When ai"C
you going to get Gleanings? We can't do without
it; do get it again." In fact, I have felt as if I were
getting a little lonesome too, for we all have a de-
sire to see it first among our other papers. It is a
safe journal for a faraily to read, and a lamp to the
feet of young and old. Would that the children
would read Gleanings, and practice its teachings,
in place of reading novels and attending dances
and such like. O. P. Wright.

Millerstown, Perry Co., Pa., Apr. 26, 1886.

GOOD GOODS AT A LOW PRICE.

My goods, which were shipped March 5, have
arrived. They were delayed a long time on account
of the great strike. One of the ends of the l)arrel
was out except one small piece. Nothing had lost
out. The railroad men must liave been very care-
ful not to lose anything out of the barrel. Those
culled sections are much better than I expected.
They arc* good enough for me. Every thing you sent
is cheap. Those ten-cent screw-drivers are the
cheapest goods I ever saw. You must buy cheai),
or you could not sell so cheap; but how can man-
ufacturers make a living at such low figures ?

G. W. Beard.

Milano, Milam Co., Tex., April 29, 1880.

TROUBLE TEACHES US HOW TO SYMPATHIZE WITH
EACH OTHER.

I received my second lot of goods all riglit. I
think those 'j-lb. tumblers are "lioss." Every ar-
ticle was found just as ordered. I am well pleased
Avith every thing. I nuide quite a lot of hives and
sections this spring for myself and neighbors. Bees
are doing very well at present. They commenced
on fruit-blossom this morning. Friend R., will you
send me a lot of sample copies of Gleanings, es-
pecially of Mar. 15 ? You ask why that date. This
is a Christi.anlike neighljorliood. and a great many
of them are keeping l)ees, and 1 thought to present
some of them with a copy, and perhaps by the opei'a-
tion I might receive some subscriptions for the
same. The one particular feature abovit that issue
is in Our Homes. I have lost considoi-able stock
this winter, and from causes for which I can not
account, nor can any one else whom I have seen.
I have worried over it considerably; but when I
read Our Homes, I took to quite a dilferent notion,
and have quit worrying and troubling myself about
things which I can not help. I hear some of my
neighbors arc losing in the same way, and perhaps
those numbers will help them. It has h-elped me
wonderfully. S. B. Miller.

Amish, Iowa, Apr. 33, 1886.

iSSG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

427

WHAT OUIt OLD FRIEND W. H. SniULEY THINKS OF
VS.

It is a keen pleasure to ileal with you, and I wish
there were a M'reat many more like yon.
Millgrove, Mich., Mar. 30. \V. H. Shiiu.ev.

PERFECT SATISFACTION.

The g-oods I ordered of you have s'iven perfect
satisfaction, and I have concluded that when we
need any thinp- in your lino to send to you for it.

Pattonville, Te.\as. J. M. Crockett.

I believe that all bee-men claim "kin," and, be-
sides, I have gotten it in my head that you are a
real good Methodist, and that we are brothers.

P. H. Marbury.

Hearn, Clark Co., Ark., April 9, 1886.

I am well i)leased with f! leanings, especially the
Home Pniieis, and its high moral tone. As for the
mix, '• vai'iety is the spice of life."

Daniel E. Bobbins.

Payson, Adams Co , 111., Dec. 28, 1885.

I received the goods all rights and was very much
pleased with them. 1 think that the ABC book is
.lust splendid, as it is gotten up in such nice style.
Your fiAV) saw-mandrel is a beauty. The freight
on goods was reasonable. H. H. Fish.

Spencer, Iowa.

rUTTINO THINGS UP SO NICELY.

The goods have come to hand all right. You
make mo feel glad when I see your efforts to please
liy putting things up so nicely, and discounting
whenever >onr margin will bear it, even in the
smallest things. George RoON.

Thorp's Spring-, Hood Co., Tex., May 3, 18S6.

THE ADVANTAGE OF THE HUMBUG AND SWINDLE
DEPARTMENT.

The maple syrup was received a few days ago.
We are well pleased with it. Your exposure of the
blueberry-plant fraud has saved me considerable
money, as I had sent for a price list, and had intend-
ed to send for some plants. S. M. Mohler.

Covington, Miami Co., O., Apr. 1.1, 1886.

THAT IMPORTED QUEEN.

The impoi-ted queen is here and in good condition;
out of the ]2 lb. of lees that accompanied her, only
about 2.5 were dead, although they were three days
on the way. In less than two hours after they were
hived, the queen commenced to lay. Thanks for
your careful packing. Thos. & Ben.j. Young.

LaSalle, III., Apr. 26, 1886.

SEEK VE FIRST THE KINGDOM OF GOD, ETC.

The knowledge you impart in bee culture is good,
but it is secondary to that other good quality you
display in jour writing- in bee culture, in preaching
the gospel. T ascribe your exquisite flavor of ap-
-plcs and honey not altogether to fresh air, but in a
great measure to the truth of the Spirit. See tJal.
."i : 22. May the Ood of peace sanctify you wholly,
and preserve you i?ntil the coming of Christ. With
Christ in the heart the world is already a paradise.
East Camp, N. Y., Dec. 19, TS8.j. Philip Weck.

THAT ABC BOOK.

I am just in receipt of your beautiful book, and
can only say that my astonishment surpasses any
ttiing I could express, and I can only say that you
not only have my warmest thanks, but you may
rest assured that, if I can do any thing in the mat-
ter at all I Phall look to you as the source from
which I shall look for all niy gettings. I shall read
it up careful! V. and report. H. W. Neal.

Wellsville, York Co., Pa.

HOW A beginner SUCCEEDS AS PER INSTRUC-
TIONS IN THE A B C OF BEE CULTURE.

I have been a student of yours through your
ABC book. I purchased one of Rev. Edwin Dud-
der, and, at the same time, one stand of Italian
bees, two years ago this month. 1 have transferred,
divided, and united weak swarms, hatched queens

in the lamp-nursery, and iutrodu-ccd them to queen-
less swarms successfully. Your book has enabled
me to do this work, and it has been a great pleas-
ure to me, as well as a source of profit. I wish to ex-
press my thanks for the pains you have taken to
make bee culture a success for those having no ex-
]3erienco. I use one style of hive— Langstroth Im-
proved, making them myself, and buying the broad
and narrow frames, section boxes, and foundation,
etc., of King & Aspinwall. As I look over your
book and study it I have a growing desire to speak
to you through the pen. C. M. Howell.

Andover, N. J., March il, 188.5.

ITALIAN AND SYRIAN QUEENS,

Before June 1.5, tested, $3.00 each; untested, 11.00
each. Later, tested, $3.00 each; untested, single
queen, $1.00; six for $.5.00; twelve or more, 75 cts.
each. Untested queens warranted purely mated.
6tfdb I. R. GOOD, Nappanec, Elkhart Co., Ind.

SECTIONS, S4.25 PER M.

7-1 2d b

S. Y. ORR, Morning Sun, Iowa.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

U'l^'JiJKLY, $1.00 I'Elt YEAi:.

JONES, McPHEESON & CO., Publishers, Bjston, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining- much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pons of leading- Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
In a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 833 pages. 'Jtfb

SURE

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Before purchasing your Oee- Sup-
plies. Cash paid for Beeswa.x. 7tfdb

A. B. HOWE, CoTincil Bluffs, la.

THE

Apicultural EstaWishment

OK

K. J. DBKeupm,

In Vigaun, Upper Carniola,
Austria, Europe,

Send QUEENS postpaid. Safe arrival and purity of
breed guaranteed.

Price each in Oarman Reichsmarii .

Carniolan Qlieen.><, Native,
Italian yueens. Native,
Cyprian or Kyiian t,)iieens,

Native,
Cyprian or Syrian (Queens,

bred in Carniola,
,579dl

A,,r.
9

May.

7
9

Jun.
6

8

Jnl.
5

7

Aus
5

7

Se,,
6

20

20

20

20

18

18

12

12

11

11

10

10

l-folian RoQC I 'i'^ compelled to reduce mv
lldlldll DCCO. stock of t)ees, and will sell full
colonics and nuclei VERY CHEAP. Satisfactioti
(juamnteed. E. A. G.\ST1»I.\IV, Decatur, III. fllldb

Mends Everything.

This is the l)est cement we have ever
tried. Almost any article mended with
it will break anywhere else before the
place mended. It holds honey labels on
tin, etc. Ten cents per bottle; ten bot-
tles, 90c: 100 bottles, .$s.00.

A. I. ROOT, irrediiia, O.

428

GLEANINGS In BEt: CULTUilE.

May

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

CO c. to $1.00 per lb. Queens, ;!0 c. to $-^ 50. Order
from new circular, sent free. 6tfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Single untested, *1.00; 6 for *-t.OO. Tested, single,
'*1..50; 6 for $7..'i0. Selected tested, sing-le, mM.

HKIVRY ISTEiKLER, SR.,
lOd P. O. Box 99. New Iberia, La.

UNTESTED Italian queens, ready May 25, |^1.0^ each ;
6 for «rj.OO. Tested, $2.00; after June 20, *1..50.
Hecs, per lb., $1..50: after June 15, $125; full col-
onies in one-story S. hive, $8.00. lOd
F. S. MeCLELLAND, BflS 379, New Brighten, Beaver Co., Pa.

JOB LOT OF WIRE CLOTH

AT GREATLY ItliDUCEI) J'JilCES.

§E00ifD aUALITY WIRE CLOTH AT VA OTS.PEE SaUAEE FT.

. I ui I SOME OF THE USES TO WHICH THIS WIRE CLOTH CAN BE AP-
g = PLIED .

2 , o I This wire cloth is secoml quality. It will answer nicely
^1 ifor covering doors and windows, to keep out lliis; for
t/i Ivj [covering bee-hives and cages for shipping bees; making
_Q I I sieves for sifting seeds, etc.

i I 6 I Number of Square Feet contained in eacli Roll

E |S5 Kespectivel}'.

2fil7ll22rol]sof 217,3? of 21(),lof 105, 2of 215. lotaiO s. f.

28:11 ,5 rolls of 233, and 2 of 234, s. f.

34! 7:3 rolls of 281s, f.

38i37l26 rolls of 316, 2 of 317,1 each of G:!2. and 285 s. f.

42: 11 roll of 245 s. f.

44 1 2il roll of 3B6, 1 of 348 s. f.

48; 2,2 rolls of 400 s. f.

FIRST QUALITY WIRE CLOTH AT Vi OTS. PEE SQUARE FT.
The following is first quality, and is worth \U cts.
per square foot. It can he used for any purpose
for which wire cloth is ordinarily used; and even at
15i cts. per sq. ft. it is far below the prices usually
charged at hardware and furnishing- stores, as you
will ascertain by making- inquiry. We were able to
secure this very low price by buying- a quantity of
over one thousand dollars' worth.

24

1 roll 143 s. f.

42 rolls of 200 sq. ft. each.

56 rolls of 216 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 193, 195, 201, 200, 227, 204

sq. ft.
72 rolls of 233, 11 of 224, 8 of 222, sq. ft.; 1 each of 257, 219,

sq. ft.
36 rolls of 250 sq. ft. ; 1 each of 235, 275, 240, 125, 237 square

ft.
13 of 206, 7 of 256, 2 of 253 sq. ft. ; 1 each of 250, 275 sq. ft.
30 rolls of 283 sq. ft. each.
22 rolls of 300 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 288, 279, and 285 square

ft.
1 roll each of 300 and 316 sq. ft.
1 roll of 233 square feet.
1 roll of 350 square feet.
1 roll of 1U2 square feet.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Oliio.

JOB LOT OF POULTRY-NETTING,

At 1 ct. pel- sq. foot; 5 per cent olf for two ur mure pieces;
o 110 per cent ott for 10 or more pieces; IJ-i cts. per sq. ft. when
S iwe have to cut it. Besides this job lot we keep in stock the
'f ;regular 4-foot poultry netting, in rolls of lUO lineal feet at
. same price as above. These tigures give the number of S(i.
5 'feet for each roll; and by dividing by the number of feet
I wide .you can determine tiie length of each piece.

60 1 pieee each of 170 sq. ft.

721 66, 72, 72, 150, and 186 sq. ft.

A. 1. ROOT, Medina, Ohk

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ail. in this (te-.
paitment, or we will not be responsible for any error. Yoa
c-an have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
live lines will cost you according to our regular rateS.

WANTED.— To exchange pure bred LaDgsha,n8
fowls or eggs for apiarian supplies. 10(J

Wm. NiCOL, Gurnee, Lake Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange a 14-inch saw mandrel
for comb fdn. or other supplies.
lOd Bruce Hobbs, Danville, Knox Co , OhiO;

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees, brood, and
queens, for fdn., beeswax, type-writer, or any
thing- having a standard market value. 6tfdb

Thomas Horn, Box C91, Sherburne, Chen. Co.,N. Y.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange, farm, 180 acres,
good buildings, good sand.v soil; also latest im-
proved Steam Thrashing-machine. Either or both
at a bargain. Address J. A. Osbun & Son,
7ttdb Spring Bluff, Adams Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To sell cheap for cash, or will ex-
VV change for bees. Root's chaff hives, the D. A.
Jones chaff hives, made up or in the flat, wide
frames, brood-frames, dovetailed sections, cases,
etc. J. M. KiNziE,

lOtfdb Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange a farm, 160 acres;
good buildings, good soil, good title. All under
fence. For sale at a fair price. Address
lOd W. B. Brown, Spirit Lake, Dickinson Co., la.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees for a bi-
VV cycle, from fifty to fiftv-six inch. lOd

W. E. Darrow, Box 1C6, 0''Fallon, St. Clair Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange pure Italian queens for
beeswax at 28c per lb. Queens, select, $3.00;
warranted, $1.,50. Ship wax by freight to Barry-
town, N. Y. Cornelius Bros.,
T 12 db LaFayetteville, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange. 10(X) Simplicity
frames of comb, $2.26 for 13, packed in a Sim-
plicity l)ody. Arthur Todd, fltfdb
1910 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

EGGS.— From choice stock, for hatching. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. Wyandottes, if 2 .50 for 13;
HM for 26. Houdans, $1.50 for 13; f2.00 for 26.
Breeding birds and chicks for sale; or I will ex-
change for bee-supplies I can use. J. EVANS,
Otfdb Box 89, Schaghticoke, N. Y.

WANTED.— Immediately. 1000 lbs. good beeswax,
VV in exchange for foundation. Wax worked for
a share by the pound. Work guaranteed No. 1.
Samples free. See ad. in another column. 9-lCd

O. H. TowNSEND, Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange for bees, side-hill plow,
cost ^16.00; Wiard plow harrow, feed-cutter,
circular saw. Arthur Todd, 9ttab

1910 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange or sell. Egcjs for hatch-
ing, from 3 varieties of high-class fowls, se-
lected stock, costing from $12 to $20 per pair.
Brown Leghorns, Silver-Spangled Hamburgs, and
Plymouth Rocks. Eggs, per setting of 13, $2.00.
Fowls for sale. Address A. H. Duff,

Stfdb Creighton, Guernsey Co., Ohio.

ITT ANTED. —Persons in need of stationery to send
yy 28c, 3.5c, or 40c for 100 envelopes or note-heads,
neatlj- printed to order. Address
10 Herbert Bricker, Slate Lick, Pa.

WANTED immediately, 20 untested queens in -ex-
change for beautiful white basswood one-piece
sections, at $4.25 per 1000. A. D. D. Wood,

lOtfdb Rives Junction, Jackson Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To sell, after June 1st, 50 3-frame L.
size nucleus colonies of hybrid bees, with
queens, for .f3.50 each, delivered at Plattsmouth,
Nob., or I will exchange for young stock, cattle or
horses, or apiarian supplies.
lOd J. M. Young, Rock Bluff, Cass Co., Neb.

WANTED.-r- To exchange 20,000 strawberry-plants,
Crescent Seedling, Cumberland Triumph,
Sharpless, and Glendale, 75 cts. per 100; f4.C0 per
1000, for bees, foundation, or improved poultry.
lOtfdb W. J. Hesser, Plattsmouth, Neb.

WANTED.—Ginseng root.— Will pay T5 cents per
lb. for the dried root. One ounce to one lb.
may be sent by mail to my address. Larger packages
maj' be sent by express to Ransom, Pa., via Pitts-
ton, Pa. Address A. P. Sharps,
10-lld Exeter, Li^zerne Co., Pa.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

429

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Catalosjues Free. Addre^!^

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4-3db

[TAIiIAN" QUEENS AND NUCLEI.
Prices ia Februai-v and March Gleanings.
-lOdb ANNA M. BROOKS, Sorrento, Fla.

xrn'D'Kr pays express charges

HXJJStJ^ SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

The BUYERS' GUIDE Is
Issued Marcli aud Sept.,
, eacli year. 4®= 380 pages,
SJ-oXllJa iMclies,witli over
3,500 illustrations — a
•»vliole Picture Gallery.
GIVES AVholesale Prices
direct to cotisniiicrs on all goods for
personal or family use. Tells lio>v to
order, and gives exact cost of every- [^
thing you use, eat, drink, wear, or iJ
have fun with. These IKVALUABLE cr
BOOKS contain information gleaned
from the marltets of the world. We
^vill mail a copy FREE to any ad-
dress upon receipt of 10 cts. to defray
expense of mailing. Iiet us hear from
you. Respectfully,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

227 &: 229 W abasb Avenue, Chicago, III.

BEESINrOWfi.

SEE FOSTER'S
ADVERTISEMENT.

Y&..

BB

WYANDOTTE FOWLS, ITALIAN

BEES, QT'EENS, and SUPPLIES.

Send lor Price List.

W. H. 03B02NE, CHAHDON, OHIO.
5-lldb

DO YOU EAT CANDY?

Send f L3.5, and I will express .5 lbs. ot Todd's Honey
Candies, same as made a sensation at last Pennsyl-
vania State Fair. Rcmembei-, every pound sold
helps the honey-trade. Special rates for quantities
tor fairs. Dadant Foundation always in stoclt at
market i)rices. Bees, Queens, Hives, Smokers. Vol.
1 of Frank Cheshire's new book mailed fice, .*2 .5:1.
9]4db AETEUE TODD, 1910 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

FOR 5>f/^ -'to colonies of my improved strain
I wit wnutm. Qf pure Italian bees in two-story
chaff hives, @ $7.00; in sing:le-walled hives, I'i story
@ $6..50; .50 two-story chaff hives, including' frames
and crates, (f5 $1.50; .50 single-walled hives, frames
and crate, @ .90. Hives have tin roof. 1 honey-
e.Yt. for L. frame, f 3.00. A wa.\-e.\t., *1.00. Must be
sold immediatelv. Ttfdb
GEO. F. WILLIAMS, NEW PHILADELPHIA, 0.

VANDERVORT

COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
^Ifdb .INO. VANDERVORT, Laceyvillc, I'a.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, Extractoriii, Sniokcr!!i, Separators,

Ace, ot Root's ITIaniifactHre, Shipped

from here at ROOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in g-eneral. Prici: Lixt Firr.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3-34db

FOR SAIiE.-lOO colonies of Italian bees, and
200 tested and untested queens.
!)-13db E. BURKE, Vincennes, Ind.

RUBBER ^OR MENDING RUBBER BOOTS,
l^lPTVri?TW''r KUBBER SHOES, and all kinds of
L/XiiTlXiil 1 , rubber goods. An article worth its
weight in gold, for the saving of health, annoyance,
and trouble. Printed directions for use accompany
each bottle. Ten cents per bottle; ten bottles, 85c;
100, $8.00. Not mailable.

A. I. ROOT, MEDiN.-i, Ohio.

ITALIAN QUEENS IN TEXAS.

Reared from Root's best imported. Untested
queen, $1.00. Selected, and tested, $3.00, *3 .50. Sent
by mail. Safe arrival guaranteed. AD. MEYER,
Otfd Sweethome, Lavaca Co., Texas.

50 STRONG COLONIES BEES

FOR SAIiE CHEAP.

F. L. WRIGHT, 9 lOd Plainfleld, MIeli.

SEND sl^^^^s""!^^ FOUNDATION

TO C. W. PHELPS &. CO., TIOGA CENTER, N. Y.

Introducing I)ueens7

Henry Alley has given, in the May number of the
American Apiculturist, several new methods
for introducing both fertile and unfertile queens.
Sample copies free. Address

AMER9CAN APICULTURIST,
"tfdb Wen ham, Mass.

Rnni^ FRFF Our catalogue for 1886 contains
uuun rni-l-. 45 pages; 31 are devoted to bee-
keeping. It treats the different operations clearly
and practically. It is just what the beginner needs.
Tells how to use the various implements, and era-
braces the following subjects: Who should Keej)
Bees? Location of Apiary; Handling Bees; Hives;
Implements; Robbing; Italianizing; Swarming;
Surplus Honey; Feeding; Diseases and Enemies of
Bees; Wintering Bees; Marketing Honey; and a
complete list of supplies. This book will be sent
free to any address by WATTS BROS.,

9tfdb Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

NOTICE THE LOW PRICES ON

Bees, Brood, Queens, Plants, Etc.,

IN M7 NEW CIRCULAR. PLEASE WEITE FOE ONE.
C. WECKESSER.
5-lOdb Marshallville. "Wayne Co., Ohio.

sAPTiPi^Ks OK FOUNDATION

TO C. W. PHELPS &. CO., TIOGA CENTRE, N. Y.

725 STOCKS OF BEES FOB SALE.

Mostly Italians. These bees must be sold, and
will be sold cheap. All in (^uinby frames. Sold
with or without hives. Send for prices of Italians,
hybrids, and blacks. Address

WM. E. CLARK,
7-lOdb Oriskany, Oneida Co., N. Y.

SEND "**" »"''

430

glea:nings in bee culture.

May

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-lieepers to be the cleanest, brig-htest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag', most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messi's. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowag-iac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armsti'ong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; J.W.Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. K. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.; J. A. Huma-
son, Vienna, (). : G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines. la.; ^spinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Te.xas, W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. Y.. and numerous other dealers.

Write for snmplrx free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 1 50 Coiiipliineiitary and unso-
licited testiiiKmial^!, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. IVc guarantee evei-y inch of our foundation eqxial
to sample in every respect.

CHAS. DADANT & SON,
Sbtfd Ilaniilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

BEES IN MISSOURI, '-HSvll'^iK^'
SECTIONS,

$3.50 per M. Dovetailed, all-in-one-picco. Send 3-
cent stamp for sample. E. S. MILiLER,

9-13db Dryden, MIcli.

//? Order to Introduce my Golden Italians

And place them within reach of all, I will send un-
tested queens for 90 cts. each ; '2 doz., $5.00; 1 doz.,
$9.50. Tested queens, $1.75 each. My queens are
reared from an imported mother, and in full col-
onies; 2-frame nuclei, with tintested queen, $3.50;
3-frame nuclei, with untested queen, $3 O;) (on Sim-
plicity wired frames). Full colonies, Italians, in 8-
frarae Simplicity hive, $5. .50. Full col. hybrids, $4.00.
Ref. A. I Boot. Address A. B. JOHJNSON,
9tfdb Clarkton, Bladen Co., N. C.

HUMBUG! HUMBUG!

Such men as Muth, Mason, Duvall, Blood, etc.,
say not. If you are skeptical, try one any way. I
guarantee to please you. The Ideal Glass-front
veil, only 7uc by mail; "l6page circular free.

JOHN C. CAPEHART, St. Albans. W. Va.

ITALIAN BEES AND QUEENS,

From imported queen bought of A. I. Boot. Will
furnish by June 1. Bees, per pound, 90c., in wire-
cloth cages. Untested queens, 90 cents; tested,
$3.00. Two frame nucleus, consisting of one un-
tested queen, two frames containing brood, and all
adhering bees, $3.00. Safe arrival guaranteed.
lOd Mrs. A. -I-'. I'l'ojK-v, Poftland, Jny Co., Inil,

PURE
ITALBAN

Bred from select imported and home-bred mothers,
of the best strains. No black bees near. Untested
queens, in June, $1.00 each; 6 for $5.00. Tested
queens, $3.C0 each. For nuclei, etc., send for price
list. I>. Ci. EDMISTON,

lOtfdb ADRIAN, LENAWEE CO., MICH.

I WILL rSHip 4-FRAOTE NUCLEI, in Sim-
plicity-hive body, well stocked with bees and
brood, and guarantee safe arrival. Pure Italian,
$t.00; hybrids. *:5.50. Ready to ship by ne.xt train.
lOd a. M. MOYEK, Hill Church, Berks Co., Pa.

REDUCTION IN PRICES,

We hereby notify our customers that there is a
reduction in foundation from the prices quoted in
our March retail price list. All parties intereeted
will i)loase mail us a card for new prices.
CHAS. DAIJANT A: SON,
lOd Hiiniilton, Hancock Co., 111.

TELEGRAM FROM
NORTH -SHADE APIARY.

as

PURE ITALIAN BEES,

AT THE FOLLOWING REDUCED PRICES:

One pound in packnge. as above - - - $1.35
Five pounds in one package - - - 6.00

L^ntt'sted (jueens, $1.0) each; $10 00 per doz. Test-
ed queen, $3.00; 5 for $9 00. Select tested to breed
from, $3.00. Orders tilled in rotation. All ready
for orders, with 140 colonies to draw from.

STEAM FOUNDATION WORKS.

Comb foundation. Wax worked bv the pound.
Samples and prices free. O. 11. TiiwysKyj),
lOtfdb Alamo, Knlainnsoo Co., Mich.

iseo.

1006.

Headquarters in the North.

Steam factory, fully equipped, running exclusive-
ly on JiJiJ':-Jil-JJ':i^l'JKS' SVVfl.IICS. White-
poplar and basswood one-piece and dovetailed
sections. Vandervort thin foundation. Send for
free samples and illustrated price list.
10-15db A. D. D. WOOD,

Rives Junction, Jackison <:o., Midi.

A YEAR AMONG THE BEES,

A New Bee.Book of IIJ: Pages.

Price 75 cents. Sent postpaid by the Author,

lOtfdb DR. C. C. MILLER, Marengo, Ills.

QUEENS AN [TBEESr q

o

Untested, in May, $1.15 each; $13 00 per doz.

"June, $100 '• $10.00 " "
Tested, $3 50 in May; $3.00 in June and aft-
er. Dealers, send for special discounts on
dozen lots or more. Safe arrival guaran-
teed. AV. J. ELLISON,
10-12d Stateburg, Sumter Co., S. €.

>

>

APIARY FOR SALE.

QO <^'OLONlES, in splendid condition; 30 acres
*''-' land, large new frame house, 70 new hives,
12,000414x414 sections, tools, etc. One of the best
honey-producing localities in the State of Iowa.
Immediate possession. C. A. SAYRE,

lOtfdb Sargent, Floyd Co., Iowa.

QUEENS, 1886. UNTESTED,

From select imported mother. After May 15, $1.00.
Wax worked into fdn. for a share, or by the pound.
Satisfaction guaranteed. THOS. & BENJ. YOUNG.
10-1.5d LA SALLE, LA SALLE CO., ILL.

RUBBER PRINTING-STAMPS

For bee-men; stamps of all kinds; send for cata-
logue and sample cuts printed on sections.
J0(5 (}. W. BERCAW, Berwick, Ohio, .

1886

GLEANINGS IN EEE CULTURE.

435

Contents of this Number,

Ahsoondinu in May 467

Advice to Dealers iai

Ant', Kp(I 444

Alley's Trap 461

Apiarv. Lnration of 445

Apis Iniliia 453

Tiees bv Dipperful 458

Bee-fever 457

Bees Hearing 450

Bees in Spctions 450

Bee-stinirs for Croup 45ii

Bees, What Ails' 4.50

Color of Younpr Bees 456

C.vula Linswik 451

I)rone-traps 46 1

Edi toi-ial 462

Kigwort 441

Foul Brood 46ii

Ciettinir What You Want. . .4.'irt
ilihers. Smoking Out 4.">S

llf

Heddon's I'ic-'.ure 440

Hive. Hilt .n 457

Honey Coluinr 4:i8

Honev-]i^i'Ka^es 448

Hone'v, PiiltiMf,' Up 448

Honey, Shijtpinir 448

Hunibuprs and Swindles

Iniiiroved Peet Cage 4,59

.lane Meek & Bro 443

Lawns 4.52

Mason's Advice 451

Melilot 441

Mr. James Heddon 4:'9

Motli-wornis 446

Moving Bees in Winter 415

Oil-barrels, Cleaning 4.58

Oiled Cloth vs. Glass 450

Our Own Apiary 461

Plants for Hi>ney 441

Queens Fainting 451

Ked Ants 441

Hlieiiinalisni 416

San Diego, Cal 457

S(\va.,.'e in Eneland 419

Small I'ol's and Moth 446

Smokers f,>r Vermin 458

Spanisli N"ei(ll(> 414

SwariiiiUL,' .Maniia 450

Sweet Clover ..., 441

Tobacco Column 46:t

Ventilation. Sub-earth 447

Vi'iitilation in Winter... 4.57
Viallon's Surplus Plan 453

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The 5th regular meetir
ation will be held on the
Hon.. I. M. McDaiiiel, Pen
be held a hce-keei)i rs' h<

g of the Hill Co. Bee-Keepers' Associ-
tirst Tuesday in July, .at the apiary of
ria, Te.v. At same time and place will
neyiucnio. H. A. Goodrich, Sec'y.

CIRCULARS RECEIVES,

The following have sent tis their price lists:

D. A. Jones Co., Ld., Beeton, Ont., Can., a Ifi-page price list of
bee-sniiplifs in general. We are glad to note the progress of
our Canadian friends, as evidenced b.v their new list.

C. M. Hicks. Fairview. Md., a 4-pagi' list of ajuariau stipplies.

X. E. Cottrell. I'.urdick, Ind.an advertising sheet -specialty,
S.vrio-Italian cpuens.

J. P. Moore, Sliirg m. Kv. . a 4 page circular, bees and queen-=.

Tygard Sons, 211!t Jane St., Pittsburgh, Pa., a 4-page list—
specialt.v, square glass honey-jars.

1 am being asked mv ojiinion of Ihe new circulirs Mrs. Cot-
ton is again sending out quite plentifuU.y. The statements she
makes, and Ihe pric-es she charges for the goods she .sends iJUt,
wonid, ill my ojiinion, forbid her being classed with our regu-
lar supply-deah-rs. t.i say unthing of the strings of complaints
against licr that have tilled our bee-,iournals lor years past.

REDUCTION IN PRICES,

We hereb.y notif.v our customers that there is a
reduction iu foundation from the prices quoted in
our March retail price list. All parties interested
will i)leasc mail us a can! for new prices.
(HAS. DADANT A SON,
11(1 Hamilton, Hancock Co., Hi.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For 'he benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which the.y want to dispose of, we wjl insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this bec^u^ there is ha'-dly value
enough to these queens to pay f'^r bu.ving them up and keep-
ing iheni in stock: and yet it is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I have fifteen or twenty prolific black queens; 35
cts. each (with cash acccmpan.ving the order) takes
them. Chas. H. Smith,

P. O. Box 908. Pittstield, Mass.

For S\i,e.— 2'i Maok queens, ready Ma.y 30th, un-
til July 10th, at :.';■) cts. each, or five for ?l.OO.
Robert Mitcheli., Washoug-al, Clarke Co., W. T.

For Sale.— 3 black queens at 3.5 cts. each, and 9
hybrid queens at 40 cts. each; will be read.vthe first
week in June. S. H. Kickakd.

Wes.. Bridg-ewater, Beaver Co., Pa.

For S.\m5.— Mismated Italian queens for .50 cents
each, or ten for $iM. Twenty ready now.

J. N. CoLwxcK, Norse," Bosque Co., Texas.

For SAiiE.— 2 or 3 hybrids at 25 and .50 cts. each,
according to quality. With a pound of their bees,
for .«1 2.5 and $1 50.

C. Weckesser, Marshallville, Ohio.

I have 5 mismated Italian queens that I will mail
at 5:) cents each, and guarantee safe arrival.

N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Lorain Co., O.

Two black and three hybrid queens, at 20 and 25
cts. respectivel.y, or the lot to one address for SI. 00.
Ready any time after the 1st of June.

Luther Piirdv, Killbuck, Holmes Co., O.

200 Lbs. Box Honey Per Colony

G.VTHUKKD BV .HOORK'S ITAI.IANS.

J. V. Caldwell, Cauibridj:e. 111., says: "Asnearas
I can tell, the first season I had your queens they
made nie about 2tlU lbs. of box honey on an average."

G. L. Kinobold. Overton, Pa.: "They are very
prolific; and, as liTiiey-gathorers, they can not be
excelled."'

A. ]. Root: " T can not remember of ever having
!i complaint of one of your queens."
I'INK WARRANTED QUEENS A SPECI-
ALTY.

Prices: Single queen. *I.OO; per 'i dozen, $5.00.
Safe arrival and perlect satisfaction always guar-
anteed. Send for iii'w circular giving: full partic-
ulars, lid J. P. MOOEE, MOEGAN, PENDLETON CO., K7.

TT/^'DlVr PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES , RADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLESALE AND
i&X^^XlfXll SEE ADVERTISEMENT. j U rrtaTL. See advertisement in another column.

PTOE -i- ITALIAN^EXCLUSIVELY.

■^ STOP, c. READ, » AND » ORDER.S*-

Having determined to devote my time and attention e.vclusively to the production of pure Italian bees
nnd queens, during the season of 1886, I otter, in order to reduce stock, 60 ('Iioi«-e Colonies ol Pure
Itallaiif« in 10 Langstroth frames, guaranteed to contain at least 4 lull frames of brood and 4 lbs. of bees
ill new chatt' hive, at S^IO.OO each. I ai)pend mv prices for the season.

My terms are cash with the order. First orders will be filled first. I will refund money at|any|tlme a

customer may become dissatisfied with waiting. , , , , t

My methods: One kind, and the best of that kind. Nothing except tested queens sold atjany price. 1

will send one-year-old queens until stock is exhausted, and then this season's hatch. I will commence to

send, about May 1st.

1 tested queen SI 00 I l-framc nucleus, tested queen S2 00

1 pound of bees 100 | 2 " " \\ \\ a 00

1 frame of brood and bees 1 GO 3 ''^ ''^ ^^ ^, * ""

In lots of 5, five per cent discount; in lots of 10, ten per cent discount. In lots of 10 or more nuclei or
pounds of bees, I will pav express charges for the first 1000 miles. Now remember, I guarantee safe ar-
rival and absolute satisfaction in all cases. Sample of live workers free by mail. Capacity, 25 queens
per day after May 1st. _ ^^

6tfdb BOX 691, SHERBURNE, CHENANGO CO., N. Y.

4;i6>

GLEANi:^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is iissurteil hy hiiiidreds of practical and disiiitercst-
etl l)ee-keepcrs to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to saj?, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messi'S. A. H. Newman. Chi-
cajfo. 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; .Jas. Heddon,
Uowaniac, Mich.; V. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Berlin. Wis.; Clias. Hertel,
.)r., FreeburK:, 111.: Ezra Haer. Di.xon, LeeCo., [11.; E.
S. Arinstronji', .Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
i:tli) Cierinantown Ave, Phil'a, I'a.; E. Krotchmer,
Cohurr, Iowa; KIbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
I). A. Fuller. Cherry Valley, 111.; (lark .lohnson &
Son. (joviiiiiton, Kentucky; .1. M. Mason & Sons,
Mt'ch-uiic Falls. Maine; U. A. Ciraves, MirminKham,
() : ,d. .1. Dickasoii, Hiawatlui, Kan.: .1. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, AlbenmrleCo., Va.; E. U. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N.Y.; .1. A. Huma-
son. Vienna. (). : O. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, <).,
.1. M. Shuck, Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Uarr.\town, N. Y,; IJarton, P\)rsg'ard & llarnes,
Wa<-o, McLennan Co., ''I'e.xas, W. E. ('lark, Oriskany,
N. Y.. anil numerous other dealers.

Write for xamples fn;e, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Conipliiiieiitary and uhso-
lirAteil testimnniah, from as many bee-keepers, in
1.S83. fVe {luarantee every inch of <iur fouiidatiiDi equal
III xample in every rexpect.

€HAS. l>AI>AIN'r ^c SON,
3htfd llaiiiiltoii, Haiu-<M-k <'*>., Illinois.

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

(Mc. to .fl.Ol) per lb. Queens, :iOc. to S;2 5:i. Order
from tiew circular, sent free. fitfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co.. Iowa.

leeo.

1866.

Headquarters in the North.

steam factory, full v eiiuippi-d, running' exclusive-
ly on hi: i':-i\ E hi'KKs' sri'i'LJi:s. white-
l)oplar and basswood one-piece and dovetailed
sections. Vandervort thin foundation. Send foi-
free sami)les and illustrated price list.

lo-i.vii) .\. n. o. ivoon,

ItivcM JiiiK-tioii, Jsi<-kt«oii <'<>., ITIii-li.

APIARY FOR SALE.

Qf) * **l'^l^"''^. '" splendid condition; :i() acres
*J^ land. larKC new frame house, 70 new hives,
1:2,(1(1(1 4' i,\4'4 sections, tools, etc. One of the best
hotiey-produ(!ina' localities in the State of Iowa.
Immediate^ jjoysession. C. A. SAYRE,

K'ti'i') Sargent, Floyd Co., Iowa.

QUEENS, 1886. UNTESTED,

From select imported mother. After May 15, $1.0(1.
Wax worked into fdn. for a share, (>»• by tiie ])ound.
Satisfaction Kuarnnteed. THOS. & BENJ. YOUNG-
lO-l.^db LA SALLE, LA SALLE CO., ILL.

ITALIAN AND SYRIAN QUEENS

Before .In lie 1."), tested. .f8.00 each; untested, $1.00
(ach. Laler, tested, $:i.00 each; untested, single
((ueen, $1.00; si.v for $.').0O; twelve or more, 75 cts.
each. Untested queens warranted purely mated,
(itfdb I. R. (iOOD, Nappanee, Elkhart Co., Ind.

SECTIONS, $4.25 PER M.

7-12db S. Y. ORR, Morning Sun, Iowa.

1 rinO V^^J **^'^ BKKN FOR KAL.F:.

Avrvf Vf See Oedye's advertisement. 8-13db

Batchelder's Drone and Queen Trap

Is the only one made that does not hindc)- the bees
in their work. Send H5 cents for sample. Serjd for
circular, and see what A. I. Hoot savs about it.
JOtfclb J. A. BATCHE^WER, Kecue, N, H.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted iu
any of the following- departments, at a uniform
price of :J0 cents each insertion, or $:i.00 per annum,
when given once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names insertedin thin department the first time with-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to lurnish

Italian r|ueens for $1.00 each, under the following
CDHilitions: Nojiuarantce is to be assumed of purity,
or an>( hinjr of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time wlien customers be-
come impatient of svich dela>as nuiy be unavoidable.
Bear in mind, that he who sends the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will probably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notity us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa. Iff
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. Itfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. Itfd

*Wm. Ballantine, Mansfield, Rich. Co., O. Itfd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. 23tfd
*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Ala. Itfd

*S. C. Perry, Portia tid, Ionia Co., Mich. 33tfd

*E. Kretchmer, Coburj;-, Mont. Co., Iowa. 23tfd

D. McKenzie, Camp Parapet, ,Ieff. Parish, La. Itfd
Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp. Co., N.C.

Itfd
*.Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

L'3tfd Par., La.
.J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La. 3tfd
*E. Burke. Vincennes, Kno.Y Co., Ind. 3-1

Richard H. Bailey, Ausable Forks, Essex Co.,N. Y.

."j-in

S. M. Darrah, Chenoa, McLean Co., 111. 7-17d

S. H. Hutchinson & Son, Claremont, Surry Co.,

7-17d Va.
*N. E. Cottrell, Burdick, Porter Co.. Ind. 7-17d

Peter Brickey, Lawrenceburg, And. Co., Ky. 9tfd
( ,'. C. Vaughn, Columbia, Tenn. 9tfd

*J. W. Kieran, S. E. cor. Mason and Moulton St.,

Bloomington, 111. 9tfd
n. A. McCord, O.vford, Butler Co.. O. 9-]9d

H. .1. Hancock, Siloam Springs, Benton Co., Ark.

9tfd
v. L. Thompson, Qunic.v, Adams Co., 111. lid

*F. S. Mc(;"lelland, New Brighton, Pa.

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.

A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. Itfd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
Kennedy & Leahy, Higginsville,Laf. Co., Mo. 3.3tfd
E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. 23tfd
S. D. Buell. Union City, Branch Co., Mich. .5-7-9
C. P. Bish, Petrolia, Butler Co., Pa.

v>SOUTHERN HEAD(!DARTERS^^

Nuclei, and full colonies. The manufacture of
hives, sections, frames, feeders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Superior work and best material at " let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fully equipped, with
the latest and most approved machinery. Send for
my illustrated catalogue. Address
5tfd J. 1*. H. BROWN, Augusta, Ga.

1886

GLEANINGS IN JiKE CULTUKE

4.-;7

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

ratjilogues Freo. Address

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4-3(11)

OThe BUYERS' GUIDE t3
Issued Marcl) ai£d Sept.,
each year. 4iEg°" !380 pages,
8 ! ^ X li;4 inclies,vt'itli ovea-
3,500 illustrations — a
^vliolf Picture Gallery.
GIVES Wliolesale Prices
direct to consnuirrs on all goods for
personal or family use. Tells liow to
order, and gives exact cost of every- ~^
tiling you use, eat, drink, wear, or g
have fun tviili. These IlVVALiUABLK c"
BOOKS contain information gleaned
from the markets of tlie world. Wc
^vill mail a copy FREE to any ad-
dress upon receipt of 10 cts. to defray
expense of mailing. Iiet us hear from
you. Respectfully,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

2?7 <& 229 W iibasli Avenue, Cliicaso, III.

BEE-HIVES,

One-Piece Sections, Section Cases, Frames, &c.,

Ol" .'^Ul'ElilOK WOUK.MANSIllP, KUOM

StlVIXI'ZZ vSe C3rOC:>X3£3XjXj.

ManulacturiTS of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL.

;5tfi] Srnd fur Price List.

BEES IN IOWA.

8EK FOSTKHS
ADVERTISEMENT.

DO YOU EAT CANDY?

Send $L:i.5, and 1 will express '> lbs. ol' Todd's Honey
Candies, same as made a sensation at lasf Pennsyl-
vania Stale Fail-. Jtememher, every pound sold
helps the honey-trade. Special rates ior quantities
for lairs. Uadant Foundation always in stock at
marl<et prices. IJees, Queens, Hives. Smoliers. Vol.
1 of Frank Cheshire's new l)ook nuiiled fvac. »2 5').
9]4db AETHUE TODD, 1910 Gemantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

FOR ^J/^ —•*" colonies of my improved strain
I VII sjriL.!-. f,|- pu,.g Italian bees in two-story
chaff hives, (Ti_- $7.00; in sing-le-walled hives,]'; story
(«, $6..'i0; 50 two-story chaff hives, including- frames
and crates, ((i .f l..")0; .50 single-walled hives, fratnes
and crate, Oi. .oi). Hives have tin i-oof. 1 honev-
ext. for L. frame, Sli.lKJ. A wax-ext., iyi.oo. Musi l)e
sold immediately. Ttldb

GEO. F. WILLIAMS, NEW PHILADELPHIA, 0.

VANDERVORT

COMB FOUITDATIOIT MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
2tfdh .1X0. VANDEUVOUT. Laccyville. Pii.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Scetioiis, K.\tra«lors, Snioker.iii, Separators,

Arc, ol" Root"!* ITIuiiiii'acture, Shipped

Irom liere at ROOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Kecpc'i-s' Supidies in g-eneral. Price, Lixt Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

FOK S.\L.K.-]I0 colonies ef Italian bees, and
;.'00 tested and untested queens.
0 l:.MI) K. HintKE, Vincennes, Ind.

ITALIAN QUEENS IN TEXAS.

Reared from Hoot's best imported. Untested
gucen. $1.00. Selected, and tested, $3 00, «3 .50. Sent
by mail. Safe arrival guaianteod. AD. MEYER,
'.Ul-];Sd Sweethome, Lavaca Co., Texas.

Introducing Oueensr

Henr.N Alley has given, in the May number of th(!
A.MKKicAN Ai'icuLTUitiST, Several new methods
foi- introducing both fertile and unfei-tilo queens.
."Sample copies free. Address

AMERICAN APICULTURIST,
'•'till'' Wenham, Mass.

Rnni^ FRFF Our catalogue for 188tj contains
DUUrV I nUE.. 4.-, pages; H\ are devoted to bee-
keeping. It treats the different operations clearly
and practically. It is just what the beginner needs.
Tells how to use the various implements, and em-
braces the following subjects: Who should Keep
Mees? Ijoeat ion of Apiary ; Handling Hees; Hives;
Implements; Koljbinjj-; Italianizing; Swarming;
Surplus Honey; l<'eeding; Diseases and Enemies of
IJees: Wintering IJees; Maiketing Honey; and a
comiilete list f)f supplies. 'This liook will be sent
free to anv address by WATTS BROS.,

9tfdb ■ Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa.

NOTICE THELOwTrICES ON

Bees, Brood, Queens, Plants, Etc.,

IN M? NEW GI?.CULAE. PLEASE W2ITE FOE ONE.
C. W^ECKESSER.
5 lOd'j Marshall villo, Wayne Co., Ohio.

SEND s^Tvi.i;i"^V FOUNDATION

TO C. W. PHELPS & CO., TIOGA CENTRE, N^Y.

Ready after May 15. Send
for price list.

J. C. MISHLER,
'■'lid LIgonier, Ind.

GOOD'S ITE'W

REVERSIBLE HIVE

all coiuiilete, well painted, for .S:!.oo. Sections \ery
low. No. 1, fi4.\4'i.\l ■„ or I ',, at .■<4.O0 per UHK).

9-lld B. J. MILLEK Si CO., Nappanee, Ind.

DADANT'S J'OUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another ef)liiinn. 3btfd

FOUNDATION

VANDERVORT

We have a large- stock of elioit'cTyellow beeswax,
and can furnish Dunham comb fdn. for brood comb,
cut to any size, for 40c per lb. K.vtra thin Vander-
\-ort foundation, 4Cc per lb. We guarantee our
fdn. to be made from pure beeswax, and not to sag.
Will work up wax for lOc per lb., and 30c per lb. for
section. F. W. HOIjITIFS,

4tfdb Coopcrsville, Ottawa Co., Mich.

438

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

PONEY C0MMN.

CITY MARKETS.

CfiEVELAND.— Honey.— The market is very active
on best white 1-lh. sections, which sell readily on
arrival at 14 cts. Glassed 1-lb., and unbiassed 2-lbs ,
slow at 12c. Beeswax, scarce P.t 25 to 28. E.vtracted,
7@.S. A. C. Kendel.

May 20, 1886. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Chicago.— Honey.— The demand for honey is very
lig-ht at present. Prices are easier; in fact, what
little demand exists is confined to the best white
comb in one-pound sections, at 15@16c. Extracted
is held at unchanged figures. Beeswax, 25c for
prime yellow. R. A. Burnett,

May 20, 1886. 161 S. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cincinnati.— 7/o»icj/.— No change whatever in the
honey or wax market since our last.
May 20, 1886. C. F. Muth & Son,

S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Kansas City. -Honey.— Honey of all kinds and
grades is very dull indeed, and sales are slow.
Prices are unchanged; 1-lb. sections, none in the
market; would sell for 16 for choice white; dark,
12(g)14; 2-lb. sections, white, llfa)13; dark, lt@10. E.\-
tracted, 3V2@6. Beeswax, 23c.

May 23, 1886. Clemons, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. 4th & Walnut St's., Kansas City, Mo.

Detroit.— Honcy.—There is no comb honey in
Detroit to quote, and retail dealers are anxiously
inquiring how eoon they can get new. Beeswax,
firm at 25 cts. M. H. Hunt,

May 21, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

St. Louis.— Honey.— Nothing new in our market
on honey. Wax steady at 2.5c.

W. T. Anderson & Co.,

May 24, 1886. 104 N. 3d. St., St. Louis, Mo.

Boston.— Honey.— No change in price of honey.
Sales very light. Blake & Ripley,

May 22, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

HAYHURSrS QUEENS.

Reduction in Price.

My warranted queens (untested) will be $1.00 each
after ,/((ne ;,5, instead of after July 1st, as adver-
tised elsewhere.
lid E. M. HAYHURST, Kansas City, Mo.

TEN COLONIES OF ITALIAN BEES IN
LANGSTROTH HIVES AT $7 EACH.

Every colony contains five frames of brood.
ll-13d M. iSBEIilj, Norwich, N. Y.

THE

BEST OFFER YET.

READY NOW.^

Three lbs. of bees and Italian queen, $2.75. Bees
without queen, per lb., .50c. Five combs of brood,
and good colony, at least 3 lbs. and queen, $4.00. 3-
frame nuclei, $2.50. G. W. GATES,

lid Bartlctt, Sbolby Co., Tenii.

ITALIAN QUEENS,

NUCLEUS SWARMS,

- AND-

FULL - COLONIES,

FROM THE BEST STRAINS.

Prices reasonable. Dollar Queens by return mail.
Comb Foundation. Send for Circular. lid

W. H. PROCTOR, Fair Haven, Vt.

ONLiY $'i.50 PER 1000,

One - piece, Basswood. See
Baer"s advertisement on last page of cover. lid

SECTIONS,

Italian, Holy-Land, and Syrian.

.June July Aupr.
Italian, from imported mothers. I $1.00 I .75 I .75
Holy-Land and Syrian, irom S. T. | 1.00 | .75 | .75
Tested, double above prices. P. 0. notes payable
at Chesterton, Ind. Circular free.
ll-12d N. E. COTTRELL, Burdick, Porter Co., Ind.

ITALIAN QUEENS FOR 1888.

Untested, 75 cts. ; 10 for $6.00; tested, one year old,
$1.00; selected, $1.50. Cells built in full colonies
from one of A. I. Root's select tested queens.

C. C. KIRKMAN,
lid COXV^LLE, PITT CO., N. C.

IDEAL GLASS-FRONT VEIL,

Guaranteed, see Mav 15th number (f Gleanings.
lid .INO. C. CAPEHART, St. Albans, W. Va.

HORN

PAYS EXPRESS CHARGES

SEE ADVERTISEMENT.

HARD-TIME PRICES IN JUNE.

Two-frame nuclei of Italian bees and brood, with
.$1.00 queen, $2.00; 3-frame ditto, $2..50; full colony,
in A. I. Root's Simplicity hive, $5.00. Each of the
above, with tested queen, .50 cts. more. All on wir-
ed L. frames. Pure Poland-China pig's, as cheap as
they can be afforded. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Write for description and prices to

N. A. KNAPP,
lid ROCHESTER, LORAIN CO., OHIO.

CME JLi» T

Full colonii_^s in Simplicity hives, and honey
enough to winter, for only $4. .50. ^ViU ship last of
July. DAN WHITE,

lltfdb NEW LONDON, HURON CO., OHIO.

IP Vnil WANT P^"^ Italian Queens, Bees,
ir lUU vvnll I NucijEI, Comb Foundation,
Sections, &c.. Don't fail to send for my price list
before purchasing. C. M. IlIC^KJii,

lid FAIRVIEW, WASH. CO., MD.

TTnr* QqIo COLONIES, NUCLEI, and QUEENS,
r Ul OdlC. AT LOWEST PRICES.

ll-16db GEO. D. EAUDENBU5H, EEADINO, PA.

SAVE I MATCHES

The flu in a Bingham Smoker is always on the
grate below the fuel, and above the natural draft
and the blast of the bellows, so the Are never goes
out. and is always ready to go just when hyb7-ids
strike and you have no time to fuss with matches.
Bingham Smokers last 6 years, and are therefore
cheaper to use than any other smokers made, and
always satisfactory. Tlie Doctor and Conqueror
have extra large bellows, and all but Plain and Lit-
tle Wonder have wide shields to protect the hands
from heat. Price of Bingham & Hetherington Un-
capping-Knives and Smokers, per mail-
Doctor, 714-inch bellows and 3!4-inch stove, $2 GO
Conqueror, 7ii " " " 3 " "1 75

Large, 61/2 " " " 214 " " 1 50

Extra, 61/2 " " " 2 " "1 26

Plain, HVi " " "8 " " 1 00

Little Wonder, 1% " " 65

Uncapping-Knife, 2x8-inch blade 1 15

Address BINGHAM & HETHERINaiON,
lltfd ABRONIA, MICH.

Vol. XIV.

JUNE 1, 188(>.

No. 11.

TERMS: SI.OOPrbAvnum, IN Advancb;! 77'c,/^ 7> 7-,' o Zi yiynZ -I'-i/i 1 Q 'y ^ r Clubs to different postofflces, NOT LR^s
8Copiesfor8l.90-,3forS2.75;5for84.00; H/t^KJiULLt) rLdtU ill ±0 /«). | than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, In the
10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single Number, ! 1 U. S. and Canadns. To all other coiiri-

5 cts. Additions to clubs maybe made f published semimonthly by \ ^ries of the Universal Postal Union, 18c

atclubrates. Above are all to be sent ] . t t)/-^/-^T> a/i iri"r»TVr a rwi^ r\ I pervenrextra. To all countries not of
TO ONEPOSTOFFIOK. I iV. 1. ItlJlJ X , iUilj JJilN ii., UlliU. ( the U. P. U., 42c per j'ear extra.

MH. JAMES HEDDON.

A SHORT BIOGRAPHY, FROM THE PEN OF PROF.
COOK.

T AM very glad to accede to the request to give a
^ brief account of the life and work of Mr. Hed-
^l don. True merit should always be rewarded;
'*' and as I am acquainted with no more able,
thoughtful, studious, and hard-working- bee-
keeper in the United States than Mr. Heddon, it is
with no little pleasure that I call attention to his
life, his work, and to the valuable results of his
careful experiments and thoughtful, studious la-
bors in the apiary.

Mr. Heddon was the first specialist in beo-kcep-
iug in Michigan, and one of the first in the country,
and thus his fertile, active mind has ever been di-
rected toward the pocket-book side of bee-keeping;
and so, as we should expect, all his work, experi-
ments, and influence are right in the spirit of this
intensely practical age. Best of all, from a long and
intimate acquaintance with him I feel assured that
all his labor, both of hand and mind, has ever been
impelled by an honest purpose and sincere desire
to advance the vocation of his choice.

It has often been remarked, that Michigan owes
much of her reputation for push and enterprise to
the fact that most of her inhabitants came from
New England, many gaining wide experience from
a short stay in New York. Mr. Heddon took advan-
tage of one of these New- York sojourns, as he was
born in the rich Genesee Valley of Western New
York, Aug. 28, 184.5. Thus he is now forty years of
age. Like Patrick Henry he had no irresistible
thirst for book-learning, much preferring his fish-
hook, his gun, and a stroll in the fields and forest.

Very likely this was owing largely to the faulty
methods of the schools. Had the dull books of stu-
pid text-book writers been replaced by the interest-
ing things fresh from nature, how eagerly would
this schoolboy have probed them to their very
depths! No one can know Mr. Heddon without
recognizing at once that he is a natural student.
Given the right mental food, and how eagerly
would he have swallowed, digested, and assimilat-
ed it :

In stature, Mr. Heddon is below the average,
while his form is slight and wiry. He is extremely
nervous, and his keen, intense expression, and
spare, almost pinched features, would lead Mi-s.
Harrison to remark that he was fed on mince pie,
ham, and sausage. But let me say that I have been
there, and I know that excellent sense and the best
taste and judgment rule in the Heddon kitchen.
Mr. Heddon is gaunt and lean because he has a
twenty-horse-power nervous organism in a ten-
horse-power physique. His nervous tension and
mental energy have always been vexed that their
dwelling-house were not bigger and stronger, and
are determined to destroy it; and it behooves our
good friend to look sharply or they will succeed.

Mentally Mr. Heddon is exceptionally vigorous
and gifted. The Rev. Mr. Gage once told me that
he was especiallj' interested in a certain young man
in his village, who, with an opportunity, would cer-
tainly make a scientist. Years after, I became ac-
quainted with this same promising young man in
Mr. Heddon.

As a speaker, Mr. Heddon is unusually vigorous.
His sentences are always to the point, and his fig-
ures and illustrations are often irresistible. I have
known him at our State conventions to hold every

440

CJLEANINGS IN iJEE CULTURE.

June

person spellbound as he explained, often at great
leng-th, his experiments, views, and methods. The
same spirited, forcible style characterizes his writ-
ing's, as all who read the bee journals know. His
nervous energy, excessive love of fun, and desire
for hard-earned victory, make him an eager con-
troversialist. He fairly grows fat, mentally, in a
good square honest intellectual wrestle. I have
sometimes almost feared, 1 hope without reason,
that his love of triumph made him to rejoice at the
discomfiture of an opponent as much as in the vic-
tory of the right and true. I have also wondered
If, as with most of us, prejudice might not at times
warp his judgment respecting those who dia'ered
with him in view. His nervous temperament, and
slight, overworked body, would make this possible.
As he has sometimes written me in a complaining
mood of some element in the bee-keeping world, 1
have thought of Christ's remark to Martha, "Thou

ing wife has been Mr. Heddon's only partner for
the seventeen years of his beekeeping experience.
Mr. Heddon has told me that he commenced bee-
keeping with nothing exceiH a stout heart, and he
had given this away to that "sweetest girl." He
has been a specialist all that time, except for a brief
period of iate, when he has sold supplies. This di-
version he has told me was a loss to him. Now he
is worth thousands of dollars. He went into the
supply business in 1870, in hopes that, by a circular,
he could answer many of the questions that now
came to him in letters, and save time to his bus-
iness. His present capital he credits almost ex-
clusively to honey production. He has had as many
as r>")0 colonies of bees at one time, which were kept
in three separate apiaries. He now has 4.50 in two
apiaries. In 1877 his Glenwood apiary, worth S'lSOO,
and numbering r9 colonies, gave him a cash income
of $1070, and increased to 207 colonies, all but two of

.lAldES HEDDON, DOWAOIAC, MICHIGAN.

art troubled about many things," and have wished
we were all Marys who had "chosen the good part"
that should not be taken away from us.

How many of us have found the door to a delight-
ful life, in the most beautiful and charming girl of
the world! This was doubly true of Mr. Heddon.
The "sweetest girl in the town " not only provid-
ed Mr. H. with one of the happiest homes in the
State, but led him into apiculture. Miss Hastings'
father was a bee-keeper, and with him Mr. Heddon
worked one year. No wonder ho advises all to take
a year with an experienced bee-keeper. If he will
furnish conditions like those of his own apprentice-
ship, 1 think few young men will hesitate. As lit-
tle wonder that he looks so fondly on the"gude
wife " when she took him from the dull routine,
machine-like life of the clerk, into the active,
pleasant, intellectual life of the apiary. This lov-

which came through the following winter in good
condition. The expense in earing lor this apiary
that year was .$200. One year, with 10 colonies he
increa.sed to .?3, and sold $800 worth of honey. All
of the 33 colonies wintered the succeeding winter.
At that time honey sold for a very high price. His
largest yield for one season, of a single colony, was
410 lbs., all but 48 of which was extracted. He once
secured 29 lbs. 13 oz. of unripe extracted honey as
the result of a single day's gathering of a single
colony.

Of course, all has not been smooth sailing, as he
has as large stoi-ies to tell of winter losses. He
thinks the winter of 18Sl-'.5 snatched $1800 from his
pocket-book; yet he murmurs not, as he thinks that
winter solved the difficulty, and he Will lose no
more. We all hope he is correct.

Mr. Heddon is very neat and methodical. It is a

l8t^G

GLEANINGS ta h^E CULTilliK.

441

very great pleasure to visit his place. I think I
never visited an apiary where more taste and good
judgment were displayed in all the arrangements
of the bee-yard.

The valuable improvements which Mr. Heddon
has given to our industry are many, and will most
interest the readers of this sketch. Ail that I shall
name, I feel certain are original, and nearly all 1
know to be e.xcellent, from actual experience.

T have found the slatted honey-board a very val-
uable adjunct to the Langstroth hive. This, when
made just right, keeps the sections perfectly neat.
The spaces must be just over the center of the top-
bars of the frames in the brood-chamber, and the
spaces between top-bar and slats no more nor less
than a bee space. This prevents the braee-combs,
and such a honey-bourd needs only to be tested to
be retained in every apiary. His inodificatiou of
the Langstroth hive, omitting the portiCu) the tel-
escopic upper story and cover, and the bevel of the
Simplicity, have so pleased me, after a two-years'
trial, that I would never think to return to tha old
styles. Those who condemn, surely have never
tried it. The shade board is also much superior to
tree, evergreen, or grapevin-:-.

Like mj'self, Mr. Heddon used sections before he
ever saw them elsewhere. Though original with us,
their use in our apiaries may not have priority.

Mr. Heddon's shipping-crate, as I state in my
book, is neat and cheap, and was the fii'st sub-
stantial improvement in that article.

The section-crate, with bee-space above and be-
low, will probably never be excelled in securing
comb honey without separators. After two years'
use I pronounce it simply [ierfection. I was almost
disappointed in not seeing it in the new hive.

I have already reviewed the new book, and there
spoke of the new hi.e and system. Thei'e can be
no question of the originality of these, and haidly
less that they are a marked improvement and will
soon come into general use. I have never tried
these, but the experienced bee-keeper does not
need to try every invention to be assured of its ex-
cellence.

Mr. Heddon has also practiced the principles of
bi'ceding, as followed by our successful breeders of
other domestic animals; that is. he has crossed two
valuable breeds, and by selection has secured a
strain, with the excellences of both the original
races, and without their undesirable qualities. He
claims this; and while I have not tested his impiov-
ed strain, I am certain that the above is the method
which must be employed to secure the best bee.

Lastly, Mr. Heddon suggested the " Bee-keepers'
Union," which may and will be of great service to
our industry. Each of us is liable to prosecution by
those ignorant and prejudiced, and we need just
such an organization to aid us in protecting our
rights, and in maintaining the high position which
our industry deservedly holds among the pursuits
of the world.

Mr. Heddon has been President of the Michigan
Association, and a very poor one he made. A pres-
ident must be staid and serene, and without nerves,
which does not describe our Dowagiac friend.

I wish I could say just how many children our
friend has. This I know: That when at his house,
some years since, among the many attractions I
saw were some very beautiful children, those best
ornaments in every home. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., May, 1886.

RAISING PLANTS FOR HONEY ALONE.

t'lGWOKT.

TN the spring of 1883 I planted an acre of tigwort
&il ''ot'ts on rich, low ground. The ground was
^r well prepared, marked both ways as for corn,
■*• and the plants came up finely, scarcely one
missing, although a good share of them were
shipped from Medina, Ohio. Part of them I found
growing near home, and these were transplanted,
with no chance for drying the roots. I don't know
that I could see any difference in the growth of
these latter and the ones that were shipped. They
were carefully tended, the same as corn, with cul-
tivator and hoe, grew finely, and, a little before
white-clover bloom wai over, came in bloom nicely.
When in full bloom it was a tine sight to see how
thick the bees were upon them. I can not say how
much honey the acre yielded, nor what was the
qualitj'. 1 have often wondered how it could be de-
termined so accurately what quantity of honey
could be obtained from a given amount of pastur-
age; and the quality, where the resource is limited.
I am of the impression, that, to be profitable, a
honey-plant that yields no other crop must be able
to hold the ground after the first year, without anj'
cultivation, so the second year my field of figwort
was left untouched. It grew finely, and blossomed
as profusely, if not more so, than the first year.
SoTne weeds grew up among it, hut not a great
many, as it had been kept as clean as a garden the
preceding year. The weeds seemed to do little or
no harm. Thousands of young plants came up this
second year, from seeds dropped the first summer.
I let them all grow, holding rigidly to the plan of
leaving the ground to take care of itself. 1 looked
with some interest to see whether the next, or third
year (1885), the young or old plants would do the
better. But I looked in vain. Neither young nor
old showed a leaf. Thej' were dead, root and
branch. Would they have lived better on different
ground? Sweet clover lived through, side by side,
on the same ground. Would they have lived
through if the winter had been milder? It was,
perhaps, the severest winter ever known here.
Would it have done better if the ground had been
partly occupied bj^ grass? Where I have seen it
growing wild, it has been in thick grass (although I
have seen very little thus growing), or on ground
more or less shaded. Would it take care of itself
in a bass wood grove?

MEr^ILOT, OR SWEET CLOVER.

This is imported under the name of Bokhara, al-
though some think there is a little difference. Per-
haps the principal difference is, that the imported
seed is cleaned of the hull; the domestic, not. For
years I have known little patches of melilot on the
roadside, or elsewhere, that seemed to take care of
themselves from year to j-ear. Moreover, from all
I have read about it J thought I had a right to infer
that it would grow and prosper anywhere, simply
by scattering seed there. Now, however sure it
may be to grow under the most adverse circum-
stances, and prosper with the most provoking per-
sistence where it is not wanted, there is possibly
such a depth of ignorance and bad management as
to wither even the ambition of sweet clover. I
have spent perhaps $40.00 in trying to get a fine
stand of it, and am compelled to say it has been
mostly a failure. Before I forget it, I want to say
that, so far as I have observed, the quality of soil

442

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

seems to have little to do with the success of this
phmt. Perhaps the rankest growth has been on
yellow clay, or subsoil thrown up, where nothing-
else cai-ed to grow; but possibly the very fact that
no other vegetation grew there gave the raelilot a
better chance. I have, however, seen nearly as
good growth on bottom land, with rich soil. I
reasoned that, as the volunteer patches had no
care from year to year, simply the seed dropping
on the ground through the fall and winter, if I im-
itated this, success was certain. So, when a light
snow was on the ground I sowed some 30 acres, in-
cluding ground in almost every condition. Some
of it was pasture, some sod which was not pastured ;
some, ground which had been in other crops, some
very rich, some so poor that it was as bare of veg-
etation as the middle of the road. In this poor,
bare ground, occasionally a seed gi-ew, perhaps a rod
apart; but what did grow was strong and vigorous.
On a bank of yellow clay, thrown out in digging a
cellar, was a pretty good catch, and some seed came
on ground which had been cultivated, especially on
the low ground, adjoining the flgwort. 1 do not
know that a single seed grew among the grass,
either pastured or not. This seems strange to me,
for I have seen it growing well in grass where self-
sown, and I can not sec why, in all these acres, none
came. I have done nothing since with any that did
come, and it has held its own, and in some places
has increased to five patches, perhaps, in all, cover-
ing an acre or more. Some that was covered light-
ly with a hoe in the fall did pretty well. Mr. Knoi.,
1 think, recommended sowing with a drill. 1 be-
lieve it would be an impx'ovement. Where it is
self-sown, only a few out of thousands of seeds
grow; and if covered, more might grow. I had
better success sowing on the roadside. Of course,
it could not grow in the middle of the road, but on
the edge, just at the line of demarcation between
the road and the grass, it did Avell. In general,
what fell among the grass never came; but there
was one place where it grew well for a long dis-
tance right in thick grass. The only way 1 can ac-
count for its growing just at the edge of the road is,
that at that point the wheels in a muddy time would
imbed the seed in the ground, but not run over it
enough afterward to prevent its growing. The
place where it grew in the grass was one where
wagons were sometimes driven, especially in a
muddy time, but never traveled enough to kill the
grass.

One spring I had a piece of ground nicely pre-
pared, and sown with oats. After the oats were
dragged in, melilot was sown, and I can not tell now
whether it was brushed in or not. It came up well,
making a very nice, even stand, but pretty thick on
the ground, if it should stool out any. The next
spring I looked with eager interest, almost before
it was time tor it to start, but could find very few
stalks starting. Later I could find but few, and
their roots seemed coming out of the ground. By
the time it should have shown big stalks, not a sign
of one was to be seen on the ground; and although
the ground has since been untouched, not one
plant has appeared, the ground lieing well covered
with clover and grass, which came up of itself.
Was it because the ground was so nice and mellow,
that the frost heaved out all the melilot? If we
had a drill that would plant in hard ground or sod,
would it be a success? C. C. Miller, 340—236.

Marengo, 111., May 20, 1886.

Friend Millt-r, we are very much indebted
to you t'ortlie facts you have ji;iven. I did
not know before that anybody had ever
started out on so extensive a scale as 20
acres of any one single plant, for honey
alone. Your experience in tigwort is about
like my own, only mine didn't all die the
third year. The plants got rusty and sickly,
and sort o' dwindled away. A new planta-
tion, now in its second year, is looking
beautifully. I agree with you, that it is
very difiicult indeed to tell how much honey
we get from a certain plant. I have some-
times thought I should like to find a locality
where thei'e was absolutely no yield of honey
at all ; then I would have an acre of flgwort
for. say, four or five colonies of bees. If
these bees gathered honey, and filled sections
while the figwort was in bloom, and gave
nothing as soon as it was out of bloom, we
could tell something altout it. Our efforts
to cultivate sweet clover were also a good
deal like yours, although one patch on poor
ground showed, the second year, during the
months of May and June, such a beautiful
stand that farmers came to see it for some
distance around, and it was a good deal
talked of as a forage plant.

There is something funny about this
whole matter of nature and art. Plants
that have been cultivated for years, like
wheat, oats, corn, etc., behave correctly, and
almost invariably thrive under artificial
treatment ; but plants that have always
been wild, some way don't seem to take
kindly to artificial methods; in fact, they
die under the best of care; while if let
alone they thrive wonderfully. If we close-
ly look into the matter, we' may, perhaps,
find some little trifling thing that upsets the
whole experiment. Just now I am a good
deal puzzled about my poultry. A hen that
has the range of our whole 18 acres made a
nest on the ground, under a lumber-pile,
and she hatched every egg but one ; and
more than that, she went oft with her eight
chickens, without a bit of care from any-
body. When they were four or five days old
she was discovered off by herself, with every
chick as bright and brisk as a cricket. They
didn't have any corn meal nor cracked
wheat, nor bread and milk, and yet they
seemed to be good for a half-mile tramp,
chasing their mother. Well, in my nice
poultry-yard with all its modern appliances,
I get only two or three chickens from a set-
ting—sometimes not a chick. Last season I
feared my Brahma rooster was bad, and so I
bought a higher-priced one ; but it does not
make any difference. Old Dame Nature
beats me all to pieces. The fowls that have
the run of our whole 18 acres board them-
selves, lay eggs, and raise chickens ; ex-
pense, 0 ; "income, a good lot of eggs every
day. Your expression, " depth of ignorance
and bad management," some way seems to
fit me tiptop. Well, I think I know where
the truth is. If we try hard enough we can
assist nature ; but if we don't look out, we
shall be only stumbling-blocks. May God
give us wisdom in our work with honey-
bees, honey-plants, poultry, stock, and all
these other wonderful and necessary gifts
to his children !

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

443

THE FIRM OF JANE MEEK & BROTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

BY KEV. W. I). H.il.STON.

CHAPTER VI.

A TALK ON SWARMING.

"JIP S the Meek family gathered around the diii-
gfm ner-table that day it would have been difH-
^^ cult to introduce a conversation on any
•^ subject but bees, all were so excited by
what had occurred. The reader niig-ht be in-
terested in some things there said.

Jane remarked, " It was too funny to see the bees
pouring- biit of the old nail-keg:, as they seeliied so
very anxious to g-et out; they seemed ivs if anxious
CO leave the old hive. It seems strange to me that
they should want to leave the old hive, which has
pleutj- of honej', and go out into the world without
knowing whether or not they could find a hive or
hollow tree in which to live."

Her father replied, " In like manner 1 have often
wondered that a young- lady will leave her father's
house, nice!}' furnished, where she can have all her
heart could wish, and go away, often to a distant
State, with a young man who is not able to afford
her even a comfortable house."

Jane said, "I will never do such a thing. I will
always stay with you and mamma, and my dear
brother Tommy."

Said her father, " Voii no doubt feel so now; but I
tliink when you are a woman you will change your
mind. At least, I could hardly expect that you
would do differently from what your mother did;
and I know she left a nice comfortable home, the
society of parents, brothers, and sisters, and came
awaj- here with me, a poor ^linister, who had no
home of my own to otter her."

Jane replied, very innocently, "But then, it was
to live with yoi(, papa; I would go anywhere to
live with you; but I will never leave you and ina,
and go anywhere to live with a strange man or
boy."

Mr. Meek looked over at his wife. Then' was a
smile on the faces of both. He then said, " I tliink
it is this way about the swarming. God has plant-
ed in the heart of all living things a desire to multi-
ply their kind. Ilees multiply by swarming. When
they become numerous in the hive, and begin ft) be
crowded for room, they swarm, and thus form a
new colony."

" I wish, papa," said .lane, "you would tell us all
about bees swarming, for to me it is a very stia;igc
and curious thing."

He accordingly began. " I ha\ e told you tiiat the
<iueen is not the ruler of the hive. If there are
rulers in it, 1 think they are the busy little workers.
I imagine some pleasant day, when honey is com-
ing in nicely, and the hive is rapidly ii'creasing in
population, a number of these l)usy fellows put
their heads together and ask each other, 'Don't you
think we had better have a swarmV All present
being of that mind, they then i)ass througii the
hive, saying-, in bee-language, to every one the,^-
meet, ' We must itrepare for swarming.' \\'ell, the
first i)reparation they make is to l)egin raising
<lrones. The (lueen lays two kinds of eggs, called
drone and worker eggs. Bees also build two kinds
of comb, called drone and worker comb. The
drone-comb has larger cells than the worker, and
in it drone-eggs are laid, and in it drones are

hatched. Both kinds of comb are also used for
storing honey and pollen. If the bees have no
tlioughfs of swarming, the ijueen either does not
lay in drone-cells, or, if she docs, the bees destroy
the eggs. But when once they get what is termed
the swarming fever they are as careful of the
drone as of the worker brood. The next step is to
construct queen-cells. These cells are very differ-
ent from the other two kinds. They are placed in
an opposite direction on the combs, the open end
being downward, and they are never used as store-
cells. The (jueen either lays worker-eggs in these
cells, or the workers remove eggs into them.
Queens can not be hatched from drone-eggs. It is
believed that it is the kind of colls in which queens
are hatched, with the kind of food given them by
the workers, that makes them queens. When bees
want to raise a queen they are not satisfied with
one merely, but build a number of cells, and raise a
number of queens. For a time after the queen-
cells are formed, the queen does not seem to pay
any attention to them. Eight days after the eggs
are laid, the young <juecns are large enough to be
sealed over. It is then that the first swarm comes
off. The old queen, impelled by some motive,
leaves the hive, accompanied by a great number
of bees, and form what we call a swarm. Re-
member, the old queen always goes with the first
swarm."

Tommy here inquired if the queen Mr. Brown
gave them in the nail-keg was now in the new hive.

His father said she certainly was, unless she had
died, and the bees had raised another to take her
place.

" There is no queen in the nail keg now, but
there arc little baby queens in their royal cells, or
cradles. In eight days these cells will hatch, and
then pi-obably a second swarm will come from the
old hivo."

"Oh! I remember," said Jane. "The book tells
us that, if we put our ear to the old hive, just be-
fore the second swarm comes off, we can hear tlie
queens saying peep, peep; just like little chicks
when they chip their shells, and I will hear tlieni if
I can."

Her father continued. "The first queen that
hatches out wants to tear up the other cells and
kill the young (jueens in them. She may then de-
part with the second swarm, which is always a
smaller swarm than the first; and, if the weather is
favorable, it may be expected on the eighth or ninth
day after the first. If there is a third swarm it will
probably be the same day or the second or the day
following. It will be still smaller than the second.
There ought to be no third swarm, and it would be
better if there were no second; but the bees ina
hive seem at times to be seized with this swarujing-
fever so badly that they will swarm until the old
colony is almost broken up."

"I should like to ask you, papa," said Jane, " i€
bees hunt up a future home for theniselves before
they come off as a swarm."

"That is a thing not positively known," said her
father; " but the general belief is, that bees swarm,
and settle as ours did to-day, and then a company
start out as scouts to look up a new home. If the
swarm is hived before long, and the hive then re-
moved to its stand l)efore these scouts return, all is
well; but if not, and the scouts find a tree, and then
return to the colony, they may induce it to lease
the hive and go to the woods, even after it has

44

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

been hived. It is certain that some colonies g:o to
the woods without having selected a tree, and there
cluster upon some branch until a tree is found.
There are also other instances that seem to indi-
cate that the bees had their future home selected
before they swarmed. Hence I say your question
is one I can not answer. I think if an apiary is
properly watched during- swarming time, the
swarms hived in nice cool hives, and then shaded
from the sun, not very many colonies will leave
for the woods. Still, there will be one now and
then, notwithstanding the greatest care. Usually
those losing many colonies are careless persons.
Their bees swarm unnoticed, hang until tired out,
and then leave for the woods. Or they are hived,
and then placed in the sun without a particle of
shade, their new combs melt down, and they leave
for the woods."

The next day at dinner Mr. Meek said to the chil-
dren, "That was a large swarm, and it ought to
make us some surplus honey. I want you to make
ready a case of sections, and place it on their hive."

The children were eager to do this; but of course
their father had to show them how to do it. They
first brought a rack, and enough sections to fill it.
Each rack held eighteen. They then selected
eighteen pieces of thin foundation, and dipping the
end of each piece into a melted ml.xture of bees-
wax and rosin, which their father had prepared,
they quickly placed that end in the center of the
top piece of a section, and held it there for a
few seconds until the melted wax cooled, and se-
curely fastened it. Thus they in-epared the entire
eighteen. They next arranged them in the rack,
with boards on each side, and separators between
each row of sections. The three rows had the ap-
pearance of thi;ee ordinary-sized honey-boxes, only
differing in the manner in which they could be ta-
ken apart. Mr. Meek had directed this work, and
now with a wedge-shaped strip he pressed them
firmly together, and they were held so.

The smoker was then lighted, and a little smoke
blown into the entrance of the hive. After waiting
a few minutes he took away the cap, while Tommy,
with a screw-driver, loosened the boards over the
frames, and i-emoved them. While he v.as doing
this .Jane used the smoker, blowing a little on the
bees whenever they showed any signs of becoming
excited. Mr. Meek looked at the combs which had
been already started, and said they were being
built straight. Tommy then placed the case of sec-
tions on the hive; and when all was nicely arrang-
ed Mr. Meek replaced the cap.

To he continued July 1.

SOMETHING ABOUT HONEY mOM
THE SPANISH NEEDLE.

ALSO SOME HINTS IN HEGARD TO OETTING RID OK
SMALL ANTS.

fRIEND ROOT:— Like a general in the army,
you seem to be "headquarters" in apicul-
ture, and are continually receiving reports
from all along the line; but, luilike the gen-
eral, you send those reports right back so
that all may know what is being done.

I live near the in'ddle of a prairie— being about
two miles from timber on two sides, the other two
sides being treeless except orchards, which are
quite numerous. I haA'e but a few colonies of bees;
and when the bees have to go to the timber for pas-

ture I find those near the limber are more prosper-
ous than mine; but during the smartweed and
Spanish-needle bloom, which are our principal hon-
ey-plants here, mj' bees excel others' in producing
honey. The condition they are in at the beginning
of the honey-flow may have something to do with it,
as I endeavor to have strong colonies at that time.
The Spanish needle of which I spe'ak is different
from the Spanish needle in States further east. It
has a yellow flower, and the seed is broad and flat,
with a needle-like projection from each corner at
the outer end. The length is about the same as
those of the other variety of Spanish needle. The
honey has a yellowish tint, and is of a nice rich
flavor. I do not find this plant mentioned in the
dictionary, and it may have some other name; but
I know of no other, and I mention it particularly
because of its abundant yield of honey. We have
some white clover, but not enough to get surplus
honey from. Some of our bee-men are having
alsike clover seed sown by way of experiment, to
see whether it will be profitable.

In this section, as far as I know, wintering is gen-
erally done on summer stands, with little or no pro-
tection, except a fence or orchard for a windbreak.
I know of one man who set posts along the west
side, to the tops of which he nailed a boai-d. and
against which he stacked corn-fodder. His build-
ings served as protection on the north. I might
add, chaff cushions are used by all practical bee-
keepers within my knowledge.

Last season was not a good one for honey— about
one-third of a crop, or 40 lbs. per colony, being a
fair average. The increase was not enough to
make up the mortality of the previous winter.

I notice in the reports that some are troubled
with little rod ants in*bee-hives, eating queen-cells,
etc. No person who has not had experience knows,
or can form any idea, what a trouble and pest these
little ants can be. They will get in the cupboard,
and are especially fond of light bread, pies, cookies,
etc. The good housewife may set the legs of her
safe in water; but if one of the cups becomes dry,
or phe leaves the broom leaning against it, or it
touches the wall in any place, she is horrified to
find the little red creatures have invaded her pan-
try. If there is any thing in the world that will
make a woman scold, it is red ants. She may
brush and rub and scrape and scrub, only to have a
new army as soon as the shelves are dry. Some one
said in Gleanings, "Treat the nests with hot
water." But whoever saw a I'ed-auts' nest? They
must have had a microscope. Whj-, I should think
half a dozen full-grown red ants could get on the
head of a common brass pin, and not be crowded
either. I judge they can smell, but they must have
a small nostril. I don't know how they can find
sweets so readily unless they can smell. Last sum-
mer they got in my honey-house, in my honey, and
among my bees. The first thing I did was to clean
out my house— emptied it of every thing, and gave
it a thorough cleansing with soap and water. When
it dried (as it soon did) I saturated the floor with
kerosene, and was afterward careful not to let
honey-cans touch the side of the building. I was
not bothered with a red ant there afterward. I
then saturated the bottom-board and lower edge of a
hive, and was troubled no more in that hive. We
took covers of glass cans and set under safe-legs,
and filled the cups with the same liquid. It is soon
absorbed; but about two applications are sufficient

1886

gleani:ngs m Bee cuLtUUI--.

445

to keep these pestS away for a season. The scent
of the oil seems to be obnoxious to them, and they
will not cross where the oil has been applied. Let
those troubled with red ants try coal oil, and report
success. Geo. Wiseheart.

Ida, Clay Co., Ills., Feb. 32, 1886.

MOVING BEES IN THE DEAD OF WIN-
TER.

NOT ALW.WS FATAI,, AND SOME OTHEIJ FACTS IN
HEOAKU TO THE MATTER.

'T Struck mo that a report in regard to my suc-
IC cess in moving- bees during the past and pre-
j|L vious winters might not be out of place, as
there seems to be a great aversion to moving
an apiary during the cold season. I commenc-
ed bee-keeping with one swarm in the summer of
1881. This was moved about Christmas, by sleigh, a
distance of about 13 miles. It was in a hive holding
a frame about the size of the American.

The summer of 1882 found me with 4 swarms, the
first having swarmed three times. 'These I fed
about fO lbs. of granulated sugar, having' previous-
ly taken about 13 lbs. of honey. I packed them in
boxes, leaving about fi inches on all sides, filled with
cut straw. I again moved, about New Year's, 13
miles, and again in April, 1883, H miles, in each case
by sleigh. The four colonies wintered well; and
during that year I transferred to Simplicity hives
and increased to 14, with :{0i! lbs. of surplus honey.

I fed 73 lbs. of gramilated sugar, and mo\ed all col-
onies in October, 1883, .5 miles, to the railroad sta-
tion, and thence per car 30 miles.

After moving I transferred all to chaff hives
(Root's). I found a great many bees had died in
transit; having left the quilts on, the bees had
forced their way above, and had either died of starv-
ation or sutfocation. The day of moving was very
warm. Three of these succumbed during the win-
ter of 1883, leaving 11, spring count. During the
summer of 1881 I increaseil to 33, taking 475 lljs. of
surplus honey. I fed 143 lbs. of granulated sugar.
These were moved again in October, by wagon and
car, a distance of 80 miles; 14 were in Koot's chatT
hives, and 8 in Simplicity. The Simplicity I iiacked
in straw clamp.

A large quantitj' of very dark honey was gather-
ed during the fall, which I took to be goldenrod, as
the blossom of that plant was particularly profuse
that season. Soon after Christmas the bees began
to show signs of uneasiness; many were evidently
affected with dysentery, and on the slightest mod-
eration of the extreme cold they came out and
dropped from the alighting-board on the snow.
During the mild spell at the end of February, I
found that 16 were dead; the remaining 6 were all
either very weak, badly affected with dysentery,
or both. I fed the survivors candy. When I again
examined I found that all were gone. My consola-
tion was, that I was not alone, and that bee-keepers
nearby, with Ave times my length of experience, had
suffered a similar loss. I took heart of grace, and
in the spring of 1885 1 sent for 4 four-frame nuclei
from Viallon, and some queens from Root. The
first nucleus proved a complete failure, through a
young queen being hatched out, and the old one be-
ing destroyed. From the other three were built up

II good colonies. I took 360 lbs. of honey, extract-

ing all after the flow had ceased, and then fed 387
lbs. of granulated sugar made into syrup.

In view of the fact that I intended to move the
bees again during the coming winter, and the loss
of the previous winter, I took particular care in
fixing up. Having raised the frames about m
inches higher than their summer position bj- plac-
ing blocks under the shoulders of frames, 1 con-
tracted the brood-chamber to about two-thirds of its
usual size, leaving half the number of frames prop-
erly spaced. I then packed chalf behind the divi-
sion-board, pinned the frames to the blocks with
large tacks, arranged a space above the frames,
covered with cloth, then packed loose chatt' to fill
the upper story of the chaff hive. On the first of
February this year, the hives were removed one
mile and a half to the car, remained 3 nights and
nearly 3 days on board, during Ihe coldest snap wo
had last winter. They were then removed from
the railroad station, stored in a room for two days
and nights, then moved to the open air, the snow
piled up on the north-east and west sides, with a
slight covering over the entrance on the south.
They were then moved again April 5. On examin-
ing them T found all in excellent condition, queens
all present, raising bi-ood, and very few dead bees;
in some hives there were none at all.

1 hope not to have any more experience in mov-
ing bees in winter. I thought this report might be
of some benefit to any who may find it nccessai-y to
do so. I was much inclined to sell rather than
mo\e, but selling would have been the more expcn'
sivo way out of the difficulty.

T. Chap.ma>j (Ik ah AM.

Wingham, Ont., Canada, May 3, 188j.

Frieiitl (i., I should think you had had (ex-
perience enough in moving bees in tlie win-
ter time. If I were you I tliink 1 would stop
moving bees or else stop keeping them. We
value the facts you furnii-h, liowever.

THE LOCATION OF AN APIARY.

THE IMl'OKTANT HEAHING IT HAS UPON SUCCESS-
KUr, WINTEIUNG.

V experience corroborates the words of Mr.
France, on page 3.53 of the current volume
of GiiEANiNCS, where he says: " In the lo-
cation of an apiary I am satisfied that a
great deal of our success or ill success
comes." My home apiary is located on the south
side of our barns, and near enough them to be pro-
tected from the north wind. The other sides are
partially protected by an orchard. Here I have
wintered, on an average, 78 colonies during the past
six years; and, with the exception of winter before
last, when 13 out of 117 starved to death, I have
never lost a colonj-. Last fall I packed 155 colonies
in this yard, and I have 153 at present, one having
been stolen during the winter, and the other two
being (jucenless.

My hives are in rows running east and west, and
quite close together; and it is a noticeable fact that
the outside row on the south contains nearly all
my poorest colonies. It seems almost incredible
that one row of hives should furnish appreciable
protection to an adjoining row, yet I am unable oth-
erwise to account for the great difference between
this outside row and the rest of my colonies.
Two years ago 1 started an out-apiary. Not ap-

446

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

pi-eciating- then, as I do now, the importance of a
good windbreak to an apiarj', we selected ground
whicli slopes to the east and north-east; and where
both the north and so^ith winds have an unimped-
ed sweep. Winter before last we lost one quarter
of our bees in this apiary, while most of the others
came through mere wrecks. The past winter, one-
sixth were lost, while many of the rest are in poor
condition. Furthermore, the upper row of hives
in this apiary is placed along'a brush-grown fence
■which affords it very material shelter from the
north-west wind. And it is a fact that this row of
hives came through both winters in much better
condition than any other.

Now, if it is true, as I believe it is, that success-
ful wintering is dependent very largely on the pro-
tection which the location affords, we have one e.\-
planation of the diverse results which often come
from otherwise similar methods. So long as my ex-
perience was confined to my home apiary I did not
realize how much my successful wintering was de-
pendent on my sheltered location; and had I writ-
ten an article on the wintering problem I would
have dwelt almost entirely upon mj' method of
feeding, preparing, and packing mj^ bees for their
winter repose, while the chief element, as I now be-
lieve, in my success— the mere accident of a shel-
tered loc:.tion— would probably not have been men-
tioned.

This has been the best spring for giving the bets
an early boom that we have had since I have kept
bees. For ten days in April we had summer weath-
er which forced fruit-bloom along at least two
weeks ahead of its usual time. It is already on the
■wane, while iu other years it has usually been on-
ly fairly begun at this date. Last year, hard ma-
ples were fairly opened for honey-gathering on the
9th of May; this year, the bees were roaring
among them on the 32d of April. .Tas. McNeilt^.

Hudson, N. Y., May 10, 1S86.

BEE-STINGS TOR RHEUMATISM.

AN EXPEDITIOUS WAY OF APPLYING THE MEDICINE.

f^ HE following article was written by my friend
^" Wm. Vennamore, for the Maxwell Tribune. I
> had advised liiin to use the bee-sting cure for
his rheumatism; but I didn't suppose he
would put a "small paper sack well filled"
up his pants leg. It has caused ever so much laugh-
ter and merriment here among*the neighbors; but
his rheumatism has disappeared.

D. E. Brub.^kek.
Maxwell, Storey Co., la.. May 1.5, 188f).
Mr. Editor:— I have been afflicted with rheuma-
tism for some time, and have tried most of the
remedies said to bo good for such disease, but re-
ceived little benetit. One day last wtek I thought
the good Samaritan had come, in the person of Mr.
D. E. Brubaker: perhaps you are acquainted with
him; he has a bee-ranch south of town; a clever fel-
low, too, he is. He told me bee stings were the best
thing in the world for rheumatism, and if he should
ever have it he would try the t)ee remedy sure.
Thinks I, ■we've got the medicine right here at
home, and it won't cost any thing, and 1 will just try
a few: I think people as a rule take too much med-
icine any way; better try morfe home remedies. So.
provided with a small paper sack and some courage
(for I must confess I was always a little careful not
to disturb bees, for it hinders them from gathering
honey, you knowi, I held the open sack at their en-
trance and soon had it well tilled with the buzzing
creatures. I then made straight for the house
and gave sack and bees to wife and held open my

pants leg and said, "Now start 'em uji." She
pushed sack and all up arm's length, and laughed a
little, and asked, " Are they going ? " Says I, " You
bet !" Just then one administered, and I grabbed
for him (as is natural on such occasions), and from
that every last one laid to, and four doctors with
eight resurrecters couldn't do business so lively as
those bees did. I, in a rather commanding manner
and tone, screamed for wife to take 'em out, but
she seemed to be slow about it, so I got out, and
left breeches and bees in the same room, and I
went to bed in untold misery, and two times as
mad to think I would try everybody's remedies.
After this, others can try bee-cures and bee-meu's
remedies, and I will try Hostetter's or McLlain's
remedies. Hay Seed B.

Friend B., the principal point to me in
the above little sketch is, that the rheuma-
tism has disappeared. I am inclined to
think, however, a smaller dose would have
answered every purpose. Many of our read-
ers will remember the facts that have been
brought forward iu our back volumes. I
think that it is pretty well settled that poi-
son from bee-stings is many times a cure
for rheumatism.

SMALL COLONIES, AND MOTH WORMS.

THE UEASON WHY A SMALL COLONY CAN NOT

Sl'OHE .\S MUCH HONEY PRO R.\TA AS A

LARGE ONE.

J; T is said by some, that a weak or small colony
t will store as much honey, pro rata to the num-
l berof bce-i, as will a large one; but I think
■ this has not been clearly proven. To substan-
tiate the theory, it is argued that a colony
having two combs of brood, and bees enough to
cover them, being placed in a full hive of combs,
will store as much extracted honey in proportion
to their numbers as will a full colony having eight
frames of brood in the lower storj% the same being
tiered three or four stories high. The argument
holds good in all except one particular, and in this
it is very deficient. Let us look into their workings
a little. The full hive has brood to the capacity of
the queen, so that the tiering-up of the other stories
on top does not increase the amount of brood any,
especially when a honey-board is used so as to pre-
vent the queen going " up stairs." Thus the bees
have only so much brood to feed as the storing ad-
vances, and the colony has a large force of bees in
excess of their brood.

Well, how about the small colony? The queen
has brood to only Jibout one-fourth of her capacity,
while the brood is in excess of the bees— so much
so that I have often seen ,500 bees keeping from
31)00 to .5000 of brood; and as in the small colony
the queen is not restricted as to egg-laying only by
the n limber of bees, her brood advances in excess
of the mature bees all the while until the limit of
the hive or her capacity is reached. Then we find
these few bees struggling hard to supply the wants
of the brood all through the honey-harvest, so that,
when said harvest is as short as it is here, the re-
sult proves to be, at the end, little or no honey,
with a host of useless consumers raised from this
brood to eat the little honey the small colony have
succeeded in laying up. I think I have made the
matter so plain without further enlargement, that
all will see the force of the argument, and have all
strong colonies by unitirg the weak ones, or other-
wise building them up early. If the (lueen could
be restricted to only the two combs, then the pro-

1886

GLEANINGS LN BEE CULTURE.

447

rata yield might hold good; but whoiv would the
bees come from for wintering? Strong- eolonics at
the time of the honey-flow is about the only thing:
that can give the apiarist any assurance of success.
Because the Syrian race of bees will not build up
with me before the honey-harvest, and commence
to breed rapidly as soon as it docs come, so that
they work on the same phin as does a small colony,
is the reason for my discarding them. That the
Italians will give more bees at just the right time,
and less at all other times than any other varietj-,
is the reason for my preference for them.

MOTH-WORMS.

Lately I have been reading- that moths "will nev-
er breed in combs that contain no bee-bread," the
idea being- advanced that, if no jiollen is contained
in our section honey, we need have no fear of the
larva of the wax-moth injuring- the nice cappings
of the combs. I wish that such were the case, for
then no one need fear the moth in section honey, as
those containing- pollen could be left with tlie bees
to care for till late in the season, or treated with
burning suljihur. Quiuby says, page 144 of his
"Mysteries of Bee-Keeping," " Worms work only
on the surface, eating: nothing- but the sealing- of
the cells;" again, " JT'a.r, not honey, is their food"
and tells us all about how we must destroy these
worms, unless we would have the nice cappings of
our cells destroyed. From former years' experi-
ence I know that boxes of surplus honey have had
all the sealing to the cells eaten otf bj' the moth-lar-
vR', when not a cell containing- pollen was to be
found, while a friend had nearly one-half of his
surplus honey ruined for mai-ket in 18T4 by not
knowing that he must look after the worms. I
have seen moth-larvai thriving- both between sheets
of fdn. and cakes of wax; and I know that this
pollen theory regarding the wax-moth is not— but,
hold on ! At Deti-oit, at the National Convention,
this same theorj' was advanced in a discussion of
this question, to which I listened very attentivelj-.
One brother stated that he had found worms living
in a box of wax, when the strongest advocate of the
pollen matter told us that there was no wax on the
market, or to be found, which did not contain pol-
len. So it would seem that there is no use for me
to say any thing regarding what I am certain of,
for there is pollen everywhere, so it matters not
whether side-storing or top storing is adopted, as
there is pollen enough in the wax of our comb to
breed moths. I wish to say, however, that, as a
rule, I get more cells of pollen in the boxes at the
top of the hive than I do in those at the sides, and
in neither place do I get pollen enough to be seen
or tested in more than one section out of 300. One
thing I am glad to say, which is, that we have little
trouble in this locality now with moth-worm to
what we did ten or fifteen years ago; and had
Quinby lived to Avrite his book at this time, instead
of lH(i5, that chapter concerning the ease of box-
honey, to keep it from the moths, would pi-obably
never have been written. Still, it is always well to
keep a good lookout for this pest, and I give this
warning in time, so none need be "caught naj)-
ping." G. M. DooLiTTi.E.

Borodino, N. Y., May, 1880.

Friend I)., if I have ever taken the posi-
tion that a nucleus would store as much
honey as a full colony, I think I must have
been oft from the track. Circumstances,
however, might haye something to do with

it. If a nticleus were made of frames of
brood taken from a full colony, there might
be a period when the bees from this brood
would be of just such an age that they would
gather honey etpial to a full colony, "in pro-
portion to their numbers. At such a time,
when a young ([ueen commences to lay, be-
fore they have larvie to nurse, I do not
know but that they might, for a few days,
gather more honey "than a full colony. I
have often noticed weak colonies, however,
that became weak from spring dwindling
(when there were not bees enough to prop-
erly care for the brood) that would gather
hardly enougli stores to keep them from
starving, wlien full colonies were working
heavily in boxes. I remember one spring
when the bees were so cross, just before the
fruit-bloom, we could hardly open a hive,
or do any thing with them. Well, fruit-
bloom, came out and every thing was lovely
— bees were gentle, and easy to handle.
But one day I came suddenly upon a colony
that was so ugly it seemed to me they could
not have had notice of the abundant yield
of honey evident in every other hive; and,
come to get the combs out, sure enough
there were sa few bees that could be spared
to go into the fields they had hardly a drop
of new honey, and were as cross as if none
had come at all.

In regard to moth-worms and pollen, I
feel quite well satisfied that moth-worms
are a good deal worse in combs containing
some pollen, although I presimie likely they
often work to some extent in combs where
little or no pollen is visible. I have never
seen moth-worms on combs of newly made
foundation ; but one of our customers re-
ports finding moth-worms among sheets of
foundation laid away in a box. In this lat-
ter case it is evident they were feeding on
beeswax : for if any pollen should stay in
the wax through the operati(m of melting
and dipping, it must certainly be in ex-
tremely minute quantities.

SUB-EARTH VENTILATION".

SOME FACTS IN THE MATTER BY ONE WHO HAS
PRETTY THOROUGHLY GONE OVER THE GROUND.

fKIEND ROOT:— I see that you and a number
of your correspondents are considerablj- ex-
ercised over the subject of sub-earth ventila-
tion. Mr. C. C. Miller has an inquiring and
suggesting article in April Gleanings, pages
258-'9, in which he is investigating- the matter by ex-
periment. This ground was all explored years>go
by Prof. John Wilkinson, whose place of residence,
some six or seven years ago was in Brooklyn, N. Y.
Prof. Wilkinson is a civil engineer, and he patented
a process of warming- buildings V)y a system of sub-
earth ventilation. He applied his system to dairy-
i-ooms, stables, and barns, and proposed introducing
it into dwellings. In fitting- up a dairy cellar, to
get the most perfect results the walls were insulat-
ed by studding- inside, and lining- with building-
paper, thus creating a deadair space betwoon the
paper and walls. The depth of the ventilating-pipQ
varied from 5 to 12 feet. In New York, and lati-
tudes further nortli, 5 feet was deep enough for
summer xentilation for a dairy-room. In the lati-

418

GLEANINCJS IN liEE CULTUilE.

June

of any arrangements now in operation,
made on the professor's plans, or to hear
that he is still living and accessible.

PUTTING UP AND SHIPPING HONEY.

SOME EXCELLENT HINTS FKO.M A PAPER HEAD AT
THE WESTERN BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

fHIS br.inoh of industry has {frown, in the
last few years, bsyonl the anticipation
of the oldest apiarists., A few yeai-s ago
our city and country trade was supplied
by not more than a baker's dozen of our
local bee-men, and they could not find sale for
all they produced, without shipping- it to distant
markets, and waiting-, perhaps, a whole season for
their returns. For a man then to have shijiped a
cai-load of honey to Kansas City would have been
suicidal to his finances. How different do we find it
to-diiyl Kansas City makes ready disposition of all
her home yield, in addition to larg-e shipments from
New York, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa,
Nebraska, Te.xas, North Carolina, Louisiana, Florida,
and California. A reference to the American Bee
Jimrnal shows that Kansas City's quotations have
been as high, or higher, than those of all other com-
peting markets.

During the last season, we, as a firm, sold from
100,000 to iaj,003 of 1-lb. sections of comb; from
!t.),000 to 100,000 lbs. of 2-lb. section comb, and 60,000
to 7.5,000 lbs. of extracted honey. .\dd to this, 50 per
cent for the remainder of the trade, and we have
the round figures of 335,000 lbs. of comb, and over
lilO, 000 lbs. of extracted honey. These figures indi-
cate that the "busy bee" must "improve each
shining hour" more diligently to keep pace with
Kansas City's love for honej'.

Prices have ranged from 15 to 18 cents for 1-lb.
sections; 11 to 10 cents for 3-lb. sections, and from 3
to 7 cents for extracted honey.

WHAT STYLE OF PACKAGE IS BEST ADAPTED FOR
SHIPPING HONEY?

In commercial economy there is, to the producer,
nothing of greater importance than the subject of
transportation. In regard to the size, style, weight,
and composition of packages and sections, there
should be some uniformity of strength, and pro-
vision foi- easy examination of their contents. The
most of the dealers are beginning to consider this
])oint, for they discover that honey which is start-
ed to market as first class, ma3-, on account of the
packages, reach its destination as second class.
The California producers have not yet adopted the
1-lb. section; hence most of the 3-lb. comb comes
from California; but as they have already begun to
agitate this mattei", it will not be long before they
adopt the 1-lb. frames, because they will discover
that they can get more money for their honey.
They use now exclusively 3-lb. frames; there being
3f frames to the case, and weighing in all about 60
pounds. We do not consider this a desirable size of
package, but we would recommend the California
l>ackage for extracted. It consists of a case con-
taining two tin cans, each can having a screw toj),
and holding sixty pounds. This is far preferable to
barrels or half-barrels. Dealers universally prefer
It. Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa, use a very con-
venient size package for 1 lb. sections. If we re-
member correctly it contains tO frames to the case,
and weighs about ;!5 pounds net. The trade takes

tude of Topeka, Kansas, where the hot south winds
blow almost constantly through the summer, and
the air is very dry, he recommended 13 feet depth
and 300 feet in length for the tile ditch.

To cause a draft, the outlet pipe was connected
with a tine, and a gentle heat, by steam or other
moans, caused a draft in the flue. This draft was
regulated by dampers. In order to warm cellars in
the cold north(^rn latitudes in Avinter, the conditions
would require to be reversed, and a deep ditch
made for the air-duct. Tile or stone was used for
these tubes — fiat stones for covering being pre-
ferred to tile.

The professor had also a patent for constructing
a perfect horse-stable. He gave a great deal of at-
tention to building stables and barns, with a view
to warmth, pure air, and comfort. Certificates from
the owners of dairy-rooms spolte very highly of his
sub-earth system. Prof. Wilkinson supplied plans
and specifications for sub earth repositories, charg-
ing about iflO.tO, which is much better than to try
to constr-uct one Ijy feeling the way by experiment-
ing. If he is still living— he was in his TO's when I
last corresponded with him— he could supply relia-
ble information for the construction of sub-earth
ventilators, with plans, cost, and all information
required. My books were burned which contained
the professor's address, but doubtless a letter would
reach him, if still alive, directed to Brooklyn, N. Y.

Rising Sun, Ml. E. E. EwiNO.

Many thanks, friend PI, for your timely
suggestions. My attention was first called
to the matter of sub-earth ventilation by
articles in the papers from Prof. Wilkinson.
I afterward corresponded with him in regard
to the matter, and he gave me a plan for a
bee-cellar; but at the lime I thought it too
elaborate and too much machinery. You
recall one item I had forgotten, and that is,
that these sub-earth ducts can be used in
the summer for keeping our rooms cool, as
well as in winter for keeping them warm.
Now the mysteiy to me is, why this matter
has been droi)ped while such a wonderful
field is open to us in the way of saving fuel
by introducing air for ventilation, already
raised to the temperature of the earth. If I
remember, he recommended that the doors
be made to shut as nearly air-tight as possi-
ble, that the windows be" screwed down, and
that all joints be made ait-tight with putty.
I am afraid, however, that during this beau-
tiful May weather, when the balmy air just
after a summer shower is being wafted in
at the open doors and windows, it would be
a pretty hard matter to induce people to keep
the windows down, and sealed hermetically
with putty, while air for ventilation came in
only through long underground pipes. I still
have very strong faith, however, that sub-
earth veiitilation may play a very important
part in greenhouses— especially greenhouses
having no heat except the heat of the earth
and the heat of the sun. We should never
need to open the ventilators in the roof, ex-
cept when the heat of the sun is sufficient
to demand letting some of the heated air
out. This would start a current through the
sub-earth tubes, and we could have a good
current of air for a longer time without
reducing the temperature as we do with the
usual appliances. I should be glad to hear

1886

GLEANLNGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

44!)

to this size of package as kindly asit does to smallei-
cases of 20 or 25 poiiuds.

We find that Missouri has a g-reatcr variety of
packaffes than has any other State. We urge that
your society exert its early and strongest influence
to establish some uniformity in this direction. We
suggest that, for one-pound frames, you pack two
or three dozen in a case; and for two-pound frames,
one or two dozen in a case— our preference in the
latter instance being for one dozen in a case. We
had so little call for the half-pound frames that we
would recommend the abandoning of that size of
section. Another suggestion, by M'ay of improve-
ment, is to mark plainly on every package the cor-
rect gross weight, tare and net, as well as the uum-
ber of sections.

Wc can not, in this connection, refrain from re-
ferring to the highly important subject of the use
of glass with honey packages. We have always in-
sisted, and still affirm, that it is improper to
glass every section. It does not take the consumer
long to discover, when he is buying a pound sec-
tion, that one quarter of it is glass. The conse-
quence is, that you can not sell him many more
such sections; and V(C suggest, therefore, that glass
be used only in the front of each case.

In reference to the comparative merits of the
different shipments of honey from different sections
of the country, we will add that we have received
consignments of e.x'tracted honey from North Caro-
lina, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Te.xas. The finest-
flavored honey came from North Carolina, and it
was made from the huckleberry. It brought the
highest price. The poorest honey came from Louis-
iana, and it was almost impossible to sell it; it
looked and tasted more like molasses than honcj'.

PUTTING HONEY IN PROPER PACKAGES.

Now permit us to say a word respecting the pi"es-
ervation of honey, in taste or flavor. Some pro-
ducers seem to think that all that is necessary is to
preserve it in bulk— to see that none 'of it is lost.
Now, the best of honey, like the proof of the pud-
ding, is in the tasting. For illustration: We re-
ceived a shipment of comb honey from Texas,
■which was made in water-buckets. The only virtue
of this receptacle is, that the bees could have abun-
dance of room for working in it. The bee had done
his part, and brought to this " bucket-shop " of na-
ture's choicest sweets, but the beekeeper had de-
teriorated the honey just one-half its original worth
by giving the bee an improper package in which to
work. We suppose that he, with others, thought
that Kansas City was such a " mushroom-opolis" of
a market that, no matter what the quality of the
honey might be, or the style of the package in
which the honey was shipped, it would still com-
mand as high a price as his neighbor's honey
which was shipped in a proper package. Let him
take a lesson from the busy bee, and prepare his
packages as thoroughly as the little insect worker
makes his cells, and the honey will retain its natural
flavor.

In regard to next season's crop, wc have no direct
information, except from California, which State
promises a yield worthy the searchers after the Gol-
den Fleece. This State has been blessed with an abun-
dance of rain this season, which has made the val-
leys and hillsides bloom like the rose. A profusion
of wild flowers encarpets the low grounds, while
the mountain-sides arc draped with an extraordi-
nary growth of the white sage, which shrub consti-

tutes three-fourths of the bees' supply. While those
active insect-workers are improving each shining
hour, Ictus put in our time with honest endeavors,
both to pr(>serve in perfection all the native quali-
ties of this delightful product of dame Nature's del-
icate art, and to impi-ove all the facilities for put-
ting it in easy reach of the consumer.

Clemons, Cr.ooN & Co.
Kansas City, Mo., May, 1886.

Friends C, C. & Co., we pronounce the
above tiptop, and we take pleasure in laying
it before our readers, even if it does savor a
little of advertising your house. Our read-
ers will hnd the package you recommend
for shipping extracted honey, illustrated
and described on page 274, April 1.

THE MATTER OP DISPOSING OF SEW-
AGE.

SOME SUGGE.STIONS FROM ONE OF OUR ENGLISH

FRIENDS, IN KEGARD TO THE WAY THEY

MANAGE IT.

T" SEE in Gleanings that you ask your readers
,s|? to let you hear what they know about the dis-
W posal of sewage. In England we have: 1. The
"^ earth system; 2. The precipitation system;
3. The water system.

The first of these is most applicable to country
places: we have several in our small village. In-
stead of a wheelbarrow we use a tin pail and ashes,
or dried earth, which the owner removes as suits
him. The second system is mixing the sewage with
chemicals in tanks. The water is discharged ap-
parently clear, and the residue is mixed scaveng-er's
refuse, which has been passed through a riddle,
and the larger matter calcined. The third system
is the hooding of land with sewage by gravitation
or pumping. Cheltenham, a town of 42,000 inhabit-
ants (10 miles from here) sends the whole of the
sewage water to a distance of about 3 miles, over a
face of 131 square miles. The houses, some 8000 in
number, are generally jirovided with watei'ciosets;
it is conveyed, first, to tanks 44 yards by 10 yards by
eight feet deep, in which, by a certain rough filtra-
tion, it is separated from its heavier mud, and the
remainder flows onward to the land. The overflow
is made to drive a turbine, bj' which the sludge is
lifted above the level of the ground close by, where
the house-ash, with other town refuse, wheeled by
the scavenger-cart, is placed so as to receive it, and
is doled out to the farmers at about 2 shillings per
yard. Few of the sewage farms pay, I have heard,
and then only on very light land.

I suppose you have heard we have had a long and

bad winter for bees, and I hear of a good many

losses. I believe we have over 10,000 bee-keepers,

and our honey was down to 7 @ 8 pence, best comb.

Arthur W. Leatham.

Misardcn, Cirencester, Eng., March 9, 1886.

Thanks, friend L. Since my articles on
the subject quite a number of very ingenious
plans have been submitted to me. Perhaps
the best one in use, especially in large pub-
lic buildings, is the plan adopted in the
schools of Toledo, Ohio, and several other
places. This plan is somewhat as follows :
The buildings are warmed by hot air. The
hot air, after having performed its office,
is carried down beneath the water-closets
(which in this case are closets without wa-

4-50

GLEA^liNGS i:>I UEE CULTUUE.

June

tfi), and tliis great volume of dried air is
sufficient to take up and absorb all the
moisture contained, so tliat the accumula-
tions of several weeks, from a hirge scliool,
may be carried away on a common wlieelbnr-
row. This foul air, charged with dami)ness
and gases, is set free from the top of a large
shaft, or chimney, which carries it up so
higli in the air that ils presence is never no-
ticed in the neighborliood. 1 do not know
just how^ the arrangement works in the
summer time. Probably sufficient heat is
maintained to keep the current of air pass-
ing up the large chimney. For towns and
lural districts.! am inclined to tliink, how-
ever, tluit tiie plcin I suggested is the cheap-
est and safest, especially when the owner of
the premises has a little plat for plants and
fruit.

DO BEES HEAR?

OK DO TUEV FEEL THE VIBIiATIONS?

0N page 305, Ernest saj's that queens do not
"zesp, zeep," for their 'Own pleasure. Why
not? If a queen is "chock full" of happi-
ness, what is to hinder her letting- off a lit-
tle of the pressure in the shape of an audible
" zccp, zeep"? or if she is in a strange place, ex-
pecting every mcment to be her last, with her heart
rising up in her throat, as it were, wouldn't It re-
lieve the nervous pressure, and perhaps save her
life, to let off the "zeep, zeep"? Once I knew a
boy. He was a bad boy. He went to a Fourth-of-
July celebration, and he would climb trees. His
mother and his two aunts and three sisters spent
all the forenoon pulling him down by the feet; but
while they were eating dinner he slipped away and
climbed a tree, fell out of it, and broke his arm.
The doctor came and set it then and there, the boy
yelling, one heart-piercing yell after another, all
the time. The women - folks promised him candy
and peanuts, lemonade, and ice-cream if he would
only hush; but the doctor said, "Let him j-ell all he
wants to. It's good for him— relieves the nervous
pressure." The boy was scared, all broken up, and
the explosive sounds from his lungs eased him off
and he soon went to sleep.

If bees feel thing3, vibrations of the air, and un-
derstand them, perhaps the zeep, zeep, causes a vi-
bration that they feel and understand.

Years ago, on the last day of school we had a pic-
nic. All the children, with baskets and buckets and
bouquets, marched out to the woods to eat dinner.
Among the children, laughing and running, was a
deaf girl; she could not hear the least sound; but
in addition to her laugh she uttered a shrill sound
that sounded more like a horse in pain than any
thing I can think of. She was having a splendid
time; but the sound she made from time to time
did not tell the story. Another time, on our way
home from church we stopped a few minutes when
she and her sisters were swinging; and while we
talked with one sister the other swung the deaf
girl; and each time, as the swing went up, the deaf
girl uttered that piercing sound; this time it was
fear, but it had exactly the same sound as her notes
of gladness at the picnic. It puzzled me, that the
sound to express Joy and that for fear should be
the same, and I resolved to find out if all deaf per-
sons make the same sounds, but have npygr had

opportunity to do so. This girl afterward married,
and lived within about a>) rods of the railroad. She
had two little girls, ai:d they were always playing
about, i-ometimes on the railroad. I worried over
the matter for years, and cften thought I would
stop and ask her to watch the children, but 1 was
not very well acquainted. Finally I did ask her if
she was not afraid to let the children plaj- on the
railroad.

"No," said she, " I always know when the train is
coming— I feel it, and I look out for them." She
was not born deaf and dumb, liut lost her hearing
from scarlet fever wIk'h alioutajear oLl, before
she had learned to talk.

As to the queen piping to call out the swarm, I
thought we were taught that the queen did not
man-jge the swarming; and if her piping means joy
or fright, perhaps she felt the excitement that was
all through the hive, and gave voice to it. Who
knows? Maiial.v B. Chaddock.

Vermont, Illinois.

Mrs. ('., you liave certainly given us some
new ideas on the subject, and there is no
doubt Init that you are rigiit. The deaf girl
knew how to utter only one sound, so she
used that sound on all occasions. She was
sometliing like the amateur fiddler, who ex-
plained to liis audience that he knew only
one tune, and therefore -he always played
that tirst. Strange, wasn't it? Well, now,
may be it is the same way with the queen
and her " zeep, zeep, zeep."

DO BEES HEAR ?— SOMETHING FURTHER.

You say that bees can hear a queen if she is on
a frame held at some distance from a frame with
other bees. Can they hear if one frame is on the
ground, and the other in j-our hand? or do they,
when they make a piping, jar the comb enough so
it will telejihone the jar to the other bees ? I tried
it in this way: I fed them a teaspoonful of honey at
the entrance every night this spring; at the same
time I hit the spoon on the bottom-board (mine
are portico hives), and they always came out at the
signal, and it would start them buzzing if I rubbed
my finger lightly on the hive. I then took a bell and
rang it when I fed. I practiced this Avith my 49 col-
onies every night for some time, always hitting the
hive in some way before they would start. Now, if
they hear, why wouldn't they take the bell as a sig-
nal without my first jarring them ? J. L. Hyde.

Pomfret Landing, Conn., May l\ 1886.

STARTING BEES INTO SECTIQNS.

CAN HYBItlDS BE H.\.Nr)LED AS E.4SII.Y AS IT.iL-
lANS, IF MANAGED RIGHTLY?

■JTp BEE-KEEPER said to me last spring, " Why
gfl^ do you let your bees swarm, if 3'ou want
j^P honey and not an increase? "
'*^*^ I answered, " If I knew how to jircvent it I
would never have them swarm."
He answered, " Keep thpm busy— too busy tq
swarm."

I took the frames out last season as soon as they
were filled. I had one swarm. This season I have
not had a swarm so far. Six colonies are just fill-
ing sections right along, as fast as I ever saw them
filled. I had some trouble to get two colonies to go
up into ttie sections, but I put a frame of brood iu

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

451

the upper stoi-y, and they comiiicnccd next day to
store in those next to the brood. Now they are all
six at it.

I have seen so nmeh about ci'oss liybrids, that
from tlie first 1 anticipated much trouble witli
them. I have never had a cross colony. I do not
know why; but I often go through a hive, lifting
out every frame, and never use a smoker. Some-
times they show a little disposition to flght; but a
pulf or so of smoke subdues them. 1 have never
owned a cross colony, fan you tell why? You
said, some lime back, that in the fall, when honey
was scarce, tlicy would fight fearfully. Last fall 1
had to examine them to Hud out if thc.\' had enougli
to winter on. I took from s«)mc and supi>lied oth-
ers, and thej- were as quiet as at any other time.
Once mj' little boj' set a frame ofuiisealod lioney
down that I had given him to take into the house,
and they commenced to rob; but I closed every en-
trance so as to admit only about one bee at a time,
and next day things were as quiet as usual.

Jehu G. Postell.

Orangeburg, Orangelairg Co., S. C, May 7, US'j.

I am inclined to tliink, friend P., that you
may not always be a.s successi'td as you li;tve
been in having gentle bees, altlioiigli very
much depends on the way b?es are handled.
If you do not get hold of a colony pretty
soon that takes the conceit out of you, then
I shall l)e somewhat mistaken, especially if
yoti run your numbers up into the forties
and fifties.

SOMETHING FKOM OUK GOOD FKIEND
CYULA LINSWIK.

now IlEll ItEES WINTEUED THIS YEAK.

u

f(3R he on honey-dew hath fed.
And drunk the milk of Paradise."
These lines from Coleridge, slightly
changed, as thus—
Since the.y on honey-dew have fed,
Thej' sij) tlie sweets of Paradise,
We have chosen as an appropriate and suggestive
epitaph for eighteen colonies of Italian bees now
sporting in the Elyslan fields. They died during
the past winter and spring; each snugly packed in
chaff on its summer stand. Forty-four colonies re-
main to us. A largo majority of these are good;
the remainder considerably below the average
standard for this locality at this date, May 10.

Intimations in late numbers of Gle.^kings, that
the wintering problem is growing unseasonable, for-
bid my telling the story in detail, impossible as it
might be to refrain from adding thereto inference,
speculation, and opinion. But we have received, in
days past, too much credit for our success with
outdoor wintering— shall I say our good fortune,
rather ?— to a^'oid this lirief public confession of
failure.

We doubt not that the friends with whom we oft
have mourned will rejoice to sympathize with us.
Nor will any one of them, surely, l)c cruel enough
to say, "I told you so I " Cyul.v Linswik.

Very likely the honey- dew which the poets
wrote about in olden time was different
from the kind we have nowad;iys, friend
Cyula; or perhaps they didu't have any
honey-dew at all, and talked about some-
thing nobody knew any thing about, as we
sometimes do, even in this latter age. —
Now, I am not glad that you and yoar sister

have had a little experience in winter losses,
but I am glad that you come out so prompt-
ly ami own up. 1 have sometimes been
forced to conclude that it was more good
fortune than good management; but you
see you did not feed them on sugar syr-
up. May be, now, you will be more ready
to agree with friend Ileddon and myself.—
It is true we have beeji obliged to pass by a
good many reports in regard to wintering ;
but we have never felt like passing l)y any
thing from you or yom- sister, therefore we
want you to remember that there are exce])-
tions to this rule as well as to almost all
rules ; and when you feel jnrmqjtcd to write
any thing, don't repress the incUnation, but
let us have it.

A STBANGE FACT IN REGARD TO
QUEEN-BEES.

A FACT THAT IS ALSO OF CONSIDErtABLE IMPOK-
TANCE.

} WONDER if others have queens faint away
and come to again, as some of ours have done.
Last summer, in looking for a queen we could
notfind her in the hive; but when about clos-
ing up I saw her lying quietly on the alighting-
board, where some of the combs had been set. I
picked her up in my hand, and she appeared dead —
no life at all. My first thought was of tossing her
awaj-; but the next thought was to drop her in
the hive among the bees. I did so, and in a week I
examined the hive and she was laying all right, but
showed signs of a little weakness. She was a young-
queen, fertile only ten days or so, but she has not
kept her hive so well filled with brood as some oth-
ers, and now she is but one year old. I think I shall
give the colony a more vigorous queen.

About five years ago, on looking through a hive
lor a queen I could not find her. I looked on the
bottom-board, and there she was, apparently dead.
I took her up in my hand; and as I wanted to save
a dead queen to show to visitors, I told the attend-
ant to lay her on a big box a rod away, until I went
into tiie house. What was mj* astonishment, when,
on going for my dead (jueen, to find her surround-
ed with two or three dozen of her own bees (I sup-
pose), all doing homage to her, their heads mostly
all turned toward her, and caressing her with their
antenme. I put her back in the hive and she was,
to all appcai'ance, a well queen for a year or more.

Again, in swai-ming time my wife caught a queen
in a cage with a few bees, and laid them in the sun,
intending to take care of her soon, but forgot her
for two hours or so; when found she was apparent-
ly dead. I placed her in a hive, and she revived
and lived to do good service.

One fall, after uniting several nuclei, we forgot a
queen and a few bees we had hunted out and did
not care to save, but disliked to kill her, sq we put
her in a cage and laid it on the ground, intending
to put her on top of brood-frames in some colony,
thinking possibly wc might find a hive queenless.
She layout all that night; we had a hard white
frost, and next morning I found that she and all
the bees would shake round in the cage a< if dead.
I put tl'.e cage on top of a colony of bees for a day
or so, and on going to it all were as liveli', apparent-
ly, as if nothing had happened.

0;u' bees have wintered very finely indeed; those

4-52

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

Junk

outdoors are at this date at least one-third stronger
than those wintered in the cellar. All were packed
in straw, but they were one-third stronger and bet-
ter colonies last fall. AVe had several nuclei quite
weak last tall. Wo crowded the bees on to two well-
flUed combs, and packed with straw all around, and
put in the cellar. They all wintered, and to-day bid
fair to make fine colonies in a month or so.

Xhe spring seems very forward. Apple-trees
bloomed two weeks or more earlier than last year.

I think Mr. Heddon's book well worth the money.
There arc some very practical suggestions in it. I
disagree with him, however, in regard to women
and invalids keeping bees. I think a few colonies
just the right stimulus for invalids— better than al-
cohol or wine; and as for ladies, 1 wonder how
manj' successful men there are in the business with-
out the help and co-operation of some woman,
either wife, daughter, or sister. L. C. AxTEi.ii.

Roseville, 111., May 13, 18H6.

Friend A., you may reiuember this sub-
ject has been up before. From your descrip-
tion I should think you had met with sus-
pended animation, occurring from two or
more causes. My first experience in the
matter was wlien buying (pieens some years
ago of a neighbor. All of a sudden a queen
we had cauglit doubled herself up as if she
had been stung, and was apparently lifeless.
I thought her dead, but he said he had oft-
en seen them do that, and that she would
come out all right if we would put her
among the bees and let her alone. Sure
enough, wlien the hive was opened, an hour
afterward, she seemed as well and natural
as ever. I have since seen it several times,
especially when picking queens off from the
combs to send them away ; they seem knot-
ted up as if in a cramp, and I doubt not that
many queens have been tlu'own away for
dead when it was only this feature of sus-
pended animation. The case you mention,
where queens were found on tiie bottom of
the hive, can not be so easily explained. I
had supposed it was cai'sed only by fright
or improper handling. I have often seen
queens and bees, apparently dead in their
cages, from the effects of cold, and nothing
else. I have also seen queens, when left
away from the bees, frozen until the frost
was plainly visible on their bodies ; Init in
every case where they revived when warmed
up, they laid worker-eggs just as well as
usual, so far as we could see.— Jf agree with
you in your concluding remarks in regard to
bee-keeping for women.

LAWNS AND LA'WN-MAKING.

SOME PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN THE MATTER
FROM FRIEND TERRY, THE POTATO-MAN.

fRIEND HOOT: — You did a nice thing when
you hunted up a simple, cheap lawn-mower
to sell to your readers. I have no doubt
there will be more pretty lawns where Glean-
ings goes, as the result. And what is more
beautiful than a smooth green lawn? Why do we
not see more of them in the country ? It is not a
very difficult matter to grade the ground and sow
the seed; nor is it a hard job to run the lawn-
mower over the yard once a week or so. Any man
with half an eye for beauty would feel amply paid

for the trouble, by the beautiful, even coat of
green that would i-esult. And then it is so nice for
the wife and daughters, when they hang out the
clothes, on washing-daj% or when they are tending
to their flower-beds.

Possibly the writer's experience might help some
who are thinking about a lawn. Our yard was vei"y
uneven and rough when we came here -an old farm-
yard. We did not attempt to make a lawn until wc
had a now house built, as the digging of a new cel-
lar would sj)oil it all; but wc set out trees, hedges,
etc., with reference to future grading. A yeai' ago
this spring we began on the yard by spading it all
over deeply. Then, every few days, all summer,
we went over it with the Acme harrow, and hoed
around the trees where we couldn't get with the har-
row. Where there were hollows wc drew in dirt,
and whore it was too high we took oS' a little. In
this way by fall wc had it inctty well gi'aded, and
the horseradish, tansy, and numerous other such
plants as those found in all old farmyards, thor-
oughly dis))osed of. About the last of August we
fixed it up as smooth and nice as possible, and
sowed on blue-grass seed and timothy, seme four or
five times as much as we would on the same amount
of ground in the field. Then we rolled it by hand
with a part of our flcld-roUer fi.ved uji for the occa-
sion. Next, boards were laid down to walk on,
where we were intending to have paths in the fu-
ture. No manure was used, although some fine
rotten compost would have been an advantage;
but we did not have any. The seed came up finely,
and the lawn was quite green by winter. We let it
grow this spring until it was, the best of it, some
eight inches high. Then we mowed it over with a
scythe, and, after the nest rain, rolled it, and soon
began using the little lawnmower wc got of you.
We have been o\er it twice already (May 20), and
have got a pretty fair-looking lawn, tor a young
one. It will probably be best not to cut it very
much inore this first season, unless it is very wet.
At all events, it should be allowed to grow up in the
fall. Of course, the most of the show now comes
from the timothy; but the blue grass is growing,
and will make a heavy sod in time, and displace the
timothy. No such lawn could have been got the
first season from the lilue grass alone, although in
time that will be all that is needed to make a
splendid turf.

Lately we have been making roads and paths; for
one good thing, you see, leads to another. We took
the boards all up that we had been walking on dur-
ing the winter, and cut out about five inches of soil,
and then drew in gravel and filled up. Of course,
some pains were taken to lay out the road and paths
so as not to have them look stifi', aud so the.v would
be as convenient as possible. It took about 80 tons
of gravel, aud was quite a job; but it is a perma-
nent iinprovement, aud it did not cost a cent, only
a little hard work when we could spare the time
from our regular farm duties. We can drive into
the yard and by the coal-window, and the wood-
shed door, and the cellar door, and also the cellar-
window, where we put in potatoes in bulk, and on
out of the yai-d, and not have a horse step off from
the gravel road. When our new barn is built, the
road will be extended to that, and then we shall be
out of the mud, as we intend to cover the barn-yard.

Now, friend Root, jou ought to get a heavy lawn-
roller to sell us, to keep the road and the walks and
lawn rolled down smooth. There are some other

188(5

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

4o8

matters pertuiiiing to the territorj' inside of the
doorj-ai'd fence that I should like to write to you
about at a future time, but meanwhile I hope many
readers of Gleanings will invest a little work in
their dooryards in the way of lawns and dry walks.

Hudson, Ohio. T. B. Terry.

\>ry good, friend T. 13ut when I get a
lawn-roller, something else will come np,
and where will the end be of the things I
keep for sale? A good roller would be a
pretty heavy thing to ship. One of the best
I have ever seen was cut out at the stone-
quarries, like a small grindstone, for it was
about 2^ feet thick. With a suitable fiame,
one horse would draw it nicely between
rows of vegetal)les. or anywhere else you
wanfed lumps mashed up or ground com-
pressed. .Vfter setting out celery-plants, it
Avas an excellent thing to pack the dirt
around the young plants ; but it was so
heavy that, if you didn't look out, on a steep
side hill it might throw the horse over.
Ours was burned at the time our warehouse
was destroyed. I presume many of the
friends could have them made at the stone-
(piarries near them. 1 suppose the next
best thing would be a cast-iron one. I am
told the stone ones can be had at the quar-
ries, where grindstones are made, for about
$2.-50 for tiie roller alone. l>y all means give
us something more in regard to the territory
inside of the dooryard fence. If it is true,
that, '• as the twig Is bent the tree's inclin-
ed," how much may so simple a thing as tlie
dooryard have to do in shaping the future
lives of our l)oys and girls!

APIS INDICA.

Their Good and Bad Traits, Carefully Consid-
ered by our old Friend Bunker.

THE TERKIIiLE RAVAGES OV .MOIH.

T HAVE now e.xpcrimented with A. litdica one
(M? full year, and report. If profit in honey and
^i wa.K had been our aim, you would have to put
^-*' us in " Blasted Hopes " in short order, surely;
but as knowledjre of this new race of bees has
b3cn our aim, we arc safe for this year. E.xperi-
nients were begun in October last year, when our
first swarm was secured. By natural increase, and
by addition of wild swarms from time to time, our
number of swarms increased to nine in August last.
Two swarius are now left, and one of these has
swarmed out twice; but now, however, it seems to
be inclined to remain with us. The first of these
two is very large. There must l)e a full peck mea-
sure of bees. It is a swarm from a domesticated
wild swarm. The other seven swarms have all tak-
en wing- for the woods, together with several first
casts, which we failed to secure, either because
they did not alight before leaving for the jungle, or
other reasons.

I will not weary you with daily or monthly re-
l>orts, but will give you results as briefly as possible.

1. The reason why these swarms have left (others
than natural casts), seems to be wholly due to
moths. When the hot weather of tlie rains began, I
noticed signs of moths, as given in the ABC. I
found old combs being torn down by the bees, and
worms on the bottom-toard. This board was care-
fully swe|>t e\Try few days, and worms killed. Oc-

casionally I found them under the cloth on the
frames, and from these evidences I was persuaded
that the bees were making a good fight of it, and
would be able to take care ot themselves; and as
some of the combs being torn down had brood, 1
delayed removing them; also being very busy with
my mission duties I did not examine all the combs
as I should have done. As a result, the bees began
to swarm out; and on looking over the combs I
found them full of worms. One large swarm, from
some reason, hastened (jueen-rearing, and, without
waiting for drones, swarmed twice, and finally the
whole left. One of these swarms was captured and
kept for a little while with what I thought to be a
clean frame of brood; but as soon as the brood was
hatched out, the bees loft, and T found moths in
their comb.

Now the war Ijegan, myself and 1 ees on one side,
and the moths on the other, and the moths Mon the
day. I followed up each hive and gradually with-
drew all comli sht)wing moths; but 1 was not fast
enough, and swarm after swarm absconded. 1
found that every i)lace where there was a collec-
tion of wa.x from fastening the combs in transfer-
i-ing, there was a nest of moths, and that the moth-
worms had even burrowed into the pine wood, and
thus were safe from the bees. These worms multi-
l)lied with great rapidity, and ate their way rapidly
through the combs, covering their tunnels with a
strong web. But in no case did 1he,\' trouble new
comb. They seemed to be after the cocoons left by
the hatching of young bees, and not for wax alone.
I conclude, therefore, that my mistake was in not
cutting out all old comb at the beginning of the
rains. Again, as the A. Indica deposits no proyo/iV
whalecer, the hives must be made carefully, and the
frames for comb should be of such material that
moth-worms can not eat into it.

2. Besides the moth as an enemy, there are others
also destructive, as a varietj- of lizards, from two
to si.v inches long, house frogs, small sparrows, and
ants. The smaller lizards .seem to be privileged
characters. I have seen them dash through a squad
of fanning bees, into the hive, without a sting.
Cockroaches are often found in the hives, and I
have seen them run down on the combs, and the
bees only make way for them.

3. These bees are not large comb-builders or hon-
ey-gatherers. Under the most favorable circum-
stances, 30 lbs. of honey a year from a swarm
would be a rare event. They seem to bend their
energies on brood-rearing, and make comb for that
puri)ose, and not for storing honey. I do not think
they can be led to take to supers at all. If supers
with full combs were supplied a swarm, they might
be induced to store honey in them during the best
season, but they will not build comb for storage.
Their enemies are so many, and the moth so de-
structive, they strive to raise as much brood as
possible through the breeding season, and then
leave for new homes, and begin anew.

4. Hence the bee-jear is divided into two seasons,
like the climate— first, from December to June, and
from June to December, six months each. Only in
rare cases will the bees occupy the same home the
year round, in their natural state. Even if their
combs are free from moth, it seems to have become
natural for this bee to swarm out at the end of each
bee-season and seek a new home. With knowledge
and care this tendency can be wholly overcome,
I belie\-e. From books about bees in cold coun-

454

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

tries, I was led to suppose tliat here, also, okl combs
would be desirable as a saving in bee labor; but
combs more than six mouths old, even if not attacked
by moths, become brittle, and the bees do not like
them. Old comlis introduced into the center of
full swarms, though perfect, are often shunned by
the (jueen, and used, if at all, for storing honey. So,
then, we eonclude that.l. Imiica is very particular,
and likes only new houses; and, rather than live in
an old one, will take to camping out,

One swarm, which I had succeeded in keeping the
year round, and from which I got 8 lbs. of honey,
finally became so dissatisfied that they swarmed
out and left the queen, whose wings had been
clipped si.x months before, on the alighting-board;
and though they clustered a few rods away, they
would not come back. They could not have had
another queen, as they had neither queen-cells nor
drones in the hive.

.'). Although there arc shrubs and trees in bloom
all the year round, yet the honey-season seems to
be from February to July inclusive. It seems that
bees migrate in the midst of the honey-season,
which ajipears to be the fact. From February to
the last of May is decidedly the best of the season.
As the time for migrating approaches, the queen
ceases to lay eggs; and when the brood is hatched
the honey is consumed, and the bees seek a new
home, and set about a new house with much energy.
In thus migrating during the honey-season, the
bees secure a new home and supplies for the next
six months. At the beginning of the rains the
swarms are very large for this bee; but at the time
of migrating, in December, they arc much reduced.
It must te noted as a curious fact, that, after
spending one season away, they will often very
regularly return to their old quarters, so that cei--
tain " beetrees " come to have value as ii matter of
property among the natives, en account of this
curious fact.

6. In experience, many queens are lost on their
wedding-flight. Scores of sparrows are watching
for them; and as their fiiglit is heavy, they are
easily caught. In uniting bees, for instance a
swarm without a queen with a swarm having a
queen, care must be taken, or the queen will soon be
found dead outside, though otherwise they dwell
together peaceably enough. I united two queen-
less swarms once, proposing to give them eggs to
make a qvieen for themselves, and they lived to-
gether several days very peaceably and then swarm-
ed out, one swarm taking the right and tie other
the left road to nsw quarters. Fertile workers are
met with here as among European bees. One
(jueenless swarm tried to make a queen of a drone.

7. These bees are extremely gentle. They will
seldom attack, save when the hive is full of honey
and brood, and then a puff of smoke is quite enough
to send them on their knees. They fly about,
alighting on the face and hand.^, with a plaintive
buzz, which says very plainly, " Please," and we
understand the rest they would say if they could
speak. Hoiv clearly thej' say "come" to each other,
when they find a new hive, or the swarm from
which they have been separated ! Si)eakiug of their
gentle disposition, I have often watched a squad of
these bees make a combined attack on a big green
fly, which often persistpntly troubles them. By a
rush they rout the fly, yet he soon returns and
settles near some bee, who quickly takes to her
heels, as if a terribly enemy had come. They very

readily runoff the combs on to the top-bar or hands,
in handling; though if the hands be smoked a little
first they shun them. Notwithstanding their geii-
tlcuess they are great free-booters and attack each
others' hives mercilessly. In these battles they
soon cover the ground about the hives with the
dead.

8. They will luit i-iin into a hive when poured
down in front of it, but take flight. They take
|)osfession of a hive when one wants them to, vci-y
reluctantly; but a bit of brood, sealed or unsealed,
fixes Ihcm at once. If handled too much, the
queen stops laying, and after the broo.l is all hatch-
ed the swarm al)scoiids.

The above ai"0 somecf the i-osiilts of a year's study
of these bees, the A. Indira. A second year's study
and experimenting is likely to modify some of the
abo^-e observations. Only after repeated cxv>eri-
ments will it bo wise to lay down rules. These bees
are not likely to become profitable property, though
one can not say what will be the result, if cro.ssed
with other breeds. There are at least three species
oi A. Itulica. Their relative merits v/e can not yet
pronounce upon. Further experiment is necessary.

Toungoo, Burmah, Dec. 1, 1885. A. BuNKEit.

A LITTLE ADVICE TO LOCAL SUPPLY-
DEALEKS.

L.'iCKOF JUDGMENT VEKSITS W1I,LFUL DISHONESTV.

fHEKE are but few who realize how easy it is,
in the course of circumstances, for a per-
fectly honest man to start out with nothing
but honest intentions, and in a short space
of time be condemned as a dishonest man.
These few lines are directed mainly to bee keepers,
still they will apply to many other branches of busi-
ness. Bee culture of our day, under its great prog-
ress, requires, to cari-y it on profitablj-, many im-
plements and supplies, not easily manufactured on
a small scale in every beekeeper'M home. For this
reason it becomes necessary that there be manu-
facturing establishments where such goods as are
required by bee-keepers can bo made. Now, the
bee-keepers are so thinly scattered over our great
country that such establishments are necessarily
situated some distance apart. This has caused
heavy expense in expressing small amounts of
goods great distances, and it is this very thing that
has led to the trouble I am about to speak of.

In almost all localities there is some one more in-
terested than others who roads up, sends and gets
foundation, sections, smokers, etc., transfers his
hives, and commences the business under modern
management. His more backwai'd neighbors be-
gin to get interested, and, of course, look to him
for assistance. They want him to send for supplies
for them; and, partly to accommodate and partly
that ho can add this supply department to his busi-
ness, he at once applies to some supply-dealer for
terms to sell again; and, as all supply - dealers
know, these applications come, not by tens, but
hundreds. He gets rates which give him a fair
profit, by having his goods shipped by freight in
quantities. He has no hundreds of dollars to put
into the business, but is an honest man, and the
dealer gives him credit. He commences selling to
his friends and acquaintances; he has got credit,.so
he sells to his friends, and gives them credit.
Time iiassos on. He perhaps takes one third cash,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

455

and turns thiit in; the season ends; be is notitied by
the dealer to pay up, for he wishes to prepare for
another season's trade. He begins to try to collect,
and, to his surprise, is very much disajipointed; he
finds it harder to collect these little bills than he
expected. He finally looks the matter squarely in
the face, and at once decides these bills must be
collected, for he has no other waj' to pay; so he sets
himself about it, gets many of his friends mad at him,
and at last finds himself with a lartic bill against
him, unable to pay it, his credit gone, his honesty
condemned, all because his friends thought he could
wait on them; that he had no occasion to press
them for the few dollars they owed him. So it
turns the man, started with notiiiug' but the purest
of motis'cs, but at last he is held up as dishonest.

Now, my friends, this picture is not overdrawn,
as not a few can testify. Much the best way is to
pay as you go, and be happy; for then one's mind is
free and easy; but on no account buy goods unless
you know where the pay is coming from; and nev-
er buy goods on credit to sell on credit again; in
other words, ne\"er trust out another man's proper-
ty. J. B. Mason.

Mechanic Falls, IVfe.

Friend M., your picture is a truthful one,
I grant ; but it applies to other kinds of
business as well as to the supply-business in
bees, etc. Whoever commences in business
of any kind should remember that he is as-
siuiiing responsibilities; and when he begins
to trust out the stuff, whether he pays cash
or btiys on time, he is assuming heavy re-
sponsibilities. If he is inexperienced, by all
means his better way would be to do a cash
business, as you recommend. As he gains,
by experience, knowledge of men and things,
he can begin to accommodate men who are
universally recognized to be safe. There
are a good many reasons why it is conven-
ient to have accounts witli good customers.
It is a great saving of freiglit by getting some
goods, oftentimes, before you really want
them, because then you can have your goods
all come together. Another thing, it is in-
convenient to remit small sums ; and where
one has a credit he can order by postal card
with much less trouble than wliere he has to
send the exact sum of money every time.
Now, then, comes the point of deciding
whom he can trust and whom he can not
trust. 1 have found this a very good rule :
(irajit credit for small amounts to tliose
wliom you have every reason to believe ai'e
able and willing to do all tliey a.gree to do ;
but just as soon as you tind a man who says,
" I can not pay now, ;ind you have got to
wait," square up with him as (juickly as you
can, witiiout making unnecessary trouble,
and then tell him plainly but kindly that you
can not give him more credit. Where a man
writes tirst, and asks if you can possibly
give him a little more time, mark him on
your bjoks as all right, and worthy of con-
tidenco ; but those who take time, whether
you grant tlie privilege or not, are not en-
titled to credit, in my opinion. In this way
you teach those with whom you have deal to
carefully guard their reputation and l)usi-
ness standing. Any one wlio takes offense
because you tiiink best to refuse credit, has
shown liimself by this act to be luiworthy of
credit. It is every man's privilege to de-

mand cash for his goods or produce, if he
chooses to, and no yood man will be offend-
ed if he chooses to exercise this privilege.
A great many beginners in the supply- busi-
ness get into trouble because they push
ahead heedlessly ; and such people will get
into trouble in any kind of business if they
succeed in getting credit at all.

VIALLON'S PLAN OF SECURING SUR-
PLUS HONEY IN 1-LB. SECTIONS.

50MKTHINC. WHICH HE CALIjS THE DOOraTTI^E
SUKPLUS ARRANGEMENT.

fllERP] seems to be no end to the plans
' and devices suggested and used for
holding sections with separators so as
to place them on the hive without
much trouble, and still have thera
convenient of access, and convenient to
ship. Friend A'iallon writes as follows:

AVe use for comb honey 7 wide frames clamped
togetlier as per Doolittle's plan (see A. B. J., March
10, 1886, page 149), open top and bottom, dovetailed
at corners, holding 4 Simplicity sections and sepa-
rators clamped together with the tiiin outside
boards. I have corrCoponded with friend Doolittle
about it, and have agreed to call it the Doolittle
surplus arrangement for comb honey. I have used
such a frame with better results aud more satis-
faction than the two tiers of wide frames; as these
have no projections to hang on rabbets, I lay the
7 frames, when clamped, on a perforated zinc board,
and put a reg-ular top story of Simplicity hive over.
Two or more tiers of these frames can be used, if
necessary. These wide frames are made a trifle
over I's, so that they when clamped i)rcss all the
sections together, and, wlien placed on the perforat-
ed zinc, no bees can pass outside of these frames,
etc. I intend to advertise and manufacture these in
preference to any other. P. L. ViAiiLON.

Bayou Goula, La., May f , 188G.
We submit an engraving of the surplus
arrangement, as figured below.

AKUANOEMENT KOR HOLDING ll/IS. SE«;TI0NS ON
THE HIVE.

Tiie device, you will notice, is almost ex-

456

GLEANINGS i^ 13EE CULTUllE.

June

actly,if not quite, tlie same as our three-box
case, which we have advertised so many
years. To fasten these togetlier, friend Vi-
allon uses a couple of wires with a stoat rub-
ber c^rJ to draw the side-boards close to-
gethei", and to keep eveiy thing tight. Such
an arrangement works nicely on liives, but
it is not practicable to use it for shipping
honey to markets. For home use, however,
it seems to answer every purpose.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

OILED CLOTH IN PLACE OF GliASS, FOR HOT -BED
SASHES, ETC.

TN reading- Gleanings i'or Feb. 15, 1886, pages 141
M and 142, etc., I should like to say that Mr. Hen-
^t derson's ideas of using cloth well oiled, in place
"*■ of glassed sash, is gond. I have practiced it
for years. 1 make a frame, something as you
do, to put in glass, but tightly draw the cloth across
and tack down close. These handle nicely. I alter-
nate these with glassed sashes, every other section
(or sash) being cloth. They can be changed occa-
sionally, placing the cloth sashes over where the
glass sashes ha\e lieen, and vice versa.

liike you, this sort of work fascinates nie, and
truly it's a great pleasure to watch your plants,
which seem to grow under your eye, while all is
cold beneath, and desolate outside. Another thing-,
we must i-ealize thai- it is proQtable as well. I have
watched j'ou all through this "hobby of yours;"
have seen you err, and smiled, but knew j'ou would
eventually "get there," and I must tiuthfully say
you are fast doing so now, to judge from your writ-
ings. Long- may you live to enjoy the " new horti-
culture, etc.," is my prayer. K. ('. Taylor
(Formerly of Wilmington, N. C).

Fort Scott, Kan., April 8, lM8ti.

WHAT made the bees swau.m so ?

Can you tell mc what ails my bees'.' My first
swarm came out March 7. I hived them in a new
Simplicity hive, which they seemed to like very
well; but after remaining two days they swarmed
out; and as the queen was not able to tly I caught
her and put her back in the parent hive where the
bees all went. Ne.\t day they all swarmed again,
and I hived them in a new Simplicity; but not the
one I put them in first. They remained in that
three days, and swarmed ovit again, «and took
French leave. My ne.\t swarm, a week later, acted
a good deal the same way, only they left the same
day, after being hived twice. The third swarm,
which was about a week later still, went off without
bcing'.hived at all, and I have had no swarms since,
though 1 have 20 colonies, all apparently in good
condition. Now; as I know but little about bees,
will you be so kind as to tell me the cause of their
acting- in that strange way? Bees seem to be gath-
ering some honey now from the rattan and grape
blooms. I sowed my buckwheat April 20, and I see
some blossomslon it to-day, just twenty days from
the time of planting. .T. W. Thomas.

Tehuacana, Texas, May 10, ISKO.

I think, friend; T., that your bees had a
sort of swarming mania. Sometimes it
seems to ran in a particular strain of bees.
They get swarming on the brain, and they
swarm anyhow, no matter how you fix them,

nor what sort of a hive they are put in. I
should assuredly have given them the franje
of unsealed brood, recommended so much.
If you have yny more such work, suppose
yoii try it.

.ARE YOUNG bees OF THE BLACK RACE SUB.IECT
TO CHANGE IN COLOR?

I have four stands of the native, or wild bees;
they have a hazel-colored bod3-, and are black at
the extremity of the abdomen. On the 14th of
April I hived a swarm and noticed that there was a
part of the bees of an orange color. Thinking they
were young ones, I did not take notice of them so
much; but as they continue the same color yet, I
should like some one to explain, if possible,, the
cause of said change, as none of my old bees are so.

Blackville, S. C, April 20, 1886. " D. D. Slater.

Young bees of any race are lighter in color,
because of the peculiar down, or fur, that
covers their bodies. As they get older this
fur gets soiled, or wears off, and tliey look
dark, or sometimes almost black, when con-
trasted with tlie young bees'that are for the
tirst time taking wing. 1 do not know of
any other way in which bees change color.

IS BEE-SriNO POISON GOOD FOR CROUP?

1 see you publish what honey is good for to res-
tore health. 1 will just say for your readers that 2,
3, 4, .5, or 0 honey-bees, or 1, 2, 3, or 4 bumble-bees
(according to age of patient) steeped in water, say
about '2 to 1 oz., and sweeten to be palatable, is al-
most an infallible cure for croup, and produces a
pleasant sensation in the throat or stomach instead,
of the sickening sensation usually resulting from
medicine given by doctors or oui- grandmothers for
ci'oup. It only needs to be tried by yourself or any
one to full}' appreciate its pleasant taste. This
remedy is well worth any one's trial. 1 think the
relief comes from the prison of the sting-. I also
know the same to be good for a cold on' the lung-s.

Memphis, Tenn. .7 as. F. Wright.

If the poison from the sting of the bees
were in sufficient quantity, it would i)roba-
bly produce sickness at the stomacli, just as
lobelia and other similar drugs do ; and this
would, without question, relieve the croup.
Why it should give relief to the croup, with-
out producing any nausea, is something I
can not answer. Very likely, however, it
may act as a remedy. It is certainly suffi-
ciently powerful to act instantly, and this is
just what is wanted with so acute a disease
as the croup. Mr. House told us, some time
ago, about the number of sacks of bee-stings
he was selling to the medical fraternity.
Now, have these friends who buy the poison-
sacks been aware of the curative properties
of this remedy for croup and similar dis-
eases V

WHAT AILS MY BEES?

M3' bees are dying- with plenty of honey in hive.
1 am afraid they have some disease among- them.
Have you any remedy to prevent disease among
bees? or what do you think is the matter with them?
I have your ABC. T. W. Moorhead.

Fairview, Pa., May 10, 1886.

It is quite unusual for bees to die during
the month of May, with honey in the hive.
I can think of no explanation, unless .it is
that their stores are poisonous, for some rea-
son or other. I do not know of any disease

1886

&Li:akings in Bee cultuke.

457

that would make the bees die at sucli a time
and under such circumstances.

SUCCESS IN THE HILTON CHAFF HIVE; TllOUT-
llAISING.

My bees pulled tlirough the winter in good shape
—40 colonies in the Hilton hive, and 6 in other chaff
hives. I did not lose a single one that was in the
Hilton hive, but lost five out of the six in the other
hives. For practicability and efficiency, Hilton's
hive is hard to beat.— I have just turned off my first
crop of trout, nearly 400 lbs. I obtained 50 cents
per lb. Next year will be interesting, and I shall
have ten times as many. I will say to friend Milton
P. Peircc, that the temperature of the water has
more to do with the quality of domestic trout than
the food that is given them. W. D. P'rench.

Grand Rapids, Mich., May 12, 18S6.

PROSPECTS FOR BEE-KEEPIXG IN SAN DIEGO, CAL.
"BUG SHEPHERDS."

I have come to California for mj' health; and be-
ing anxious to do something to keep busj', and
make some money, I naturally think of bee-keep-
ing, having- kept bees in an amateur way in the
cast, where other business occupied most of niy
time.

I find, on looking over the business here, that
there are line opportunities in this county, and
plenty of scope for improvement over the present
system of bee-keeping in vogue here. All the
comb honey here is in 2-lb. sections, and but little
foundation is used; the top-bar of sections being
three-cornered, the comb is usually pretty true.

Now, my object in writing you is to obtain your
views concerning the proper size of brood-frames
for lower part of hives in this climate, making
the upper story adapted for 1-lb. sections. The
thermometer seldom goes as low as 32°, at least in
the country not over 25 miles from the coast.
Some bee-keepers (" bug-shepherds " they ai-e called
here) talk of double or air-spaced hives: for in
some places the thermometer reaches 110° in the
shade, and one man told me that it would not ans-
wer to have the hives stand in the shade. I think
that, if the bee-keepers here can be persuaded to
use 1-lb. sections and fdii., there would be a fine
opening for sale and manufacture of material here.

F. P. Miles.

San Diego, California, March 25, 18b6.

Friend M., the proper size of brood-frames
you will tind in our price list : and for a
full discussion of frames and hives, see our
A B C book. As we find the chaff hive
much the best liere in our climate for ex-
tremely hot weather, I think you would
find the same thing, or something sim-
ilar, just what you want in California.
By all means put your hives in the shade
during the hottest part of the day or the
hottest part of the year. The shade of trees
will generally best accomplish both purposes.

ABSCONDING IN FRUIT-BLOOM; WAS IT CAUSED BY
THE .\BSENCE OF A QUEEN?

Will some of you veteran bee-keepers i)lease ex-
plain why this is? A neighbor of mine had a
swarm of bees come off about the 10th of April.
He followed them some distance until they set-
tled; but before he could secure them they de-
camped. Now, as it was only the beginning of
fruit-bloom, and no honey coming in, I tried to per-
suade him they were probably starved out. He

said, " No, they left honey, but no brood." To con-
vince myself he was not mistaken, I went and ex-
amined the stock, and found them as he had stated,
and about a pint of bees, but no brood nor drones.

As far as heard from in this locality, the bees
wintered nicely; hardly any loss. Mine all came
through well, and to-day I had a swarm— the first
one I ever knew so earlj' in the season.

Oxford, O., May 3, 1886. .John Coulter, Sr.

Friend C, the department headed "Ab-
sconding,'" in our A B V book, discusses ful-
ly cases similar to yours. Absconding dur-
ing fruit-bloom is usually caused by scarcity
of stores ; but in the case you mention I
should say the colony had been a long time
queenless, and the remaining bees, doubtless
comprehending the ruin that lay before
them, absconded, thinking they could join
some other swarm somewhere ; or, perhaps,
they left without knowing what they could
do, thinking they couldn't make matters
worse any way.

got the BEE-FEVER BAD; WHAT IS THE REMEDY ?

You prescribed the remedy, and now I call on you
to prescribe the cure. But, hold ! methinks I hear
you ask what all this tirade is about. Well, let me
explain. Two of our most successful fanners have
thrown down the plow, and have taken up that ter-
rible weapon, the bee-smoker, instead. One of our
flourishing merchant princes has cracked the yard-
stick, and has gone to flourishing the same weapon.
One of the best mechanics in the neighborhood has
got bees bad; and it is reported now that another
of the best farmers in the community has got bees
so bad tiiat he is going to stop and let his planta-
tion wash away while he goes into the bee-business.
Now, Mr. Root, we ha^e made a plain statement of
that much of our grievous causes, but that is not
all. You may go to the country store, and it is bees
from daylight until dark. Go where you please, it
is bees all day long; it's Doolittle, Root, A. I., Root,
K., and Root, L. C., Heddon, J.,T. J. and A. H. New-
man, W. Z. Hutchinson, J. P. Israel, Novice, Van-
dervort, Vandeuscn, Pelham, Given, etc., until we,
the rest of the community, are afraid to leave
home on account of hearing so much about the
pesky little things. Now we will wind up as we be-
gan. As you saw flt to prescribe the noxious reme-
dy, prescribe the cure. B.

Oak Lawn, Miss., April 26, 1886.

Thank you, friend B., for your graceful
compliment. The remedy is to let all these
friends put their talk into practical work.
If they succeed in putting such nice honey
in tlie stores and groceries that it goes off
quickly at a paying price, why, you are all
right— just let them go ahead. If, on the
contrary, the talk bears fruit in the shape of
blasted hopes and disappointment, why,
that is the remedy, for no one will follow
any thing very long that does not "pan oiif'
so as to pay expenses.

IS so MUCH CELLAR VENTILATION IN WINTER
NECESS.4RY?

I carried 63 colonies Into the cellar on the .5th day
of Dec, 1885, and on the 9th day of Feb., 1886. I car-
ried them out for a fly, and found three dead.
Four days later I carried them back into the cellar,
where they remained till the 13th day of April,
when they were again placed on their summer

458

GLEAJ^iKGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

JuNfi

stands. Inside of 3 hours they were carrying in
natural pDllen. I next lost 3 more by robbing-, and
sold one. The remaining' 62 are in reasonably good
sliape. They are now v'cry busy on i'ruit-bloom,
and r.iirly drop on the alighting-board. My cellar
is an up-ground one, 8 feet by 13 feet in the clear,
t) feet ceiling-, and 13inch walls, fliled with drj' saw-
dust, with about 18 inches over the ceiling. An ac-
cident occurred which satisfies me thatbee-i do not
need as much ventilation as is gencrallj' supposed.
I liave a six-inch tile sub-earth ventilator, and the
accident is that the tile became completely stopped
for at least 40 days, yet my bees suffered no unusu-
al loss, and came out in good condition.

The two imported queens purchased of you in
1883 are yet doing good service, and are building- up
their colonies satisfactorily. May I add, I talte great
pleasure in perusing' Gleanings? and while I do
not indorse all of the doctrinal sentiments express-
ed in the Home Papers, 1 fiud enough to make
them read and re-read, alone and in the family cir-
cle. Elias Colk, 08—63.

Ashley, Ohio, April 39, 1SS6.

Friend Cole, when tlie weather is very
cold it makes bnt little difference whether
your cellar is ventilated or not. Air will
"force itself through the cracks and crevices
as fast as it is needed.

TAKING BEES BY THE DIPPEUKITL.

1 have never noticed in Gleanings or A B C
boolc where any one hives bees as I do, which I
think is a very good way where they settle as ours
always have; i. e., on the branches of peach-trees,
etc. I spread a sheet on the ground and set the
hive on it, getting as near under the cluster as con-
venient. Take a dipper and dip off the lower part
of the swarm, and pour them at the entrance of the
hive, and they begin to run in as fast as the3' can.
After that I jar the limb two or three times and
the remaining bees follow in to the hive. We win-
tered our bees on. summer stands. I think they
will generally winter so here (south-west Missouri)
if thcj' are strong and have plenty of honey. Oui'
scction-bo.x honey has received a great deal of
praise, as it is quite a curiosity to a great many in
our surrounding country. I do not tliink there are
half a doy>cn liee-kcepers in the county who use the
L. hives or any thing similar, and vei-y few keep
bees, even in the old-fashioned box hive. I do not
see whj', when almost evciy one is fond of honey.
We have hands sometimes who can of^^. H lb. at one
time; but T have never heard of their trying to
have bees at homt». Maggie I. Mikes.

Houston, Mo , Apr. 1.), 18Sti.

ANOTIIEU USE FOIl THE CLARK SMOKEIi; HOW TO
GET KID OE VEHMIN BY THElli USE.

I think I have something new to communicate to
you. Still I have misgivings, as it seems nowadays
that thero is " nothing- new under the sun." How-
ever, as I do net intend to get out a patent, even if
it does prove to l)e a \'nlualile acquisition, 1 shall
not feel sotiy.

Have you folks in the Buckeye State any gophers
infesting your gardens? If you have, you l<now
what they are. In this land flowing with milk and
lioney, we have them to our hearts' content; in
fact, they are one of our worst posts. The only
undei'ground animal, oi- vermin, that is more de-
structive to the crops is the squirrel.

In neighborhood -i where these animals are ti-ouble-

some, the cultivators of the soil arc bothered full
sore iil devising means to exterminate them. Cats,
traps, poisons of various kinds, and other means,
have been resorted to, all of which have proven
slow and unsatisfactory. One of the latest devices
for exterminating squirrels is an iron tube, or pipe,
the lower end tapering to a point, while at the oth-
er end is a flre-ehamber and bellcwi. With this ar-
rangement, certain kinds of material, which pi-o-
duco a suffocating smoke, is burned, and, by means
of the bellows, is driven or forced into the hole of
the rodents. T''hese vermin-smokers arc, I believe,
quite expensive.

Well, now for my patent (?). I have three makes
of bee smokers, and the thought occurred to me
that I could smoke out gophers and moles with
some of them. While in the bee-s'ard a few days
ago I discovered a gopher working; and having one
of your cold-blast smokers fired up I went to the
rodent's hole, inserted the nozzle till it made a tight
fit, so that no smoke could escape, and then I pro-
ceeded to puff away. In a short time I found the
smoke issuing from cracks and old holes all around
me for ten or twelve feet away. I tamped these
"leaks," and continued to drive the smoke into the
hole so as to fill all the undei-ground passages.
Then I stopped the hole and left the rodent to suf-
focate. Your six-bit smokers take the cake for
cheapness and effectiveness in smoking out gophers
and moles, and I think they will do for .squirrels
and rabbits. You mi^lit get up a cheap one espe-
cially for this purpose. Make them and advertise
them in the agricultural press. W. A. Phyal.

North Temescal, Cal., May 7, 1886.

CAN A LINSEED-OIL BARHEL BE CLEANSED SO IT
WILL ANSWER FOR HONEY?

(,'an I cleanse a linseed-oil barrel so as to put in
safe condition to liokl and not injure extracted
honey? W. M. James.

Paris, Tenn., May 13, li-83.

Friend B., I should be a little afraid that
the oil would taint the l)arrel, even if you
do your best, although you might make the
experiment on one barrel, and test the mat-
ter. Wash it thoroughly with soapsuds and
ashes and water; then dry it in the sun,
and drive up the hoops until it is as dry as a
chip. Now coat it wJtii ))eeswax, according
to the plan given in the A B C book ; and if
you make the wax cover every part of the
wood, and adhere to it s:) it won't scale off,
I think there will be no danger of tainting
the honey. Tlie great danger is, you will
not have the barrel thoroughly dry wlien the
liot wax is put on. then the wax will cleave
oft', letting the honey come in contact with
the oil-soaked wood, and tliis may give it a
taint. In emptying barrels of honey I have
seen the wax "scale oft' from tlie wood in
pieces as large as your hand, bi?cause some
portion of the barrel was not thoroughly
dried before the waxing was done. Now, if
we have a iln can or lank that has been
used for linseed oil, there will l)e no trouble
at all; for soap and water, with the addi-
tion of a little ashes, would clean it so per-
fectly that it would be, to all intents and
purposes, as good as a new tin. This is one
reason why we liave of late been so strongly
in favor of tin instead of wood for holding
and shipping honey.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

459

WHITE-CI-OVEU JUST COMING INTO BLOOM; WHY
DID THE QUEENS DIE?

Tliere were very few bees lost last winter in this
vicinity; several wintei-ed every stand. We were
not quite so fortunate, but are not by any means
discouraged. The apple-bloom is over. Dandelion
is in full blootn. They are just beginning- on the
oak and hickory. White clo\er is just coming into
bloom. The clover bloom has not been more prom-
ising for a great while than now. Some have
swarmed, and others are getting ready.

What is the cause of so many colonies l)ecoming
queenlessV Out of our apiary we have had four
queens disappear; two that left seven frames of
nice brood, willi plenty of bees and honey. Mr. J.
li. ISIaury lias found four queens missing in un-
packing half of his apiary. Other neighborhood
apiaries met with simihir losses.

Van Wert. O., May 1;,', 18S6. Levi Peuhy & Son.

It is a little diificult, frit'iids, to decide
whether your losses of (nieeiis are unusual
or not, so loiiy as you don't tell how many
colonies yon have. If you lost 4 (jueens out
of 8, it would be a little remarkable ; but if
only -1 out of 40 or 50, it would be imthing at
all strange or unusual. This is why t al-
ways like to have any writer tell the number
of ins colonies.

now IIAYnUHST AND HIS BEES FAKED IN THE RE-
CENT STORM AT KANSAS CITY.

I am thankful that I can report that the awful
storm which swept over our city last Tuesday did
?is no material harm; a few of our trees were bro-
ken, one being torn all to pieces. In the bee-yard,
hives and covers were blown about, and a few were
broken by heavy branches from the trees. Few
bees were killed, and the enameled sheets protected
most of the colonies from the rain. It will give you
some idea of the terrible power of the wind, to tell
you that leaves from the trees, clover-heads, and
even slender blades of blue grass, were torn off and
driven with such force against the sides of the
hives and honey-house that many of them are there
yet, although there was a heavy driving rain
against them all day yesterday. >iany of the larg-
er leaves are so pounded into the paint that they
can not now be removed without scraping. The
hives and buildings were freshly painted several
weeks ago, and the paint is not yet entirely hard.
It required several' hours for two of us to clean up
the debris in the bee-yard. But, alas! this was
tiothing compared to the sad scenes of death and
destruction in the city. Reports from neighboring-
apiaries indicate that bees suffered very little.

E. M. Hayiiurst.

Kansas City, Mo., May 15, 1886.

now TO OET what you WANT WHEN YOU VISIT
THE "HOME OF THE HONEY-BEES."

I see, by an editorial, that you have trouble with
customers making orders personally. I suppose
some of ycur customers besides myself were also
vexed; for I thought, after following- one of the
clerks up and down, I could get the goods half a
dozen times myself, and they perhaps thought there
was no one in the world as awkward as I am. Next
time I took a catalogue and order-sheet and marked
the goods I wanted, and handed it to a clerk, who
started off with a basket and order-sheet, and in a
short time mj' goods and bill were in charge of the
clerk in the counter store, where I settled and load-
ed up, and was readj* to start for home without

troubling any one but those with whom my inquisi-
tive nature came in contact. C. Weckesser.

Marshallville, O., May ii, 188C.

Friend W., I am very glad indeed if you
succeeded as well as "you say. Since "the
burning of our warehouse and contents we
have been kind o' mixed up and out at sea ;
but I think we are getting through the sea-
son pretty fairly after all.

HOW SHALL WE PREVENT BEES FROM DROWNING IN
THE BRE.\D-PAN FEEDER?

I like these (as I use them) better than any other
feeder, but I am somewhat troubled bj' bees drown-
ing in them. One of your correspondents says he
paints his, and sprinkles coai'se sand o\-er them
when wet. T think it a good idea, and I would
paint mine, only I fear the paint might be distaste-
ful or injurious to the bees, especially when feed-
ing i)retty warm syrup. Do you think it would ?
E. H. McClymonds.

Templeton, Armstrong Co., Pa.

Friend M., instead of paint use melted
beeswax, and I am inclined to think no sand
will be needed in that case; for a bee that
can't stick to Iieeswax ought to be sent
somewhere to serve an apprenticeship.

ANOTHER IMPROVEMENT IN THE
PEET QUEEN-CAGE.

AND A NICE PICTURE OF THE SAME.

TS it not pleasant to have nice engravings?
m There are few things in this world that
jit please me more than to see a really nice
■^ picture of something I want to show.
Well, just see if you don't think this
picture illustrates the point.

improved PEET QUEEN-CAGE AS WE NOAV MAKE IT.

Our engravers have tried once or twice on
it, but P]rnest complained that they didn't
do as well as they might do, and he wrote
them quite a letter about it, and both to-
gether they managed to get up the above
beautiful cage of queen and bees. Why, it
looks almost as if you could see the little
chaps move around. Even the yellow
bands are plainly shown. About the im-
provement: It is simply in having the wood
come up above the edges of the wire cloth,
accomplishing two objects; lirst, the raw
edges of the wire cloth are kept from scratch-
and catching your clothing, etc.; second,
when the little "board that covers the wire
cloth is tacked on the projecting lip of wood,
it holds the Ixiard up so as to allow ventila-
tion at each side of it. If several cages are
to l)e fastened together, it also spaces them
so as to let air in at the ends. Although
great numbers of (lueen-cages have been
suggested, all things considered we like the
above better than any thing else.

4G6

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTUUE.

June

DISINFECTION OF FOUL - BROODY
HIVES BY STEAM.

now TO MAKK A HOAfE-MADE APPAUATrS KO|{ THE
PURPOSE.

N the course of a long- strugS'le with foul brood,
a Ki"eat, if not t]te g-reatest difliculty I had was
the disinfection of the hives, feeders, and other
appliances which had been in contact with dis-
eased stocks of bees. I tried washing' with a
solution of salicylic acid (in which, however, 1 had
very little faith, owing- to its not being- volatile at
ordinary teiupei-atures); also with carbolic acid,
and fumigation witli burning- sulphur, but all to no
purpose, as the disease reappeared, soon after the
bees and brood had been g-ot into a healthy state,
when they were placed in a hive which had been
tenanted by a diseased colony. After many fail-
ures I hit on a process by which an infected hive
can, with a trifling- expenditure of time and trouble,
be ettcctually cleansed, and rendei-ed fit for use
without the least danger of its communicating
foul brood to any colony placed in il. As the
matter may interest American bee-keepers, I will,
with your kind pei-mission, describe my process in
Or^EANfNGS. As I know verj' little of the hives in
use on your side of the Atlantic, a short description
of the hives g-enerally used, both in Eng-land and
Ireland, may be necessary to enable your readers
to make allowance for difference in construction
when using the process I recommend.

The standard British frame measures UX8i4 inch-
es, and the hive holds fi-om ten to twenty of these
frames. The hives are usually made with double
walls, the space between being packed with cork
dust which Mr. F. Cheshire's experiments have
shown to bo the best and cheapest non-conductor
of heat we have. Instead of the honey-board, Ave
use a covering- of carpet, which lies on the frame-
lop at all times when supers are not on. When I
mention the slides by which the entrance can be
closed if necessary, 1 consider my description full
enough for the present purpose.

SPROIILE'S APPAHATUS FOR DISINFECTING FOUL
BKOOD.

The principle of my process is, passing a current
of steam at a low pressure, from a solution of pure
carbolic acid and water, through the hive, by which
means the carbolic acid in a finely divided state is

brought into intimate contact with every part of
the liive interior, which is thereby thoroughly
cleansed and disinfected. To effect this a small
boiler, B, is required, and this T made from an iron
paint or ink can as follows: A can to hold 12 lbs. f)f
printing-ink measures about 10X5 inches in diame-
ter. With a cold-chisel_ it was reduced to five inch-
es in height, and three legs of so-called half-round
iron were riveted to its sides so as to raise it three
inches. In the cover 1 cut two 'j-inch holes, in
each of which I put a wrought-iron nipple, which
were screwed in their places with back-nuts, shown
in the top of the boiler B. The cover was then red-
leaded round its edge so as to make a tight joint,
after which it was forced into its place in the can.
On one of the nipples an elbow was screwed, then
another nipple, then another elbow, and finally a
piece of '2-inch G. B. tubing, about 14 inches long.
I then got apiece of yellow pine, 13X8X3 inches, and
about two inches f I'om one end I made a hole large
enough to admit the piece of (i. B. tubing. To com-
plete the apparatus, an ordinary tin canister cover
(one made of a solid piece of tin without soldering),
about three inches in diameter, is required as a
lamp, as shown at L. To use it, a wineglassful or
two of pure carbolic acid is poured into the boiler
B with about double the (luantity of liot water, and
the open nipiile is closed with a suitable cork. The
hive H to be operated on is jjrepared by placing- a
few empty frames, F, F, F, in position, on which the
carpet covering, C C, is laid, a hole about an inch
in diameter being made in the middle of the latter.
The piece of pine is then laid on the carpet, to form
a stand for the boiler, which is placed in such a posi-
tion that the G. B. tubing passes vertically through
both wood and carpet into the hive. The canister
cover is filled with methylated s])irits of wine, put
under the boiler, and lighted. In about five min-
utes the acid and water will boil, and the steam
will pass through the tube into the hive. It may be
desirable to place a saucer, as at S, in the hive, to
hold the drip from the boiler. At first the steam
will condense on the hive-sides and Hoor-board;
but when they become heated, the steam will force
its way into every crevice, and at last thi-ough the
carpet; but it can be confined to the hive by plac-
ing a sheet of brown paper between the carpet and
frames. About ten minutes' steaming will be suf-
ficient for any hive. To get rid of the smell of the
carbolic acid, a current of steam from water only
will be necessary. If the boiler is found to leak, a
little sawdust put in with the carbolic solution will
stop it.

F'or disinfecting hives, I do not think this simple
apparatus can be excelled, and with ordinary care
it is most effective. I have used it with over a
dozen hives, in each of which a colony had died of
foul brood. Those hives have been in use for over
two years, without any trace of the disease being
visible.

The winter here has been unusually severe and
prolonged this year. Although this is the last day
of March, we have, at the time I write, a whole gale
blowing from the south-east, with showers of sleet
at intervals. Taking advantage of a fine day re-
cently, I examined my colonies, and was sorry to
find five of them dead. The Carniolans, both full
blood and first crosses, were in very good condition,
and are, so far as my experience goes, more easily
wintered than either blacks or Ligurians.

Dublin, Ireland. Kobert SPROUiiE.

]88(i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

401

0UR 0WN ^PI^RY.

THI-; AI,T,EY DRONE-TltAP, AXO riOW IT DOES ITS
WORK.

TN conseciuencc of SO much being- said of late in
M' praise of the Alley drqno-trap, I determined to
^i give it a test in our own apiary. It may be
-^ said tliiit the "Homo of the Honey-Bees," so
called, is somewhat conservative, and rather in-
tolerant to (raps and "fi.xin's." Our readers, how-
ever, may rest assured that a. thing- possessed of
real merit, and about wliieh reports speak favora-
bly, sooner or later shall not lack for a fair trial in
our apiari"; st) with Mr. Alley's invention, although
passing- under Ihe name of a '" trap." 1 felt morally
certain that the invention was a success, but I
could not be fully satisfied until I had witnessed its
operation, and just how well it did its work. What
may be a success to oi;e ma.\- not be at all satisfac-
tory to another.

With one of these in hand I proceeded to a chatf
hive where had been a drone-laying- (jueen, and, in
consequence, at this time there was a grreat pre-
dominance of drones. The construction of the trap
is such that it can not easilj' be attached to a chaff
hive without the aid of a couple of wire nails.
These, driven cornerwise, or toe-nail fashion, as it
is called, hold the trap in the desired position. The
nails need only just catch the front of the hive, and
the trap can easilj' and quickly be removed or ad-
justed to any double-walled hive. Or, if more con-
venient, the sand in front of the entrance canbe
banked u\> so as to hold the trap in the proper po-
sition. As the former plan happened to be more
convenient at the hive where I wished to make the
trial, the trap was fastened in that way. This was
about 10 A.M., and very soon quite a number of bees
hovered in front of their hive, evidently greatly
confused at the altered appearance of the entrance.
After Hying about for a few minutes they no doubt
thought that what could not be helped must be en-
dured, and so crawled through when they had
thoroughly inspected the perforated metal. A
whole day was necessary for the bees to become
accustomed to the drone-trap, after which time
they passed and repassed as before, but not without
some little hindrance. In the height of the honey-
flow this would result in the loss of considerable
honey, especially if very many of the hives had the
traps attached to their entrances. On the other
hand, it may be said that the observant apiarist will
place the drone-trap in position a day or two prior
to the advent of a swarm; and as the bees are liable
to loaf during- this time before coming- forth, noth-
ing will be lost.

IS THE TRAP A SUCCESS IN CATCHING DRONES?

Although the hive to which I attached the trap
contained a large number of drones, none made an
attempt to pass the perforated zinc until about 1
p. M. On coming up at this time I was greatly amus-
ed to see them tugging at every available hole in the
perforated metal. Their clumsy round heads wig-
gled and squirmed, but to no i)ur))ose. In fact,
there were so many trying to make their way
through that even the workers could not pass, by
reason of the multitude of drones blocking up the
holes. To say the least, their efforts were "real
funny," as the boy says. After repeated attempts
the poor drones resorted to the then remaining
place of escape; namely, through the cone in the

trap. This, as you are aware, leads into a little
chamber where the drones are made prisoners. In
about an hour afterward I returned, to find about
a (piarter of a pound of drones— quite a number of
which had bumped around until they had worried
themselves to death, and some were dead below, as
they had been unable to find the cone. On trying
two or three hives in this way 1 find that the trap
gives excellent satisfaction. As has been said,
drones can be caught and disposed of accordingly.
If one desires to take halfajiound or so of choice
drones to another apiary, I think I should take the
trap away in about an hour after I hey have begun
to collect in the upper chamber. If left longer they
will worry themselves to death, as 1 have found by
experience. Perhaps our friends would like to
have a cut of the Alley drone-trap reproduced, so
here it is.

■mm: ai.i.kv niiONE-TUAP.
Vou oiisei-\c, tlirough the circular openings, the
cones through which the drones pass when they
find themselves unable to escape by means of the
lierforat ions below.

DI{ONES IJY THE POUND.

I was just wondering- whether there were not some
enterprising- Yankee who would advertise to sell
choice drones by the pound. He is to catch them
with the Alley trap, and supply them, at whatever
cost may be agreed upon, to bee-men having black
bees, and who are desirous of Italiisnizing at a
small cost. Of courfe, the latter are to get rid of
their black drones liy the aid of the trap before
mentioned. It wovild be somewhat of a trick to
ship drones, and I am doubtful whether drones
alone could feed upon the ordinary candy, such as
is used in shipping - cages. However, we have
mailed successfully, in the common Peet cage,
about a dozen drones to parties who called for
them. If drones were allowed to have access dur-
ing shipment to unsealed honey, with a few bees,
they might arrive in good condition. Possibly we
may try the experiment here; and if we succeed we
will report later.

OUR PREPARATIONS FOR QUEEN-REARING.

We have to day. May 25, 401 stocks, a part of
which are full colonies, and the remainder nuclei.
By the time this issue is out we shall probably have
many more, as the boys are dividing, with a view
of raising as many queens as possible. As Neighbor
H.'s and (jueens of our own raising- have given so
much better satisfaction than those we buy from a
distance, we arc going to inake an effort to suppli\
as far as possible, our friends 'vith queens from our
own apiaries. 1 do not mean to reflect upon the
friends who have supplied us with queens from the
South, for as a rule they have been good. To ship
queens a thousand miles and then re-ship them an-
otherthousand is certainly notaddingto the longevi-
ty of the (lueensortotheir prolificness; and, besides,

462

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June:

our customers will be bettor pleased. We intend to
increase our colonies up to 500, and we shall make a
vifrorous attempt to supply, ns far as possible,
queens from our own apiary. Of course, if the or-
ders pilj iu upon us too heavily we shall have to
call upon those outside of our immediate vicinity.
Ernest R. Root.

Gleanincs in Bee Culture.

Published Sctni- Monthly .

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.
MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For ClulsMng Bates, See First Page of Beadiss Matter.

His leaf also shall not withei'; and whatsoever he doetli
shall prosper.— Ps. 1: 3

Heigh-ho! One of our Brahma hens has a ?ics<
full of chickens, after all.

NUMBER OF BUBSCRinERS AT THE PRESENT DATE.

Well, there ar3 just 5617— just 95 more than we
had a month ago. Mauy thanks to you all for so
much encouragement.

REDUCTION IN PRICE OP DRONE - GUARDS AND
DAVIS BRUSHES.

By referring to our catalogue of the last edition
you will see that the Jones drone - guards have
dropped from 10 to 5 cts. each, and the Davis brush-
es from 15 cts. to 10 cts. For rates by the tons and
hundreds, see price list.

SUPPLIES BY THE CARLOAD.

Goods are still going off at a pretty good rate.
Our freight and express shipments amount to about
a carload and a halt of goods daily. With ore or
two exceptions we have no very old orders waiting.
So, friends, we think we are doing pi-etty well, con-
sidering the loss we have sustained in our ware-
house. It is beginning to make our faithful old en-
gine look tired.

terry's new book.
We shall be ready to mail the abcfve about the
time your order reaches us, probably. Although
the book is mainly in regard to the winter care of
horses and cattle, it touches on almost every thing
connected with successful farming— shelter, com-
fort, feeding, exercise, kindness, different sorts of
feed, with a full treatise on the most economical
way of saving manui-e. A full description of the
model barn is given, as shown on p. 396. Price 40 cts.

BEAUTIFUL COMB HONEY FOR ONLY I2C. PER LB.

As the lot of honey mentioned on page 339 of our
issue for April 15 does not go off very rapidly, we
now offer it, in order to make room for the new
crop, for only 13 cts. per lb. It is not only hand-
some, strictly white comb honey, but It is as deli-
cious as any honey I ever tasted. For weights of
the different cases, see reference above. At this
low price it must be sold in full cases. Two or
more cases, 5 per cent off; 10 or more, 10 per cent off.

GETTING UP EARLY IN THE MORNING.

Somehow I have great respect for the man, wo-
man, or child, who delights to be up during the
bright morning hours, and to push ahead in what-
ever is to bo done. Some years ago, about the first
of .Tune, one morning before it was quite daylight I
saw a couple of boys coming to meet inc. One had
something in his hand that I found to be a box of
strawberries. He was a young bee-keeper, and had
driven quite a good manj' miles to make us a visit,
and he had push and energy enough to arrange it
so as to get through to Medina in time to see busi-
ness start up in our big- establishment. He had
come to buy some supplies, and had brought along
some strawberries to trade on supplies. I traded
at once on the strawberries; in fact, I always buy
strawberries of almost everybody, especially if the
berries are fresh, and it is early in the morning. I
do not think I told the boys so, but I made up my
mind that they would get ahead in this world with
bees or strawl)erries either, and I guess I got it
right too. One of the boys was Christian Weekes-
ser, Marshallville, O. You will notice his advertise-
ment of queens and strawberry-plants, and I think
you will notice that ho is a good straight boy every
time — a Christian by name, and a Christian in
spirit. Now, I do not know that getting up early in
the morning has all to do with his success; but it in-
dicates that he has enterprise and go-ahead, and
that is worth a deal in this world. No one can af-
ford to lie abed mornings in the beautiful month of
June, as it seems to me. If you do not get sleep
enough when you get up at half-past four, go to
bed at half past eight at night, or sooner; but don't
lose the beautiful morning hours.

FORGETTING PRESENT BLESSINGS AND PRIVILEGES.

Last night at sundown the thermometer indicat-
ed 4'°; by S o'clock it indicated only 43°, and there
was every prospect of a sharp frost. In talking
with my wife I told her that the frost that we
should probably get would stop the flow of honey
from the locusts, would result in a heavy loss on
our strawberries, probably kill or cut down the corn
and potatoes, and be death to the cucumbers and
our 30C0 tomato-plants, many of which have toma-
toes on, the size of hens' eggs, besides freezing a
lot of other stuff. I thought of building tires, as
has so often been recommended, with a view of
saving a part of the stuff; butwe had so much of it,
and all of the fuel was so wet from the recent rains,
that it seemed almost out of the question to try it.
As I went to sleep 1 thought of the probable ruin I
should see in the morning, and it seemed to me I
had never appreciated the comforts that surround
us this season. I hadn't even thought to thank God
for them aSl ought to thank him; but I made up my
mind that, if it clouded up, or the temperature
changed, so that the things that had become so
dear to me (by watching their daily growth) were
saved, I should, in the morning, be ready to give
thanks in good earnest. Some time in the night my
wife made the remark, that the sky was partly
clouded over, and that the thermometer was rising;
but I was too sleepy to think much more about it
than to be thankful. This morning it was warmer,
and every thing is all right— not even a leaf wither-
ed; and as I look over them to-day I do prize them,
and feel happier in the possession of these gifts than
I could possibly have done without the frosty air of
last evening as a reminder. Then, dear friends,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

463

is it not a kindness to us to be reminded occasional-
ly of the blessings we enjoy, by some such hint or
warning?

Dll. C. C. MILLER'S NEW BOOK, "A YEAR AMONG
THE BEES."

This is a very pretty little bound volume of 114
pages. It is a plain, familiar talk about bees and
bee culture. It starts out in an intensely interest-
ing and taking way, and keeps it up all through the
book. One of Its particular charms is, that friend
Miller does not pretend to know all there is to be
known in the matter. He does not get up on to any
high rostrum at all, but talks about the business
just as one farmer would naturally talk to another
about seeds, manures, implements, etc. He tells of
the way in which he has worked, and of the short
cuts he has made. He tells of his blunders, and
frankly says a good many times that he does not
know just the best way. As an illustration, after
having tiied almost all kinds of feeders, and after
having had them in the way after he got through
with them, perhaps forgotten and left in the hives
when they ought not to be, he decides now in favor
of having no feeders at all. But where a colony is
to be fed, he does it by filling empty combs with
syrup, in a manner similar to that given by our old
friend Quinby, years ago. His wife and his boy as-
sist him in the work, not only with their hands,
but with their brains; and I tell you, my friends, it
is a big element toward success to have a good
smart woman to help you in the bee-business. Very
likely it is in any kind of business; but a great part
of bee culture is emphatically woman's work.
Friend Miller has a particular way of placing his
hives by twos; and if there is anything about the
book that is lacking, it is that he did not give us a
nice picture of an apiary arranged the way he
would have it; and, by the way, more pictures of
other things he describes and speaks of.

Friend Miller is not only a genius, but he is a man
who has proved his ability to manage bees, by mak-
ing money at the business; that is, he made money
during favorable seasons; during unfavorable sea-
sons, he frankly owns up, he has not. 1 think it will
pay every one who has a dozen colonies of bees or
more to have "A Year Among the Bees." Price 70
cts.; 10 or more copies, 50 cts. each. If wanted by
mail, add .5 cts. each for postage.

The smoker and "Truth" are duly at hand, for
which please accept my thanks. Will do as I agree
to do. My tobacco has gone. John Arner.

Rimersburgh, Pa., March 29, 188».

I have left off using tobacco. I wish you would
send me one of your bee-smokers. I hereby prom-
ise, if I ever use tobacco again I will send you the
money for the smoker. F. H. York.

North Norway, Maine, March 39, 1886.

TeB^cc© Oeii^MN.

J HAVE been using tobacco for upward of ten
j'cars, but have stopped since Jan. 1. If you
will send me a smoker, I hereby agree to send
you pay for the same if I again commence;
but I will not commence again, as I fairly
loathe it now. Wm. F. Beach.

Philadelphia, Pa., March 23, 1886.

I will take you up at your ofler, to send me a
smoker. I will give up smoking tobacco.

Samuel Mumm.\.
Highspire, Dauphin Co., Pa., April U, 1886.

I send you these few lines to let you know that I
have resolved to quit the use of tobacco, after the
use of the weed for 7 years; and I now promise my-
self that I will not use it again. If you think I am
entitled to a smoker, please send it; and if I ever
break my pledge, I will pay you full value.

Cass City, Mich. J. W. Wright.

Having formed the acquaintance of L. B. Polk,
who is engaged in the honey- business, I have,
through him, gone into it. Having chewed and
smoked from boyhood, I have quit. Please send
smoker; and if I ever begin I will pay you for it.

R. SlMKINS.

Anderson, Ross Co., O., Apr. 19, 1886.

I commenced chewing about two years ago. A
few days ago I thought I would would quit using
tobacco. I heard that if any one would quit the
use of it you would send a smoker as a present. If
I ever commence using it again I will pay you full
price for it. J. C. Stepheson.

Burlington, Burlington Co., N. J., Mar. 8, 1886.

influence of a 11-year-old boy over his
father.

I am 14 years old, and commenced to keep bees
last summer. My father has chewed tobacco for 20
years, but he quit last May, and told me 1 might
try for a smoker, and ho promises to pay you the
price of one if he ever touches it again.

Ypsilanti, Mich., April 13, 1886. A. F. Smith.

a stitch in time.

I saw, while I took Gleanings, that you had
much to say about that nasty weed tobacco, and
also that you gave a smoker to any one who would
quit using it. Well, put my name down on that list
for two smokers— one for myself, the other for my
neighbor, who has also quit its use. I have just
gone over into my twenties, so I quit while young,
and ii "stitch in time" will count nine. You can
send both smokers to me, and I will stand good for
both. Should I begin using it again, 1 Avill pay you
for both smokers. Both my parents are slaves to it,
and I can see its evil effects. Bees have all wintered
well in this locality this year, and carried in pollen
March 18th for the first time this year.

Michael Buscher,Ju.

Cicero, Hamilton Co., Ind., Apr. 14, 1886.

QUIT for life.

I am a rather poor hand to beg; but I learn from
Gleanings that you offer a smoker to any one who
has been in the habit of using tobacco, and is will-
ing to quit. I see, also, that those who get a smok-
er, and then take up the habit again, must pay for
the smoker. I have quit for life; and if I am en-
titled to a smoker, please send it by mail and I will
pledge myself to pay you for one dozen smokers if
I ever use tobacco again. I smoked for 9 years, and
have seen the folly of the filthy practice, and have
been the means of turning others from it. I have
read of several in Gleanings who say they have
not got to pay for their smoker yet; but I read
to-day of two who had sent in the price of smoker
to you, stating they had forfeited their contract,
and had gone to smoking again. This is all wrong.

A. B. George.

Ncwberg, Yamhill Co., Oregon, Mar. 26, 1886.

4(j4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

ITALIAN%CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Hretl in separate apiaries, away from
otlieV bees. Warranted Italian" or un-
:?r tested Carniolan queens, in May. .1S1.25;
6, *6.75; .lune, $1.10; 6. «.'j.90; July, fl;
fi, $5. State! whicli yon prefer, Ital-
ians lired from my tielUnzona strain,
or Golden Italians'. I am prepared to
please all.

JilCKS AT Ii]:i>l('I':jt HATJCS.

For full particulars, and prices of tested queens,
bees, etc., send for circular and price list. Satisfac-
tion guaranteed. €HAS. D. DUVALL,
9tfdb Spciu'erville, ITIuiit. Co., ITId.

QUEENS UNEXCELLED.

From Mr. Benton's best imported mothers, very
low. Send for circular to
Htfdb S. F. REED, N. Dorchester, N. H.

DCCC EM inUfA - SEE FOSTER'S -

DCCO IN iUltfli ADVERTISEMENT.

Dl IDC ITALIAN BEES.

pll||r Full colonies, nuclei, bees by the
I %# 1 1 ■■ pound, and Queens a si)ecialty. Also,
Simplicity Hives, Frames, Sections. Comb Founda-
tion, and supplies generally. E5&~ Send for my cir-
cular and price list. You will save monev bv so do-
ing, c. M. Dixoisr,

4-11-db Pahkisb, Fhanklin Co., III.

•kl

QUEENS.-^-l4^

1 have them, bred from a best selected queen of
Root's importation, !!,) cts. each; ti tor *4.5U. I can
give all orders immediate attention, and shij) by
return mail. Send i)ostal for dozen rates.
lOtfdb B. T. BL.KASDAL.F:,

596 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Oliio.

QUEENS. 1886. QUEENS.

Reared from Imported Mothers. Two, three, and
four frame nuclei. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. Send for price list. Address
5-lldb FRANK A. EATON, Bluffton, Ohio.

LEWIS ¥-CROOVE

ONE-PIECE SECTIONS

Down. Doivn, Goes the Price.

Fiifil Qtialit}/, Wliiti: UassicDiid, One Puiaid SccUaiis,
In hits of .-,()) tit M):i, $4.o:) per Kioa.

SPECIAL FREIGHT RATES.

If :jO:)(I or inaie arc icantcd, write for sfpccial priccx,
delivered to ijou, freight paid hy uti.

C. B. LEWIS & CO., ittfdb

April 15, 1886. Watertown, Wisconsin.

WEWILL SELL

Chaff hives complete, with lower frames, for $3.50;
in fiat, $1.5(1. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives, Section Bo.vcs, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
andQiieen»i. Send for Price List. 33 22db

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

BEES IN IOWA,

— SEE FOSTER'S —
ADVERTISEMENT.

look! Honey-Comb Foundation! Ltok! PURE ITALIANS.

May

.lune
1 to IS

.lune 21
to Oct. 1

Fhiends, if you want any Foundation it will pay
you to purchase of us, as we have the very latest
improved mills. Discounts on esirly ordei'S. Send
for free samples and prices. Strawberry ])lants,
grape roots, and Italian queens at I'tasonable
prices. We will allow Id ', discount until May 15th,
and 5 until .lune 1st on fdn. Address

C. W. FHELFS & CO.,
8tfdb Tror.A Cknthf;, Tkxh (Jo., N. Y.

BEES BY THE POUND

AND UNTESTED QUEENS A SPECIALTY.

One pound of Bees, .51. (JO. Queens, iSl.dO each.
E.xpress charges prepaid on orders of Id lbs., to any
part of the United States except California and
Oregon. Write for discount on large orders. Or-
ders from dealers for a weekly delivery of queens
solicited. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Make money orders, drafts, etc.. pavaftle at Baton
Rouge, La. JOS. BYRNE,

Ttfd Wauu's Cheek, E.vst Baton Rouge Pai«., La.

SUMNER & PRiME,

BRISTOI-, VEKIvlOlTT.

— MANl'FA<'TUI!EHS OF —

Pee - }^eepers' Supplies.

White Poplar Dovetailed Sections and Shipping-
Crates a Specialty. Price List and samples free.
7-9-lld

F. HOLTKE'S 3-FRAIVIE NUCLEI, WITH

$1.00 Queen, for Only $2.oo!

Three-frame nuclei, with .*1.00 (jucen, from 15th
of May on. .$3.00. Combs built in Simi)licity frames,
and well stocked with bees and brood. 10-U-]3d

Fred'fe Holtke, Carlstadl, Bcrgeii Co., N. J.

Tested (jueens I .f 3 .50 | S<3 35 I $1 75

Untestedjiiueens | i 1 35 | ] 00

Bees per pound I 3 00 I 1 .50 1 0:)

Nuclei per comb | 00 | 65 | .5d

All communications promptly res|)onded to, and
all questions cheertullv answered.
8-lMb S. «'. PKRRTf, PORTLAND, IONIA CO., MICH.

Western BEE-KEEPERS' Supply House.

M'o nianufacturt; Beu- Keepers' sup-
l)licsoftiU kinds, &es( quaiily at loii'-
est pricis. Hives, Sections, Comb
l'"oundatiou. Extractors, Smokers,
Crates, Honey Buckets Veils, Feed-

rs. Bee-Literuture, etc., etc. ^ "
Imported Italian Queens, hs
'Italian Queens. Bees by the ^
Ih.. Nucleus or Colony. "Bee-
Keepers' <iuidp, Meinoriinrt.i and
l1 Illustraled «'iilaIoi;iie" of 48 pages
^ KKEE to Bee-Keepers. Address
JOSEPH ]\VSKWAN1>ER,
DES MOINES, IOWA,

DADAINT'X FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See ad\ertisem( nt in another
column. obtlil

IJAV^ING moved my larg-e queen-rearing apiary
■*-^ from Lewisville to Milton, I will still furnish
pure Italian bees and queens in any quantity and
shape. Those wanting to start apiaries should write
for prices. I also will furnish eggs from California
bronze turkeys, at $1 50 per sitting of 0.
3-19d GEO. VV. BAKER, Milton, Ind.

J. P. CONNELL,

HILLSBORO, HILL CO., TEX.,

Makes a sjiecialty of rearing pure Italian (jueens,
and of shipping bees in two, three, and four frame
nuclei. Tested queens in March and April, f3..50;
after, *3.00. Untested queens in April, fl.35; after
$1.00. Satisfaction guaranteed. (JTOlld

SEND FOR CIRCULAR.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

465

1000 Lbs.

Bees FOR SALE.

Hf'i-p T am lor the spring- of 185ti, with 1000 LBS. OF
HtBEID BEES for sale by the poiiiul. Bees *I.(I0, and
queens all cts. in May; bees $1.00 and queens 35 cts.,
after the liHh of June. All express charges paid by
me in the United States and Canada. Safe arrival
ffuaranteed. Orders received first will be filled
first. Remember, I can not fill all in one day. Or-
der early, and avoid delay. No order will be booked
without the monej-. Money returned when re-
quired. 1 have no circular. Inclose stamp when
you want a reply. I will start to ship on the 15th of
May, weather permitting.

THOMAS GEDYE.
8-13db La Salle, La Salle Co., 111.

BEAUTIFUL

FOUNDATION

And very choice all-in-one-piece SECTIONS, V-
jfroove — wholesale and retail, and exceedingly
cheap. Send for Sam|)les and Free Price List of
every thing needed in the apiary. 6tfdb

(Near Detroit.) M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Wajre Co., Mich.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Single untested, $1.00: 6 for $4.(10. Tested, single,
*1..50; 6 for $7.5(t. Selected tested, single, S3.50.

HENRV STECKliEK, SR.,
lO-Ud P. O. Box 99. New Iberia, La.

Tyear among the bees,

A New Bee. Book of 114 Pages.

Price 75 cents. Sent pustimid by the Author,

1013db DR C. C. MILLER, Marengo, Ills.

PURE
ITALIAN

Bred from select imported and home-bred mothers,
of the best strain.s. No black bees near. Untested
queens, in June, »l.(iO each; H for f5.0(). Tested
queens, $3.00 each. For nuclei, etc.. send for price
list. D. U. EDMISTON,

lOtfdb ADRIAN, LENAWEE CO., MICH.

MY18TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN.
CYPRIAN, and HOLY-LAND BEES. QUEENS,
NUCLEUS COLONIES, and APIARIAN SUPPLIES,
sent to all who send me their name and address.
10 lltfd H. H. BROWN. LUjM Street, Cut. Co., Pa.

Italian Queens sent by Mail.

Untested queens from imported mother, April,
$1.25; May, .lune, and July, Jl.OO. After Ai)ril, per
half-dozen, $5.00. E. CRUDGINGTON & SON,
6tfdb Breckinridge, Stephens Co., Texas.

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
22 21db Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

Foundation - Mill For Sale.

One ten-inch Root comb-mill, second hand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and (juality of work, equal to a new one.
Price SI5.00. The list i)rice of a new mill of this

kind is'.*30.00.

A. I. BOOT, ITIedina, O.

HEADQUARTERS IN THE SOUTH

FOB THE MANUFAOTUKE AND SALE OF

BEE - KEEPERS' : SUPPLIES.

The only Steam Facto7~ij Erected in the South, Ex-
cluaivel}! for the Manufacture of Hives, Framex, Sec-
tions, etc. The Viallonand Root Simplicity Hives a
Specialty.

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Untested, in April, $1.25each; fl3.00per doz. From
May 6 to June 1, *1.10 each, *12.00 per doz. After
June I, $1.00 each, $10.00 per doz. Tested, $2.b0
each; select tested, $3.00 each to first of June.
Contracts taken with dealers for the delivery of a
certain number of queens per week, at special
figures.

FOUR-FKAME NUCLEUS,
With pure Italian queen, containing- 3 pounds of
bees when received; in April, $4.00; after May 25,
25cts. less. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

For more particulars, send for catalogue for 188(5.
P. L. VIALLON.
lltfd Bayou Goula, Iberville Parish, La.

Bee-Hives, Honey-Boxes, Sections.

Laegest Bee-Hive FactJie? in the World.

C'.4P.lC/rr, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAY

Best of g-oods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertowu, Wis.

MUTH'S
HOUEY-EXTRACTOR,

SQU.\I<E GLASS HONEY-JAKS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-IIIVES,
HONEV-SECTIONS, &c., Ac.
PEKFECTION COLIt- BLAST SMOKEKS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send lO-ccnt stamp for " Practical Hints to
Ilee-Keepers." Itfdb

BEESTNMISSOURirSiSvK^S^
SECTIONS,

$3.50 per M. Dovetailed, all-in-one-i)iece. Send 2-
cent stamp for sample. E. S. ITIILLER,

(t-]2db Bryden, IWieli.

VIRGINIA LAND AGENCY.

('hea|) Farms. Splendid climate. Short Mild Win-
ters, (iood Markets. Descriptive Land List Free.
>;iib GRIFFIN &. JERVIS, PETERSBURGH, VA.

DCCC III inUfA —SEE FOSTER'S-

DCCO in lUlffAi ADVERTISEMENT.

DADAMT'S FOUNDATION FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tf bd

SEND sIJ^i'^L^E^s^l^F FOUNDATION

TO C. W. PHELPS & CO., TIOGA CENTER, N. Y.

ITALIAN QirEENS, untested. May and June,
$1.01); six for $.5.00; after .luly 1st, 8oc each: six,
$4. .50; 2-fr. nucleus, untested queen, .June, $2.75;
after Julv 1, $2.25. Send for price list of bees by
the pound, fdn., etc. JOHN NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.
7^]2db

SYRIAN AND ITALIAN QUEENS,

Before .lune 15, tested, $2.5!) each; aft(»r, $2.0i) each.
Untested, before .lunc 15, $1.00 each; after, single
queen, $1.00; si.\ for $.5.00; twelve for $9.00.
Btfdl> ISRAEL <iOOB, Sparta, Teiin.

466

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

June

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be iiisertcc! uniler this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's iiitindeil tor this departmrnt must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
Ave lines will cost .you according to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To e.\chang-e Italian bees, brood, and
queens, for t'dn., beeswa.x. type-writer, or any
thing- having- a standard market value. 6tl'db

Th()m.\s Horn, Box 691, Sherburne, Chen. Co.,N. Y.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange, farm, 180 acres,
good buildings, good sandy soil; also latest im-
proved Steam Thrashing-machine. Either or both
at a bargain. Address J. A. Osbun & Son,
Ttfdb Spring- Bluff, Adams Co., Wis.

WANTED.— To sell cheap for cash, or will ex-
change for bees. Root's chaff hives, the D. A.
Jones chaff hives, made up or in the fiat, wide
frames, brood-frames, dovetailed sections, cases,
etc. J. M. KiNZiE,

lOtfdb Rochester, Oakland Co., Mich.

■|1[ ANTED. —An active and experienced young
VV man to work in apiary. State age, experience,
and wages wanted, with references.

W. D. Wright, Knovversville, Albany Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange pure Italian queens for
beeswax at 28c per lb. Queens, select, $3.00;
warranted, $1.50. Ship wax by freight to Barry-
town, N. Y. Cornelius Bros.,
7 12 db LaFayetteville, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

EGGS.— From choice stock, for hatching. Safe ar-
rival guaranteed. Wyandottes, $3.50 for 13;
$4.00 for 2(5. Houdans, $1.50 for 13; $2.00 for 26.
Breeding birds and chicks for sale; or 1 will ex-
change for bee-supplies I can use. J. EVANS,
Otfdb Box HO, Sehaghticoke, N. Y.

WANTED immediately, 20 untested queens in ex-
change for beautiful white basswood one-piece
sections, at $4.35 per 1000. A. D. D. Wood,

lOtfdb Rives Junction, Jackson Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To cxehange20,C0;)strawberr.v-planfc5,
Crescent Seedling, Cumberland Triumph,
Sharpless, and Glendalc, V5 cts. per 1(!0; 14.00 per
lOOO, for bees, foundation, or improved (loultry.
lOtfdb W. J. Hesser, Platlsmouth, Neb.

WANTED.— Ginseng root.— Will pay 75 cents i)er
lb. for the dried root. One ounce to one lb.
may be sent by mail to my address. Larger packages
may be sent by express to Ransom, Pa , via Pitts-
ton, Pa. Address A. P. Shaiu-s,
lO-lld Exeter, Luzerne Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange now Novice honey-ex-
tractors for A. and L. frames; will exchange
for a bone-grinder, or good books, or any thing use-
ful. Geo. W. Baker, Milton, Ind. 3-5-7-9-1 l-13d

WANTED.— To exchange Gale plow, siiuare har-
row, subsoil plow, double lead harness, riding-
saddle, horse-clippers; also a Stevens 44 ritle and 12-
gauge shot-gun combined, for Barnes saw, hives in
tiat, or otters. Goods shiiiped from Philadelpliia, Pa.
lid H. M. HiESPELL, Paola, Ela.

WANTED.— To exchange Heddon cases for lO-f. L.
hives, or good second-hand 10-f. L. hives for
Italian queens, or offers. D. G. Webster,

lid Blaine, Boone Co., 111., May 24, 1886.

WANTED.— To exchange for bees a one-horse
harrow, feed-cutter, .50-gall. farm boiler. Sim-
plicity hives, used one season, frames of comb.
lid Arthur Todd,

1910 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees for a bi-
cycle, from tiftv to fiftv-six inch. lOd
W. e: Darrow, Box 1C6, O'Fallon, St. Clair Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange a trio of white-faced
Black Spanish fowls for Italian bees; or will
sell game for $12.00 cash. MYEON SCHEEMEEHOEN,
lid Elizaville, Columbia Vo., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange, small-size Centennial
incubator, new or second hand, or brooder,
for Italian bees, nuclei, or full colonies. ll-13d

James D.,Halsted, Rye, Westc. Co., N. Y.

/"ANTED.- To exchange silverhull buckwheat,
at one dollar per bushel, for offers.

C. D. Manville, La Grange, O.

W

WANTED— To exchange 1 qt. berry-baskets for
fdn. or silverhull buckwheat Seed-baskets,
$7.0 I per 1009. Joh.\ HARRot-o,

Coluinliiana, Col (>,).. (Jhio.

STiL2SrLE"Z''S

Automatic Honej-Extractor

AND DOLLAR SMOKER.

Send for circiibir and Pric ■ lirt to

G. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

OKE-PIECE BOXES AT $4.007

I can furnish one-piece boxes, 414x41:1x1 '« wide at
$4.00 per lOOO; 300, $2.00. Send for sample,
lid J. P. MCGREGOR, Fueelanu, Mich.

ES CHEAPS

I have the finest lot of Queens and Bees I have
ever raised in my 13 years' experience, and shouhl
like to have everybody see them. I will sell at fol-
lowing low prices:
SELEiT TES^EIt ( VICHY FIXE) $'J.OO
TESTED ------ 1.00

My Queens arc nearly all mated with drones from
an imported Italian Queen. Half-blood Holy-Lands,
Cyjirians, and Albinos, at same price.

H. B. H arkin(;toin,

JTlay 26, 18!S6. Medina, O.

CELERr PUNTS!

Hcndeison's White-Plume Celery, and new ai)ple-
shaped Celeriac, at 25 cts. per 100, or $3.00 per 1009.
lM2d F. HOLTKE, Carlstadt, Bergen Co., N. J.

rtllPC/rMQ S. S. Hamburgs, B. Leghorns, P.
UniUt^tRO. Rocks; eggs, $1.00 per setting for
the rest of the season. Fowls for sale.

A. H. DUFF, Creiohton, Ohio.

8 Square ft. to Ib-.ti-IS cents.
W. T. LYONS.

Decherd, Tenn.

FOUNDATION

BERRY-BASKETS.

One-quart baskets, $7.00 per 1000; best iron-bound,
33-quart crate, filled with baskets, complete, 99 cts.
Discount to dealers. Send for sample baskets.
MELLINGER, HARKOLD & (iROVE.

Columbiana, Col. Co., Ohio.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERsT

I received your ABC book and am \ei-y much
pleased with it. The book is worth $10.00 to any be-
ginner. C.S.Johnston.

Emlenton, Pa. ^

C. C. MILLER'S opinion OF OUR NEW INCUBATOR
THERMOMETERS.— SEE P. £97, APR. 15 ISSUE.

Many thanks for the thermometer, which has
come in perfect order. You don't know the com-
fort I feel in owning a thermometer which tells
temperature so plainly, and in whose word I can
have such confidence. 1 feel very grateful to you
for teaching me the use of wire nails, which are
now introduced for the first in the Marcnge stores.

Marengo, 111., May 22, 1886. C. C- Miller. .

1886

gJleanikgs in bee culture.

471

A YEAR AMONG THE BEES,

A New Bt'e-Book of 114 Page!*.

Price T"> cents. Sent p()Sti)aiil \'y Ihc Auflior,

1013db DR. C. C. MILLER, Marengo, Ills.

FOUNDATION

IDXJ3Xr:EC JS, 3VE
VANDERVORT

Wc have a hirg'c stock of choice yellow beeswax,
and can furnish Dunham comb fdn. for brood comb,
cut to any size, for 40c per lb. E.x'tra thin Vander-
vort foundation, 4f)C per lb. We' g-uarantee our
fdn. to be made from pure beeswax, and not to sag-.
Will work up wax for 10c per lb., and :JOc per lb. for
section. F. \V. HOLiIUUS,

4tfdb Coopersville, Ottawa Co., Mich.

FOR SAL.E.-100 colonies of Italian bees, and
200 tested and untested queens.
9-12db E. BUKKE, Vincennes, Ind.

SW WHAT THIS IS.

Two-frame nuclei of the finest strain of Italian
l»ees; combs full of brood, strong in bees, with an
extra select tested queen, for .$3.-50. Three frames,
$;10U, or two for .$500. The frames are L. size. Sat-
isfaction guaranteed. J. A. Bl'OHANAN,
J-'tfdb Holliday's Cove, Hancock Co., W. Va.

PT7RE ITALIAU QXTEEUS.

lOOREAOY liVKRV 30 DAYS.

Untested at 7.") cents; 10 for JifT.OD. Tested queens,
$3.0(t each. All bred from a selected imported
mother. Cells raised in full colonies.
13-16d D. G. EDMISTON, ADRIAN, LEN. CO., MICH.

Introducing Queens.

Henry Alley has jii\'en, in the May number of the
AmkiuC'An Apicui/riiKiST, several new methods
for introducing- both fertile and unfertile queens.
Sample copies free. Addi-ess

AMERICAN APICULTURIST,
9tfdb Wenham, Mass.

STAITLE-g-'S

Automatic Honey-Extractor

AND DOLLAR SMOKER.

Send for circular and Price list to

C. W. STANLEY, Wyoming, N. Y.

ONE-PIECE BOXES AT $4.00.

I can furnish one-piece boxes, 4^ix4i4xl''« wide at
*4.(M( per 10(H); :!0ll, .*3.00. Send for sample.
13d .J. P. McGKE(!OR, Fkkki.and, Mich.

harrington'sId!

BEES CHEAP!

I havt! the finest lot of (Queens and Bees 1 have
ever raised in my i;i years' e.\perience, and should
like to have everybody see them. 1 will sell at fol-
lowing- low ))rices:
SELlUr TESTED (VKKY FISE) $-i.OO
TESTK1> ...... j.oo

My Queens are nearly all mated with di-ones from
an impt)rted Italian (^ueen. Half-blood Holy-I>ands,
Cyprians, and Albinos, at same price.

II. B. HARRINGTON,

may 2G, 18S(i. ITIetliua, O.

BEAUTIFUL

FOUNDATION

And very choice all-in-one-piece SECTIONS, V-
groo\e — wholesale and retail, and exceedingly
(■heu)). Send for Samples and Free Price List of
e\cry thing needed in the apiary. 6tfdb

(Near Detroit.) M. E. ETOT, Boll Branch,, Wiyne Co.. Mich.

Bee-Hives, Honey-Boxes, Sections.

Laeqest Bee -Hive rAciCEY in the Woeld.

CAPACITY, 1 CARLOAD UF GOODS PEE DAY

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

NQILAKK <;L.ASS HONKV-.IARS,

TIN KIKJKKTS, BEG- II IVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, Ac, Ac
PERFECTION < (>L,I».KL,AST SITIOKERS.

Ai>ply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints lo
Ree-Keepers." Itfdb

SECTIONS,

$3.50 per M. Dovetailed, all-in one-piece. Send 2-

ceiit stamp lor sample. E. S. JtllLIiER,

!• 12db Drydoii, IWicIi.

l*/ESTEOT ILLINOIS MODEL POULTRY & BEE YAEDS. Premi-
•* uui and iinporled stock : also Ai)iariati supplies.
Catalogue fi-ee. HVM L. HOENINQ, Prop.. Malvern, 111.

ITALIAN QUEENS, untested. May and June,
*l.Oii; six for $.5.00; after July 1st, «r.c each: six,
$4. .50; 2-fr. nucleus, untested queen, June, $3.7.5;
after July 1, $2.25. Send for price list of beea by
the pound, fdn., etc. JOHIT NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.
7-I2db

REDUCTION IN PRICES.

We hereby notify our customers that there lea
reduction in foundation from the prices quoted in
our il^f/(7/ retail jirice list. All parties interested
will pleasi' mail us a card for new prices.
< HAS. DADANT & SON,
11(1 Hamilton, Hancock Co., III.

Italian Queens sent by Mail.

Untested queens from imported mother, April,
$1.25; May, June, and July, $1(10. After April, per
half-dozen, $.5.00. E. CRUDGINOTON & SON,
tjtfdb IJreckinridge, Stephens Co., Texas.

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialt.v. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamiis tilled in :i few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
22 2ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

Foundation - Mill For Sale.

One ten-inch Hoot comb-mill, second hand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and (puility of work, ecpuil to a new one.
Price $15.(KI. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $20.00. A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

472

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Juke

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's Intended for this di'iiartnient must nut
exoped 5 lines, and you must say you want ycMii- :u\. in tliis de-
partment, or we will not be respoiisilili' Im- aii\ I'rror. You
can have the notice as many lines as yciu phMsci but all over
tive lines will cost you according to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To exchange pure Italian queens for
beeswax at 38e peril). Queens, select, $3.00;
warranted, $1..50. Ship wa.x by freight to Barry-
town, N. Y. Cornelius Bros.,
7 12 db LaFayetteville, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange 20,000 strawberr.y-plants,
Crescent Seedling, Cumberland Triumph,
Sharpless, and Glendale, 75 cts. per 100; $4.00 per
lODO, for bees, foundation, or improved poultry.
lOtfdb W. J. Hesser, Plattsmouth. Neb.

WANTED.— To exchange, small-size Centennial
incubator, new or second hand, or brooder,
for Italian bees, nuclei, or full colonies. ll-12d

James D. Halsted, Rye, Westc. Co., N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange bees by the pound for
fdn., sections, wide frames, or extractor, or
imported queen, or for cash. Price per lb., with
$1.00 queen, $3.00; with black or- hybrid queen, $1.25;
without queen, $1.00, Safe arrival guaranteed anv-
where within five days' transit. ]2d

Luther Purdy", Killbuck, Holmes C^)., Ohio.

WANTED.— To sell 150 or 310 brood-frames, worker
19/4 by 9 inches. Fit Langstroth hives, and
can be used for extracting. Address I2d

An ABEL Ronald, Grand View, la.

WANTED.— To exchange a lamp-nursery hive,
never used, complete, for fdn.. sectioiis. or L.
frames. C. F. Uhl, 13tf'db

Millersburg, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange for foundation, any
make, also beeswax, bees or queens. My bees
are as tine as the world can produce, are pure Ital-
ians and albinos, and are very gentle.
13d Address ' F. I5oomhowet(,

Gallupville. N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted honey,
cash or offers, 15,000 pot-grown straw beri-y-
plants of the best varieties; also game cocks aiid
Jersey Red pigs. Can give best reference. 12-13d
Address Geo. M. Wehtz,

Johnstown, Cambria Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To buy for cash, from lf,0 to .500 pieces,
either pine, poplar, or ba.«swood, 7 feet long,
3;4 inches wide, 1\ inches thick, planed all over,
with a rabbet taken from one corner IKi inches by
!4 inch. Who can furnish them? 12-13d

Thos. W. Croacher, New Bedford, Mass.

WANTED.-To sell, after June l«t, .50 3-frame L.
size nucleus colonies of hybrid bees, with
queens, for $3.50 each, delivered at Plattsmouth,
Neb., or I will exchange for young stock, cattle ori
horses, or apiarian supplies.
12tfdb J. M. Young, Rock Blutf, Cass Co., Neb.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange a farm, 160 acres;
good buildings, good soil, good title. All under
fence. For sale at a fair price. Address
lOd W. B. Brown, Spirit Lake, Dickinson Co., la.

WANTED.-To exchange Gale plow, square har-
row, subsoil plow, double lead harness, riding-
saddle, horse-clippers; also a Stevens 4+ rifle and 13-
gauge shot-gun combined, for Barnes saw, hives in
flat, or offers. Goods shipped from Philadelphia, Pa.
13-13d H. M. HiESPELL, Paola, Fla.

W

ANTED.— To exchange 20 Ideal glass-front veils
for queens sent now. J no. C. Capehart.

St. Albans, W. Va.

WANTED.— Cash for Root foundation, L. size or
less. Surplus, 55c; Brood, 4.5c. 12d

W. H. Upton, Loveland, Potta. Co., Iowa.

NOW READY.

TERRrS NEW BOOK ON

—THE—

WINTER CARE

—OF—

HORSES & CATTLE.

THE MOST HUMANE

— AND —

PROFITABLE TREATMENT.

Although the book is mainly in regard to the win-
ter care of horses and cattle, it touches on almost
ever,y thing connected with successful farming-
shelter, comfort, feeding, exercise, kindness, differ-
ent sorts of feed, witii a full treatise on the most
economical way of saving manure. A full descrip-
tion of the model barn is given, as shown on p. 396.
PRICE 40 €TS.; BY niAlI., 43 CTS.

A. I. ROOT, - MEDINA, OHIO.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers, Separators,

«.%:<■., of Koot's ITIaniifacture, Sliipped

from liere at KOOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Iveepers' Sui)ijlies in general. Price Lint Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3-34db

Carniolan f Queens.

Fertilized in my apiary of 100 colonies. Carniolan
bees, •• untested " (jueens. Safe arrival guaranteed.
$1.00 each; six, $5.00. 13d

I>R. S. W. ITIORRISON,

Oxford, <'liester Co., Pa.

$2.50 CHEAP $2.50

During the rest of the season I will sell three
Simp. -size frame nuclei colonies, all worker comb,
with 1 lb. of Italian bees, and nice tested Italian
queen, for only $2. .50. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. 1 have for saleaflne lot of untested
qvieens at 75c; tested, $1 OH. Send for circular.
12-]3d F. W. MOATS, THE BEND, DEFIANCE CO., OHIO.

TEN COLONIES OF ITALIAN BEES IN
LANGSTROTH HIVES AT $7 EACH.

Every colony contains five frames of brood.
ll-]2d M. ISBELI^ Norwich, N. Y.

FOR SALE. pHcity 'w

es of Italian bees in Sim-

Will be sold cheap. Address T. E. Hanbury,
12d Atlanta, Ga., P. O. Box 98.

Italian, Holy-Land, and Syrian.

June July Aug.
Italian, from iniported mothers, I $1.TO I .75 I .75
Holy-Land and Syrian, trom S.T. I 1.00 | .75 | .75
Tested, (Idiilile above prices. P. O. notes payable
at Chesterton, Ind. Circular free.
ll-12d N. E. COTTRELL, Burdiek, Porter Co., Ind.

CELERr PLANTS/

Henderson's White-Plume Celery, and new apple-
shaped Celeriac, at 25 cts. per 100, or $2.00 per 1000.
ll-12d F. HOLTKE, Carlstadt, Bergen Co., N. J.

rUiri/rNQ S. S. Hamburgs, B. Leghorns, P.
UniUAtnO. Rocks; eggs, $1.00 per setting for
the rest of the season. Fowls for sale.

A. H. DUFF, Creighton, Ohio.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

473

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have Wank or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert nutiies free of
chargre, as below. We do this becuse there is liai-clly value
enough to these queens to pay fr>r buying them up and keep-
ing fhein in stock: and yet it is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

OFF-COLOR ALBINOS!

Friends, I shall ha\c a ^ood many Albino queens
this summer through, which, when tested, will not
come up to the standard for which I sliall breed in
stocking: up my HO colonies. Tliesr tested queens,
which will be good, but off colors, 1 will sell for Mc.
each. Those wanting, send orders and I will fill as
I have them to dispose of. Abbott L. Swinson,
Goldsboro, Wayne Co., N. C.

1 have made arrangements to supply about 2.5
black queens this month. Those wanting them can
have them for 2.5c each, or 5 for Sl.lKI. Order at
once. A. C Johnson, Clarkton, Bladen Co., N. C.

Having 33 hybrid queens I will send them to the
friends for.50 ets. apiece, by return mail, this month.
These queens were all raised last year, and from
best imported and select tested queens. Postage-
stamps accepted. Address Jno. A. Thoknton,

Lima, Ills.

Black and hybrid queens at 25 cts. and 40 cts.
apiece. Geo. D. Kaudenbush, Heading, Pa.

Choice hybrid queens for the next three months,
25c. now. Safe arrival guaranteed. G. S. Fox*

Mitchell ville, Iowa.

Friends, I have 30 black queens that I will take
35 cts. each for, or 5 for $1.00. Heady to ship now.
RiCHAKU McBbide, Amnion, Bladen Co., N. C.

I have some mismated Italian (|ueens that I will
sell at ;55 cts. each; pay for them when received.
Can get black queens at 25 cts. each.

W. A. S.VNUEK.s, Oak Bower, Hart.Co., Ga.

I have M dozen or more hybrid queens of last
year's raising for sale, at 35 cts. each, ready to mail
on receipt of order. O. H. Townsend,

Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

Hybrid queens from pure mother. 50c; blacks, 25c.
W. T. Lyons, Decherd, Tenn.

W

ANTED.— A partner to take half-interest in
an Apiar.y, with a little capital. Address
Louis Weunek, Edwardsville, 111.

SURE

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

A\ Before i)urchasing your H>ee-;Siii>-
tf\\ plioK. Cash;'paid for Beeswa.x. Ttfdb

'■^' A. B. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.

O

QUEENS AND BEES.

Untested, in May, $L15 each; *13IIOi.er doz.

"June, S51.00 " $10.00 •' "
Tested, $2..50 in May; 8(2.00 in June and aft-
er. Dealers, send for special discounts on
dozen lots or more. Safe arrival guaran-
teed. AV. J. ELLISON,
10-]2d Stateburg, Sumter f'o., S. C.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

WDEICLY, $1.0O ri'JIt YE All.

JONES, McPHEESON & CO., Publishers, Bcoton, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 833 pages. UtX b

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, III.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis,Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Chas.Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O. ; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha. Kan.; J.W.Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. K. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.: J. A. Huma-
son, Vienna, O.; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Dcs Moines, la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y. ; Barton, I'orsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Texas. W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. Y., and numerous other dealers.

Write for xnmplcs /rcc, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Coinpllnieiitary and wiiso-
licitcd trKliminiinlx, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. IT'f (niara)i(ce cveminch of our foundation eqtial
to sample in every respect.

CHAS. DADANT & SON,
3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinoifii.

xeoo

1806.

Headquarters in the North.

steam factor^-, fuUv ecjuipped, running exclusive-
ly on Jii:i:-i\ EEl'EItS' SI I'I'LJES. White-
poplar and basswood one-piece and dovetailed
sections. Vandervort thin foundation. Send for
free samples and illustrated price list.
10-15db A. I». D. WOOI>,

Ki\ es Junction, Jat kson Co., Midi.

APIARY FOR SALE.

QfJ COLONIES, in splendid condition; 20 acres
y" land, huge new frame house, 70 new hives,
13,000 tiixli.j sections, tools, etc. One of the best
honey-producing localities in the State of Iowa.
Immediate possession. C. A. SAYRE,

lotfdi) Sargent, Floyd Co., Iowa.

QUEENS, 1886. UNTESTED,

From select imported mother. After May 15, $1.00.
Wax worked into fdn. for a share, or by the pound.
Satisfaction guaranteed. THOS. & BENJ. YOUNG.
lO-lSdb LA SALLE, LA SALLE CO., ILL.

T^T^X^-EEEFEES' GUIDE, Memoi-anda, and Illus-
JJJtlXrf trated catalogue, 48 pages; FEEE to all
bee-keepers sending address to
stfd JOS. NYSEWANDEK, Des Moiues, Iowa.

BE SURE

To send a postal card for our illustrated eatalovin'of

APIARIAN ?ia^errTt''t:]>^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE LOWEST PKICES.

J. C. SAYLES,

2 t fd Hartford, Washington Co., Wis.

Batche/der's Drone and Queen Trap

Is the only one made that does not hinder the bees
in their work. Send S.", cents for sample. Send for
circular, and see what .\. T. Knot says about it.
lOttdb ,F. \. B.VTt HEL1>EK, Kceue, N. H.

474

GLEAJ^^INGS LN BEE CULTUliE.

June

poNEY OeMMN.

CITY MARKETS.
St. Louis— 7/o)je;/.— We quote lione3' very dull.
Nearly all ottering-.s are of old stock, which is hai'd
to place, oven at low prices, as lollows
Old strained, in bhls. and kegs,
" extracted " " " "
" " " cans,

" comb, broken.
Choice cap.

There is a fair demand for choice and fancy new
white clover, in lib. caps, at Vi@M'< cts. Beeswax
has g-ood demand. Selected yellow, 23' 2@23. Prime,
33, dark, 18#30.

With the i)resent low prices on all kinds of pro-
ducts, "e ciin not look lor high prices foi' the pro-
duct of the busy bee. W. T. An'kekson & Co.,
.Inne 12. 18t(3. UU N. I'd St , St. Louis, Mo.

3C''4c

4;;@,.5i.;c
.'ifaiAc

]0(rrtl2c

Ml i.WAi'KKK. —//oiic.i/ —Honey is in only moderate
deninnd for comb in sections, and the supply limit-
ed. E.vtra(^ted. ready sale on arrival, at jirices ac-
cording to quality and quantity. Quote choice 1-lb.
sections, 16@l"c; choice 2-lb. sections, 15((('16. Ex-
tracted, in bbls. or kegs, 6(g}7'/o. Beeswn.r wanted,
24@,2,5c. A. V. Bishop,

June IL 1886. 143 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Chicago.— 77o)ie?/.— Very little comb honey hero
at present, and none of the^best grades of one-
pound cotTibs; we e.vpect to have some of the new
crops soon. E.xtracted is without change of any
kind. Beesicrtx scarce at 2.5c. R. A. Burnett,

June 10, 1886. 161 S. Water St., Chicag-o, 111.

Detroit.- Hodfjy.- No honey in market to quote,
and but little wanted. Fruit seems to take its place
at this time of the year. Beeswn.r, firm at 3.')c.

June n, 1886. M. H. Hunt,

Bell Branch, Mich.

CLEVELAND.- Hojiciy.- The demand for honey has
fallen ott very rapidly since our last report, owing-,
undoubtedly, to the near approach of the new crop.
Prices are nominally unchanged. Choice white
1-lb., U c; 31bs., 13c. Beeswax, 35.

June 10, 1886. A. C. Kendei,,

11.5 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

ITALIAN QUEENS

TESTED, $a.00 ; INTESrED, i?1.00.
MISS A. M. TAYLOR,

12tfdb MULBERRY GROVE, BOND CO., ILL.

QUEENS, BEES, AND NirCLEI, AT RE-
dit<;ed prices.

ll-16db GEO. D. EAUDENBUSH, KBADINa, PA.

600 LBSrOF BEES ON HAND YET.

Bees, $1.00; queens, black or hybrid^ when I have
them, 3.5 cents. Queens raised from imported moth-
ers, after July 1, 65 cts. by mail; .50 cts., with 1 lb. of
bees by express, charges paid by me, as in May.

THOMAS GEDYE,

lia Salle, La Salle Co., 111.

12tfdb

SIX IVARRANTED ITALIAN QUEENS
for *5.00; twelve for $9.00. Single queen, .f 1.00.
Tested, $1..50 each. Simplicitv sections, *3.T5 per
1000, first quality. I. R. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.
l^^

FOR SALE AT COST.

300 I'S-story Simplicity hives in flat; 40 one-piece
one-pound sections; 75 one-))iece 3-lb. sections, size
5^x6; 10 brood-frames, V-shape; 5 broad frames
for sections; 200 I'j-storv Simplicitv hives, nailed
and painted. Address R. L. SHOEMAKER,
12-13d Newcomerstown, Tuscarawas Co., O.

SYRIAN QUEENS ^^ "^^t"'" ^^^1 tested

twelve for $8.00.
J^tfdb

$1.50; untested, 75 cents;
ISRAEIi «OOD,

Sparta, Teiiii.

GARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Having located an apiary of this new race of l)ees
in an isolated place, surrounded by high mountains,
whore a honey-bee was never seen until we placed
these there, we have two of the finest (jueens Mr.
Benton could furnish to breed from, and can fur-
nish queens of undoubted purity at the following
prices :

June 1, Queen, .*3 .50; 4 dozen, - - - $18 00
July 1, " 3 00; ••■'--- ]h 00

Aug. 1, " 3 51); " " ... 12 00

Sept. 1, " 3 35; " " - - - JO 50

ITALIAN ^ QUEENS

ol the best strains, bred in a separate apiari', tO
miles distant, warranted jjiirely mated:
June 1, Queen, *l O); '. dozen, - - - $5 00
Julv 1, •• 1 00; •••'.-. - 5 00
Aug. 1, " 1 00; •• " ... 4 5;)

Address J.R.MASON A: SONS,

MECHANIC FALLS, ME.

By Eeturn Mail.

Select tested queens, each, - - - - $1 50

Warranted queens, " 75

per doz., ... 8 GO

Strong 3-frame nuclei, L. frames, each, - - 3 50

Address JAITIES WOOD,

12d No. Prestott, ITlas.^.

UNTESTED Italian queens, reared under swarm-
ing-impulse, $1.00 each; 6 for $5.00. Tested, $1.50;
S-frame nucleus and queen, $3..50. Full colony in
one-story S. hive, after Julv 1, $5.00. Safe arrival
guaranteed. F. S. MCCLELLAND,

13d Box 379, New Brighton, Beaver Co., Pa.

A BARGAIN FOR SOME ONE.

$75.00 will buy 15 vols. Encyclopedia Britanica,
library leather binding-, and coiitract for remaining
6 vols. ; cost $6.00 i)er volume.
13d Address C. H., care Gleanings.

ITALIAN AND ALBINO QUEENS.

Choice tested Italian queens, reared from a select
imported queen. Root's importation, $1.50 each.
Warranted, $1.00 each; si.v for $5.00. Albinos same
price as Italian. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar-
anteed. Make money orders payable at Salem, O.

F. H. SCATTERGOOD, P. M.,
13-13d Winona, Oliio.

ITALIAN BEES.

As I have not reduced mj' stock as much as de-
sired, I offer full colonies at $-1 .50. Satisfaction and
safe arrival guaranteed.
13d E. A. GASTITIAN, Decatur, 111.

SPECIAL OFFER.

After this date I will furnish untested queens for
75 cts. each, $4.00 per ' » doz., or $7.50 per doz. Test-
ed, $1..50. Warranted queens at $1.00; 3-frame nu^
clei, with untested queen, at $3.00. Kef., A. I. Root.

Address A. B. JOHNSON,

12d Clarkton, Bladen Co., N. C.

Good Luck.

Trout, bass, )iiko, ])ickerel. or any fish that will
take an artificial bait, can be caught by using my
new trolling spoon, sent on receipt of 35 cents; also
600 feet of linen trolling line, for one dollar; 316 feet
linen pole line for 30 cents. Trout-hooks to gut,
ten cents a doz.: large hooks for bass, pike, and
pickerel, doubled gut, 30 cts. xiqt dozen.

€. H. ^VIl.*"OX,
13d Earlville, Madison Co,, N, Y.

Vol. XIV.

JUNE 15, 188(>.

No. 12.

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GETTING BEES OUT OF SECTIONS.

ADVANTAGE

OF HAVING ITALIANS
BLACKS OB HYBKIDS.

INSTEAD OF

fN page 393, Geo. A. Wright asks how to get
bees out of cases. Now, friend Wright, if
you'll promise to say nothing about it I will
say to you that I have not yet learned to do it
to my satisfaction. But as it is a seasonable
subject I will tell what 1 do know, as some of less
experience may be benefited thereby.

There are usually two classes of bees in the sec-
tions when opened. There are young bees that are
timid, and an.xious to get out of the way; and, if I
am not mistaken, especially an.xious to get away
from the light. There are old bees that arc not tim-
id; and, unless frightened, prompt to make attack;
and, when frightened, eager to fill their hoiiey-
sacks. We must take into account these two class-
es of bees, and act accordingly. If we ((iiickly take
off a super, or case of honey, and remove it from
the hive without giving the youngest bees time to
crawl down into the hive, these latter, not knowing
the way back to their homes, are liable to be lost if
they leave the sections, and are, moreover, loth to
come out to the light, especially as they know of no
other place to go. I have seen some of them clus-
tered together 24 hours or more, apparently condol-
ing with one another as to their loss of home ane)
friends. It is best then to give these bees time to
crawl down into the hive or sujier below. I am not
sure whether these youngest bees wait to load up
with honey before leaving the sections; but the old
bees, on being alarmed, start at once for the honey-
cells, and no amount of smoke short of actual suf-

focation will induce one of them to leave the honey-
cell into which it has plunged, until its load is com-
[ilete. So far as the old bees are concerned, I sup-
pose they could just as well fill up after the super
is removed; but wo want to give the young bees
time to get out. ]f you watch a bee filling itself
with honey you will find that it takes the best part
of two minutes. Perhaps it is best to allow five
minutes alter opening the super before removing
it. This will be a very slow process if each one is
taken separately, so I usually open four or five in
succession before removing any. This gives the
bees plenty of time to get out of the way, without
wasting my time waiting. Each supei-, on being
opened, receives five or ten good Avhitfs of smoke,
and I then pass on to the nc.\t, leaving the first en-
tirely open, if there is no danger from rt)bbers. If
robbers are likely to trouble, a rubber cloth, or
l)iece of cotton cloth is thrown over. 15y the time
the fourth or fifth is open, the first is ready to re-
move, after receiving another dose of smoke, or,
what is perhaps better, several vigorous puffs of
the breath. The super is then carried into a room
of the shop, which is darkened all but one window,
or hole in the wall, arranged, in the way so of ten
described, so that bees will go out but not come in.
If, however, lioiiey is coming in freely it is usually
safe to set the super beside the hive and let the
bees leave the super entirely before taking in. I
have sometimes let them stand so till my forenoon's
work was done, and then gathered all up. Close
watch must be kept to see that the bees do not be-
gin carrying off the honey. If wide frames with
closed top-bars are used, the frames must be sepa-
rated on first opening, taking out one frame if neO'

47B

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

essary. It may be objocled, that the bees thus left
to fill Iheinselvcs will take just so much honey out
of the sections. That is just what I like to have
them do, for there are always unsealed cells around
the outer margin of a section, and the more honey
taken from these the better. The bees will not
take the trouble to tear open the sealed cells as
long^ as they can find these unsealed ones. I know
I have seen sections so badly riddled Avith holes
which the bees had dug- in the sealing- as to be un-
salable; but I have scon very little of it lately. It
may be that it is caused by the bees being panic
stricken by too heavy a dose of smoke, making-
them frantically dig- into the first cells they come
to; but 1 think it more likely it is the kind of bees.
The blacks are, perhaps, the worst. The obvious
reiin dy is to change the strain of bees. I have
doubts whether bees addicted to this habit are de-
sirable in other respects.

FIOWORT.

Once when Prof. Cook honored us with his pres-
ence at the Northwestern Convention at Chicago, I
spoke discouragingly of my attempts at artificial
pasturage. In his mildly deprecating- way. Prof.
Cook begged me not to throw cold water upon the
project; and although my efforts have mostly end-
ed in failure, I am not without hope that some
progress may be made. In my last article in
Gleanings, I recounted my virtual failure with an
acre of flgwort. Well, I have just been down to
look over that ground. Neither plow nor hoe has
been struck in it since the summer I planted the
flgwort. I am very glad now to be able to give an
encouraging word. Where the flgwort stood there
was no sign of a plant to be seen this time last year;
but now a good many plants are to be found, which,
although neither large nor strong looking, give
hope that a self-supporting stand may be secured.
But for the space of three rods east of the flgwort
patch, the ground is well covered with strong vig-
orous flgworts, which gladden my eyes. These
came, undoubtedly, from seed blown from the old
plants, and I have some hope of living to see a flve
or ten acre fleld well covered with a mixture of flg:-
wort and melilot. I bought and gave away this
spring several hundred basswoods.

C. C. Milder, 340-323.

Marengo, 111., June, 1886.

Eriend M., your suggestion, that the race
of bees has much to do with it, is a vaktable
one. I remember of having a colony of hy-
brids that I wished to requeen ^because they
were so extremely ugly. Well, they had
what I considered a very fair amount of
sealed stores for winter ; "but after swarm-
ing them and looking the hive over two or
three times to find their hybrid queen, they
liad uncapped and gorged themselves with
nearly all sealed honey from the hive. In-
stead of putting the honey back in the cells
and sealing it up they built new combs in
several parts of the hive, and in this way
used up and wasted a good many pounds.
The kind of hybrids that run all over the
combs, then collect on the lower corner, and
drop off on to the ground, are the kind that
dig open the honey-cells whenever the hive
is opened. I do not believe it pays to have
such bees in the apiary. — In regard to fig-
wort, I have just found one single plant in
our plantation, that was covered with blos-
soms filled with honey the first of June.

A VISIT TO BEETON.

Friend W. F. Clarke Tells us -what is Going
on There.

NO " HIBERNATION " AT BRO. JONES'S.

TT is four years or more since I was last in Bee-
||F ton, until the other day, when I fulfllled a long-
^l cherished intention of again visiting that now
■^ renowned spot. How rapidly time flies ! Dur-
ing the interval I have emigrated to Winnipeg
and returned, bringing home with me the rheuma-
tism, which is the plague of my life. Our bee-circles
have been enlivened with the pollen, reversible-
hive, and hibernation theories. A new hive and a
new system of bee-manipulation have appeared on
the scene. A flt of authorship has seized on "sev-
erals" of us; e. g.. Rev. W. Ballantine, J. Heddon,
Mr. Alley, Pr. C. C. Miller, and, flnally, on myself.
This was the immediate cause of my trip to Beeton.
I went there to arrange for getting out my " leedle "
book; but as I have disposed of the copyright to
Jones, Maepherson & Co., I can leave the Canadian
Bee Journal to introduce my literary venture, "A
Bird's-Eye View of Bee-Keeping," to the apicul-
tural public.

Beeton has not been at a standstill during- these
four years. The village is improving much. More
tasty buildings, shade and ornamental tree plant-
ing, and the adoption, on the part of the county,
by local option, of pi'ohibition, are conspicuous evi-
dences of progress. Our friend Jones has not been
idle. A better house and larg-er grounds give scope
for his own ti?sthetic predilections outside, and those
of his wife, who is quite an artist, inside. A big job
of evergreen planting was on hand at the time of my
visit. I never saw so fine a lot of spruces as those
Mr. Jones Avas transplanting, by the hundred, from
their native woods, about six miles off. Now for the
first time he is fixing up the home apiary; and
when it is finished it will be the envy and delig-ht
of all apicultural visitors. The shelter will be com^
plete and the protection perfect. It will be the par^
adise of outdoor wintering and— Mhernation!

Even more enlargement and improvement are
visible around the factory and offices. The machin-
ery for manufacturing- hives and various bee-keep-
ing appliances made of wood seems as near perfec-
tion as it can be. Driving- force is furnished by an
80-hoi-se-power steam-engine, which is itself a very
superior piece of workmanship. I did not know
saws could do such fine and smooth work until I
saw then} at it the other day. No need of any plan^
ing after the material leaves the little buzzers that
run with almost lightning- speed. The accuracy
with which the various operations are performed,
and the close fitting: of the parts (dovetailed brood-
frames, even, requiring- neither glue nor nails) filled
me with admiration at the pitch of achievement
which has been reached by the ingenuity of man.
All hands were busy putting up 500 of the new-
style Heddon hive, which is g-oing to get a fair and
thorough trial the present summer by Canadian
bee-keepers. Fifty had already been shipped to
Mr. J. B. Hall, and Mr. Jones intends to use that
number, at least, himself. He is making them of
thinner material than Mr. Heddon does, and they
are certainly a marvel of lightness combined with
strength. While retaining the principle' and gen-
eral style of construction, some modifications are
being: introduoed, which I think the inventor will

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

477

own to be improvements when they are subjected
to his insi^cction. It would take too long- for me to
go into further dt'tail as to the manufacturing- de-
partment of this g-reat establishment; suffice it to
say, it appears to he very completcy cquipi)cd,
as it may well be, since hero are from .«2r),000 to
$:iO,000 invested in buildings, plant, lumber, and
other material. The tin-shop, offices, wax-i-oom,
store, and show-rooms are somewhat scattered
around at i)resent. All these are to be combined
in one large brick building-, soon to be erected, in
connection with the factory.

Meantime the practical part of bee-keeping- is re-
ceiving- full attention. I5esidcs the home apiary I
visited two of the out-lying- yards. All are in excel-
lent condition, and awaiting the arrival of the busy
season, "ready, aye, ready," to gather in tons of
stores as soon as they are to be had. Mr. Jones is
perfecting a new system of queen-rearing, of which
I am not at liberty to speak in detail. It is g-oing to
revolutionize that branch of bee-keeping, and make
it "as easy as rolling- off a log" for bee-keepers to
have on hand at all times a full supply of laying-
queens. The cost of production will be so cheap-
ened, that we shall smile at the old idea of dollar
queens I Thus, all things tend to lower the cost of
honey. 'Tis well; for wo have not only to drive
glucose and other vile adulterations out of the
market, but enthrone honey here as the queen of
sweetness, both in quality and jjrice. Mr. Jones is
also Avorking hard at the development of his plan
for obtaining ^Ijji's C'a?iode)i,sis— the coming- bee— by
a judicious combination of the best qualities of sev-
eral races. Operations on the Georgian-Bay Islands
will probably be susjiended the present summer, as
Mr. Jones expects to go to England in August, he
being one of the commissioners in charge of the
Canadian exhibit of honey at the great Colonial and
Indian Exhibition, which is now in full Mast at
Kensington. So soon as this season's crop of honey
is gathered, the best of it, in the most attractive
packages, is to be sent to this great show, in charge
of five commissioners, by whose patriotic endeavors
we expect to have a market opened for our honey
product in Great Britain, which will give us a
constant outlet for our surplus at good figures.

Mr. Jones's many friends will be sorry to learn
that he suffers occasionally and acutely from an
ophthalmic affection contracted during his tour in
Oriental lands. He had a touch of it while I was at
his place, and it evidently causes much pain and
annoyance. Total rest of the eyes appears to be the
only source of relief, and this is not easy for one
who has literally so many things to "see to." He
has, however, a most valuable and efficient coadju-
tor in his wife's nephew, Mr. F. H. Macpherson, who
is now his partner and general manager. Mr. Mac-
pherson is an excellent practical printer, as is man-
ifest from the style and appearance of things in the
office under his control. Besides the Canadian Bee
Journal, the BecUm World, a local paper with a con-
siderable circulation, is printed and published here.
There is also a large and increasing job business.
A press of greater speed and capacity is about to be
set up, in order to overtake the accumulating
amount of work.

Mr. Macpherson is on the eve of following Ernest's
example in the way of swarming off" and installing
a domestic queen. He is fortunate in having "the
leafy month of June" for the wedding-trip. I be-
speak for him and his bride the hearty congratula-

tions and good wishes of all who read these lines,
and I feel sure that all will join me in wishing
the hai)py couple joy of their union, and many long-
years of conjugal bliss. W. F. Ci^ahke.
Guelph, Ontario, Caiuida, June 1, 1886.

Why, friend C. your description almost
nialves us feel as if we were on the grounds,
and catching tlie infection of so much busi-
ness, and of a business, too, tliat is so wide-
spread in its nature that it catches on to
almost every land and clime where honey-
bees find a home. — We regard it a privilege
to be able to say (iod-speed to friend Mac-
pherson and his bride. I had a short ac-
quaintance with him, and an opportunity for
a little talk, during my visit in Toronto, and
I was pleased to note that he is business,
every inch of him, and a man who is well up
with the times, and capable of grasping the
great important points of this busy world as
it is spread out before us. — I am very sorry
for friend Jones's alfliction, and it must be
an affliction in good earnest if it is some-
thing that he does not turn off with a laugh,
as he does almost every thing else. How I
should like to see him in his busy lield of
work ! I am afraid, however, that the build-
ing of our own factory, consefpient upon
the fire, will again postpone the visit I had
proposed making this coming fall.

PROSPECTS FOE THE SEASON EXCEL-
LENT.

GOOD POINTS IN FAVOR OF SPANISH - NEEDLE
HONEY.

fOU tell us not to write any thing on the sub-
ject of wintering just now, and we must
obey, I suppose. 1 will say nothing about
it, except that I came through with 57 out of
60 stands, 50 of them good ones, and that I
experitisented soma with absorbents and no absorb-
ents, which did not quite satisfy me. I intend to
make a more thoroug-h test of that next winter.
The three stands that I lost became queenlcss, and
I simply united them with others.

This spring, especially April, has been the most
favorable veriuil season 1 have had yet. This is my
fifth season in apiculture. Gooseberries blossomed
almost a week sooner than usual; apples ten days
sooner, white clover was about two weeks sooner,
and I was quite surprised to have a swarm May
18th, some twenty days earlier than I have ever
had one before. My prospects are all excellent, al-
though, while the meadows are white with clover,
not much honey seems to be coming in. The weath-
er is favorable too. I do not know how many
swarms I might have had, had I not forestalled
them and swarmed them myself.

SPANISH-NEEDLE HONEY.

I was much interested in Mr. Andrews' article
concerning Spanish-needle honey, on i)age 357. I
quite agree with him concerning the points of this
excellent honey. It is the richest honey stored in
this region. What little I get of it I like to put aside
for my own use. Its dark color is no detriment to
its sale where it is known, and a great many folks
around here know its good qualities too, and pre-
fer it to any other. It is much less apt to sour than
white-clover honey; but when extracted, if it does
not granulatp it tends tp acquire a strong-, unpleaS'

47S

(iLEANlNGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

June

ant flavor. In the comb it retains its fresh flav^or
belter than anj^ other gathered around here. As
for wliiterinf? bees on it, in spite of all that the
bo()1{s and .iournals teaeh about the dangerous
qualities of late stores, I can not see but that it
proves as wliolesome as any gathered early in the
season. 1 have wintered bees well on stores gath-
ered almost wholly during the last half of Septem-
ber. My great misfortune is, that although there is
a great deal of Spanish-needle blossom, because of
cool or dry weather but little surplus is obtained
from it. Geo. F. Robbins, 60— .57.

Mcchanicsliurg, 111., May 35, 1886. '

Friend E., what you say about Spanish-
needle honey reiiiinils me of an incident of
nearly two years a^o. I purchased ciuitn a
lot of this honey from friend .Vinh'ews. lie
did not tell ns'\Yhat the soiu'ce was, and I
prnnoiuiced it a splendid article of solden-
rod lioney. The color was dark gold, and
the llavor excellent, and the body so dense
as to give point to my little story. A man
ordered a ](»o-pound can of goldenrod honey.
We sent him this, supposing at the time, of
course, that it was genuine goldenrod of su-
perior quality. He did not respond accord-
ing to promise ; and when we succeeded in
making liim answer, he said the honev was
poor, and that he could not sell it. We at
once told him to return it. Finally it came
back. But imagine om- astonishment, after
unsoldering the tin that held the cork in,
to find nothing but w^ater, slightly sweet-
ened, in the can. As the bottom of the can
seemed quite heavy, however, we poured the
wvater off and found 4'J lbs. of this thick
heavy honey uninjured. Our friend had
supposed the water would so mix with the
honey during the transit that it would sus-
tain his claim that it was a poor article ; but
as it was in the winter, he missed his calcu-
lation. The heavy body of the honey pre-
vented it from mixing. "I demanded pay for
the honey he had sold out of the can."^ He
denied the charge, and we had to employ a
lawyer to make him pay for his attemi)ted
swindle. He linally did pay, but it took all
of the money he handed over, to pay the
lawyer. Now, lest this man should try to
serve some of the rest of the bee-friends the
same trick, we give his name and address
here: E. W. Eramen. Cieneva, Ashtabula
Co., O. When I met friend Andrews at the
bee-keepers' Congress in New Orleans, he
told me he was satistied the honey was from
Spanish needle. I agree with you, that it
should be ranked as one of the iinest, if not
the very finest, source of dark-colored honey.

THE BEES AND THE NEIGHBOKS.

FIUEXU DAVTON CONSIDERS I'KETTY FAIKI.V THE

SITUATION FROM DIFFERENT POINTS

OF VIEW.

fHE description of the "mill" I i)assed through
some time ago, and a few things I learned
while there, may not seem superfluous. I
agree with many who have written before
me, that some people are surprisingly nerv-
ous and jealous when they have a bee-keeping
neighbor, and the more so if he is successful. A

sure way to please them is to dig stumps and pull
weeds for a livelihood. It seems to be a bee-keep-
er's destiny to got between neighbors Avho ai-e
bound to wedge him and his so as to come within
' hiinds' reach " of each other. This state of alfairs
exists more or less everywhere; but they do not
report so much as beekeepers do. But there is a
possibility of two sides to this question. If the bees
are situated on a level within 200 feet of the neigh-
bor, and there is nothing intervening, they may
trouble him considerably. If they arc within 30
feet, and a hedge is near the hives, and a dense row
of trjcs near the hive, the neighbor probably would
never be troubled.

To make it dangerous because of stings, outside
of t.he iiiiiary, we may place trees and tall obstruc-
tions among the hives. To throw the danger inside
the apiary, set the trees on the outside. Wherever
we furnish the bees a playground, there is also a
place they are going to defend. There always is a
place in or near every apiary, clear of obstructions,
that the bees are going to occupy for the purpose
of Hying, and we must surrender it to them or suf-
fer the consequences. By contrivance, and some-
times without contrivance, we may throw their
playground in different directions, and it maybe
into a neighlior's garden.

My apiary is in the village, with four rows of
trees as described, and they can find no fault with
the bees, and have despaired in the undertaking.
One season before I set out the trees, out of 93
swai'ins 4 were drifted by the wind on to my neigh-
bor's premises. He tried to act wild at the damage
they were doing in clustering on a fence-post 5 feet
from the line, though in the evening his hogs were
digging my potatoes. He would not allow their re-
mo\'al with the swarming-box, though it could bo
done from my side of the fence. Unknown to him,
I rubbed the cluster so hai'shly with the box that
the bees drove him into the house, and I had mat-
ters in my own hands. When I found out this state
of affairs, I clipped the queen's wings; but a second
swarm, with a virgin queen, got away and went
over. I asked a justice to get them, and in a berat-
ing manner ho told mo to tender the neighbor a
quarter in ease of trespass, and take them without
ceremony. As I considered a " lean compromise bet-
ter than a fat lawsuit," the neighbor hived and fed
them for winter, but they died because of a lack of
upward ventilation.

For two years I rented a part of my house to fam-
ilies to show the neighbors how dangerous the V)ees
were, and they hitched teams within 1.5 ft. of the
rows of hives, hundreds of times, and, fortunately,
there was no one stung during the time. The se-
cret lay in a thick row of bushes intervening.

Since the trees I planted began to cast sizable
shadows, the neighbor informs me that if I will
move the trees I am welcome to come after swarms.
The trees may be trimmed ; but if they are removed
entirely, I ftar it will soon be, " Move your bees or
we'll move them for you." "Who sows brambles
should not go barefoot."

There are many other neighbors who appear to
be glad to take swarms from their own trees and
bring them to me, and are frequently boasting how
they can go in and about the apiary without mo-
lestation by bees. When the hives are set close to
a fence, and there are trees on the Inside, the bees
will bo caused to go over the fence in their flights.
If the hives arc located under our trees, then tho

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

4^9

bees become accustomed so as to I'oUow and search
under trees to sting-.

Again, when we establish an apiary attiotlg- neigh-
bors, and provide no trees or hig-h fences to raise
the bees liigh in the air in their Hight to and fro,
the continual passing liccoraes a real annoyance.
Persons who are not used to tlie lumdling of bees
would regard their chances of liarm about as a bee-
keeper would so numy tlaslics of lightning; and
though he may never get stung, he will carry fear
with him as tliougli it wei-o a heavy wciglit; and,
being a very peaceable neighbor, he will say nothing
but wish himself a thousand miles from an apiary.
Hence, in locating an apiary the hives should lie
placed in a clear open space in the center of a dense
grove of trees, that they can not bo seen or heard.
Then when the "chronic growler "finds them in
mischief he will not be so hasty to declare evacua-
tion, but he will be awakened to the fact that there
are bees in the neighborhood, and will set out to
line them home and will figure damatjes.

We should manage to kreii our bees from stinging
any one outside of our iiielosures, and then they can
not very well become a nuisance. If there were a
dozen cider-presses, groceries, or other places of
business, and all were obliged to be exposed to the
bees, and there were enougli bees to monopolize
matters, then the bees might become a nuisance,
and their removal might be necessary. There is an
exceptional raid made upon somebody's meal, rain
water, sap, eider, or kitchen; it can iu)t amount to
more than an ordinary damage, and ought to meet
an easy and ready settlement. When a neighbor's
poultry or stock plunder the pro])erty of anolhor
thej' don't cry, "Git for the timber" or back fields,
because they know the laws respect poultry and
stock, and our country is proud of them; and it is
going to be the same with bees as soon as peoi)le
can be taught their usefulness, and that they do not
" work for nothing." So long as wc can succeed in
selecting intelligent oflicers, the law is not going to
"throw down and drag out" respectable industries
for trivial offenses.

There are those whom the sight of a lew liee hi\(S
affect as an "eyesore," though they reside many
miles away; who may talk, as it is cheap, and their
stupidity allows their ignorance to lead them to
law without a case. Having a neighbor (f ihis
"stamp," it is not best to "pull ui) stakes" to settle
down by another; l)ut while he "blows" we hliouid
endeavor to clear the way by our works and acts,
that others may seo that there ai-e some fools yet
living.

It has been advis( d to entice tran(iuillity liy giving
sections of honey, etc.; and I am not eertain but the
effect, when given to a good neighbor, is the 'nost
advantageous- making them so loud in our i)raise
that the enemy is glad to retire for his own safety.

The inquiry is often nuide, wliether tliere is any
law regarding bees, to which I might say that there
is none, other than what is in harmony with lh(>
reason of the case, and which is often greatly varied
by the designs and reasoning power of the reason-
er. When bees begin to filay their part in the
courts, then will the law regarding liees de\elop.
Out in California, Mr. Rohn was biought to law
for damages done by his bees to grapes. Eye-wit-
nesses testified and swore that the tongue of a bee
was so consti-ucted as to pierce the skin of a round
grape, and Mr. T5'ohn was beaten. If the same were
said of a cow's tongue piercing a sound SMuasli, it

could not be more absurd. That is the kind of ma-
terial hurled at the bees, when their side is not
well represented; and of just such briclvs as that
will the wall protecting bees be constructed, unless
bee-keepers wake up and exert themselves in their
interests. At present I know of nothing better
through which to act, than the " Hee -Keepers'
Union." In fact, 1 do not Icnow but tluit that organ-
ization in doing as well as could be desired, except
that its shoi't roll of members should be lengtliened.
With ample backing, cases may be won, leaving
"marks" that shall ever be pleasing to ourselves
and the rising generation. For awhile, l)ee-keep-
ers have the opiiortunity to effect laws in their fa-
vor; but a supertiuity of drones may alter i-esults
surprisingly. C. W. D.avton.

Bradford, Iowa.

Eriend I)., I (luite a^reo witli vdu in re-
gai'd to the advaiit.'iges of a barricade in the
shape of bushes, trees, or a tall tight lioard
fence. I have been advisin.!? the same thing
for some little time back; Imt yon seem
to have gone over the ground uiore thor-
onghly in your past exptrience than I have
done. 1 do not believe that, as a nde, it is
best to purchase the good will of our neigh-
bors by gifts of honey. If they have sus-
tained "damage, for instance wliere clothes
are so badly soiled on washing-day tliat they
have to be rinsed over. 1 would send over
honey enough to pay them well for the time
occupied in making good the damage ; or I
wotild in any case be libei;il with honey or
money either, where it would help to make
permanent pleasant relations between our-
selves and our neighbors.

It has been suggested that the whole mat-
ter comes in iint^ier about the same asi)ect as
the keeping of ])oultry. Chickens fre(|uent-
ly do a vast deal of mischief, ami make un-
told annoyance. How can it be got along
with V i suppose you ktiow there are
various ways. A Cliristian man (that is,
one who is a Christian— mind, I do not mean
one who professes) will either shut up his
chickens or move them away when he is sat-
isfied they are antioyinghis neigljbors. Our
nearest neiglibor is a good old lady who
lives right across the street, all alone by
herself. Well, her chickens showed a fond-
ness for promenading on otir sawed-stone
llagging across the lawn. We did not ifiind
so much the presence of the chickens as the
presence of something which didn't go by
scaring so readily as they did. In fact, it
tocik a scrub-broom and bucket of water to
restore the aitpearance of things. Well,
when our neighbor fomid it out (we didn't
tell her of it — she was bright enough and
kind enough to notice the troid)le her chick-
ens were making us) she said at once she
would sell the chickens, and asked me if I
would buy them. She did not put it in just
so many words, but it amounted to this : ]f
chickens nnike my neighl)or to olfend, I will
keep no chickens "while the world stands. 1
liave remembered this kindness many titnes.
!*;he is alofie in the world, and no doid)t her
cliickens were a good deal of cotnpany and
comfort to her ; but off went their heads ju.st
as soon as she found they ti'onbled us. May
(Jod bless good old Aunt Margaret! I wisti
thei'e were more Christians like her, even if
she does belong to the C;itholic ('hurcli.

480

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

June

SOMETHING FURTHER IN REGARD
TO THE STRANGE FACT GIV-
EN ON PAGE 422.

A SUGGESTION IN REGARD TO GETTING SWARMS TO
LOCATE IN A PARTICULAR LOCALITY.

T RECEIVED your letter, but did not understand
j^p it exactly. In consequence of sickness and
ijti other troubles I have not been able to write

"*■ sooner to ask if you ever published an answer
to my request. In the meantime, more bees
have arrived to reinforce those already here, and I
am in sore distress. I don't know any one who will
take out the bees now, and, unless 1 know what to do
to prevent the return of the bees, the expense is too
great for me to undertake it.

Be so kind, if you ever publish any thing- that will
help me at all, as to send me the copy of Gleanings
containing it ? I shall be glad to know the scien-
tific fact I furnished you. C. T. Fenwick.
West River, Md., June 1, 188G.

It seems from the above that still more
bees have anived to reinforce those having
already taken up their abode in our friend's
house. Now, is there not some bee-keeper
near West Kiver who can look into this mat-
ter and tell us more about it? It is ratlier far
away to send one of the editorial staff of
Gleanings to look up the matter, but I ;ini
afraid we sliall have to do it, if no one else
volunteers, somewhere in that vicinity. Be
of good cheer, my friend, and let the bees
come— the more the better, and we will i)ay
all expense and trouble they make.

PUMBa^g njiJ) gWIJMDIiEg

PERTAINING TO BEE CULTURE.

We respectfully solicit the aid of cmr fiiL-iuls in coiuhictins-
this department, and would c■on^id^•l■ it a favor to luivc tlu'ni
send us all circulars that have a dfecptivc appuarajicc. The
greatest care will be at all times maintained to prevent injus-
tice being done any onp.

THE GOLDEN BEE-HIVE, AGAIN.

fHE "Golden" beehive agents are canvass-
ing- Breckenridge and adjoining counties,
selling rights for districts and counties at
terrible rates. One Charles Hai-daway, of
Breckenridge, gave $300 for a right for a
very small district. I do not know the traveling-
agent's name, but will find out. I understand that
there is one A. J. Carman, of Connecticut, with
them. Said Carman is paid a salary of $3.00 per
day to canvass the county. Will you please post
me in regard to the hives and patents? If you
have had any deal with A. J. Carman, please re-
port to me. I think we had better have some ad-
vertisements struck off in larg-e letters, to post uj),
in order to guard honest bee-keepers against such
swindlers. H. W. Carman.

Custer, Beckenridge Co., Ky., May 11, 1886.
Friend C, we know notliing of the parties
you mention. The Golden bee-hive has lieeii
tor years used as a medium for frauds. I do
not think it worth while to inquire wliether
there is a valid patent on it or not, for it is
quite certain that no intelligent bee-keeper
wants any such arrangement. I would ad-
vise bee-keepers to have notliing to do with
any man who comes along wanting to sell
rights for a bee-hive or any thing else ; and

in most localities the whole business has
been recognized as behind the times, and
lieneath the notice of any intelligent man
who reads the papers.

FRIEND PORTER'S REPORT.

CAPPING COMB HONEY WITH YELLOW WAX;
QUEENS DEAD IN THEIR CELLS, ETC.

^^\ EPORTS from Virginia as to honej^ are not
r/ encouraging. AVith a very fine growing sea-
|\ son, there is not the usual secretion of nectar,
"*■ ^ and the honey-crop will be light. Fruit-
bloom and locust were very abundant, the
latter always indicating a fruitful year. Fruit of
all kinds promises to be abundant, and we are now
shipping cherries to New York.

Last year I was annoyed to -find some of my best
colonies capping all their section-honey with yellow
wax, as bright as new foundation. What is the
cause ? It was not pollen-stain, and as others at the
same time were capping with white wax, it could
not be the quality of nectar that developed the yel-
low wax. I should like to ask if any others have
had such experience. I conclude it is a trait that
certain bees may possess, .iust as some do that of
scaling- withovit an air-chamber under cap, which
causes the dark appearance of some combs.

A peculiarity of this season here, is the failure of
queen-cells. Never before have I seen so many
dead in their cells. Scores of full-grown larvte in
capped cells have been found dead, and all were de-
veloped under the swarming impulse. I have exam-
ined many hives after first swarms have issued,
and found perfect cells with lifeless queens. Can
any one give a reasonable hypothesis ? I know of
no unusual electrical conditions. The colonies were
very strong. Two young- swarms, after hiving,
have been found quecnlcss. This may have been ac-
cidental; but the same causes that destroyed life,
may have weakened the vitality of the hatched
queenf.

Blue thistle is now coming into bloom, and is a
valuable honey-resource here. Red clover is always
very abundant, and we await the development of
the " clover apis " with much interest.

J. W. Porter.
Charlottesville, Va., .June 3, 1886.

Friend P.. I do not know that I ever be-
fore heard of a yellow capping to comb hon-
ey. I am inclined to think the trouble with
your (pieens is only accidental, and that it
will right itself very soon. If it should be
some malady it would be a rather sad case ;
but we trust not, however.

CARD OF THANKS FROM MR. HEDDON.

FRIEND H. TELLS US HOW IT AFFECTED HIM WHEN
HE FOUND HIMSELF PICTORIALLY EXHIBITED.

V surprise on opening the June 1st number
of Gleanings can be better imagined than
told. 1 little expected to find myself so
conspicuously and pictorially exhibited, or
to read the kind and too flattering things
written al)out me by my biographer. Prof. Cook. It
would be the worst kind of afl'ectation to pretend
that I am indifferent to the honor done me by friend
Root, or untouched by the generous things said of
me and mine liy friend (^ook. I most sincerely

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CtJLTUliE.

ini

thank them both; and while I honestly say I have
tried to be and to do what the biography gives me
credit for, I am but too conscious of having come
far short of my ideal. It will be mj' aim in the
future more faithfully to realize that ideal, more
fully to deserve the esteem of my friends, and more
efiiciently to labor for the advancement of apicul-
ture. The tokens of respect and appreciation which
I have received will not fail to ha^•e an influence in
spurring me on toward the attainment of these
ends. James Heudon.

Dowagiac, Mich., June 4, 1886.

DETEBMINING THE SEX OF THE EGG.

ALSO SOME OTHER MATTERS.

BOOK, Hayhurst, and others have much to say
' about queens laying eggs in shallow cells,
and cite this as evidence that it does not re-
quire worker-cells to produce worker-bees.
Now, is there any truth in this? and who is
the author of the theory that eggs laid by tlie queen
while she is in a horizontal position with the foun-
dation, impregnates the egg by curving the lower
part of her abdomen in such a manner as to bring
her spermatheca in the right place to distribute the
spermatozoid on the egg in the same way as it is
done when laying in a contracted cell?

DO BEES HEAR?

If Marshall Darling, on page 269, had suspended
his hives in mid-air, would blasting rocks disturb
them? I think that bees do not hear, except by the
jarring of their antennre while they are at rest on
or toui;h something solid.

CAN WE USE WIRE CLOTH OVER THE CRATE OF A
SMOKER?

D. McKenzie's Are among his hives, page 268, re-
minds me of the caution that is required in using a
smoker while manipulating hives that are filled
with chair. I protect my smoker by a piece of wire
cloth bent over the grate. You will have to take
the grate out of the smoker to do this. Bend a
piece of wire cloth a little larger than and the same
shape of the grate over the grate, and drive it back
in its place again. Can't the smokers be fixed in
some such way as this before sending them out?
We always want to have things safe.

HOW MUCH MOISTURE CONDENSES IN A COLONV
DURING WINTER?

I have 40 colonies wintered in good shape in sin-
gle-wall hives, size ISi^XlS'^ inside, with an upjier
story tilled with leaves. There were leaves also on
each side of five to seven frames of bees and honey,
separated by two thin (1-in.) empty di\-ision-boards.
The portico in front was likewise filled with leaves.
Between two projecting boards that I have hinged
to the back of the hive (used for a comb-holder in
summer and for this purpose in winter) I filled with
leaves, and covered with my entrance-board one
foot wide, made out of clapboards. The cover of the
hive is made from clapboards, and shaped like the
gable roof of a house. On the inside of one of these
covers I tacked last fall a large piece of enameled
cloth, having it Hap on to the leaves in the upper
story in such a manner as to catch the water that
would condense on this cloth, and drip down intt) a
cavity made lor the purpose. I collected nearly a
gill of water in this way in a week's time; then I
let it remain through the winter, and in March the
combs in this hive were covered with mold, and

sugared (away from where the bees were clustered)
so badly that the bees would starve before they
could eat it; so I am satisfied that, if dampness
docs not hurt the bees, it injures the honey. This
water must have run oft' from this enameled cloth.
The hives were ventilated like yours.

J. L. HvDE, 49-4X
Pomfret Landing, Conn., April .5, 1886.

Friend XL, I never heard of the tlieory yon
suggest, in regard to the queen being in a
horizontal position. — In regard to the bees
liearing, the experiment 1 mentioned, of tlie
teeting of the queen while on a comb field in
the hand, seems to me tonches the point.
The bees will hear the note of the queen
when the combs are out of the hive, and i
don't think that any jar conld be commun-
icated while the comb is held in the hand. —
Our smokers were Hrst made with wire cloth
instead of perforated tin ; but it tilled up
and clogged so badly that we made a series
of experiments with tin having different
sizes of perforations. Those we now use
give by far the best lesults in the long run.
—I am well aware that a large amount of
moisture is given off by a colony of bees in
the winter time.

— I ^—

A LESSON DRAWN FROM THE HABITS
OF BEES.

YOUNG MAN, DON'T "GO WE.ST."

fRIEND ROOT:-The honey season has opened
up unusually well here. Fruit-bloom was
very abundant, foUowe 1 bj' white clover.
Lower stories arc now full. I shall com-
mence extracting at once. My bees are mix-
ed—Italian, hybrid, and blacks—as well as some
large brown or gray bees. None of them are purely
American, judging from their habits, not having
any respect for the Sabbath; they work, swarm,
and act as badly on Sunday as on any other day.
Vet there is (»«e American trait; i. e., a desire to "go
west." Several colonies of mine have left a good
new Simplicity home for a dug-out, or hollow tree,
until we adopted your plau of giving the new col-
ony a comb of unsealed brood from the parent, or
some other colony. I find it works like a charm-
contented, they at once commence work.

The thought occurred to me, could we not cut otf
a slice or two of the home farm for our boys when
they swarm, and have them settle near us, where
the country is settled— school and church buildings
already built; society, and home comforts to keep
their hearts warm, and social ties unsevered? Our
farms are too large for the necessary high stated'
cultivation thej' denumd and must receive, if farm-
ing is made to pay.

The western fever is raging all over our land.
Many go, while few are benefited by it greatly. The
loss of time, and exjjcnse of moving, together with
the cost of one year's supplies necessary in a new
country, if added to the " one f lame " from the old
colony, would build up a home away from the pri-
vations of a frontier life. Yet bees will swarm, and
occasionally run away. Young people will, may,
and do "go west to grow up with the country," and
we must accept the change as one of the unavoida-
bles of life. Yet when we see the young man who
was raised in refined society, with his wife, the
frail, fragile daughter of a cultured home, brav-

4Sli

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

June

ing tho trials of a new country, living' in a dug-out
on a treeless prairie, beneath the scorching rays of
the sun, breathing the heated air from the broad
prairie, cooking their food, and warioing in winter
their dug-out witli hay or cow-chips for fuel, drink-
ing alkaline water, vainly endeavoring to be happy
in the thought that, in after years, they'll own a
quai-ter-seetion, I think how much more happiness
In a ten-acre lot, back in civilized life— a home,
purchased and made lil^e a little corner cut out of
paradise, with no more cost than has been expend-
ed in going west and one year's living. There is
not a single State in the Union west of the Alleghe-
nies, that is one-half developed yet. Young man,
remain where you are, and assist in developing
your native State. " Make not haste to get rich,"
but, rather, enjo3' life as you go along.
Ramsay, III., June V, 18Sr>. L. V. Stoddaud.

Friend S., I agree with you exactly, and I
am abundantly satisfied that there is a field
wide enough for all who care to explore it in
developing the latent resoni'ces of a little
patch of ground ; the new agriculture, for
instance, and the possibilities that are open-
ing out tlu-ough the modern system of mar-
ket gardening. Our new-agriculture beds
are now furnishing green peas, new i)0ta-
toes, beets, and lettuce, in great abundance,
and, most of all, these things are grown
without the aid of glass at all. Peas sown
in February now yield three good pickings,
and they were never covered, even one night.
— Now, in regai'd to going west, 1 suppose
the same rules would ai)ply in a measure
out west that aytply here, oidy this must be
considered : If you want to get good prices
for your stuff after it is raised, you must
have a thickly settled community, or else be
in the immediate proximity of villages,
towns, and cities. To get good i)rices you
need to be in a cliaiate where frosts and
snow prevail, or where severe drouths are
common. Strange, isn't it, tliat a locality
where unseasonable frosts and drouths are
prevalent is the one to make money? Uut
so it is. The educated and up-with-the-
times cultivat()r of the soil will have good
crops any way, and where almost every-
body fails in common slip-shop culture,
there will the progressive man get rich.
Again, this bright Monday, June 14, a dozen
boys and girls are picking strawberries. On
one patch, where so much manure was put
on that everybody said I ^^■olTld never get
my money l)ack iii the world, they are get-
ting enormous berries in enoimoiis (juanti-
ties. The pickers are happy, the men who
are selling the berries front the wagon are
hapi>y, and our customers are happy ; and
it all came about by fixing a litlle si»ot of
ground thorougldy.

HONEY-PLANTS OF TEXAS.

AT,SO VARIOUS OTHER MATTERS.

T SEND you a resurrection plant like the one de-
|J[ scribed by the little girl on page 417. It is from
^i Monterey, Mexico, but is (luite common along
'*■ the llio Grande, in Texas, and is no novelty
here. This one has been out of tlie water
about six weeks. I think tlie plant will grow after
being out of water for a long time, but just how

long I do not know. It is sometimes called the
"rose of Jericho;" but according to an article re-
corded in one of our agricultural papers several
years ago, it is quite another plant.

I also send you a specimen of another shrub for
naming. It is plentiful in some localities. It grows
to the height of fi or 8 feet, and one to two inches in
diameter near tfhe ground. I think it of considera-
ble value for bees, as it is not affected by the
drought. The disk of each of the little flowers is
covered with honey, which can be both seen and
tasted. It is swarming with bees at the present
time. One tiling that is perhaps against it is, that
the honey is so easy of access that it is visited by
wasps, flics, and all kinds of insects; but the leaves
seem to be free from lice and other parasites.

Not long since I noticed the bees working on hon-
ey-locust. There were literally thousands of them.
Is the honey-locust considered of much value? The
mesquite, which predominates throughout Western
Texas, is valued highly by some bee-keepers, but
the yield of honey is uncertain, though it usually
blooms two or three times during the summer. The
cat-claw, another of the same family, is also highly
prized, and the yield of honey more reliable, but I
do not like the flavor.

It is verj' diflicult to ascertain the proper name of
any plant or tree here, as the names are derived
fiom the Mexicans, who call every thing "chap-
aral," meaning brush.

Some years ago I saw what was called a petrified
wasps'-uest, and it very much resembled what it
w;is claimed to be.

I have heard of a great many attempts being
'.nade to steal honey, but the thieves invariably left
behind evidences that they were not skilled in
handling bees. Do you think a true lover of bees
would be guilty of such an act ?

Wild sunflowers, some of them nearly as large as
the cultivated varieties of the North, are very abun-
dant here, but I do not see many bees working on
them.

In one of my colonics a large number of the young-
bees have defective wings, and perhaps a dozen
perish before the hive every evening. I hear the
same complaint from others. What is the cause ?

On page 401, Mr. DooUttle tells how he strength-
ens weak colonies. Would not this be a reliable
way of introducing queens?

1 have one serious objection to offer to Glean-
ings. That is, it does not come often enough. I
would ratlier have it half the size and ever.y week,
at a little advance in price.

The outlook for honey is very discouraging at
present. 15ees are at a standstill, with but little
disposition to swarm. It is unusually dry for this
season of the year. T. F. McCamant.

San Antonio, Texas, June 1, Ifc'SU.

Thanks for the resurrection plant, friend
M. ^Ve are going to try to see if we can
not make it grow in real carneM as well as to
xi'cm like growing. The other plant you
send is different from any thing heretofore
submitted. We have sent it to our botanists
to name.— The defective wings you men-
tion, I think are caused by the ravages of
the moth-worm. — The plan you mention for
strengthening weak colonies is sometimes
used for introducing queens, and .probably
succeeds as well as any otlier way, but it is a
little more trouble.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

im

WHAT AILS THE BEES?

MOUE ABOUT THE COLONY THAT HEFUSED TO AC-
CEPT THE QUEENS.

BN page 350, Gleanings for May 1, I gave an
account of some queer actions of a colony
that was supposed to be queenless. You,
friend Root, ask if there was any trouble in
their caring for their brood, feeding the lar-
V£e, etc., to which I answer, no. The frame of eggs
and larv* given them was properly cared for, but
no queen-cells were started, although the frame
remained until it was past being used for that pur-
pose. You say, friend Root, that you are still in-
clined to think they liad some sort of a bee in the
hive which they I'egarded as a queen. In my ex-
perience, where such a state of things exists the
bee that was accepted as a queen nearly always
lays eggs of some kind; and then, again, what be-
came of this bee? They had a fair chance to start
cells this spring, but refused to do it, but accepted
this queen, and have built up surprisingly; so at
this date. May 24, 8 frames are covered with bees,
and 6 of them fairly filled with brood; and, again, in
regard to the age of those bees I will say I have not
a colony in my yard out of 70 where the old bees
held out so well. Now, it would, in this case, seem
that it was not necessary to have young bees for
winter, and I have had several cases that pointed
that way, while I have always thought, reasoning
from the length of a bee's life, that young bees
must be best; but this, howevei-, goes in favor of
friend Heddon's theory of old bees for winter.

I have another strange puzzle in bees. Although
I have kept bees in frame hives, and read the bee-
journals ever since the A. B. J. was horn, 1 have
never seen nor read of an account of a case like
the following:

Saturday last I went to visit a bee keeping friend
who has a colony of bees in a log sawed off about 3
feet long, and set on a bottom-boai'd. All is neatly
painted, with surplus case on top, from which more
or less surplus has been taken for the last 7 yeai-s,
the colony always coming out in good condition.
There is plenty of sealed honey in the top of the log,
in sight, and there is, without doubt, 40 or 50 lbs. in
the log. This colony came out this spring, strong
in bees, and everj' thing looked prosperous until 7
days before I was there, when the owner thought
by appearances that some colony was robbing
them. They came out in large numbers, and seem-
ed to be trying to carry off some very small, inferi-
or bees that looked like some very old shiny rob-
bers, only that they appeared sick from that time
until I was there. For 7 days an average of a quart
a day, according to the judgment of the owner,
crawled out and died. I turned the log up and ex-
amined them, even breaking out some comb, and
found brood in all stages, from the egg to the
hatching bee, and in apparently a healthy state. I
reached clear down to the bottom, but these little
inferior black shiny bees, hardly looking like a
honey-bee, are all scattered through the hive in a
dying condition, as is also the larger part of the
bees, both old and young. They crawl over the
combs with a trembling and staggering appearance,
with their tongues run out. and helpless, so the
tongue will not move, and they keep crawling out
on to the front board, and roll over on their backs
and kick awhile and die. I have sent some of the
bees to Professor Cook, to see what state he finds

them in. If any one has had any thing of the kind,
or can tell what is the matter with that colony of
bees, I should like to know it. J. B. Mason.

Mechanic Falls, Maine, May 24, 1886.

Friend M., from your description I think
that your bees have the nameless bee-dis-
ease whicli has been so much talked about
of late. Give them a new queen, and the
bees will be all right, unless I am mistaken.

B00K-^EYiEW Department.

HOW TO raise comb HONEY, AS PRACTICED Ht
OLIVER FOSTER.

HENEVER we see any thing from the pert
of OliVel- Foster we naturally conclude
that he has something practical to present,
and something worth saying. We are not
disappointed upon reading his little work
upon " How to Raise Comb Honey." It is publish-
ed in pamphlet form, of only ifi pages, but there is
a good deal there. Among the first things he dis-
cusses is, " What Hive is Best ? " In answer to this
question he thinks the hive that has given the most
general satisfaction is the one given us by father
Langstroth, as well as the modified froms, includ-
ing the Simplicity. The style of hive he uses he
thinks is simpler than the Simplicity. The bevel-
ed edges between the cover and body of the latter
he regards as unnecessary for protection against
storms. His hive, accordingly, has the top and bot-
tom edges cut square. In other respects his hive is
essentially the same as the Simplicity, with the ex-
ception of a little device for holding down one end
of the frames, to facilitate the removal of the up-
per story.

SECTIONS OPEN ON ALL SIDES.

The writer, after giving his preference decidedly
in favor of the pound section, urges, as a great
improvement, that the sections be open or access-
ible to the bees from all sides. As he is probably
the first one to originate and put in practice this
idea, perhaps the arguments are best expressed in
his own words:

In using section boxes, we think some important
points have been overlooked. Every available in-
ducement should be used to inspire prompt, con-
stant, and energetic work in the boxes until they
are finished. In fact, we should create a passion for
putting honey in boxes. This requires no magic.
To accomplish it there should be no separation be-
tween the sections, and as little as possible between
them and the brood. There should he free vommu-
nication between the sections in every direction.
They should have deep slots on all 8 edges. You
may not appreciate the importance of this until
you have tried them. When we take into consider-
ation that the object on the part of the bees in stor-
ing up honey in summer is to have it accessible for
winter consumption, and that in winter the bees
collect in a round ball, as nearly as possible in a
semi-torpid state with but little if any motion, ex-
cept that gradual moving of bees from the center
to the surface and from the surface to the center
of this ball, we may imagine how unwelcome it is to
them to be obliged to divide their stores between
four separate apartments, each of which is four
inches square and twelve inches long, with no com-
munication between these apartments.

Another important object is secured by using
open-end sections. Bees are much more apt to build
the combs out solid to the end and bottom bars of
the sections, if there is comb attached just the oth-
er side, with no bee-space between, but with a wide
opening through. Honey will not ship safely, nor
sell well, unless thus built out. Also, these open-

484

GLEANINGS IN BeJ: CULTURE.

June

ing-s on all sides serve as a guide to insure straight
combs.

Sti-enuous efforts are now being made to pot all
the honey stored in the sections and none in the
brood-nest. While we would not advise the prac-
tice of this with a view to feeding sugar for winter
stores, still it Is an acquisition to be able to get a
colony to put all their honey in the sections ivhile
they are at it.

Some unnatural operations are being resorted to,
to (lisconrdtje the deposit of honey in the brood-
chatnlier, such as contracting or inverting that
apartment. While this plan has its advantages,
and may succeed, we would accomplish our object
by milder means. If the foi-egoing and the follow-
ing- conditions are observed, bees will store their
honey in the boxes, and not below.

It is to be observed from the foregoing-, that Mr.
Foster does not recommend inverting to bring the
brood next to the surplus-apartment. He advo-
cates, instead, putting the crate of sections on the
hive when the honey begins to yield, or at the time
when the brood-chamber is full of brood, and with
but little honey. The brood is thus brought close
to the surplus-apartment. This, Mr. Foster claims,
brings about the same results as inverting.

FOSTER'S ADJUSTABLE CASE.

This is quite an ingenious eonti-ivance, which.
If I am correct, accomplishes about the same re-
sult as Heddon's new surplus-arrangement, but in a
different way. Briefly, it is simply an oblong box
or tray without bottom, of nearly the depth for
sections. Two of its diagonally opposite corners
are made separable, while the other two corners
are fastened permanently. The ease, when laid up-
on a flat surface, can be enlarged or drawn out,
thus greatly facililating the putting in and tajiing
out of sections. The latter can be arranged in the
case carelessly, and then be quickly drawn into po-
sition by sliding together the two pairs of L-shaped
Bides. An iron clamp, which Mr. Foster has de-
vised for the purpose, is adjusted over the case.
The two L-shaped pair of sides, as well as the sec-
tions which they inclose, are firmly and compactly
pressed together. A pair of very simple and in-
genious wedge-shaped pieces of tin now hold.the
whole in position, when the iron clamp, before
mentioned, is removed. The sections are so com-
pactly compressed together that the crevices be-
tween the sections are closed, preventing, to a
large extent, the soiling of the edges of the poijind
boxes with bee-glue. This takes advantage of the
fact that bees seem to abhor a crevice, and so fill it
with propolis. Another advantage is, that ,|the
mere tension of the case holds the sections in ppsi-
tion, i-endering a bottom unnecessary, so that the
case can easily be inverted if desired. When plac-
ed upon the hive it rests upon a slotted honey-
board, the strips of which correspond to the bot-
toms of the sections, thus preventing the unders,
sides of the sections from being soiled by the bees.
When the case of sections is filled it is taken off the
hive and laid upon a level surface, and the adjust-
able sides drawn apart. The filled sections can
easily be taken out without prying with a knife or
screw-driver to get the first section out.

The foregoing are, in brief, the advantages claim-
ed by the author, and it seems to me we have all
got to adopt some such surplus-arrangement as
this or something similar, sooner or later. There
is only one objection I would urge: If it is not
made perfectly true to measurement, or if the sec-
tions are not of the right width, cither from shrink-
age or bad workmanship, we should be likely to
hav trouble. Perhaps the inventor does not find

this an objection after all, as he has used it two sea-
sons.

There are a number of other valuable hints in
this little work, and 1 feel assured the reader will
be well repaid if he will read it carefully. I do not
know the price of the work, but I presume it can
be obtained for a small amount, of the writer, Mh
Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon, la. Ernest.

MAKING FOUNDATION.

ORDERING QUEENS FROM THE SOUTH, ETC.

fRIEND ROOT:— I want to tell you that I have
never bought an implement which has
pleased me more than the comb-foundation
mill I ordered of you. Yesterday we made
our first run of fdn., and everybody on the
place was smiling nearly all day. Every little while
some one was saying, "Oh! isn't that nice?" I
had just been buying up all the beeswax I could
hear of for sale until I had so much on hand that
it looked almost reckless; and my neighbors won-
dered what in the world I wanted with so niuch;
and, in fact, I began to think may be I had better
stop buying, until I was sure I could make good
fdn. I am just more than pleased now. As I have
used fdn. of the different makes for 8 yeai-s, I think
I know what good fdn. is, and am not satisfied with
anj' except the Jiest.

Many thanks for the queen you sent on the 13th
inst., to replace one that was lost in the mail, sent
the 38th of April. The directions were printed on
the cage as plain as could be, and yet they were
missent, and were out some 18 or 20 days; and when
they did come, of course were all dead. But this is
the first queen I ever lost or had delayed thi-ough
the malls.

Bees are stronger for this date than I ever before
knew in this latitude. Fruit-bloom was quite good.
By the way, how many of our bee-keepers appreci-
ate the value of the white willow (or fence willow) ?
I have some 400 rods of it here on my farm, and
there is plenty more all over this country; and
when it came out in bloom it reminded me of bass-
wood time. It is now the third year that my bees
have done exceedingly well on it (before that I had
not noticed it so closely).

I don't wish to complain; but what success, I won-
der, have other parties had in getting queens from
the South early. Out of five ordered and specially
desired early (to give to queenless colonies early in
the spring) from dift'erent parties and at different
seasons, I have never yet received one any sooner
than I could have raised them or got them from
parties in the latitude in which I live. Now, this is
quite an item to me, for I had thought, "How nice
this is, when we find a colony queenless in early
spring ! Why, all there is to do, just inclose $1.00
to some queen-raiser away down South', and in a
few days we can have that colony all right;" but
with my past experience I shall have to modify my
expectations in that direction. This spring I or-
dered of an extensive breeder in the South, request-
ing him to put with the queens an extra number of
bees, and send as soon as possible (the order was
sent April 13). After waiting some ten days, and
looking for the queens, I received a note, .thanking
me for order, and stating' that as soon as the weath-
er would do to risk sending them he would ship,
etc. Wo were having 60 to 75° in the shade at the

1886

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTURE.

4S5

time, quite a number of days, and tlie nights were
nice and warm. I told him to please hurry them
on, etc. The queens flnallj' came May lOtli, when I
had plenty of drones tiying, and could have just as
well raised some fine queens myself in the same
length of time. If my experience is the exception,
and not the rule, I sliall probablj- try again, some
time. But if this thing is quite common, and if it
is not safe to sliip queens in early April as far north
as Central Iowa, I should like to be enlightened,
and will be governed itccordinglj-.

D. E. BursAKER.
Maxwell, Story Co., la . May ::2, 188fi.

We are very glad tlie mill i)leases you,
friend B. Now, is not part of it owing to
the fact that you were in just the right
shape to be pleased ? I agree with you in
regard to getting early queens from the
South ; that is, there seems to be some truth
in what you say. With all their great ad-
vantages of climate, they don't seem to get
very much ahead of us after all, if we
should set right down and try hard. You
know I have for several years proposed to
give advertisements free to all those in the
South who had queens on hand ready to ship
during the month of April. Yevy few have
responded ; but probably those \vho did re-
spond were very quickly'sold out.

^ ■ ^

LETTER FROM BRAZIL.

FUEL ECU SMOKERS, ETC.

R. ROOT:— I am much obliged for your reci-
pe for vinegar. If you think it of some
utility for your readers I will with pleasure
give you two hints, perhaps of some use.
The first is a fuel for smokers, the best I
ever tried, and perhaps at hand with your Southern
friends. It is the pith-tree (aloes), in pieces not
very small. When dry, it burns exceedingly well,
gives plenty of smoke, and no sparks.

A TWO-STORY HIVE TH.VT WILL ADMIT OF RAISING
THE LOWER FRAMES WITH(JUT REMOV-
ING THE UPPER STORY.

The second hint is a hive I have been trying for
six months, very successfully. I like Simplicity
hives; but I prefer two stories, even for extracting,
but find quite an annoyance (the separated second
story) in the handling of which bees are often
killed. I have profited by the unwillingness of bees
to build comb in narrow spaces. I make a suflH-
ciently high box with two thicknesses. The under
frames are put as in ordinary hives, the upward
stand parallel to the first; onlj' their sides are half
an' inch or "i from the hive, instead of the usual
distance. Two detachable pieces of wood lyinir on
nails support the upper frames and division-boards.
If you keep always one or two empty frames in the
upper story, there is no fear of building combs off
the frames. Miguel Ribeiro Lishoa.

Barbacena, Brazil, S. A., Apr. 26, 1880.

Thank you, friend L., for your kind letter
and suggestions. The arrangement you
mention for the Simplicity hive has already
been in use with us; but as it has been
dropped for some years, I am inclined to
think it has not been found to be very sat-
isfactory. We shall be very glad indeed to
hear something more about the bees and bee
culture in your far-away climate.

POPLAR HONEY PREFERRED.

ARE THE CARNIOLANS SUPERIOR TO ITALIANS ?

f^ HOUGH not strictly an A B C scholar, not hav-
'^ ing your text-book, but Cook and Langstroth,
^ I have, for forty jears, been an occasional
student of bees. Every little while some
new fact proves to me that I have not yet
" learned it all." In so long a time I have had to do
more or less with many strains of bees. My earliest
experiences were with pure Germans, which were
not hard to handle. A few that I have handled
in late years were almost, perhaps perfectly, pure
Italians, but the great majority have been Italian
hybrids of varying shades of impuritj-.

Some of these have not at all maintained the repu^
tation of hybrids for crossness, but the majority of
my present stock, all mixed, are beyond company
son the most vicious bees I ever handled. They
seem at least reasonably hai-dy, for all my thirteen
colonies wintered in i>lain Gallup hives, on summer
stands, and almost exclusively on the aster honey
which they gathered last fall.

My vicious bees average passabl3' as honey-gath =
erers. The Grossest colonies are generally the best
workers. A few days ago we extracted ten gallons
of extra-fine well-ripened poplar (tulip-tree) honey:
One of your contributors complains of no market
for it, on account of its dark color. Most people
here prefer it to any other kind produced in this
vicinity, though my own choice is the sourwood which
comes later. We keep our bees here exclusivelj' on
natural stores whenever they gather enough after
the last extracting, and then we never have trouble
with diarrhea or dysentery, probal^lj- because our
bees are seldom confined 30 days at once, and be-
cause our severest cold spells are of short duration.
Almost tlie only sources of less are freezing and
starvation.

As a source of honey-supply, white clover hei;e
seems almost worthless. It makes the best show
in the poplar season, when bees will hardlj- touch
anj' thing but the great tulip-blossoms of that rich
hone3'-bearer. Just here we have not a great deal
of it; but my former near neighbor, J. F. Montgom-
erj', lives now about a dozen miles away, where, last
May, great fields were white with white clover, and
he says that he never gets any appreciable quantity
of white-clover honey. We find that Italians and
hybrids work far more on red clover, especially the
"sapling," or "peavine" variety.

WHY DID THE QUEEN SUDDENLY STOP LAVING ?

A few weeks ago I procured some eggs from one
of Mr. Montgomerj''s best queens, hoping to make
my stock both more amiable and more industrit)us.
Though some of my queens were lost in introducing,
I now \vcL\e several busy laying. But my particular
puzzle is one that is not laying. I released her from
a cell partly destroyed by a rival, and introduced
her to an artificial colony, formed about twelve
hours before, of frames and bees from three or
four colonies. She was accepted, and a week later
had nearly four frames full of eggs and young
brood, and her abdomen was considerably enlarged.
Four days later not an egg or an unsealed larva
could be found in the hive. Not seeing- the queen,
I feared that too much meddling had caused the
bees to destroy her an<l her progeny; so I gave
them a frame with brood and eggs, and for about a
week I left them undisturbed. At my next inspec-
tion that brood was nicely sealed; no royal cells

486

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

June

were started, but the queeu horselt, a little reduced
In size, was moving about quite lively, and not an
egg could be discovered. Can you explain these
eccentricities ?

Can any practical bee-keeper, one who is more
interested in honey-production than in the sale of
novelties, answer a few questions about Carniolans?
Are they equal to Italians in hardiness ? in fecun-
dity ? in protecting' themselves against moths and
robbers'? in honey-gathering? Are they superior
to them in gentleness ? Are their hybrids gentler
than Italian hybrids? This last is of some impor-
tance in this neighborhood, where blacks aiid mon-
grels abound. 8— David Strang, 13—13.

Lincoln, Lincoln Co., Tenn., May 34, 1886.

rriend S., I do not know any reason why
your queen stopped laying so suddenly, un-
less she has failed and will soon be super-
seded. If the yield of honey stopped just
about t-he time she stopped laying, that
might account for it ; but they seldom stop
all at once, as in the case mentioned.— Our
experience with the Carniolans does not
warrant us in calling them any thing better
than Italians. They are rather gentler to
handle than the average run of hybrids, but
we can not find that they are any more so
than full-blood Italians in general. In oth-
er respects they are just about like Italians
^we can not discover any difference worth
noticing. See Our Own Apiary, this issue.

SAFE INTRODUCTION OF QUEEN-
CELLS.

AN INVENTION THAT SEEMS TO PROMISE A CHEAT
DEAL.

fRIENDS Root, Hutchinson, and others, have
told us in the past how they took a laying
queen from a nucleus or full colony of bees,
and immediately (before closing the hive)
gave the bees a nearly mature queen-cell,
they having little or no trouble i-cgai-ding the bees
destroying such cell, any more than they did to
wait 48 hours before giving such cell, as most of the
bee-keepers of the world are obliged to do, if they
would be at all certain of success. If I remember
correctly, Mrs. Harrison said she could not succeed
with more than one cell out of twenty by this plan;
and my failures were still greater than hers, for I
do not now remember of ever getting more than
one cell accepted, where said cell was put in within
six hours after the removal of the queen. In fact,
I have so utterly failed that I had become a little
skeptical, classing such stories of success along
with the stories of successful artificial fertilization
of queens.

Well, the time having again arrived when I de-
sired making the most possible out of the nuclei I
had formed, this subject of immediate introduction
of queen-cells and virgin queens came up in my
mind. It was evening, and I had lopped down on
the couch waiting for the return of a part of the
family, and thinking what I could do regarding this
matter. In a half-dreamy sort of way I wandered
over the past and thought that my only plau of suc-
cess had been by the one friend Root had given, of
putting a square wire-cloth cage over a cell, and
pressing the cage into the comb, thus keeping the
bees from the cell for two or three days; but as the
bees often ate under this cage and thwarted my

plans, I felt that it was little in advance of wast-
ing 48 hours. While these thoughts were in my
mind I fell asleep for a short period. When I
awoke, instantly the thought came to me to go and
make a small funnel-shaped cage of wire cloth,
just large enough to hold a queen-cell, and I
was master of the situation. I at once made a
round V-shaped stick, and taking a small square
piece of wire cloth, rolled it around the stick in
such a way that the hole in the small end of my
wire-cloth funnel was as large as a lead-pencil. I
next cut off a piece of a 'a-inch cork and placed it
in the large end when my cage was ready.

The next day I was to send off some queens; and
as I had a lot of cells ready to hatch the day after, I
had only to wait during the night before I could try
my plan. Accordingly, as soon as I took the queen
out the next day to ship away, I went and got one
of my nearly mature queen-cells, slipped it in my
cage, with the point down into the lead-pencil hole
as far as it would go, put in the piece of cork, ran a
small wire through the meshes of the cage above
the cork, so as to keep the coi-k in, and at the same
time make a handle to hold the cage in any posi-
tion I wished it among the bees, when the wire was
bent so as to hook over the top of the frames, and
the caged cell hung in the hive. More were treated
the same way, for some way I felt confident that
the plan would succeed.

I was now called away from home for two days,
and upon my return I found that, in each hive hav-
ing a caged coll, there was a nice virgin queen;
while in a few hives in which I had put some of the
same cells without caging, all were destroyed. I
hf^ve now used this plan for two weeks, and in not a
single Instance have I failed of having the cells
hatch all right, and the bees accept the queen. The
plan also gives you the privilege of placing the cell
right in the center of the smallest cluster of bees
without cutting or mutilating the comb, as must of
necessity be done by the old plan in these little col-
onies during cool weather, which Is no small item
with those desiring perfect combs. I suppose I
might have waited before giving this plan to the
reader, till I had tried it through one season; but
when 1 thought of how I had been bothered for
years, and of the little expense required for all to
test it, I concluded that I would not wait; for if it
worked with all as it did with me it would save
many queens for the bee-fraternity. The principle
of the plan is this: The bees always destroy a cell
from the side or base, and never at the point. The
cage protects the cell everywhere except at the
point, but still allows the bees to got accustomed to
the presence of the cell, the same as if the cage
were not there. The lead-pencil hole allows the
queen to hatch, the same as she would if the cell
were not caged, while the bees can feed her and
hold her in the cell as long as they please, so that
she can not get out till they are ready to accept her.

G. M. DOOLITTLE.

Borodino, N. Y., June 1, 1886.

Friend D., I suppose you know the idea of
caging queen-cells is not new. Cages spe-
cially adapted for this purpose have been
advertised for a good many years. There is
one point in your invention, however, that
seems to be new, and that is, leaving an
opening in the apex of the cone, large
enough for the young queen to bite her way
out. The wire-cloth cones used by friend

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

487

Alley and others in their drone-traps I think
will answer the purpose nicely. We will
give it a trial at once, and report.

PLANT - LICE AND HONEY - DEW,
AGAIN.

POME OBSERVATIONS BY MKS. CHADDOCK.

T WONDER if these lice on our box-elder are the
M kind o( lice that make the honcy-dcw. There
^t are millions of them on the under side of the
■^ leaves and along the stems, packed tightly on
top of each other. To the naked eye they are
a little green bug, varying in size from a grain of
nuistai-d to a tongue-grass seed. Under the micro-
scope they are a pale-green, waxy-looking affair,
with deep-green stripes down each side of the back.
Their legs and feelers look as though they were
made of white wax, tipped with reddish brown.
The eyes are of the same color as the tips of the
legs and feelers. They are fat and squabby, and
when they walk the body drags. When they get
older they have long white wings, and the body is
not so large. They have a sort of a skentcr-did ap-
pearance. They taste like the leaf that they feed
on (I ate a few), and just now 1 found out that the
top of the leaf is all glistening with little splotches
of a decidedly sweet substance. Under the magni-
fier it looks like clear water, not standing in drops,
but flattened out or smeared over. I pressed the
bugs under the lens with a pen-point, and they
gave out a tiny drop, too small for the naked eye to
see, and I tried to taste it, but it doesn't make any
impression on the tongue, so of course they are the
very bugs that make the honey-dew. I had not
seen the sweet stuff on the leaves when I began
writing. The bees are not working on it at all, as
the apple-trees are in bloom.

MORE HONEY-DEW— L.\TER.

For a whole week my bees have been roaring
about the tops of the Norway spruce, and I have
been wondering what they found there, but had no
time to climb the trees, and I could see nothing on
the lower limbs. But this morning after I had
turned the cheese, fixed the Are under the soap-
kettle, put more water under the lye-hopper, milked
two cows, and fixed the churn, I built a sort of
scaffold out of a tub, a bo.x, a board, and another
tub, and, standing up there, I found drops of nec-
tar (?) in among the new growths. It is as clear as
water, and very sweet. Along the stem were some
things that looked like brown scales; but under the
magnifier they developed into plant-lice. They re-
semble the insects found on the box-elder, in every
thing but color, these being of a yellowish-brown
color, with darker brown stripes down each side
of the back; and when I pressed them they dis-
charged (I should think) six times as much sweet as
the green kind did. So far I am pleased with them.
This is a dry time for honey here; and if the plant-
lice will be kind enough to fill the gap between
fruit - blossoms (apple - blossom) and raspberry-
bloom, it seems to me that they will fill a great
vacancy. Perhaps if each «ne of these lice is to be
the parent of a million more I may get over my joy
of them before the season is over; but just now
I'm pleased.

My bees have gone crazy. March hares, loons,
and all the other comparatively crazy things arc
safe and sound when compared with mj- beeg. TUey

don't know what they don't want. Always, till this
year, I had my bees scattered about under the ma-
ple-trees, on the north side of every thing, and in
corners here and there. I always keep the queens'
wings clipped, and when they swarm I catch the
queen, put her under a goblet on a plate, set her in
the shade, and let the bees come back at their lei-
sure. I used to carry the old hive away and put the
new one in its place; now I turn it around, a Ja
Heddon, and set the new one where the old one
used to be. I always put in a frame of hatching
brood, and never had bees desert the hive. Now I
have my colonies all in one spot, standing eight
feet apart each way. When the first swarm came
out I proceeded just as I always had done, but the
bees came back and divided themselves around
among the four hives that wore nearest. Then an-
other swarm came out, and they were going to do
the same, but I put fifteen yards of cheese-cloth
around one hive, a bolt of muslin around another,
a table-cloth on the third, and a wet towel on the
fourth. Then I lighted up my Clark's smoker; and
wherever they seemed thickest, there 1 was in their
midst. I finally persuaded them to go back where
they came from; and when I had time to draw my
breath and fan myself a little with a rhubarb leaf, 1
began to smell smoke, and there the cheese-cloth
and the table-cloth were both burning away. I sub-
dued the fire, and then another swarm came out,
and, without ever alighting, or acting in any way as
bees should, they went over to a colony that was
already boiling over full, and went in and on the
hive.

The next day was Sunday, and Sunday is always a
field day with my bees. The one that went in the
empty hive the day before came out and alighted
on an early Richmond cherry-tree. I caught the
queen, and we carried a hive over there and put
the bees and queen in; then carried them off a dis-
tance from the rest, and left them, with no brood
nor foundation in the hive. Two more swarms
came off and came back when they ought to.

In the afternoon these two swarms came out and
alighted on two barberry bushes that stand close to-
gether. One of them had just about settled when
the other started out. Then when they started to
go back, each one went to the wrong hive and went
in and stayed all right. Next day they came out
and both went in one hive, and all the other new
swarms came out, and, after airing themselves for
awhile, went back where they came from. Hatch-
ing brood doesn't make a particle of difference.
The first swarm started 23 queen-cells in the 24 hours
tht^t it occupied the hive. None of the others start-
ed any. Now as to their being too warm. 1 hived
them in Simplicity hives, and 1 set them twisted on
the bottom - board so that the air could come in;
then I put muslin on top of the frames, then I set
an empty hive on top of that, and put on the cover
so that the heated air could pass out. The hive that
held the two swarms, I piled up four stories high,
the two lower ones having frames. I don't mind a
little skirmisking; but to have the bees playing
" pussy wants a corner," trading hives with each
other, coming out every day to take the fresh air,
as if they were invalids, and the doctor had ordered
it, and hanging on the outside of tiives while bil-
lions of clover-blossoms are going unsucked, is too
much. Mahala B. Chaddock.

Vermont, 111., May, 1886.

Why, Mrs. C, I do not wonder that you

IS

GLEAN l.NGS IN iiEE CULTUUE.

June

tlioughfc your bees had gone crazy. Proba-
bly a great part of the trouble was caused by
the ciiange in the way you locate your hives.
Why notdivlde them i)efore they are ready
to swarm, and not have any swarming.?
That is the way we do here; but then, we
doiTt raise comb honey, you know. No
wonder you wanted to sit down and fan
yourself with a rhubarb leaf. Sometimes
the bre-s seem to have a sort of mania when
they first commence swarming in the spring ;
but I think if you keep patient you will find
they will get over it and behave all right
after a little.

MRS. HA.RRISOW IN REGARD TO THE
MISTAKES SHE HAS MADE.

SH.VI.r^ BEES BE LET ALONE IN THE SPRING, OR
SH.iLL THEY BE FUSSED WITH?

'HEN our littlo girl used to do any thing
wrong- she would say, " I made a mistak-
en;" and I have come to the conclusion,
that I have made many "mistakens" in
iny spring management of bees. Last fall,
when I fl.ved them up for their winter's rest I told
them that I would not meddle with tlieir house-
hold arrangements until aftev fruit-bloom, and I
have kept my word to them in good faith. I laid
some comb honey upon the frames of a few that
seemed light when carried from the cellar, and fed
in the open air all the odds and ends of honey that
liad accumulated in the honey-house during the
winter. I always keep a regular feeding-ground in
the same place, and I have never induced robbing
by so doing.

One spring, following severe winter losses, I tried
to follow Mr. Doolittle, and I am confident I de-
stroyed many weak colonies that would have
pulled through if I had let them alone. There are
so many minor points and notes of warning that the
successful ones fail to give in their modus operan-
di, that what is safe in their hands often proves
a failure in the hands of others. Hereafter I shall
do my sptiwj work in the fall; i. e., I shall feed them
if they need it, abundantly, tuck them up snug and
warm, and let them manage their own affairs until
after fruit-bloom. I have had less balling of
queens, swarming out, etc., this season than ever
before, and they never so entirely alone paddled
their own canoe. Clover is blooming, with very
cool nights, and little honej' comiiTg- in. It is very
dry in this locality. Hives are running over with
bees, but few swarms. Mrs. L. Harrison.

Peoria, 111.

Mrs. II., I, too, have come to the conclu-
sion tiiat we did our bees a serious damage
by cleaning out the hives, closing up the
brood -chamber, and too much manipulation
before the weather had got to be warm and
settled. I have seen them swarm out just
after their hives had been overhauled, when
the bees that had not been tinkered with be-
haved themselves aTl right. Now, I suspect
that the wisest way would be to give help
when help is needed, and do it when tlie
weathei- is suitable, but avoid any thing that
demoralizes them or discourages them when
they are tirst collecting their latent energies
in the spring. For instance: If the queen
should die during llie winter, which often
hai)pens, the colony would be lost with-

out attention ; whereas it might be one of
the best colonies, if given a queen in season,
or sometimes if given only a frame of brood.
The same in regard to stores.

NOT3S FROM THE BANNER APIARY.

No. 18.

i

BENEFIT OF SPRING PACKING.

TOOK the bees from the cellar the middle of
April. It did seem foolish, during the warm
^i days that succeeded, to pack the bees with
chair upon their summer stands; but I did it—
i. e.. all except the two strongest colonies. At
this writing. May 25, they have been unpacked a
week, and it is easy to see that several of the pack-
ed colonies have outstripped the two left unpro-
tected.

"A VEAR AMO.NG THE BEES."

This is the title of a bee-book by one of my best
bee-friends. Dr. C. C. Miller. It has been said, that
the sale of a book depends verj' much upon its title.
If this is true, the doctor is to be congratulated, as
" A Year Among the Bees " was very happily chos-
en to stand at the head of that delightful little nar-
rative, descriptive of the apicultural journey of one
year; a jaunt that we bee-keepers all take each
year. " A Year Among the Bees "— how pat!

The doctor does not claim to have made any great
discovery. He says: " At the risk of losing caste as
a beekeeper, I am obliged to confess that I never
got up 'a hive of my own,' never even tried to plan
one * * * " But I will tell you what he has done.
He has removed from our path numberless small
obstructions. He has smoothed our pathway, so to
speak, and has done the work well. When travel-
ing upon the highway it is no great annoyance to
go around the hills, to turn aside for some large
boulder; but the small stones and ruts in the road-
bed are often quite trying to the temper. Great
losses and disappointments ai"e sometimes borne
with greater equanimity than the petty annoyances
and trials that come to us almost dailj'. I feel sure
that my friend Miller will not consider it mean
praise when I say that he has done more than any
other author to show bee - keepers how to avoid
the thousand and one pesky little plagues with
which they are often tormented. Even if he had
not shown us how to receive any more surplus hon-;
ey, his book is abundantl.y worth its price, for the
simple reason that it shows ut, how to reduce the
friction to the minimum. I wish space would per-
mit me to go on and notice all the nice little hints
that are given. For instance, I have given be?s ac-
cess to combs of honey or partly filled sections, and
how often I have wished that they wouldn't be so
greedy as to t3ar the combs all down. Dr. Miller
says: "Pile them up in supers out of doors, cover-
ing them up and leaving a hole large enough for
only one or two bees to pass at a ti.iije." Why, to
be sure! how simple! and yet I had never thought
of it. I have tpied it this spring, and it works well.
Another thing: He leaves his cellar-doors open the
night before the bees are to be taken out, and in
the morning they are quiet, and do not cu-s/i from
the hives when taken out. He also tells how to
take sections from wide frames and supers, how to
put fdn. in the sections, about dress for the hottest
weather, double hives for full colonies, etc. There
are also many handy little implements described,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

489

that help to make matters move easily. As the
months rolled by, and one stage succeeded another
in the "year airiong the bees," I found myself
watching eagerly to see how the next step would be
taken. I had been upon the same ground, and it_
was interesting to see how my friend Miller would
step. And then the charming manner in which the
book is written! Let me give an extract or two:
"Now that the apiary is in running order, you may
want to take a look at it. ' You don't think it looks
remarkably neat?' Neither do I. If I had only six
dozen colonies, and were keeping them only for the
pleasure of it, I should have their hives painted,
perhaps ornamented with scrollwoi-k; but please
remember that I am keeping them for profit, and
I can not allord any thing for looks. Some of them
are painted with a cheap reddish-brown mineral
paint; but that was years ago, and they look very
dingy. More of them are unpainted, and the oldest
of these look dingier still. I suppose they would
last longer if painted, but hardly enough longer to
pay for they paint. Besides, in the many changes
constantly taking place, how do I know that I may
not want to throw these aside and adopt a new hive?
I have already changed three times, having begun
in 1861 with a full-sized sugar-barrel * * *."

" Having a hive ready, now for a seat. Bro.
Doolittle once tried to poke a little fun at me in
convention, because I accidentally admitted that I
sat down to work at bees. If I were obliged to
work all the season without a seat, I am afraid I
should have to give up the business from exhaus-
tion. Moreover, if I had the strength of a Samson
I don't think I should waste it stooping over hives,
80 long as I could get a scat. I generally have
three or four seats about the apiarj', and I just
take for a seat a box in which 500 sections have
been shipped, whittling a hole in it to carry it by.
By placing it differently, it gives me a seat of three
different heights, suitable for working at a one-
story hive, or one with supers tiered up on it."

I can not close without saying how agreeably I
was surprised to find that friend Miller contracts
the brood-nest to /our or. /Ji'c combs at the time of
putting on the supei's; also that his bees usually
require feeding in the fall, and that he feeds them
sugar syrup.

Brother bee-keepers, you will learn mauj- little
" kinks," and enjoy a real treat, if you read " A
Year Among the Bees." W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Mich.

DR.

GALLUP AND J. P.
HOME.

ISRAEL AT

THE ADVISABILITV OF GOING TO C.^LIFOHNIA TO
MAKE MONEY AT BEES.

T HEREWITH present your readers with a few
(^ " notes by the way," on a trip to California.
^l We left Kansas City, Mo., Friday, Nov. 37, on
-*■ the emigrant car of the A., T. and Santa Fe
R. R.; fare $45.00. Right here let me say that
the emigrant car is hitched to the expresp train,
and makes the same time as first class. My wife
did not like the idea of traveling that way, but now
she says she prefers to go on the emigrant car,
rather than to take first-class passage at the same
price. We arrived at Emporia, Kansas, where was
a fine stone depot, two stories, and a town
of 18,030 inUabitantg. On the morning of the second

day we arrived ut La Junta, Col. We passed
through the great plains of South-western Kansas
during the niglit. Aljout 11 A. M. we are only 31
miles from the Spanish Peaks, where all is white
with snow. At Trinidad, Col., many of the houses
are made of adobe, or dried mud. Hat roofs; 6000 ft.
above sea-level. At 1 p. m., going up the mountains,
grade 113 ft. to the mile; takes two engines to pull
us. We pass through a tunnel, and enter New
Mexico, 7633 ft. above the sea. Here it is quite
cool, and here, also, we saw some mountain goats.
The scenery is very rough— large rocks and vast
lava-beds. We are now 1000 miles west of Kansas
City, and have passed hundreds of miles of ti-eeless
plains, without enough grass to feed a prairie-fire.

The fourth day we crossed the Colorado River in-
to California, and traveled all day with nothing but
sand and cactus in sight. I thought if all of Califor-
nia were like this, tiuit I would leave very soon.
On the fifth day we passed through a tunnel 1^
miles long. I then saw some good country within
30 miles of Los Angeles, at which place we arrived
in the afternoon. We rented a house and got to
housekeeping, and I bought myself a ponj^ and
took a ten-days' ride over Southern California. I
started Dec. 7th, and on the first night stopped
with Dr. Gallup, of Santa Anna. It seems that the
doctor has no family— at least not here. He has a
nice young orchard and vineyard, and had a very
nice house just ready to plaster. The doctor has
not kept any bees for several years. He sa3'S the
bees went back on him, and that they will chew a
raisin right vip after it is dry. His statement about
making a start with f.50 or less, applies to himself,
not to any one who has no trade. He is a water-
doctor, and works at his profession, M'hich is a
good one for this country, as so many come here
sick.

The second day on horseback I traveled 47 miles,
and went 33 miles without coming to a house. I
then would have fared poorly if I had not had
my blankets to sleep under. I next saw the grand
old ocean for the first time. The breakers, when
seen from a distance, look like a long line of
clothes flapping in the wind.

The third day I came to the ranch of J. P. Israel,
and found it after dark. I almost got lost in the
canon, which is a hax-d place for a stranger to find,
twelve miles from a small postoflice and store,
and about 35 miles to San Diego; he seems to have
a first-rate location, with only one apiary anywhere
near him. I found he was and had been "ranch-
ing" it for three years. Mr. Israel is an old man,
about 50 years, I should judge. You remember the
laugh he had on the Heddon bee in his big report.
Well, I should say his liecs were very much like the
Heddon stock, for I did not see a hive that had all
the bees with even one yellow band. I called them
very poor hybrids.

Dec. 10th, the day I was there, the bees were
working on some weed that grows on the moun-
tains, and some of them had good loads of honey,
which made them drop. There was not a day dur-
ing my ten-days' trip (from the 7th to the 17th of
Dec.) that bees did not get honey. Think of that,
Oye"friz-up" bee-men. Mr. Israel uses dry horse-
dung for smoke, and it works first rate. The way
the bee-keepers of Southern California work their
surplus boxes is like this: Suppose you have a
Simplicity hive with a solid honey-board, small
enough go that the bees can come up around the

4(50

GLEA^JI^'US l^ J5EE CULTUUE.

June

outsifle edges. Put on your upper story, then fill it
with Hurblson boxes, the ends of the boxes being-
open. The bees have to go in at the end. They then
can't work from one set to the other from the bot-
tom, bnt have to come around to the end. The
ends of each clamp come within i'e inch of the side
of the upper story.

To sum up the whole matter: As regards myself I
am a young bee-man who could and did make a
good living from bees, from one year to the other,
in Missouri. I cnme with my family to California
with the intention of keeping bees, and staying one
year anyhow. I did not come to "bach it for two
or three years. After riding over 300 miles I have
settled in Los Angeles, and gone into some other
business. I have not seen a bee-man who says he
can make a living from bees. Since 1 have been
here I have seen 196 cans of extracted honey, of
light color, as light as white clover, all candied, and
one year old, sold at auction for $1.55 per can of 60
lbs. However, we like this country and expect to
stay, but don't advise any one, who can make a
living where he is, to come here unless he has lots
of money; and if he wants to keep bees, he must be
willing to live in the most out-of-the-way place.
Any person who can't make a livinginthe States had
better stay away from here. There are more per-
sons here who can't get work, than anywhere else.

Los Angeles, Cal. F. J. Farr.

Thanks, friend Fair, for your very fair and
Impartial statement in regard to the climate
and facilities of California.

HOW TO SELL OUR ENTIRE YIELD OF
HONEY AT GOOD PRICES.

FRIEND MARTIN S INSPIRATION.

TT is now 2 o'clock at night. The above grand
lli idea struck me so suddenly that here I am at
ll my desk to give you the benefit of my thoughts ;
"*■ and without further remarks I will proceed
to the great subject.
A certain class of writers for our bee-journals
continue to reiterate, from time to time, their be-
lief that there is an overproduction of honey. I
shall adhere to the belief that there is not an over-
production, and that, should our yield be the great-
est ever known, it conld all be sold at remuner-
ative prices. The first proposition I shall lay down
is, that we have a groat country, and there are
thousands of localities where no bees are kept and
no honey produced, and where honey, if sold, is or-
dered from distant points, and at high rates. We
frequently receive letters from friends from vari-
ous parts of tho country, ordering a small amount
of honey, telling us they can not purchase honey
without paying exorbitant prices, and then not
knowing if it is pure honey. Now, my friends,
why should this condition of things be? Let me
answer the question. It is for the reason that we
are educating a class of producers, and not one is
educated to sell the product. Friends Heddon and
Jones and others, have around them each season a
number of students. We hear of their progress,
and graduation as experts, to secure tons of honey;
but there their education stops; and unless they
have the natural tact as salesmen, their honey is
shipped to perhaps an already overloaded market.
Now, what wc want at this stage of apiguUural

progress is educated salesmen. Let them first learn
all the details of management of bees and produc-
tion, then let them study the various methods of
selling honey, supplying a wide constituency, and
.we should predict that their profits would be far
more than if they were merely producers. If we
had a few honest and energetic salesmen in every
State there would not be a complaint about over-
production.

But I think much can be done without such sales-
men, by co-operation. For instance, Bro. Russell,
on page Sil, shows us that he has the tact of a
salesnnin. He says he wishes that village of 10,000
population were near him. Now, Bro. R., hunt up
such a village. Isn't there one in your countj'?
Then you could order of us who don't know how to
sell to advantage. You know W. Z. Hutchinson
says it puzzles him to hear a man tell how easy it is
for him to sell his honej', but he never wants any
more to sell again. It is easy to sell a small crop of
honey, or even a tolerably large crop, if you have a
monopoly of the business; but, ten chances to one,
other beekee|)ers enter the market in competition
with you. Now, where such competition takes
place, instead of letting their interests come in con-
flict, let them, in a brotherly manner, try to spread
their product over a greater surface. That is the
whole question in a nut shell. We dump our prod-
uct down here and there in lumps, when it should
be evenly distributed. This can be done only
through CO operation and educated, energetic sales-
men. Shall we have these? It rests with bee-keep-
ers themselves to answer these important ques-
tions. J. H. Martin.

Hartford, New York, May 33, 1886.

Friend M., I guess we'll have to startaschool
to teach people how to sell goods. Now, I
am not sure that any school would be better
than the one that lies before every producer
— the school that we all have to learn in from
stern necessity, and perhaps by sad lessons
of experience. But it is true, that the hon-
ey-product is by no means evenly distribut-
ed. In the immediate vicinity of some en-
terprising bee-keeper, honey is often retailed
as low as 10 cts. per lb. for extracted, and
from 12 to 15 cts. for comb honey ; whereas
there may be a hundred localities, and per-
haps not many miles away, where the old
prices of from 20 to 80 cts. a pound are rul-
ing. If some system could be inaugurated
whereby the whole country could be thor-
oughly canvassed it certainly would be a
wonderful help to our industry.

' HONEY-JUMBLKS.

Within an hour we have opened a barrel'
of jumbles, made by one of the largest bak-
ing establishments in our State. The manu-
facturers guarantee them to be made from
pure honej' — not a particle of sugar nor mo-
lasses about them. The advantage gained
is, that these cakes never dry up. You may
buy a barrel full, and they will be just as
nice for the children to eat after a whole
year as if they were just made by mamma.
We have for the lirst time put them on our
wagon that goes over town every other day.
The retail price is 15 cts. per lb.; wholesale,
8 lbs. for a dollar. If these honey-cakes were
extensively introduced, this trade alone
would consume immense quantities.

1SS6

GLEANIJ^GS IN J3EE CULTUUK.

491

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

Continued from Mat/ /.;.

CHAPTER XVII.

Whatsoever tliy hand fliidcth to do, do it Avith thy might.— Eccl. 9: 10.

Before taking up the matter of sowing
seeds, I wisli to digress a little and toucli
upon a subject which particularly belongs to
the last half of the title of oar book ; name-
ly, how to be happy while doing your work.

It was between four and five o'clock in the
morning, in the month of May, when an ac-
quaintance called. There had been so many
applications for work that I had put a notice
in one of cur county papers, saying that I
could not promise employment any more.
This acquaintance evidently had something
on his mind ; but pretty soon he came out
with it, and spoke somewhat as follows :

" Mr. Root, I don't want to trouble you by
asking you to take any more hands into your
employ ; but I have a young half-brother
living with me whom I am rather obliged to
support, and he has nothing at all to do.
Now, if you can set him at work anywhere,
and at any kind of wages, no matter what, I
shall be greatly obliged to you. lie is to
have his board any way, so it will l)e thank-
fully received, no matter what you pay him,
even if it does not half pay for Ins board.
You can try him, if you wish ; and if he
does not please you, doift keep him ; but I
would much rather he would be at work than
to be lying around idle.'"

"• How old is the boy, friend S.V '^

"• Why, Mr. Root, he is only fifteen years
old ; but I l)elieve he is a good boy, and in-
tends to do right. Can't I hend him to you
on trial V "

The result came with an anxiety and look
jn his manner that touched me, and he went
fiway without my ever thinking to ask the
boy's name. Pretty soon the boy came — a
sober-looking little fellow with wliat seemed
to me a rather sad air or sorrowful counte-
nance. I asked him if he was the boy who
had come to work on trial. He said he was.
I asked his name ; and when he gave it it
startled me. It was a plain, common name,
and nothing singular about it, only it hap-
pened to be, both surname and given name,
.exactly the same as that of my wife's father.
My mind ran back to the time when I first
met my wife. When I inquired who she
was, somebody told me that it was Susan
Hall. After a little 1 learned that her fa-
ther's name was Daniel Hall. An honest.

earnest, hard-woi king old gentleman I found
Daniel Hall to be, and it was he who gave
me my first impetus, almost, in this busy
world ; for when the subject came up, he
frankly objected to my poor self as a suitor
for his daughter, on the ground that I had
no stability of character. I was in the chick-
en business somewhat, then crazy about
electricity, etc., and shifting about; and,
worst of all, I was not earning any thing,
nor even fitting myself for any special branch
of usefulness. Good old Daniel Hall's words
stirred me, and I declared I was going to
commence forthwith to be good for some-
thing. It did not take a very long time nor
much hard work on my part to win the con-
fidence and respect of my wife's father ; and
I won it, too, long before we were married.
In due time he began to lean upon me, as it
were ; and when I became a Christian he
was willing to trust me for all time to come.
On his dying bed he begged me to take
charge of his property, and see that his
wishes were all carried out in regard to it.
He talked with me freely and frankly in re-
gard to the great unknown beyond the tomb.
Well, when I asked the boy his name do
you wonder that I was startled when he said
it was Daniel Hall f Perhaps the memories
awakened by that name made me take a
deeper interest in him, and study him more
fully. I took him down to the creek-bottom
ground where the men had been digging out
the stumps and plowing out roots. I had
been trying to get the small boys interested
in picking up the roots and stones so as to
make the ground clean. Like most boys
they could see only back-aching drudgery in
the work, and they not only made slow
progress, but they did not see half of the
stones that were so plainly visible to viy
eyes wlien I came around. I explained to
Daniel what was wanted. I took up a bas-
ket and picked up roots with him for a
while, as I generally do, that I may be sure
the boys understand just what is wanted.
Well. I was greatly surprised to see Daniel
take hold and take up the roots rapidly—
yes, as fast as I could— even saved steps and
saved motions by calculating with his mind
while he made his hands fiy rapidly. I had
seen boys start a good deal that way heiore ;

492

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

and, please dcu't blame me when I say that
I feared it would not last over an hour or
two ; "but it did. He worked all the fore-
noon and all the afternoon ; and when we
gave him other work for a change, he work-
ed hard at that. Tiie boy had been out of
work until he was hungvy for something to
do. Oh, how I do like to lliid people who are
hungry for something to do, and who are ac-
cordingly thankful when work is furnished
them, no matter what kind of work it is!
I told my wife that my heart was turning
strongly toward her father's namesake.

Some time after this a lady called, begging
me to try her boy ; and as business was then
crowding I consented to try him also. He
was about Daniel's age; and with Daniel
for an example, the boys soon came to be a
kind of "span," as it were. Of course, they
would have their fun when they were at
work together ; but altogether I felt happy
about my two new boys that were at work
outdoors out in the garden. A great part of
their work was setting out little plants from
the seed-boxes, and, like most other boys,
they pretty soon began to get tired of it :
but I told them it was the only work I had
for them to do, and that they would have to
work as long as they could, and when they
got tired they could mark off their time and
rest. They each get 11 cts. per hour. This,
you know, would only about pay for their
board ; and as many hands in the factory
work over-hours during the busy season, as
it is now, the first I knew, my two boys,
Daniel and Walter, were working till Seven
o'clock without their supper. I expostulat-
ed a little ; but Walter said they had liard
work to pay for their board unless they put
in more time than ten hours a day ; and he
said they did not mind waiting until seven
before they had their supper. I»told them I
didn't believe they could work from one
o'clock till seven, neither in justice to them-
selves nor to myself ; and I found by watch-
ing them that they frequently got so tired
during the afternoon that their work did not
amount to very much ; but toward night
they would frequently brighten up and set
out plants at a pretty good rate. To show
you what kind of work they had, I will give
you a picture right here that I have used
before.

The little plants were taken out of the
seed-boxes and planted in the open ground,
in just the order they are seen above, using
the transplanting-frame, shown on page 136,
to space them. Now, in transplanting cab-
bage plants we put one in the center of each

A BOX OF WHITE-PfjUME CELERY-PLANTS AS IT
APPEARS WHEN FIRST TRANSPLANTED.

mesh ; but with celery we put two in each
mesh— one in each of the acute angles of the
six-sided opening. I knew the boys were
not making the progress they ought to make,
and yet I knew, also, that they tried hard
to be industrious. Each one had a large
wide board to rest on while he worked at
his plants. The wide board, yoir will no-
tice, prevented him from injuring the
smooth surface of the bed or the plants,
where the plants had been transplanted.
The wide board is laid right across the
frame, so they can get close down to their
work. It also allows them to recline, if
they choose, resting part of the time on one
side and part of the time on the other side.
The ground is kept constantly wet
by means of a sprinkler. Well, I told the
boys to look at their Waterbury watches
and S3e how long it took them to transplant
a frameful. It took them about four hours
apiece, while Mr. Weed, who has charge of
the greenhouse, could plant a frameful in
about an hour. The trouble was, the boys
had got tired and wearied of their work ;
and even if they tried they could not awak-
en an interest in it, and did not enjoy it very
much, simply because it had become monot-
onous.

Now, please don't be impatient, dear
reader, because I dwell so long on these lit-
tle details in regard to a couple of ordinary
boys setting out plants in a garden. The
boys were just about such boys as I used to
be ; in fact, I saw myself as I watched them,
Now, I did not keep an eye on them solely
because I expected or wanted to make some
moneij out of my celery'plants ; l)ut I kept a
careful eye on them because I was working
and praying over this great problem, —

" WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE
IIAPPr WHILE DOING IT."
What should be done to give these boys an
interest in their work? AVHiat should I do
to enable Daniel to set out plants, with the
same life and energy that he picked up roots
and stones the first day he worked for me?
Well, I had a plan in my mind, dear readers,
and I was just getting ready to put it into

lS8G

(^LEANINGS IN BEE CUJ/rUUE.

493

practice. It is a plan lliat works woiulers,
if wisely and judicionsly used. It is the
plan that makes the busy workers in our
factory, in a great many departments, enter
with their whole souls, as well as with their
wliole strength and muscles, into their work.
Go into the folding-room and see the girls
make the sheets of paper tly when it comes
paper-day ; go watch them in the room ad-
joining, where tliey are wiring frames to
hold the foundation ; take a look into the
smoker-room; yes, in the pi luting -oflice.
How is it they become so expert ami rapid
that your eye can hardly follow the motions
of their hands'? Why, it is just on the plan
I had proposed with the boys. I went down
one morning and spoke to them something
as follows :

"Boys, I will tell you how you can make
more money than you are making now, both
for yourselves and myself. I will give yon
five cents a hundred for setting out celery-
plants, providing you do it so well that they
will grow every time. If they die, you must
set out more in their places, on your own
time. Now, five cents a hundred will make
just about the wages you have been making ;
but I rather think that, if you are working
by the piece, you will get along a good deal
faster."

One of them replied that he did not think
they could work a bit faster than they had
been doing, for tliey had stuck to it just as
busily as they possibly could. I told them
they could try it, and that, if they didn't do
any belter, they could have their regular
wages by the hour, but that I rather expect-
ed they would improve some. Can you
guess how it turned out? Why, when I
came around that way, an hour later, the
boys were just bending over their plants,
and making their hands fly as if life and
death depended on it. Their frames were
filling up as if by magic, and their faces
were full of animation and excitement.
Daniel looked np honestly, and said some-
thing as follows :

" Why, Mr. lioot, we are going to make a
pile of money if you let us work this way."

" Well, I am glad of it. If you make a pile
of money I think I shall too, for we are like-
ly to need all the nice celery-plants we can
possibly raise."

They did not feel like working till seven
o'clock that evening ; but as they liad made
nearly double their usual wages (one a little
more than double, and the other, I believe,
a little less), they felt as if they could stop
at the usual stopping-time, and then take a

playspell. Duiing the afternoon one of
them ventured the remark, "Mr. Root, if
we work by the piece can we stop and look
at things, and walk around and stretch our-
selves when we are tired V"

I told them that, when they were working
by the piece, they were their own bosses.
They could work or not, just as they chose^
providing the work was got along at a rear
sonable rate. Now, friends, do you see the
difference in working without any particu-
lar interest in your work, only to have the
hours go along and night come, or in being
a partner, as it were, in regard to the results
accomplished y These boys fiiJo.vttZ working
under the high-pressure principle, in a way
they could not possibly tnjoy working by
tiie hour, especially when the work was
something that had become monotonous and
tiresome. One great truth brought out here
is, that it is not so mixcli the kind of work
we are doing, but the way we look at it, and
the motives that prompt r.s. Why not let
everybody work in this way? Well, in the
first place it is not possible to arrange all
kinds of work so it can be done by the piece.
Again, there is a constant disposition to
slight the work xndess there be some test or
condition. In the above it was clearly un-
derstood that the plants must be put in the
ground so that they would live, and the boys
must walch them and water them until they
had become rooted. Another thing, we can
not well set people at work by the piece lui-
less they are honest and conscientious.
Where a workman has a disposition to cheat
or to be tricky, the employer will get beat-
en, sooner or later, unless his eye is constant-
It/ upon him. With children or younger
people, there is a constant danger of misun-
derstandings and dilficulties. Even our
good friend Walter complained the first day
that his foreman, Mr. Weed, didn't give him
full credit for the full number he set out.
Now, before we start out in any such kind
of work, our details and system should be
made so as to avoid mistakes as far as possi-
ble. As an illustration : The transplanting-
frames we use do not hold even numbers of
plants. W' hen they were made we did not
think about piece work ; but we are going
to woik to-day to have some frames made
that hold an even number, 500 cabbage-
plants, or 1000 celery-plants.* In that case
the boys will avoid every chance of making
a mistake. All they have to do is to count
the number of frames full set out, at 25 cts.

*A frame made ;!X4 I'eet i inches insUle, will just
about do it.

494

GLEAKtNGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Juke

a frame for cabbages, or 50 cts. a frame for
celery. Before you adopt these figures it
may be well to tell you that we have decided
— that is, the greenhouse manager and mj'-
self— that 8 cts. a hundred is about a fail-
price to pay the boys and girls for trans-
planting.

Well, how shall one get this extra vim and
interest in his work, who is working for
himself, and is not hired by the piece or
hour? My friend, how does your wife get
that extra vim and energy with which she
works on wash-days, or in the morning to
get breakfast on time? when there are two
or three little chicks in the household to be
dressed and fed and kissed and got to sleep,
how does she do it all, and make all of her
other duties come to time? Well, I think
you can tell best by taking a look at her.
Watch and see how she economizes, by do-
ing something with one hand while she does
something else with the other hand. See
her rock the baby with her foot, while her
hands fairly fly among the culinary imple-
ments, singing with her voice meanwhile,
perhaps, to hush the baby. Does she enjoy
her work too? Why, I think she does, espe-
cially if her heart is full of love and praise
to the Master. One great element in her
happiness is the consciousness of having a
husband who is using liis brain and muscle
in the same way to make every thing count
for her and these same little ones. Dear
reader, are ymi tliat husband? Perhaps you
say you don't like to be crowded all the
while on high-pressure principles. Well,
may be you think you don't ; but my opin-
ion is, that more happiness is found among
the real busy people than among those who
have not very much to do.

My good father once took a notion into
his head that he was getting to be too old to
work on a farm. He moved iulo town and
stayed there two years in order to take
things easy, and enjoy life. 8o far as he
was concerned, it was a tremendous failure.
He worried and fretted, and became more
unhappy than he ever was before in his life,
and got back to his usual piece of mind only
by going back to the old farm and staying
there all the rest of his days. Work Avhile
you work, and play while you play. I do
not know of any better preventive for get-
ting sick than to be so full of business that
you have not time to be sick. Suppose you
are conscious of a lack of interest in your
work. Suppose you have got to feeling that
it is a kind of drudgery, and that you hate
the sight of it. What shall you do? Well,

in the first place, apply your mind to it and
busy your brain in plans for shortening and
improving and excelling in your allotted
task that seems like drudgery, and then get
right down to it and push ; that is, work as
if your life depended on it, even if there
does not seem to be any great reason for
pushing things along. If you try hard you
can see the dimes ahead of you, just as the
boys did ; and if you put in with that kind
of energy and enthusiasm, the dimes will
surely come. I have had hands in my em-
ploy who did not seem to be conscious they
were in any way at fault, when they wouldn't
earn over two or three cents an hour, at a
fair valuation, on the amount of work they
were accomplishing. Wlien spoken to about
it they felt hurt, and insisted they were do-
ing good fair day's work. Oftentimes noth-
ing would convince them of the error of
their ways ; or, to put it more plainly, noth-
ing would convince them that the dawdling
manner in which they were working was
only next door to stealing, until they were
started on piece work. Let some good hand
sit down beside them and show them how
much could be accomplished in an hour,
then tell them they must give up their places
or work by the piece, and in a little time
they will be astonished to find it an easy
matter for them to do as much in one hour
as they have heretofore done in four hours.
Now, this state of affairs is not so very un-
common. There are carpenters and farm
laborers and mechanics of different kinds
around, hunting for jobs, who, when set at
work, do not accomplish as much in four
days as good workmen will do in one day.
It has always been a puzzle to me to know
how^ manufacturers, knowing these things,
could pay men one uniform price for a day's
work ; and how about reconciling these
things with the demands of the strikers?
Nows then, if you Avant to have something
to do, you must be alive and awake ; and if
you want to be happy in doing that which
you find to do, you must alse be alive and
(twake.

Eight hours has been talked about as a
day's work a good deal of late ; and, in fact,
I believe eight hours has been made a day's
work by the law^s of the State of Ohio ; that
is, if you employ a man at so much a day,
and neither he nor you mention the number
of hours he has to work, he can collect his
pay by working eight hours only. I am
ready to grant that eight hoiu's of live earn-
est work is worth fully as much as ten hours
of work where there is no life or interest in

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

495

it ; but it seems the demands of the present
age point strongly toward making the
amount acomplished a gauge of a day's
work, and not the number of liours put in.
It is an easy matter to get in the hours ; and
where one who is working thinks principally
of getting the hours in, without regard to
the amount accomplished, he will very soon
be out of a job, or be working for small pay.

Money is an excellent stimulant to be used
in getting people to move and think lively ;
but woe betide the one whose only and higli-
est ambition is to get money; that is, to get
it without any particular regard to the
equivalent he gives the world in exchange.
Is it not a thousand times better to be work-
ing for Chriftfii sake instead of for 7noney''s
! sakeV

CHAPTER XV.

SOAVING THE SEED.

The hand of the diligent shali bear rule; but the slothful shall be under tribute.— PROV. 12: 21.

At the close of Chapter XVI. we had our
ground prepared, ready for sowing seeds, or
for setting out plants. Well, after we'decide
what is to go on the ground, it is to be
marked, for we want our plants or vegeta-
bles in rows at exact distances apart, and
the rows perfectly straight, or as nearly so
as we can well get them. There are many
kinds of markers used for laying out the
rows, but I am free to confess that I am not
satisfied with any thing I ever saw or heard
of. You can get along very rapidly in mark-
ing your ground by having a marker with
teeth set as far apart as you want the marks.
I object to every thing of this sort, because
it is easily bumped from one side to the oth-
er. A good many farmers use a corn-mark-
er with a sort of shoe, or sled-runner, in
place of the teeth, and this is, I think, a
great improvement ; but I have yet to see
one where these runners were easily shifted
from one distance to another. A furrower
and marker is advertised and illustrated in
many of ovu- agricultural papers, having a
revolving steel wheel to go after the steel
runner, that carries the machine steady;
but this machine has the fault I have just
mentioned, of being tedious to adjust for
rows at different distances apart. If you
sow your seeds with the drill, the drill itself
has usually an arrangement for making a
mark for the next row ; but I don't like this
arrangement, because it is not sufficiently ac-
curate. We want our plants so perfectly in
a line that the latest improved cultivators
can be made to run within half an inch of
the plants. Now, this will be impossible if
the plants stand zigzag — one out of row on
one side, and one out of row on the other
Bide. Stretching a line does very well for

setting out some kinds of plants ; but it is
too slow and too much machinery — the line
must be shifted every little while, and mea-
surements must be made at each end, and
even then the rows will be getting wider at
one end than at the other, every little while.
Something to be drawn by a horse, or a span
of horses, that will make two or more marks
at once, is what is wanted ; and the machine
should be capable of adjustment, so as to
make these marks of any depth or any width.
For planting out small celery-plants, a Y-
shaped groove, perhaps not more than an
inch deep, is all that is w^anted, while for
planting potatoes we want a furrow as deep
as would be made by a one-horse plow. The
machine should be capable of doing either,
and making marks or furrows of all depths
and widths between jthese. Darnell's fur-
rower and marker comes closest to all these
requirements, but it needs improving con-
siderably before it is just -what is wanted.
Lest you be inclined to think it is a matter
of small moment in regard to dropping seeds

IMPORTANCE OF HAVING YOUR GROUND IN
STRAIGHT ROWS, ILLUSTRATED.

496

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIIE.

JitNE

or setting out plants in a straiglit line, I
want to give you some illustrations. The
ligure on the foregoing page comes from the
cata]o;4uo of t!ie '" Planet Jr." gaiden-tools.
The wheel-hoe is arranged with a pair of
knives that go close ujj to tlu^ plants, as you
will notice. These knives are ground shm'p
on a grindstone, so they will go through the
soil easily, and cut up every thing before
them. Well, if your plants are in a line you
can set them so close together that tlie soil
will break up fine from one knife to another,
so that, after having run through it, the cul-
tivation is finished. If you had them in ir-
regular lines, one plant one side of the line
and one plant the other side, you would be
under the necessity of doing a lot of hand-
work to get your rows cleai- from weeds. If
you have ever weeded rows of onions or
parsnips, you can form some idea of how ex-
pensive it is. Before sowing your seeds or
setting out your plants, it is an excellent
idea to strew ashes along in the furrow ; or,
if you choose, put in guano, properly pre-
pared poultry maiuire, phosphate, bone dust,
lime, plaster, or any other of these substances
used as fertilizers. All have their office for
different crops or different soils. The han-
diest thing we have ever used for thi.s pur-
pose is a machine from the '' Planet Jr."
folks. We give a cut of it below.

in the fertilizer, and cover it up, at one opei'-
ation ; but it will seldom pay to use such an
implement for market gardening, where we
seldom sow more than a single acre to any
one crop. A boy from twelve to fifteen
years old will run the fertilizer-drill, and
consider it fun. I should consider it well
worth all it costs, for distributing ashes
alone. If dry peat is sprinkled under the
roosts of your fowls, and the whole rak(=d
over occasionally until it gets perfectly dry,
this machine will sow it in the drills beauti-
fully. For sowing smaller seeds, such as
celery, turnip, cabbage, onion, sage, carrot,
spinach, salsify, parsnip, beet, and some-
times be;ins and peas, a machine is illus-
trated on the f<jllowing page.

This machine is much like the other, only
it is smaller. It has a roller for rolling the
seeds after they are sown. It has also a mark-
er. If the seeds are dropped in furrows of
the right depth, and the soil is nice and
pi'operly prepared, we usually do the cover-
ing with the smoothing - harrow. If the
ground is dry, I woidd then go over it all
with a heavy roller.

Of course, it is not vccc^sary to have any
of these drills for sowing seeds, although it
was a great convenience and a saving of time.
Some market gardeners decline to use seed-
drills of any sort, saying they can not afford

lUh " I'l, \NI 1 Jit MFD

The machine holds half a busiiel. It is
filled up at a little door shown in front. It
has a hollow drum, or i)arrel ; and if you
want to sow bone dust and phosphate mixed
together, the machine is the licst mixer, per-
liaps, ever invented. It is easily adjusted,
so as to make your fertilizer go in fast or
slow, as you choose; and it dusts it, too,
among the soil at the bottom of the furrow
to perfection. The same implement droi)S
peas, beans, and corn to perfection, although
it does not cover them up. I know tiiere are
other machines made that sow the seed, i>ut

AM) n irni i/ri{ Ditii.r

to take the chances of having ground, so ex-
pensively i)repared, improperly seeded. They
maik out their ground as menti(;ned above,
then the seeds ani put in by hand, the own-
er prefei'iing to see with his own eyes that
every foot of giound has the proper amount
of seeds.

The next thing is to cover the seeds. Per-
haps you think this is a very simple matter,
and that notliing further is necessary than
to get some dirt over them in whatever way
comes handiest. Well, under some circum-
stances throwing dirt over the seeds will do

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

497

very Well, and then again it won't answer
very well. If the weather is dry and the
ground hard, and your seeds are simply cov-
ered with loose dirt, if it should not happen
to rain they may lie a montli without ger-
minating. What is to be done in such a
case? If it does not rain you can not make
it rain, and watering tlie whole field to make
the seeds germinate would be out of the

"n.ANET .IK." SEED-DlilLL, NO. 3.

question. Is tliere any tiling else to be doneV
Yes, there is sometliing else. After cover-
ing the seeds witli hjo.se dry earth, step your
whole weiglit on them, and the eaitli will be
so closely pressed to the seeds as to furnish
the requisite moisture to cause them to ger-
minate, when they would not do so other-
wise. After we had learned the art of mak-
ing celery-seeds germinate quickly and sure-
ly in tlie greenhouse, as we thought to per-
fection, we undertook to do it out in the
open air; and altliough we followed the
same plan they did not come up at all. We
could not tell what the trouble was until one
night a big black dog tramped across our
seed-bed. In the morning I felt like banish-
ing dogs, both big and little, had I the pow-
er. But in a few days every dog-track was
full of bright-green celery-plants, and none
elsewhere. The weight of the dog had com-
pacted the light i)eat that we used for cov-
ering, so as to make the seed germinate.

You have, perhaps, noticed the same thing
many times when some gijeat awkward
heavy man tramped over your flower-bed.
Wherever he stepped, the things all grew,
but they wouldn't grow elsewhere. Peter
Henderson has written a most excellent ar-
ticle, entitled, "Gardening with the Feet."
Tlie idea is, that if you want seeds to ger-
minate quickly when it does not rain, just
tramp on the soil where they are planted.
Nothing seems to answer so v.-ell as the pres-
sure of the foot. A heavy roller, however,
is probably pretty nearly equivalent. In
putting out celery-plants in a dry time we
often make them grow by stepping cacli
side of each plant, as close to it as we can
get our feet, without injuring it. Xext we
step on the plant so as to let one foot come
before the plant and the other foot behind
it. The soil is pressed up so solidly and
compactly against the little roots that the
plant does not wilt ; whereas if the tramp-
ing had been omitted the plants would all
diy up and die. Kemember, however, that
th's tramping or compacting
the soil is needed only when
the ground is dry. If you set
out plants, or plant seeds,
just before or just after a
rain, don't tramp them; in
fact, it would have the oppo-
site effect, for it would make
the soil bake into so hard a
crust that the plant could
never get through it. The
easiest way of getting the
fine dirt over the seeds, un-
less one has a machine to be drawn by
liorses on purpose, is the Planet wheel-hoe,
arranged as shown below.

THE "planet ,T1{." DOUBLE-WHEEL HOE EARTH-
ING UP.

In the above illustration the macliine is
shown rigged for earthing up celery; but
the same arrangement, with the shovels set
a little closer together, covers up seeds beau-

498

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

tifully, and a boy will do it as fast as he can
walk. If the ground is dry he can go slow
enough to tramp the seeds at the same time.
If a heavy rain comes after the seeds are
planted, before they are up, it is sometimes
quite a saving of time to go over the ground
and break the crust— killing the little weeds
before they have come up, and this is by far
the simplest, easiest, and most effectual way
of killing weeds of any kind. Raking the
face of the ground with a flne-tooth rake
does the work beautifully. On a larger
scale, the Thomas smoothing-harrow does it
to perfection, and I wouldn't think of trying
to raise corn or potatoes without running
this smoothing-harrow over them just be-
fore or just after they burst through the
surface of the soil. This smoothing-harrow
is such a splendid tool that I think I will
give you a picture of it here.

gers and removed the dirt from around each
stalk and fined it up and put it back again,
as you do when weeding onions by hand. I
once harrowed a piece of corn after it was
four inches high, and the only horse I had
was a colt only half broken. As she was
quite young, I used only one section of the
harrow. After I got through my cornfield
it looked as if it were ruined. The corn
that had stood so beautifully in the morning
was knocked over and tumbled every way,,
some of it even broken off. It was my first
experience in harrowing corn so large, and
I went home that night sick of the Thomas
smoothing-harrow, sick of my awkward coJt,
and sick of myself, because I thought I had
made so bad an afternoon of it. In a few
days, however, the corn picked itself up and
went on growing better than ever before.
As it was pretty thickly seeded, the small

THE THOMAS HAIIROW AS USED FOR CULTIVATING POTATOES.

Terry says a field of potatoes of the proper
shape can be harrowed six times over for
90 cts. an acre, and it is pleasant, easy work
for man and beast, in contrast with the
above plan of cultivating it in the common
way, and the smoothing harrow does it ever
so much nicer, because it moves every foot
of the ground. The potatoes and corn are
as effectually cleaned as if you took your fin-

number of stalks that were broken off could
be spared as well as not. It was the best
crop of corn I have ever raised. Now, the
same principle can be used in all sorts of
farm and garden operations. If your ground
is in proper order, you can scratch the sur-
face enough to kill the weeds, without injur-
ing a large class of plants, and yet every
weed is killed just before it becomes a weed.

To be continw(i Jidij 15, 1SS6.

He that is faithful in tliat whiiii is least, is faithful also in much;— Luke 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

SOMETHING ABOUT SOME VEIiV NE.VR NEJGI
WITH WHOM WE AHE, NEVERTHELESS, A
MOST ENTIIIELY UNACQUAINTED.

I will praise thee: for I nin fonrfully and wouder-
fully ninde; marvellous are thy works; and that my
soul knowcth lull well —Psalm 1;)9:14.

ip T length the new factory we have long
I talked of is under way/ 1 woidd call it
r an addition to otir present factory, bnt
*" that, on account of insurance, it is to
be a separate building by itself. This
building is to contain all the wood-working
machinery, and must be placed far enougli
away from our present buildings, so that, if
it should take tire, it would not be likely to
burn us all up. Jt is to be lOU x 44 feet.
It is a little larger than the main building,
first erected on these grounds in 1878. Now,
before the work is commenced, a good deal
of headwork has to be done. Mechanics
and engineers, steam-engine builders, archi-
tects, and the oldest and wisest heads of the
establishment, have to hold long consulta-
tions together. To avoid danger from fire,
the engine and boiler are to be located quite
a distance from this new wood-working fac-
tory. One of the questions that has caused
much debate was. Shall we get power into
the new factory l)y running a large shaft
from the boiler and engine, or shall we locate
the engine in the new building and send
the power by means of a steam-pipe ? We
finally decided in favor of the heavy sliaft.
Then, again, how shall the machinery be set
up V Wliere sliall we run the railroad track
that carries iji carloads of lumber y llow

shall we unload and load up V How shall
we get finished work from this new factory
into the old saw-room, which is now to be
used as a store and packing room V One
point after another is decided slowly and la-
boriously ; and, a good many times, after it
h(ts been slowly and laboriously decided up-
on, something else comes up that makes it
advisable to change again and start on an-
other track. After A\'eeks and months we
settle down on a plan. Our big stout team,
by gaeans of a scraper, excavates room for a
basement. Carloads of great heavy stones
come in for the foundation. The masons are
set at work, and finally the brick come in,
carload after carload. ' When these are in
place, the carpenters put in their work, then
the tinners put on the tin roof. While all
this has been going on, the great machine-
shops have been busy, and the new auto-
matic engine of 100 horse-power is placed
according to the plans laid down by the old-
est and wisest heads in the business, and so
on, until, by Christmas, we shall be able to
commence mak'ing bee-hives, etc., for your
use, my friends, another season. We want
to be prompt next year, as we shoidd have
been this year, liad it not been for the burn-
ing of our warehouse. What has this to do
with neighbors, do you inquire? Well, let
us see.

Yesterday morning, when I stepped out of
the bath-tub, and began rubbing myself vig-
orously with a coarse towel, when 1 had got
as far as one of my great toes, something
fell on tlie Hoor witli a loud rattle. Thinks
I to myself, " What was that that dropped ?'■
I stooped down to pick it up, ajjd it was the

500

GLEANINGS IN I3EE CULTURE.

June

whole nail of my great-toe. It was so thick
and heavy and stout, that, only a tew weeks
before, it had taken almost ail my strength
to pare it off with my big pocket-knife.
What should make it tumble off loose ? I
glanced down at my toe, but it seemed all
right, and it did not seem to have lost any
nail at all. On more carefid inspection,
however, I found that a new nail had grown
under the old one. Wlien old Dame Nature
got it finished all complete, she gave notice
to let the old nail slide, for it was not longer
wanted. I told the circumstance to the
family, and asked if any one had ever lieard
of a toe-nail dropping off that way. No one
had heard of such a thing. My wife sug-
gested that my toe had been bruised. I de-
clared it liad not, for I should have known it.
Finally, I remembered that, a few months
before, this nail had persisted so obstinately
in running its corners down into the toe,
that I decided I would cure it so that it
would stay cured for quite a spell. I took a
file from the counter store, and filed the
middle of the nail until it began to show
blood from the flesh beneath. Now, I knew
by experience that old Dame Nature, in
alarm at finding a tender spot without its
natural horny covering, would draw in the
covering of the nail, attempting to close up
the thin place that I had almost filed
through. The file cut so nuich faster than I
expected, that I had cut pretty deep before
I knew it. Some such spirit or principle
seems to pervade the builders or gatherers
of a bee hive. This spirit is unanimous. If
a comb breaks down and falls on to the bot-
tom-board, they s?em to agree at once that
the first thing to do is to take all the honey
out of it and store it somewhere else. Then
they fix it up, according to the best of their
judgment. If you crack a comb in a frame
in your manipulations, you may tliink that,
if you put it back in the hive, the bees will
mend the crack. So they will ; but they first
take every drop of honey from every cell along
the sides of the break. Then they neatly
join the broken edges until the conib is en-
tire, and as solid as it ever was ; and then,
and not until then, they put back the honey.
If you will look into the hive and watch
them you will find the process is in many
respects strikingly like the way in which
nature mends a wound or a Ix'oken bone in
a living animal. She clears every thing out
of the way a great deal as the boys have been
clearing away the lumber-piles,' stones, and
rubbish, preparatory to building our new
factory. Then she brings in material to knit
or weave together the broken tissues and the
fracture in the broken bone, just as I expect-
ed the coi'ners of the nail to draw up ; in
fact, the spot where I filed it down so thin
soon became a little puckered, or crimped,
and the nail stopped growing in from that
time forward.

Now let me digress a little once more,
and I shall have the foundation laid for my
talk to-day about my neighbors. Did yoii
ever notice the bees in a hivey If a young
one is hatched out that is sickly or imper-
fect, they tumble him outdoors as so much
rubbish, as much as to say, "We have no use
for any thing except good, healthy, perfect

bees. Cripples and deformities go by the
board." An old bee that has worn himself
out with hard labor is treated much in the
same way. The same way with the bee that
has got the nameless bee-disease, the kind
that are emaciated and shining black, and
that jerk and twitch. May be you have seen
them. The healthy bees catch on lo them
and drag them out on to the grass. I do not
know whether the be(s liold a consultation
to decide how badly a bee must be afflicted
to be hoisted out or not, but there seems to
be a sort of method about it. A few years
ago people used to say the queen directed all
these movements, biit we know it is not so.
The bridges across the torn and lacerated
muscles, or lean meat, are united as ]ieatly
as the bees unite the broken honey-comb.
Finally the surface of the wound is covered
with the different layers of the cuticle, or
skin. Even the lines formed by the pores
on the inside of the hand all match each
other in regular order, after the wound is
nicely healed over. If the wound is on the
head, in due time new hair grows out.

Now, dear friends, who or what is it that
plans this and decides just how it shall be
done? In other Mords, who was it, or what
principle was it, in my flesh and blood that
Avas displeased because I filed that old toe-
nail so thin? It was not myself, because I
knew absolutely nothing about.it. Months
ago these invisible forces in my body decided
to reject that mutilated toe-nail and put in a
brand-new one. They did not consult me
nor counsel with me, for I was a very aston-
ished individual when that great thick
tough horny toe-nail that I had whittled at
for so many years rattled down on the floor.
Some principle that I am entirely ignorant
of has been planning and Avorking ail these
weeks for my best good ; yes, and so solici-
tous is that principle, or presence, if you
choose, for the well-being of my body, that
not even a toe-nail was overlooked. This
invisible presence, if I may so term it, or
this neighbor of mine, that is living within
me and for me, has been looking my bodily
frame all over carefully, day by day, plan-
ning for and mending breaks and weak
points. Is it not wonderful? Come to
think of it, the Bible says that even the very
hairs of our head are numbered. Just think
of the earnest and strenuous efforts that
this presence, or principle, in us all is mak-
ing to keep our bodies in health. If we by
mistake drink poison, it is the same princi-
ple that sets us to vomiting, and hoists out
the enemy.

Years ago, one morning when I was dress-
ing I felt a sore place on my side. As I ex-
amined it carefully to see how it came about
I told my Avife it actually seemed as if there
were a pocket-knife under the skin of my
body. Finally the sore spot came to a head
at one end, and out stuck a piece of steel.
In surprise I got hold of it and pulled it out,
and it Avas a long sharp needle. The only
explanation any one could give Avas, that I
swalloAved it years before ; and this invisi-
ble and unknown neighbor of mine had been
working and planning hard to get that dan-
gerous foreign body out of my system. It
had doubtless |)assed through" the stomach

1886

gleani:ngs in bee cultuue.

oUl

and the different envelopes, the Avound lieal-
ing np as the needle passed through until it
got out head tirst.

Xow, then, dear reader, do you not agree
with David when he says, " I am fearfully
and wonderfully made "V Who is this or
what is this law that has been all these ages
working for the good of these physical
bodies, and yet we do not know itV Truly
can we say, " JNIarvelous are thy works." As
I sat down to write this paper this morning
it seemed to me more marvelous than any
thing I have before witnessed in this won-
derful world of ours, to think tliat, even in-
side of our lingers and toes, a teeming throng
were constantly planning and working for
our best physical welfare. No wonder that
Paul said, "Ye are the temples of the Holy
Ghost;" and that, '■ If our earthly house of
this tal)ernacle were dissolved, we have a
building of God. a house not made with
hands, eternal in the heavens."

DO BEES HEAR TIN PANS?

WHY IS IT THAT BEES SELDOM ATTACK BABIES?

R ROOT:— Youl' article in Gleanings about
bees hearing-, makes mamina rcmcmlicr
that, when she was a little girl, she lived
next door to a lady who kept bees. This
was in tho suburbs cf Hull, England.
Every day during' the spring she would hear a bell
ring in the yard of the next house. She asked
grandma what the lady rang the bell every morn-
ing for; and for answer, grandma brought a chair
and set it near the hedge fence and lifted my mam-
ma upon the chair and told her to look into the
yard. Mamma can distinctly remember seeing a
woman standing among a lot of boxes, and she had
a tabic near her with a pan and bell upon it, and
the air was full of " Hies," at least so she thought
(she was not 6 years old then); but grandma told
her that the woman rang the bell to call the bees to
their feed. Mamma was then afraid of bees. She
never went into Iho bee yard, but grandma often
did, because, when ahe was a little girl, she had
lived with an aunt in France, who kept bers, and
she had got accustomed to them.

a mischievous babv.
I had a little brother, lo months old, who was not
afraid of bees. One day mamma went to town and
loft him in papa's care; and not being used to
caring for babies, papa forgot him until he heard
him laughing very heartily. He then went to
where the sound was, and found Franky on his
knees, with both hands over the entrance of the
hive, and the bees were swarming over and around
him; and as they would alight on his hands he
would laugh very roguishli'. Papa was so fiight-
ened he tried to coax Franky away, but he would on-
ly laugh, and shake his head; so papa ran quick and
caught him up and ran into the house. They stung
papa, but did not. hurt rranky:nt all. Papa put up
high boards all around the hives, but the little
rogue would try to got to the bees cver^' time he
could got away.

The bees here ia Calitornia arc doing well, and,
judging by other Avet years, it will be an excellent
honey year. One of papa's hives gave him a very
large swarm last week, and the surplus box which

had been left on was full of brood, with the excep-
tion of two cards. After they were cut from the
frames they weighed 13 lbs. This was made from
the alfalfa, and papa says it is as good as clover
honey made in the east. Lewis Hilton.

Los Alamos, Cal , April 2fi, 1880.

Thank you, little friend, for the article
you have given us. As to whethe<r bees
hear the drumming of tin pans, see what is
said in another column. I can just imagine
your little brother, full of roguish chuckle,
stopping up the entrance to the hive with
his chubby hands. It is a little strange,
sometimes, that bees do not attack these
little innocents. When Blue Eyes and Caddie
were little, although they were among the
bees considerably I do not remember that
they were stung more than once, and I
think this was caused by the bee gf^tting un-
der the clothing and then afterward pinch-
ed. I think one sting is all Iluber has had
so far. My mother told me that she found
me, when I was about a year old, poking my
head clear down into a hive of bees— the
first colony that A. I. Root ever owned; yet
I was not stung. Why is it, do you suppose,
babies are not attacked more often by bees?
Well, I think it is because the child is whol-
ly unconscious of the danger he is in, and
therefore does not show any signs of ner-
vousness. Few things will induce bees to
sting quicker than the twitching of the face,
or nervous motion of the hands and arms.
A child never does this, because he is
not afraid, and for the very good reason
that he does not know enough to be scared.
If a grown person can control his nerves the
bees will treat him as kindly as they do the
baby. In fact, I think with most colonies
in our apiary I could stand in front of a hive
and close its entrance Avith my hands, and
the bees would make no attempt to sting;
yet a person unaccustomed to bees would be
almost sure to be stung. Ernest.

BEE-KEEPING IN WYOMING TERRI-
TORY.

E take Gleanings, and are delighted with
it. We can hardly understand how you
can give so much for so little money. We
have the first and only honey-bees in
Wyoming Territory, and we were afraid
they would not do well in this new country; but
thoy gather lots of surplus honey from the wild
prairie and mountain flowers, and it is very white,
and fine flavored, and the bees stand the winters
here as well as in the States.

I live in a beautiful valley, through which courses
a large cool mountain stream in which are fish,
wild fowls, and the cunning braver; and on all
sides the grand old mountains rear their peaks of
snow above the clouds. I wish you were here to
view the fine scenery, and enjoy the bracing,
healthy air of these high solitudes. In the mount-
ains are found nearly all kinds of large and small
game, such as elk, deer, antelope, bear, mountain
sheep, sage grouse, jack rabbits, badgers, wolves,
mountain lions, etc.

My pa has a large collection of all kinds of min-
erals and curiosities cf the Rocky Mountains.

JosTK Mead, age 12,
Ferris, Carbon Co,, Wyoming, March, 1886,

502

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Junk

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

THE RESURRECTION PLANT; DOES IT COME TO

LIFE IN REALITY, OK DOES IT ONLY MAKE

BELIEVE SO?

T SEND you by this mail one resurrection plant.
|lf I am not acquainted with its history. I only
^i know it comes in large quantities from Mexico,
'*' principally Yucatan. Lay the plant in a saucer
of water; take it out, and it will curl up and
remain so. It is said to keep for ages, apparently
without life. It is said, if sore eyes arc washed with
the water from the saucer, that it will heal them.
By allowing- It to remain in the water it will put
forth branches, which, when separated, will put
forth roots, and make new plants. I could, if nec-
essary, get a full history of the plant.

J. J. FiTSGERRELL.

Las Vegas, N. M., May 24, 1886.

HOW SHALL I GET RID OF THE ANTS? WILL STONE

BOTTOM-BOARDS ANSWER AS WELL AS THE

WOODEN?

I am having some trouble this spring with the
ants. They burrow around and get into the hives,
and, at times, I see tbcm with bees that are not
dead; i. e., they have them pulled into their holes.
Will they do any harm? I have put powdered bo-
rax around where they run, but it doesn't seem to
stop them as yet. Would j'ou let them alone till
they get ready to leave?

I have just moved my bees to a new place, and
put them down as directed in the ABC, but I put
them on stone bottoms instead of wood. I dress
the flagstone and make the entrance just like the
entrance of the Simplicity alighting-board. Will
bees do as well on ^tone bottoms as thej' will on
wooden ones? As yet I have the common bees, but
intend to try the Italian bees in the near future.

Marion, Williamson Co., III. W. W. Grant.

There is only one objection to stone bot-
tom-boards, friend G., and 1 am not sure
that this is much of an objection ; it is, that
they might be cold for bees in cold weather.
The fact tiiat such bottom-boards neither
warp, split, nor decay, by being placed (m
the ground, would be a heavy argument in
their favor. It is true, they would be very
cold in cold weather ; but bees do not, as a
rule, touch the bottom-board, I believe, in
cold weather. ,

salt not a NECESSARY ELEMENT FOR BEES.

In Gleanings of May 1st, 1886, I find an article
headed, "More Pacts to Show that Bees Need Salt,"
signed A. W. Osburn. He refers to another article
on page 178, from W. H. Greer, entitled, "Salt a
Necessary Element for Bees." He then says: "His
experience relates only what is an almtlute. fact,
that salt is one thing necessary in making up the
food of the bees."

1 have read over both articles carefully, and find
no "absolute facts" given in either that show
salt to be a necessary part of the food of bees. My
apiary is located a few rods from the bank of a tide-
water stream, fed by the Gulf of Mexico. Along
its banks fresh water trickles down to meet the
salt water. The bees resort to the mud, wet by this
fresh water, in great numbers, but never go down
to that wet by the salt water. Now here is an " ab-
solute fact" to show that they do not need salt- So

with the "absolute facts" to show that salt is nec-
essary for other land animals, man Included.

Many "absolute facts" might be cited to show
that it is no more necessary than whisky, tobacco,
coffee, or tea, none of them being food, but, on the
contrary, like salt, they possess deleterious proper-
ties, and should never be used by any one desirous
of enjoying good health and trjflismltting the same
to posterity, for it is written, "The sins of the
fathers shall be visited on the children." That deer
visit salt-licks is no evidence that it is healthful for
them, because their appetites may become vitiated
by indulgence as well as that of man.

D. C. Undehhill.

Manatee, Florida, May 10, 18S6.

Friend U., I know ther3 are people who
contend that salt is not necessary for either
m:in or animals; but all must admit, tliat
domestic animals are, most of them, fond of
it ; and as it seems to add to tlieir comfort
and enjoyment, I for one am in favor of let-
ting them have it. Tobacco and whisky are
stimulating; but I do not think it can be
shown that salt has any such property. I
can hardly see it as you do, that your exper-
iment proved that bees do not need salt.
May be they had obtained salt already from
some other source, and did not need to go to
thes:ilt waters of the ocenn ; besides, the
salt of the sea-water is by no means pure
salt. Now, is it not possible that these same
bees would take up common table salt, prop-
erly diluted, eagerly?

IS IT MUD OR SALT THAT THE BEES ARE AFTER?

On page 178, in March number, in W.H.Greer's
communication in regai-d to salt for bees, I do not
think he has demonstrated the assertion that the
bees were after salt, only ho is satisfied that such is
the case, and probably were, as far as the meat-
house is concerned, for bees like salt. In ray
opinion, bees work in barnyards, hog-pens, and
other places where the soil is properly decayed, or
in the right condition for the bees to gather mate-
rial for capping their brood. I have watched them
closely, and have seen them in mud holes, barn-
yards, hog-pens, and on old decayed wood; but I
never saw them pick up a chunk of mud or a piece
of rail, nor shoulder a lump of salt. I never follow-
ed them into their homes to see whether they un-
loaded salt, wood, or mud, but supposed that what-
ever they gathered from such places was material
for capping or sealing their brood. I am a beginner
in bee-keeping, but am interested in the little fel-
lows. I should like to know what you think of mud
balls for beecappings. H. A. Wedge.

Friend, Neb.

Friend VV., you have raised an interesting
question. I am not aware that anybody has
ever found out for sure where the bees get
the material for making the cappings for
brood-combs ; but after what you say, I
think it very likely they get it from a sort
of slime that rests on the mud after the wa-
ter has evaporated or sunk into the ground.
I should think they would pack the material
on their legs, as they do pollen and propolis ;
and I thinlc some of our careful observers
could trace it into the hives, and see how it
is manipulated. An examination of the
cappings, under the microscope, and of the
substance they pick off from the muddy
gi'ouud, would probably show their identity.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

503

BKES ON SHAUKS; IIOAV SHALL i UK DIVISION HE
EKPECTEU?

If not asking- too luueli of jou, I should like to
have yon explain what you say in the ABC book
about bees en shares. I have taken 10 colonies of
bees, and we were to take what you said in the A B C
book to be the contract. Where we differ is in re-
gard to the old stock. For example, 10 colonies in
the spring-, in the fall 30; how should they be divid-
ed? Please explain in detail, as all I want is what
is rig-ht. I shall be satisfied with what you say.
My bees have wintered very well this winter.

Lonox, la , April 30, 1886. J. T. Hautup.

Friend II., it is a very difficult matter in-
deed to answer sucli questions as you pro-
Eound ; and about tlie only answer that can
e given is to sny it is just as you happen to
agree upon. If you receive 10 colonies of
your neighbor, and increase them to oO in
the fall, you would have 15 and he would
have 15. A good way to divide is to let him
keep one of them, then you take one, and so
on. The honey and wax can be weighed out
and each take an equal portion. In regard
to the hive and receptacles for honey, in the
absence of any agreement I would say that
each one should pay for one-half of these
necessaries. As you are to do the work,
the cost of an A B C book or a bee-journal
should be borne by yourself alone, for your
partner may not care to pest himself in re-
gard to the business at all.

WHAT OUGHT A BEGINNER TO ACCOMPLISH WITH
BEES?

I never handled bees in my life. I have watched
others, and I have a notion that, properly handled,
a man can make money by just turning his atten-
tion to bee culture. I sent to you some time ago
lor a Simplicity hive and Gleanings. I have your
ABC book, and like it. 1 have a notion to in-
crease my apiary of three colonies up to as many as
one hand can take care of. I wish to devote my
whole attention to bees and poultry.

How much ought one man to clear off from each
stand of bees, clear of all expenses, each year,
when working for honey alone? After I get my
apiary up to 40 colonies, can I sell all the swarms as
they come off? What do you think of the poultry
business in connection with bees?

A Sudsciuber.

My friend, I do not know how we can give
any advice, to amount to any thing, in the
way you suggest, as so much depends upon
the man ; but I hope you will excuse me for
saying that, as a rule, the one who asks such
questions will not be very likely to succeed.
Suppose I should say a man ought to make
live dollars on every colony of bees he keeps.
Some of our leading and most expert bee-
keepers might tell me truthfully, that many
seasons they have not made even one dollar
per colony; or, worse still, that they have
not made one copper; so you see, it depends
upon the man and the season, and many oth-
er circumstances. When you get up to forty
colonies, or any other number, you can sell
the swarms as they come oif , if you have
customers, as a matter of course. Circum-
stances might make it quite convenient to
keep both bees and poultry ; but this, also,
depends on circumstances. Both pursuits

require that the bee-keeper be at home, and
always on hand to look after them. This is
so much in favor of carrying on the two pur-
suits together.

Every boy or girl, under 15

years of age, who writes a

letter for this department, containing

SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
KNOWN. ON BEES OR OTHER MATTERS,
will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent five- cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these booLs contain the same mat-
ter that you find In Sunday-school books
costing from 8L00 to 81.50. If you have had
one or more books, give us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six different books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in
a Bar-Room. We have also Our Homes, Part I.,and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself, Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of any one of the above pictures
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

'A chiel's amangye takln' notes;
An' faith, he'll prent it."

Hl>i

1' HAVE been very much pleased at the
^ way you have been taking hold of the
t work I have suggested, especially in
■ this matter of folding sections. "You
have done much better than I had any
idea you could. I was wondering whether
you might not raise queens. It will be quite
an undertaking for little folks ; but you
have done so M'ell in so many things I rather
believe some of the most enterprising of you
will succeed in this also. You are to get
your mamma or your papa to tell you how,
and then you are to do the work all yourself.
Perhaps the A B C book, page 195, has put it
so plainly that you can go to work by direc-
tions there given. At any rate, who will be
first to report a laying queen of his own
raising V I hardly think you could report
for the next juvenile number, as it takes
some little time to raise a queen. When you
have succeeded I want you to tell all ;ibout
how you did it. If you do well, I Avill prom-
ise to send you some nice little present. I
can not say just now what it will be.

A good many of the little friends have
been sending their letters directed to me.
Although I like to receive your letters, it
rather breaks up our order of business, and
so will you kindly direct them to A. I. Hoot ?

Ernest.

A fine place for bees.

My pa had 20 stands of bees in the fall ; he has on-
ly 19 now. 1 have a hive of bees too. This country
is a fine place for bees; it has plenty of poplar and
linn. Norman A. Ward, age 13.

Onward, White Co., Tenn., May 4, 1886.

504

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

CASTOR OIL INSTEAD OF CROTON— A TIMELY COR-
RECTION.

Please correct the mistake in Gleanings, May 15,
p. 41.5, in Tommy Brown's letter. It should read,
castm- instead of croton oil. It would be very dan-
gerous to use croton instead of castor oil.

Tommy's Mother.

We are very sorry to have had such an
error in our columns, especially in the juve-
nile department. We hope, however, that
mothers will have good sense enough not to
administer croton-oU to an innocent child,
as it would result in almost instant death.
Will the friends please take notice of the
above?

FROM 30 TO 47, AND 5000 LBS. OF HONEY.

My pa commenced the season of 1885 with 30
stands. He took .5000 lbs. of extracted honej-, and
increased to 47. He has sold 4 stands, and given
Aunt Em one. Pa takes Gleanings, and has your
ABC book. He says he could not well do with-
out them. Pa and I were looking at the bees
the other day, and one stung pa on the finger, and
lost its sting. I put it under a glass, on a plate, and
fed it honey. It lived 41 hours and 25 minutes. I
put one with it that had not lost its sting, and it was
lively when the other was dead.

Jonah, Texas. Eugene Willis, age 12.

turning THE CRANK TO AN EXTRACTOR.

Pa has 32 colonies. We have one of your extract-
ors, and pa says it doesn't throw any honey out at
the top at all. Pa takes Gleanings, and I read the
children's letters. Pa extracts all his honey, and I
help turn the extractor. We have never had any
honey candy yet, no matter how cold it was. 1
have to walk 3 miles to school.

Mt. Erie, 111. Matie Heidinger, age 10.

Turning the crank to the extractor is an-
other way to help papa during the honey-
flow. J^ittle folks can make themselves
useful in a great variety of ways if they
really think so, can't they V If you have beeii
using an extractor for many years, friend
Matie, it is certainly a very singular fact if
you have had no candied honey. Ernest.

CLIFFORD'S EXPERIENCE WITH A COLONY OF
BEES.

Last June I bought 3 hives of bees. The first hive
that swarmed came out four times, and the fourth
time they alighted oh a bush. I took a smoker and
a hiver. I smoked them first, and put a hiver un-
der them and shook the bush and then they fell into
It and I spread a sheet in front and put the bees on
the sheet, and after awhile they went into the hive.
If they were i-estless I put a sheet over the hive un-
till they were quiet. They are Italians. When we
put them in the cellar we had five, and we closed
them too tight. We put over the frames two thick-
nesses of cotton and placed the top on. We went
to a bee-man and he told us that we packed them
too tight, and he told us to take the top off and put
a chaff cushion on the top. Clifford Lees.

Port Dover, Out., Canada.

THE RESULTS OF STANDING IN FRONT OF THE EN-
TRANCE.

My mamma has three colonies of bees and an ob-
' servatory hive. Some young ladies were looking
at the observatory hive. They stood in front of the
hive, Ifnstead of at the side, and a bee stung one of
them by her eye, and a bee darted into another
one's hair, and such a fuss she made I They all

laughed to see her pulling her hair down to find
the bee that did not sting her. Our bees are making
very nice honey now from the new mint or penny-
royal. The young lady Avho was stung, on her way
home had to cross the Wairoa River on a fallen
tree. She fell off into the water, and joined the
others in a hearty laugh. Jessie Hyde, age 11.
Otau, Auckland, New Zealand, Feb. 4, 1886.

horses STUNG TO DEATH— A WARNING.

When pa had a few swarms of bees, a man tied
two horses near them. Pretty soon they heard a
noise. The men ran out and cut them loose. One
horse ran home. The mare and colt were stung to
death. The man was stung- very badly.

Morocco, Ind., April 1, 1886. Elva Skinner.

Your letter is another one of the oft-re-
peated warnings, to be careful with our
dumb animals near the bees. Frightful ac-
cidents have occurred, and will occur, so
long as big folks, and little folks too, are
careless. Only just the other day, while our
new span of Clydesdale horses were cultivat-
ing near the outskirts of the apiary, a pass-
ing swarm of bees took a notion to alight
upon the head of one of the animals. Joe,
for that was the horse's name, kept switch-
ing his head at the bees as if tliey were flies.
Had not " my pa '' almost scolded the driver
to make him" realize the danger, and hurry
the horses away, I am afraid our handsome
big Clydesdales would have torn every thing
to pieces, or possibly have shared as bad a
fate as that of which you speak. Ernest.

DOES MUTILATING UNSEALED BROOD ENRAGE
THE BEES?

My papa has nine swarms. The other day, when
he was looking at his bees, he broke a little brood-
comb open that was in the milky state. This made
the bees angry, and they chased the hens and
chickens around the yard pretty lively for awhile.
Some of the bees came to the house and got caught
in a spider's web on the back porch. The spider
came down expecting a fat breakfast, and he took
the bee in a loving embrace, but went back in a
hurry. Mamma said the bee stung him. He stay-
ed hid for two or three hours; then mamma got
him out to see if he was dead, but he seems to be as
lively as ever. We have 74 hens and 1.58 chickens.
I take care of the chickens and help take care of
the hens. I keep account of the eggs laid. They
laid 112 dozen last month. We set 17 hens on 233
eggs and hatched 176. The last of April, when papa
took the sections off, he found one colony had put
honej'in some of them, both upper and under sides.
Clara Lindsey, age 10.

Harford, Susq. Co., Pa., May 24, 1886.

Yes, friend Clara, I think you are right in
supposing that bees are sometimes enraged
when their unsealed brood is mutilated to
any extent. Yet it is quite possible that,
when your father broke the comb, he jarred
the bees on the frames. Tliis of itself would
be sulflcient to anger the bees.— Your father
evidently is an old hand at the poultry busi-
ness, or he never could manage so many.

MINNIE DOES NOT AGREE THAT HONEY IS NOT
GOOD FOR COLDS.

I have just been reading Gleanings, and in it I
saw Miss Tessie Taylor's letter. It is very good for
a ten-yearold girl, but T do not agree with her al-

188G

GLEAKlKGS tN Bt:E CULTURE.

505

tog'ethof about honey not being' good lor colds. It
may not be very good lor babies, but I don't think
it would hiirt grown-up people it' they would not
eat too much. 1 agree with you, that milk is good
for the '■ honey-ache."

I will give Tcssie mj- remedy lor the earache.
Take an onion, lay it in hot wood ashes till it is
roasted soft; then take it out, sijuecze the juice
out, put a couple of drops in the ear, and put cotton
ill.

Last fall I helped my uncle to carry the bees in
the cellar, and this spring- 1 helped him carry them
out again, and he is going to give me a hive of bees.
I am going to help him put sections together this
summer, and then I will write again and tell you
how many I can put together in an hour. It is
very kind of you to make such an otter to the ones
who do well in putting them together.

Wilmot, Ohio, May, 1886. Minnie Rhodes.

Thank you, friend Minnie. I should be
very ghul to have you report the number of
sections you can put together per hour. Do
not get discouraged if, on the tirst 500, you
can not fold as rapidly as little Ella. Re-
member, practice accomplishes wonders; and
practice, if you try hard, will bring a prize.
In the meaiitime let others try also. Per-
haps I should say that a small wooden mal-
let is all you need. A light hammer will do
tolerably well, but you will be working at a
great disadvantage. Ernest.

cents for two hundred; but as I can woi-k at them
only when out of school I uever kept the time. Pa-
pa says I do well, and am his little bee-man. I'm
eight years old. Brother Willie can not work with
the bees; for if they sting him he gets very sick.
Papa has lots of bees, and is now taking honey, f
help him with it too. Freddie A. Ellison.

Stateburg, Sumter Co., S. C, May 25, 1886. ■

HOW JASON CAUGHT HIS SWAKM.

I have but one colony, and I will tell you how I
came by it. A neighbor's boy and I, on the last
Sunday morning in July, were taking a ramble in
the woods after a rain-shower. After we were in
the woods a few minutes, near by a large tamarack
swamp, we heard a noise like the roaring of the
wind just before a shower. We stopped to listen a
moment, and I at once said that it was a swarm of
bees, and, sure enough, it was. They were flying at
tree-top height. We immediately began making a
noise by whistling, and drumming on a little pail
that I had with me, and they began to cluster in the
top of a soft maple about flftj'-flve feet from the
ground. I went back and got an old hive-saw and
a long rope, and then returned to the tree, and then
the fun began. I ascended the tree with saw and
rope. At the' second attempt I was successful in
lowering them to the ground, and got them in the
hive, and I did not get stung: once. In a few weeks
I transferred them to a chatf hive, and they work-
ed rapidly. J. J. H.

Carlton Center, Barry Co., Mich., Jan. 16, 1886.
Thank you, friend .Jason. I think you did
well, if that was the first swarm you ever
caught. You said you began to make a
noise by wliistling, and drumming in a tin
pail. If the bees seemed to be arrested by
the sound, and tliereupon began to cluster
immediately, it would go to prove that bees
hear. In this connection I would like to ask
the old folks, and little folks too, whether
the drumming of tin pans does have an ap-
preciable effect upon a swarm of bees, or is
it all nolionV Who will tell us ? Ernest.

folding sections AT lla CTS. PER ltK1.

Ma read me what you said about the little boys
and girls putting up sections. I have put up hun-
dreds for papa this season, and he gives me three

folding SECTIONS AT THE RATE OF 1000 IN TWO
HOURS AND A HALF.

I put one-piece sections together at the rate of
1000 in two hours and a half. My brother's bees are
doing well. He noticed them bringing in pollen the
20th of March, and noticed them working on fruit-
bloom before the 20th of April. About half the
swarms have started to work in the sections. As
you said we could have our choice of any thing on
the ten-cent counter, if we did real well putting
sections together, if you think I did well enough,
please send me some crystal starch polish.

Nettie H. Cranston, age 11.

Woodstock, Champaign Co., O., May 29, 1886.

HERE IS something FURTHER IN REGARD TO THE
SAME, FROM PEARL.

I put sections together at the rate of 1000 in two
hours and a half. They were the one-piece sections.
Brother Fred likes your foundation very well; the
bees work on it better than on the flat-bottom
foundation. Our plum-trees are hanging full this
year, and the limbs are bending with them. We are
afraid they will get stung. Our strawberries are
getting ripe. We have a large bed of them. There
was a hard storm here May 12th, and we had corn
up almost large enough to plow. It rained so hai-d
that it overflowed the field. It was the first time
for about 30 years it had overflowed. As you said
if we did well putting sections together, we could
have our choice of any thing on the ten-cent count-
er, if you think I did well enough, please send me
some crystal starch polish. Pearl Z. Cranston. '

Woodstock, Champaign Co., O., May 25, 1886.

Thanks for the results of your trial. I
must acknowledge that you both did extra
well— nearly twice the speed of P^lla, as re-
corded on page 415. I kind o' believe you both
must be older, and that you had had con-
siderable practice before at folding sections,
or you could never have reached this speed.
Let me see ; little 7-year-old Ella folded 500
in two hours. Eor the first trial I think that
was doing pretty well. At 3 cts. per 100,
Ella earned 7* cts. per hour, and you. Pearl
and Nettie, 12 cts. each. Let me say just
here, that a thousand folded sections in two
hours and a half is nearly equal to the speed
of one of our hands who is expert at folding
sections. A little practice will surprise one
at the rapiditv with which he can work.
Now if there is any 7-vear-old boy or girl
Avho can fold as fast as Nettie or Pearl, I
should like to hear from you. At all events
I do not wish any of you to strain yourselves
in the effort to excel some one else. Master
Fred's opinion about flat-bottomed founda-
tion being inferior to other makes, accords
with our experiments with the same about a
year ago. We sent you both some crystal
starch polish, as you requested. If you want
it to chew as giim, I fancy you will have
enough to last for a season. Ernest.

.506

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

I^EPei^wp Mmmwiw.

SWARMING COMMENCED, BUT NO HONEY.

fEE:7. in this section have wintered very nicely,
and are in fine condition, if tlie weather
would get Avarm enough for tliem to work.
We have abundance of white-clover bloom
and raspberry, but they do not work any on
the clover, yet swarming' commenced very early.
Some began as early as the 9th of May. I have a
case near hero where four swarms have been cast
from one hive. The prospects are very fair, if
nothing' prevents, that we shall have a fine season.
We are ready, and will try to do our share, and
know our little friends will do their part.
Coloma, Mich., May 28, 1886. S. Shoup.

SUGAR VERSUS NATURAT^ STORES.

1 see by reports from different parts of the coun-
try, and also from your own apiary, that bees have
wintered well, mostly on natural stores. Owing to
an almost entire failure of the white-clover last
season, probably one-third of all the bees in this
section have died where artificial stores have not
been supplied. One bee keeper of the " know-it-all "
kind, who generally kept from 13 to 35 colonics in
nice hives (but not movable frames), has lost every
one. E. E. Cross.

Racine, Ohio, May 31, 1886.

500 GALLONS OF HONEY ALREADY FROM WAH-
HIAH, AND MOKE TO Ct)JIE.

The prospect for a large crop of honey is good at
pi'csent. I have taken over 500 gallons from wah-
hiah, from 108 colonics, spring count, and inci-eased
to 145. The cat-claw has just commenced, and
ought to give me 1300 gallons more. It is all nearly
as white as water, and very fine and thick, and
weighs 13 lbs. to the gallon. I had no loss in winter-
ing; in fact, I have lost only one colony in three
years. D. M. Edwards.

Uvalde, Texas, May 17, 1886.

HONEY FOR SUPPER-TABLE BY M.A.Y 35TH.

I took off enough nicely capped section honey of
this season's gathering yesterday to supply my
family for supper. The entire crate (Mooi-e's) from
which it was taken will be readyto come off by the
1st of June, if the weather keeps favorable. Who
can beat it? , ■' 3— F. J. Bostick, 9—13.

Greenville, S. C.Vftay 26, 1886. *

BEES NEVER IN BETTER CONDITION.

I never had bees in better condition than at pres-
ent. First swarm of the season was May 20th, and
two more since. This is pretty good for Northern
Iowa. I attribute it not only to the favorable sea-
son, but to the feeding of a barrel of sugar this
spring. C. A. Sayre.

Sargent, Floyd Co., Iowa, May 24, 1888.

WAS IT LARGE OR S.MALL BUCKETS OF WATEIt
THAT THE BEES DRANK"/

The locusts are in full bloom at present, and bees
are doing finely. It has been raining here for the
past week, and we are having our share of the cy-
clone. I think the bees of Broers, spoken of on
page 336, must be a "new" kind, to drink a bucket
of water daily. May be it was a "wee" bucket, or
perhaps they had tiny buckets hid away somewhere
under their wings. I never saw bees work more on

the dandelion than they have done this year. It
came in bloom with us just alter fruit-bloom.
Oakland, O., May 15, 1886. S. S. Craig.

T COMMENCED chewing about two years ago.
IJp A few days ago 1 thought I would would quit
^l using tobacco. I hoard that if any one would
"*■ (juit the use of it you would send a smoker as
a jjresent. If I ever commence using it again
I will pay you full price for it. J. C. Stepheson.
Burlington, Burlington Co., N. J., Mar. 8, 188t).

How many smokers did you give away the last
j^ear, to those who quit the use of tobacco ? It is
surely pretty heavy on your pocket book yearly. I
don't use it and never did. C. F. Uhl.

Millcrsburg, Ohio.

All the smokers we give away to tobacco-
users are noticed in CIleanings, for we al-
ways require a printed promise before send-
ing the smoker.

I noticed in Gleanings (which is a verj' valuable
journal, and a nnc work all through), that you offer
free to any one, who will give up the use of tobac-
co, one of your smokers. I have used tobacco for
ten years, but I have given it up, and if you feel
inclined to send me a smoker I shall feel grateful.
I agree to pay you for the smoker if I ever use any
tobacco again. J. Sciiautschik.

Sorbin, Lee Co., Te.xas, April 26, 1886.

I used tobacco for 35 years. My wife often
talked to me of its filth, and injury to my system.
I thought several times I would quit the use of it;
but not being able, in my own strength, to do so, 1
kept chewing until December. I can't remember
what day, but shortly before Christmas, I quit
chewing; and to-day, April 16, I am in perfect
liealth. One of my neighbors told me you would
send a smoker to any man who would abandon the
use of tobacco. Here I am, trying to live a Chris-
tian life. I have given up all for Jesus, and a home
in heaven. By God's assisting grace I mean to live
right, so I shall be able to die right.

Paul Kudelbaugh.

Severance, Doniphan Co., Kan., Apr. 16, 18f6.

A GOOD substitute FOR A CHEW OF TOBACCO; A

TALK AFTER UNCOVERING A COLONY OF

HYBRIDS.

Mr. Lewifi.—" Mr. Barnhard, how do you manage
to do any thing with such bees as those are ? "

"I quiet them down with smoke."

" Where can any one get a smoker ? "

"Of A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio. Do you use tobac-
co ? " At this remark he put his hand in his pocket
to let me have a chew, thinking that was what
I wanted, but I replied, " I never use tobacco.
A. I. Root will give a smoker to any one who will
quit the use of tobacco."

He said, " I will quit the use of tobacco. I believe
that tobacco is injurious to me; if 1 ever use to-
bacco again, I will hand you the money to pay Mr.
Root for the smoker."

Brother Root, please send Mr. Lewis a smoker. I
will guarantee the pay for the smoker if he ever
uses tobacco again. Jacob Barnhard.

Denver, Newaygo Co., Mich., April 34, 1886.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

507

%n^ P0ME?.

Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of lil'e: he
that Cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that
believeth on me shall never thirst.— John 6: 35.

'IIO is there wlio has not at times
thought it a little singular that
Jesus should so often repeat the
substance of the expression in
the verse before usV Why should he
call himself the bread of life? And I sup-
yjose others besides myself have at times
thought it a little strange that he didn't
choose an illustration a little more elegant
in its form. Why should he link together
the idea of a loaf of bread ^vith the spiritual
needs of the soulV Well, in this point as
well as in almost every other in the Scrip-
tures, you are most likely to get help in the
study of the Scriptures themselves. When
you feel like questioning the wisdom of us-
ing bread for a symbol, take your Bible and
read a chapter or two before the place where
this thought comes in, especially in the fore
part of the same chapter where this occurs.
The people had become wild with excite-
ment over the startling miracles Christ had
been performing. The craze was not so
very much difterent from the way people act
nowadays, especially in cities, where a great
crowd collects over a comparatively small
matter. In their enthusiasm they followed
him away off in the country— away from
bakers' shops, or any other place where pro-
visions were sold ; and with such a crowd as
live thousand, even the farmhouses (if they
had any such things in those days) would
not be likely to supply their wants. The
people became hiingiy and weary, and it
was a long way to their homes. The
tender heart of our Lord was touched
by their wants ; and especially was he touch-
ed because they had apparently forgotten
every thing in their desire to follow him.
You know how often he enjoined mankind
to leave all and follow him. Well, these
people had left all and followed him ; and
even though their motive in so doing was
not one of a veiy high order, there they
were. \''ery likely a great part of them
would have been equally ready to follow
something else of a different character ; but
our Savior does not seem to have considered
this ; he only feels they are a part of human-
ity—that humanity whom he loved and
whom he came to save. He did not feel at a
lo.ss what to do under the circumstances,
nor did he doubt for an instant that the
Father would honor his request by giving
him power to provide bread miraculously.
Tills is evident from the question to Philip.
By the way, there has always been some-
thing wonderfully comforting and strength-
ening to my faith in these little passages
where the Master speaks to his disciples in
that pleasant, familiar way. We could
hardly call it joking, but it was a little bit
of pleasantry when he says in that wonder
fully kind and familiar way to Philip,
'' Whence shall we l)uy bread that these may
eatV" Poor Philip! like all the rest of us
he was utterly unable to comprehend for a
single instant the resources at the command

of his Master. Jesus was evidently trying
to teach him faith by the question. Wliy
didn't Philip reply, "•Lord, thou hast every
thing at thy command. We know from
what we have witnessed that the whole uni-
verse is subject to thee. Speak the word,
and they shall be fed'"V Instead of making
such a reply as that, Philip simply answers,
'' Two hundred pennyworth of bread w^ould
not be enough to give every one a little."
Two hundred pennyworth woidd be equiva-
lent to something like two hundred days'
work. Who is there who is going to advance
this great sumV Andrew ventured, at this
crisis, the information that there was a boy
somewhere around with live barley loaves
anil two small lishes. This boy had evident-
ly had an eye to business, even through all
the excitement ; and when they started out
he wisely concluded that, before they got
back, there would be a chance to sell eatables
at a tigure that would afford a good margin
of proht. He probably was not in a hurry ;
he was going to bide his time, and then get
up a corner in the provision market. It
seems that Andrew was about as lacking in
faith as Philip, for he ventures to suggest,
at the close of liis piece of information, that
live loaves and two fishes didn't amount to
very much when there were live thousand
to be fed. No one seems to have had the
slightest conception of what was going to
happen. Now witness the wonderful beau-
ty and simplicity of the manner in which
the Savior goes to work. Whatever he did
wastobedone decently and in order. No
rabbles or greediness was to be the result of
any miracle that he performed. Before tell-
ing wiiat was to be done, he directed that
the vast company be desired to sit down
upon the grass. They sat down in groups
of fifty, probably with passage-ways be-
tween them, so the disciples could wait upon
them in an orderly and systematic manner.
The whole company obeyed him. Why
should they not obey one whom they had
seen perform such wonders?

Years ago, here in our little town of Medi-
na it was decided to have a free dinner one
Fourth of July. Everybody who came, no
matter who, was to have a good dinner, not
a penny to pay. The project w'as a kind one,
and the good women who had it in hand
labored early and late to make it a success.
Officers were appointed to keep order. How
do yott suppose it turned out? Why, after
it had been advertised in the papers, the ig-
norant, beer - drinking rabble for miles
around got hold of it and rushed in in such
a body that the oHicers were powerless to
preserve order. The tables were emptied be-
fore they were even fully set ; and while re-
spectable people held aloof, these greedy
ones gorged themselves and tilled their pock-
ets, and trampled the rest under foot. So
much for a free dinner. How differently
the Master managed it! Here was a miracle
in good earnest. Five thousand people wit-
nessed it. Tiiey had the bread and fish in
their hands. Skeptics might, doubtless,
claim that it was an optical illusion ; they
did not have any bread at all, they only im-
agined it. Hut the trouble is, they ate of it
and were satislied. It would have to be

SOS

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

a pretty stupendous optical illusion to con-
vince a liungry man lie had been fed when
he hadn't. They had tasted the food, each
and every one of them ; they saw it miracu-
lously multiply with their own eyes. If
there were any doubting Thomases among
the crowd who felt like demanding some-
thing plainer before they would believe, they
had got it. I think I am safe in saying that
there was not a single doubter among that
whole five thousand. From that time for-
ward they had faith in Jesus — that is, they
had faith in his power to provide free din-
ners.

Now, I need not tell you that this was not
what the Master was striving for. He felt
touched because of the hunger and faintness
of so many, and he felt a thrill of joy in
being able to provide for these temporal
wants, no doubt ; but this was by no means
the end and object in view. lie came not,
simply to give bread to the hungry, but he
came to save sinners. After the people had
been fed he sought to teach them spiritual
lessons. Why did they want to make him
king ? Doubtless because they rightly sup-
posed he would be better able to give them
free dinners than any other king tlie world
contained, and this was the great sum and
substance of their aspirations. Would free
dinners every day have made them better
men ? Some of our great cities have tried
the experiment, and perhaps those who had
the matter in charge came out a little sad-
der as well as wiser when the experiment
was over. Dear reader, would it make a
better man of you to give you a free dinner
every day y To be sure, not. It would,
without question, do you harm. ''By the
sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread."
This is the law of our being, and it has nev-
er been recalled. The miracle answered its
purpose, however, and the people flocked to
the other side of the lake to find this Avon-
derf ul prophet. They were in haste to see
him use this wonderful power again. They
even suggested a variation in the pro-
gramme, and thought that manna sent
down from heaven in the good old way
■Moses used to manage it would be about the
thing. Jesus strove to turn their thoughts
to spiritual things. His life was a life of
self-sacrifice, and no true life was possible
for them unless they took up \ similar life
of self-sacrifice. 8aid he in substance to the
multitude, " My friends, it is not bread you
need to make you happy; it is all very well
so far as it goes, but it won't answer at all.
My Father giveth you the true bread from
heaven." And again, " For the bread of
God is he which cometh down from heaven,
and giveth life to the world." They did not
comprehend very much what he meant—
probably they didn't care; but they replied
promptly, "Well, give us this bread;'' or,
in other words, " All right ; let us have this
bread you tell about ; we are ready for it."
They thought they were, but they were not,
any more than you and I are when we in our
prayers ''ask God to bring us near to him,
even though the way be through crosses and
trials. Now Jesus replies to them, "I am
the bread of life ; he that cometh to me shall
never hunger ; and he that believeth on me
shall never thirst."

His meaning was something like this :
They Avere greedy and selfish ; their princi-
pal thought was of something to eat, and how
to get it with the least possible exertion.
Their wants, their pursuits, and their idea?!
of happiness were low and animal ; they had
no idea of self-sacrfice ; they had no idea of
bearing burdens for the general good of hu-
manity. He calls them to think of higher
things. He tells them if they devote their
lives to the pursuit of food and drink, and
something to wear, they are seeking for that
which is short-lived anil unsatisfying. " La-
bor not for the meat which perisheth," he
says to them, "' but for that meat which en-
dureth mito everlasting life." To make it
plainer, let us consider humanity as it grows
up untrained. We sit down at the table.
The Avhole family are present, perhaps aunts
and cousins. As soon as the blessing is
asked, Huber calls out, "I want some
beans." Now, I do not want our children to
grow up selfish, and thinking of themselves
first; and as I rebuke the little fellow,
whom we all love so niucli, I state it to him
in this way : " Do you want some before
cousin Mabel has any?" He sees the point
at once. Cousin Mabel is a guest for the
time being, and his own good sense, and I
hope his former teaching, tells him that a
guest should be treated with honor and pref-
erence. When the question is fairly before
him, whether he shall have some beans first
of any one, even to the exclusion of cousin
Mabel, whom he loves, baby even though he
is, he sticks his tongue off to one side of his
mouth, and casts his eyes downwaM a little,
ashamed of himself. Perhaps he does not
answer in words ; but I know by his looks
that his little thoughts are running some-
thing in this way :

" No, papa, I do not want to be waited on
before cousin Mabel is. I want to be a good
boy, and not a selfish one."

Now, this multitude to whom Jesus was
speaking was a selfish multitude. They
were in the habit of being greedy. Many of
them, perhaps, Avere guilty of gross crimes
in giving way to tliese untrained animal im-
pulses. Jesus tells them that, although he
could, by his mere Abolition, call forth bread
in unlimited quantity, it Avould not be for
their own good. " Come, follow me," he
says; "doii't be thinking all the time of
something to gratify your OAvn selfish appe-
tites. Taste the joys, and experience for a
little time the blessedness of laboring for
the good of others. FoIIoav me, and I will
make you fishers of men." Now, if you Avill
read this whole chapter through, and all
along through John, you will notice how-
hard Christ labored and tanglit to give them
a glimpse of the blessedness of a life devoted
to the good of the people, or to the saving
of souls, if you choose.

We are most of us seeking pleasure in
some form or other in this world. We are
thinking of that Avhich will give us the most
happiness ; and in a certain sense it is right
Ave should do so. We are human and full of
Avants, and full of likes and dislikes. We
like to enjoy ourseh-es, and we like to give
full sway to the faculties God has given us
in the enjoyment of pleasure. Now, Avliat

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

509

is it in this world tliat really satisfies us
most? What is true liappinessV The sub-
ject came up recently at our young people's
prayer-meeting. I told them that the hap-
]>iest hours 1 luul ever spent in my life were
in going to teach a Sunday-school, a tew
miles otf in the country. At first I used to
go with a horse and buggy, and I found a
good many young people in our town who
liked to go with me. Almost any of the boys
were pleased with an invitation to go to the
Sunday-scliool Sabbatli afternoon. Now, in
our town there is quite a tendency among
voung people to go out buggy-riding Sunday
iifternoons. Our livery-stables do a larger
businsss Sunday than any otiier day of the
week, and I soon began to be afraid that the
buggy-ride had more attractions to many
tlumthe Sunday-school work itself, so I de-
cided to go on foot, tliat my motives and ex-
ample might be in no way misinterpreted ;
or 1 walked five miles and back again every
Sunday after two o'clock, for Christ's sake.
Need 1 tell you that T enjoyed going on foot
ever so much more than I did when I rode?
When the weatlier became stormy, and the
walking was ditficult, or perhaps when I
was compelled to take an umbrella, I started
otf in the rain, then I specially enjoyed it.
Yes, the happiest hours I think I ever en-
joyed were when I plodded along through
tlie rain to meet the circle of boys and girls
that J was sure would be on hand to greet
me. Would I ever get tired of such workV
I am sure I should not. I was weary in
l)ody, perhaps, many times, but elevated in
spirit. Did I ever doubt the presence and
the promise of the Siivior at such times?
Never, for an instant. Now, then, how does
this tally with the text, '' I am the bread of
life; he that cometh to me" (that is, he
that comes to me for enjoyment and for
happiness) "shall never hunger; and he
that believeth on me " (he that comes to me
in faith, and drinks of the water that I have
to offer all my followers) " shall never
thirst"?

May I tell you a little piece of good news?
This Sabbath-school was discontinued at
the time of my father's sickness and death,
and it has never been started up again since.
Only this week a. message has come to me
that my old friends in Abbeyville, and per-
haps some >ounger ones that have grown up,
vvt)u]d be giad to see me every Sunday after-
noon again, if I shoidd care to go. Need I
tell you tliat my heart bounds at the thought
of it?

Several of iny former pupils are now work-
ing for me, and I am glad to say that most
of that Sabbath-school are now enrolled as
members of churches of different denomina-
tions. Do you wonder when I tell you that
I look at these young peo])le almost as if
they bore some sort of relationshii) to me ?
Some of them are married, and have homes
of their own. They often bring things to
me to sell. Do you think it strange tliat I
almost always feel like buying whatever
they have to offer, or giving them the pref-
erence because they used to be my children ?
Well, now, suppose your work in "life is such
that a great circle of people have learned to
look to you more or less for the bread of life.

or have considered you as in some sense a
spiritual adviser, what effect should it have
upon you ? As I consider these things, that
old prayer that I have told you about so
often comes up of itself, " Lord, help ; Lord,
help." This prayer comes up because I
realize how very, very human I am.

The people wanted to make Jesus king
after he had fed the multitude. Some one
has said that the reason why they preferred
him for king to anybody else just then was
because they tliought it likely he would give
his subjects a '' free dinner " creri/ day. This
was far from his intention. It is true, he
wanted to reign in their minds and hearts as
king of the truth ; but far, oh, very far was
it from his thoughts of having any thing in
common with an earthly ruler. Ills little
band of followers, and those whom he com-
missioned to perform miracles as he did,
were very common, humble people. I have
sometimes thought they were dull people,
slow to comprehend and slow to believe.
When he told them to beware of the leaven
of the Pliarisees they thought he was chid-
ing them because they had forgotten to put
any bread in the boat. When he told them
about coming into the world to save sinners,
Peter declared that he should do nothing of
the kind, and when he told them of his ap-
proaching death on the cross, not one of
them seemed to get a ylimpse, even, of his
mission and his ofiice. It nas been a com-
fort to me to think they were such common-
place individuals. If Jesus loved them and
called them his own, may it not be possible
that he will love us and call us his own in
that great day ? Jesus so loved the world
that it was a pleasure to minister to them.
No doubt he felt a thrill of joy when he
ministered to their natural hunger; and
who can tell of the joys that cheered his in
many respects sad life when he saw glad
souls rejoicing because of this spiritual
bread which he was so ready and willing to
give ? Now, dear friend, is it ditficult for
you to understand or comprehend the great
truth that he was endeavoring to teach when
he said, ''I am the bread of life"? Is it
possible that you. my friend, have been
striving and worrying and fretting over this
great problem of furnishing bread for you
and yours ? If so, have you, too, forgotten
the bread that Christ can give, and of the
water of life that he is glad to furnish ? lie
said again, ''I am the living bread which
came down from heaven ; if any man eat of
this l)read, he shall live forever." We are
told that even his chosen disciples were
stumbled at this latter saying. Many called
it a hard saying, and said, "Who can hear
it ? " And some went back and walked with
liim no more. Is it not so, even to-day?
Religion is becoming fashionable. Many
are attiacted. But some, I fear, after they
get to the true source, and find it to be a
life of self-sacrifice and hardship, a life of
incessant toil, with many times little reward
and no thanks, they are offended and turn
away. Thank ( Jod," however, there are some
like Simon Peter, who, when Jesus asked
if he too would go away, replied, "Lord, to
whom shall we go ? Thou hast the words of
eternal life." And I believe a good deal as

510

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JtrsTE

Peter did then, that one who has once tasted
of the bread that Jesus gives will nevermore
find peace or enjoyment anywhere else.

Not very many mornings ago it was wet
and niiny. I hud on my rubber boots, and
was chasing about in the grass and mud,
looking after some of our "" small boys,"
getting things ready for the wagon to start
out as soon as the clouds promised to clear
aw^ay, when an old friend accosted me some-
thing in this way : " Well, old fellow, may
be that is yonr way of enjoying yourself ;
but if 1 owned such a factory as you do, I
don't think you would catch me chasing
around in the mud and wet after them sort
of 'chaps."

" Well," said I," if you were running such
a factory, what would you do— put on some
line clothes, and sit around and talk with
big men?"

" Well, you may just bet your last dollar I
would."

After he had gone I thought it over. Per-
haps he was right in thinking I bestowed
more pains and bodily strength on some of
my boys whom I pay only six or seven cents
an hour than I did on those who have large
salaries, and work by the year. Was it rights
I thought it over, and concluded, '" Yes, it
is right. The older ones don't need me.
Their minds are already formed ; they are
trusty, and can take care of themselves.
These I have been chasing after have hardly
started in any direction, but they are grow-
ing rapidly day by day, and are fast forming
habits, either good or bad. If, by chasing
around in the wet, and, may be, taking hours
of my time, I can get them started in good
ways, and. may be, instill important truths
in their little minds, I am content ; nay,
more : while t am doing this and looking
out for the lambs of the fold, I know that
He to whom I belong will take care of the
business, the money, and all else pertaining
thereto ; and, furthermore, I have this writ-
ten promise that there is '^ henceforth a
crown laid up for me, which the Lord, the
righteous judge, shall give me at that day ;
and not to me only, but unto all them also
that love his appearing."

Besides, I am happy, very happy, chasing
around in the wet witli my muddy boots and
old clothes. Those who hnd comfort in ex-
pensive clothing and ease nTay have them.
I do not envy them a bit. (tIvc me the
clouds and the rain, the blue sky and the
bright sunshine that comes with it ; give
me the free open air, with God's love well-
ing u]) in my heart, and these little friends
to look after and to care for, and I am con-
tent. I am his and he will take care of me ;
and, most glorious of all, he will take care of
them if I succeeded in bringing them to him.

I am being asked my opinion of the new circulars Mrs. Cot-
ton is ograin sending out quite plentifully. The statements she
makes, and the prices she charges tor the goods she sends out,
would, in my opinion, forbid her being classed with our regu-
lar supply-dealers, to say nothing of the strings of complaints
against her that have filled our bee-journals for years past.

CIRCULARS RECEIVED.

The following have sent us their price lists:
H. P. Langdon, East Constable, N. Y.,— an advertising sheet
of bee-supplies.
F. J. Crowley, Batavia, N. Y., a 12-page circular of bees and

PURE HONEY.

MORE CONCESSIONS FROM OUR FRIENDS OF THE

rUESS IN REGARD TO THE FALSE STATEMENTS

AB(5UT THE HONEV IN OUR MARKETS.

queens, and apiarian supplies.

C. A. Stillman, Hornellsville, N.
plies

Y., a C-page list of bee-sup-
John H. Howard, Holme, near Peterborough, Eng., afiO page
price list of apiarian supplies. It is fully illustrated, audit
gives one a good idea of the present state of apiculture in
England.

^c^E clip the following from the American
(f racer of June 9 :

In March tlip Christian Uniim printed an
extract stating- that honey was adulterated.
The assertion brought forth a letter from
an Illinois correspondent, stating-:

There is absolutely no such thing as manufactur-
ed or artificial comb honey, sensational newspaper
articles to the contrary notwithstanding, and one
when buying it can be almost as sure of getting a
perfectly pure article as if buying- fresh egg's or
strawberries. Jn years past, when liquid or ex-
tracted honey was worth as much again as it is now,
it was largely adulterated by city Arms that repack-
ed It for the retail trade; but since its price has
fallen to from four to eight cents a pound, this
abuse is the rare exception and not the rule.

As long- as four years ago, Professor J. Has-
brouck, in order to ascertain the truth regarding
the alleged prevalence of this nefarious practice,
procured a large collection of specimens of honey
from all possible sources— from commission houses
dealing exclusively in honey, from others with a
miscellaneous stock, from g-rocers and marketmen,
from the tons of noted bee-men, reporting sus-
piciously large average per colony, and from small
consignments of obscure producers. Besides
these, he received a great many packages for an-
alysis from persons made suspicious of honey by
such paragraphs as yours. He examined all care-
fully with the polariscope, and in every case found
every box of comb honey, and every package of ex-
tracted honey not repacked in the city, absolutel.v
pure, with but a single exception — one sample of
comb honey containing a small percentage of glu-
cose syrup, which had been fed the bees to keep up
brood-rearing during a dearth of pasturage.

The letter was sent to Lyman C. Root, editor of
Bee-Keepers' Mtiyazine, an export, and for whose in-
tegrity the Christian Union gladly vouches, though
among bec-culturists he is so well known that he
needs no voucher. He states that " the points
above given are well taken," and says:

The facts, in brief, are these: To manufacture
honey-comb, till with honey, and cap it over, is
simply an impossibility. Many strictly reliable in-
dividuals, as well as leading bee-keepers' associa-
tions, have at different times offered large amounts
of mone.v for every pound of such manufactured
honey. I think I am safe in saying there is not a
more strictly pure article of food used throughout
the world than our comb honey; and, indeed, at
present I might include our liquid honey also —
unless it is such as is sometimes tampered with
after it passes out of- the producer's hands.

We have State and county organizations in near-
ly every State of the Union, and all bee-keepers, as
well as dealers generally, are closely watched, and
our interests guarded in the closest manner.

If the press generally were as diligent as the
Christian Uni(ni in refuting false charges regarding
the food supply, there would soon be an end to
sensational reports of adulteration, from press and
from pulpit.

The above is so good, and so right to the
point, we can easily excuse the mistake our
friends of the Grocer make in calling our
good friend L. C. Hoot the editor of the
Bee-Kee%}ers'' Magazine. No more able man
than L. C. Root could have refuted the false
statement ; but if we are correct, his field is
bee-editor of the American Agricnl'urist.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.511

JUST HATCHED.

AN ALARMING CASE O*' BEE-FKVEU.

'HAT, a queen? No, not a queen nor a
queen's husband nor a queen's servant, but
an enthusiastic apiarist; and already they
are sayiufr, "He is going' to succeed."
AVell, I prcler success, and hope that their
prophecy is correct.

I am by nature a chicken-l'ancicr; and always,
when I talked chicken, my wife would talk bees. I
always thought that, had 1 invented the bee, I would
certainly have left out one point, or else made it
blunter; but now I think that very ingredient the
finest point in the entire invention. Why, I now get
shouting happy in less than half a second, when my
mind is brought suddenly to contemplate this point
in the honey-bee.

A tew days ago I came to the knowledge of the
fact, that when she whom my children call ma was
a little black-eyed girl she had her playhouse under
the same tree with the bee-hives, and that she
amused herself by the hour in watching their in-
dustry. I said to myself, "Now 1 understand my
Avife's enthusiasm and devotion." I got into my
buggy, and started for the most successful apiary
in this part of the State, to buy, for my wife, one or
two first-class colonies. On my arrival I found the
busy little proprietor transferring and remodeling
hives. She had help, but not enough, so I joined
the party, and for three days I was one of 'em. I
caught the bee-lever, and caught it bad; so bad,
indeed, that before the sun went down the first day
an order for two chaff hives in the flat was written
to the editor of Gleanings.

The work went on, and the fo'er raged, and rages
yet. In a very few days the hives came, and they
certainly were in the flat; and for a number of
hours, as we studied the "great many pieces," we
felt a flattening influence coming out of the flat
hives which flattened us flat. How I wished for the
"model to work by," or for a printed slip giving
light on such parts as are hardest to guess out!

But wo have got them together at last, and they
are gems, and gems, too, which make the old apia-
rists sick, as they think of the houses their bees live
in. I find myself on the wing, and, like any thing
else just hatched, 1 find it a difficult matter to alight;
but 1 have caught a twig, and will rest for awhile.
Hilliard, O., June 9, 1886. JAS. K. Rickets.

Why, friend R., you are located near by
that energetic and enthusitistic little woman
Mrs. Jennie Culp ; and if yon helped her
three days, no wonder you got the bee-fever,
for she is one of the most successful honey-
producers in the State of Ohio.— No wonder
you had difficulty in getting tbat chatf hive
in the flat set up, without a model to look
at, or an ABC Ijook.— I suppose now that
she whom your children call '' ma " is happy
too ; and, by the way, I can not think of any
happier sight on this green earth of ours
tlian a husband and wife who love bees and
chickens, and who delight to work among
them, studying God through his works as
the hours go by. May much peace and
great happiness be with you two, friend R.,
and don't fail to tell us more about it. If
the good wife should feel like putting in a
word now and then also, be sure to encour-
age her in so doing.

Jimn^ MB QoE^iEg.

A CHANCE TO GET A SWAUM OF CYPRIAN BEES
FOR NOTHING.

X have a strong colony of Cyprian bees, pure. The
(llE l"*^^"^ ^^'i* sent to me last summer. I will give
^l the colony to any reader of Gleanings who
"*■ sends in his name first, if the one sending will
pay for hive and trouble of packing, which will
bo about *1. 00. These bees are so^very cross that
1 do this to get rid of them, and send them where I
may never sec them again. I got more stings in
five seconds yesterday from this colony than I have
received from my Italians of over 575 colonies in
3 years. They stung me so that I was speechless for
over 20 minutes. Smoke only makes them worse.
Who wants them'/' If no one will take them I will
brimstone them. First name that comes gets them.

F. BOOMHOWER.

Gallupville, Scho. Co., N. Y., May 10, 1886.

ALSIKE CliOVER— EARLY CROP FOR HAY— SEED.

We have some alsike, sown one year ago. We
want to take a crop of hay early. Will it yield a
crop of seed afterward, the same as we do with the
common red clover '/ C. F. Uhl.

Millersburg, Ohio.

[Friend U., you can get a nice bloom on your al-
sike, if you cut it oft' early, just before it begins to
blossom; but you will get only a partial crop of
seed in this case.]

PRICKLY COMFRY AS A HONEY-PLANT.

Last spring I bought a plant from a bee-man in
New York. It is called " prickly comfry." It was
recommended as a honey-plant. This spring it is
all blooms, and in the bottom of the cups there is a
drop of pure honej'. Can the bees get at it? It
seems too deep for their little bills. It is surely a
great honey-plant. I wish I could send you a sam-
ple bloom. J. J . B. McElrath.

Centre, Ala., April 28, 1886.

[We have a large fine plant of the prickly comfry
now in bloom in our garden. Like the one you
have, there seems to be considerable honey in the
blossom; but as yet, the bees do not seem to have
found it.]

ALSIKE, HOW TO GROW.

I see in the last Gleanings that Dr. Miller can
not get a good stand of alsike clover. I was born
and raised on the estate in Sweden whence it has its
name— Alsike, and happen to have an old man at
work for me here, from the same place; and in-
quiring from him how they raised it at home he said
that unless it is si)wn just as snow melts away in
spring it will certainly be a failure. He said fur-
ther that he has many times sowed on the snow and
with the best results. F. G. Lindbehg.

Port Orange, Fla., May 31, 1886.

BROOD IN SECTIONS.

On page 128 of ABC you state: "I have never
seen any pollen nor any eggs carried into a frame
of sections where separators were used."

Well, I am only a novice, but I have seen young
bees in sections. In 1884, out of over 400 sections
placed on my hives I found three or four contain-
ing young bees sealed over.

Kabun Gap, Ga., May 24, 1886. W. R. Curtis.

[Your experience is very unusual, I think, friend
C. Since the above was written in the ABC, some
cases have been reported whore the queen got into
the sections, eveii though separators were used;
but I think the rule as given in the ABC book has
comparatively few exceptions.]

512

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

0UR 0WN ^nnw-

IMPORTED ITALIANS THE BEST HONEY-GATHEREUS.

f^ HE white-flover bloom is now fairly upon us,
b)^ and the lioes are just beffinninj,Mo drop in
f at the entrance. When honey is coining in
freely it is only necessary to watch the en-
trance of the hives to determine what col-
onies are the best workers. In a large apiary there
are always somecolonios that arc much better than
others, and a glance at the entrances during a flow
of honey very quickly, and very correctly, too,
shows whether the bees of this or that colony are
good workers. At the entrance of good honey-
gatherers the bees may be seen to dart out and in
in quick succession. When there is a copious flow
of nectar the bees will often drop a few inches
from their entrance, preferring to crawl in for the
remaining distance.

Hearing the bees roaring over my head one fore-
noon as I neared the apiary, I determined to see
what were our best working colonies in the apiary.
Some stocks were very conspicuous for dropping at
the entrance— much more so than some of their
neighbors. In turn, as my attention was arrested
by that peculiar popping iu and out at the entrance
of some of the colonies, lexamined the slates where-
on was tabulated the previous record of the colony,
together with the kind of queen. Now, I confess I
was greatly surprised at the uniformity of results
indicated by the slates. What did the tablets say?
The bees that were the most industrious— those
that had the most honey in the hives— were the
progeny of imported Italian queens. "Oh!" but
some one says, " you have a lot of imported queens
you wish to dispose of." But, look here, my friend ;
I did notlniow when the dropping at the entrance
of any particular hive attracted my attention that
said colony had an imported queen. In fact, with
a few exceptions I do not know nor can I remem-
ber what kind of a queen each colony possesses,
out of the 420. I rely entirely upon what is said on
the slates. The two Kimbers have the care of the
apiary, and I go among the bees whenever I can
find spare moments from the factory. Now, with-
out the aid of memory or any previous knowledge,
I could point out with scarcely an exception a col-
ony that was then in possession, or did i)0ssess, an
imported queen. By referring to the slates 1 found
that I was correct. So surely did'the progeny of
the imported queens make themselves manifest at
the entrance, that I could scarcely believe my eyes
when reassured by the little tablets. To :.how you
that I was not mistaken, a number of the hives
in question were opened. The combs, many of
them, were nearly full of honey, and the edges of
the cells were whitened, and little burrs of wax be-
gan to appear. There was only one colony whose
bees were not the direct progeny of an Imported
queen that especially attracted my attention. But
the slate showed that it was an extra nice select
tested queen, bred from an imported mother.

Mr. Kimber, our apiarist in charge, says for two
or three seasons he has noticed, as a rule, a marked
dififei-ence in the energy of bees from an import-
ed Italian queen, over the progeny of queens of
the same i-acc, bred in this country for three or
four generations back. Several days ago he had
mentioned this superiority to me, hut, thought T,
"It's all in your eye," Subsequent investigations,

as recorded in the foregoing convinced mc that
he was about right.

Again, you will remember that our colonies were
wintered on select combs of nice sealed honcj'. To
obtain these combs, a number of colonics were set
apart, some of which were the progeny of import-
ed and some of home-bred queens. Of this lot, the
colonies that produced the most honey were from
imported queens.

Whatover may be the valuaMe q-ialities of
queens bred in this counti-y, whether by selection
or not, I do not believe we can improve upon tho^o
roared iu their own country, with the advantages
of native climatic conditions. The dry cliuiate of
Italy is bound to produce good energetic worker-
bees; or. in oilier words, it is the old question of
the survival of the fittest- sink or swim.

Our friend Doolittic, iu a recent number, does
not speak very favorably of tho imported queens,
and yet he says, iu the same article, that he never
has had more than one imported queen in his apia-
ry. He bases his judgment on this one imported
queen, and from the daughters not only of this
queen but from other imported queens. We im-
port a hundred or so of queens from Italy every
season, and their bees have been watched side by
side for years in our apiary with the progeny of
home-bre.l queens; aud, as a rule, the imported
have demonsti-ated their superiority.

CARN10I>ANS POOR HONEy-GATIlEHERS.

While I have been watching closely other colo-
nies, the Carniolans have received their due atten-
tion. I am compelled to say that they are poor
honey-gatherers; in fact, when honey has been
coming in tolerably well they have barely support-
ed themselves, and yet they have been given eve-
ry advantage. The colony has not yet been divided,
as is the case with all our other stocks, and, in con-
sequence, it is the strongest colony we have; and
yet small nuclei of Italians have actually more
pounds of honey than this swarm. When the moth-
er of this swarm was received, the cage in
which she came v.'as marked " very fine." if she is
one of the best, I do not believe that we wish to in-
vest very largely in the mediocre. The other Car-
niolan swarm which we have is no better. Several,
whom I do not now remember, claim that they arc
great comb-builders. As honey has been coining
in freely, I inserted two frames of foundation be-
tween two frames of brocdof the Carniolan swarm;
at the same time in like manner frames of found-
ation were inserted in nucleus Italian swarms.
These frames were given nearly a week ago. The
Carniolan swarm has scarcely done any thing yet
at their foundation. Hardly 48 hours had elapsed
when the Italian nuclei had pulled theirs about all
out. The action of the Carniolans at the entrance
is sluggish, and, to say the least, the bees are lazy.
I do not claim that the same characteristics are true
of all Carniolans, but I do insist that they are true
of two colonies of this race in our own apiary. It
is not my purpose to injure the trade of those who
have Carniolans for sale, however much it may
look that way; but I wish to urge the friends to be
cautious about investing too largely in them.

SALT IS A NECESSARY ELEMENT FOR REES.

On page .5'J3 of this present issue, D. C. Underhill
says, quite vehemently, that bees do not need salt.
You remember some time ago I told you that the
application of salt effectually kills the weeds at the
entvance of hives. This spring, as usual, the salt

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIIE.

513

■was sprinkled in front of each entrance, and the re-
sult is that all our hives have nice clean entrances.
What has this to do with salt for bees? In the eve-
ning, after the first rain has wetted up the salt,
bees may be seen at the entrances licking- the salt.
Now there is something about this salt that they
like. Again, for several j'cars we have had an at-
mospheric-jar feeder of water located in the center
of the apiary, that the bees might come there and
drink; but the bees scar-celj' ever went near it.
Finally it occurred to the apiarist to add a little salt
to the water. The result was very satisfactory; for
at any time now the bees may be seen at this jar,
taking a good drink. If j-ou don't have success in
inducing your bees to drink water from a feeder,
add a little salt, and note the effect. Ehnest.

Gleanincs in Bee Cultcre,

Published Scini-Moiithly .

wfi.. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHEB.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: SI.OO PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clntbing Bates, Cee First Paeo of Eeidis; Ihtter.
2S^EIDI3^^=^, JTJITE 15, IBBS.

But the very hairs of your head are all nuniberetl.-MATT.10;30.
BINDERS FOR Gr.EANINGS.

OuK enterprising friends, Barrett & Co., have
lately given us a beautifully embossed binder, very
much handsomer than the plain ones we have sold
for so many years. The best part of it is, the pi'ice
is just the same as it has always been; viz., 60 cts.;
by mail, 12 cts. extra for postage.

HYBRID BEES VS. FULI.,-BLOOD ITALIANS.

We have for several seasons had a customer wlio
orders hybrid queens with pounds of bees. When
we are out of hj'brids wo send him untested Italians
instead; but he says he would rather have the hy-
brids, because he has better luck with them. Is it
possible we are making a mistake in driving all of
the black blood out of the country ?

ANOTHER BEE-BOOK.

And now it is the Rev. AV. F. Clarke who has writ-
ten a book, and it is published by Jones, Macpherson
& Co., of the Canadian Bee Journal. This book is un-
like any other bee-book, inasmuch as it is all poetry.
It has not made its appearance yet; buf the simple
fact that it comes from the pen of W. F. Clarke is a
guarantee of its being a valuable addition to our
bee-keeping literature. The price will he 35 gts. per
copy, or five copies for one dollar.

THE fl..50 HONEY-EXTRACTOR.

Several of the friends have written in regard to
this, as it has been advertised somewhat exten-
sively. To be able to reply understandingly we
sent and got one; but, when received, it proved to
be no honcy-c.xtractor at all, but the innide of one
only, and that inside was in the flat. We AiA not
take the trouble to try to make an extractor out of
it according to the directions. Perhaps some qjigbt

succeed with it, and it might be considered right to
charge Sl-.W for the arrangement: but it certainly
is not right to advertise such a thing as a honey-

cxtractur.

BEE-KEEPING FOR THE CLERGY.

From the CunurcgatiiDtalist, of May 20, we take the
following clii)ping, written by our old friend and
pastor, A. T. Heed, formerly of this place, now at
Chardon, O. We started him in this pursuit, and
the following tells how he has succeeded:

WHY MINISTERS SHOULD KEEP BEES.

Far the peeuniary profit. One minister, year be-
fore last, made $50 from four colonies; last year,
$20 from four, and developed them to twelve.

For health. It is the kind of e.xerciso especially
adapted to the clergyman's needs; outdoor, light,
absorbing.

The bees need the most attention in the time of
the minister's greatest leisure— say from May to
September— and necessitate no thought or care in
the winter months, when the minister is the most
occupied.

For study of insect life. The instinct of bees is of
the highest order, and is a source of wonder and
admiration. With a colony of pure Italians in your
back yard, you may daily watch almost every pro-
cess of bee-industry and life, immediately under
your eye, without danger, and with a charm of en-
thusiasm, once experienced, never to be forgotten.

For illustrations. There are more sermons in bees
than in ti-ees, stones or running brooks.

For discipline. To receive the occasional inevita-
ble sting with equanimity, quietly place the sting
under the microscope, in the the interest of science,
and admire and commiserate the bee who thus gives
his life for the protection of his commonwealth, is
to acquire a self-conti-ol greater than his who taketh
a citj', and a philosophy surpassing the Stoics. The
minister who can conquer the 40,000 mad bees of a
single colony will develop a spirit of self-control,
persistence, heroism, and generalship not without
its use in the pulpit.

HOW TO MAKE FOUNDATION.

Our machinist who makes the comb-mills has
made a great improvement in the knives for cut-
ting the rolls, and the process is somewhat changed
also, so that our new comb-mills are much superior
to those we have formerly sent out. Our old 10-
inch comb-mills would not turn out as thin section
foundation as mills specially made for the purpose:
but the imjiroved 10-inch mill will now make as nice
an article of thin foundation as the 6-inch mill.
The lOinch mills in our wa.x-room now make both
thin and heavy foundation; but to do this the rolls
should be perfectly clean. In fact, you can not do
satisfactory work on either thick or thin founda-
tion unless the rolls are free from particles of wa.v,
which will gradually work into the cell-walls. Clean
the rolls often, or you will become disgusted with
the whole business.

HOW TO CLEAN FOUNDATION-ROLLS.

The easiest and most expeditious way of cleaning
the rolls that we have tried is turning a jet of steam
on to them for five or ten minutes, or till the rolls
feel hot to the hands. While (he steam is blowing,
the rolls should \ic turned backward and forward.
The action of the steam is to melt the particles
of wax, and then to blow it off in fine dust. Next
turn off the gteam, and then scour with a brush
and boiling soapsuds. When again you run sheets
of wax through the rolls as thus cleaned, you will
be surprised at the imiirovement.

The one great objection, however, to the use of
steam is that few are so situated as to be able to use
it. Our girls have cleaned the rolls with gasoline
with very satisfactory results, as benzine or gaso-
line absorbs wax very readily. As the latter meth-

514

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

od is not quite so rapid, and would also affect our
insurance, we use and prefer the steam, though to
the majority of our friends who have comb-mills
the gasoline will be found the most convenient.

I need hardly tell you that the utmost care is to
be exercised in handling gasoline. In washing rolls,
or even in having an uncorked bottle around, be
sure that no lighted lamii or candle is within sever-
al feet; and if you do not do the washing in the
open air, open the doors and windows wide, so that
the CA'plosive vapor may be blown out before a
lighted lamp or match is brought into the room.

P. S.— Our new improved mills will be the same
price as quoted in our price list.

REDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF BEES AND QUEENS
FOR JULY.

Owing to the continued favorable weather we
have decided to allow a discount of 10 per cent over
and above all other discounts given in our price list
on all bees and queens, excepting on our untested
queens when ordered alone ; but if with pounds of
bees, or colonies, the above discount Avill be allowed
on them also.

4H IMPORTED QUEENS ALIVE AND IN GOOD ORDER,
OUT OF A SHIPMENT OF 50.

We have to-day unpacked our first shipment from
our friend Bianconcini, for the season, with the
above good result. These are all young queens,
raised this year; in fact, they were reared express-
ly for our trade. Now, we have in our apiary 35 im-
ported queens, shipped last fall, and wintered over.
These will bo 10 per cent less than the lot just re-
ceived.

EIGHT TONS OF WAX MADE INTO FOUNDATION UP
TO DATE.

The low price at which we have been offering
foundation has given us another big trade in our
foundation department. We have used eight tons
of wax so far, and as yet we are just in the height
of the honey-flow. Two or three years ago we made
fourteen tons of foundation. Our business is still
booming in other departments, though we expect
trade will drop off soon. Goods of all kinds are go-
ing off with little or no delay.

THE NEW EUROPEAN SILVERHULL BUCKWHEAT.

Our friends may remember that we some time ago
mentioned the fact that Peter Henderson claimed
to have something in the way of buckwheat quite
superior to any thing heretofore dlsgominated. We
sent at once for a bushel of the seed, for a sample.
It has a smaller-sized grain, quite distinct from
any thing that we have ever before handled; and
we are happy to say that we have been able to se-
cure a lot of 25 bushels of this new buckwheat. In-
stead of f5.00 a bushel, however, the price charged
by Peter Henderson, we shall furnish it for f2.50
per bushel. In smaller quantites than a bushel, the
price will be just double that of common buck-
wheat; viz., 70 cts. per peck, or 6 cts. per lb. If you
want to see what it looks like, we will mail you a
sm^U package for 5 cts.

THE COMMERCIAL STANDING, OR RATING, OF BEE-
KEEPERS AND SUPPLY-DEALERS.

I SUPPOSE the friends know that we have for
years been in the habit of keeping a record of the
business habits and finanoial responsibility of near-
ly every one who advertises extensively in our line
of business. Furthermore, the Bradstroet Commer-
cial Agency are in the habit of coming: to us for in^

formation in this matter. As a matter of course,
there are those who call us impertinent, and request
us to attend to our own business; and we beg leave
to say that we intend to make it our business to
protect bee-keepers in every way in our power;
and we do not see how we can serve them any more
faithfully than to give warning promptly when we
think the time has come to give notice that certain
parties are not to be trusted. Wo shall, however,
give due notice to the delinquent that we shall have
to publish him if he does not make good his prom-
ises, and he will have ample time to straighten ui)
or make arrangements before he is published, if he
wishes to do so. Now, where disagreements and
dissatisfaction come up between two parties, both
known to be reliable, we do not care to have the
matter referred to us; in fact, we have nothing to
do with matters that seem to be only differences
of opinion; but we do wish to be promptly notified
when any one who advertises extensively does not
keep his promises, or who receives money and does
not make prompt shipments according to agree-
ment. One reason why we like to be notified is,
that we do not wish to continue the advertisement
in our columns, of any man who is not able and
willing to do all he agrees to do.

SLUG SHOT FOI^ KILLING CABBAGE-WORMS, ETC.

In answer to many queries as to how to apply it,
we reply: Take a piece of cheese-cloth, or any other
thin fabric, say a foot or a foot and a half square.
Pour about a teacupful of the slug-shot in the cen-
ter of the piece of cloth, and catch the four corners
up with your hand. Now walk through your cab-
bages, and with a quick jerk send a cloud of slug-
shot down into the center of each plant or head of
cabbage. We can not sec that it makes any differ-
ence whether it is applied when the heads arc damp
or otherwise. Enough of the dust lodges on the
foliage to kill the worms. So far as our experience
goes it is sure death to them. With potato-beetles,
however, it does not seem to be so certain in its re-
sults; neither have we been very Avell satisfied with
the way it acts on the little black flea-beetles. Slug-
shot is a poison, no doubt; but the poison is so di-
luted with some other substance that there is very
little danger that any thing will be damaged or in
any way injured for table use, even though the ma-
terial be dusted on quite freely.

EGGS FRIED IN THE SOLAR AVAX-EXTRACTOR ; NO
JOKE THIS TIME.

June i2.— To-day being unusually warm (85° in the
shade) the thought occurred to me to try the solar
wax-extractor. After going back of the factory,
it was opened up and set in position in a twinkling.
Very soon the thermometer indicated 235 degrees.
I (Ernest) ne.xt went into the cook-room (an adjunct
for convenience to the factory hands) and obtained
an egg and a shallow tin pie-plate. In a moment
more old Sol was smiling warmly upon the broken
egg. After a lapse of 15 minutes the egg was near-
ly cooked. In 5 minutes more it looked tempting
to a hungry stomach ; but I am sorry to say I wasn't
hungry just then. I left, and soon forgot all about
it. When I returned in an hour afterward the egg
was burned so as to be unfit to eat. For melting
wax, the new solar wax-extractors are a grand suc-
cess—no daubing, no soiled clothes, or wax-stained
floors; and, best of all, your better half will rejoice
with you. If you haven't any, and think you
can't afford it, perhaps she will forego the pleasure.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

516

of a new hat. The price of the solar wax-extractor
Ave advertise is $3.00, all complete.

OUR TEN-CENT FIUE-BALLOONS.

EitNEST sug-gests that it is time for us to give
them a notice; but I replied that I couldn't exactly
see where they came in in bee culture. Perhaps
we might mention them in the line of home inter-
ests. Huber has been teasing all the spring, " Papa,
can't we send up a balloon?" I told him it was too
windy. But finally, last evening, when he made
his oft-repeated re(iuest, just about sundown, the
weather seemed to be ,iust the thing; in fact, the
air was so still that the tlrst balloon started almost
straight up. When at a certain height a soft breeze
wafted it to the eastward: 100 feet higher, another
breeze started it northward, and a little higher still,
a third current carried it to the west, so that when
it came down it dropped not very far from the
point of starting. About the time three or four
had ascended, we had quite a picnic of all the chil-
dren in the neighborhood, and they brought them
back to be sent up over again as fast as I could put
on new combustibles and scratch matches on the
sidewalk where I sat, boss of the entertainment.
Price of the balloons, 10 cts. each. If wanted by
mail, 17 cts. each. Extra combustibles, 1 ct. each,
or 10 cts. a dozen. If you want the balloon to go
extra high, tie on two of the combustibles instead
of one. Each balloon is furnished with one com-
bustible.

AN ADJUSTABLE VEST-POCKET WIJENCH KOK ONLY
A DIME.

When we succeeded in getting an .idjustable
wrench for 35 cts. we thought Ave had done a big-
thing, and so Ave did; but now one of the enterpris-
ing firms doAvn East has actually got out a little
Avi-ench that avc can retail for only ten cts., by buj'-
ing them in lots of five or ten gross at r. time.
When shut up, the wrench measures just 4 inches in
length. When the jaAvs aro opened Avide they
Avill get hold of a nut one inch square, and from
that down to nothing. In Avorking on a farm, in a
mill, or handling any kind of a machine put togeth-
er Avith bolts, these little Avrenches are in\'aluable.
One day Ave Avere Avorking out in the field Avith the
cultivator. It needed a different adjustment; and
just as I began to look cross on account of the de-
lay in our Avork, Mr. Weed fished one of these out
of his pocket, and began turning the nut. Said I,
" Why, Mr. Weed, Avhere in the Avorld did you get
that nice little AvrenehV"

He replied, "Mr. Koot, I bought that for a dime
from your ten-cent counter." And then I found
out that John (John is the purchasing clerk noAv)
had bought a lot of them, and put them on the
counters before I even got around to look at them.
I said right away that Ave Avanted a "carload " of
them and I think so still. That is, Avhen ail the
friends all over the w(n-ld find out hoAv handy these
ATrenches are it Avill need a carload to supply the
demands of the trade. Next month avc Avill try to
give you a picture. If Avanted bj' mail, add (i cts.
each extra for postage.

A FOLDING VAHD-STICK FOR ONLA' 'i CTS., ONCE
MORE.

These were taken out of our price list some time
ago because we could not get them. We have now,
howcAcr, not only the same thing, but something
better still. While one side of the measure is grad-
uated to inches and eighths of inches, the other side

is graduated on the metrical system, being just one
meter in length. Each fold is ono-tenth of the
meter, or a decimeter, just as a dime is one-tenth of
a dollar. Then each decimeter is divided into
tenths, or centimeters, just as a dime is divided into
cents; and as a cent is the one-hundredth part of a
dollar, so is a centimeter the hundredth part of a
meter. Then each centimeter is divided into tenths;
each division is called a millimeter, or thousandth of
ameter. just as a dollaris divided into mills, or thou-
sandths of a dollar. In short, the meter is divided
into lengths, just as a dollar is diA'ided into values.
It is Avell worth 5 cts. to j'ou, to see how the decimal
system Avorks. The meter is something more than
a yard, being a little more than 39 inches, hence it
bears no exact relation to a yard. The unit for the
meter is made by taking the ten-millionth part of
the earth's circumference lying between the equa-
tor and the north pole, the meridian running
through Paris. The price of this Avonderful mea-
sure is only 5 cts. If Avaitcd by mail, 2 cts. each
extra for ])ostage. Besides all of the above valua-
ble qualities of this little implement, it is the nicest
thing to giA'e the baby you cA'er saAv. He Avill fold
it and unfold it, and keep playing Avith it for hours
and hours; and every morning Avhen he Avakes up
it Avill be just as ncAv— at least for a time, unless
your baby is more than ordinarily quick to detect
old playthings.

tinned AVIRE no. 30 ON A SPOOL HOLDING ,JUST
ENOUGH FOR 100 FRAMES.

For the convenience of many friends, Ave have
had our tinned Avire put up in spools of the above
size. The amount required is 10 ounces. Price of
the same, l.'j cts.; 10 spools, SLSo; 100, $VZm. If
Avanted by mail, add 12 cts. each extra.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

the new avhbelbarroav.

The AvheelbarroAv and other goods arrived in good
time. I am A'cry much pleased Avith the same. The
wheelbarrow is the nicest 1 ever saw.

Bernardsville, N. Y. Watson Allen.

HOW OUR bees GIA^E SATISFACTION.

Those four cages of bees, each containing a
queen, came to hand promptly, and in good shape.
I recelA'ed them Saturday evening and carried them
eight miles in a buggy, through the rain. I kept
them in the house till Monday forenoon, and then
introduced them in hlA-es full of combs and some
honey, and in less than an hour the bees Avere all
OA'er the laAvn, thick Avith dandelion blossoms, gath-
ering honey and cleaning house, apparently as
much pleased Avith their ncAv home as a boy going
fishing. I admire j-our prompt and straight Avay of
doing business, for which j'ou haA'e my thanks.

Omer, Mich. S. B.'Shrauoer.

BEE-HIVES

—AND-

ITALIAU QUEEHS

After June ir)th, queens, $1.00; 6 for 1^.5.00; 12 for
8^9.00. Bees by the pound, same as queens.

No. 1, all-in-one-pieec sections, 4'.ix4l4xl''8, and
1'.,, per 100), !«4.0(); 10,0011 for $37.5:1.

12-KJd

B. J. Miller & Co.,

NAPPANEE, ELKHART CO., IND.

516

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

June

POTATO-BOXES

(TERRY'S).
These are made of
basswood, bound with
galvanized iron. The
Kalvanized iron gives
strength, and the
basswood strength
and lightness. These
liold exactly a bushel
when level full, and
may be piled one on
top of another. Al-
though they arc made especially for potatoes, they
can be used for fruit, vegetables, picking up stones
on the farm, and a thousand other purpose^.. When
piled one above the other, they protect the contents
from the sun and rain; and from their shape k
great many more bushels can be set into a wagon
than where baskets are used. They are also much
more substantial than baskets.

Price 25 c each ; 10, $3.2.5; 100, *30.00. In the fiat,
inchiding nails and galvanized iron, $1.75 for 10;
100, $16..50; lOai, $150.

IL. Z. KOOT, ZvIEZ^ZXTil, OZZZO.

CHEAP f

Full colonies in Simplicity hives, and honey
enough to winter, for only $4. .50. Mill */(ip, last of
July. DAN AVHITE,

Jltfdb NEW LONDON, HURON CO., OHIO.

ITALIAN%CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

IJred in separate apiaries, away from
other bees. Warranted Italian'or un-
tested Carniolan (lueens, in May, $1.25;
•1, $6.75; .lune, $1.10; (i, .f.5.90; July, $1;
li, $5. State which you prefer, Ital-
ians bred from my Bclliuz<ma strain,
or Golden Italians. I am prei)arcd to
please all.

JiEKS AT JtliJiT'CED HATES.

For full particulars, and prices of tnsted (|ueens,
bees, etc., send for circular and price list. Satisfac-
tion guaranteed. CHAS. D. DUVALL.,
9tfdb Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

FOIlNDATI<»N In Iowa! See E.xchange Column.
W. H. UPTON, Loveland, Potta Co., Iowa.

LEWIS V-CROOVE

ONE-PIECE SECTIONS

Down, Down, Goes tjie Price.

First Quality, Wliitc. Basswood, One-Pound Sections,
In lots of 5(K) to 311011, $4.(H) per Uxx).

SPECIAL FREIGHT RATES.

If :)(i(it) or nunc arc wanted, un-ltc for special prices,
delivered to you, frci\iht paid hy us.

C. B. LEWIS & CO., Otldb

April 15, 1886. Watertown, Wisconsin.

WE WILL SELL

Chafif hives complete, with lower frames, tor $2.50;
in flat, $1.50. A liberal discount by the quantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Boxes, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 23 22db

A. F. STAUFFER &, CO.,^Jerling, IMs^

SECTIONS^ $4.2rPERM.

7i2db s. Y. ORR, Morning Sun, Iowa.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Catalo:>iie!» Free. Atldre!»«

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4:idb

PURE ITALIANS.

May

June
1 tolS

June 21
to Oct. 1

Tested (jucens i *2 .50 I *2 25 I $\ 75

Untested queens | i 1 25 | 100

Hees per pound I 2 00 I 100 I !)0

Nuclei per comb | 90 | ti5 | 50

All communications promptly responded to, and
all questions cheerfully answci-cd.
8-13db S. V. PERRY, PORTLAND, IONIA CO., MICH.

The BUYERS' GUIDE ia
is8ueil J>Iai-cli ainl Sept.,
I ea«li year. H^zg- 380 pages,
%l.t7L.\iy, Indies, vritli over
3,~500 illustrations — a
^vhole Picture Gallery.
GIVES Wholesale Prices
direct to coiisiinirrs on all goods for
personal or family use. Tells liow to
order, and gives exact cost of every- '^
tiling you use, eat, drink, wear, or g
have f.in will*. These I]VVAL.UABIiK cr
BOOKS contain information gleaned
from the markets of the world. We
will mail a copy FREE to any ad-
dress upon receipt of 10 cts. to defray
expense of mailing. Let us hear from
you. Respectfully,

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.

2-T &: 220 W abash Avenue, CUicago, III.

DO YOU EAT CANDY?

Send |<1.25, and 1 will express 5 lbs. of Todd's Honey
Candies, same as made a sensation at last Pennsyl-
vania State Fair. Remember, every pound sold
helps the honey-trade. Special rates tor quantities
for fairs. Dadant Foundation always in stock at
market prices. IJees, Queens, Hives, Smokers. Vol.
I of Frank Cheshire's new book tnailcd free, $2 50. •
9Udb AKTHUE TODD, 1910 Oermantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

VANDERVORT
COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
2tfdb JNO. VANDEIIVOIIT. Laceyvillc. Pa.

pnni/ PPPP Our catalogue for 1886 contains
DUUiX rni_t.i i.'ipag-es; «51 are devoted to bee-
keeping. It treats the different operations clearly
and practically. It is just what the beginner needs.
Tells how to use the various implements, and em-
braces the following subjects: Who should Keep
Bees'/' Location of Apiary; Handling Bees; Hives;
Implements; Robbing; Italianizing; Swarming;
Surplus Honey; Feeding; Diseases and Enemies of
Bees; Wintering Bees; Marketing Honey; and a
complete list of supplies. This book will be sent
free to any address by WATTS BROS.,

9tfdb Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa,

1886

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

517

INDEX TO

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

FROM JAN. 1 TO Jl'LV 1, 188(i.

Absfondin« in May...
Ahsorbeiils in Winter.
Ac-nii' IViiL-tr.itive

Adviint-eCuaid, The.

(<j

Advice to Dealers

454

Alter swiirnis

Vi

Allev'sTi-ap

..423,401

Alsike Clover

....5,3i7

Alsiue, Sjwmg

511

.502

Ants, Red 24, 4«

Apiiiry, Ho.xie's 1115

Apiiiiy, Loc'A'ion of 352,415

Apiculture in Cornell Uni..373
Apiculture, Importance of 393

Apis Indica 453

Arthur's Facsimile 417

Aspara<'us lor Robbing 2.i2

i;anner Apiary. . . .5, 93, 210, 249,
345, 48,S

Hark lice 308 ;

liasswoods, Our iWB

llasswoods. Raising 143

Heans Making- Hens Lay 15 J

Bee Moth 363 1

Kee-dress for Women 'iVZ

Bee-disease, Nameless 29, 53

Bee-fever 457

Bee-liou-ies, Temperature.. .322

Bee-pasturage ... .; 327

Bee ranch. Building 304

Bee-stings 2;(1

Bee-stings lor Croup 456

Bee-talk 122

Bee-talks aw

Bees and Babies 501

Bees and Neighbors 47S

Bees, Bareheaded 51, .305

Bees by Uipperful 458

Bees by the Pound 5

Bees, Disturbing 51, 488

Bees, Disturbinn in Winter.127,

3.56
Bee.s Do They Hear?. . .305, 4.50,
Mtl,4Sl

Bee> Eating Clay 9

liees Emiurating '^63

Bees, Enraged 224

Bees, Forcing in Sections.. .:J54

Bees for Ministers 513

Bees from Egg in 17 Days — 16

Bees in Sections 450

Bees in Texas 355

Bees, Lite alter Stinging 96

Bees, Marking 184

liees, Me.\ican Stingless.lOO, 362
Bees, Moving in Winter. 12S, 3.56

Bees. Moving in Wagon 6'.i

Bee's Nervous System 121

Bees of Our Owii 317

Bees on Shares 60 i

Bees, Setting Out 3iO

Bees, Smothering with Ice.. ./W

Bees, Stingless 208

Bee's Story 144

Bees Stealing Eggs 99

Bees, Temperature of .91,301, '2
Bees, To Get out of Sections.393

Bees, To Ship 181

Bees, To Swarm H9

Bees vs. Fruit 392

Bees, What Ailsthe ! ...483,450

lieeton, Visit to 476

Bencn-vise 402

Blasting near Bees 269

Blessings 270

Blind Horse in Ajnarj' 68

Blueberry-plants . ..234, 277, 294

Bohemian Oats 30.179

Book-Reviews . . .45, S8, 348, 392,
463, 483

Books on Engines 300

Bottles To Cork 265

Boys Stealing Honey 416

Box-hive Wintering 272

Brazil 485

Brood, Heads Down 268

Brood, Heads Uncovered... 99
Brood-chambers, Section'l . 100,
203, 210, 211, 292

Brood in Sections 511

Brood. Mutilating 504

Brood nest, Temperature. . 301

Brushes for Painting Hives 98

Buckwheat, A New 75

Bucket of water for Bees. . .366

Bumble-bees 228, 349

Buried Alive 17

Burmah Letter 390

Calf and Be«s 320

( 'alifornia for Money 489

California, Temperature of.. 23

C.iridolans 424 ]

Carniolans, Poor 512 |

C.imiolans in Ireland 170 ,

Carv's IMiMuoriam 11

Cartoon i Boiling Eggs) 318

Carp 148

Castor and Croton Oil 504

Cattle, Branding 145

Cellars for Bees, To Heat. . .100

Cellar. Temperature of 22

Cells. Tearint; Down 148

Cells Cappi-d with Cotton.. .388

Chair Hives, X Frame 172

Chaff Hive 303 I

(.;hanipioning Heddon 272

Chapman Honey-iilaiit 391

Clark's Trials 51

Clasp, Vandeusen 276

Clipping Wings 16

CogivsliaU's Kcport 2.53

Colli Weather and bees ....327

Color ot Vouiig Hees 4.56

( 'oloaJcs, St rciigt helling.... 401
Colonies, l-'ew or Many ;. .13, 8.5,
88, 130

Comb Honey, To Keep 5

Comb of Apis Dorsata 124

Comb Built on a Bush 148

Conil) llonev.Our New 329

Combs Kuiiied by Cold 104

Combs, Reversing 5

Conventions 33 ,76, 234, 247,

29a, 344

Contra/^tion 8

Controllable Hive 424

Cook on Heddon'sBook 98

Cook on Teiiiperance 47

Cook on lledclim's Hive 292

CorneU's Report 19

Corking Device 265

Cotters and Hooks 7

Cows in Apiary 28

Cuba. 184

Cyprus 3.58

Cyula.Linswik 4.51

1 Dadaiit's Article 95

Uelos Staples 294

Detroit Convention 5, 64

Diarrhira in Bees 48

Dog, Intemgent 149

Dog Ealing Brood 395

Donkey in Trouble 150

D,)ubling uji 18

Drone's Picture 146

i Drones Congregating.. 259, 305
Drones out of Season — ...145

Drone-traps 269, 461

Drone-larv;e. to Destroy 268

Drones. Rearing Good Ones. 6

Dust for Pollen 105

f^arth. Temperature of 88

Editorials. . . .31, 75. 102. 154, 190,

234, 275, 328, 425, 402, .513
Egg-laying of (Queens .... 14, 95,
173,260, 204

Eggs not Hatching 15

Eggs, Artiticial 9

Eggs Fried in Sun 541

Eggs, Sex of 255. 362

Encouraging and Discour'g 106

Engines, Care of 172

Engravings, How Made 149

Eiitranres to the North 148

Entraii.e.ci.ised in Winter. :««
Exp.-riiiHutal Stations. 293, 392

Extracting Close 94

Extracting, Benefits of 423

Extractor, Stanley's 52, 105

Extractor, Automatic '255

Extractor while Transt'g..31X
Extracted Honey, To put up274

Extract, How to 415

Eye of Bee.. 41, 43

Facts from Observation — 413

False Statements .0, 49, 128, 423

Fdn., Flat-bottomed 268

Feeder, Jones's 53

Feeding Back Unprohtable.lOl

Fertilization, Artilieial .392

Figwort 441, 476

Fire in -Apiary 268

Florida '. 369

I'lorida after the Freeze. .. .134

Florida, other Side 174

Florida, I'ro and Con 93

Fly-traps 319

Foster's Report 89

Foster's Case 484

B'oul Brood 460

Foundation 5,510

Frames, Eight or Ten
Frames, Reversible..

Friend iiiTroiible

Fuel I

Getting What You Want.

Glass lor Veils

Going West

Golden Beehive

Goods by Expit

.186
.422
.485
.459
.401
.481
.480
■374
Good Report from a Lady . .254

Gophers, Smoking Out 458

Gould's Poem 27

Grace's Letter 413

Granulation 269

Hart's Report 30

Hawk's Park 17

Hains' Apiarv 294

Harrison on Wintering 214

Hay, Terry's .^lethod 39;

Heads of Grain. .24, 105, 184,207,
.36 i, 4.56, 502

Heat . Con ti 11 i ng 266

Heddon on Wintering :i87

Heddon on Root's Criticism 99

Heddon. Jlr. .lames 439

Heddons Card 480

Heddon's New Book 46

Heddon's ( 'oneetions 292

Heddon's Picture 440

Hedges ot Cedar 272

Hives. Disturbing 16

Hives. Heddon . 45, 99, 100, 210,
211 292 293

Hive's, Hilton's 28, 457

Hives, Red 319

Hives, Jarring 05

Hives, Bottomless 174

Hives, Reversing (See Hive,
Heddon).. 204

Hives, Improvement in t07

Hives under Snow 270

Hive, Bish's 128

Hive, A Living 266

Hive, Kretihiner's 211

Hive, Golden 179

Home Market 347

Honey and Alum 319, 415

Honey and Grape Sugar 25

Honey-boards 423

Honey-boards, Perfd 373

Honey Candied in Combs.. 322

Honey Column... 4,40.81,120,

166, '202, 290, 314, 3.86, 438, 474

Honey-dew .502

Honey -dew a Help 226

Honey for Embalming 15

Honey for Colds. . . .2'25, 416, 485

Honey for Croup 417

Honey from Sugar Feeding. 185

HoneV troiii White Ash 373

Honey, How to Eat 265

HoneV in Cookery 97

Honey Knife, Ne.v 126

1 Honey, Low Price 270

Honey, Coreopsis 357

Honev market of New York. 8

Honey. .May 25 ij06

Honey-packages 448

Honey plants of Georgia .227

Honey, Poisonous 362

Honey, Poplar 485

Honey, Putting Up 448

Honey. Shipping 448

Honev Shipped in Barrels. 291

XI ',. T. .....,..,. 181

Honey, Testing.
Honey, To Market.
Honey too Cheap..

Honey-trade 363

Honey v-i. Sugai- 299

Hornets 395

Hornets, Smoking 96

Horse-power for Hives 366

Horsepower, Fearless 268

House-apiaries .. 177, 256, 297, 365

Humbugs and Swindles 44,

179, 277, 480

Ice at Entrance 320

Imitation of Gr'd Honey. ..366

Improved Peet Cage 459

Introducing 14

Iodine for Stings ..364

Ireland '227

Isinglass in Cartons 328

Italianize, How to 256

Italians, Imported 512

Italians vs. Blacks. . .08, 368, 475

Jane Meek & Bro 20,102, 175,

261,351,443

Japan Letter 412

Just Hatched 511

•Juvenile's Observations 145

Juvenile Letters 67

Kansas 92

Kind Words.. 31, 39, 100, 177, 188,
230, 322, 343, 426, 515

Lake Superior 25

Langstroth's Book lOti

Larvae, Conversion of 267

Larvae, How they Eat 226

Lawns 452

Lawyers and Bees 395

Life of Bee After Stinging. . .51

Linden, European 865

Linden from Seed 364

Lindens 364

Lindley's Report 347

Lizards, Stinging 68

Many or Few Colonies? 88

Maple Syrup. Musty 400

Market for Honey 354

Martin's Visit 5o

Mason's Advice 454

Mason's Experience 296

Mason on Wintering 296

Melilot 441

Mica for Veils '27

Microscopes 373

Milkweed, Plea for 27

Miller on Overstocking 296

Miller on Pasturage 389

Miller's Article 88

Mitchell, N. C 277

Moffat's Report 94

Mohawk Valley 317

Moss, Sphagnum 184

Moth Killing Bees 147

1 Moths 24

i Moths in California 92

Moths, To Raise 27

Moth-worms 446

Moving Bees in Winter 445

Moving Robbed Colonies 65

Mrs. Cotton 27

Mud vs. Salt tor Bees 502

My Neighbors. . . .55, 143, 223, 315

Nest, Petrified 415

New Zealand 360

Notes and Queries. . 10, 368, 4i:3,
fill

Oil-barrels, Cleaning 458

Oiled Cloth vs. Glass 456

Old Fogy 415

Our Own Apiary ... 9S, 167, 205,
371, 424. 461, 512

Overstocking 169, 296

Overworked Folks. 369

Packing Be?s, When to 269

Paradise Lost 99

Pasturage, Artiticial ... .389, 393

Perforating Machine 329

Pipes, Ventilating 51

Plants for Honey 441

Plant lice 502

Preparing for Winter 15

Prickly Comfry ...511

Privies 371

Proof-reading 321

Proverbs 298

Pollen, Color of 51

Pollen, To Remove 268

51S

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Jl+NE

Pollen; How Packed 105

Pollen, Removing from C'lslOS

Pollen from Cactus 395
tnk, Fucking with Honey. .185

Postatte, Inrreased 214

Pot;ito-knil e 2n6

Poultry-lioiiSH, Our :tC7

Fri -kly c;.jinffy; 511

Queen-cells, To Introduce . .48li
Queen, Refusal to Accept.. 350

Queens Fainting 451

Queens, Fertilizing 271

Queens from the .Sonth 48t

Queens Hatching Suddenly . .13

Queens, Imported 211

Queens Laying in 3 Days. . . Alti
Queens Mating 21 Hours Old !«

Queens, Red-clover 130

Queens, Surplus 369

Queens, Two in Hive 10

Queens, Value of Imported. 129

Quiescence in Wintering 2?2

Rabbits 320

Races, Different 6

Raspberries 179

Reason and Superstition. ..293

Red Ants 44t

Red-clover Queens 349

Reports Encouraging . . .29, 182
272, 328, 300, 418, 506

Report from Juvenile (t^

Report of C. C. Miller 22

Report of Jennie C'ul]) :2fl3

Rheumatism 446

Resurrection Plant 417,502

Reversing, Is it Necessary M86

Reversing Dark Honey 368

Reversible Hives, etc 126

Reversing Devices 28

Roaches in Hives 270

Road-sides, Seeding 368

Robbing, To Prevent 252

Robbins' Report 399

Rolls, To Clean 513

Root, L. C, A Visit to 2.')1

Salt for Bees 178, 356, 5(12

Sand-Bees 309

San Diego. Cal 457

Sawdust for Packing 268

Saw, a IMaiiiT 109

Svws, SjiriMl of 270

Seliocl Kxhihition 316

Scouts Si'iit by Bees 388

ScriTiis, Improved 299

Sci-ceiH foi' Fish 10

Seals 70

Sfiti4in-Box Former 254

Sett ions. Folding 505

Sections, Glassed 5

Sect inns. Size of 26

Sections, To Remove 306

Seeds foi- l!:isswood-trees. . .1.55

Selling to Saloonists 227

Separators or Not 7, 180

Separators, None. . .171, 205, 213

Sewage in England 449

Sex iii Bees 353

Sex of Egg 481

Shipping, Foster's Mode. 60, 181

Silverhull, European 541

Simplicities, Reversible 300

Slug-shot 541

Small Col's and Moth 446

Smokers for Vermin 4.5K

Smoker, Stovepipe 253

Solar Wax-extractor 16, 17,

23, 172, 206. 257, 318, 352

Sorghum, Scorched 24

South ,\Micrica .39 1

Spanish Needle 414,477

SiJidcr Plant, to Sprout 184

Spi-ing Packing 488

.Stahl's Report 10

Standing at Entrance .501

Stings in Honey 369

Stings lor Khciimatism 185

Stings, P.iin of 96

Stories. L'ppci-, in Winter ..363

Sugar Syrup, to Make 5

Sugar Syrup for Winter 98

Sun Extractor. 92

Surplus Honey in Boxes .304

Swarming M.ania 4.56

Su-,aiiiiing and Increase 325

Swarmiutf-Hcix 254

Swarms in Forest 366

Swarms, to Catch 227

Sw.arms, To Locate 480

Sweet Clover 3i>9, 441

Sweet Clover, No Nectar 26

Sweet Potatoes 228

Tar for Propolis 105

Temper.ature tor WinteringlSO
Temperature of the Earth.. 10,

13-)
Temperature of VentilatorslOS

Temper.ance Question 171

Terry's Tool house 396

Tcxa"n Honcv-l'lants 482

Texas, (iood' Report 51

Texas-(_'ol(l Weather 104

Therniomftei's 168, 297

Tiering Downward 09

Tile, Laying 17

Tinker's Hive 205

Toads and Flies 70

Tobacco Column. . . .76, 188, 230,

418, 463, 50.i

Trip to California 271

Trout Culture 28

Type-writers 186

Upper Story on in Winter.. 101
Upper Absoibents 42

Ventilation, Sub-earth.. 258, 447

Ventilation, Upward 359

Ventilation in Winter 457

Ventilation 132

Viallon's Surplus Plan 4,55

Wah-Hiah 500

Wanted— Maple Sugar 326

Wasps. Yellow 184

Wasps and Hornets 395

Wax-extractor, Jeffrey's 127

Wax-exiractor— McNeill's.. 103
Wax-extractor— Pouder's. . .106

Water, Heating on Top ,388

Water in Florida 54

Wax, To Clean Off 149

Weight of Warm Air 303

Welcome Apiary 294

What to Do 135, 215, 307

Wheat Chaff 16

Whisky-barrels (for Honey)..

291
Wide Frames and Sep's.94, 171,

205

Windbreaks of Cedar 272

Window Fastener 99

Wintering 357

Wintering, Disastrous 46

Wintering in Cellar 6, lf:2

Wintering in Glass Bottle.. 95

Wint'g on Empty Comb 365

Wintering on Sugar 387

Wintering, Questions about 26

Wintering Under Snow 296

Wintering Warm 348

Wire Cloth, Substitute for.. 69

Women as Bee-keepers 391

Wyoming 501

Yazoo Valley 133

Yellow-jackets %

Zinc, Perforated 94

ALLEY'S DRONE%QUEEN TRAP

Is the only one that has been tested tor years and
found to work perfectly. Other traps are an in-
fringement on my patent. Sample trap, latest im-
proved, by mail, 6,5c.

NOTICE.
Anybody can make and sell my traps by purchas-
ing'the brass stamps to bo attached to each trap.
Send for prices.
12-V6 HENRY ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

JOB LOT OF WIRE CLOTH

AT GREATLY JtJODVCEl) I'ltlCES.

SECOND aUALITY WIKE CLOTH AT 1'4 OTS. PEK OQUAEE FT.
These prices are good only when you take a full
roll. If you order less than a roll we charge 7c. per
sq. ft. Sometimes the roll you order is gone before
your order reaches us, in which case we send the
next largest roll, unless it is a great deal larger.

SOME OF THK USES TO WIHCH THIS WIRE CI.OTH CAN BE AP-
PLIED.
This wire cloth is second <niality. It will answer nicely
for covering doors and windows, to keep out tliis; for
covering bee-hives and ciigcs for shi|i|iing bees; making
sieves for silting seeds, etc.
Number of Square Feet contained in e.ach Roll
Respectively.

'f,

■a

■■t-l

JS

o

•-I

^

.36

70

28

b

•M

2

38

37

at

1

44

2

48

1

22 rolls of 217, 37 of 216, 1 of 195, 2 of i«5 s. f.

4 rolls of 233, and 1 of 234, s. f.

3 rolls of 281s. f.

26 rolls of 310, 2 of 317, 1 e.ach of 632, and 2S5 s. f.

1 roll of 245 s. f .

1 roUof 360, lof 348 s. f.

1 rolls of 400 s. f .

FIRST aUALITY WIRE CLOTH AT VI CTS. PEE SaUARE FT.
The following is first quality, and is worth lU cts.
per square foot. It can be used for any purpose
for which wire cloth is ordinarily used; and even at
l?it cts. per sq. ft. it is far below the prices usually
charged at hardware and furnishing stores, as you
will ascertain by making inquiry. We were able to
secure this very low price by buying a quantity of
over one thousand dollars' worth.

124(40 rolls of 200 sq. ft. each.

I 26|56 rolls of 216 sq. ft. eaih; 1 each of 199, 195, 201, 200, 227, i04

a sq. ft.

W28I72 rolls of 233, 10 of 224, 0 of 222 sq. ft.; 1 each of 257 sq. ft.

t.30 36 rolls of 2,50 sq. ft.; 1 of 275, square ft.

''32 13of 266, 7 of 256, lof 253 sq.ft.; lof 275 sq. ft.

fH 30 rolls of 283 sq. ft. each. ,

^36 22 rolls of 300 sq. ft. each; 1 each of 288, 279, and 285 sipiare

= 38

ft.

1 roll each of 300 and 31C sq. ft.
1 roll of 233 square feet.
1 roll of 350 square feet.
1 loll of 192 square feet.

A. I. ROOT, niediiia, Oliio.

FOK ONR-POUND SECTIONS OF

COMB HONEY.

This bo.x has a bit of "red
tape " attached to it to carry
it by. Tt makes a safe pack-
age for a single section of
honey for the consumer to
carry, (jr it can be packed in a
trunk, if ho wants. It can be
ojiened in an instant. The
irice of the box is 2xits. each,
set up; in the flat, 1.5 cts. for
10; package of 2.5, 30 cts.; $1.00 per 100; or .fO.OO per
1000; 10,0C0, .f 80. If wanted by mail, add $1.00 per
hundred for postage. Colored lithograph labels for
putting on the sides, two kinds, one for each side,
!|!3.C0 per 1000. A package of 'r>, labeled on both
sides, as above, .50 cts. By mail, 30 cts. more. They
can be sold, labeled on one side or both sides, of
course. We have only one size in stock, for Sim-
plicity sections. Sample by mail, with a label on
each side, 5 cts. If you want them shipped in the
flat, labels already pasted on, the price will be ten
cents per hundred for putting them on.

Vour name and address, and the kind of honey,
may be i)rinted on these labels, the same as other
labels. The charge for so doing will be 30 els. per
per 100; 2.50, ,50 cts.; .503, 75 cts.; 1000, «1.00.

A. 1. ROOT. Medina. O.

I have them, bred from a best selected queen ol
Root's importation, (to cts. each; 0 for $4.50. I can
give all orders immediate attention, and ship by
return mail. Send postal for dozen rates.
lOtfdb R. T. RL.EASWAL.E,

596 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Oliio.

QUEENS UNEXCELLED.

From Mr. Benton's best imported mothers, very
low. Send for circular to
8tfdb S. F. REED, N. Dorchester, N. H.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

523

Contents of this Number.

Advertisements, Bogus M3

Banner Apiary 627

Biissnooils M5

liees of Florida Lazy 631

Bees rliasiiin a Shay 616

Bees at Auction 516

Bees I'lc.tubited 516

Bees ill Section- 629

Bees t'arr.\ins Wax 615

Bees, (Jetting out of Sect's..5J2

Bees. Sliooting 511

Boolc-RBviews .5,62

Brood-Nest, Reversing 538

Carniolans as Wo rice rs 518

Carn'olans In Canada 518

Carp. To Cook .517

Central Virginia 611

China 539

Drones, To Destroy 511

Droneless Colony .610

Editorials 561

Empt.y Frames, etc 628

Fig.vort 511

Floridi 5.H

Hand-Books. Price of .662

Heads of Grain 513

Hives, Log .611

Honey Column 526

Honey-Dew 518

Honey, Marketing 532,. 611

Honey, To Ship 518

Honey, Comb or Extracted . 537
Honey -Garret, To Make a... 5 17

House-Slops .6:H

Humbugs and Swindles 630

Hybrid, What is ar 6)5

Increase, Preventing 539

Incubator .633

Italians vs. Bl.ncks .615

.lane Meek ,*j Brother 631

Jones (luaril 6tl

Mistaken, Easy To Be 518

Nuclei. Forming ,617

Our Own Apiary 5,60

Queens. Introducing .629

Queens, Mailintr .630

Queens to Canada 631)

Red Clover for Honey 547

Reports Kneoura^iiig 619

.Surplus .Arrantreiiieiit 6.'i2

SwariniiiK.To Pre vent 518

Swanniii:.', ('..nr rolling .6:«

Swarms. Returning .633

Syrians 638

Ti-ans' erring, Modern .637

Transferring and Swarm'g 516

Virgins, Introducing .633

Wax, Crumbly 513

KIND WORDS.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, /
Division of Entomologv, I
Apicultural Station,

N. W. McLain, Agent in chariic

Avirora, 111., June 25, 1883.
Mr. A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio:—

Dear Sir:— Please accept my thanks for the copy
of Gleanings kindly sent to iny address here, and
for the kindly mention of my work and the favora-
ble Indorsement of the same, which you have been
good enough to make. It is m.y intention to do my
duty under m.y instructions, and to serve the liee-
keeping indu.str.v to the e.xtent of my ability. The
aid and encouragement received from those in
whose interest this Station was established is ap-
preciated, and is of great service.
I remain very truly yours, N. W. McLain.

ITALIAN%CARNIOLAN QUEENS,

rjred in separate apiaries, away from
other bees. Warranted Italian or un-
iWtested Carniolan queens, in May, $1.35;
6, $6.75; .lune, $1.10; 6, $5.90; July, $1;
(i, $5. State which you prefer, Ital-
ians bred from my Bcllinzuna strain,
or Oitlden Italians. I am prepared to
please all.

JiimS A T liEI) UCEI) 1{A TE.S.

For full particulars, and prices of tested queens,
bees, etc., send for circular and jirice list. Satisfac-
tion guaranteed. €HAS. D. miVAIiL,
Otfdb Spciicervlllc, JYIuiit. <!o., Md.

SPECIAL OFFER.

After this date I will furnish untested queens for
75 cts. each, $4.00 per 'j doz., or $7.50 per doz. Test-
ed, $1.50. Warranted queens at $1.00; 3-frame nu-
clei, with untested queen, at sSS.OO. Kef., A. I. Root.

Address A. B. JOHNSON,

12d Clarkton, Bladen Co., N. C.

W

ANTED.— A partner to take half-interest in
an Apiary, with a little capital. Address
Louis Werner, Edwardsville, III.

MY18TH ANNHAL PIUCE LIST OF ITALIAN,
CVPKIAN, and HOLV-LANI) BF-RS, QFEENS,
NrCLEFSCOLONlKS, and APIARIAN SUPPLIES,
sent to all who send me their name and address.
10 lltfd H. H. BROWN, Light Street, Col. Co., Pa.

XJAVING moved my large qncen-rearing apiary
■*^ from Lewisville "to Milton, I will still furnish
pure Italian bees and Queens in any quantity and
shape. Those wanting to start apiaries should write
for prices. I also will furnish eggs from California
bronze turkeys, at $1.50 per sitting of 9.
3-19a GEO. W, BAKEK, Milton, Ind.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any of the following departments, at a uniform
price of 30 cents each insertion, or $3.00 per annum,
when given once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names inserted in tJi is department the first time with-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the mone.v at any time when customers be-
come impatieiitof such delay as may be unavoidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sends the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will probably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the pai-ties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa. Itf
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. l.Stfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. 13tfd

*Win. Ballantine, Manslield, Rich. Co., O. ]3lfd
*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Lcn. Co., Mich. lltfd
*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Ala. ]3tfd

*E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. lltfd
D. McKenzie, Camp Parapet, Jeff. Parish, La. 13tfd
Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp. Co., N.C.

13tfd
*Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

lltfd Par., La.
J. AV. Winder, Carrollton. Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La. 3tfd
*E. Burke, Vincennes, Kno.v Co., Ind. 3-1

Richard II. Bailey, Ausablc Forks, Essex Co.,N. Y.

.5-15
S. M. Darrah, Chenoa, McLean Co., III. 7-17d

S. H. Hutchinson & Son, Claremont, Surry Co.,

7-17d Va.
*N. E. Cottiell, Burdick, Porter Co., Ind. 7-17d

Peter Brickey, Lawrenceburg, And. Co., Ky. 9tfd

C. C Vaughn, Columbia, Tcnn. 9tfd
*J. W. Keeran, S. E. cor. Mason and Moulton St.,

Bloomington, 111. 9tld

D. A. McCord, O.vford, Butler Co.. O. 9-I9d
H. J. Hancock, Siloam Springs, Benton Co., Ark.

9tfd
W. S. Ward, Fuller's Station, Albany Co., N. Y.131.5d
»Chas. McClave, New London, Ohio. 13d

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.

A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. Itfd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
Kennedy & Leahy, Higginsville,Laf. Co., Mo. 23tfd
E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. 33tfd

$2.50 CHEAP $2.50

During the rest of the^season I will sell three
Simp. -size frame nuclei colonies, all worker comb,
with 1 it), (if Italian bees, and nice tested Italian
queen, for only $3. .50. Safe arrival and satisfaction
guaranteed. I have f(n' sale a fine lot of untested
(lueens at 7.5e: tested, $1.00. Send for circular.
13-]3d F.W. MOATS, THE BEND, DEFIANCE CO., OHIO.

QUEENS UNEXCELLED.

From Mr. Benton's best imported mothers, verj-
low. Send for circular to
Stiab S. F. REED, N. Dorchester, N. H.

524

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

ITALIAN QUEENS

TESTED, ^2.00 ; UINTESTED, $1.00.
MISS A. M. TAYLOR,

12tfdb MITLBEKKY GKOVE, BOND CO., ILL.

leoo.

loee.

Headquarters in the North.

Steam factory, lullv equipped, running- exclusive-
ly on ni:i:-tci:i:i'ici{S' si ri-Li i:s. white-
V)oplar and basswood one-piece and dovetailed
sections. Vandervort thin foundation. Send for
free samples and illustrated price list.
10-15db A. D. D. WOOD,

Rives Jiiitctioii, Jacksou ('o., lUlcli.

MUTH'S
HOUEY- EXTRACTOR,

KitdAKE (JLASS HONEY-JARS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
H0NEV-SE<!T10NS, Arc, &e.
PERFECTION COL.D.BL.AST SMOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-eent stamp for " Practical Hints to
I5ee-Keepers." Itfdb

APIARY FOR SALE.

Qf) *'**J^**'^"^S' i» splendid condition; 30 acres
*' '-' land, large new frame house, 7U new hives,
13,000 4 1,1 .\ 4 14 sections, tools, etc. One of the best
honey-producing- localities in tlie State of Iowa.
Immediate possession. C. A. SAYRE,

lotfdb Sargent, Floyd Co., Iowa.

QUEENS, 1886. UNTESTED,

From select imported mother. After May 15, !|1.00.
Wa.x worked into fdn. for a share, or by the pound.
Satisfaction g-uaranteed. THOS. & BENJ. YOUNG.
10-15db LA SALLE, LA SALLE CO., ILL.

BEE-HIVES,

One-Piece Sections, Section Cases, Frames, &c.,

OF SUPEHIOH WORKMANSHIP, FROM

SIVEXrrZZ tSa G^OOIDIESXjXj,

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL.

3tf d Send for Price List.

CARNIOLAN

QUEENS & BEES A SPECIALTY.

Send for Descriptive Price List and Circular.
9tfd H. F. SHANNON, Clarksburg;,

(Formerly of Spring- Hill.) Decatur Co., Ind.

F. HOLTKE'S 3-FRAIVIE NUCLEI, WITH

$1.00 Queen, for Only $2.oo!

Three-frame nuclei, with ilfl.OO queen, from 1.5th
of May on, $3.00. Combs built in Simplicity frames,
and well stocked with bees and brood. 10-ll-13d

Fred'k Holtke, Carlstadi, Bergen Co., N. J.

-^

SOUTHERN HEADQUARTERS-^^

FOR EARI-'X' QT7EEITS,

Nuclei, and full colonies. The manufacture of
hives, sections, frames, feeders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Superior work and best material at " let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fully equipped, with
the latest and most approved machinery. Send fo--
my illustrated catalog-ue. Address
5tfd J. P. U. UliOWN. Auuusta, Ca,

HARRINBTON'S AD.

BEES CHEAP

I have the finest lot of Queens and Bees I have
ever raised in my 13 year.s' experience, and should
like to have everybody see them. I will sell at fol-
lowing- low prices:
SJ'JLECT TESTED (VERY VINE) $ii.OO
TKSTEI> ------ J. 00

IVfy Queens arc nearly all mated with drones from
an imported Italian Queen. Half-blood Holy-Lands,
Cyprnuis, and Alliinos, at same price.

H. B. HAUKINGTON,

inay 26, 1S8G. RIedina, O.

BEAUTIFUL

DATION

And very choice all-in-one-piece SECTIONS, V-
g-roove — wholesale and retail, and exceedingly
cheap. Send for Samples and Free Price List of
every thing needed in the apiary. (itfdb

(Near Detroit.) M. H. HUNT, Bell Branch, Wayne Co., Mich.

Bee-Hives, Honey-Boxes, Sections.

Largest Bee-Hive Pactcey in the Would.

CAPACITY, 1 CARLOAD OF GOODS PER DAY

Best of goods at lowest prices. Write for Price
List. Itfdb. G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

Watertown, Wis.

BEES BY THE POUND,

AND UNTESTED QUEENS A SPECIALTY.

One pound of Bees, -fl.OO. Queens, $1.00 each.
Exi)ress charges prepaid on orders of 10 lbs., to any
part of the United States except California and
Oregon. Write for discount on large orders. Or-
ders from dealers for a weekly delivery of queens
solicited. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Make money orders, drafts, etc.. payable at Baton
Rouge. La. JOS. BYRNE,

7tfd Ward's Cheek, East Baton Rouge Par., La.

PI7RE ZTiLl.ZJL2T QT7ESXTS.

100 RKADY EVEKV 30 DAYS.

Untested at 7") cents; 10 for fT.OO. Tested queens,
*2.(10 each. All bred from a selected imported
mother. Cells raised in full colonies.
lOtfdb D. G. EDMISTON, ADRIAN, LEN. CO., MICH.

SEE WHAT THIS IS.

Two-frame nuclei of the finest strain of Italian
bees; combs full of brood, strong in bees, with an
extra select tested queen, for $3.50. Three frames,
$;j(i:), or two for $500. The frames are L. size. Sat-
isfaction guaranteed. J. A. BUCHANAN,
latfdb Holliday's Cove, Hancock Co., W. Va.

BEE-HIVES

—AND—

ITALIAN QUEERS

After .June 15th, queens, $1.00; 0 for $.5.00; 13 for
$9.00. Bees by the pound, same as queens.

No. 1, all-in-one-piece sections, i'^.ixi'^^xl''^, and
l-?4, per 1003, $4.00; 10,000 for $37.53.

B. J. Miller & Co.,

13-133 NAPPANEE, ELKHART CO., IND,

1S8G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag-, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cag:o, 111.; C. K. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowas'iac, Mich.; ¥. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Frceburg-, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Di.xon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong', Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. H. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; J.W.Porter,
Charlottesville, AlbemarleCo., Va.; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N.Y.; J. A. Huma-
son. Vienna. ().; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck. Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barry town, N. Y. ; Barton, F'orsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. Y., and numerous other dealers.

Write for samplet< free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Coinplinieiitary and unso-
licited testimonials, from as manj' bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee eve)~ii inch of our foundation eiiual
U) sample in evei'v respect.

CHAS. DADANl" Sc SOK,
3btfd tlanilltosi, Hancock Co., lUiiioiM.

Batche/der's Drone and Queen Trap

Is the only one made tliat does not hinder the bees
in their work. Send W cents for sample. Send for
circular, and see what A. I. Root savs about it.
lOtfdb J. A. B.^TCHEIiDER, Keenc, IN. H.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

WEEKT.Y, $1.00 rjm YICAIt.

JONES, MePEEESON & CO., FuWishors, Breton, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample cojiy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned pai)er, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one yeai- a
volume of 833 pages. Htf b

REDUCTION IN PRICES,

We hereby notify our customers that there is a
reduction in foundation from the prices (juotcd in
auY March retail price list. All parties interested
will please mail us a card for new prices.
CHAS. UAOANT A: SON,
lid Hamilton, Hancock Co., 111.

Italian Queens sent by Mail.

Untested queens from imported mother, April,
*1.2.5; May, June, and July, $1.00. After April, per
half-dozen, *5.00. E. CUUDGINGTON & SON,
litfdb Breckinridge, Stephens Co., Texas.

)iL jL'^u/A'^'es^a

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
33 2ldb Box (72. Fresno City, Cal.

Foundation - Mill For Sale.

One ten-inch Root comb-mill, second liand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, equal to a new one.
Price !!R1.').00. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $^0.00. A. I, ROOT, Medina, O.

GARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Having located an apiary of this new race of bees
in an isolated place, surrounded by high mountains,
where a honey-bee was never seen until we placed
these there, we have two of the finest queens Mr.
Benton could furnish to breed from, and can fur-
nish queens of undoubted purity at the following
prices:

June 1, Queen, $3 .'i;"); '^ dozen, - - - $18 00

July L •' 3 00; •••■--. 15 OO

Aug. 1, " -i .5); " •' . . . ]2 00

Sept. 1, " 2 ;.'.-); " " - - - 10 50

ITALIAN ^^ QUEENS

of the best strains, bred in a separate apiary, 40
miles distant, warranted purely mated:

June L Queen, .$1 0,1; 'i dozen, - - - $.5 00

July 1, •• 1 00; •• •' - - - - 5 00

Aug. 1, " 1 00; •' " - . - ,t 50

Address J. B. MASON & SOINS,

MECHANIC FALLS, MB.

LBS, OF BEES ON HAND YET.

Bees, $1.00; queens, black or hybrid, when I have
them, 3.') cents. Queens raised from imported moth-
ers, after July 1, (55 cts. by mail: .")0 els., with 1 lb. of
bees by express, charges paid by me, as in May.

THOMAS GEDYE,
12tldb La Salle, La Salle Co., 111.

SIX WAUKANTED ITALIAN QUEENS
for .f,").(iO; twelve for $0.00. Single queen, $1.00.
Tested, ifL.'iO eiicli. Simplicitv sections, *3.T5 per
1000, first quality. 1. K. GOOD, Nappanee, Ind.
jatfdb

FOR SALE AT COST.

200 l'/2-story Simplicity hives in flat; 40,000 one-
piece one-pound sections; 75,000 one-piece 2-lb. sec-
tions, size ^,\4,-s.6; 10,000 brood-trames, V-shape; ,5,000
broad friimf^s for sections; 3J0 1 '/2-Story Simplicity
hives, nailed :ind i)ainted.

Addn-ss R. L. SHOEMAKEK,

13-13d Newcomei'stown, Tuscarawas Co., O.

ITALIAN AND ALBINO QUEENS.

Choice tested Italian (pieens, reared from a select
imported queen. Root's importation, *1..50 each.
Warranted. $1.00 esicli; si.v for .$5.00. Albinos same
price as Italian. Siifc arrival and satisfaction guar-
anteed. Make money orders ])avable at Salem, O.

F. H. SC.VTTEKGOOn, 1*. M.,
13-13d AVInona, Ohio.

HEABQUARTERS IN THE SOUTH

FOE THE MANUFAOTUEE AND CALE OF

BEE - KEEPERS' : SUPPLIES.

The onh.i Steam Factory Erected in the South, Kx-
chuUcchi for the Manufacture of Hives, Frames, Sec-
tions, etc. The Viallon and Root Simplicity Hives a
Specialty.

1TAL.IAN QUEENS,

Untested, in April, $1.35each; $13.00per doz. From
May 5 to June!, $1.10 each, $12.00 per doz. After
June 1, $1.00 each, $10.00 per doz. Tested, $3.50
each; select tested, $3.00 each to first of June.
('ontracts taken with dealers for the delivery of a
certain number of (lueens jicr week, at special

FOIJU-FICAME NUCLEUS,

With pure Italian queen, containing 3 pounds of
t)ees when received; in April, $4.00; after May 35,
25 cts. less. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.
Foy more particulars, send for catalogue for J886,
P. L. VIALLON.
lltfd Bayou Goulai Iberville Parish, La.

520

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

JIONEY GdMW'

CITY MARKETS.

Chicaoo.— Hone//.— Very little good comb honey
on the market. A few lots of new have come for-
ward and sold at 1.5(«;16c jier 11). Extracted unchang-
ed. I}('<'KW<i.r. :i.ic. R. A. BiTiiNKTT.

June )ii, I.H86. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

CtNCiNNATi.—Hoiiei/.— Demand for e.xtractcd hon-
ey hus been very slow cf late, but seems to be im-
proving gradually for mannl'acturing purposes.
There is much honey in the hands of commission
merchants, and prices are very low in consequence
thereof; 3i4@7c per lb. is the range of prices on ar-
rival. Prices of comb honey are nominal.

Becswaa:;.— Arrivals are «ood, and demand is fair.
We pay 18@32c per lb. for fair to choice yellow.
Chas. F. Muth & Son,
S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,

June 2i, 1886. Cincinnati, Ohio.

St. Louis. — Hone.!/.— Receipts of new honey are
becoming quite liberal, and the market somewhat
depressed. Choice comb, ]2!2@U. E.xtracted in
cans, choice, 8c; extrncted in bbls., 5c for good.

June 23, 1886. W. T. Anderson & Co.,

104 N. 3d St., St. Louis, Mo.

Cr,EVELAND.— 77o>i«;!/.— The market eontirues very
quiet; some new white clover has been received,
and bestl-lh. sections are selling at 14c; old l-lb.,13c;
old 3-lbs., 10@ll. Glassed sections are unsalable.
Ext., 6@7c. Beeswax, 33c. A. C. KENnBi,,

June 31, 1886. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Kansas City.— HoHejy.— The honey market is bare
of comb honey. The demand is very good, at fair
prices. We have reports of a good yield every-
where. 1-lb. comb, 14@16c; 3-lb. comb, 13@13 for
white clover. Dark, 1-lb., 10(?/il3; 3-lb., dark. 9. Ex-
tracted, choice white clover and sage, .5@6 cents;
dark, 3@3'/4, and no sale. Beeswax, 30@33. New
white clover, in one and two pounds, begins to
come in. Clemons, Cloon & Ct).,

June 31, 1886. Cor. 4th & Walnut St's,

Kansas City, Mo.

Boston.— J/oncy.— No change in the price of hon-
ey. Sales slow. Blake & Riplky,
June 19, 1886. .^7 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

DETnoiT.— H(i»ej/.— There is a little new comb
honey in the market, and the best white is selling
at 13c. The demand, however, is limited. Beeswax,
prime at 2.5c. M. H. Hunt,

June 31, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale.— 1000 lbs. of new white-clover honey,
7c per lb. Ripe, and A No. 1 in quality.

J. B. Murray, Ada, Ohio.

For Sale.— New clover honey in kegs, at 8c per
lb., kegs included; also in comb, stored in 1-lb. sec-
tions, a fine article, 16c per lb., put «p in small cases.
O. H. TowNSENi), Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

For Sale.— 3000 lbs. white-clover honey in new
75-lb. tin cans. Delivered on board cars here. $5.00
per can, can included. Honey of this year's crop.
Satisfaction guaranteed. N. Murray,

Ada, Hardin Co., Ohio.

HARD-TIME PRICES IN JULY.

Two-frame nuclei of Italian bees, with f l.(XI queen,
$3.00. If a larger nucleus is wanted, add 50 cts. for
each additional frame. Full colony, in A. I. Root's
Simplicity hive, $4.50. Pure Poland-China pigs for
sale. My pigs are from prize-winning stock, and
are second to none. No fancy prices asked. I will
guarantee safe arrival and entire satisfaction on
both bees and pigs. Address N. A. KNAPP,
13d Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

lA/ANT.SD.— Reliable local and traveling salesmen to
" sell Lubricating Oils. E. F. DIETEEIOHS, Cloveland, 0.
Inclose stamp for reply, and mention Gleanings.

IF you want fine honevTgatherers, try J, P. Moope's
Strain of Italians, See " acJ,"

Carniolan -t' Queens.

Carniolans are the Grentlest Bees Known,

and equal TO ANY OTHER RACE FOR WORK.

THE QUEENS ARE THE MOST PROLIFIC.

I oiler (liiughtei's, of Imported Benton Carniolan
queen, raised in my apiary of 40 colonies of pure
Carniolan bees, during the remainder of this sea-
son, .*1 00 each; six, »5.00.

DR. S. \V. inOKKISON,

Oxford, i'licster Co., Pa.

Vnn QqIq COLONIES, nuclei, and queens,
r Ul OciiC. AT LOWEST PRICES.

IMOdb

GEO. D. RAUDENBUSH. EEADINO, PA.

For the past month, Moore's Italians have been
roaring away on a large field of red clover. Re-
duced prices: Warranted queens, each, 80 cts.; per
half doz., !p4.60. Safe arrival and satisfaction guar-
anteed. See ad. in June 1st number. Circular, giv-
ing full particulars, free. J. P. MOORE.
13d Morgan, Pendleton Co., Ky.

¥0W RlEAbYriTALlXlTgUEENSr

1 queen. .tl.OO; 3, $1.80; 3, .f3..50; 5, $3.15. Bees by
the i)ound, nucleus, and colony. 13-].5db

L. T. HOPKINS, Conway, Franklin Co., Mass.

IWir.L ship full colonics of Italian bees during
July, August, and Sept.. in Simplicity hives,
with a wire-cloth cover and bottom, combs straight,
bees in good condition, for .$4.35. Hybrids in same
hives and in same condition, and No. 1 honey-gath-
erers, also gather honey from red clover, $4.00.
Reason for selling so cheap is, I have too much
work to tend to so large a lot of bees. 1 guai-antee
safe arrival by express. H. M. MOYER,

13d Hill Church, Berks Co., Pa.

n||CrMC 1 have 50 dollar queens laying now;

VUf"''w« can ship by return mail sure.

13d L. HEINE, Bellmore, Queens Co., N. Y.

LOOK HERE, BEE-KEEPERS.

COMB FOUNWATION. AVax worked into
Vandervort fdn. on shares, or by the pound,
at 131 2 and 15 cts. per lb. Brood fdn., 43 cts. per lb. ;
surplus, .'iO cts. per lb. Also sti-awberry- plants,
the best of varieties, at $1.00 per 100. Orders filled
promptly. C. H. McFADDIN,

13d Box 3,'). Clarksburg, Moniteau Co., Mo.

UNTESTED ITAIilAN QUEENS, reared
under swarming impulse, $1.00 each; 3 for
$3.50; 6 for $4..50. Tested, $1.50 each. Safe arrival
guaranteed. F. S. McCLELLAND,

13d Box 379, New Brighton, Beaver Co., Pa.

KENTUCKY QUEENS. !,^f.r^A"fbir^-%\tt'-

ed, .$3.00: untested, $1.00 each. Bees. 75c per pound
after 15th July. PELHAM & WILLIAMS,

13-16db Maysville, Ky.

A J. KING'S New Circular of €ARNI01iAN,
. SYRIAN, and ITALIAN QUEENS, etc.,
will be SUNT FIIKE on application. Address
13tfdb A. J. KING, .51 Barclay St., New York.

FLORIDA PALMETTO FANS,

By mail, postpaid. 75 cts. Send money by registered
mail. W. H. STEADY, BOX 20, THONOTOSASSA, FLA. ]3-14d

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

60e to 85c per lb. Queens, 30c to $1.75, according
to kind and time. Also bee-supplies and honey. Or-
der from free circular. " How to Raise €oinb
Honey," an illustrated pamphlet, just out, price
5 cents. Address OLIVER FOSTER,

13tfdb Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

CHE JLF T

Full colonies in Simplicity hives, and honey
enough to winter, for only $4..50. TT'(7f ship last of
Jul]!. DAN AVHITE,

Utiab NEW LONDON, HURON CO., OHIO,

Vol. XIV.

JULY 1, 1886.

No. 13.

TERMS: 81. OOPbrAnnum, IN ADVANCE;! T? ,,+ r^ 'Ul n o'h n r] -! in 1 Q 'V ^ f Clubs to ditferent postofflceB, NOT LKfB
2 Oopiestor$1.90;3for82.76;5for84.00i I IliCi L(J/Uiio rVtyiV Lib ±0 t O. | than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
'" .-.--. ' U. S. and Canadae. To all other conn-

1 tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18o
To all countries not of

10 or more, 75 cts. each. Single Number, '
5 cts. Additions to clubs maybe made ,
at club rates. Above are all to be sent

TO ONK P08TOFFICK. j

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

A.I. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO. Ifheu.p'.u.^^c

per year extra.

NOTES FROM THE BANNER APIARY.

No. '■{).

CLEANING HONEY-BOARDS.

T|p S I have mentioned before, the only ob.iection
gflW that I have to the wooden queen-e.xcluding-

1^1? honey-boards is, that the bees fill the holes
•'■'^ with propolis and wa.\. They arc more in-
clined to do this when but little honey is be-
ing' brought in. I have just been cleaning' about
.50 of them. I tooli a i)iece of hard wood, two inches
wide, ^4 incli thiclf, and seven or eight inches long-.
One end of this was carefully planed down ujx)!!
the sides until it was exactlj- "> 3;i thiclc. This thin
end was placed over an opening' that was filled up,
and the upper end given a lig'ht rap with a hammer,
which clears the hole pretty etlectually. To pre-
vent the stick going' through too far, a nail is driven
through it half an inch from the lower end. The
honey-board is supported by placing it upon two
Heddon cases set upon the floor, perhaps four or
five inches apart; but this operation did not free
the holes so conii)lctely as I could Avish, as there
seemed to be a little wa.v adhering to the sides. To
remove this, a ten-penny nail was fastened into a
bit-stocl£, thrust into each opening, and turned
slightly until the corners scraped the sides of the
hole as it was passed from one end to the other of
the slot. This cleaned them out completely. I have
been making some honey-boards like Tinker's; that
is, they are similar to the Heddon slat honey-l)oard,
except that the edges of the shits arc grooved with
a fine saw, and strips of perforated zinc slipped
in between the slats. They cost a trifle less than

an all-zinc boai"d; have the desirable rigidity so
necessary for keeping the bee-spaces exact, and I
no not Uxbik the bees will fill the holes anymore
than they would in an allzinc board.

SWARMING-OUT MANIA.

I have never had bees " act so " about staying in
their hives after being hived, as this season. 1 do
not know to what to attribute it, unless it be the
light flow of honey that characterized the fore part
of the season. Don't say it was because they didn't
like the new Heddon hive, as all were not hived in
that; in fact, the two swarms that gave the most
trouble (one coming out four and the other five
times) weie hived in the old style of Heddon hive.
I thought it might be caused by contracted brood-
chambers, until two swarms re-swarmed that did
not even fill the brood chamber— swarms that had
no business to have swarmed in the first place, as
they were not strong enough, and swarmed, 1 sup-
pose, simply because their neighbors did. As the
honey-flow improved, so did the behavior of the
bees; still, an occasional swarm "acts up." After
we ha<l lost three swarms by their " going west"
(evei-y one went it'fst), preconceived notions were
tossed to the winds, and we fell to

C'l.lPPINO THE QUEENS' WINGS.

The first swarm came out and left early in the
season— so early that we didn't expect if. It kindly
came up past the house, though, to say " good-by,"
but too high above us to " shake hands." The sec-
ond swarm left in spite of the combined efforts of
two whole families. Brother and I followed it about
a mile, and our wives and the twins followed us,
or Uial to follow us, with pails of water; and when
we returned, tired, hot, disgusted, chagrined, and

.528

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

7(,)isuccc.s,x/iii, it was decided, by vote, that every
queen should have her wing- clipped. These *r>.00
arg-umcnts in favor of clipping were becoming- too
numerous. But we finally reconsidered, and de-
cided to wait until the bees swarmed, and tlien find
the queen, and clip their wings, which we have
done. So expert have we become in catching queens
that we catch most of them as they leave the hive.
A queen seldom takes wing the moment she reach-
es the entrance of the hive, but usually drops on
the ground about a foot in front of the hive, re-
mains there from one to five seconds, then slowly
rises and iiies. We have sometimes caught them in
our hands after they had risen to fly. If the
queen is not found as the swarm is issuing, the
swarm is shaken into a basket, the edge of the
basket placed at the entrance of the hive, when the
bees will begin to crawl in and to spread out over
the inside of the basket. As the basket is lined
with white cloth there is not much difliculty in
finding the queen. One of us is in the apiary from
between seven and eight in the morning until be-
tween four and five in the afternoon, yet one col-
ony cast a swarm when we didn't know it, and we
didn't discover it until it cast a second swarm,
Avhen the " brand-new " look of the queen aroused
our suspicions, and investigations followed. I have
never had more than 75 colonies, spring count; and
with an apiary of that size, I should prefer not to
have the queens clipped, if the bees would stay
hived, and they usually have until this season; but
in a large apiary it has always seemed to me as
though several swarms issuing at once wor.ld give
much trouble unless the queens were clipped. The
best remedy that I can suggest would be to have
several small tents scattered about the yard; and
if a swarm is .see/i at the outset, set a tent over it un-
til the swarm in the air is cared for. We have used
our tent in that way several times this season, and
it works like a charm.

REVEKSAI-. PREVENTING SWARMING.

None of our colonies that we have been practic-
ing reversing upon have yet swarmed; but as
the number is li-mited, and they may yet
swarm, I do not consider it a fair test, and I
mention it only that others who are trying re-
versing may also notice in regard to the matter. At
present I do not care to prevent the issuing ot first
swarms; but many bee-keepers would be glad to
know that inverting a hive once a week would pre-
vent its occupants from swarming.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Mich., June, 1886.

You will notice, friend II., that friend
Alley, on another page, strikes on the point
yovi mention ; viz., that reversing the brood-
chamber will have a tendency to prevent
swarming. This is quite an important mat-
ter, and we shall be glad to have reports
from those who have tested it to see. I be-
lieve it is true, that many colonies ar.^ in-
duced to swarm because they hear their
neighbors swarming ; and this sometimes*
gets to l)e quite a serious trouble, especially
where the owner of the apiary wishes to se-
cure comb honey. I believe most of our vet-
erans own up defeated at such times.
Friend Hasty, you will remember, during
one season could discover no other way to
cure the swarming than to bury the truants
for two or three days in the ground.

EMPTY FRAMES, EMPTY COMBS, OR
FOUNDATION ?

FRIEND HUTCHINSON TELES US WHICH, UNDER

CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, AND GIVES THE

WHYS AND WHEREFORES.

TN the Canadian Ike Journal for May 26,
M p. 169, occurs the following query :

jl'' In the honey season, if 1 had three first swarms
■^ come ott' within a few minutes of each other,
and I were to put one in an empty hive, another
in a hive filled with foundation, and the third filled
with worker-combs, each swarm weighing 6 lbs.,
how much extracted honey would each yield in the
first ten days"? W. M.

We have not space for the answers to this
query ; but friend W. Z. Hutchinson writes
so valuable an article in regard to the mat-
ter, on page 249 of the C. B. J. tov June 23,
that we give place to it below :

I was much interested in query No. 7.5, asking
which swarm would st(jre the most extracted honey
the first ten days after hiving, one hived in an emp-
ty hive, one given foundation, or one given empty
combs.

1 wish that the query had been put in a little dif-
ferent form. Modern apiculture has divided a bee-
hive into two radically different apartments— brood-
nest and surplus - department. Of course, the
brood-nest ca)i be made so large as to allow room
for the honey as well as the brood; but most
apiarists now prefer to have the brood by
itself, and the honey by itself. In view of
this I should like to put the query something
like this: if the hroiul - chamher of one hive is
furnished with foundation, another with empty
combs, and a third with empty frames, swarms ex-
actly alike are hived at the same time in these
hives, while the sitrpliis apartments are furnished
with foundation, or empty combs, which surplus-
apartment will contain the most honey (either comb
or extracted) at the expiration of ten days, or at the
end ot the season, and which brood-nest will con-
tain the most brood? The bees are to be given ac-
cess to the surplus at the time of hiving, and the
brood-chamber must be of such a size that the bees
must, of necessity, also occupy the surplus-apart-
ment. Unless empty combs are used, a queen-e.v-
cluding honey-board will be needed.

According to experiments which I have made dur-
ing the past two years, the swarm that builds its
combs in the brood-nest will store the most honey
in the surplus-apartment, and have the most brood
in the brood-nest; next will come the swarm given
foundation, while the swarm with empty combs
will put the least honey in the super and rear the
least brood. The experiments that I have made
consisted of hiving- one swarm on empty combs, the
next on empty frames, and the third on foundation,
continuing in this way until about 40 swarms had
been hived each year.

When combs are given, the bees proceed at once
to fill them with honey, which in good honey weath-
er they will often do in two days, in this way they
get the start of the queens, and they keep it. I can
not tell why it is; perhaps the bees feel that their
job is finished; but after filling a set of combs in
the brood-nest, bees arc very reluctant to commence
in the boxes. Where they store their first honey
after being hived, there they seem willing to con-
tinue to store it; and when foundation is given in
the brood-nest, and comfts in the surplus-apartment,
the first honey goes into the super, as no honey can
be stored in tiie brood-nest until the foundation is
drawn; but in two days, foundation becomes com/),
and then the bees will store considerable honey in
the brood-nest; but they will continue to work in
the supers, as they have "made a start there. When
hived upon empty frames, and given combs or
foundation in the super, all the honey must be
stored in the super until combs can be built in the
brood-nest; and just as soon as a few cells are start-
ed in the brood-nest, the queen is ready to fill them
with eggs; and as soon as the eggs are laid in a
comb that is being built, the storingof honey ceases
in Viat comb, as no honey is stored below where
brood is started. The queen can keep i)ace with
the building of natural comb, but not with the
(Irawing-out of foundation When a swarm is hived
upon empty frames, and given access at once to a

1886

C4LEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

529

super, furnished with louufLation or combs, the re-
sult is that all the honey g-oes into the super, while
the brood-nest is filled with sheets of solid hrood.
According' to the experiments that I made, if the
foundation had been given to me it would have
been used at a loss when put into the brood-cham-
ber and swarms hived upon it.

At the Detroit convention, Mr. H. K. Boardinan
said he had tried hiving swarms upon empty frames,
and was pleased with the result. Mr. .1. B. Hall had
also tried it. but too much drone comb was the re-
sult. This [ attribute to his large brood-chambers.

Mr. Doolittle's ai-ticle, " Production of Wa.v," is
right to the iioint. Because bees in confinement re-
quire twenty pounds of honey to produce one
pound of wax. it does not follow that a new swarm
can not build the combs in the brood-nest to bet-
ter advantage to their owner than to draw out foun-
dation.

Mr. Doolittle speaks of dispensing with founda-
tion because it is expensive. " A (.enny saved is a
penny earned," etc. That is not the question. Bee-
keepers do not look upon foundation as a hi.rury —
something that cauld be dispensed with— but rather
a.neces!fity. It does not pay to " retrench as much
as possible " in the use of ,s'o»ie things. The ques-
tion is, " Does it pay to use foundation in the brood-
nest when hiving swarinsV" If it does, where is the
economy of allowing bees to build their own combs':'
If it paytt, the more we use the larger the profit; and
if it (/oe.^^i't, nobody will be fool enough to use it
simply for the fun of the thing.

Rogersville, Mich. W. Z. Hutchinson.

After reading the above, a great many
thing.s not heretofore phiiu became all at
once easy to understand. For instance :
Just before we commenced manufacturing
extractors, a neighbor brought me a good-
sized swarm of black bees. I had l)een buy-
ing all the bees in the country around, and
at prices that enabled our country friends to
take a horse and buggy and bring me every
swarm as fast as it came off. Well, the
swarm mentioned was brought about the
middle of July, the owner expecting I would
give at least So.OO for it. I told him the
basswood yield was so near over I could not
possibly give over $2. (JO ; and some of my
old bee-friends thought the bees were not
worth any thing, because they could not
possibly gather honey enough to winter. I
had my own ideas in regard to it, however.
I gave the bees a full set of combs, and tliey
went right to work, and in two days their
combs were almost like lead, the honey spark-
ling from corner to corner — none of it cap-
ped over, of course. To my surprise, not an
egg was to be seen, and I "began wondering
if they were not queenless. I gave them
more room, however, but no eggs were found
for something like a week. The honey came
so fast that the queen didn't have a chance
to commence, or perhaps the bees were so
eager to improve the time that they couldn't
stop to prepare cells for her use. Now, then,
friends, had the empty combs I gave the
bees been shallow, say four or live inches
deep, and had room been provided below for
comb-building, the honey would all have
gone into these shallow combs. New combs
would meanwhile have been built under
them, which the (jueen would have occupied
with brood. Thus we see liow plain it is
that more Iwne)/ will be stored in the sec-
tions where the' new swarm is given empty
frames than if they had empty combs, or
even frames filled with foundation. We
should be very glad of more experiments on
this subject while the season permits.

Of course, this condition of affairs refers
to comb honey. Where one is working for

extracted honey, by all means give them
empty combs ; and if you can n(>t do that,
give them empty frames filled with founda-
tion. New swarms will give enormous quan-
tities of extracted honey, if provided with
empty combs when first hived ; that is, if I
am correct in the matter ; and I should be
very glad indeed to have friend Hutchin-
son's opinion in regard to this latter — that
is, if he has ever tried working new swarms
for extracted honey.

INDUCING BEES TO COMMENCE WORK
IN THE SECTIONS, ETC.

GLEANINGS AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUiM.

fHAT Gleanings is a first-class medium for
advertising, has been fully proved to my-
self, while at the 'same time it has added
largely to my labors in the waj' of answering
letters. A few weeks ago, it may be remem-
bered, I gave a method of my own for enticing or
forcing bees into sections, by shaving combs in the
brood-chamber to 's inch thick, spacing them just a
bee-space apart, and putting on sections at the first
approach of the honey season. Well, for the last
three weeks Icttei's have been coming to me from
various sections in regai-d to the matter; and,
strange to say, evei'y one from persons who had
tested, in a small way, the method I described; but
it is not at all strange that every one had found the
method did work just as I had stated it would. One
writer is veiT enthusiastic over it, saj'ing that, with
him, it does a thing that has bothered him for years,
and is the only reasonable and easy way of getting'
bees into sections that he has ever tried. And with
myself, I desire to say that it works every time;
there are no failures, and there can be none, as it is
in direct accordance with the natural habits of the
bees, and is only doing with frames just what they
do in box hives and hollow trees. It is useless to
expect that a frame hive alone, no matter whose
patent it may be, will give us good results, without
Home labor on our part. The point is, to do the re-
quired labor in the easiest, cheapest, and most nat-
ural way, because this will be found the best way.
I trust that every one who has v/ritten to me will
reijort the results in Gleanings and the other
journals, so that, if the plan is of any value, the
fraternity may all know it, and have the benefit of
it. As it can be tested at any time, and with any
hive, it will cause no trouble to do so, and the re-
sults, I know, will be surprising to any who are at
all skeptical.

INTRODUCING QUEENS.

It seems a little strange to mo that so mnnj- find
trouble in introducing queens. I admit, that I once
found great trouble myself; but the most of it was
caused by over-anxiety. The so-called "Siramins
method " is so nearly absolutely safe, however, that
the veriest novice would not lose 3 per cent by us-
ing it, while the exjjert will meet with comparatively
no loss at all; and if he should, it would be one of
those cases where the loss was una\'oidable, and
would have hapjjened under any circumstances. I
use, however, a modification of the ''Simmins
method," and deem it fullj- as simple and handy. I
have introduced many queens by my way, and nev-
er lost one yet. Some of these queens were virgins,
but almost all were fertilized. Tlie plan or meth-
od I use altogether now is, to remove the old queen,

530

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULT UKE.

July

just after the noon hour on a bright day, wheil
tho bees are flying briskly. At dusk of the same
day, and after the flying- for the day has ceased,
I give the colony a little sm(>kc, wait three or four
minutes for the bees to All themselves with nectar,
and then let the new quot'ii run directly in at the
entrance. I do not open the hive, or trouble it at all
for four or five days after the introduction. I have
no faith or belief in the " scent " theory; but if any
do, they mig-ht keep the new queen caged on top the
frames for a day or two; but to introduce safely,
the new queen must be allowed to enter the hive
on the same day the old one is removed, and the
hive must not be opened for three or four days. I
have not found that it made any difference wheth-
er honey was being gathered freely or not; but as
possiblj' this may be owing to the fact that I always
feed a little when no honey is being gathered from
the fields, it may be advisable, if the attempt to in-
troduce is made during a honey-dearth, to feed
enough to keep a colony on its good behavior. I
should never attempt to introduce a queen on tho
day she came from a distance, in any case, but should
allow her to remain for a day or two on the frames
of some hive, in order that she might get rested
from the effects of the journey, and her ovaries be
stimulated to their accustomed vigor; and this
might as well be done on the frames of the hive she
was to be given, as on any other. I have fcn-incd a
theory in regard to this matter of introducing, hut
Avill not give it here, as space just now should be
devoted to fact, and not given to theories.
Foxboro, Mass., June 15, 18^6. J. E. Pond, Jii.

Friend P., your suggestion in regard to
getting bees in sections is certainly an im-
portant matter. I suppose that tliis opera-
ation of sliaving combs to I inch uncaps the
greater part of tlie unsealed honey along
near the top-bar. Some years ago a corre-
spondent stated that uncapping the sealed
honey would cause tiie bees to move a part
into the sections. Moving the combs up
near together, probably still further tends to
secure the result. We have practiced your
method of introducing queens, quite exten-
sively ; and there are so few failures. I think
we can often afford to lose a queen once in a
while, rather than to take the time required
by other methods.

MAILING QUEEN-BEES WITHOUT AT-
TENDANT WORKERS.

A NEW RULING OF THE U. S. POSTOFFICE DEPART-
MENT IN THE MATTER.

§INCE what we wrote on page 537, the
following has come to hand from Prof.
Cook:
Dear Mr. Root:— 1 have conferred with our
President, ex-Congressman Willits, and he
suggests that we send a great number of petitions
to Hon. .John Jameson, General Superintendent
P. O. Department, stating the fact that queens can
not be shipped without attendants, and urging that
the ruling be changed. I will ask Mr. Newman to
act at once through the Union. You had better also
push the matter, through your subscribers. Mr.
Willits will write to Jameson personally; as he
knows him well, his appeal will have great weight.
The Canadian matter is a matter of treaty, and

we can not easily euro the evil, if we can at all. I
can not go to Washington before winter, when, if it
seems wise and best, I can go. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., June 23, 1886.

Now, friends, you see what we have to do.
It looks as if it were a move somewhat sim-
ilar to the one relative to increasing the
postage on seeds and merchandise. It hardly
seems possible that the postoffice department
should for a moment think of trifling with
a matter concerning our great and growing
industry ; and to make a ruling that live
queen-bees could pass in the mails without
the half-dozen attendant workers, is surely
a blunder, and not intentional. We hope
the proper officials will make haste to right
the great wrong they have come so near do-
ing. Meanwhile, let us make ourselves
heard. Will every bee-keeper follow friend
Cook's advice, and send in his petition to
his Congressman V

PERTAINING TO BEE CULTURE.

We respectfully solicit the aid of our friends In conducting
this department, and would consider it a (avor to have them
send us all circulars that have a deceptive appearance. The
greatest care will be at all times maintained to pi-event injus-
tice being done any on-.

THE GOLDEN BEE-HIVE.

T NOTICE a caution from Agriculture Wheel, No.
(IIl ^^^' Independence County, Ack., notifying the
^t Wheelers to be aware of the agents of the
■*• Golden bee-hive. They say it is a humbug and
a fraud, and gave reference to you for their
authority. Now, as their agents are in this section,
selling farm-rights at ten dollars each, I wish you to
inform me of the facts, and in what particular. Is
it because they sell a patent-right and have none,
or is it because it falls short of its recommendation
and representations? D. D. BreWeh.

Springfield, Conway Co., Ark., June 14, 1886.

Friend B., I am not able to say whether
there is a valid patent on the Golden bee-
hive or not ; all I can say is this : That the
men who have for years been traveling about
selling rights for the Golden bee-hive have
been, every little while, published on account
of their swindling operations ; and if the
parties you speak of are selling farm-rights
for ten dollars each, 1 should say they be-
long to the same class. They and the peo-
ple who buy of them are behind the times.
Successful modern bee culture requires no
farm right or right of any kind ; and the
money that is obtained is, almost inva-
riably, obtained by making false pre-
tenses. Investigation usually shows that
the features claimed by the men selling
rights are common property, and have been
for years.

F. E. FROSS AND HIS STUMP-BURNING PENETRATIVE.

We clip the following from the Farm and

Fireside :

The U. S. postal authorities recently arrested the
propagandists of the wonderful "Acme Penetra-
tive," for burning stumps, whose headquarters of
late have been at New Carlisle, Ohio, the charge be-
ing that of irsing the mails for fraudulent purposes.

1886

GLEANINGS IN B2E CULO'UilE.

53l

THE FIRM OF JANE MEEK & BROTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

UV KEV. W. I). KALSTON.

CHAPTEU VII.

THE BUSY SEASON.

tT length the cig-hth day from tin' one on
which the first swarm issued arrived; but it
was a dark, rainy daj', and of course no
swarm was e.\pected that day. In tlie eve-
ninj? the children called their father and
mother out to listen to the queens piping-. When
Mr. Meek had listened for a few moments he said,
" You may expect a swarm to-morrow, if it is a fair
day," and he waS not mistaken. This swarm sur-
prised the children l)y clustering' on the very spot
on which the first swarm had clustered. Their fath-
er explained that such was often the case; that, in
large apiaries, frequently swarm after swarm
would cluster on the same limb; that pi-obably
there was a scent left that attracted the next
swarm.

The children were not so wild with excitement
as on the former occasion. They put on their bee-
hats and hived it themselves; their father looked
on and gave some directions. The bees were
marching into the new hive nicely, and the chil-
dren were watching them intently, hoping to see the
queen, when Tommy suddenly^began to dance on
one foot, as though greatly pleased. He did not
clap his hands, crying, " Good, good ! " V)ut grasped
his pants behind the right knee with both hands,
and cried, " Crackee ! crackee!" His father asked
what was wrong, wlien he cried out, as though in
great pain, " I am stung, I am stung! oh dear 1 oh
dear! "

Jane's arm was soon around his neck, and com-
forting words were whispered in his ear. She said,
"Poor little Tommy! how I pity you ! but you know
we are bee-keepers, and will both have to take
some stings. We must just bear them as well as
we can."

It seemed a bee had crawled up his pants on the
inside, and inserted its sting under Jhis knee, in a
tender spot. His knee swelled considerably, making
him quite lame; but his lameness lasted only that
afternoon. His father told him how to prevent
such an accident occurring again. If he had on
boots he could tuck his pants inside; or if he wore
shoes he could tuck them inside his socks, or else
tie a string around the lower ends of the legs.

The bees in the nail keg exhibited no disposition
to cast a third swarm. The question with the chil-
dren now was, what to do with the nail-keg hive.
The old black weather-beaten nail-keg looked so
badly alongside of the two nicely painted hives
that they wished to get it out of the way. They
read over what the book and papers said about
transferring, and often talked it over with papa,
but it was to all a thing they dreaded to attempt.
Here a most fortunate thing occurred. Kev. Mr.
Kobb, an old friend and classmate of their father,
came to pay him a visit. Mr. Kobb had kept bees
for 3'ears, and was expert at transferring, and read-
ily agreed to undertake the job. As they desired
increase, he said they could di\ide the colony and
feed both up'so they would winter. He first order-
ed from the supply-dealer a^doUar queen and a doz-
en cheap feeders. A couple ofj emptyj nail-kegs

were then procured; and just after dinner Mr. Kobb
removed the old hive, setting another nail-keg in
its place, to retain the bees returning from the
fields. After smoking the old hive he inverted it,
and, placing the other empty nail-keg on top, clos-
ed all crevices by winding a sheet around where
the two came together. He next drummed for
some time on the lower keg with a stick. Ho then
removed the upper keg, where nearly all the bees
were found clustered in the top of it. He next cut
away the hoops from the old hive and took it to
pieces, taking out comb after comb which he fitted
as well as he could into empty frames from the
new hives, fastening them in with slender willow
rods, tied above and below the frames. These
frames ofcoml)he hung in two empty hives. He
was careful to fasten in all the brood he found,
and also all the comb, except a few fragments. He
then placed one of these hives upon the old stand,
and the other upon a new one. The bees that had
been driven out of the hive into a nail-keg, and
kept covered up, were now brought, and a part
emptied in front of the hive placed on the old
stand; but the -greater part were emptied in front
of the hive on the new stand, and made to enter it
as though they had just swarmed.

Mr. Robb explained to the children, that many
bees would probably return to the old stand, and
therefore he gave more to the one on the new
stand. After contracting the entrances to exclude
robbei's, they were left until the new queen arrived,
Mr. Robb then opened both hives and looked close-
ly over the combs. In the one on the old stand he
found queen-cells started, while he saw none in the
one on the new stand, but found the queen upon
one of its combs. He i)laced the new queen in the
queenless hive, leaving her caged for thirty-six
hours, and then, cutting out all (pieen-cells, releas-
ed lier, and she was accepted by the bees. Before
he finished his visit he assured the children that
his work had been a perfect success, and that thej'
had a start of two good colonies; but that, when-
ever there was a dearth of honey, they must feed
them sugar syrup, and he showed how the new
feeders could be set inside the hive, alongside of
the combs, which did not more than half fill the
brood-chamber.

Frequent examinations convinced Mr. Meek that
the first swarm would fill the case of sections plac-
ed upon it, and that the second swarm would about
fill its brood-chamber, and that the two colonies
made by Mr. Robb would need considerable feed-
ing to prepare them for winter. After a time Mr.
Meek told the children to prepai-e a second case of
sections as they had the first. The case on the first
swarm was raised up, and this empty case put in
its place, and it was then placed on the top of the
emptj' one. As the sections had not closed tops,
the bees could work up through the empty one.
To place this case on the hive required the entire
family. Mr. Meek raised the whole case, and held
it while Tommy slipped in the empty one. Jane,
smoker in hand, kept the bees in subjection, while
mamma gazed in admiration at the daring ac-
chievement. Here arose a ditticulty. The cap was
too small to cover two cases and reach its resting-
place. Mr. Meek took a fence-board, and cut and
nailed up a rim that filled up the vacancy nicelj-.
As soon as the outside sections were scaled, the
ui)per tier of sections was removed, but the sec-
ond was left until the frost came.

582

(JLEANINGS m BEE CULTUEE.

July

When this now honey was taken and phiced in
the store-room, the whole family praised it highly.
And when the honey was cut from a section into a
dish, and placed upon their suppor-table, they pro-
nounced it delicious. Jane said, "]t is better tlian
any candy I ever tasted;" and Tommy added, "I
tell you, our bees make the boss honey; the comb
melts in my mouth. You remember, pa, the honey
Mr. Baker sent us, how tough the comb was; you
could hardly cut it, and it did for chewing-g-um."

His father said, " Comb is never good to eat after
bees have hatched in it. Each young bee opens a
web around the inside of the cell. This makes the
comb tough. As each bee hatched in the cell adds
another web, old combs become very tough. This
comb had no bees hatched in it, while Mr. Baker's
had; hence the ditterencc."

When the other case of sections was removed,
after the first frost. It was found that there was
honey in every section. Six in the middle were
about finished, the rest only partly sealed, but
could all be used in the family. In fact, it had
already been decided that no honey should be
sold that year. Their entire honey-.crop was fifty-
three pounds.

One evening, after supper, Jane produced the ac-
count-book of the firm, which showed as follows:

AllTICLES PURCHASED BY THE FIRM OF JANE
MEEK & BROTHER.

Number of packages of sugar for feeding $i.".j

Five Langstroth hives 8.00

Five liundred sections r!50

Freight on sections 30

A box containing one snioljer M

Fifty tin separators 1.50

Eight pounds of thin comb foundation 4.00

Freight on this box 25

One dozen feeders CO

One queen 1.00

822.40

Of this amount, $3.30 was from the children's
pocket-money. The rest, SrJO.lO, was money loaned
the firm by Mr. Meek.

Of course, more supplies had been purchased
than were needed, because these had to be shipped,
and could not well be ^shipped in smaller lots than
they had ordered, and they knew that any supplies
left over would do for next season. The children
made out the following account, to be placed oppo-
site the expenses:

Supplies and utensils on hand S9 60

Four colonies at S5.00 a colon.y 20.00

53 pounds of honey, at 15 cts. a lb 7.95

■* 837.55

A comparison shows that, although the firm was
in debt, there was a gain during the year.

Tommy did not like to be in debt, and said to his
father, " You gave me a book about Benjamin
Franklin, and told me to follow its teachings. You
showed me what he said about debt, and said when
1 went into business to remember his advice, if I
would be successful— to have as my motto, 'Owe
no man any thing.' Now, our firm is deeply in
debt. Are we doing right? "

His father answered, "If you had borrowed this
money from a stranger, I would not approve of it;
but as it is, I think it all right. You remember I
gave my consent to you and Jane keeping bees for
certain reasons. You are being educated. The
money is invested in educating you to do business;
tOjUnderstand bees, and also to keep bees; and if
the. firm fails to pay me, I will not consider the
money lost. This debt to me is not like another

debt; I merely ask you to pay if able; and if disas-
ter overtakes you, I wi'l forgive you the debt. An
old farmer advised his son never to go in debt at all ;
'but,' said he, 'if you do go in debt, let it be for
manure.' I would say to bee-keepers, never go in
debt at all; but if you do go in debt, let it be for
improvements which will increase your yield of
honey.

To he cnntinued Au(j- 1-

THE DOOLITTLE SURPLUS ARRANGE-
MENT.

CAN HONEY BE SENT TO MARKET IN THE SAME
CASE IT COMES FROM THE HIVE?

TN j'our remarks on the Doolittle surplus ar-
^ rangement for comb honey, in Gleanings,
^i June 1st, you say: "Such an arrangement
-*■ works nicely on hives, but is not practicable to
use for shipping honey to mai'ket. For home
use, however, it seems to answer every purpose."
If I understand your last sentence, you wish to im-
ply that the case is not practicable for bee-keepers
raising honey for market, but only for those who
raise honey for home use, etc. I should like to
have you tell us if you ever sent comb honej' to
market in the cases in which it is l)uilt, in a market-
able condition? Is the combined shipping and hon-
ey crate a marketable honey-case? For my part I
don't think it is, and I don't think it is ever used
for that purpose. The fact is, I don't know of any
bee-keeper who ever sent his comb honey in the
case it was built in. This arrangement that you
call the Viallon plan, etc., instead of the Doolittle
surplus arrangement, etc., has been used for near-
ly ten years by Doolittle, and it is from a sample ar-
rangement of wide frames he sent you in 1876 that
you came out and advertised the wide frames to
hold eight sections, and your three-box case j'ou
say is similar, and advertised by you several years.
I claimed no novelty in the arrangement; but as I
used it with better results than any other case, and
as it had not been made public, to my knowledge,
before I saw friend Doolittle's article in the -4. B. J.,
I wrote to him and asked him permission to manu-
facture it and call it his arrangement, which is
nothing but right, as he was the first one to use
such an arrangement. I will take this opportunity
to ask friend Doolittle to give us his views on the
subject, in Gleanings. P. L. Viallon.

Bayou Goula, La., June 13, 188G.

Excuse me, friend V., if I did not say just
what 1 meant to say in my foot-note to your
communication in our issue of June 1st.
Tlie combined shipping and honey crate il-
lustrated in our price list has been used
quite extensively about here, and I think
generally in different localities, for taking
honey to neighboring stores and groceries.
It can be lifted directly from the hive ; and
after the bees have been expelled it is ready
to be handed over to the grocer M'ithout re-
moving a section, unless you think best to
take out one or two, so he won't have any
trouble in getting them started. As to
whether it has been used for shipping on the
cars or not, I do not know. I am inclined
to think it Jias, however, because one or two
complaints, have been made that there is no
ready method of closing the openings in the
bottom, where the bees get in, during ship-

1886

GLEANINCxS IN BEE CULTURE.

S3B

ment. It is true, I first got the idea of tin
separators from friend I)oolittle; but he
told me at ouce tluit they were not original
with him— that he first saw them at his
neighbor Jietsinger's. We afterward found
out that they were used and patented by
anotlier York-State man whose name 1 do
not now remember, even before JSIr. liet-
singer used them. For tlie sake of econo-
my, and to enable us to handle them as we
handle a brood-frame, I suggested the wide
frame, now in general use almost the world
over. I certainly did not intend to omit
giving credit anywhere ; but most of tiiese
things have come up so gradually, and so
many have contributed a little here and a
little there, that it seems a pretty hard mat-
ter to call any of these things after the name
of the inventor, unless, indeed, we do as our
English friends do, and attach a string of
names to something in common use that
has been given us by quite a number of dif-
ferent people. As we do not produce comb
honey, we are hardly prepared to decide
which arrangement is best, all things con-
sidered. We manufacture whatever the
brethren call for.

SOME SUGGESTIONS IN REGARD TO
RETURNING SWARMS.

MV WAY.

XT is often necessary to return swarms of bees to
l^p the his'e from which they have issued, when but
^r little increase in the ninnhur of colonieH is de-
"*■ sired. My plan for doinjj- this is to remove the
queen or queens from the swarm, and thus
compel the bees to go l)ack themselves. Gat the
swarm into a shallow swarming- -box, and carry
them about 200 feet from the iilaco where thcj*
clustered, and from the apiary. Gently shake the
bees on to a sheet or wide board, and place the Ikjx
two or three feet from thera, so that the queen can
be more easily found. She will often tiy when the
bees are shaken out, and will alight iiUo or at the
entrance to the box. If the queen should get into
the box, and can not easily be caught, shake the
bees out again, or carry the box with what bcrs are
in it to a new spot, leaving those that are not in the
box, thus having fewer bees to sort over.

As soon as the queens are taken away the bees
will begin to get restless, crawling out of the box,
and flying, and will soon return to the hive or hives
from which they issued. If, after removing one
queen, the bees should stay contented, thej- should
be shaken out again, to tind the other queens. If
you do not care to save the queen, kill her by cut-
ting with a knife-blade. This can be done without
picking her up, which is quite difficult. I some-
times catch the queen in my hand when she is ris-
ing to fly. 1 like this plan of returning swarms
better than cutting out queen-cells.

Removing and returning crates and supers to
hives, mashing bees, looking over the combs for
queen-cells, missing some that ought to be removed,
taking the chances of leaving but one cell to hatch,
and seeing the bees swarm after all, are more la-
borious and discouraging.

Should your choice imported queen swarm, and
you do not see tlieni issue, you will know it liy the
bees returning to their own hive.

A NEW INCUBATOR.

Would not some of the readers of Gleanings like
to try the experiment of hatching chickens by tlie
heat of a colony of bees ? Now is the time to do it.
Place a sheet of liurlap on the frames, and a second
story on the hive, then put loose chaff in the second
story. I'ut in the eggs close enough to the bees to
get the right temperature. Moisten and air the
eggs occasionally. Should the bees swarm, return
them. Will the eggs hatch? Chas. A. Wooo.SO— 2'J.

Tarry town, N. Y.

I think, friend Wood, that the heat of a
swarm of bees is not sufficient to hatch
eggs. See what has been written in our
back fiutnbers in regard to the temperature
of the brood-nest of a colony of bees. You
will notice that it is not qtiite high enough
for hatching eggs.

INTRODUCING VIRGIN QUEENS.

FIIIEND IjAKCN gives IIS SO.ME OF IIl.S E.^PERI-
ENCE IN KEGAHI) TO THE MATTEK.

§PEAK!NG of the lamp-nursery, the queens so
hatched, and the methods of iiitroducing
such queens, you saj': " It will be of no use
to attempt introducing these <iueens by cag^
lug." Does this statement apply to all un-
fertile queensi' Would thei-e be, practically, any
difference between a queen hatched in the nursery
and one hatched in the natural manner? These are
my reasons for the above interrogatories: May 39
one of inj' colonies cast a swarm— a second swarm,
I had reason to believe; and after hiving the swarm,
and satisfying myself that they were provided
with a queen, 1 concluded 1 would j'cmove the
qvieen-cells from the old colonj', to prevent a sec-
ond or fhii-d swarm, intending to insert the choicest
cells in some colonies I had unqueened. On ex-
amination I found seven young queens in the old
colony, six of which were removed, caged, and in-
troduced to as many queenless colonies. Having
use for five queens mj'self, I gave friend Fisher the
sixth. All were caged and successfully introduced
to good strong colonies. One of my colonies I had
unqueened the evening before the caged queen
was placed in the hive. In this ca'Je the (jueen was
placed in the colony, caged 24 hours. The remain-
ing colonies were queenless from three to five days,
as shown by the register. The cages were impro-
vised—hurriedly and roughly made, yours nothav-
ing arrived yet. The cages were placed over an
abundance of uncapped honey, providing an abund-
ance of stores for the queen. To-day the queens
are all fertile, and apparently as prolific as any in
the apiary. I have secured some of my choicest
young queens by caging the cells, when within
three or four days of hatching— unqueening where
I wish to requeen, and placing the cage between
the combs, being sure the cage is placed with the
wire cloth over uncapped honey. Now, if queens
can be so introduced; that is, by caging the cells in
queenless colonies, there will be a wonderful sav-
ing in time over the method of giving unsealed
brood and larvse of the proper age for queen rear-
ing. Of course, cells can be given a queenless col-
ony; but what is the percentage of losses by this
method? With a caged cell they show evidence of
a willingness to destroy the cell, but are unable to
reach it. In six attempts at cell-caging, all have

534

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

pi-oven successful, and four queens so hatehetl are
now laying' queens; the fifth has the appearance
and actions of a fertile queen; but when last exam-
ined, no positive evidence of her fertility was dis-
cernible. The sixth is too youns' to expect any
thing- from at this writing.

Now, Mr. Root, you liuow I am one of those little
fellows; that is, I am in the A B C class, and the
above may not be new or strange to you or your
readers; but in view of your statement concerning
the introduction of young queens by caging, 1
concluded I would write j'ou concerning it.

Where can I find a description of friend Heddon's
non-swarming method? S. W. Lakin.

Eurelfa, 111., Juno 13, 1886.

Friend L., this matter is by no means
new. The whole thing has been gone over
in our back journals. As a rule, virgin
queens can not be introduced by caging, al-
though at times there seem to be a good
many exceptions to this rule. The most
successful way of getting them into the col-
ony is to let them loose among bees just as
soon as they are hatched ; and the success of
the lamp-nursery depends upon this peculiar
fact. Queens that come oft' with an after-
swarm are in no way different from those
hatched in the lamp-nursery ; that is, pro-
viding they are introduced to the colony very
soon after being hatched, as those in the
lamp-mirsery always should be. Your suc-
cess is a little remarkable, although it is
quite common to see bees accept of almost
any thing you give when honey is coming in
bountifully, as I suppose it was at the time
of your experiments. Caging queen-cells
has been discussed a good many times ; but
after a while the plan has been dropped.
Friend Doolittle's plan, given in our last is-
sue, may, however, bring it into general use.
We have decided that as many, or more,
cells are lost when giving the queenless col-
ony a capped queen-cell than by giving them
virgin queens newly hatched.— I sliould think
you were having quite encouraging success,
friend L., even if you are but a "■ little fel-
low" in bee-lore.— Ileddon's plan of non-
swarming is fully described in his new book,
which we mail from this othce on receipt of
lifty cents.

^ I ^

FLORIDA AND ITS FLORA.

THE NATIVE BEES EXTREMELY LAZV.

§0 much having been written in Gleaninos
about Florida, I thought I would try to en-
lighten some of the bee-keepei's who contem-
plate coming to the northern part of the
State. Anybody, however, who settles in this
section will not lind it nearly as productive of hon-
ey as almost any of the Northern States. The bees
gather just enough honey to winter on (what little
winter there is), and an exti-a populous colony may
make a few pounds of surplus; but now for the
reason.

The native bee is extremely lazy, working only a
short time morning and night. The rest of the time
is spent, like the Floridian, trying to keep cool, and
no amount of smoking will drive them up in the
c(mibs and start them to work. Thinking that
queens not indigenous to this climate would surely

be an improvement, I had a number sent me from
the North, but I found they very soon became be-
lievers in the maxim, "When in Rome, do as the
Romans do."

Northern Florida would be an excellent place for
queen-rearing if it were not for the dragon-tiies
(Devil's darning-needle of the North). They con-
gregate like tiocks of pigeons; and the poor bee,
laden with honey, finds it a difficult task to evade so
many of its enemies in its flight to the hive. If the
queen took her wedding-trip in the heat of the day
all this would be avoided, as they seem to gather in
large numbers only at evening; but she generally
takes wing when most of the bees are flying. If the
bees gathered nectar in proportion to the yield of
flowers, the amount of honey produced would cer-
tainly be large. In February, after the bees are over
with wintering, they commence gathering honey
from the honeysuckle, yellow jessamine, and, during
the latter part of the month, from orange-blossoms;
then continues one long list of honey-producing-
plants and trees, such as black gum, holly, persim-
mon, gallberry, palmetto, etc. From the two last
mentioned they gather what surplus they make.
All of the honey is remarkably white and thick.
Many persons, who are competent judges, regard
that made from orange-blossoms as superior to
white clover.

There is a ready sale at all times for honey in
Florida. It is now selling- at 20 c. per lb. ; and dur-
ing the winter, when every thing is booming-, the
price ranges from 25 to 30 cents, and sometimes
even more. C. Moobhouse.

Hibernia, Florida, June 9, 1886.

DISPOSING OF THE HOUSE-SLOPS.

FRIEND TERRY GIVES US SOME PRACTICAL IDEAS

ON THE SUBJECT, TOGETHER WITH

SOME FACTS FROM ACTUAL

EXPERIENCE.

fRIEND ROOT:— There was a great deal of sick-
ness in the family that lived on this farm for
some time before I came here. Their physi-
cian once told me he felt ashamed of having
to come here so much. I think about all of
them are now dead. They may not have been a
healthy family, but still I feel sure the cause of much
of their ill health lay inside of the dooryard fence.
My friends, when they heai-d I had bought the
place, said, "Don't take your family there to live;
it is an unhealthy locality." After looking around
awhile I decided it was a bad place to live in, the
shape it then was, but that it could be made a very
healthy and pleasant home. This is about the shape
we found things in: A wing of the house extended
over the well, and was used as a kitchen and a place
to make cheese, butter, etc. The slops and whey
that was not used for feeding, were simply emptied
right out the doors. I should judge this had been
done for a good many years. About 30 feet away
stood the old dilapidated privy, or, rather, the re-
mains of it. This had been in use, say 40 years, and
probably never once cleaned out. The soil in the
dooryard was a gravelly loam, about 16 feet deep;
then came clay. The well was dug down through
this gravelly earth and about two feet into the clay.
The water in it was simply what soaked through the
gravel, and stopped when it came to the clay.
Now, when we consider all these circumstances,

1886

GLEAXINGS IN BEE ('ULTURE.

335

is it any wonder it was an unhealthy place? For
a few years, such carelessness might answer; but as
soon as the earth became saturated with filth, so it
could hold no more, it must flow directly into the
well. 1 say, for a few j-ears it might answer. It
might as far as the well water was concerned, l)ut
not if we had any regard for the purity of the air
that wo must breathe. Both pure air and pure
water are necessary for the most perfect health.

Now, I have been particular in describing all this,
because, with more or less variation, such con-
ditions are to be found in very many farmyards.
So bad are they in some instances, that it is but
little better than suicide to allow them to remain.

I was simi)ly exasperated the other Sunday when
the minister told us we must welcome afflictions; for,
"whom the Lord loveth he chastencth." We have
had too much of that sort of preaching. Why not
urge us to do every thing in our power to ward ott'
sickness and trouble; but when, in spite of our ut-
most efforts, they do come, then calmly say, ",Thy
will be done"? All the prayer in the world could
never induce God to save a man's life if he has
drank too much fllthy water, or breathed^too impure
air. " Providence helps those who help themselves."
"The sword of the Lord, and of Gideon," you know.
The Loi-d will never clean out our fllthy privies for
us. After we have done our best, then there is
some sense in asking for help, or even for help to
do our best, but not in neglecting what we know
ought to be done, then praying for every thing we
want. I am not a preacher, Bro. Root— only a farm-
er; but sometimes I think a minister would know
better how to preach to him if he would go and live
with a farmer a year or two.

Well, we tore off that old wing, and let in the sun
and air, and vised no water from that well for years,
but went 50 rods to a spring for all we wanted.
Since then we have taken out the well, dug it deep-
er, and put in sewer-pipe instead of stones, and the
water, I know, is pure and nice. The privy is over
on the other side of the yard; but that was not
necessarj', for a coal-oil barrel, sawed in two, is
used instead of a vault; and with plenty of dry
muck or coal ashes we have no trouble in turning
the fllthy matter into beautiful flowers. I am, how-
ever, intending to change, soon, and build a privy
at one end of the kitchen porch, and use large gal-
vanized iron pails. This is for convenience of emp-
tying, and for the comfort of the ladies in bad
weather. But now for what 1 am particularly after
in this letter— that is,

THE DISPOSAL OF THE SLOPS.

No wise man, nowadays, Avill pour them out
around the door. They must be carried away, then,
either by a drain or otherwise. A good under-
ground drain is handy, but I am afraid to use one.
Sewer gas is dangerous stuff, particularly where
there are children. I know there are traps to keep
it from coming out, but still it is risky. A friend
of mine knew there was a leak or defect in his iiipes,
but it was neglected until his youngest child died
of diphtheria. Gasoline-stoves are safe, perhaps, if
properly used; but a few days since, a lady near
here thoxmht she turned the Are all out; then she
filled the stove. She is buried now, and her hus-
band would give all he is worth if he had never
brought that stove into the house. No, we don't
want to play with danger where the lives of our
families are at stake. There is no drain, nor are any
slops emptied inside of my dooryard fence— at least

not more than once in a place, which can do no
harm. For years I carried the water all away in
jtails; but last winter I found in Illinois a slop-bar-
rel, on wheels, that is just the thing exactly. It
stands by the kitchen porch, and will hold all the
day's slops, even on Monday. A boy can draw it
away and empty it. Disinfectants can be used oc-
casionally, if desired, but will hardly be necessary,
as it gets pretty well cleaned out on washing-day.
And then there isn't the danger, when it stands out
in the sun and air, that there is from an under-
ground drain. In the coldest weather we may have
to use the pails again.

My wife has said more pleasant things about that
slop-barrel than she ever did about her oil-stove
that cost five times as much, or about her silver tea-
set that I got her last winter. I have seen several
slop-barrels, but none before equal to this. It is
neat, cheap, and easily managed. They retail for
$8.00, but I shall be pleased to order one for any of
the friends who will send me $")..50, unless you,
friend Root, will get a lot. The makers wrote me I
might get some made here, and thus save freight
for neighbors, and I should be pleased to turn this
offer over to you. If you have any doubts about
their being a splendid thing, write to my wife. I
don't have a chance, any more, to look a little sour,
when, coming in in a great hurry, my wife meekly
says, "Can't you empty those slop-pails now ?"

Hudson, O. T. B. Terry.

Many thanks, friend Terry. INIost surely
is it true that we can not afford to take any
risks; and since we liave, by tlie aid of en-
lightened science, discovered that such dis-
eases as typhoid fever and diphtheria are
largely fed by foul matter in the air we
breathe and the water we drink, how great
is the importance of being careful ! What
must have been the feelings of that father
when he found that there was even a chance
that his child might have met death by the
horrible disease diphtheria through neglect
and procrastination on his part! Now,
friend T., I want you to tell me what you
think of my arrangeinent £or disposing of
the sewage. The one bek)nging to our house
has just been linished, and 1 did it in this
way: The ground descends on a gradual
slope from our back door for some distance.
The slope is sufficient so the slop on wash-
ing-days passes off freely into the garden ;
but in the winter time it has been in the
habit of accumulating so that the opening
frequently needed caring for. Well, a few
weeks ago I liad the boys dig a trench down
the slope close by a row of apple-trees.
Along the row of apple-trees was a row of
well-rooted rhubarb pie-plants. The trench
is about three feet deep and two feet wide.
This was filled with stones picked up from
the groiuul, according to the plan of the
new agriculture, within IS in. of the surface.
As the drain is perliaps 10 or 15 n)ds long,
the vegetation growing above it, and sending
its roots down among the cobble-stones,
will, it is presumed, take up and utilize the
soapsuds, etc., about as fast as it is made.
In case it fails to do so, tiie trench commu-
nicates at several points with our system of
underdrains, although it is so arranged as to
hold a foot or more of water before it Hows
over into the underdrains. The open eiul of
the sewer-pipe comniujiicating with this

538

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

trencli filled with stones is against the wall
on tlio south side of the woodhonse, the
woodliouse being made of brick. iNo win-
dows or doors come near this opening. A
large funnel, made of stoneware, something
like a sewer-pipe, makes it easy to empty in
the slops. Now, when I built it I did not
think it possible that any gases could come
up through this sewer-pipe to do any harm.
At present there is no smell at all. Before
it passes off, the fresh damp earth has ab-
sorbed it all. If foul-smelling gases should,
however, be found coming out of this fun-
nel, some other arrangements shall be em-
])loyed. Perhaps your plan of a slop-barrel
on wheels is the best one that can be em-
ployed ; and if so, I shall employ it. Mean-
while we want a picture of tiie arrangement,
and then we will see about furnishing them
at a low price. It seems to me that at least
100 should be made at one time. You may,
if you can, get figures on 100, and I will see
what we can do on them during the fall
months, when we have plenty of leisure. A
matter that concerns the life and death of
the little ones around our hearthstones
should never be passed over lightly ; and
iiiaij God help ?/.s in a determined fight
against diphtheria and the whole string of
malarial fe\ers.

QUEENS TO CANADA.

TROUBLE AHEAD.

fOR the past six years ctistum lias allowed
(luccn-becs to jiass between the U. S. and
Canada in the mails without detention, al-
thoug-h every flrst-of-January edition of the
Postal Guide during that time lias distinctly
stated that namplrg onlij of merchandise are maila-
ble between the two countries; hence the sending
of queen-bees through the mails to Canada has
been illegal, even if we did put on 10 cts. in postage.
Custom, often, for a period of time, has more weight
upon the minds of the people than do certain laws,
so we lull our conscience to sleep and let custom
rule until we are, without warning, rudely awaken-
ed. Such an awakening I received the other day
by having a choice queen returned by the Suspen-
sion Bridge, N. Y., P. M., as " iinmailable to Cana-
da." As soon as I recovered my, senses I wrote
him as follows:
Postmaster at Suspcnsinn BrUhjc, N. Y.,

Dear Sir:— The inclosed tag, doubtless, you will
recognize as one attached to a little box containing
a queen-bee and her attendants, which you return-
ed to our postmaster as unmailable matter to Cana-
da. I am aware that the postal regulations say that
you are right; liut to help advance a growing in-
dustry both in Canada and the U. S., postmasters
of the past have allowed queens to pass to and from
Canada as samples of merchandise (which they
really are), much to the advantage of all concerned.
I have sent, during the past five years, hundreds of
queens to Canada, all of which have gone safely
since I wrote " Queen-bee for the improvement of
stock " on the tag". Now, will you not please do as
former postmasters have done, and help advance
our industry? By so doing you will only be follow-
ing a custom of the past, and receive the heartfelt
thanks of bee-keepers in all parts of the U. S. and
Canada. Please reply, telling me what I may ex-
pect, as I have orders for a score or moi-e of queens
from Canada. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., May 31, 1886.

The following is his reply:

G. M. DooLiTTLE,— Dear Sir;— Your letter at hand

this forenoon. Postmasters who have allowed bees
to pass into Canada by mail have not understood
the rulings of the P. O. Department. By reading
Note 4 on page 770, in the .lanuary, 1886, Guide, and
also note 20, on page 75;j, same Guide, you will see
that merchandise is not mailable to Canada. I send
to.>our ixistmaster a letter which I have from the
department, on the bee-question. Please call at the
postofHce and see this letter. You can then write
to the department, and ask them to remedy the
matter. W^e can not allow them to pass through
the mail. Wm. Carr, P. M.

Suspension Bridge, N. Y., May 2.5, 1886.

Upon calling at the postofflcc I found the fol-
lowing:

PosTOFFicE Department, |

No. 71,934, Canada. Office of Fokeion Mails, V

AVashington, D. C, May 6, 1886. )

Sir;— In reply to your letter of the 4th inst., in-
quiring as to the rule of postage applicable to bees
addressed to Canada, I have to inform you that the
transmission of articles of merchandise by niHil be-
tween the United States and Canada is limited by
the postal arrangement in force between the two
countries to bona-flde trade patterns, or samples
(specimens), not exceeding 8 oz. in weight, and that
articles of merchandise such as queen-bees, sent lor
sale in execution of an order, or as gifts, are not bona-
flde samples, and are not transmissible by mail from
one country to the other. In this connection, see
Note 4, of Foreign-Postage Table on page 770, and
paragraphs 20 and 21 on page 7513 of the U. S. Official
Postal Guide lor Jan., 1886. Nicholas M. Bell.
Superintendent Foreign Mails.

To Postmaster at Suspension Bridge, N. Y.

As my friend in Canada was anxious for his queen,
I made a block out of ?» stuff which would slip into
an ordinary envelope, provisioned it, put in the
queen and ten bees, securely sealed the envelope,
and registered the same at our postofflce, directing
it via Buffalo.

To digress a little, I wish to say that this queen
and her bees went through in perfect order, al-
though they were secui-ely sealed in two envelopes
(the ordinary envelope and the thick register envel-
ope). Docs not this show that we take more pre-
caution for ventilation of our queen-cages than is
necessary? As soon as I heai'd the queen was safe
in Canada 1 again wrote the postmaster at Suspen-
sion Bridge, telling him of it, and showing him by
clippings from letters and the C. B. J. that queens
were passing nearly every day to Canada by mail. I
especially requested that he would allow queens to
pass the lines until arrangements could be made
and a new law rendered, allowing queens to pass
legally. I also asked him how he came to stop
queens now, when he formerly let them pass. Here
is his replj':

G. M. Doolittle:— Your letter of the 2d is at
hand. I am sorry I can not allow your bees to pass
into Canada. We have allowed them to pass until
quite recently, and then stopped, only on receiving
a letter from Washington, from the Supt. of For-
eign Mails. I shall at once refer j'oiir letter to the
department, and hope they may make satisfactory
arrangements. Wm. Carr, P. M.

Suspension Bridge, N. Y., June 4, 1886.

Now, friend Root and brother bee-keepers, what
are we to do? It seems to me that the mutual in-
terests of the bee-keepers in Canada and the U. S,
demand that a law shall be passed, allowing us the
privilege of sending queens by mail from one coun-
try to the other. But how are we to get such a law?
" that's the question." I have written to the Super-
intendent of Foreign Mails about the matter. Had
each and every apiarist better do so, or can we
bring the matter about through the Bee-Keepers'
Union? I had thought that it might be a good plan
for that body to delegate Prof. Cook or Prof. Mc-
Lain, to push the matter through. Prof. Cook did

\y

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

-)67

COMB OR EXTRACTED HONEY.

A SUGGESTION KROM AN KXPKIilKNCED MAN 1 :J
DECIDING AVIllCIl TO WOKK FOI!.

less.

jliRASE send inc a sample lot ol' about 100 lbs.
of the new white-clover c.xti-actot], as soon as
you have a proofl article. Almost any kind of
honey will brinR- a reasonable price in comb;
but a j)oorg-rade of extracted is almost worth-
Suppose I siifTfrest to you that you Icll the
many readers of Gi.e.vnings, that when the bees
are jratherins- a g-ood heavy white honey of good
flavor, that they run the apiary for e.xtracted; and
that when bees are working on inferior (lasture
that it is much more valuable in comb. I hope l(^
do much more in honey another season. 1 have a
trade that I can keep by always giving them a gt)od
article. I should much prefer being out of honey
for a month or two than to put up a poor article.
Allegheny, Pa., May 26, 1886. M. H. Tweed.

Friend T., your sujifife.stion is soinetliinjjf 1
had not tliought of before in just that way.

us good service when our own mails were closed I
against queens. G. M. Doolittee.

Borodino, N. Y.

Friend D., this sanae subject was agitated
several years ago. and I believe it was de-
cided that stock of all kinds, exclusively for
breeding pur[)oses, was exempt from duty.
If I am correct, we pay no duty now on
queens only, sent by express to Canad;i.
For some reason or lither, it seems that the
Postmaster-General has considered it expe-
dient to enact more stringent ridings in re-
gard to the transmission of (pieen-bees by
mail, not only to foreign countries, but even
in the United States. A letter has just been
I'orwnnled to us, sent by the Postmaster-
G'jueral lo a pDstthaster, notifying him that
queens (ndi/ were permitted to pass througli
the mails— ^no hces at all. We forwarded the
letter at once to Prof. Cook, and tol<l him if
he thought best to take a trip to Washing-
ton to see about it. we would take the liber-
ty of saying that money would be advanced
to him for his time and expenses, providing
he would undertake the task. It would be
a serious matter to have queens excluded
from the mails, now that such an enormous
traffic has grown out of it; and banishing
worker-bees seems, at present writing, to be
the next thing to banishing queens. If
queens can be sent to Canada in a sealed en-
velope, we can perhaps manage it that way
almost as well as we have heretofore. I am
not at all surprised that tlie queen and her
attendants had all the air they needed, even
though sealed up in two envelopes. I have
for a long time been aware that we have
been taking more pains for ventilation tluin
there was any need of, unless, indeed, a
larger number of attendant bees are includ-
ed than is at all necessary. It may be that
right here is where the troid)le has come in.
Unskillful queen-rearers have been putting
more attendant bees in the cages than is
necessary or advisable, and perhaps some of
tlie postolfice officials liave'J been stung.
Whatever is the trouble, it needs the atten-
liou of every bee-keeper in our country, and
it is needed at once.

Very likely an article would sell if put on
the market in the comb, when it would be
difficult to dispose of it in the liquid state.
Will those who have had experience on this
particular point let us know about it ?

MODERN TRANSFERRING.

A MODIFIC.VTION OF THE^HEDDON PEAN.

R. HEnDON'S plan of transferring is, T sup-
pose, largely practiced by prominent bee-
men all over the country, and is most cer-
tainly a very great improvement over the
old way of cutting out the combs; but it is
just ^H'o jobs to every hive. He proceeds to drum
out the queen and bees (that is, all he can of them,
usually about half), and puts them on frames of
fdn., in a new hive; sets away the old hive for 30
days for the young bees to hatch, 'then goes over
the same work again. Now, I undertook a much
shorter method, and I think I fairly succeeded.

1 had five colonics this spi-ing that were in bo.x
hives that I wanted in new hives, so I commenced
on thoui the first of April. My idea w.as, that if 1
could get it done before the queens commenced lay-
ing it could all be done at one job. I will now give
my experiment and results:

1 commenced the first one in the evening; it was
warm enough for bees to fly. I first prepared a
new hive by putting in frames of fdn., and two
combs partly tilled with honej". 1 set the old hive a
few feet to one side, put the new one in its place,
and set up boards about it to make it look as near
like the old hive as possible; for if you don't, they
will not like to go in. I then proceeded to smoke
and drum, as does Heddon, for about 80 minutes,
when I found a good-sized cluster in my box.
These 1 shook into the new hive. I next took the
old hive away .50 yards from the old stand; took a
hammer and chisel and knocked it to pieces, cut-
ting out all the old comb clean; swept off the bees
on the grass, where thei' soon "^scooted" back
home and into the new hive.

Next morning, about 10 o'clock, I proceeded to
try another one. I got it into the new hive all right.
At noon 1 went to dinner and rested awhile. I
again went out about two o'clock to see the bees,
and found ray hive, just transferred before din-
ner, "gobbled" by the roblcrs, completely "gone
up." I then saw my mistake.

Next day I went at it again with three more to
transfer. If I lost all of them this time, I proceed-
ed the same as before, exce])t that I did not put any
thing but emi'ty comb in the new hives, and fed
them after sundown; closed them up to one bee-
spacc^ next morning, and watched close for robbers.

Well, now for results: In transferring five hives I
lost one by not feeding at the right time. I have
just carefully examined the other four, and found
plenty of brood in all four of them, and they are
building up rapidly on white clover, which is now
(May 20) booming. In transferring these five hives
I commenced with the first sign of pollen-gathering.
I found ill one hive 2) lbs. of honey and a small
speck of brood, not half worth saving. By com-
mencing this work at the first sign of ])of(f/i we may,
by feeding the transferred colony a week or two,
knock the old box hive to pieces and make a clean
sweep at one job, for we seldom find any brood at
that time, unless it js a very large hive, and well

o38

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

filled with honey in the spring, which does not often
occur.

J consider, from niy short experience, that this is
an improvement on any plan of transferring that I
know of; at least, so far as time is concerned, and I
think it is reliable. There may be some objections
found on further trial. I should like very much to
hear from others who have had experience in trans-
ferring-. Our object is, if possible, to learn the best
ways to do every thing about the apiary.

North Springfield, Mo. W. H. Rittre.

Friend R., the success of yotir plan de-
pends upon being able to find colonies with-
out brood. I believe it is laid down in the
books, that all strong stocks commence rear-
ing brood about the first of January ; and
about the first of April they should contain
quite a quantity of brood. I am well aware,
however, that common black bees, withont
attention, are often withont brood when the
first pollen commences to come in. Such
can be transferred on the plan you mention,
with little or no trouble. I have done the
same thing in the fall of the year, when a
weak colony in a box hive was destitute of
brood, and nearly destitute of stores. I did
not take the trouble to drum them out, how-
ever. I simply bumped the hive on the
ground until I bumped out the bees and
queen ; and if some of the combs went along
with them it did not matter much. A frame
of brood from some other hive gave them a
start in their new quarters, and the transfer-
ring was all done in ab(jut two minutes.
The old combs were, of course, tunibled into
the wax-extractor. In onr locality, bees
seldom have a surplus of pollen at any sea-
son of the year. On this account I have al-
ways felt that your plan and Ileddon's was
something of a loss, especially where much
pollen had been gathered in the spring, be-
fore transferring.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYR-
IAN HONEY-BEE.

THEY FLY TAIL FOHEMOST.

T SAID I liked them, but the like is the same as
(lit ^'^'' '^sborn, of Cuba, Avrites me— they pile up
^f the honey. He says he can stand the stinging
'^ of a superior honey-gatherer, which the Syrians
are. I have two varieties*of Syrians — the
Jones-Harrington Syrians, and what Mr. Bentpn
terms the Mt. Lebanon strain. This Mt. Lebanon
bee can stand more smoke, and do more stinging,
than any other I have yet handled. They scarcely
get out of the way of smoke at all. Instead of run-
ning down the hive when smoked, they buzz and
whirl around, trying to drive off the smoke, and
keep trying. They act exactly as you have seen
bees when on opening up a nest of ants upon them.
If compelled to retreat, it is but a short distance to
get breath, and back again in a moment they come,
dilating their wings, and driving away the smoke.
It seems as though you might smoke them to death
before they would give up.

They do more ott'-hand stinging, or stinging on the
wing, than either the Italian or brown bee. In fact,
they seldom alight to sting. This is the case with
the Mt. Lebanon variety. Even when they have in-
serted the sting they do not alight, but fly round
and round to extract it. During the past week,

more than twenty have stung the back of my hands
without alighting. They seem to come tail fore-
most, and come with a vim at that.

I removed the queen of a very populous colony,
when they at once commenced the construction of
queen-cells, and in ten days fertile workers had
filled nearly every vacant cell, both worker and
drone, with eggs. This I had never before noticed.
I have frequently seen fertile workers depositing
eggs after the loss of a queen, and when all hopes
were gone of rearing one (no eggs or larvre within
the hive), but it was something new to me to see
eggs immediately deposited on the removal of the
queen. The Syrians have more fertile workers than
any other race I am acquainted with. But few col-
onies nppear to be free from them.

W. P. Henderson.

Murfrecsboro, Tenn., May 29, 1886.

A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR CON-
TROLLING SWARMING.

REVERSING THE BHOOD-NEST, TO INDUCE BEES TO
GO TO WORK AGAIN?

ELL, if I have not beaten the bees in a pret-
ty easy way, and so completely, too, then I
a!u mistaken. I never used or saw a rever-
sible hive until this year; but now I have
several in use, and, of course, the natural
tendency is to experiment with them.

The first swarm that came out was put into one
of our new reversible hives. When the bees had
filled the hive with comb as much as they usually
do— that is, within half an inch of the bottom-bars
of the frame, the hive was reversed, to see what the
efl'ect would be. The first three days thereafter be-
ing unfavorable for honey-gathering, there was no
change; but on the fifth day the bees began to
build the combs to the top-bars (what was the bot-
tom-bar), and to make each comb solid within the
frame, by fastening it on all sides to the wood. All
this was natural enough; but here is another exper^
iment no one has thought of— or, at least, no one
has mentioned it up to date. I had transferred
about ten colonies from frame hives to the new re-
versible frames, and wanted the bees to stay in
them and work in sections, but they would swarm
in spite of me; after thinking the matter over for a
while, and considering how best to get the better of
the little rascals, and keep them at work in the old
hive, and also to keep the old queen laying, and the
colony in good working condition, I hit upon the
following plan:

When a swarm came off I removed the queenr
trap and sections; and before the bees could miss
their queen and return to the parent hive, the
brood-nest was reversed. By and by the bees re-
turned and entered the old hive as if nothing had
happened; and while they were going in, the queen
was released from the trap, and the work was done.
Now, the fine little trick I played on the bees was
this:

When the bees entered the old hive and found
the combs, queen-cells, and all revei'sed, they were
so surprised f.nd astonished that they i-eally thought
they had been hived, and were occupying a new
house, and the idea of swarming again was given
up. By this opei-atiou the " wind is completely tak-
en out of their sails," and is what I call using the
reversible hive to some purpose.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

539

The time required to reverse the hive is not over
one minute, and the time required to hive the new
swarm is none at ail; as the bees, when the trap is
used, Avill tiive themselves. Now, I have pointed
out a few of the advantages of using the reversible
hive and queen-trap. If the above operations are
not strictly practical, there is a chance for some
one to "get up" and explain. There is not the
least objection to such a plan, as I am sure no colo-
ony will attempt to swarm again after being thus
treated. By adopting the above, it seems to mc
swarming may be completely controlled.

Wenham, Mass. Henkv Alley.

Your suggestion is certainly an important
one, and no doubt it can be made to answer
a good purpose, althongli I am a little in-
clined to think, from what experience I
have had with swarming, that the plan will
not "always take the wind out of their
sails," as you express it. Very likely the
experiment will be tried by a great many, as
it comes in just the right season. Almost
any hive can be prepared in a short time so
that it may be reversed after swarming, and
still keep the surplus-receptacles in their
usual place right above the brood-nest. If
any others have tried the plan, Avill they
please report?

^ ' I ^

LETTER FROM CHINA.

SOME VALUABLE FACTS FHOM OUR MISSIONAHY
rRlENDS.

'HEN I first came to Foocliow, which place is
only a little north of the tropics (N. lat.
~6° 7 ) I found that well water here was
not nearly so cool as it is in Oregon or
Maine. Now, we are very sure that
the interior of the earth is hot, while the tem-
perature of the surface of the ground varies with
the temperature of the air. But the amount of
this variation decreases as we descend into the
earth, so that at a depth of 30 or 40 feet we ought to
find a nearly constant temperature the year
round; and this temperature can not differ much
from the mean annual temperature of the air
above; hence, well water and spring water are
much warmer in the tropics than in the temperate
zones.

At Shau-wu a Chinaman ventured the remark
that well water was warm for the winter half of
the year, and cool for the summer half of the year.
It seemed so to him, because throughout the cold-
er half of the year well water is warmer than the
air, and so at the first touch feels warm to the bare
hand. You don't notice the same thing in your
northern climate, because your houses arc w.^rmed
by stoves; and then, too, the difference between
the temperature of the well water and the hand is
much greater with you there than it is with us
here. Then, again, this Chinaman probably never
drank well water in cool weather. lie would not
— iiare to. Ov '• well at Shau-wu is about 35 feet deep,
and has a tcnjperature of about 67° Fahr. In sum-
mer and 63° in winter.

Recently in traveling among the mountains I
took the temperature of several springs. One of
these, about 11300 feet above the sea-level, had a
temperature of 62'2°. It is quite a copious spring,
comes right out from the bowels of the mountain,
and jt^ ]tempe;-a,tufe ^ardl^ varies the year round.

Another spring, 500 feet higher up, had a temper-
ature of 56°. I once tested its summer temper-
ature, and I think it was .58°. In that region is a
mountain about one mile high, and near the top is
a monastery. I once visited this in the hottest
summer weather, and in it was a well, the water
from which was so icy cold that it made my teeth
ache so that I could not drink it with comfort. A
Chinaman who accompanied me said it was so cold
that it " bit the teeth."

Three weeks ago I crossed a mountain-ridge
about 3000 feet high. The water in a spring on the
north side, 1500 feet high, had a temperature of 57°.
Si,x hundred feet higher was another, with a tem-
perature of 54°. Near the top was a third, with a
temperature of 48°. Coming down again about
3000 feet on the south side of the mountain, a
fourth spring, flowing from a seam in a ledge of
rock, had a temperature of 64''. In each case I
presume the temperature of the spring was not
far from the mean annual temperature of the
place where it was located. In high northern lat-
itudes the ground freezes in winter to the depth of
30 feet or more. J. E. Walker.

Foochow, China, April, 18?6.

Friend Walker, is it not probable that
these very cold springs you speak of, high
upon the mountain, have some subterrane-
ous connection at still higher altitudes,
where snow and ice prevail':* I suppose it is
true in China, as well as in other parts of
the world, that the highest peaks are cov-
ered with snow, even in the summer time ;
but even if not covered with snow, I sup-
pose the temperature would be down to
about the snow-point, and this might lower
the temperature of the water so as to cause
it to remain low, even after it issued from a
spring several hundred feet lower still. We
thank you for these interesting facts.

PREVENTING INCREASE.

now 1 H.WE TRIED, AND FAILED.

gUBING the four seasons — the fifth now
began — in which I have followed apicul-
ture, I have made the production of comb
honey a specialty, devoting some attention
to e.vtracted honey, and 1 endeavor to make
all my operations subservient to that end. To do
this, the most difficult problem that confronts mc
is that of swarming— not how much shall be allow-
ed, but when and how shall it be done? I want lo
prevent much increase, and to that end I have
read, studied, and labored, Last year's efforts
were largely spent in showing how the plans of
Cook, Heddon, Doolittle, and others, do not work.
Every scheme I try to prevent swarming fails.
The difference in locality will largely account for
this, tjut not altogether. Dr. Miller's plans I have
not tried, chiefly because of the time and labor in-
volved.

I am now going to give the results of my experi-
ments of last year, for although I have learned
chiefly what can nut be done, I am certain that I
am much nearer a solution of the problem than
ever before.

THE ABC PLAN.

I have repeatedly tried the plan given by Mr.
Boot; viz. : Take a frame of eggs and newly hatch-

540

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

ed larva?; put it in a hivo filled out with empty
combs or frames of Idn. Move the old hive off, and
put the new one in its place. Of course, the new
hive will catch all the tlyinjr l>ees— or else it won't.
I have known nearly all of them to remain with the
old stock. Over half the time the old colony will
swarm some later, unless I weaken them down so
that they Avill do mo no good during: the season;
while the artificial colony will often loaf in an al-
most empty brood-chamber until the queen is
hatched and laying. Every time I tried that plan
this year I failed.

PLANS OF MY OWN.

I have tried moving the queen and one or more
frames to some other location. The bees left in
this queenless colony do nothing but build queen-
cells, and proceed to swarm as they hatch, pro-
viding I do not destroy the cells after the larv;i?
arc all sealed up.

I tried the following expedient with several
stands last year: I removed the supers, took out
six of the eight frames, gave them two or three
shakes, set them with the few bees still adhering in
a new hive, and moved them ott' to a new location.
I put one of the remaining frames in each side of
the hive, filled up with frames containing starters,
and put on the supers again. Everyone of them
swarmed soon afterwtu-d. I took out the old
frames of brood, putting frames of fdn. in their
places, and put the swarms back. Two of those
came out afterward, leaving eggs and brood, and
scarcely a bee to take care of the poor helpless in-
fants.

THE ABOVE PLAN WITH N.VTUHAL SWARMS.

With several natural swarms I tried thus: I put a
frame of scaled or unsealed brood in each side of
a new hivo filled up with frames as above, hived
the swarm, set them on the old stand, and put on
the supers. All but two swarmed out again in
from two hours to eight days; and those two show-
ed signs of discontent lor three weeks afterward.
In all the above cases I had destroyed all queen-
cells.

Again, last year I tried several times hiving a
swarm in a hive that had recently sent off a swarm.
Every one came out again in from three hours
to three days, except two that were thus hived
after the honey-iiow had ceased. From some of
these, by the way, I had removed about half the
frames. ^

I regard it as a significant fact, that out of some
30 swarms absconding thus, only two have ever left
the apiary. They always settle, and, when hived
more to their liking, go to work as busy as— bees.

MAKING NEW COLONIES FllOM SEVEK.iL OTHEUS.

Prof. Cook says, that by taking one or more
frames from several different colonies, and form-
ing now ones, he can allay the swarming im-
pulse. I do not know that the plan has ever suc-
ceeded with me, while I do know that it has failed
a number of times.

SW.\1<M1NG IN MAY.

1 intended to make several artificial swarms, and
form nuclei in May last year, but 1 was disappoint-
ed in not getting the queens I Avanted in time. 1
did swarm two toward the last of the month, great-
ly weakening the stocks containing the old queens.
They both swarmed about a month later.

WHAT DOKS IT ALL MEAN ?

If the above array of facts means any thing, it

means that bees want to swarm; and that when
they d'l, they want to set up housekeeping anew.
After-swarms are more apt to stay when hived on
frames of brood; but even they will loaf until the
queen gets to laying.

NEW SWAH.MS DO NOT OBJECT TO HONEY.

While T say that bees want to go to housekeeping
anew, I have never yet seen any indication that
they object to a lot of honey in the upper story.
My b(?rs do not swarm until they hare begun to
store honey considerably. I always put on sections
as soon as honey begins to come in plentifully.
Last year I hived my swarms in new liives on new
stands, leaving the half-tilled boxes on the old
stand, hoping that they would jircvent after-swarm-
ing, but they never did. Following Heddon's
teaching I put the surplus arrangements on ihc
new hive and set the hive on the old stand. They
go right to work in them, as if nothing had happen-
ed.

WHY MY BEES MUST SWAIIM DLBING THE HONEY-
HAItVEST.

My experience convinces me that Mr. Doolittle's
method of artificial swarming will i^ot work hero.
His harvest comes in .Inly. He has all of June to
build up and do his swarming, and well may ho
make three colonies out of two within a Aveek be-
fore that season sets in. But here, swarming and
honey seasons come alike in June. Our vernal sea-
son is generally cool and backward of late years. I
have never yet had a good yield from fruit-
bloom; consequently, something like the horse
that is l)lind in one ej'c and can not sec out of the
other, one-half of my bees diminish and the other
half do not increase. That is a little stretched,
however. About June .5th, white clover begins to
yield copiously. Possibly one-third arc strong-
enough to swarm in the next ten days. The rest
will swarm all the way from June 15 to July 15.
They take their time to it; but nwann thcj) will, and
don't you forget it. They do not quit when honey
quits. Now, I do not give it up. I have already
planned to do some artificial swarming this year,
and I hope to meet with some success. But, so far
as I have learned by experience, I see no way to do
but to let them swarm.

OVEKUULING.

But if we can not prevent vre can overrule
swarming. This is what I mean by overrule:
Hivo your swarm; put on supers, whether you had
them on the old hive or not; set the hive on the
old stand. Take the combs aiad remaining bees from
the parent colony and unite them with one, two,
or half a dozen weaker colonies, according to their
strength. Work them so that the rapidly hatching
brood will soon have those weak colonies booming,
and put on supers at once. I have several colonies
at work by this means that otherwise would have
done me no good at all. I think the plan preferable
to Mr. Doolittle's plan of uniting weak colonics be-
fore the honey-harvest, at least in this locality.

Mechanicsburg, 111. Geo. F. Bobbins.

Friend 11., after you have tested these
plans through a longer term of years, I think
you will tind that, as a rule, in many seasons
you will succeed better. Your bees seem to
have had a sort of swarming mania; and
when they go at it in that way, I have often-
times thought it was best to let them swarm.
Where I was very anxious to have them fin-
ish U l^et of boxes, 1 have sticceeded by re-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

541

moving the old liive to a new stand, and hiv-
ing the swarm in it. They liad a new loca-
tion, even if they did have their old hive
and partially lilled sections. Sometimes
giving a large amount of room in the brood-
apartment seems to satisfy them. At other
times, nothing short of a new location will
answer ; but when they ((re satistied, they go
to work with such a vim that it seems as if
it were worth while to humor them some.
In friend Terry's new book on horses and
cattle, he tells us how he got large yields of
milk from an eccentric cow. He conceded
to her whim, and she paid him by a great
yield of milk ; and altogether it paid to let
her have her own way. Is it not often the
case with a colony of bees, when they want
to start out in a fresh home?

MARKETING HONEY. AND ITS WIN-
TER CARE.

THE UESULT OF OPEN WINTEUS.

fHE same g-cucral rules which jruidc us in mar-
keting extracted honey are applicable in the
case of section honey. It should be made
attractive to the eye and satisfying- to the
taste, and should bear the name of the pro-
ducer upon each packaffc. The gTcatcst care should
be taken to prevent the surface of the comb being:
soiled or broken. If so disfigured, it should not he
put upon the market unless it can be sold without
the producer's name. The sections themselves
should be scrai)ed and sandpapered till they shine,
and the crates should be either white and clean, or
nicely stained or painted. Each package should
" set off" its contents. Honey should not be sent
to market in the half-stories, or cases of the hives,
but in nice white crates made for the purpose, with
glass at one side at least. There is a great deal in a
show of honey, and so the more of tliesc crates
piled up in a window the better, because the honey
is made more attractive, as also more conspicuous.
The winter care of honey is important. Extracted
honey, if not kept in a constantly warm i)lace, will
granulate; that is, it will become hard and white,
and appear much like lard. Many people think this
change in honey is a sure sign of adulteration, and
begin to talk of sugar, but such poor creatures do
really deserve our pity. But we must overcome a
just contempt on our part before we can bestow
such a sympathy. To reliquefy honej' it is only
necessary to warm it slowly and thoroughly. Pro-
ceed as follows:

Take a tin or iron vessel of sufficient size, and
place inside it a woodcMi block or light iron grating
of some kind, about half an inch high, and large
enough to support the vessel containing the honey.
Place this latter vessel upon its support, and till the
outer one with lukewarm water as high as possible
without covering the honey. Remove the lid from
the honey, and place the whole affair over a slow
fire; keep the water just under the boiling-point
till the honey is all melted. Seal uj) again while
warm. Section honey should be kept where it is
dark, dry, and warm. The light will spoil the color
of the capping; damp will burst the cells and sour
the honey; and cold will granulate the honey.

The winter of 1884 was so severe that our bees
neither required nor could get much care. The
greatest trouble in open winters is on account oj'

the tendency bees have to tiy when the weather is
unsuitable, and the constant uneasiness among
them. They are disturbed every few days by the
heat, and do not really settle down quietly enough
to winter well; and as a consequence of all this they
consume far more honey than is good for them-
selves or their owner; and often, before the latter
is aware, the honey is all used up and the bees
starved.

Another trouble consequent upon the large con-
sumption of honey is a great tendency to dysentery.
Our endeavor should be to keep the temperature of
the air within the hive as unvarying as possible.
With bees packed in the cellar or bee-house, we
shall have little trouble; but with those in the
clamp it is another matter. During severely cold
spells the hive-entrances should be kept almost
closed; in "reasonable" weather they should be
wide open; and during mild spells, open, and shad-
ed from the sun so as to keep the air as cool as pos-
sible inside the hive. During warm sijclls, when
there is no wind, and when the air is really warm,
leave the entrances open and unshaded for a few
hours each day, that the bees may tly. At all limes
keep the entrances clear of dead bees, snow, ice,
etc. Protect from all wind, and give the bees candy
during Hying spells, when short of stores. Don't
let them starve. Mathi.vs Schneideu.

Mclvor, Mich.

^ — • — ^m—

WHAT KILLED FRIEND MILLER'S
FIGWORT?

A YOUNG LAUY SHOOTS THE BEES.

Xj ike Rip Van Winkle I have been sleeping for a
l^j while, but not for twenty years, so far as be-
^rT ^"^ heard much about the bee-business is
"^^ concerned, so here 1 come again. I think I
can guess what killed Dr. C. C. Miller's flg-
wort. Last year about this time I had several rows
of flgwort in my garden. It was in its second year's
growth, when 1 noticed it looked yellow and sickly,
and did not seem to grow much, when one day I
was hoeing in it and discovered that something was
working at the roots; and on further search I
found the roots were nearly all eaten away by a large
v.-orm which, on first sight, almost any one would
take to be the common cut-worm that is so de-
structive in gardens and cornfields; but on a clos-
er inspection they proved to be a different species
altogether. They were a light pink, or Hesh color,
and from one inch to an inch and a half long, and
their work was different fro:n the cut-worm, as
they went inside of the Stalk near the ground and
then went down into the roots, Avhich they ate out
clean, excepting the bark. They seemed to prefer
two-year-old roots rather than one-year ones.

As soon as I made :his discoveri' I began digging
up all of the plants, and could find generally from
four to eight, and in one case I took as many as
fifteen worms from a single hill. This disgusted
me with the figwort, so I dug up all I had, and don't
let a stalk grow since, although thousands of young
plants are coming up all the time now.

The other day, as a bee-man a couple of miles
from here was going to the field to work he told
his daughter, a buxom lass of 18, that a certain
stock of bees didn't act right, and told her to watch
them, and if they swarmed, an<l tried to go off', to
shoot them, looking at his wife, and laughing as he
said it, but never dreaming she would <lo any thing

542

GLExVNINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

July

of the kind. But pretty sooa, out came the bees;
but not making- ary attempt to aliffht, they rose
right up from the hive and bog-an to work away.
She, seeing- they were g-cing, concluded something-
must be done to stop them, so she ran into the
house and grabbed a shot-gun loaded with a heavy
cartridge of shot, and out and after them. I5y this
time they had got off quite a piece, and were rising
rapidly in the air, in a funnel-shaped cloud, and
were getting nearly out of sight, evidently fl.xing
for a long flight, when she raised her gun, braced
herself, and, pointing the muzzle straight at them,
blazed away. She says a shot l)ird would not have
dropped to the ground any quicker than those bees
did, where they clustered on a little bush, and she
hived them at her leisure. Well, that shot took the
romance all out of them, for they went right lo
work like good bees. This morning I brought that
swarm to my apiary. A. A. Fradenburg.

Port Washington, Ohio, June 17, 1886.

It may be, friend F., that the failure of
figwort, after standing two or three years, is
owing to some such worm as you describe,
that feeds on the roots, although we never
discovered any thing of the kind when we
plowed up our old plantations.— Bringing
down a swarm with a charge of shot is a
rather new idea, but not so very improbable
after all. We have had many reports indi-
cating that throwing dirt, sticks, or stones,
through a swarm just as they are getting
ready to move off demoralizes them so as to
cause them to cluster. Perhaps the shot did
the same thing in the case you mention.
Where it can be done conveniently, we wish
some of our bee-keeping friends who have
shot-guns handy wotild give it a test. Firing
guns so as to disturb the bees by the sound
has often been recommended ; and may be
that sending a charge of shot right through
the cluster has before been recommended,
but I do not now remember of any such case.

GETTING BEES OUT OF SECTIONS."

FRIEND HEDDON S METHOD.

T HAVE quoted the above heading from brother
(^ Miller's article on page 475. I think 1 am safe
^l in saying that AVe all thank friend M. for shed-
■^ ding more light upon this pi-actical subject;
but, after reading his article, I felt as though I
could add a little more brilliancy to the torch before
I passed it along.

First, let me say, that, years ago, 1 tried the doc-
tor's plan of opening several hives at a time, in
order to facilitate matters when driving the bees
down with smoke. When they were at all inclined
to rob we blew the smoke through a wire-cloth
frame laid over the top of each of the supers,
opened. We didn't like the plan, and abandoned it.
The one which I will now describe, and which is
more briefly described on pages 80 and 81 in my
book, suits me the best of any method I have ever
tried or heard of.

You know wo use a one-story case holding V4, sec-
tions, open top and bottom, all cases being inter-
changeable, and used on the tiering-up jjlan, as
described on page 80 of the book above referred
' to. By the above system the most flnishi-d cases
are always on top; and when we find one ready to

come oflf, we remove the cover, and quickly and
sharply puff smoke into all the ranges between the
combs. With our mouth wo now energotieally blow
between all the ranges, and we do both as quickly as
we can write these words. No bee is hardly allowed
time to commence to fill his sack. More than four-
fifths of the bees immediately descend out of the
case. We now quickly lift it, cover the hive, and,
holding It over the allgliting-board, shake it with a
jerking, tremulous motion— a motion that, above all
others, will dislwlge Ihe foot-hold of bees— and [
think 1 am safe in saying that not over 50 or lUO bees
remain. Wo now "carry the case to our screen-
house, which is descfibed in our book on pages 56
and (55. Here the cases are stood on end, standing
on each other when lack of room requires; and as
the light jiasses readily thi-ough these shallow rang-
es from either side, the bees leave the cases in a
few moments, when the screen-house doors are'
opened and all the bees arc ejected into the open
air in an instant. All this is done with such dis-
patch that the robbers can not get the first taste,
even during times of honey-dearth, when most per-
sistent.

We have found the above method as speedy and
practical in the apiary as it looks on paper. It has
given us great satisfaction, and we can't imagine
how the method can be excelled. Of course, it
would not work well with two-story supers, or
closed-top sections; but we do not lament this fact,
because there are so many other reasons why wo
could not be induced to use either.

Relative to this subject, I wish to mention a prin-
ciple among bees, not mentioned among others,
and, I believe, not usually recognized. Ancient
authorities have told us that smoke, or any thing-
else that frightens bees, saves us from being stung,
because, when frightened, they fill themselves with
honey, and, when so filled, neither desire to nor can
they sting. Now, I have found that the /riy/it they
receive is what prevents their stinging. I mean
"fright" direct, no matter whether they fill them-
selves or not. With smoke, I have perfectly sub-
dued very angry swarms while clustered upon a
branch or fence-rail. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., June 18, 1886.

Friend 11., your suggestions indicate be-
yond question that you have had experience
in the matter; .and since you mention it, I
remember that we used exactly the same
plan to get the bees out of the sections years
ago. The tremulous motion looses the bees'
foot-hold, and then a quick shake will tum-
ble them out pretty rapidly.— I am glad you
have decided to use none but open-top sec-
tions, for almost every season we have more
or less complaints from parties who wanted
closed-top sections, only they forgot to say
so. Some go so far as to say they would not
take open-top sections as a gift, and ship
them back before wailing for orders. In
vain have we told them tliat the openings
could be closed by means of strips t)f wood
or enameled sheet! They had their own no-
tions of things, and wotild not be pacified.
Of course, we are always glad to make clos-
ed-top sections where people want them ;
but where nothing is said about the open-
ings, we always send the regular goods. —
You may be right, friend II., in saying that
bees may he fyiyhtcncd into subjection, with-
out tilling themselves with honey at all ; but^

1880

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

643

we have been so much in the habit of subdu-
ing tliem while on their combs, with honey
right before them, that it has never before
occurred to me the same thing might be
done without any lioney at all. By the way,
after you get the bees out of your cases of
sections, how do you seiul your honey to
market v You may have told us about it ;
but if so, I have overlooked the fact. Tell
us a little just how these one-pound sections
shall be handled after we get the bees out.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDl

now AN A B C SCHOLAR HAS SUCCEEDED, AND RE-
SULTS.

"Up S I SCO in Gleanings you notice even the
9ll^ least of bee-keepers, I thought I would tell
1^' you my experience. I live in an excellent
■*^^ farming section, with lots of basswood. In
the spring of l^'S-t I bought a swarm of bees
of Mr. Harrison. Thej' were in an old-fashioned
box hive, fair hybrids, and very strong. They
"hung out" all summer, but did not swarm. I got
very little white honey; but in August they were
transferred into a Quinby hive, and made about 10
lbs. from the buckwheat How. Last year they
swarmed twice— the first, July 13th; the second,
July 23d. I had them packed in the most careful
manner possible, six inches of chaff on each side,
except the front, and the upper story filled. The
first swarm filled their hive (every frame was fllied
with empty comb), and made al)out 3,5 lbs. of as
nice basswood honey as you ever saw packed in
llj-lb. sections.

The second was hived in an old box hive, and
wintered well, though only half full of comb. I fed
them .5 lbs. of granulated sugar. All three were
packed as well as I know how. This spring, while
two had wintered finely, the first swarm of last
year was dwindling to a pint of bees, with a patch
of brood as large as the palm of your hand. I put
them in a nucleus hive to hold two frames. The
next day they swarmed out till there were not
three bees left in the hive. In a few minutes they
came back. I think they lost their queen in this
sally.

On opening the old hive, in the latter part of April,
I found solid sheets of brood and drones capped
over. Last week, with the help of Mr. Harrison
(my confldentia! friend in bee-keeping) I trans-
feired the box swarni. We had poor success. The
combs fell down, but I threw away all but the
brood, and put in sheets of comb built on founda-
tion. It was his second attempt, and I had acted
as an assistant at one other. I can't tell how it will
get along now. I am a great enthusiast on the sub-
ject of bees.

In my limited experience I have found bees to
store pollen in the side lioxes, but not in the upper
story. I am reading jour A U C book. My account
in the bee-bu.-,iness would be as follows: Expenses
for hives and bees, $0.50 ; value of honey, *0.00.
Value of bees, fflO.OO. Profit, ♦O.iiO.

Jared Van Waoenen, age U.

Lawj-ersville, Scho. Co., N. Y., May 3, WHQ.

shall wk permit misleading or fraudulent
advertisements in our columns?

I inclose a clipping from a paper. Can you put it
in labels, and also put your mime below it V I admire
such a stand as this by any editor, and only wish
that more of them would do as this one has done.

Duarte, Los Angeles Co., Cal. W. W. Hliss.

Below is the clipping referred to above :

We will not publish, for any price, any patent-
medicine or lottery advertisements, or humbugs or
" sells" of any kind.

Our advertisers are all reliable men; and if sub-
scribers, in opening a correspondence with them,
and also in any order they nuiy afterward give, will
state that they saw the advertisement in The Balti-
miire List, we will guarantee that they will receive
fair dealing in every instance.

F'riend B., we have, as you mfiy know, for
several years insisted thtitour advertisers be
responsible men. As we once suffered con-
siderable loss, however, because one of our
bee-men, who had hitherto been considered
good, failed in business, we have thought
best to change the wording of our guarantee
a little. It is not always an easy matter to
draw the line between advertisers who ad-
vertise with a deliberate purpose of fraud,
and those who lack judgment, and make a
failure. The former, we can readily guard
against ; and we always shut down on the
latter when we think the circumstances
warrant.

WHAT CAUSES WAX TO CRUMBLE ?

I have been trying to make a little foundation,
and find, after working my wax a short time, that
it gets tender, and crumbles. Thinking perhaps
you would be kind enough to tell me what the
trouble is, I come to you for information. Would
a little paratline help the matter any ? Bees are do-
ing finely. D. J. Spencer.

Hartford, O., June 3, 188C.

Wax becomes brittle by working, in con-
sequence of being heated hotter than is nec-
essary ; also, after being melted many times
over, it becomes crumbly, as you mention.
There is no remedy that! know of, unless it
be adding a considerable quantity of fresh
wax. We have had specimens of wax that
seemed about like Indian meal ; and, failing
entirely to get it to run together, we sold it
to the wax-bleachers, to be used for making
wax candles. By no manner of means add
paraffine. See our caution in regard to its
use, in the A B C book.

WHY DO MY llEES BUILD DRONE COMB?

I should like to know how it comes that the bees
build nearly all drone combs, or why they do so in
this locality. All the new frames that ] added to
the brood-nest in parent hives had worker founda-
tion. Every time the bees start drone combs, they
are storing surplus fast, as there is a great How of
honey here at the present time.

Jacob S. Weibley.

Kisller, Perry Co., Pa., June 5, 1880.

Bees naturally build drone or store comb
during a heavy yield of honey, because the
same amount of wax and the same amount
of labor will contain a greater (luantity.
Drone combs in the surplus-receptacles will
do no liarin unless tliey injure the looks of the
comb honey. The remedy is to use founda-
tion, instead of letting the bees build their
own comb.

544

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

HOW TO GET HID OF DRONES.

Could you tell mo the best way to control tlie
breeding: of drones? Are the "drone-guards" ad-
vertised, g-ood for the purpose'/ Also what will re-
move piupoliiJ from the hands and cloth covei'S?

J. H. Scott.

Gaylord, Otsego Co., Mich., May 21, 1880.

The drone-guards are exactly tlie things,
friend 8. Printed directions on the paper
that is wrapped around them will give you
all the instructions you need. We control
the breeding of drones by the use of comb
foundation.— The best thing to remove prop-
olis that we know of is a soap that we ad-
vertise for the purpose, called "scourine."
Benzine will also readily dissolve it, but it is
dangerous to have about. Notice what
friend Terry has to say about the use of gas-
oline.

WAS the queen eost in the swaum? oh what

MADE them act SO?

I had my first swarm yesterday morning-, and I
want to ask if I did right in the way they were
hived. The bees flew around near the hives for
about 20 or 2.5 minutes, then Avent in the direction
of a small swamp, and first alighted on a board
walk that crosses this marshy ground. They were
not in a compact mass, but scattered over a dis-
tance of three or four yards. I tried to sweep them
into a cloth, but did not succeed. They then went
about 15 yai'ds, and alighted on the g'rass at the
edg-e of the swamp, in about 10 or 12 bunches about
the size of larg-e potatoes. I succeeded in gretting-
them hived by placing over them a part of an old
box hive. They would crawl into this, then I would
shake them in the top of the hive; I g-ot them all in
except a few scattering- ones, then moved the hive
about .300 feet away on the other side of the house;
but in half an hour they had left the hive, and I can
not saj- where they went. I thoug-ht they had gone
back into their old hive, as there seem to be as
many bees there as before, and that the queen was
lost in the swamp. Did 1 do right in hivinj^ them
before they were in a compact bunch?

0— John L. Kugler, 4.

Philadelphia, Pa., May 24, 1886.

Friend K., I tliink I should have waited
until the bees collected in one compact clus-
ter. This would be an indication that the
queen was with them. AVhenever there is
any doubt about having secufed the queen,
a comb contiiining some luisealed brood
should be given, or they will surely desert
just as yours did.

TRANSFEHIIING KROJr LOG TllVES; AESO A KIND
WORD.

We take pleasui'o in acknowledging the i-eceipt of
the goods sent us. We now thoroughly understand
the one-piece section, and say they gave perfect sat-
isfaction. We started in the fall with 2.") colonies,
nearly all in hollow log hives. We lost 2, and have
now 2;> colonies. We transferred into the chalf
Simplicity hive. Some of oiu- old hives were hollow
gums, and could not be split ; so in order to transfer
them we laid them on the side and nailed strips
along them so as to guide the saw, and sawed them
open with a cross-cut saw. We have 408 sections in
17 colonies, most of which will soon be ready to take
oft'. We live almost on the backbone of the Alle-
ghanies, where the mountain-sides and deep ravines

are covered with locust, poplar, basswood, etc., and
we find the bee-fever is a little contagious among
those who come near enough to see the sections fill-
ed with beautiful white comb honey, ready to cap
over within three to five days. As a remedy for
their disease, we have advised them to take Glean-
ings. Don't you think it would help them?

HoucniNR & Hughes.
Pipestem, W. Va., June 7, 1886.

CENTRAL VIRGINIA FOR BEE-KEEPERS.

I have long wanted to write a few lines, showing
our bee-keeping friends the advantages of this sec-
tion. In a few words I will tell the facts. We have
a mild and healthy climate; pure air, and an abund-
ance of excellent water; freedom from malaria and
mosquitoes; soil good, and easily worked, and not
liable to droughts, though much of it is stony and
hillsides. Apples and pears grow finely and of ex-
cellent quality; peaches grow well, and yield ex-
cellent crops when not cut otf by frosts. Grapes,
and all the small fruits, do admirably. Roads and
schoolhouses are already built. Bee-pasture is
in abundance, and mostly going to waste for want
of apiaries. Much of the above applies to the whole
of the Blue Kidge, though some localities are bet-
ter than others.

There are two points worthy of regard— the differ-
ence of elevation of the hillsides causes a length-
ening of the flowering season. From our house to
the foot of the hill (three miles by the i-oad) makes
a difference of ten or twelve days in the blooming
of the yellow locust, thus prolonging the honey-
gathering days; and then the tenacity of the seeds
of the red clover. I have plowed under the second
crop of clover when the seeds were ripe; cultivated
two crops of corn on the land, then plowed the
third year, and raised an excellent ci-op of hay
without sowing any more seed, and this can be
done, rotation after rotation, with clover, corn,
wheat, or rye, indefinitely. Catnip grows on all our
hillsides. Raising fruit is done very profitably, and
land can be bought so cheap that I believe a good
investment would be to pasture sheep, raise bees,
and let the yellow locust grow up spontaneously till
they are large enough for fence-posts.

A. H. Van Doren.

Liberty, Bedford Co., Va., June, 1886.

HOW TO use THE JONES GUARD.

You say in your catalogue that the Jones beeen-
trance guard can be fixed over the entrance when
the drones are all out, and at night destroy the
drones. Now, I should like to inquire if there ever
is a lime when the drones are all out; and if so,
when is it, and how early in the season will it do
to destroy them? A. J. W.

Macedon, New York.

During tlie warm months of the year the
drones begin to take their flights from the
hive about 1 r. m. By half-past one, most
or all of the drones will be out ; so if the
guard be attached to the entrance soon after,
the returning drones will be shut out, and
may then be disposed of. The few remain-
ing drones, if any, will be young drones,
and can be gotten rid of in like manner. If
more convenient, having found the queen,
all the bees can be shaken oft' the combs in
front of tlie entrance. The workers will
readily pass the guard, and the drones will
be e.xcluded. See page 461.

lSS(i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CT^LTURE.

545

THE MARKKU SUPEUIOIUTY OF ITALIAN OVER
Bt.AClC BEES FOU WOUKINO ON KKD CLOVEU.

I have noticed lately in one of the bee-journals
that some writers go back on red-clover bees, and
say that the idea of such bees is all " bosh;" and as
I have had some experience in the matter I will just
throy in my " mite." While living- on a new place,
some nine miles from here, I seeded six acres of
fallow ground with "mammoth" red clover— not
peavine. It caught well, and the next year it was a
perfect sea of bloom, and at that time there were 3
colonies of Italians and 75 colonies of blacks in the
neig-hborhocd. When I cut this clover the bees
were at work on it vigorously; and by actual count
by myself and hired help there were tlve Italians to
one black bee. We counted the bees in a number
of places in the held, and found them to average as
above. I would give f-.'i.OO for a colony of bees that
would work on red clover as vigorously as did those.
These bees were raised from a queen sent out by
Mr. M. Quinby, just about the last of his shipping
queens, and they were the prettiest Italians I ever
saw. Geohge a. Whight.

Glcnwood, Susq. Co., Pa., June 2, 188(5.

now DO BEES CARRY WAX?

Is it a fact, that the bees use their pollen-baskets
for the purpose of carrying- wax as well as pollen?
I was greatly amused several days ago at a sight I
never saw before. When I was putting on my sur-
plus boxes the fdn. dropped from one of them, and
so I laid it on top of one of the hives. As I was
passing- that way later, my attention was called to
the hive, where I discovered several bees at work
on the piece of fdn. They would nibble it off with
their mandibles, and then pass it back to their
pollen-baskets, and put it on so that it would stay
there. I noticed they woi-ked at the fdn. all the
afternoon.

The prospects for a good honey-fiow were never
better in this section than at the present time. The
season is about two weeks earlier than usual. My
bees are all very strong, and are gathering honey
slowly; but I e.vpect in a few days that they will
begin on the white clbvei% which is just blooming
out. Now, while we in this section do not have
such honey-tlows as we read about in Gleanings,
yet I bad one colony store 40 lbs. of clover honey in
]-lb. boxes. I often see in Gleanings where your-
self and others speak \ery highly of clover and
basswood honey. In this part of the State we have
an abundant How of honey from a small white flow-
er which surpasses all clover or basswood honey I
ever saw. It is a wild shrub, and blossoms in Au-
gust. I may send you a sprig of the flowers, if I
have time to get them, and box them up when they
are in bloom this summer, and perhaps some of the
honey too. lam sui-e you will pronounce it e.vccl-
lent, as my customers all do.

10— Geo. W. Bennett, 1,5—31.

New Bedford, Mass., June 7, 1886.

Fi'iend B., the matter yoii mentic.n is not
at all new. IJees will often stop woi"k right
in the height of basswood and clover bloom
to collect wax, in the way you mention. I
am inclined to think they use it as they do
propolis; and I have imagined that they be-
come more eager for gathering wax, var-
nish, resin, or different kinds of gum, when
we begin to have cold nights. It seems to
me that they begin to feel a,n instinct

prompting them to shut up cracks before
the approach of winter. Perhaps you had
been having some approacli to cool nights
about the time you wrote, and this set the
bees in a mania for hunting propolis.

HYUUIDS — AND WHAT IS A HYBRID BEE?

If I understand rightly, an Italian hybrid is the
i-esultof a cross of a pure Italian queen with a black
drone, and that her drones are pure Italian. Will
the drones from her daughters be pure to cross with
Italian queens ? Are the progeny of a black queen
crossed with Italian drones, as cross and as good as
the others ? F. Clare.

L'Original, Ontario, Canada, June 9, 188ti.

Friend C., the theory is, that the drones
produced by a pure queen, even though she
be impurely mated, will be pure, or full
blood ; and I believe all careful experiments
corroborate this theory. In view of this, the
drones from a black queen mated with an
Italian drone will be pure black drones. As
to whether the workers will be any different
in the tirst case from those in tlie second
case, is a question. We have very carefully
watched the habits of hybrid workers from
pure black queens and pure Italian queens.
There seems to be little if any difference.

B.ASSWOOD ON SANDY SOIL.

Will you or some of our Viee keeping friends tell
me how basswood will do on sandy soil, as I think of
starting a grove on sandy land ? Maple, and such
trees as walnut and locust, grow well here.

Elmer Skinner.

Morocco, Newton Co., Ind., May 23, 1886.

Friend S.. we lind basswoods growing nat-
urally on all kinds of soil, although I think
they thrive best where the ground is some-
what low or damp. On this account they
seem to thrive better in dense forests, where
the sun does not strike near the root. We
seldom see good strong thrifty basswoods on
high hills, unless near springs.

CALIFORNIA BEES PROHIBITED IN CERTAIN FRUIT-
BELTS.

Here we are, only thirteen miles from the beau-
tiful city of Los Angeles, of which we had heard so
much, but had never seen; while away in the dis-
tance Ave view the snow-capped peak of "Old
Baldy," which reminds us of "Old New York," our
old home, three thousand miles away. Although I
am but 19 years of age, I have read Gleanings for
three years, and could not get along without it.

Bee-keeping is prohibited in the fruit-belts, owing
to the alleged injury to the fruit, done by the bees.
As I have been in the fruit-region only, I have seen
but few bees, and consequently I am unable to give
you a satisfactory idea of the trials and tribulations
of the Californian apiarist: but as I intend to travel
from Los Angeles to San Francisco on horseback, I
shall probably see a great manj- bee-ranches, as they
are called here, and shall then be able to tell'you
about bee-keeping here.

To those who are thinking of joming to California
to reside, I will say, Come and see the country before
you l)ring your family, for no description could
con\ey to you a correct idea of this country, as it
is so entirely ditferent from the East that it seems
like another world. People here speak of the East
as "The States." C. E. HUTCHINSON.

Fulton Wells, Cal.

S4G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTITEE.

July

A " DRONELESS " COLONY.

I have a hive of bees that are droneless. They
were a late swarm last year, but did nicely, and are
still growing-. They are g-ctting to be " immense."
Will you please inl'orra me as to the pi-obability of
their swarming without drones? I have looked the
ABC book through, but do not find any thing upon
that point. Can there be any thing done to en-
courage them in swarming? N. C. Arnold.

Wilson, N. Y., June 14, 1880.

Why, friend A., that is a new idea. We
liave heard of qucenlcss colonies quite often,
Imt I don't know that I ever before lieard of
droneless colonies. To be sure, they will
swarm, and it won't make a bit of difference
about their having no drones. If you will
examine the A B C book further you will no-
tice that a queen rarely if ever mates with
drones of her own. Nature has wisely ar-
ranged it so that she can not do it ; there-
fore your bees are all right without any
drones. If you had a whole apiary without
drones, it might be a little different ; but
this, I believe, never happens.

WILL TRANSFERRING START SWARMING? OTHER
QUESTIONS BY A B C SCHOLARS.

We began the season with eight strong colonies,
six in box hives and two in Simplicities. We have
transferred one, and have had four swarms up to
date. Just as we got through transferring we
looked up and saw a large swarm settled on a small
apple-tree, a short distance from where we were
transferring. We do not know whether the bees
came from the hive transferred or Irom some other
hive. We should like to know whether transferring
will cause immediate swarming or not; or would
they have swarmed anyhow in a short time? The
swarm is doing better than the transferred colony.
Our bees are all blacks, and we want to know if we
can not run them for honey while the honey season
lasts, and then get an Italian queen and Italianize
them all. We are members of the ABC class.

We read Mr. Doolittle's article in regard to how to
get honey into the sections. Now, that is our diffi-
culty here. What would be the best plan to get
honey put in sections in the Simplicity hives? How
do you make dummies? I will also state that our
bees wintered well in the open air, both in the Sim-
plicity and in box hives, without any protection.
S. L. & I. E. Phillips.

Fairburn, Ga., May 3, 1886.

I do not think, friend P., that transferring
would be apt to induce swarming, but on
the contrary. It might, however, induce
the bees to abscond because they were dis-
pleased with so much changing and hand-
ling. I should suppose you could tell
whether the swarm you mention came from
your transferred hive or not, from the
amount of bees remaining. — We do not use
dummies. A chaff division - board would
probably answer the same with the Sim-
plicity hive.

A SWARM CHASING A TWO-WHEELED "SHAY."

A friend of the writer, while visiting in Maine, on
the Androscoggin River, saw a swarm of bees on
the wing, whose course seemed to be directly across
a bridge over the above river, and just ahead of
them was an old-style 3-wheeled " shay," containing-
an old gentleman and his wife. The vehicle was
wide, and the back open, and the occupants were

sitting- so there was Quite a space between them.
My friend was quite interested to see if the bees
would turn out for the chaise, as their course
seemed to be directly for the open window, and
just then they went through the open space be-
tween the couple, and out in front over the horse,
and alig-hted on a tree near by. The lady was on
the ground in an instant, with the greatest bewil-
derment at what had happened; but no harm was
done, and the bees soon went into a hollow ti'ce
close at hand.

HOW A BEE-MAN RECOVERED HIS WINTER LOSS
BY LETTINti HIS BEES " SLIDE."

While visiting in my old home, Virden, III., about
a year ago, a friend where I stopped lost some 18
swarms the winter before, and had but five left
alive. We must call him a rather negligent bee-
keeper, for he left his hives of empty comb stand-
ing on their summer stands all the spring. At
swarming time, eight of those hives were occupied
by absconding swarms. He saw two swai-raS come
from a westerly direction and go into two of the
hives, without alighting. The other ten hives were
filled by his own bees, so he is sure none of the eight
were from them, but must have come from a dis-
tance. J. L. Peabody.

13U School St., Lowell. Mass.

Friend P., the facts you give us throw ad-
ditional light on this matter of decoy hives.

IS IT advisable to sell bees at AUCTION?

I now have C3 colonies, and they are doing- well.
I think I shall increase to about 80, and then stop.
My plan for strengthening weak colonics is the
same as yours. I built up about ten, some of
which were very weak. I go to a strong swarm and
hunt the queen, and set her and the frame back,
and theu lift out a frame full of bees and brood,
and give it to the weak colony. Jt works like a
charm. If tliey quarreled any, a little smoking:
made them agree. Most of the time they seem
glad to have company.

I think I shall sell off all of my bees this fall. I
want to travel ne.vt summer for my health. Which
would you advise me to do— sell them at a public
sale, or try to sell them any way I can? I want to '
sell out, not because they dou't pay, for they do
pay, and pay well.

1 bought three settings of Pekin duck-eggs, and I
got 18 ducklings. They are four weeks old, and I
have all 18 of them yet. This spring I raised seven
young canaries. I tell you they are beauties. They
are cute. I have 140 young chickens and 116 old
ones. The two first hens I set, I gave them 30 eggs,
and they brought out 28 chickens. I do all of mj'
housework with the bees and ducks and birds and
chickens. Don't you think I have enough to do?
Mrs. Malinda A. Wilkins.

Seneca, Kansas, June 8, 1886.

As to whether you should sell your bees at
public sale or otherwise is a matter that
somebody in your immediate locality can an-
swer better than we can. I think perhaps if
you advertise them in your local paper you
might realize more from them than by pub-
lic sale. — I should think you had done ex-
tremely well with your poultry business,
with the other work you mention. We have
been greatly delighted with a brood of
Pekin ducks, but we have not succeeded as
well as you have in raising tliem all.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.547

HOW SHALL AVE KEEP POLI-EN OUT OB' SECTIONS ?

My bees want to put pollen into sections all tlio
time when they work on white clover. They will
put it in nearly every one when making- worker
comb, and some in drone comb. I yse a honey-
board over the frames. I wish C. C. Miller would
tell us how he lieeps it out, as he lives in a white-
clover section. I believe the bees g-ather so much
that they don't know what to do with it. I have
known them to store it VZ inches above the brood.
Bees are swarminy, and work in the boxes quite
well. The weather is very dry, and has been lor
sometime. Henhy Willson.

Clinton, III, May 0, 188G.

As a rule, the use of separators discourag-
es the queen from going into the sections,
and, as a consequence, little if any brood is
stored in them. 1 think your experience is
a little unusual.

HOW TO CONSTliUCT A HONEV-IiOOM IN THE GAR-
HET, FOIl BEES.

We have just had a Hood, and T had to take my
bees up stairs. I set them at the windows, and
they did all right. I have your ABC book, and
have looked through it thoroughly, and have tailed
to find out how to make a larg-o bee-hive or a small
room to put a hive of bees in, and take off the sides
of the hive, and let them build comb to the sides of
the room, hive, etc. You speak of something of
the kind under the head of " Bees in Garrets," but
how do you get into the room to cut the honey out?
1 should also feel obliged if you would give me a
description of the hexagonal bee-hive on page 225,
in A B C book. Harry L. Cook.

Chattanooga, Tenn., May, 1886.

I do not know how to direct the making
of a bee-garret. The results of investiga-
tions, wherever I have found such garrets,
have been so unfavorable that I do'not be-
lieve it is best to spend much time or money
on the matter. The Hexagonal bee-hive
you allude to was the project of a friend
who wanted to see what he could do. The
hive cost him something like $50.00, and I
believe it gave him several good yields of
honey. We had an engraving of it made,
and it was described in Gleanings for
Feb., 1882, page 02. It is interesting as a
curiosity, but I don't believe any one wants
many hives of that kind.

DO BEES GATHER HONEY FROM HARD MAPLE.''

On page 0.")8, October No., last year, friend Doo-
little says that, according to his observations, bees
gather very little honey from hard maple, but plen-
ty of pollen. Now, according to my experience the
hard maple yields honey abundantly; in fact, I
think it is equal to fruit-bloom for honey, and the
honey is of better quality. But, of course, as the
weather is usually unfavorable during the maple
bloom there is comparatively little saved by the
bees. I have never experimented as carefully as
friend Doolittle; but this T know: We have no
willow ill bluom when the sugar-tree is in bloom,
nor is there any other source where bees gather
honey at that time, except dandelion, which did not
bloom this year. So w hile the sugar-trees were in
bloom the bees worked with a vim e(iual to fruit-
bloom, and stored considerable honey, although the
weather was very unfavorable most of the time
during the two weeks they were in bloom, and the
honey was of excellent quality.

We can not always compare our localities with
others; as, for instance, I see reports from some
localities that l)ces make considerable honey from
the goldenrod. Now, two years ago I had a field of
eight acres covered with it, and I never saw a bee
on a goldeiu'od blossom in my life.

The season in this locality was a very poor one
for honey last year. A great many of our bee-
keepers did not get any honey at all. My report is
as follows: :iO lbs. of comb honey per colony and
two swarms. My best colony gave .50 lbs.

Farmington, W. Va. L. II. Wi[.cox.

I am inclined to agree with you, friend
W.. that the hard maple does attimes yield
considerable honey. Two or three years ago
we had a seas(m when the bees were hlling
the hives with new honey. So much of it
was brought in, that, when we turned the
combs over to look at the brood, the honey
would run out on our clothing. It had the
taste, somewhat, of maple syrup ; and as the
hard maples were just roaring with bees for
many days, I decided the honey-flow came
from them. Did you taste the honey, and
see what it was like ?

MRS. AXTELL ON FORMING NUCLEI.

The w.iy I like best to make nuclei is this: Go
to my blackest, or poorest and smallest colonies;
take out all the combs and adhering bees, and car-
ry to a new hive on a new location, two of which
combs I set in the hive; then brush off the
bees from the remaining combs into the hive.
Now we know we have the queen, and enough of
the bees will remain to care for the queen and
brood well (as only a strong nucleus pays). Now
carry back the other two or three combs to the old
stand, and enough bees will return to care for
them. ]f a colony is strong enough, three or more
nuclei may be made of the one weak colony. I
like to pick out my darkest hybrids or poorest-
queened colonies, because I do not wish to raise
drones from them. It is the easiest way to get
them rcqueened. Mrs. L. C. Axtell.

Roseville, 111., May 26, 1880.

HOW TO COOK CARP.

My husband has been getting some carp from a
neighbor's pond, and they are almost as bonj' as the
eastern " red horse," or suckers, and taste very
much like them. A good many object to buying
them, on account of the bones. As I like the flavor
of them, I have tried various ways of cooking them.
The best way for us is to bake them. We kill, and
clean them thoroughly the day they are caught.
They sometimes need washing si.x or seven times
in clear water. Then let them stand in clear water
all night. Wash them once again in tho morning,
and then cut off tails and fins, and pack them heads
and tails; that is, as close as I can get them, and
about two deep, in a l)aking-dish of some kind. I
use a long dripper. As I jiack I sprinkle a little
salt and pejipir inside them, then put in water un-
til just even with the to]) of the fish; and if liked, a
little nice meat-drippings or butter is added; then
bake for two hours, or longer if desired. I do not
add any more water, preferring to let them l)e about
dry when done. When so prepared, the bones are
nearly all as soft as those are in canned salmon,
and they are much i-elished. If any are loft I warm
them up in hot lanl and a little extra salt.

Los Alamos, Cal. Mrs. .1. Hilton.

.548

(ILEANINGS IN BEE CULTUiiE.

July

DOES CHANGING THE INTERIOR OF THE HIVE PRE-
VENT SWARMING ?

I am a beginner in keeping- bees, and I should
lilse to run them witliout increase. I have been
wondeiln;^- if I could not do it in this way: After
the swarm issues, put all the frames containing-
brood in lower story, with enough frames of foun-
dation to fill up the lower story. Then put the
frames containing- honey in upper story, with
frames of foundation to fill out the story. I could
put a frame of foundation between frames of
brood to change the interior of the hive, so that the
bees would hardly know it was their old hive.
After the upper story is filled, extract.

H. M. Parker.

Plymouth, Richland Co., O., May 25, 188C.

Frieiitl P., the plan you suggest will be
nearly equivalent to reversing the brood-
combs, as mentioned on another page by
friend Alley; and my experience is, that
sometimes it works, and, again, it does not
work.

nONEY-DEW, ETC.

I sold 36 stands of bees last year and 3 this spring-,
and I have 23 on hand at this time, and will not sell
any more until swarming- is over. I lost none this
winter. Bees have been doing- well until the last
two weeks, when wo had a heavy frost that killed
all the bloom ; but they are coming- out again. Last
year, and year before last, I had swarms out by the
22d of March. They will be late this spring. They
will surely go to swarming in a few days. I have
not made any divisions yet, and I don't expect to.

When I get time I will write you a letter on the
production of honey-dew, as I am satisfied that I
have discovered it, and 1 should like for j-ou to let
mo know if it has ever been satisfactorily settled as
to what produces it. J. A. Isaacks.

Brownwood, Tex., May 1, 1886.

Friend I., I believe it has pretty generally
been agreed upon, that honey-dew is the
product of aphides, or some sort of insects.
The idea that it falls from the air or clouds
is too improbable to receive credence, with-
out a very great amount of positive proof.
If you have any thing new to oifer on the
subject, we shall be glad to receive it.

now shall we ship our honey in the quantity?

I do most terribly hate to peddlS, so I offered one
of our merchants here my whole prospective crop
of extracted honey from 40 hives for 8 cts. per lb.,
and take it all in trade out of his store, he finding a
market for it among- his acquaintances in New
York. He told me to-day, that after several days to
think about it, if I would put it in tin pails of about
T) lbs., so that he could crate it and ship it to New
York he would accept my proposition. He is hard-
ly willing- to take it in barrels. lean retail it from
10 to 12'/^ cts., a limited quantity, but I do so much
like to dispose of a crop in bulk. I want to see what
can be done. Francis Tkueulooi).

Archer, Fla., May 21, 1886.

CARNTOLANS IN CANADA.

I have to smile a little at your concluding re-
marks about Carniolan bees, on page 424. The bees
produced by the Carniolan queen I got from J. H.
Morrison last September are perfect hybrids in
every respect, temper not excepted. Now, how are
We to tell when we have pure CarniolansV The old-

fashioned German bees have a grayish appearance,
especially when they are young. Can it be possible
that we are being imposed upon, and are getting
back our old race of bees? I am feeling- just a little
sorry that I e^er got any other race mixed with our
Italians. Apple-trees are in full bloom yet, but the
weather is so cool there is no honey secreted. The
Syrians are terribly cros.s; but when we are open-
ing hives wc can soon tell where there is Italian
blood. Ila Michener.

Low Banks, Ontario, May 2fl, 1886.

CARNIOLANS AS WORKERS.

I am quite surprised at your article in June 15th
No., in reference to Carniolan bees as workers. I
have had Italians, Syrians, Cj prians, blacks, and hj--
brids, but I have never yet seen any honey-gather-
ers equal to the Carniolans I now have. My experi-
ence with the race as to gentleness is, that Avhen the
queens have mated with Carniolan drones we have
the gentlest bees; but whether mated with Syrian,
Italian, or black drones, the worker progeny is still
gentle and lovely. I believe Dr. Tinker got a queen
from me, mated with a Syrian drone; would he be
kind enough to report quality of workers ? I have
never had any other queens so prolific. I see no
trait about them but superiority in every way over
any other race I know of. I think it is doubted
that the colony you reported on is C.irniolan. Didn't
you report in Gleanings, soon after getting them,
that you saw no ditference between the workers of
your queen marked " best," and Italians ? Carnio-
lans certainly have no yellow bands.

Oxford, Pa. S. W. Morrison, M. D.

Friend, M., we were a little surprised to
find a few worker-bees from our Carniolan
queen yellow-banded ; but they came from
Frank Benton direct, iind he would doubt-
less send US as good as he had, expecting, of
course, we would report. Furthermore, if I
am not mistaken, both Mr. Benton and oth-
er writers have admitted that a part of these
bees are yellow-banded. When I saw this
admission I was considerably inclined to
feel vexed. Suppose we have the matter
decided before we go any further, as to
whether Carniolan workers should be yel-
low-banded or not. If they are not a pure
breed at all, will it not be best to drop them
right where they areV See letter above.

how easy it is TO BE MISTAKEN.

A great many times friends write us that
they ordered so and so, and yet they received
seniething they didn't order at all. Now.
where no copy of the order is kept, people
are usually so positive the mistake is not
theirs, I have been obliged to give the clerks
particular directions to close up every letter
of explanation by saying, '•• We can return
you your letter, should you not think we
;ire correct in tlie matter, if you so desire."
Unless tlui ;ibove is added, tliere is pretty
sin-e to be hard feelings, aiul sometimes
hard words. The following kind letter illus-
trates the point :

You can not imagine how good I felt when I re-
ceived back from you my letter of May 7th, 1886.
After waiting, telegraphing, telephoning, and at
last paying $1.30 for freight for the sections, it
turns out after all that T am to blame for all of it.
To say that I was ve.xed would be putting it in a
very mild way. The reason I feel good nmv is be-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUR:^.

549

cause I did not scold yoti I'oi- ;ill ilii.s trouble made
by myself and lor myself. Now, in I'uture I will
try to lie more careful about what I say. But sup-
pose j/oii had made the mistake, as I firmly believed
you iiad until you returned my lettt^r, what would
have been the result? My opinion is, that you
would have made it all rig-ht. I have all the supplies
that 1 need for this season; but when I need any
thino- in your line 1 will order. J. F. Miciiaei,.
German, Darke Co., O., June 21, 1880.

I am sure. I'liend Michael, we are very
luuch obliged indeed for your kind concUui-
ing words, and we will tiy hard to deserve
them.

Moral. — Wlien you make an order, always
kee]) a copy, so as to be sure you are not
mistaken when you feel like complaining
that you didn't get what you ordered.

WHEN TO TAKE OFF HONEY.

1 have one of yoiu' A II C books, and am pleased
with it. Can you inform me where I can find a good
market for section honey, and what it is worth per
pound? 1 have fifty colonies of Italians, and they
jn-odnco a very good yield, but honey is worth only,
through this State, 10 cts. per lb. You mention in
your book, that you always get 18 cts. for j-ours. Be
kind enough to lend me a lielping hand in this di-
rection. How late in the season do you take honey?
My plan is to remove from upper story, any time
from the first of May to the middle of September,
but never take anj'from the brood-chamber. Please
give me your ideas on the subject. You don't men-
tion this in your book. E. H. Campbell.

Madison, Ga.. June 10, 1880.

Why. friend C, we continue to take off
honey as long as any comes ; that Is, I
should take oft' every bit in the sections ;
and if tliey then lacked in the brood-cham-
ber, when it came time to prepare them for
winter I would feed. If you want your hon-
ey extra nice, take it off as fast as the sec-
tions are capped over. Every day they re-
main over the bees after this, spoils their
appearance.

"BEES DOING FIRST HATE."

f^\ EES are doing first rate here, and white clo-
Ijj/ ver is in full liloom. Cultivated raspberries,
piJ l)lackbei-ries, and tulip-trees, furnish lots of
■^^ honey also. There is only one large tulip-
irce within easy reach, but the bees carry
in lioney from that one an liour or two every morn-
ing. Allen Latham.
Lancaster, Mass., June 10, 1886.

NEIillASKA.

Bees are doing finely. We hope to get some sur-
plus soon. We are in the midst of strawberry pick-
ing. We have theflnest tliat go lo our market.

Plattsmoulh, Neb., June 9, 1880. W. J. Hessek.

WILL QUADltUI'LE THE STOCK.

My wife is excited over her success with bees.
Last year she tripled, and this year she will quadru-
ple her stock (from a))poarances). They bred all
winter; first swarm. May :i3d; second, from same
colony, June r)th, and will swarm again all round.
Samitet, T. Malehokn.

Denmark, Oregon, June 10, 1880.

HONEY NEVEH BEFORE COMING IN SO FAST.

Bees are doing first rate now, but I am afraid of
dry weather setting in that will cut off the clover.
Thei-e is an abundance of it. I have taken 40 lbs. of
comb honey from some of my hives, and there will
be plenty more in a few days. I never sa\v them
make honey so fast before in my life.

Millersburg, O., June 7, 1880. Jacob Etter.

BEES AT "WORK IN SECTIONS STRONG."

Bees are doing remarkably well so far this sea-
son. We are having an excellent clover - bloom,
and bees are at present gathering more honey from
it than I remember of ever seeing before. Thej'
arc at work in the sections strong, and are just be-
ginning to swarm. I had two swarms to-day.

Williamsvillc, N. Y., June 23. 1880. E. C. Long.

A GOOD REPORT FROM ONE OP OUR DOLLAR
QUEENS, AND ONE, TOO, THAT DOES NOT SWARM.

I bought a dollar queen of you 4 years ago, and
introduced her to a colony of blacks. In a short
time 1 had a colony of pure Italians, and they are
beauties too. They have given 87, 103, 108, and 97
pounds of honey each j-ear respectively. What I
want to know is, why they have never swarmed or
even built a queen-cell. I know it is the same
queen, fori clipped lier wing a few days after in-
troducing her, and saw her last on the 11th inst.
Is it not strange that they do not swarm? I am
very proud of her. C. A. Lewis.

Peachville, Pa., June 14, 1880.

100 LBS. OF HONEY IN .5 DAYS FROM ONE SWARM;
OWES SUCCESS TO THE ABC BOOK.

I liave not written anything for Gleanings for
three years. Your reply at the end of my article
was to let you hear from me again. This fall I will
send jou another report. I have made great strides
in the art since I commenced, 7 years ago. I have
had great success in getting honey, but not in win-
tering. Last year, 8 swarms averaged 200 lbs. of
extracted honey apiece. One new prime swarm,
hived on 2t empty combs, gathered over 100 lbs. in
5 days. I owe much of my success to what I learn-
ed in the ABC book. C. S. Adams.

Williamson, N. Y., June 20, 1880.

CLOVER TWO WEEKS EARLIER ; THE SWARMING
MANIA RAGING.

Bees are doing well. White clover commenced
blooming May 10th, two weeks earlier than usual,
and has furnished a good supply of nectar. Bass-
wood is opening up now. Trees are full of buds;
and if the weather is suitable we shall have a good
honey-crop, which will be the first within three
years. Our woods arc full of runaway swarms.
Persons keeping a few bees, and not paying close
attention, have lost half of their swarms that have
come out this season. We have lost three. Two
first swarms came out and went to the woods with-
out settling. One was followed three-fourths of a
mile. There is something verj- singular about the
swarming this year. We have had one swarm to
come out live limes. It was hived on brood and
foundation. It would stay in the hive two or three
days, work out some of the foundation, and then
swarm out again. Others will stay in the hive a
day, and not do any thing, an<l swarm again. My
hives are well shaded, and the best of care given in
iiiving. Some swarms destroj- all the larvic giveiv
them, if rather young. J. Neuel & Son.

High Hill, Mo., June lit, 1880.

550

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

0a^ 0WN ^nnm.

DOOLITTLE'S PLAN OF FORMING NUCLEI, AS TRIED
AT OUR APIARY.

■T^VER since Mr. Doolittle gave his plan of form-
"Pl ing' nuclei (p. ;?()4, last yeai-, and p. 401, cui--
IP]* rent volume), I have had a great curiosity to
■^" know whether it would work successfully
here. As our apiarists have been practicing
artiflcial swarming-, I told one of the boys to try
Doolittle's i)lan, and I determined to put it severe-
ly to the test. I accordingly instructed him to take
six different frames, with adhering bees, from as
many different colonies, being careful that the
queen was not on any of said frames. These in ro-
tation, as fast as taken from the hives, were shaken
over the tunnel, precipitating the bees into one of
our I'/i-lb. shipping Avire-cloth cages. Au effort was
made to shako all the ragged-winged old bees into
the cage, taking advantage of the fact that young
bees adhere more closely to the combs. When the
cage was filled it contained about a quarter of a
pound of bees from six different colonies, making,
by actual weight, a pound and a half of bees, a
large part of which were old ragged-winged fellows.
Among these were dropped a queen from a seventh
colony, so that we had seven colonies represented
in this cage of bees. Wo would naturally expect
that these bees would be apt to quarrel— at any
rate, kill the queen. According to directions, the
bees wei'c jumbled up considerably, and then
placed in a cool dark place over night, to become
acquainted with each other. Next morning they
were put in a hive where pi-eviously had been put
a frame of unsealed larvae and a frame of honey,
and two or three empty combs. I watched the bees
narrowly, to see whether any would return to their
old stands. At noon of the same day, on examining
the hive 1 concluded that most of the bees were
still there; but I failed to see many of the old rag-
ged-winged bees. I then coucluded that they had
gone to their old locations.

At T P.M., on looking into said colony, I was grati-
fied and surprised to find that those same old rag-
ged-winged bees were all there, they having evi-
dently at noon been out foraging, and at night were
at home. Yes, those ragged-winged old fellows
were scattered all through the hive, and the queen
was in the center of a ring of bees,«unharmed.

Now, if, by the ordinary way, those six frames of
bees had been put directly together in some one hive,
the old ragged wings would all have returned to
their old locations. Isn't that so, friend D.? Besides,
if the queen had been dropped right among them,
as she was in the cage, she probably would have
been killed. T don't know whether or not friend
Doolittlo has tried forming an artiflcial swarm from
so many different colonies, but I felt sure that if it
would stand this test, his plan ought to work suc-
cessfully, as ordinarily practiced by him. I am
aware that it involves considerable labor; but the
point is, if I understand correctly, to make all the
bees stay at their new location, and perform, as
nearly as possible, the functions of a natural
Bwarm.

Of course, I would not say that, because this one
instance has proved successful, therefore the plan
will always work. We shall try it again, and will
report later. Well, suppose it will work success-
fully every time, will the consequent labor involved

pay you for youi' trouble ? This you will have to
settle for yourselves. Mr. Doolittle has practiced it
for a couple of years back, and I believe he still
considers it the most economical way of forming
nuclei or strengthening weak colonies. Mr. Fowls,
of Oberlin, O., said he had met with good success by
it, and thought it one of the valuable "kinks" to
the trade.

WHAT FUEL IS BEST FOR SMOKERS ? THE FUEL

THAT WE NOW PREFER AT THE HOME

OF THE HONEY-BEES.

Among some of the practical ideas in Mr. Hed-
don's "Success in Ree Culture" we find planer
shavings mentioned by " my friend," and recom-
mended by Mr. Heddon as being the best fuel for
smokers. The boys tried this fuel, prepared in the
way described; but while they met with fair suc-
cess, the shavings burned out too quickly, and
sometimes went out altogether. No doubt, with the
Bingham smoker, this fuel will do all that is claimed
by Mr. Heddon; but with the Clark, the modus oper-
andi, by reason of the difference in draft, has to be
varied somewhat.

HOW TO MAKE THE CLARK SMOKER RUN FROM
FOUR TO SEVEN HOURS IN THE API-
ARY WITHOUT REFILLING.

One of the boys then substituted, in place of the
shavings, fine basswood sawdust; and, strange as it
may seem, it gave excellent satisfaction, burning
for a great length of time, and sending out a vol-
ume of smoke. The manner of filling is simply to
put a few live coals over the grate (holding the noz-
zle downward), and then filling the fire-box level
full with the fine basswood sawdust, such as comes
from sawing sections. The smoker, as thus loaded,
will last from four to seven hours, depending upon
the amount of wind blowing. If the air is still, and
the smoker is filled just right, it may be expected to
run for aSlong time without refilling. We much
prefer basswood sawdust to pine, as the latter is too
apt to fill up the tube with tar. I suppose any hard-
wood sawdust will answer as well as the basswood.

The secret of the sawdust lasting so long rests in
the fact that sawdust will smoulder for a great
length of time, without going out. When our hon-
ey-house caught fire, something over a dozen yeai'S
ago, we discovered that the fire originated from the
sawdust packing holding fire for a whole day and
night, and I believe other flres have been traceable
to the same cause.

THE SIMPLICITY REVERSIBLE FRAMES.

We have tried a number of these frames, with
excellent satisfaction. They reverse surprisingly
easy, even when covered with propolis; and for gen-
eral handling, the boys like them much better than
the knife-edge metal corners. To hold a frame filled
with honey by these metal corners, is sometimes a
little uncomfortable toUhe fingers. These reversi-
ble wire corners are easy on the fingers, and at the
same time possess all the good features of the old
metal corners. For the benefit of our readers who
may wish to see it, I here reproduce it.

THE SIMPLICITY REVERSIBLE FRAME.

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

551

The cut will, I think, make tlic principle plain.
To reverse, the corner is slipped ofif, and is then re-
volved to the other corner, where it is slipped iiito
place.

I must say, from my experience I am grreatly
pleased with the reversing: principle. We hav'c se-
cured by it some as line combs as I ever saw, the
frames beins" tilled out solid from bottom-bar to
tojvbar. Even with wired frames the bees will
scarcely ever build the comb plump against the
bottom-bar. Near the lower end of the comb the
bees are apt to g-naw around the wires. Frames
of this description have been reversed, and the
combs then completely flilcd out in a day or so. If
we continue to like thi.:i reversing' principle, we
shall use it entirely in the apiary. We already have
quite a number in use. From the experience I have
had 1 do not think I should like to reverse the
whole hive; i. e., all the frames at once. On exam-
ining- into a number of hives, 1 saw some combs
which needed reversing-, when, to reverse others in
the same hive, would only result in harm— at least,
so it seems to me. To reverse the frames singly is
not a very long operation.

I should still advise the friends who have had no
experience with them not to put too many revers-
ing frames in the apiary at once. Although many
like them at present, we niay all decide adversely
to them in time.

C.VI!NIf)L,ANS STILL LAGGING.

These bees are not doing much better. Although
by all odds the strongest colony in the apiary,
they have no more honey in their hive than ordina-
ry Italian nuclei. Two of the frames of foundation
which I told you about last issue have not yet been
pulled out. Such a strong colony, in the space of
two weeks, during the honey-How, ought to have
had the fdn. drawn out long before this. I will
say to Dr. Morrison, that the bees in question ai"e
from a Carniolan queen which Benton called " very
line." There aro only a few Italians among them.
As wc have been expecting them to swarm, we have
attached to the entrance one of the Alley traps,
both to catch the queen in case the swarm issues,
and to catch all the drones, as wc do not wish to
have any of their blood in our apiary.

This morning the apiarist found a young- virgin
queen trying to pass the trap attached to the Carni-
olan swarm. She made rei)eated attempts U) get
through, but without success. The apiarist then
took her away after the bees had balled her. This
shows that even young (jueens can not pass the zinc,
so that there is no doubt, when the Carniolan queen
comes forth with the swarm, she will find that she
is "left."

HUUUAH fOIl THK At, LEV TllAP.

I/re(c(-.— This afterncjon, at a quarter before four,
while in the apiary I saw a big swarm in the air. Go-
ing directly to the Carniolan swarm I found the
bees pouring out of this hi\'e through the trap.
Yes, sure enough, there was the queen in the upper
apartment, where she had passed through the cone
when she found her.-telf unable to pass the perforat-
ed metal. The bees circled around in the air for
about five minutes, when, finding their queen ab-
sent, they poured back into the liivc through the trap
amazingly (jiiick. I l.ad nothing to do but to watch
them. It works about the same as clipping the
queen's wings, with the e.vception that you do not
have to hujit for Ilie <|uceu. The trap is automatic,
and i,i, no doubt, a great saying of labor. If J had

wished to imt the swarm in another hive, all I
shou Id have had to do would have been to detach the
trap iTom the hive and suspend it in the air. The
bees would soon have clustered around their caged
queen, and I could have put them wherever I
pleased.

I would say, that we do not ordinarily allow
swarming; Init I had made the conditions favora-
ble for the issue of this swarm for the express pur-
pose of testing the trap. This invention of Mr.
Alley's will prove a great boon to those who have
apiaries located in different places, and where they
have to hire expensive help to take care of the
swarming. Ernest.

Gleanincs in Bee Culture,

Published Scuii-^foiitli I;/.

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.
MEDINA, O.

TERMS: SI.OO PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clul3ti&s Eates, Sco First Page of Beading Uattor.

I am the light of the world.— John 9: 5.

We have, at this date, June 29, 5628 subscribers.
Wc are also filling all orders almost the day they
are received. If any one has been missed, let us
know and we will fix it instantly.

MH. THOMAS HOUN AND IIlS BUSINESS.

With the number of complaints we are having, it
is no longer ijossible for us to keep silent, although
it is my ojiinion that Mr. Horn means to make every
thing satisfactory with his customers, when he gets
through with his great rush of orders. The only
thing we can blame him for is, that he does not i"c-
turn the money promptly when his customers write
that they prefer it instead of waiting- longer. We
wrote him that he must either return the money or
make some exi)lanation to his patrons, that wo
could publish, before this issue went out. In reply
to this we get the following- telegram :

Can not attend to mail myself— orders are josilive to re-
turn if not tilled. If not, answer. I'lease write ajrain— letter
to-day. Thos. Houn.

Sherburne, N Y., June 29, ISSIi.

SECRET SOCIETIES.

Without in-esuming to dictate, I feel it never-
theless my duty to say that, when my advice is
asked, I do not hesitate to reply that I can not see
any need at present of secret socioticf of atiy kind.
Especially docs it seem to me that one who profess-
es to bo a follower of the Lord Jesus Christ has no
need of secrecy in this way. Jesus taught openly.
I am well aware that many profjesoi-s of religion
aro members of secret societies of different kinds.
I know, also, that our young i)eople, many of them,
arc members of secret societies that claim to have
as their end and aim the furthering of the kingdom
of God ; but for all that, I feel a little sad and a little
afraid whc'i I hear that any young friend of mine
has become a member of any of these Our prayer-
meetings aro not ojily open and free to all, but every
tru(j Christian is always glad to welcome the pres-

abz

GLEA^^INGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

ence of auy human being, no matter what the color,
sex, or social condition. II wo are seeking first the
kingdom of God and his rig-hteousness, is there any
need of secrecy anywhere in this wide universe ?
Shall we not so live that Ave shall never be afraid to
have the all-seeing- Eye look down into the inner-
most depths of our own hearts ? and shall we not
also so live that we need never tear to have human
eyes look into the business of our lives, and even
scan closely the work of our hands? "In secret
have I said nothing," are the words of our Savior.

HAND-BOOKS 0^f RURAT^ INDUSTRIES, AND WHAT
THEV SHOULD COST.

One of the things to rejoice about during this
nineteenth century is the fact that almost every
thing is taught in books; that is, a whole book is
written in regard to potato culture, and another on
cranberry culture, a third one on broom - corn,
etc. Not only have we jwultnj -hooks, but we have a
book written specially in regard to the Liyht Brah-
man; and these text-books are a wonderful help in
their respective lines of business. But what I want
to protest against in this brief notice is, ;he fashion
of advertising a "book," charging 2.5 or .50 cts. for
it, and sending, in return, a brief pamphlet that
should be sold for a nickel or a dime. Three books
are now being advertised extensively in the agricul-
tural papers, on celery culture. One is 35 cts. ; the
other two, 50 cts. each. Now, a book on celery cul-
ture is very much needed, and I have sent for
every thing that has come out, just as soon as I saw
it advertised. The 25-cent one is by .1. N. Stearns,
Kalamazoo, Mich. The title is, "Celery Culture."
Said book has a cover 4X6 inches. Inside it are si.x
leaves, 4X6' inches. One of the 12 pages is occupied
by an advertisement of something foreign to the
subject. The type is large and widely displaj'ed.
Every thing in the book would not make a single
page of Gleanings, and yet it is advertised and
sold for 25 cts. The other two, at 53 cts. each, are
entitled respeetivcli', " Kalamazoo Celery," and,
" How to Grow Celery." One contains 23 pages; the
other, 30; size of the books, 4'cX7 inches. The
matter is tolerably fair, what there is of it; but
there is not a single illustration to explain the op-
erations of celery culture, in any one of the books.
Ten cents would, in my opinion, be an ample price
for them. Of course, these books will be short-lived,
and the sale of them limited. Instead of being
treasured up as something of vaiue, they will be
torn up or lost, or go into the waste-i)aper basket in
a week or two. It is true, they may be worth all they
cost to many of the purchasers; but to my notion
it is not i'i(ilit, and it is not fair. If the advertiser
should, in his advertisement, say how large his
" book " is, and tell the number of pages it contains,
he would find hardly a purchaser. Large books are
not needed on many of these subjects ; but why
can't wo have something like a uniform price, even
on industrial pamphlets ? And why not call them
so, instead of i;alling them hooks? Pei'haps you urge
that it would not pay; but I reply, it will pay a fair
and reasonable profit to get out a good book, full of
pictures, illustrating the subject, and sell it so as to
furnish the purchaser, say a good-sized page (the
size of GLEANijvqs, for instance), at the rate of a
cent a page, or not to exceed that price. Indus-
trial hand-books can be furnished at the above
figures, so as to pay reasonably iycl|.. 1 Hnow,
because I have tried jt.

BeOK-l^EYIEW Dep^rtj^e^t.

does it take TWENTV pounds of HONEY TO
MAKE ONE I'OUND OF W.\X ?

R. P. L. Vf ALLON, 13ayou Goula, La., criti-
cises somewhat my conclusion in this de-
partment of May 15, as regards the original
cost of wax, as adduced from the conse-
(luent consumption of lion:"y. As he men-
tions some of our time-honored experiiui'iilers and
writers who have given the matter some attention,
I insert it below, that we may togothtjr considir
what he has to say:

Mr. Erufixt Runt: — In ymir l>o(ik-rcview of May 15,
you say: " From the tact, i hat jMcLain's estimate of
the cost of wax' is backe<l by tornier e.\i)eriineiits
some years ago, it woulil seem that 20 llis. of honey
to 1 li). of wax is very nearly correct." Don't .\ ou
think that xou are rather premature in coming to
this conclusion, for McLain's estimate. Imsed only
on opinion, as far as I can see, is given as such 'i
You also refer to the paper read by me at the con-
vention in New Orleans, and say that 1 "gave as my
opinion," etc. I think that it would have been
better to say that I gave my modus operandi and the
results of my experiments, etc. Now, >is you have
put me in evidence showing the great dltference be-
tween Prof. McLain's oiiinion and the result of my
experhnents, which will, no doubt, cause critical
reflections, and wishing to verify my experiments
to a certain extent. I would call your attention to
the experiments of Berlepsch and others in Eu-
rope; and among our i)rominent bee-keepers here,
Mr. C. Dadant says about 10 lbs. of honey is re-
quired, basing his opinion on the amount of grain
required to produce 1 U). of fat in animals. If
you read friend Doolittle's article in the C. B. J.,
May 2B, you will see that he says that it takes less
than 5 lbs. of honey to make 1 lb. of wa.x, when
tjees are not confined, and have access to plenty of
pollen and water from the fields, etc. If I am not
mistaken, Mr. J. Heddon's estimate is not far from
the above. P. L. Viallon.

Bayou Goula, La., June 3, 1880.
I am very glad, friend Viallon, that you have
spoken so freelj', if I do seem to be "waxed pretty
bad;" but as nearly as I can discover, McLain is
backed by former experimenters, and it was the
most natural thing in the world to conclude that the
old estimate was nearly correct. You say I ought
to have given the results of your experiments. If
you will look again, page 392, you will see that I did
put it as the results of your experiments; namely,
7 lbs. of honey to 1 lb. of wax. From the reading
of McLain's report I had supposed that the pro-
fessor had arrived at his conclusions from experi-
ments; quoting from his report we find the follow-
ing: "Estimates can easily be furnished to prove
that the production of every pound of wa.x costs
the bee-keeper ten times the sum realized from its
sale." I take it from this that he had made some
experiments as regards the cost of wa.v.

On consulting several of the bee-books I find it
seems to be presupposed that it takes from 15 to 25
lbs. of honey to make one i)ound of wax. Whether
these data were obtained from actual experiment
of the authors, I am not prepared to saj-. If the
results of your experiments, friend Viallon, arc
correct, then these books need revising on this point.
As we have here on file all the bee-journals since
started, I took a little search in some of them.
Turning back to the American Bee-Journal of 1861,
Vol. I., page 88, we find there recorded the experi-
ments of Gundelach and of Baron Berlepsch. In
the second paragraph we find: "Gundelach made
some minute and careful experiments, the details
of which are given in the ' Natural History of the
Honey-Bee,' and the result^ ghowcd that about 20

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

lbs. of honey wore used by tlio bees in producing a
pound of wax." Again, in the third paragrapli oc-
curs the following-: " A similar expernient" (refer-
ring' to the one justcjuotcd) "with like results was
made by the Baron of Berlepsch. In a subsequent
experiment he allowed the bees free access to pol-
len, and ascertained that, in such ease, 13 lbs. of
honey (exclusive of the pollen consumed) sufficed
to produce a pound of wa.\." The above ai'e ver-
batim quotations. Kcmembcr we are not talking-
about the amount of pi)llcn and honey required for
a pound of wax, but houey alone. The i)ollen in
the last experiment probably accounts largely for
the difference in results.

In the same article, further on, we find: *' Ag-ain,
Count Stosch, taking the second experiment of the
Baron of Berlepsch as the basis of his estimate,
thinks due allowance should bo made for the time
spent in comb-building by the bees, and which, if
devoted to honey-gathering, would have enabled
them to store up 30 lbs. Hence, he concludes that,
with the actual consumption and the necessary al-
lowance for time and labor, the cost of a pound of
wax is fully equivalent to 30 lbs. of honey."

If I am correct, the foregoing extracts refer to
the German friends Mr. Viallon has in mind, but I
do not see that the " results" of their experiments
particularly favor him, but rather verify what Prof.
McLain has said. If our German experimenters
have made anj' more recent experiments, the results
of which are radically different, I should be glad to
bo informed of it.

Mr. Dadant is quoted as saying 10 lbs. of honey
only are reciuired for one pound of wax. As he ob-
tains this estimate from the quantity of grain re-
quired to make a pound of fat, it seems to me this
estimate bears the force of only an assumption.
The fat of animals and the wa.x of bee^ may be sim-
ilar, but I do not see how the proportion can hold
true, if we reason that corn is to fat as honey is
to wa.v, which, when sifted down, amounts to about
that. It may approach the truth, but not accurate-
ly, or, at least, so it seems to me.

Mr. Doolittle is mentioned as saying in the C. B. J.,
page lot), that only 5 pounds of honey is required
for 1 pound of wax ; but, observe, he gives it as his
opinion. He states the reasons for his belief, but
using Viallon'is terms, not the modioi operandi or the
results of his experiments, strictly speaking.

Now, friends, while I confess I had just a " Icetle"
desire to talk back to friend Viallon, it is not my
purpose in making these extracts and allusions from
some of our prominent writers to show by their use
that the results of Viallon's experiments were incor-
rect, or that Doolittle was wrong in his belief; but to
show from various sources, so far as I was able, the
result of previous investigation upon the one point
of the original cost of wax. Indeed, I would regard
it as j)rcsumption to take issue with some of the old
writers who have long been in the Held. My object
is to call forth a settlement of this " wax question,"
if possible, as proven by a series of careful and im-
partial experiments of the present time. Wax has
now become one of the staple articles of commerce,
and I regard it highly imjjortant that bee-keepers
know pretty nearly what it will cost them to pro-
duce it when honey is of slow sale. If it can be pro-
duced at a cost below the market prices, then surely
we ought to know it. Several have inquired
whether they could produce and sell wax at a prollt.
Perhaps with the knowledge of what has been done

we can prove that the original cost of wa.x is con-
siderably lower than the old estimate. Strange as it
may seem, I sincerely hope it may be demonstrat-
ed, for it would develop a new income for the bee-
keeper; and it is quite probable that, as Mr. Doo-
little suggests, when the bees have access to open
air we may arrive at quite different results.

Ernest.

BEE - KEEPER'S GUIDE ;

Or, MANUAL OF THE APIARY.

12,000 SOLD SINCE 1876.

13th THOUSAND JUST OUT!

10th THOUSAND SOLD IN JUST FOUR MONTHS !
4000 Sold Since CVlay, 1883.
More than .50 jiagcs, and more than 50 tine illus-
trations were added in the 8th edition. The whole
work has been thoroughly revised, and contains the
very latest in respect to bee-keeping. It is certainly
the fullest and most scientific work treating of
bees in the World. Price, by mail, $1.25. Liberal
discount to dealers and to clubs.

A. J. COOK, Author and Publisher,
13-23 Agricultural College, Mich.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON^

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,
is rearing- Italian queens for sale again this season,
and can furnish them by mail, safe arrival guar-
anteed, as follows: Single queen, $1.00; si.x queens
for $5.00: twelve or more, 75 ets. each. Tested
qvieens. f2.0'J each. Make money orders payable at
Flint, Mich. Send for price list of bees (lull colo-
nies, or by the pound). Given foundation, white-
poplar sections, hives, cases, feeders, empty combs,
etc. ■ 13tfd

LEWBS V-GROOVE

ONE-PIECE SECTIONS

Down, Down, Goes the Price.

First Quality, White Basswood, (Jnc-P<mnd Sections,
In lots of 500 to 3(XK), $4M) per lim.

SPECIAL FREIGHT RATES.

If 30(10 or minx arc wanted, write for special prices,
delivered to yim, freit/ht paid by its.

C. B. LEWIS & CO., »tfdb

April 15, 188G. Watertown, Wisconsin.

G(K)D NEWS FOR DIXIE"!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

SectioiiM, Kxtraetoi-H, Siiiokcr»>i, Separators,

&:o., ui' Uoot'N ITIaniifartiirc, Siiippetl

from liere at ROOT'S PUIOGS.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and IJee-
Keepers' Sui)plies in genei-al. Price List Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3-24dl>

We WILL SELL

Chaff hives complete, with lower frames, for $3..50;
in flat, *1.5(). A liberal discount by the (piantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Boxes, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
snid Qneeiii*. Send for Price List. 23 22db

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

oo4

glea:nings in bep: culture.

July

EXCHAITGE DEPARTMEITT.

Notices will be inserted under tliis head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exi'i'ecl h lines, and you must SAY you want your ad. in this de-
)iartiiuMit . Ill- we will nut be responsililc fur any error. You
ean liavc flir notice as many lines as yi.u please'; but all over
live lines will eost you aceordiut; to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To exchange 30,000 strawberry-plants,
Crescent Seedling-, Cumberland Triumph,
Sharpless, and Glendale, 75 cts. per 100; S4.(10 per
lOOO, for bees, foundation, or improved poultry.
lOtfdb W. J. Hesseb, Plattsmouth. Neb.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted honey,
cash or offers, 15,000 pot-grown strawberry-
plants of the best varieties; also game cocks and
Jersey Red pigs. Can give best reference. 13-13d
Address Geo. M. Wertz,

Johnstown, Cambria Co., Pa.

WANTED.— To buy for cash, from KJO to 500 pieces,
either pine, poj)lar, or basswood, 7 feet long,
3'/^ inches wide, !■'« inches thick, planed all over,
with a rabbet taken from one corner Vi inches by
Vi inch. Who can furnish themV 13-13d

Thos. W. CiioACiiER, New Bedford, Mass.

WANTED.— To sell, after June 1st, 50 3-frame L.
size nucleus colonies of hybrid bees, with
nueens, for $3. .50 each, delivered at Plattsmouth,
Neb., or I will exchange for young stock, cattle or
horses, or apiarian supplies.
IStfdb J. M. Young, Rock Bluff, Cass Co., Neb.

WANTED.— To sell. or exchange a farm, 160 acres;
good buildings, good soil, good title. All under
fence. For sale at a fair price. Address 12tfdb
W. B. Brown, Spirit Lake, Dickinson Co., la.

WANTED.— To exchange Gale plow, square har-
row, subsoil plow, double lead harness, riding-
saddle, horse-clippers; also a Stevens H rifle and 13-
gauge shot-gun combined, for Barnes saw, hives in
flat, or offers. Goods shipped from Philadelphia, Pa.
13-13d H. M. HiESPELL, Paola, Fla.

WANTED.— To exchange five full-blood Scotch
shepherd pups for Sf5.03 in cash each, or six
warranted Italian queens. Stock warranted full,
and satisfaction guaranteed. Address
13d T. J. Penick, Williston, Fayette Co., Tenn.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees in three-
frame nucleus with queen, at $3.50 each, for
fdn., brood size, 8xl6!4- Also young queens at 8^1.00
each. 13-14d M. Isbeli^, Norwich, N. Y.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian and hybrid bees
for pure beeswax comb fdn., Wyandotte, Brown
Leghorn, and Plymouth Rock chickens, or offers.

A. E. Woodward, Groom's Corners,
13d Saratoga Co., N. Y.

FOR SALE or exchange, White English Rabbits,
choice stock very low, now;t<ilso P. ducks and
poultry cuts for sale cheajj.
13 ]4d O. L. Cover, Covington, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange bees in Root's Simp, or
chaff' hives, or a saw-table with $7.00 mandrel,
suitable for power, for a Barnes loot-power circu-
lar saw, or will sell cheap for cash.
1316db M. LuuTMAN, Hannibal, Monroe Co., Ohio.

IjlOR SALE.— Italian Bees and brood. Queens bred
' from imported mothers. Or I will exchange for
supplies at a bargain.
13tfdb C. F. Uhl, Millersburg, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange even Rose-comb Brown
Leghorn cockerels, Ajiril hatch, standard birds,
for Italian queens or comb foundation. Price $1.00
here. 13d W. M. Janes, Paris, Tenn.

I nni^ UPPPT To any one wishing to purchase
L.UUr\ ncnc. nice Italian bees I win furnish
them, during the month of July, for 50 cts. per
pound. Tested queens, $1.00 each; all queens rear-
ed from cells built under the swarming impulse.
In all cast'3, cash must ppeompany order.
13-14 A, G. BRUSH, Susquehanna, Pa.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of. we will insert notices free of
charpfe, as below. We do this becnse there is ha''dly value
enouKh to these queens to pay f"r buyinfr tliem up arid keep-
ing: Ihem in stock; and jet it- is oftentimes (piite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford hig:her-priced ones.

I will sell 30 hybrid queens in .Tuly, at 35 cts. each.
Insure safe delivery, and that (pircas fire layers.
John S. Sargent, Hulton, Coles Co., III.

I can furnish some mismated queens at 50 c^nts
apiece. A. M. Sawdey, Poolvillc, N. Y.

I lia\e a few nice hybrids for 35c each, and a few
rather snuill, untested and tested, lor 4'Jc. All are
warranted to be good q'leens.

C. AVkckesseu, Marshallvillo, O.

T have 10 good hybrid queens that 1 will sell for 25
cents apiece. O. I''. He.\cock, Volusia, Fla.

Prolific hybrid queens for sale, at 40c each.

Wm. Barth & Bro., Petersburg,
Mahoning Co., O.

I have several black queens at 15c; hybrids, 35c,
to sell for neighbors— 10 or 13 in all.

Jno. C. Capehart, St. Albans, W. Va.

UNTESTED CARNIOLANS.

I have aOout .50 Carniolan (jueens of last season's
raising, fertilized by Italian drones, producing the
gentlest bees and best honey-gatherers I have ever
had, and a few of their daughters, untested, pro-
cured by natural swarming, which I will send by
mail, and guarantee safe arrival, for .50 cts. each.
S. W. Morrison, M. D., Oxford, Chester Co., Pa.

DO YOU EAT CANDY?

Send $1.35, and I will express 5 Ihs. of Todd's Hone.y
Candies, same as made a sensation at last Pennsyl-
vania State Fair. Remember, every pound sold
helps the honey-trade. Special rates for quantities
for fairs. Dadant Foundation always in stock at
market prices. Bees, Queens, Hives, Smokers. Vol.
I of Frank Cheshire's new book mailed free, $3 50.
9]4db AETHUE TODD, 1910 Qemantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

^[TALIAN^ QUEENS.

Very choice tested, $3.00 | Choice untested, $1.00

Circular free. WALT S. POUDER,

13tfdb Groesbeck, Hamilton Co., Ohio.

QUEENS.

m^

I have them, bred from a best selected queen of
Root's importation, 00 cts. each; 6 for $4.50. I can
give all orders immediate attention, and ship by
return mail. Send postal for dozen rates.
lOtfdb B. T. BliEASDAIiE:,

596 ^Voodlaiid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

ITALIAN aUEENS. Untested, 85c. ; six, $4.50. Tested,
$1.50. Write for price list of bees. fdn.. etc.
13-1.5db JNO. NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.

QUEENS AT REDUCED PRICES.

As money is scarce, I will sell iny warranted
queens at $8.00 a dozen, or 3 dozen lor $15.00.
13d J. T. WILSON, Nicholasville, Ky.

ITALIAN BEES FOR SALE.

7 strong colonies in Kidder hives; frames lOi'^xll^l
inches, at only $5.00 per colony. Address
13-14d W. J. HiLLMAN, Green River, Wind. Co.. Vt.

By Heturn Mail.

Select tested queens, each, - . - . $i ,50

Warranted queens, " 75

per doz., - • - - 8 00

Strong 3-frame nuclei, L. frames, each, - - 3 50

Address JAMES WOOD,

ISlsab No. Prescon, Mass,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

559

Contents of this Number.

Allev Trap 572

Alsike Clover 571

Anrtinmefia I'laiit 5fi7

Axtc'll on Swarming 569

Bee Rotaiiv 5R7

Rfi^s ill Sect ions 570

Hies in Nozzle of Smoker. .687
HtHs, To (ii-t out of Secfns.ft65

Hoes, To Water 58fi

Hecs, Vici.iiis iifiS

Boraire for Honev 563

rSox Hives, (in. Hi l{eport....57:i

Proud-nests. Knipty r*3

Carniolans, JIarkirijis of 594

('arp :585

Celery, To Raise 5fi3

Chinese Superstitions .5fiR

Cliinqnapin 667

CliiipinfT, How to Do it 567

("lippecl yueens Flyinp .567

Clippim.' in Virgil's Time.. .569
(' .Mill 11. iiu-v, To Market. ...562

('..iiificv.. 574

CiiiifliliMi. Powders .588

Cooks Hi'view of Cheihire.564

Cotton, Mrs 58K

Culp's Pupil 588

Cushions. Phosphate-sacks 571

Drumming on Pans .588

Editorial .594

Egg Food .588

Extractor. Solar .587

Frames, Spacing too Far. . .573

Frames. Reversible 593

Heads of Urain 572

Honey-dew 572

Honey-jumbles .572

Hone.v, Patent 570

Honey, Adulterated 570

Honev Column .5.59

Honev Ciindv 588

Horse Killed hv Bees .589

Killiiiir Wriik Swarms .588

Kinil W..r.ls .590

Livinir Sinl.len Stoppage. ..566

Iji|ipin I.vi'i.iides .567

Lookout M.mntain 685

M.TVwci-.l .560

Mv Xcij;lili..rs ,583

X.'.t.-saiiil Queries .588

Niiili-i. To K.irm .594

Our ( iwii .Vpirirv .593

Pa.kat-'.s i.f H.>npv..5-eent..573
P.itat.. Ciilliirc ill Swedish ..589

(.nieen ill Wmim Hive .587

Queens in the JIails .59-2

Uueen-cells, Danger from. ...572

Ragweed 560

Reports Diseourairing .574

Resurrection Plant .574

Robbing. To Stop 586

Smartweed .560

Smokers Firelcss .566

Sp.nnish Needle .574

Stamps, liiihlM-r .595

Stints. T.I .Avoid 586

Swarniinw: tent .5C9

SwanuiiiK without Aligh'g..57l

Swarniiii^r, .Vrtifleial .573

SwaniiiiiK r.ir 14 Days .570

Swiet CmtIv .567

Swi-.'t CLivi'i- as a Weed .. ..560
Sviiipliiluin Asperrimuni. ...574

Texas, .X.lv.'i-se Report 574

Tiiha.-co (Vilumn .589

Virgil 5(9

Winter Packing on Hives ...571
Zinc, Perforated 589

fLQJiEY CeiiUMii.

JOB LOT OF WIRE CLOTH

AT OKEATT.Y II EDUCED I'lUCES.

SECOND aUALITY WIEE CLOTH AT 1'4 CIS. FEE SaUAEE FT.
These iirices are g'ood onl.v wlien .voii take a lull
roll. If you orfler less than a roll we charge 2c. per
sq. ft. Sometimes the roll you order is gone before
your order reaches us, in which case we send the
next largest roll, unless it is a great deal larger.

SOME OK THE tJSES TO WHICH THIS WIKE CLOTH CAN BE AT-

TLIED.

This wire cloth is second quality. U will answer nicely

for covering doors and windows, to keep out tlii s; for

covering bee-hives and cages for shipping bees; making

sieves for sifting seeds, etc.

Number of Siiuare Feet contained in each Roll

Respectively.

36 59 21 roUs of 217, 3? of 210, 2 of 215 s. f.

wl 2 2 rolls of 233 s. f.

.38 2.', 23 rolls of 316. 2 of 317, I each of 632. and 285 s. f.

48' 11 roll of 400 s. f.

FIEST aUALITY WIEE CLOTH AT lU OTS. PEE SaUAKE FT.
The following is first qualit.v, and is worth 1% cts.
|)er square foot. It can lie useil for any purpose
for which wire cloth is ordinarily used; and even at
l%i cts. per sq. ft. it is far below the iirices usually
charged at hardware and furnishing stores, as you
will ascertain by making inquiry. We were able to
secure this vcr.y low price by buying a (luantity of
over one thousand dollars' worth.

I 24139 rolls of 200 sq, ft. each.

0 26 55 rolls of 216 sq.ft.ea-.h; 1 each of 199, 195. 201, 200, 227, ':01

■a sq. ft.

t.28|71 rolls of 2.33. 10 of 221, 6 of 222 sq. ft.; 1 each of 257 sti. ft.

'*:«», 35 rolls of 2.60 sq.ft.

i'.32il3of 266. 4of 2.56, I of 275 sq. ft.

-34 25 rolls of 283 sq. ft. each. 1 of 198 s.p ft.

036 15 lolls of 300 sq. ft. each; 1 of 288 sipiare ft.
^38 1 roll each of 300 and 316 sip ft.

1.46,1 roll of 192 square feet.

A. I. KOOT, nicdiua, 0!iio.

NORTHERN-GROWN QUEENS.

If .you think them hardier, send inc an order for
queens, warranted pure Italians, bi-ight colored.
An.v one buying five (|ueens, I will send liiiii one
pair of standard W. L. chicks I'ree. Trice of <)ueens,
$1.35; price of chicks, $2.00 a T)air.

<;. A. DKAKBOKIV,
ll-16db Hudson, 8t. Croi.v Co., Wis.

ONE-DOLLAR QUEENSr

Twill give you a i)rinted guarantee of iiurity of
every untested queen sent at $\ each before Sept. 1.5.
11 1(5(11) J. J}. HAINS, UcUloriJ, Uu,ytilioga Co , 0-

CITY MARKETS.

Neav York.— H())irj/.— Owing to the writer's ab-
sence from business on account of sickness, we
have not been able to furnish quotations of late in
regard to the honey market. In future we shall be
glad to quote regularl.v as usual. We quote: There
is considerable old comb hone.v in market yet, for
which there is but little demand at prices ranging
from 8(rti 10c for a fair grade of white-clover hone.v.
Buckwheat unsalable. Our market is stocked with
California extracted honey, which sells at 5@6c per
lb. New Southern strained is coming to market
quite fast, and is sold at from .^OfTj ,5,5c per gallon.

Beesivax.—A good run of yellow, at from 22@24c
per lb. TiiLHBER, Whyi and & Co..

July ;i, 1886. Reade and Hudson Sts..

New York, N. Y.

MiTjWAUker.— 7/o)if.v.— The supply of honey is
much better, both in quantity and quality. The new
is very nice indeed. The demand is not large. We
will quote white choice 1-lb. sections, ItifSlT; white
choice large sections, I'lfT' Hi; dark, nominal, 10(a>15;
extracted, in tin. white choice, 7(5)9; extracted, iu
bbls. and kegs, 6@7. Bccawax, 24(5'25.

June 29, 1886. A. V. Bishop,

U2 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Detroit.— J:f())if!/.— New honey is coming in quite
freely, and is bringing from ll@.]3c. The quality is
generally better than for years. Besswax firm at 25.

July 12, l.'^t'6. M. H. Hunt,

Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale.— About 400 lbs. of extracted honey.
Edwin Stubb, Wakefield, Lancaster Co., Pa.

For Sale.— 6C00 lbs white-clover honey, at e^/^c in
bbls. of 5.55 lbs., or in 100-lb. kegs, at "c. Satisfac-
tion guaranteed. Honey thick and well ripened.
KoBT. QuiNN, Shellsburg, Iowa.

\"\7ANTED.— To buy from 200 to 500 lbs. new white-
rr clover honev in Mb. sections. References fur-
nished. Address C. H. Osborn. Jr.,

Cor. 5th Ave. and Hunter St., Columbus, Ohio.

WANTED— A few hundred lbs. of A No. 1 e.x-
VV tracted hone,"*', delivered here, at 7c per lb.
Write stating quality and conditions, and I will give
shipping directions." D. S. Hall, So. Cabot, Vt.

CIRCULARS RECEIVED.

The following have sent us their price lists:

J, W, II. Fisher, Franklin Mills, Pa,, Albino and Italian
(lueriis :ini| bees.

B. Walker <V- Co,, Capac, Mich., 4-page circular of apiarian
supplies ( ine-piece sections and reversible hives a specialt.y.

S.Valentine & Sons, Hagerstown, Md., 6-page supplement,
the Success hive; also apiarian supjilies.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Illinois Central Bee-keepers' Association will hold its
ne.\t meeting at Mt. Sterling, 111., on Tuesday and Wednesday,
Oct. 19 and 20. J- M. Hambaugh, Sec.

The St. .loseph Inter-Stale Bee-keepers' Association will hold
its annu.il meeting on Wednesday eve of Exposition week,
Sept. 1. Programme later. E. T. ABBOTT, Sec.

COLON V in 10-f tame hive, .f 5.00; tested queens,
:»;|..5ii; untested (lueens. 75 cts. ; 2-frame nucle-
us, .*l..50; ;!-framc nucleus, .f'2.00 (no queen). 1 have
Itillian bees; si/c of alio\'<* frame, 9'3Xl7''8.

OTTO ELEINOW, Detroit, Uioh., (0pp. Fort Wayne Gate).

CRYSTAL FRUIT-JARS CHEAP.

SELF - SE.A UNO . BEST QUALITY.

1 pint .jars, iiergi-oss, $10 00

l-(|Uiirl 12 00

'j-gallon 15 00

IIOSEY-.f lUS AXn SI PI'J.IES.
T\«.1UD SONS, - illf) S. J.INE ST.,

U 15d VITTSBUllO, PA.

560

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted hy hunrlreds of practical and disinteri^st-
od bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regulnr
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messi-s. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cag-o. 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowajfiac, Mich.; F. L. Doug-herty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
.Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. : B.
S. Armstrong-, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
IKIO Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburjr, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark .lohnson &
Son. Covington, Kentucky; ,L B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Hirniingham,
O.: M..I. Dickason, Hiawatha. Kan.; .). W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.: J. A. Huma-
son. Vienna, O.; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia. O.,
J. M. Shuck. Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrvtown, N. Y. ; Barton, Forsgard & Barnes.
Waco, McLennan Co., Te.\as, W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. Y.. and numerous other dealers.

Write for aamplex f»ee, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Complimentary and im.so-
lirAted testimonially, from as many bee-keepers, in
18a3. We guarantee event Inch of our foundation equal
to sample in every respect.

CHAS. DADANX & SON,
3btfd Hamilton, Hancocli Co., lllinolM.

Bafche/der's Drone and Queen Trap

Is the only one made that docs not hinder the bees
in their work. Send 8.5 cents for sample. Send tor
circular, and see what A. I. Root says about it.
lOtfdb J. A. BATCHEL.DER, Keene, N. H.

^HE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

UKJ^JKLY, $1.0<} VJ^ll YKAli.

JONES, McPHEnS01T& CO., Publishers, Boston, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal iirinted in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keej>ers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding-, making in one year a
volume of 833 pages. 9tf b

^REDUCTION IN PRICES,

We hereby notify our customers that there is a
reduction in foundation from the prices quoted in
our March retail price list. All parties interested
will please mail us a card for new prices.
CHAS. DADANT A: SON,
lUfdb Hamilton, Hant-otk <'o.. 111.

Italian Queens senf by Mail.

ITntested (piecns from imported mother, April,
$L'.'5; May, ,lune, and July, $1.00. After April, per
half-dozen, $.5.00. E. CRUDGINGTON & SON,
6ttdb lireckinridge, Stephens Co., Te.vas.

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamiis. etc-. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. NIADARY,
33 31db Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

Foundation - Mill For Sale,

One ten-inch Root comb-mill, second hand. The
rajU has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, equal to a new one.
Price !iS].5.tH). The list price of a new mill of this
kind is *:;o.OO. A. I, BOOT, JTleaina, O,

CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Having located an apiary of this tiew race ot bees
in an isolated place, surrounded by high mountains,
where a honey-bee was never s(^en until we placed
these there, we have two of the finest queens Mr.
Benton could furnish to breed from, and can fur-
nish queens of undoubted purity at the following
prices :

June 1, Queen, *3 50; '4 dozen, - - - $18 OO
July 1, •' 3 00; •• " - - - 15 00

Aug. ], " 3 50; " ■> ... 12 00

Sept.], " 3 35; " " - - - 10 50

ITALIAN « QUEENS

of the best strains, bred in a sei)arate apiary, lU
miles distant, warranted purely mated:
June 1, Queen, *I 01; ', dozen, - - - $5 00
Julv 1, •■ 1 0;i; •• •• - - - - 5 00
Aug. 1, " 1 00; •• " ... 4 5j

Address J. B. MASON & SONS,

13tfdb MECHANIC FALLS, ME.

600 LBS. OF BEES ON HAND YET.

Bees, $1.00; queens, black or hybrid, when 1 have
them, 35 cents. (,)ueens raised from imported moth-
ers, after July 1, 65 cts. by mail; .50 cts., with 1 lb. of
bees by express, charges paid by me, as in May.

THOMAS GEDYE,

13tldb La Salle, La Salle Co., 111.

FOR SALE AT COST.

3(M) History Simplicity hives in Hat; 40,000 one-
piece oiie-i)ound sections; 75,000 one-piece 3-lb. sec-
tions, size 5>4.\H; 10,1X10 brood-frames, V-shape; ,5,000
broad frames for sections; 300 i;2-story Simplicity
hives, nailed and painted.

Address R. L. SHOEMAKER,

13-14d Ncwcomerstown, Tuscarawas Co., O.

BE SURE

To send a postal card for our illustrated catalogueof

APIARIAN 'i^^^.rl^'^^Z SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE liOWEST PBICES.

XT^JkIjI.iV3iT Q^CTEEInTS .a.2sriD SEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

3tl(l Hartford, Washington Co., Wis.

LEWIS V-GROOVE

ONE-PIECE SECTIONS

Down, Down, Goes the Price.

First (Jiiniily, White Basswood, Onc-P(nin(l Sections,
In lots of ',011 to :>ooo, $4.i)0 per Khio.

SPECIAL FREIGHT RATES.

// oOiHiijr more are wanted, write for special prices,
delivered to you, freiffht paid /»?/ us.

C. B. LEWIS & CO., 'tfdb

April 15, issji. Watertown, Wisconsin,

QUEENS UNEXCELLED.

From Mr. Benton's best imported mothers, very
low. Send for circular to
Stfdb S. F. REED, N- Dorcbestcv, N. H.

Vol. XIY

JULY 15, 188(>.

No. U.

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lOormore, 75cts. each. Single Number, ' „..^„ „^,., „„v,a-„r- „.- I U. 8. and Canadas. To all other eouii-

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atclubrates. Above are all to be sent a j Tir»/^rp ill T? T» T M A OTIT/-^ | peryenr extra. To all countries NOT ot
TO OXBPOSTOFFICK. J A.i. KUUl , M JliJJiJN A. UllUJ. I the U. p. U. ,42c per year extra.

RAGWEED, MAYWEED, SMARTWEED,
BT AL., VERSUS SWEET CLOVER.

IS SWEET CLOVER A BAD WEEDV

K. C. FAUST, of Harvard, 111., desires that I
should g-ive in Gleanings the facts in re-
gard to the character ot melilot, or sweet
clover. He sa.'is in his region it has been
planted largely along: the roadsides, but it
is being cut by the farmers, as they refuse to let it
grow and seed, for fear it will become a serious pest
in their meadows and cultivated tlelds. Mr. F. adds,
that it is this beautiful jilant with its rich product
of superior honey, or else ragweed and mayweed,
M'hich he feels sure are important factors in the
jiroduction of "hay fever." I ha\e no knowledge
in reference to the jiart ragweed and mayweed
l)lay in the production of hay fever; but I have
raised sweet clover now every year at the college
for several years, and I feel certain of the follow-
ing points:

1. Sweet clover is a very excellent honey-plant;
». It is very beautiful, both from its rich tine foliage
and graceful sweet-scented blossoms. Surely rag-
weed, mayweed, smartweed, etc., bear no compari-
son to it as an adornment to the highway; :i. It is
not hi\(\ to pprCHd at this place. We rarely Hud it
starting at any considerable distance from our beds;
and when it does start in meadow or pasture it
rarely holds on, lieing choked out liy our cultivated
grasses; 4. When once started it is no difticult mat-
ter Ht all to got rid of it. As is well known, this
clover is a biennial, and grows from seed tiowering
the second year. Thus b.^■ cutting while in bloom,
or before the seeds mature, we shall (juickly extir-
pate it. It can not remain longer than two years

after such cutting, as it must come from seed every
other year.

So I am free to urge the farmers of Illinois and
other States to foster rather than destroy this plant.
They will thus adorn the roadsides, and will also aid
to foster and deNcloii an important industry.

At this writing our beds of sweet clover— melilot
{indilotus alba) are in full bloom, and it is hard to
say which is more attractive to the bees— this or the
basswoods, which are also in full bloom.

Agricultural College, Mich. A. J. Cook.

Friend Cook, 1 agree with you exactly.
Sweet clover has been on our grounds sever-
al years. In fact, we had half an acre at
one time, and the seed was hardly ever gath-
ered, and hence it came up so thickly it
could not grow. For about one year it was
a little troublesome. Since then it has en-
tirely disappeared. None of it is found on
our grounds at all, unless it is an occasional
shoot that comes up among the strawberries
and in such places. It is true, they are a lit-
tle hard to pull ; but after a soaking rain
they will come up as well as docks, or other
kinds of clover. Now, while it is true that
it doesirt hold its own in cultivated fields, it
is also true that sweet clover will grow in
any kind of hard yellow clay right by the
roadsides, or on barren hills. Dr. ('. C. Mil-
ler, as voii will remember, suggested as a
reason for this (see page 441), that it seems
to endure unv kiiul of treatment or hard
usage. On that ac(;ount it gets a hold along
the roadsides when it is not found elsewhere.
i Bee-keepers have been accused of sowing the
seeds along the roadsides about Medina ;
I but I do)i"t think any bee-keeper would take

502

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

tlie pains to do so. It simply got ;i start
along the roadsides, and has been following
along year after year. I do not know tiiat 1
ever saw a patch of it anywhere in cultivat-
ed fields, and 1 ne'ver knew it to do any Inut.

CANADA THISTLES.

Now, while I am on tliis subject I want to
say that we have lecently found a patcli of
real genuine Canada thistles on our grounds.
Tiiey were first found close to the fence on
the opposite side of the road from our coun-
ty fair-ground; and the supposition is. that
somebody unpacked some goods, or fed his
horsevS some hay up against our fence, and
this hay contained the thistle-seed. They
are scattered for a rod along the road under
the fence, and had got, perhaps, ten or twelve
feet over into our field. The minute I found
them I dug up every plant visible ; but in
ten days after, although we have not had a
drop of rain, they are coming up as thick as
spatter. Sometimes a new strong plant will
be found fully six feet furtlier out in the
field than any other had been before. It
looks as if it might make a power of trouble;
but 1 rather like the fun of trying my hand
on such a foe. Will some one who has had
experience tell me how long it will live if I
chop up the plants every ten days all sum-
mer long y The roots seem to run in the
ground like moles ; but the question is. How
long will the roots live if they don't have a
chance to make leaves V

MARKETING COMB HONEY.

HEDDON S METHOD.

TN your loot-notes at tho close of my article, page
(Mp 513, on " Getting Bees out of Sections," you re-
]|t guest me to follow up the sections to market,
"*■ and I will gladly comply with that i-C(iuest; lor
my experience in the matter, together with
conversation with commission men, has convinced
me that it is a serious mistake to send honey to
market in the same cases or crates it was stored iu,
on the hives.

On page 854 of Gleanings for 1885 is illustrated
and described the shipping-crate of my own inven-
tion and choice. In this crate, friends Hutchinson
and Taylor market their fine comb honey, and in it
they have carried off the liberal ijrcmiums offered
for best display of comb honey, by tho Michigan
State Agricultural Society, ever since it offered
them. I might further state, that the honey was in
414 X 7-to-the-foot, 4-piece, dovetailed, white-poplar
sections, and stored in my non-separator case.
Now, do you think any person could have success-
fully competed for these pi-emiums by showing
ever so nice comb honey in the same crates the
bees built it?

Our honey-house is a large airy room, made and
kept as neat and clean as a dwelling-house. From
the screen-house, mentioned on page 543, l<S8(i, we
carry the storing-cases to the honey-house, piling
them up crosswise, that the air may freely circulate
through them. As soon as we need the cases, and
spare time admits, avc invert them on our honey-
table, push out the sections in a minute, and, holding
them over a box, with the point of a njediura-sized
blade of a pocket-knife we scrape aU the glue from
their edges and place them iq the shjppiiig-crate

above referred to. The glue being now quite cool,
readily lets go the wood. With a little practici; the
apiarist will hold tlie blade between thumb and fin-
ger in such a manner as to rarely, it ever, mar a
capping, and will do the work very quickly.

Once, in conversation with K. A. Burnett, of Chi-
cago, who hiindles large quantities of comb honey,
alter telling him how much time it required to
clean and crate the sections, he said that tho differ-
ence in price and attractiveness would pay us enor-
mous wages for the labor performed; one or two
dollars per hour would be a low estimate, I think.

We now pile our crates up in the honey-house,
keeping them there any length of time we desire,
never having any trouble from worms, fermenta-
tion, nor granulation, if not kept all winter without
fire. These little crates cost less, and look much
more attractive, than storing-cases. As stated in
my article on page 8.54, 1885, these small crates ship
safer, and sell more readily. They also cost less
than storing-cases. A dealer who has once handled
honey in these crates will be loath to receive it in
cases as it comes from the bees. For convenience,
let us agree to call storing-cases cases, and shipping-
crates, crates.

REVERSING.

I have been interested in reading Ernest's apiary
reports on page .5.50 and 551. Yes, sir; he is right;
reversing has come to stay. If he will experiment
on a comprehensive scale with myall-wood revers-
ing device he will like it, I think, much better than
the Simplicity, shown in the cut. It is not attach-
able to old frames, I admit; but I feel sure ic is
much the best when constructing new ones. We
have had considerable practice in reversing the
whole hive at once; so has Mr. J. M. Shuck, of Des-
moines, la., and 1 believe that neither of us have as
yet observed any detrimental effect whatever from
such reversal.

Heferring to page 5;J7, 1886, 1 would say to Mr. Hit-
ter that we can not practice his modification of
modern transferring, for our bees usually have
brood in spring, before they fly; but we have sever-
al times performed it in autumn, after brooding
had ceased, as mentioned by the editor in his foot-
notes.

Referring to page .530, on " Preventing Increase,"
it is quite easy to see why Mr. Kobbins failed of
success, while Mr. Hutchinson, myself, and others,
have never met with failure. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., .July 5, 188G.

Thank you, friend II. You have given us
just exactly what I wanted you to give ; and
even if some of the matter has been given us
before, it comes now right connectedly, and
in practical shape, and in just the season
when we are ready to use it. I know some-
thing about the difference it makes in hav-
ing the sections clean. Our boys on the
wagon told us a short time ago that there
were calls for honey, made this year. I re-
marked, that it woiild not make much differ-
ence whether it were new or old, but we
would trv to give them some just from the
hives. The first lot we got hold of was nice,
white, clear honey, but it was darkened by
being left on the I'live too long, and some of
it was stored in sections that had been on
the hives the year before. It did not sell a
bit better than the old honey. Finally one
of our progressive young men from a neigh-
boring town brought in some new honey

1886

(ii.EANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

56a

in new white cases ; in fact, the stuft' for the
cases hadn't been a week ont of onr saw-
room, probably. The sections were so ch^an
and white that one mi<>ht snpywse it hadn't
been a week since they left the bnzz-saw.
He wanted 15 cts. a pound for it. 1 paid it.
althongh I gave only V2 cts. for the former
lot. Well, this clean nice bright comb hon-
ey is selling at a good rate for is cts. per lb.
\Ve just piit tlie case right on the wagon, and
the appeai'ance of the honey sells it light
along. I might add, there is not a bit of
propolis visible anywhere. While I think of
it, friend II., perhaps 1 should also add that
neighbor Chase, tlie young man who brought
us the honey, is using surplus-arrangements
like or similar to those you used a year ago.

BORAGE AS A HONEY-PLANT.

A GOOD ItEPORT IHiOM IT.

SHOULD like to say a few words in praise of
i^f wliat I think to be one of our best honey-
plants; i. e., boi-a^e. I got enougli seed from
you hist year to plant about ii acre, but sowed it
rather late. However, the bees worked on it
until late in November. I did not save the seed, but
let it seed itself. It commenced to bloom
about the 1st of May, and the bees (mostly blacks
and hybrids) have been just ftwdnninij on it ever
since, even during- poplar and white clover. The
remarkable part about borage is, the bees work on
it after a heavy shower. The head of the tlower, as
you know, hangs down, and the rain does not wash
out the honej'. I wish to put in a large crop of it
next season. We have had a great deal of rain
here of late, and the bees are getting a very clear,
sweet honey, very much like sugar and water. I
send you a small sample. Can you tell me what it is ?
I have also noticed some of my honey capped over
with yellow wax, as described by J. W. Porter, in
June Gleanings, p. 480. Italians will utilize wax
when they have access to it; and as I had left
some fdn. in an old Palace hive, and saw them at
work on it, I accounted for it in that way. Am I
right? K. R. Cuvleu.

Kapid Ann, Va., June 37, 1886.

I am glad to get so good a report from our
old friend borage. We have raised it a good
many years, but we have such a very lai-ge
number of bees working on a small plat of
ground that it is dillicult to tell how much
honey the plant furnishes, or any thing
about it. The sample of honey you send is
very nice. I will explain to our readers, that
it is just about right to drink. The flavor is
a little different from any thing I have ever
tasted in the way of honey, but I should call
it fully equal to clover, so far as 1 can judge
from any thing so much diluted. It is prob-
ably borage honey, just as it is gathered.
During a very wet season I once had some
clover and basswood honey almost as thin as
this. It would run out of the combs when
they were turned up in taking them out of
the hives. If removed by tlie extractor in
tliis condition it will (piickly sour; but if
left until the bees seal it up iifter their own
fashion, it will be nice thick honey. I should
be glad of more reports from borage. It is
very easily raised, and, as you say, may be

pnt in quite late. It self-sows, so that, if
the seed is not gathered, it may prove to be
a troublesome weed ; but not more so, how-
ever, than buckwheat or other similar plants.

EMPTY BROOD-NESTS.

NEW SWAKMS— EXTKACTED HONEY.

fES, friend Root, I have tried working new
swarms for extracted honey, and I see no
diflerence in regard to whether the iirood-
cliamher shall be furnished with combs or
fdn., or the bees allowed to build their own
hnxidcomhs. You say: "Of course, this condition
of afl'airs refers to comb honey. When one is
working for extracted honey, by all means give
thein empty combs." Yes, I would give them
empty combs, but not in thu hr<ii)d-nc!<t. I would
furnish the frames in the brood-chamber with
starters of fdn., put on a (lucenexcluding honey-
board, then a super filled with emj.ty combs; or, if
I had no combs, I would fill the frames in the super
with fdn. The principle of allowing the bees to
build the combs in the brood-chamber, and fur-
nishing comb or fdn. in the supers, is a broad one,
and it really makes no difference whether the hon-
ey in the super is to be extracted, or whether the
combs of honey are removed in the shape of
pound sections. Just stop and think a moment,
friend R., and sec if j'ou can't "catch on."

W. Z. Hutchinson.
Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., June, 1886.

I confess, friend II., I don't "catch on''
exactly ; but I begin to suspect that bees
will store more honey if they are permitted
to indulge their passion for comb-building
to a certain extent than if they are given so
many combs they have no room to build
new combs at all. D. A. Jones says, '' We
are fully convinced that full frames where
extracted honey is taken is a decided ad-
vantage.''

HOW^ TO RAISE CELERY.

friend a. t. cook gives us a plan by which
eveity family who owns a patch of po-
tatoes may raise celery.

fHE potatoes, when plowed and well hilled up,
will leave just the trench required for the
celery-plants. Stir some fine fertilizer in
the soil and set out the plants, six inches
apart in the rows, pressing the soil firmly
about the plants. Set every other i-ow with celery,
and this will leave abundance of room for earthing
it up after the potatoes are removed.

After setting the plants, water well; and then with
a rake draw the potato-tops over the rows of celery
to shade them from the hot sun. After a couple of
weeks turn the potato-tops back; and by the time
the celery needs earthing up, the potatoes will be
ready to dig; after wliich the celery may be plowed
and hilled up in the usual manner. I raise celery
in this way with hall' the time and troul)le of any
other plan. lam unable to see that either crop in-
terferes at all with the other— Indeed, the potatoes,
as a shade for the joung plants, are a great advan-
tage.

KISIENU cook's method OF REMOVING POTATO-
BUGS.

It may not be out of place to tell my way of catch-

.564

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

OlTLY

ing potato-liugs. I never use poison. I put a large
bale, made of a barrel-hoop, on a common tin i)an
and then fasten a pasteboard, H or 1(1 inches wide, on
one side of the pan, i-eaching half way aroimd. This
pi'events the bugs from Hying over when T brush
them in. I use a brush nuide of broom corn, wliich
does not injure the vines; and if bugs are plentiful
I go over the vines every otliei- day. A. T. Cook.
Clinton Hollow, N. Y.

BEES AND BEE-KEEPING."

A REVIEW OF THE SAME BY PHOF. f'OOK.

TT is only from lack of time that I have delayed
|MF reviewing this excellent work, the first half of
^t whicli has now been in the hands of bee-keep-
-*■ ers for some weeks. This part of the work is
wholly scientific, and is very thorough and
complete. I can hardly describe the interest and
pleasure 1 have derived from its careful study.
This is not lessened bj' the fact that its criticisms
of my own work seem rather harsh. When I am
wrong I am only too glad to be corrected; and if,
in my intensely busy life, I have at times been too
hasty or less careful than I ought to be, it may be
well that I should receive even a sharp reminder.
Of the six or seven points criticised, two were cor-
rected before I saw this work; and if the other
criticisms are found, upon examination, to be well
grounded, as will very likely prove true, I shall cer-
tainly profit by them. As Mr. C. says, 1 drew
largely from Hyatt's monagraph. He has done the
same, yet he does not even hint that I differed to-
tally from Hyatt in the structure of the ligula and
the process of taking nectar, or that I was first to
give the description which he substantially follows.
When I first read Mi-. Cheshii-e's article on the
cause of foul brood, and noted how he spoke of the
German scientists who had discovered the cause
of the malady, I wondered that so good a scientist
could mar his work by such unkind references, es-
pecially as his own work is largely compilation,
though he has given us much whicii is new. This
latter, if correct, as it doubtless is, in the main, gives
us great reason to thank him.

In this review I shall speak only of some of the
most interesting points of the work, suggesting
that, Avhile it is rather technical in places, for the
unscientific reader, no live bee-k«»eper can read and
study it without great benefit.

Mr. Cheshire is a skillful microseopist, and it is in
this field that he has done the principal, original
work. It is generally known by scientists that lar-
val bees, no less than the larva' of other insects,
shed their skins. The author shows just how and
where these discarded garments are tucked away.
I have found that these shreds of the rejected
skins of bumble-bee larva? are managed in similar
fashion. It is stated that the cocoons extend but
a short distance from the outer end of the cells, and
that Huber was wrong in stating that those of
queens were much less e.xtensive than those of the
other larva>.

No part of the work is more interesting than that
describing the glands of the mature bees. He calls
attention to the three pairs of glands, two in the
head and one in the thorax, which were pointed out
bySiebold; also the Hask-shaped gland at the base
of the mandible, which is beautifully illustrated
by Woltf in his admirable monagraph. Mr. Chesh-

ire argues, and with no small show of reason, that
one pair of these glands of the head secretes the
most ol' the food of the larval workers, nearly all of
that of the larval queens, and the most— all of the
nitrogenous food of the (jueen. The fact that this
gland is absent in the queen and drones surely
gives strong support to the view, as does the fact
that the gland seems more active in young than in
old bees. It is argued, that the other glands are
digesti\-e in function, and probably servo to con-
vert the cane sugar ol' nectar into the reduced
sugar of honey. Here Mr. Cheshire makes a strange
ei'ror, in the statement that our saliva is wholly a
digestive liquid; that it changes starch into sugar.
It is well established, that our saliva is almost
wholly mechanical in its function, and that the pan-
creatic juice digests the starch; though 1 think we
can hardly doubt Mr. Cheshire's proposition, that
this secretion of bees is digestive in its action.

In commenting u)jon the fact thai the queen is
probably fed, when she is actively engaged in lay-
ing, upon the rich secretion which affects the rapid
development of larval bees, it is estimated that
the queen lays eggs to double her own weight each
day. Surely, she needs good food, and to have it
well prepared. Fancy a hen laying from twelve to
twenty pounds of eggs a day ! Is it possible that
we may secure such fowls by taking hint from the
bees, and preparing a rich diet already suited for
assimilation '? If so, we must remember that nature
has b?en very slow in developing her marvels, and
we must copy her and not hurry.

The description of the alimentary canal is vei'y
full, and as full of interest. The explanation of
the stomach -mouth of Burmeister, and its valv-
ular and separating functions, will be read with
much interest. This method of separating pollen
from honey shows how skillful nature is in her op-
erations, and explains why honey has so nuich less
pollen in it than does the nectar from which it is
derived. It is shown that the intestine of bees
serves as a gizzard; and the suggestion is made
that the intestinal teeth serve the purpose to break
or cut the still undigested pollen grains.

The part of the work treating of the mouth parts
will be read with no small interest by the bee-keep-
er who loves science. Mr. Cheshire thinks the pe-
culiar tongue-structure, which, if I mistake not, I
was the first to correctly describe and illustrate (see
fig. 'Z2, Manual) serves the purpose of cleaning out
pollen grains which may find lodgment in the cen-
tral slitted rod, or plicated membrane, uniting edge
of rod and edge of outer case. Thus the bee has no
need of a tootlipick, as the evolution of the tongue
itself serves to clean it.

No part of this work will be studied more profit-
ably than the description of the antenna-. The his-
tology of these organs is well portrayed, both by
words and figures. Mr. C. contends, with much
show of reason, that these complicated and very
useful organs serve not alone for touch, but also
for hearing and smelling.

The legs are fully desci-ibed and illustrated, and
their complex and wonderful structure explained,
as also the function of each part. It is suggested
that the Jaw-like arrangement between the basal
tarsus and tibia serves as pincers to grasp and car-
ry the wax scales from wax-basket to mouth. The
claws and pulvilli are also described, and their
purpose to hold on is correctly stated; but that this
is new is certainly wide of the mark.

188()

GLEANINGS IN IJEE CULTUliE.

565

The structure of the sting, and the way it is used,
is well given, and is sulistantially the same as given
l)y Hyatt.

1 have not space hero to more than refer to the
wonderful description of the spernuitlieca, and the
manner in which eggs are impregnated, or passed
unimpreguated, at the will of tlie (lueen.

This, with other parts ol the work, show the au-
thor to l)e an expert with the miiM-oscope, which
fact, combined with a skillful pencil, makes the
treatise of great \ahie.

Tlie last part of the work, showing how useful
bees are to plants, is most opportune Just at this
time. The author has selected wisely frcun Dar-
win's great work on this subject, and has given
graphic examples of the \alue of bees to fruit-
growers. The work is beautifully e.vecuteil, and is
certainly a great credit to its author, and a most
valuable acquisition to liee-literature. It is to he
regretted that its price is so great— *.''>.(I0 for the
entire work, $2..'>0 for each volume— as this will
keep it from the libraries of a great many who
would otherwise secure it. Vet it is hard to see
how it could cost less. A. .7. CdOiv.

Agricultural College, Mich., July, 18M5.
Thanks, friend Cook, for your kind and
deserved notice of this valuable work. 1
am pleased to see, als<i. how well you " stand
tire," if I may be allowed the expression. So
long as we are all human, and liable to err,
especially wlien we try to search out the
depths of natural history, why should we
not have a very wide charity for each other?
Of course, a good deal of the above is beyond
my depth ; but may I be excused for ven-
turing to criticise both you and friend
Cheshire on one point? You kno\v it has
often been said that a queen will lay eggs
enough to equal her own weight in 24 hours ;
but it seems to me that this is surely a mis-
take, and I want to imiuire if you "have at
tlie Agricultural College a pair of scales
equal to the task of weighing a queen's egg,
or, if you choose, 100 or 200 eggs. Suppose
we grant that a queen may lay 8000 eggs in
a day, will these eggs weigh any thing near
as much as the (jueen herself, say at a time
when she is not laying eggsV A great part
of my life has been spent with small scales
—those for weighing gold and silver. From
the experience I have had I can not think
that the above statement is correct. One of
the poultry-journals a short time ago sug-
gested that it was next to impossible for a
common fowl to eat and digest food enough
every day to produce an egg; that the way
she managed it was to accumulate flesh be-
fore she commenced laying ; and when this
accumulation had disappeared she was
obliged to take another rest. Well, there is
a "biddy'" down at our poultry-house that
has laid an egg every day since last Februa-
ry ; that is, if she has missed a day I have
not noticed it. She was quite a small fowl
when she commenced to lay, and I should
say she had increased in size fully a third
while she has been laying. So this upsets
the point made i'n the poultry-journal. Per-
haps I should add, however, that the eggs
laid are remarkably small — so small tliey
would hardly answer for market. The hen
is a cross between Plymouth Rock and Leg-
horn. She was hatched so late in the fall

tliat she was probably stunted in growth
during winter. She takes enough food to
furnish matei-ial for an egg every day, and
something mcu-e, which makes me look at
her in amazement (piite often. Now, then,
can a queen, even with thousands of attend-
ants using tlieir digestive apparatus to help
her along in her work of egg-producing (by
giving food in the most concentrated anti
fully digested shape possible), produce eggs
enough i)t (nil' daij to weigh as much as she
does y It may be true, but I should like
to see it proven. When it is I will take
off my hat and make my best bow to a
queen-bee, in token of the great wonders the
iimiates of a bee-hive are capable of per-
forming.

GETTING BEES OUT OP SECTIONS.

TIIK WAV KIUKNI) UOOLITTI.F, MANAOES IT.

NOTICED C.eoi-ge A. Wi-ight's (luestion on page
:i9:i, regarduig getting bees out of sections, and
it would have l)een answered sooner, only for
pressure of business. As I have verj' little
time at my command I will tell, as biietiyas
possible, just how I manage; and as July is our
great honey month here at the North, it will be in
good time for all those whose surplus is obtained
from basswood or fall tiowers. All have noticed
that the bees have passageways, or holes, in each of
the four corners of nearly every section- so much
so that these holes come as near being a matter of
fact as an.\- one thing connected with l)ee culture.
Now, it will be seen that, in our plans of later
years, tiiese sections are so i)laced upon the hive
that these holes in the corners make one straight
hole right through from one side of our case, or
clamp, of sections to the other, nearly or quite as
straight as if bored with a % auger. This, I think,
I have made plain to all. Then all know that, if
smoke is suddenly poured into a bee-hive without
any jar or disturbing beforehand, the very first
thing the bees will do is tf) run as far from the
smoke as possible, inside the limits of the hive,
withotit stopping for any thing. As soon as such
limits are reached they will take to their honey, for
they will not leave the hive without taking a loail
of honey with them for a new start in life. Taking
advantage of these two facts I carefully lift the
cover to the hive, and just as carefully remove one
of the little side boards from my section case, or
clamp, of wide frames, blowing a little smoke up-
on the bees on the face side of the sections, and, as
quickly as possible, hold the nozzle of the smoker
to the first of those holes at the upper corner of
the sections, beginning on either the right or left
hand side as it comes handiest. I now give two
putts of smoke into that hole, working the smoker
for all it is worth, so as to send a stream of smoke
as deep into the sections as possible. Then the
nozzle is placed at the next hole, and the next, and
the next, in quick succession, till two putt's of
smoke have been driven as far as possible into
each hole. I now (juickly take off the little board
on the opposite side of the clamp, and as thorough-
ly drive the smoke to the heart of the section-case
from the other side. Now I wait a moment, giving
the i)ees the necessary time to ttee from the smoke,
when the sections are suddenly taken from the
hive with scarcely a bee upon them, if I have done

566

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

the work as it should be done. Immediately after,
a reaction will take place, especially where a
small brood-chamber is used, and the bees come
boiling- up over the frames, and, if the sections are
not otf, up into the sections, when all the smoke we
can use will not drive them so but that they will
fill themselves. In this way I get off my sections
free from bees, and never, as a rule, g-et holes
gnawed thro\)gh the capping of the cells as I used to
before I learned how to do it. In times of scarcity
of honey in the fields, the bees will sometimes stick
to the lower portion of unsealed sections; but as
these are not marketable, no especial harm is done.
However, it is a rare case that all do not go out.
The only secret there is to it is to know the right
time to take off the sections; just that moment
when all the bees are out, and before any return.
A little practice will secure the reader that secret.
Borodino, N. Y., June, 1886. G. M. Doolittle.

We have tried the same thing, friend 1).,
but we did not all succeed as well as you
state, on account of this same reaction ; that
is, after the bees had all gone out of the
sections with a roar they came trooping
back again before we got round to taking off
the case of sections. With the suggestion
you give us, however, I think now I can
manage it ; but we want our honey-crates so
they will lift right up without any prying or
snapping. Heddon's sink honey-b.uird will
probably help in this direction.

A BEE-SMOKER THAT USES NO FIHE.

OUR ENGLISH KRIENDS TAKING TIIK I-EAD.

Ti--' MOX(r the advertisements in the J3nt-
"^^jk i.s/i J^ee Journal for June li4tli we see

pr advertised Webster's fumigator. The
•^^ advertisement states that it entirely
supersedes the smoker— no going out,
as no fire is used; no tainting the honey.
The agent used is carbolic acid, oil of tar,
and water, properly mixed. The proprietor
advertises a bottle of the mixture — enough
to last two seasons— for 6 pence. lie also
says the instrument can be adjusted by any
novice to any ordinary smoker-bellows. We
judge from the advertisement that the agent
is placed in a sponge. By means of a f umi-
gator, the air is made to pas^ twice over the
sponge, so as to be thoroughly impregnated.
An arrangement is also used to prevent
evaporation of the liquid when not in use.
Our friends may remember that this subject
has been discussed and experimented on be-
fore, althougli I believe none of us have
thought of using carbolic acid. We ordered
a fumigator and extra bottles of the agent,
and will report in due time. We do not no-
tice any thing in the reading-columns in re-
gard to the invention, but it seems to me it
promises to make a great revolution in the
smoker-business. I, for one, protest against
any patents, especially among our American
friends. Let each one experiment freely as
much as he chooses. Among the testimoni-
als we do not find the names of any we
know, except Frank C'heshire, and from him
only this brief note :

1 find, by experiment, that the most vicious of
Eastern bees are utterly beaten at once.

MVHY DID THE QUEEN MENTIONED
ON P. 485 STOP LAYING?

A CORRECTION.

N page 485 David Strang asks, " Why did the
queen suddenly stop laying?" I do not
think she had ever begun. He says, "Ire-
leased her from a cell partly destroyed by a
rival, and introduced her to an artificial colo-
ny, formed about 12 hours before, of frames and
bees from three or four colonies. She was accept-
ed, and a week later had nearly four frames full of
eggs and young brood," etc. Then four days latei',
not an egg or an unsealed larva could be found in
the hive. In the first place, a queen will never, as
far as I have observed, have 4 frames filled with
either eggs or larva' in seven daj's from the time
she is hatched. I have raised a great many queens,
and I never had one mated in less than five days
after hatching, and it is generally seven or eight;
then it is from three to five days after they mate
before they begin to lay.

The eggs and larvie that he found in the hive
were probably in the combs when he put them in
the hive. The reason that the eggs had not hatch-
ed into larva^ was because, it being a made-up col-
ony, the old bees had all gone back, leaving only the
young liees, and there was not sufficient heat to
hatch the eggs that were not under the cluster.
The reason he did not find them later was. that
they had sealed over what brood had hatched, and
eaten up or carried out the eggs that would not
hatch.

THE SCARCITY OF CLOVER IN BOURBON COUNTY,
KANSAS.

Bees are doing better here this season than I
ever knew them to do in this part of Kansas.
There is no white clover here. I do not think all
the white clover in this county would make a good
stand on a half-acre; but I have three or four acres
of alsike sown this spring, and it looks well; but
there seems to be a good natural supply of honey.
From 18 stands in the spring 1 have extracted 640
lbs., and increased by natural swarming and divid-
ing to 30, and the best part of the honey season is to
come yet. There are a great many bees kept in
this part of the State, but nearly all in bo.\ hives.

A FEW OLD FOGIES STILL LEFT.

I went to see a man last week who has 4.5 stands
in boxes. He says he doesn't want any new-fangled
patent gums. I told him there was no patent on
them, but that didn't make any difference. He
wouldn't give his old box gums for all the patent
hives that ever were made; and when he wants
honey he takes his sulphui'-pot and kills the bees
and destroys the brood and combs; but he is wise
in his own conceit, and I could not tell him any
thing. He was an old man, and had kept bees for
over fifty years, and knew all about them.

.TOSEPH C. Balch.

Bronson, Bourbon Co., Kansas, June 'X, 1886.

Friend B., I think you are right, and I beg
pardon for having omitted to note that
friend Strang, in his statement, said it was
only a week after the queen was hatched
that she had her frames full of eggs and
young brood. I have frequently noticed
that the eggs would remain in' tiie combs
several days, where, for some reason or other,
bees did not nurse them nor care for them.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

•■07

DO QUEENS WITH CLIPPED WINGS

ELY?

HOW MUCH OF THE WING SHOUM) HE tT.l I'PEI).''

T HAVE been reading- Gleanings since April 1st,
I^P and some sample copies before that, but I am
^l not familiar with what has and what has not
•*• been discussed in the past years; therefore if 1
tread over j^ronnd which has been trodden be-
fore, you will please excuse me.

Some time before swarming- time, my brother and
I went over our bees and clipped the wing-s of all
the queens which had not been clipped before that,
so we thought wo need not be afraid of any swarms
g-etting- awaj-. My brother George and I are part-
ners in the bee-business, while my brother John has
a few cjlonies independent of ours. A few days ag-o
we were all thr^e in the apiary, cutting- the (jueen-
cells out from a colony which had cast a swarm, so
there would be no after-swarms. Suddenly John
exclaimed, "There they g-o ! " 1 looked around
and saw a swarm issuing- from a colony which had
a clipped queen. I went to the hive, took off the
cover, and picked up a queen cage which 1 had
placed on the enameled cloth some time be 'ore,
and commenced looking- for the queen, in front of
the hive. We all three looked for awhile; and when
we could not see her we proceeded to look inside
of the hive. But we loooked in vain. By this time
the bees had settled on a peach-tree some fifty or
sixty feet away, and seemed verj- well contented.

" Well," said 1 to my brothers, " the way those
bees sit there, they must have a queen with them;
so I think we had better cut the limb and carry
them to the hive, instead of putting them in a new
hive on the old stand," as we had been practicing-.
I was somewhat puzzled at their cai)ers, as I knew
the queen's wing-s were clipped, and I also knew
they could not have raised a young- one, as I had
been examining them quite often. We thought the
queen might have got lost in the grass, so, after
putting- three frames of brood in the hive, one con-
taining a sealed queen-cell from our choice (jueen,
and filling the rest of the hive with empty frames,
and closing- it, we shook the bees in front of the
hive, when they marched in very much as if they
had a <|ueen, and in a short time they were at work.

When looking in the hi\'e the next daj' we found
the queen-cell torn down. '- Well," said I, " (luceiis
with clipped wings can surely fly." We did not see
her then; but a few days later we found eggs, and
after looking- for her awhile we saw the old lady,
evidently very well satisfied with her new home.
Her wings were clipped, but not short euoug-h. Now
this, I suppose, is known to all veterans, and there-
fore may not be interesting fur them to read; but
there may be more young- apiarists, like myself,
who would suppose that a small portion of the
wings clipped off is sufficient. To those, I would
say, if you don't want 3'our queens to fly, clip off
nearly or ()uite half. Had we waited for the bees
to return, thinking- that the queen was lost in the
grass, I think we should have been badly disappoint-
ed about the time the scouts returned. If the bees
had no queen, would they have remained in the
hive with the brood and queen-cell 'if S. E. Mii-i,ek.
Bluffton, Montg-omery Co., Mo., .lune 18, IKHfi.

I think, friend M., ii" yon will clip (dk
wing it will do more to in'event the (ineen
from flying than if yon clip hoth ; Imt in-
steatl of cutting tfie wing sijuare off, vuii

the scissors sj as to take the thin ganzy por-
tion, and leave the hard rib. It seems to
hurt the queen more to cut this hard rib
than to cut the web part ; and this thin
gauzy web is the part that does the flying.
Of course, she can flop her drum-sticks to
her heart's content ; but so long as it does
not help her to get up in the air, we have no
objections. — Bees will remain contentedly
without a (pieen, providing they have 'un-
sealed larviv ; otherwise tliey will generally
desert.

Bee B05^^ny,

OR, HONEY - PLANTS TO BE NAMED.

LIPI'IA LYCIOIDF.S.

BY this mail I send you specimens, for naming-,
of a shrub which is probably the most valua-
ble boe-pUmt in this portion of the State;
height, 6 to 10 feet; delicate white flowers in
spikes; highly aromatic; blooms from April
till .July, if seasonable, and after each heavy rain
until th? hard frosts in December. Iii fact, under
favorable circumstances it is a perpetual bloomer.
It is (luite plentiful in this locality, and I am told
that in some places it predominates. The honey is
very excellent and abundant; but as it comes at the
same timo of mesquite, mint, and other flowers, it
is difficult to keep the honey separate.
San Antonio, Tex. T. F. McCamant.

Prof. Devol replies as follows :

The i)lant is Lippia (i/ci'oidr.s, Gray, a member of
the Verbena family. It is not described in the text-
books of botany, but may be found in Gray's Syn-
optical Flora of N. America, Vol. 3, p. 338.

Columbus, O., June 7, 1886. W. S. Duvot.. ■

ANDROMEDA.

1 send a f "w sji'-cimens of what is here called su-
gar plant, ^uU of honey, but too deep for common
bees to reach. Can Italians use if? It is plentiful
hereal.out.s. W. V. Spencek.

Prof. Devol says of it:

The plant from W. V. Spencer appears to be An-
dromeda nitida, Barto. I know no common name
for it. It is a beautiful shrub, common in the low
pine barrens of the Southern States. Some of the
species of Andnoneda are poisonous to sheep when
eaten; but whether this one is, I can not say.

W. S. Devoe.

CHINQUAPIN.

I send you a sample of what we call chinquapin.
It is a great honey-plant. Please let us know its
name. C. C. Ktrkman.

Coxville, Pitt Co., N. C, May 39, 1883.

Prof. Devol says :

The inclosed jilant is chinquapin (Castanea pum-
iln, Michx.). W. S. Devol.

SWEET CICEt^Y.

Seeing- in Gleanings that yon give the name of
herbs and plants, I send one to name. I send you
some of the stalk, loaves, and roots. W. W. Gioer.

Heltonville, Lawrence Co., Ind., June it, 1886.

Prof. Cook's reply:

This is sweet i:ict'\y (Otiiwinldzii hmoislyli^). The
name, from the Greek, means "scented root." The
i-ootnot only snielis sweet, but tastes not unpleasant.
It belongs t(( |he Umbellifera, or Parsley family.
While the pluiit^i pf this family secrcfp neptar, I do

o08

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

not think they possess any special exoollence as

lioney-plants. This sweet cicely is common, north.

Agricultural Coileg-e, Mich. A. J. Cook.

THE WOKST BEES I EVER SAW.

AKE THEY CYPIUANS?

fl^ 0-DAY I had business inside a certain hive of
§f bees that sits over there under that old mul-
/ berry, you know; and as 1 was lilting- oft' the
cover, not another jn-ovocation, mind you,
said bees came in such "a rolling- out, tum-
bling- out, any way to get out," style from the en-
trance, that I was for a time dumbfounded. In a
very short time I considered it not only my bound-
en duty, but to my best interests, to remove hastily
from the situation; nor did I stand upon the order
of my going-. The.v covered me from head to foot,
stinging- my clothing- all the while, nor could I g-et
tiiem removed till I had passed through four rooms;
and through these i-ooms they sounded like bees
swarming-. On account of a good veil I received
only three stings, and those upon my arms. 1 verily
believe I should have been stung- to death had 1 not
worn a veil. I have as gentle bees as anybody else;
but I wear a veil in handling- queen-rearing colonics
and in some other work.

Now, the above qnecn I know not where I g-ot
lier; but I never suspicted having- such vindicti\'e
bees ill my yard till this attack— a new queen whose
second batch of prog-eny has .iust begun to work.
In many ways they are the most remarkable bees I
ever saw. The queen keeps ten frainu': full of brood,
and I mean ten frames filled clear out— a most
beautiful bee, large, and they work in mid out with
a rush, when my best pure Italians and Carniolans
are idodding along-, waiting- for " something to turn
up."

Now, I have " removed " this queen, and am in-
troducing another, as I want no such bees. Who
Avants her for ;J5 cents? Bees are tw» and three
banded. Don't say they are Inihriilx, for I have
them, and never saw any to half equal these. Oh,
yes ! my wife says, " Don't forget to tell Gleanings
about those bees stinging the chickens." Three or
four little chicks are wabbling around from being
stung by them. John C. Capehaht.

St. Albans, W. Ya.. June 26, 1888.

HOW FALSE REPORTS OF HONEY AND
OTHER THINGS GAIN (?REDENCE.

THE SUPERSTITION OF THE CHINESE.

{^ EAR FRIEND ROOT:— Reading in Gleanings
c^l recently the remark in regard to the alleged
^ manufacture of spurious honey, that, "in
view of the wonderful achievements of sci-
ence it is no wonder that men believe that the
nicest comb honey can be imitated," awakens a
sj'mpathctic feeling in my mind. The Chinese, when
once they begin to get acquainted with our Western
inventions, soon get clear beyoijd their depth, and
don't know what to believe and what not to believe.
I once saw a blind woman who had come two days'
.iourney, where traveling was very expensive, to
have the foreign doctor insert a i)air of dog's eyes
in her head. She heard that he could; and why not
as well believe that as to believe that he could send
a message thi-ough a hundred miles of iron wire?
There is o.ne thing >yl}lch has given us a good deal

of annoyance at Shauwu, our interior station. Not
being ready to credit us with the benevolence which
we profess, the Chinese must invent some theory
to account for our readiness to come so far and
spend HO much money. Now, this old nation of
China luis passed through many revolutions and
commotions, and so, from time to time, rich men
have buried their treasures in the earth, and many
of these have never been recovered. The theory
commonly held among the people at Shau-wu is,
that we have come to search for treasure. Some-
how the story has been started that we can see three
or four feet into the ground; and as we go about
preaching and bookselling they claim that we go
about peering into the ground lor treasure. Once
I was sitting on a ferry-boat watching the little
fishes sport in the water while 1 waited for the boat
to cross the river. A man eyed me curiously for a
while and then asked of my Chinese helper, " What,
can he see into the water? I have heard it said that
foreigners can not see into water, but can see into
the ground, just as we can not see into the ground
bat can see into the water." You see, they have
the idea that we are opposite to them in most things,
and they don't know how far to carry it. So far as
concci-ns any superior skill we raaj' possess, the un-
willingness of human nature to acknowledge inferi-
ority acts as a check on exaggerated notions of our
I powers; but when it comes to those things wherein
we differ from them, they rather like to exaggerate,
and make themselves believe that we depart in
strange and unnatural ways from the true type of
humanity, of which they, of course, are the grand
embodiment.

One thing in regard to which they are strenuous,
and think themselves better than other races, is the
proper seclusion and subordination of women. The
Christian treatment of women is something which
they fail to comprehend. They seem to regard it as
a part of the curious tendency to invert every thing
which they think characterizes the " outside " na-
tions, and so men must be subordinate to women
with us.

Today I sat chatting with a crowd in a shop op-
posite one of our chapels, where the gospel has
been preached regularly for many years. One of
them said to me, " With you the women control
every thing, do they not?" I replied, " No: with us,
husband and wife consult together on all their af-
fairs. The husband is the stronger, and if he choose
to impose on his wife she would have to bear it.
But we consider it disgraceful for the strong to
impose on the weak; and a man who ill treats his
wife would be ashamed to show his face."

Another man inquired, " With you the women
'seek' the men and 'call' them to be their husbands,
do they not?" I answered, " No, indeed. With us it
would be thought disgraceful for a woman to seek
a man in marriage."

Seldom do I converse with a crowd of Chinese but
that I have to answer these questions; and all this
in or near the city of Foochow, where missionaries
have lived and toiled for forty years.

At our Shau-wu station we were troubled for a
time with a worse slander. In the beginning of our
work there it was reported that we bought children,
and even sometimes women, and liilled them, and
made them up into medicine. The Chinese think
that strength and vigor can be imparted by eating
the bones, vitals, etc., of strong animals. The car.
ci^sg of a f uU g-rown tiger will sell foj- a hundred

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.50'.)

dollars or more; and I have seen men peddling- ti-
g-ers' skeletons at so much per ounce, for a tonic.
But these, while very good, would not be equal,
they think, to the human article, if any one cared
or dared to prepare it. I have heard of Chinese
soldiers even forcing- themselves to eat the liver of
an enemy killed in battle, to increase their courage,
for they think the liver is the scat of courage.

A distinguished Chinese statesman and general
who died last year is said to have lost a son in the
following manner: This son had a piece of flesh
cut from his arm to make a tonic for his mother,
and bled to death in consequence; so there were
those who affirmed that the peculiar potency of our
foreign medicines is due to the use of human vitals
ill their prc^paration. This scandal, however, did
not gain sufficient currency to make us serious
trouble. There were a few Foochow women in the
neighborhood, of bold manner, who came to see the
foreign women, iind brought numbers of the more
timid women with them; and they were always
shown all over the house, up stairs and down. By
and by the wife of a beloved native helper, who
had grown worse as her husband had grown better,
had to be divorced. Her relatives made a big row
about it; but it gave the finishing stroke to the
medicine slander. Jt showed, also, that the wife of
a Christian could not sin against her husband with
the same impunity that a Chinaman could sin
against his wife.

The truth slowly gains ground. The Chinese
have long admitted that Western nations excel in
the mechanical arts, but they have comforted them-
selves with the belief that they themselves excelled
in manners and morals. Now the painful, humbling
idea begins to press them that the followers of
Christ excel in these things also; and their boasted
Confucius must yield to a Gue.vter One. We try to
make them understand that Jesus is not a Western
sage, but the divine Savior from heaven who docs
for us what no sage can do; and that we are come
hither, not to humiliate them, but to save them.

Foochow, China, May 4, ISeO. J. E. Walkeu.

CLIPPING QUEENS' WINGS 19 0 0
YEARS AGO.

A TASTE OE VIItGir.,

T HAVE been clipping my queens' wings to con-
||[ trol- swarming. I got the idea from your A B
^r C book, and, with some few draw-backs, it is
"*■ good. I think I clipped the wings of some old
queens, and they died off and left the swarm
queenless. But what bothers me is, that j-ou bee-
men began the habit only of late years, since the
improved frame hives have teen in use; and I find,
on reading Book IV. of the Georgics of Virgil, that
the Italians used to clii) their qucen-becs' wings for
the safe-keeping of a restless swarm. I quote a
translation of his original Latin, from the 103d to
the 108th verse, inclusive:

" But when the roving swarms fly about and fport
in the air, disdain their hives, and leave their habit-
ations cold, j-ou will restrain their unsettled minds
from their vain play; nor is there groat difficulty in
restraining them ; do you but clip the wings of their
kings ("tu i-ci/ilnis alan* cripr"). not one will dare,
while they (their kings) stay behind, to fly aloft, or
pluck up the standard from the camp."

IIow did they, in his day, 19:0 yenrg ago, get f^\ tlie

queens to clip their wings, unless they had movable
frames ?

I feel compensated in thinking over the fact that
he knew all that before we did, only in the other
fact that the old poet did not know they were
queRHs and not kiims. James J. Slade.

Columbus. Ga., June 18, 1886.

If I render correctly from the Latin
whicli you (juote, Virgil does not recommend
to clip tlie kin<i:''s wings, but to tear the wings
from off tlie king. "The Latin word " er-
ipio,^'' of which '' cripe''^ is the imperative,
never means, so far as I can ascertain, to
clip or cut, etc. However, the rendering
whicli you give probably best conveys the
idea to bee-keepers of the present day. At
any rate, ^'irgil recognized the fact 1900
years ago, that crippling the queens' wings
prevented, to a large extent, swarms leaving
altogether. I think that Virgil meant that
the bee-keepeis of his day should catch the
queen in the cluster after her bees had
swarmed. This, then, would not necessarily
imply that the Koinans had movable-frame
hives. — Many thanks for calling our atten-
tion to this inatter of bee-history. Perhaps
friend Hasty can give us another dish of
Virgil upon "this matter. Ernest.

.^ — ^ — ^ ■

THE TENT FOR CATCHING SWARMS.

now MliS. AXTELL M.VNAGES.

EAR FRIEND ROOT:— I want to tell your
readers, especially the ladies who don't like
to and can't well climb trees for bees, what a
nice and convenient arrangement a mos-
quito-bar tent (referred to before in Glean-
is to bring- hack virgin swarms— even the
mosquito bar without the frame, as I have but one
frame, and I use several cloths, or; rather, several
tent-covers.

When bees begin to swarm, even if half are out, I
set the tent over the hive; and if the bees are half
out, the remaining- ones make such a roaring that it
calls those on the wing back every time. When all
are out the hive that care to come, I lift the tent off
to one side and open the hive; cut out cells in
brood, etc. The bees outside of the tent and on the
wing swoop down on to the combs. When the hive
is closed I take off the netting by turning it wrong
side out, as many of the bees stick to the cloth, and
I shake them in front of the hive, and then the work
is done.

If swarms from hives having clipped queens staj-t
to issue, and I have a swarm on the wing, 1 throw a
tent or tent-cover over the hive, and kneel down
close to the netting and look through and catch the
queen and cage her, letting the swarm come and
cluster on the tent-bars or to the projecting ends of
the cover of Ihe hive.

I have always verj- much dreaded my virgrin
swarms, as I take nearly the whole care of one apia-
ry, numbering now 9.5 strong colonies andi^about 30
nuclei and weaker ones, and Mr. Axtell has the
care of the apiary looatei] near the timber, 4 miles
away. 1 feel very thankful for the tent arrange-
ment to catch the virgin swarms. I could not han-
dle beoB successfully, I fear, except the queens'
wings were clipped, though I feel confident we
sometimes lose a queen by doing po. One of those
queens you pent was a beauty, and was successfully

570

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

introduced on to batching brood by brvishing the bees
down in front of hive and letting all old ones return.
I left her caged over night, and released her on the
brood. In a week I found the hive full of eggs, and
a nice little colony. I clipped her wing. The bees
had become old enough by this time to show their
black spunk, and scanijier like a Hock of sheep. I
then concluded I would never again choose black
brood and bees for a choice queen, but my gentlest
Italians. We had a few colonies that were very
dark hybrids, and I wanted to get rid of them on
accetint of being so hard to handle, and so poor
honey - gatherers poor years, but they do make
most beautiful honey, and cari-y it above, leaving
the brood-nest for the queen. For those two traits
I like them better than Italians in good years, as
the present has been so far; but we have had no
rain for some time, or but little, and the honey
harvest may close early. Some colonies have given
in from 50 to 100 lbs.

The Heddon slatted honey-board is a splendid ar-
rangement to keep the sections clean; we use it
both above and below the rack with a cloth over it
above the rack, if the cover does not tit down close-
ly. Mrs. L. C. Axtei-.l.

Roseville, 111., June 23, 1886.

HOW SHALL I MAKE MY BEES WORK
IN THE SECTIONS?

A SPEEDY WAY OF GETTING IH D OF THE FALSE
IDEA THAT HONEY IS ADULTEK.\TED.

HAVE two colonies I wintered over. They
t came through in good shape. Each have 10
t frames full (L. hive), from bottom to top with
brood and honey, and the hive is almost full of
bees. I have caps on with two crates each,
holding It lbs. The bees will not go up and woik in
them. What is the cause? They seem to be busy
on white clover and basswood, and there is an
abundance of both. I put some half-tilled sections
in caps, which I had left over from last year. 1
thought perhaps it would induce them to commence
in the caps. I looked ne.xt day and the cap was full
of bees. I thought I should soon have two crates
full of nice white honey. I looked again, four or
five days afterward, and, to my surprise, I found
no bees. On examination I found no honey in the
section 1 put in. They had carried it all below, and
have done nothing of any accouftt since.

The basswood is now just in its full bloom, and
white clover has begun to dry up. If they do not
fill the caps pretty soon I shall not get any honey
this season. How can I put them at work in the
caps?

WHEN IS THE BEST TIME TO MOVE BEES?

1 bought four first swarms. They came off the
31st, 22d, and 36th of May. They have filled ten
frames full. I never saw bees build up faster in
my lite; but when they got up to the caps they
stopped; nevertheless, they seem to be working
very hard.

I commenced last season with three hives. I let a
man have them to keep on shares. I will move
them home this fall or winter. When is the best
time to move them? If I move them before they
go into winter quarters, will they go back to the old
stand? I have to move them about an eighth of a
raile. When I go to pack them up for ^yinter, and

it comes a warm spell so they fly, won't they go
right back to their summer stand;

THE EFFECT OF THE FALSE STATEMENTS, AND
WHAT TO DO.

I was talking with one of our leading merchants
the other day in regard to the honey market. Said
he, " I sold many a i)ound of honey for 50 cts. years
ago." I asked him why it was he could not sell it
now for half the former price.

"Oh I this jiatent honey has ruined the honey-
trade."

" Patent honey?" said I.

" Yes," said he; "why, just up here at a little
town between here and Indianapolis they are mak-
ing nice comb honey. They make the comb by
machinery, and then fill it with this patent honey,
and cap it up and sell it for pure honey."

I asked him if he knew that to be a fact. He said,
"Yes, sir; I see no reason to doubt it; Mr. B. told
me so."

Now, Mr. Koot, I made him this proposition: It
he would show me the factory that made this pat-
ent comb honey, as he said they did, 1 would give
him $103; and on top of that I would give him $100
for every pound they had on hand. He said he
thought I would find it pretty expensive. I told
him I would do just as I said. Do you believe I am
safe? 1 agree with him in one respect; that is, the
patent honey has helped to reduce the price of our
product. There are people who would buy our hon-
ey if it were not for that notion of patent honey. I
believe when we get that out of the way we can sell
our honey at a better price, and find a more ready
sale for it. What say you? J. M. Tucker.

Clinton Falls, Ind., June 36, 1886.

Friend T., I feel quite certain that the
reason wliy your bees do not go up into the
surplus-receptacles is because the honey-
yield is closing. With one or two sections
containing combs partly built out last sea-
son, placed among the empty ones, they will
be almost certain to go up if honey enough
is coming in to make it advisable. The fact
that l)ees liave been once up in the sections
in a cluster is evidence that they have start-
ed to work ; and on account of cool nights,
or a lack of honey, they have given it up. —
It is quite a difficult matter to move your
bees an eighth of a mile, unless you do it in
the winter time, after, say, a lapse of two or
three weeks of weather unsuitable for them
to tly. They will go right back, as yoti say,
if moved during the working season.— Sen-
sational stories about spurious comb honey
are, I believe, pretty much at an end. The
low price at which honey is going to sell
this season will have much to do in the way
of discouraging such talk.

CONTINUOUS SWARMING FOR FOUR-
TEEN DAYS.

A SMARM SCOOTS FOR THE WOODS, WITHOUT
ALIGHTING.

Y bees kept -swarming out every day for
fourteen days; then it rained, and the
weather cooled down and so did the bees.
We had been having very hot and very dry
weather for a month. After 1 had written
to you about my " crazy bees " I went out and
gathered up all the loose boards I could find, and

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

sn

put them on the hives to shade them; and when I
ran out of boards I used a few chicken-coops that
had a blind side to them. Then it came to me that
Mr. Heddon used shade-boards on his hives, and I
thought most likely he had a patent on them, and
would sue me, and put me in the penitentiary for
imitating: them. But the shading- did not seem to
do any good. As fast as the other swarms (after
the first si.x) came out I carried them to the deep
shade of the Eurovean larches and gave them
plenty of air, and they behaved. One of the bad si.\

WENT TO THE WOODS WITHOUT ALIGHTING,

Leaving the queen under- the goblet. You ask why
I did not divide the swarms. 1 answer, " Because
that is not my method." 1 don't like bees; T keep
them for the money that is in them, and I won't
have a lot of semi-good colonies sitting- around,
nursing young bees that I care nothing for when
the white-clover season is over. My bees have got
to be booming colonies, and do business worth
while, or I won't keep them at all.

Ernest says, on page .501, that it is because the
child is unconscious of danger that it does not get
stung, and that nervous people are apt to get stung,
or words to that effect. Yesterday, when I opened
a hive from which a swarm had just issued, to take
out a frame of brood, two bees flew up and stung
me, one on the eye, the other on the jugular vein.
1 thought I could get used to doing without a bee-
hat and smoker. I had on a sun-bonnet, and I shut
the fronts of it together, and walked to the kitchen,
with dozens of angry bees Hying around me, fired
up the smoker, and made those bees dance. I
smoked them for all that smoker is worth, and not
another bee stung me. My arms were bare to the
elbows, and I was mad. I am now going to treat my
bees just as I used to treat "Jenny " the mule— al-
ways keep the upper hand— no patting, no favors.

I do not like those crates with glass in the side
that ] got of you. I do not like the closed-top sec-
tions; it makes the bees uncomfortably warm. I
want crates that I can tier up five deep. 1 like Mr.
Foster's section, with openings on every side. That
is, I like the idea, and I am going to try them when
I buy again. Mahai,.\ B. Chaddock.

Vermont, 111., June 19, 1886.

I am glad to know, Mrs. C, that you like
the open-top sections. I presume the reason
why so many object to them is because of
the trouble of closing the openings. The
closed-top sections, 1 presume you know,
are already closed. I suppose the latter are
more convenient for a colony that is not
strong enough to need tiering up. — Haven't
you got some hybrids among' your bees, my
good friend? aiid isn't this why they are so
cross?

ANOTHEK GOOD REPORT FROM AL-
SIKE CLOVER.

■WHAT FIVE ACRES WILL DO.

gOQe, fighting and robbing all through t\i6 month_
Alsike bridges a very had place, besides the hay
and pasturage we get from it. Nearly 100 colonies
had access to our alsike, and our own 30 colonies
increased to (16 by natural swarming. From one
colony that did not swarm, we extracted a com-
mon water-pail full. Several others nearly finished
their sections. All first swarms, and some after-
swarms, have the hives full of brood and honey
—not a Swarm lost by absconding; gave all a frame
of brood. The only swarm that tried to leave was
a rousing big first swarm. It came right out Of the
hive, and, without clustering, " lit out." I follow-
ed them a mile and a half, waded a creek, climbed
a tree, g^ot 'em iiUo the light swarming-box 1 hap-
pened to have when they " lit out ; " brought them
back, and they are hdw all right. Don't say it
wasn't n flrxt swarm, fol- it was, sure. Hurrah fof
alsike! M. F. Tatman.

Rossville, Kansas, June 2!l, 1886.

fRlEND ROOT:— We have just had a good
chance to test the merits of alsike clover^
and it has done nobly. Our 5 acres, sown
last season, for the past 5 weeks has been
roaring with bees, and they are still working
on it to some extent. The month of June, in the
past five seasons, has been our discontent, and the
hardest on bees of any month in the year— no
white clover, no basswood, the spring- bloom all

HOW LATE SHALL WE KEEP WINTElt
PACKING ON THE HIVES P

M.\KING CHAFF CUSHIONS FROM EMPTV PHOS-
PHATE-SACKS.

XN GLEANINGS for June 15, Mr. W. Z. Hutchinson
11? speaks of the good eft'ect of keeping bees pack-
er ed on their summer stands till warm weather.
"^ Here, whei-e we Winter on summer stands, eve-
ry ftvrmer uses more or less bone meal, bone
phosphate, or other fertilizers, and the empty bags
of strong burlap are washed, and, before cold weath-
er, wheat chatt', say one-half bushel, is put in, and
it is spiead evenly and closely over the top of the
quilt for winter. They are easily removed for ex'
amination, and a use of these for years has proved
very satisfactory. They are left on till I get ready
to put on cases, and the protection is a decided ad-
vantage during the cold nights and wet days of
spring.

One season I tried the experiment of packing
hives with chaff all around the hive, and left them
so packed during the summer, with a free entrance.
They performed no better and no worse than others
not protected, excepting top chaff' packing.

One of the objections formerly raised by me to
friend Heddon's "innovations" of thin sides for
hives and cases, with no other joints than a planed
surface gives, was the exposure to sudden changes
of temperature. We know a high degree of heat is
essential to comb-building; and we also know that,
if that heat has to be supplied as it is by the con-
sumption of honey, that it pays us to economize in
the costly fuel, and protect, to save the waste.

It is to be hoped that experimental work this sea-
son will determine the value of the narrow L. hive.

If, as is now claimed, the contraction of brood-
chamber to five or six frames during the honey-
flow will prevent the accumulation of pollen, it
will be a boon to many who are over-burdened
with its accumulation in the brood-chamber. But
here, when at times we have sheets of comb two-
thirds filled with pollen, it disappears rapidly in
the spring, to be replaced later by new pollen.

This shows its importance in the internal econo-
my of the bee-hive. But at times it is a nuisance,
and valuable brood-space is sure to be preoccupied,
if, from any cause, the queen is not fecund and act-
ive.

572

glea:nings in bee culture.

JuLl'

The yellow capping mentioned in my last is evi-
dently a trait peculiar to some bees. 1 am marking
for a change of queens and stoclj, all that show it.

Our season is wet, and for the last two weeks we
have had a decided improvement in the honey-pro-
duction, and bees are booming. J. W. Porter.

Charlottesville, Va., June 28, 1880.

Friend P., your suggestion is a valuable
one. Tlie phosphate-sacks are of exactly
the right material, and they come so near
being the right size I do not know why they
will not answer about as well as any thing
we can make. Our experiments of late have
all indicated that it pays, and pays well, to
protect the hive from both heat and cold
while the bees are building combs and stor-
ing honey in sections.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

THE QUEEN THAT STOPPED LAYING.

fHAT queen mentioned in my letter — page
485— commenced laying all right within three
days after that letter was written. My guess
now, and it is only a guess, is, that she had
previously laid drone-eggs exclusively: iuid
the little colony, having no use for tliat kind of
increase, had destroyed the larvse.

You have done a special favor to me, and probably
to others, by telling your experience with Caruio-
lans, though it is rather disappointing.

THE HONEY-JUMBLES.

Will you now please publish a recipe for making
those honey-jumbles mentioned on page 460? It
might be us'eful to families who do not live within
range of your wagon. David Strang.

Lincoln, Tenn., June 'Zl, 1886.

In regard to the recipe for making honey-
jumbles, we have written to the manufac-
turers, and below is their reply :

We should not like to sell a recipe for our honey
goods, as it would likely get into the hands of other
bakers to our injury, as we pride ourselves particu-
larly on the superior quality of our honeys. The
recipe would be of little or no beueflt to families, or
any one working without machinery.

Crawford & T.wlor.

Mansfield, Ohio, June 29, 1886."

Now, although it seems to be true that
jumbles exactly as good as those we sell can
not be made in families, no doubt our wom-
en-folks, by a little experimenting, could
make something near it. Another thing, if
they are home-made they might be given to
the children hot. I have always been a great
admirer of hot cakes and cookies when they
are first tumbled out of the oven. It seems
to me they are nicer then than they ever are
again afterward. After the friends have
tested ours, and have tried their skill in
making something like them, we will gladly
publish recipes for making honey-jinnbles.
We can send four by mail, for samples, in a
pasteboard box, for 10 cents.

a few QUERIES; ALLEY TRAP, UONEV-DEW, ETC.

Bees are booming oon clover and honey - dew,
Which is the first I have seen here for 12 years. It
is very plentiful some days, but we had a good rain

to-day which will perhaps piit an end to it. If you
will answer the following questions in Gleanings
it will greatly oblige me, and possibly many others.
How can we tell honey-dew honey from other hon-
ey? Have you yet captured any queens in the Alley
trap, and hived your swarm without climbing and
cutting it down? In other words, does the trap pay?
is it a success in hiving? In regard to the Alley
queen-nursery, can we raise queens with them by
cutting out any extra queen-cells we do not need in
other hives, and placing thera in the nursery and
keeping them in the center of any good hive? If so,
how long can they be kept in the nursery? and how
about fertilizing them? Now, I have .50 hives. I
want to keep from 60 to SO swarms, but always find
five or six hives queenless every spring. Will it pay
to try to raise and keep a few queens on hand, or is
it best to put new swarms in these queenless hives?

W. H. RlTTER.

North Springfield, Mo., June 16, 1886.

Iloney-dew can be detected in sealed
combs by a dark shade of color which it pre-
sents under the cappings. By holding the
section or frame of capped honey between
you and the light, the dilference in color be-
tween the honey-dew honey and the clover
01 basswood is so great the bad portions
may be cut out with a knife ; the rest can
tlien be used for table use. Even a single
cell can be detected in this w^ay. Other
dark honey may present a similar ap-
pearance, but the surest test is the taste.
If you once get a drop of the pure
stutf on your tongue you will never for-
get its sickening flavor. — The Alley trap
lias been vised very successfully by us. See
department of Our Own Apiary of last issue,
and also page 461, current volume.— If I am
correct, Mr. Alley designed his queen -nur-
sery for the very purpose of keeping extra
queen - cells. See page 23 of his book on
queen-rearing. After the queens are hatch-
ed they are to be given a queenless colony,
which we do by simply letting them run in
on the frames. The queen will then be
fertilized in the ordinary manner, if she be
accepted by the bees, which she is, in the
majority of cases, with us. We use, how-
ever, and prefer, the lamp-nursery described
in our catalogue, for hatching young queens,
to the one used by Mr. Alley.— You could
probably raise your own queens if you have
a good queen to breed from. You will find
your questions more fully answered in the
ABC book.

THE D.VNGER OF LEAVING QUEEN-CELLS IN A COL-
ONY WHERE A QUEEN HAS JUST BEEN
INTRODUCED.

A most peculiar misfortune has happened to me
in regard to a queen I bought of you, as follows:
June 9th I received an untested queen from you,
which I immediately introduced to a colony I sold a
few days before to a friend. The colony having
swarmed before this time, I cut all the cells out and
put a piece of larva in. On Sunday, June 13, I look-
ed in and found the queen all right; but on the lar-
va they had started some queeu-cells which I sup-
posed the new queen would destroy, and so I did not
touch them, but put on the upper story, supposing
every thing was all right. This morning, the 32d, I
found the queen dead before the entrance. On
looking in I found that your queen had filled sever-

188B

GLEANINGS IN fiEE CULTUtifi.

5^3

al frames with eg'gs, some frames having brood
ready to seal. On looking- further I found a )iatc}>cd
queen-cell on the piece of larva, and also a small
Unfertilized black queen which would have come
out only yesterday. Does this happen often? and
why does the queen not tear down cells'? I found
the other queen I bought of you doing so. As this
hive belongs to a Iricnd who does not know much
about bees, he might ucciise nie of knowing nothing
of bees, and say it was my fault.

(i. WlEDKltHOI.I), 11 1:2.
Vonkers, N. Y., .Tune -22, 1886.

Friend W., as a rule the introduced queen
will destroy tlie cells, but there are occasion-
al exceptions, like the one you mention.
They are so rare, however, that We seldom
take the trouble to destroy the cells unless
the queen is one of special value.

SH.\I.I. WE PHACT1CE AIITIFICIAL SWAIiMINO?

My bees do not swarm as I think they should, so I
tried artificial swarming en one and have a good
young swai-m from thice frames of brood; but the
process is too slow for me. I swarmed them >uiy
3()th, and can't e.xpect tl:e queen to lay before June
30th. Would it not pay better to buy queens to
start with? I am using the American hive, but 1 do
not like it. What hive do you recommend for a be-
ginner? E. T. Case.

Nunda, N. Y., June 18, 1SS6.

Friend C, the matter yon mention is so
fully discussed in the A B C book I do not
think it is best to take space to go over it
here. Circumstances must determine wheth-
er it is better to buy queens or I'aise tliem.
The fact that the Langstroth frame is so uni-
versally in use would be a sullicient reason
for adopting that in preference to any otlier.
and I certainly think it gives as good results
as any other.

A FIVE-CENT PACKAOE OF COMB UONRV.

Since trying the I'^g-inch sections in crnti s. 1 sun
so well pleased with them that 1 think I shall hence-
forth use them almost exclusively. The c( ml. s arc
as nice and straight as I have ever had them, even
with separators attached; and as they do not hold
80 much they can be retailed for 15 cts. or less, and
a great many more can be sold. Dealers say. if
they can notget any thing so as lo sell it cheap, they
do not want to handle it at all. If the peoi)le want
small packages, and arc willing to pay the dili'er-
ence in price, why shall they not have them? I
have long thought (and do not know but that 1 shall
soon try it) to have comb honey in five-cent pack-
ages, so as to take the jihice, in a measure, of the
filthy candies. The way 1 should try would be to
have a nice thin comb built in a regular frame, and
have little tin sections, or something of the like, and
just press them in and let the bees fill them. T3ut
may be some one has tried and abandoned it, long
before I was a bee-keeper, though I became one not
many years ago, when I was only si.x years old.
Christian Wic('ki;ssi:i{.

Marshallville, O., June 31, 1886.
Frjend W., this matter has been pretty
thoroughly discussed. I do not think you
want any tin at all about your sections. It
does not answer well, and it strikes me we
had better not undertake making a package
of comb lioney at a less price than a dime :
and I believe that many experiments seem

to decide the best way to do it would be by
having a thin section. Make it the standard
size, 4i X 4i inches, but let it be thin enough
to hold 10 cts. worth. Perhaps I inch, the
width of our brood-frames, would be about
right. In selling sections of honey at a uni-
form price, the difiiculty seems to be in hav-
ing them all alike. If they are made thin,
as above, of course we do not want to use
separators; and the result will be, that some
w'ill be heavier than others. Perhaps it
would not matter if they were. We are now
getting IS cts. a pound on our wagon for ex-
tra nice white comb honey in sections. They
are seven to the foot in width, and the price
runs from ITj to 18 cts. Since you suggest it,
t th'mly believe that a ten-cent package of
comb honey is going to be a big thing. On
our wagon we endeavor to have goods sold
at 5 ami 10 cts., even change, as much as
possible.

WHY IS IT THAT MY BEES DO NOT DO AS WEI^i AS
MY NEIGHBOII'S?

Now I wish for a little advice about ray bees. I
commenced the season with .5 colonies, and have in-
ci'cased so far by swarming, to 13; but they haven't
made a pound of surplus honey, yet there is a plen-
ty of blackberry and raspberry flowers here, and it
seems as though they could do better. My hives sit
on a level p ace, on good sawdust mounds, all in
line, ten feet between hives each way, and close to
a nursery of young apple-trees. They all face the
east, and are in Langstroth hives.

BOX HIVES vs. MODEIiN BEE-KEEPING.

Last summer I got from one hive about 20 one-
pound sections of surplus honey, which is the high-
est 1 ever got from one hive. I hardly ever average
more than 5 lbs. to the hive, while only two miles
away from me, in the same valley, a man who has
about 40 colonies has already taken off nearly 400
lbs., and e.vpects to make about f400 or $.500 from
the 41) or :>0 colonies. What is the matter with mine?
He keeps his hives ou stands about two or three feet
from the ground, and the bees he keeps in old-fash-
ioned square bo.x hives. If you can give me any
advice on the sul)ject, I should be very much oblig-
ed to you. I have never yet made enough to pay
for the time 1 spent among them, to say nothing of
the expense of the hives. I wish to make some-
thing on them if I can. W. H. Phentiss.

Prentiss Vale, Pa., June 31, 1836.

I think, my friend, tluit the hives or the
way in whicli they are lixed has little or
nothing to do with the amount of honey re-
ceived by you and your neighbor ; for al-
though he is only two miles away, there may
be a very great difference in the locality.
This is easily shown by planting hives at
different poiiits in your immediate neigh-
borhood, say from two to live miles apart.
You will iiild that some will do a great deal
better tlian others.

SPACING THE FRAMES TOO FAR .4PART.

I know you must be very busy while this enor-
mous honey -flow is going on; but! must ask one
or two questions. May 31st I put a primari' swarm
in a Simplicity, with 9 frames equally spaced, save
two, they being too close. 1 covered them with
new canvas, glossy side down. June :Jd, Vi days aft-
erward, 1 found the cloth being adherent, seven
framis tilled, other two partly, but many of them

5f4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

strongly bridged across. First, is thei-e any better
cover than what I have? Second, must I tear the
fi-anies apart? Wm. S. Adams.

Queenstown, Md., Juno 7, 188t).

There is no better way than to tear the
frames apart, cut out thfe combs, and make
what use of them you can, and start the bees
right. The use of comb foundation would
have saved all your trouble.

SYMPHITUM ASPERRIMUM (COMFREV).

This has been advertised as sometliing- wonder-
ful for honey-production and fodder-production,
liH) tons to the acre. This is an old dodjie, 40 or 50
j'ears old. I don't think a fact can be produced to
show where it yielded 10 tons to the acre, or where
any animal relished it as food, unless it is brought
to eat it by starvation.

THE RESURRECTION PLANT.

You will not often succeed in making- the resvir-
rection plant grow. The only way to do so is to get
it as soon as possible, as gathered in its native
home, and then do not soak it, but hiy it on moist
soil, covered with a bell-g-lass or tumbler, shaded,
so it revives by degrees. This soaking full of water,
and exposing- to the air at once, won't do it. Tf you
take immortelles and dampen them they will shut
lip; put them in the sun, and they will open nlniost
daily; and so with helychrysuin, rhodiinihe, :ind
so on. F. J. M Otto.

Sandusky, O., June 21, 18S6.

SPANISH-NEEDLE HONKV.

Your comments on the article of T. S Robbins,
in Gleanings of June ].')ih, led me to believe I
could make a sale of some fine Spanish-needle hon-
ey to you next fal^. We never fail to get a lai-ge
crop. I have 30 hives arranged for extracting, and
can pack in 1, 2, or five gallon jacketed cans.
What can you offer for it per pound, t. o. b. ? We
are now harvesting a crop of fine clo\er honey
—4600 lbs., from 100 colonies (comb honey). We al-
ways winter on summer stands, with Spanish-
needle stores, and have verj' tew losses. I„ast win-
ter (a severe one) we did not have a single loss nor
a single case of dysentery. E. Buuke.

Vineennes, Ind., June 19, \SSn.

Friend B., we are at present so well sup-
plied with honey that does not sell, that we
could not promise to take ai4y more. Per-
haps some of the friends who see this will
be able to take it off your hands.

given one of them the fifth fraiue with three
queen-cells closed, and one cell still open. Can yon
tell what is the matter ':' They are not storing much
surplus, for out of 22 days it has rained 20, with a
cloudy prospect for more. S. J. Smith.

Chattanooga, Tenn., June 21, 1886.

I can not tell why those two colonies re-
fused to build queen-cells, unless it is be-
cause they have some sort of a queen in
their hives. Once in a while a colony gets a
queen that does not lay, and they w'ill very
often hold on to her luit'il they are rendered
worthless. The only way to make them
build queen-cells is to hunt them out. In-
troducing a laying (jueen would be the best
thing, but they would probably refuse to ac-
cept a queen if it is as I have suggested.

"WHY was IT THE COLONY WOULD NOT BUILD

QUEEN-CELLS "?

I have 14 colonies of bees, some bright Italians,
and some mixed. I am in the flooded district. At
the time of the flood here I had to move my bees
twice, losing many by confinement, and some by
falling in the water. I began building- them up aft-
er getting them home; Two were queenless and
weak. All built up well, as all had honey enough.
May 8th, I had two natural swarms. I divided one,
and started two nuclei with four fi-ames each, with
plenty of brood and eggs. Neither of them made
an effort to make queen cells. 1 gave them each an-
other frame of brood, with the same result. This I
have done four times, as fast as the cells were seal-
ed. On the 19th I examined them again ; no queens,
but bees plenty, storing honey and pollen. I have

^EP0RTg Digceaix/ieijiG.

AN ADVERSE REPORT FROM TEXAS.

tEES have done woi-se this season than I ever
knew bel'oi-e. one-half of them having starv-
ed to death. They commenced in March, the
prettiest I ever saw, and raised a large
amount of brood, and I was sure I should
have a great many swarms by the 1st of April; but
about that time we had a heavy frost that destroyed
the bloom, and cold, continued rains until the 2,5th,
and then it set in dry. We had no rain until the
18th of June. With such unfavorable weather we
had no new swarms, and I don't think there were
over half a dozen swarms in this whole section of
country. I don't think that, in my 100 colonies,
from the 1st of April to the 15th of June, they gath-
ered over 10 lbs. of honey. They came through the
winter rich; but on account of raising such a large
amount of brood, and such unfavorable weather,
they could not s^'-arm. They destroyed their queen-
cells, and clustered on the outside of the hives,
leaving the impression they were going to swarm,
until they ate up all their stores, then they began to
starve to death.

About that time I was very busy cutting- hives for
myself and ncighboi-s, leaving my wife to watch
when they commenced swarming. By that means I
neglected noticing- them until I heard my neighbors
complaining of their bees dying, then I began to
examine, and found mine in the same condition.
Then I commenced feeding, and fed lT51bs. of sugar,
but lost 10 colonies, from which you see it almost
blasted my hopes and discouraged a great many be-
ginners in the business, some of them losing all
they had. What are left, however, are now doing-
very well, and the outlook is favorable. I am satis-
fled the Cyprians and Syrians are the bees for f/ji's
country; for while the Italians and blacks give it
up and quit raising- brood entirely, the Cyprians
and Syrians never stopped, and came through the
drought strong, and are now working vigorously,
while the others are just building up.

Notwithstanding- the great disaster that has be-
fallen the bee-industry in this section, I am not
dispirited, and my faith is as strong as it ever was.
I expected a great man3' swarms this season, and
prepared to hive the increase; consequently I have
about 100 extra hives on hand, and 80 lbs. of foun-
dation, which I shall have no use for this year.
Gatesville, Texas, June 24, 1886. M. Simpson.

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

CJontinued from June 15.

CHAPTER XIX.

If yc be willing- and ohodiciit, yt' shall eat the good of the land.— Isatah 1: in.

I have before mentioned, incidentally, the
importance of selling our crops at a good
price after they were raised. To do this, as
well as to do any thing else well, the heart
must be in it. Tlie text above strikes at the
root of the matter — yon must be iciUhuj.
Yonr work must be a pleasure and not a
drudgery.

One of the lirst things to sell is lettuce.
After we sold out our crop of lettuce from
the greenhouse, by a little bad management
we had no nice lettuce toolfer our customers
for some little time. Finally, however, here
and there a head began to be suitable. What
fun it was to see them improve and enlarge
in just 24 hours! Yts, I learned to see a
difference in the heads between morning
and night and between night and morning.
What fun it was to go over the whole plot
and carefully pick out sucli as would answer,
until we could say, '' There, I guess there
are about as many as the boys on the wagon
will dispose of to-day." They start out at
six o'clock. When they get home at noon
one of the first things to inquire about is,
" Did you have enough lettuce?'' Some-
times the reply would be, that it just went
round, and tiiat was all; at other times,
"• No, we did not have half enougli. Why,
it seemed as if everybody wanted lettuce
to-day."

By and by the heads began to till up faster;
and wasn't it fun to get a great basket full
that were just right! All of the good heavy
ones we got a nickel apiece for ; smaller
ones, two for a nickel ; while those that
weighed a pound or more would readily
bring ten cents. A little later, and some of
the Boston-market lettuce-heads began to
show symptoms of wanting to send up a
seed-stalk. As this Boston-market lettuce
is one of the staple sorts, especially for
greenhouses and cold frames, I will give a
cut of it here, which is kindly loaned me by
Peter Henderson.

BOSTON - MARKET r.ETTIJCK WHEN IT IS
KEADY TO CUT.

When the he.ads begin to burst and to send
up a seed-stalk, the matter has changed.
Instead of rejoicing to see the growth made
each 2-1 hours, we begin to wish they would
not grow quite so fast, until we could sell
them off a little. Mr. Ikishnell (who is,
I think, the oldest one among us) began to
tell me that I was going to lose some of them
because they would burst and start up to
seed before we could possibly dispose of
them. I told him to just let me do the gath-
ering, and I thought I could fix it. The
next morning I went over the whole patchy
and counted to see how many heads there
were that would have to be gathered that
morning. Then I cut all that would not
possibly bear to stand another day. Af tet
this I cut the next worse, until I got as
many as they could possibly sell. Then I
spoke to the men on the wagon something
as follows :

" Boys, if you can manage to sell all these
heads of lettuce to-day, I think \ye can take
all to-morrow morning that will, bie so fai'
along they must be cut, and ?o on. Now,
suppose you make a little extra effort to push
the lettuce, even if you don't sell so much of
something else, that we may avoid losing
any."

What do you think the result was? Why,
the tirst thing when they got home was to
tell me, " Mr. Root, we sold every head of
your lettuce, and could have sold more too
if we had had it with us."

The next day I did the same thing, and so
on, keeping ahead of the ripening until w^e
had a little shower. Tlien Dame Nature
was too much for me— the heads suddenly
burst open— a great number of them.

Let me here digress a little, to say that I
had for some time had my eye on certain
heads that I wished to save for seed— some
that had made great big hard heads which
remained a great while, ready to cut, with-
out bursting open at all. Now you can read-
ily see that, had my whole patch been like
these few choice heads, it would have been
a great help indeed in working off the crop.
Not only this, they got so large and heavy
before tliey burst that we readily obtained
ten cents eacli for them. Well, after the
sliower I put stakes about tiiese choice heads,
marking them"' For Seed," so nobody would
make a mistake and cut them. Then we

676

GLEANINGS IN incE CULTuUl^.

July

cut all the others that would not bear to be
left in the ground an hour longer. We put
as many on the wngon as would probably be
sold by offering two pretty good-sized heads
for a nickel. The rest we placed in the cel-
lar, right on the damp ground. I.ettnce can
be kept one or even two days in such a place
without any apparent wilting. It is better
to cut them then than to leave them in the
ground ; for the sunshine after the shower
would cause them to shoot up very rapidly ;
whereas, if they were cut off and laid in the
cellar all this mischief would be at an end.
IJy this kind of careful management our
whole crop was worked off at an excellent
profit ; whereas, had the work been done
carelessly by some one whose heart and soid
were not in it, it might not have paid ex-
penses.

Do you urge that it was not using our cus-
tomers right to push thingsV I admit, that
this might be carried to sucli an extreme as
to be injudicious or wrong. But right here
comes a point in regard to selling things.
People very often buy that to which tlieir
attention is particularly called. We have
two good salesmen on our market-wagon,
and a small boy to do errands. A few days
ago said small boy gave me quite an import-
ant fact. We liappened to have a good stock
of peas at the same time that we had a good
stock of strawberries. IJoth needed pushing.
Said the boy, " My pa can sell peas at almost
every house. Mr. Weed can't sell peas, but
he can sell strawberries at almost every
house." Now, tlie probabilities are that we
liave many customers that have about so
much money to expend for dinner, and it
does not matter very greatly to them whether
they have peas or strawberries. (3ne man
had got started in selling peas, and it came
easier for him to make sales^with them than
with strawberries. With the other it was
the other way. Of course, people should be
allowed to purchase what they wish ; but at
the same time we all of us unconsciously in-
fluence people more or less with m hom we
have to deal. Let me give an illustration :

Some years ago, when we had a counter
store on the fair-ground, I was a good many
times greatly surprised that a thing which J
expected would sell wonderfully, did not sell
a bit, and vice versa. For a while I coirid
not understand how my judgment was so
much at fault. An incident gave the ex-
planation. During quite a rush of busi-
ness tliere was a complaint made that they
were short of help. I accordingly asked my
brother-in-law, Neighbor JI.. to please "• lend

a hand." This lie did willingly, for he is a
great fellow to talk and visit. We had just
received a fine lot of stereoscopes, jmd the
price was exceedingly low. I expected that,
on the fair-ground, we should sell a great
many. To my surprise, the clerks informed
me that the stereoscopes did not sell a bit.
Neighbor II. took a fancy to the stereo-
scopes, and before I knew it he was selling
them to almost every man, woman, and child
that came along. Another clerk was selling
great big retinned dish-pans to everybody he
traded with, and all went away satisfied,
and a good many declared their purchase
was exactly what they had wanted for a long
while. It worked something like this : One
of the clerks who didn't care much about
stereoscopes would show the instrument in
ail indifferent way, not mentioning that it
was very much lower than they had been
sold ; and I shouldn't wonder if he some-
times omitted to tell the price at all. A cus-
tomer would sny, " Oh, I guess I don't want
one to-day." Now, Neighbor II. would tell
so much about it, and show it to such good
advantage, that the bystanders were inter-
ested ; and perhaps he would set some of the
children to teasing papa to get an instru-
ment, with a lot of those pictures, to keep in
the parlor, etc.

Now just one more illustration, dear read-
er, in regard to this matter of selling your
products ; for indeed it is so very important
a matter I hope you will excuse me if I re-
fer to it again and again. A few weeks ago
we purchased a barrel of honey-jumbles—
a nice little cake sweetened entirely with
honey— no sugar or molasses entering into
its composition in any shape whatever. 1
was very anxious to have these introduced
in our town, and introduced generally, be-
cause of the opening it promised to dispose
of the surplus honey now in our markets;
and I thought I gave the boys on the wagon
special directions about showing and ex-
plaining what the cakes were made of. I
was considerably disappointed, howerever,
to lind they did not go off very well. A few
days later I did not see the glass case con-
taining them on the wagon at all. I asked
the driver for an explanation. lie replied
that they were out in tlie rain one day and
got wet, and so they ate them up, what there
were left. The rain water made the case
untidy, and so they sent it down into the
kitchen to be washed.

" But," said I, "• aren't you going to carry
them any more V "

He replied that they didn't know whether

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.577

I wanted them kept on the wagon any more
or not. Now, if there is any thing in busi-
ness that vexes me, it is to find that our
boys or girls liave dropped sometliing, or
pushed it away out of sight, and let it go;
and then, when (luestioned about it, say
they did not know I wanted it used or kept
in sight any longer. I could not believe
that the honey-jumbles would not sell if
properly introduced; so I sent to the manu-
facturers for lu barrels; and then I explained
to all those who went with the wagon that
I wished them to take them to every house,
tell the folks what the cakes were made of,
and see if they could not get them started.
What do you think the result was V Why.
they sold IG dozen the lirst forenoon. Tlie
next forenoon they sold IS dozen ; and in
about a Aveek they had sold four harreh out
of the ten. It is true, I reduced the price
from 10 cts. a dozen to 8 cts. a dozen ; but I
am sure that giving them a fair showing had
more to do with it than lowering the price.

Do yon see the point, you friends who till
the soil, and raise honey or any thing else
for sale?

Where a crop is going to spoil, there is no
harm at all in using a little extra pains to
sell as much of this as possible, in place of
something else you are short of. If the let-
tuce is nice, theie are few families where it
will be wasted or thrown away ; and it is
relished by more or less people at every sea-
son of the year ; but if your salesman is in-
different, or tired out, you may lose a great
part of your crop in consequence, so you
must keep an eye out for such contingences.
Do the same thing with your radishes ; and
when raspberries and strawberries come,
dispose of them in a like manner. Green
peas are one of the great staples in market-
gardejiing. Plan so as to allow nothing to
go to waste, and luive each article presented
to your customers in the best i)ossible shape,
fresh and attractive; and this brings us to
Chapter XX.

CllAPTETl XX.

He that shall eiuUue to the end shall ))C saved.— Mahk 13: 13.

Not only will the man who patiently and
faithfully endures, be saved, but he will be
prospered here in this world. How many,
many give up because, for a time, circum-
stances and conditions seem to be against
them ! When we first started out our market-
wagon it was a thing so new and unheard of
here that quite an opposition was raised to
it. The grocers said it was not fair to go
around to people's houses and catch their
customers, and take away their trade. Men
who had done a very little in the way of
gardening thought that it was not fair that
I, with my many resources, should break
down their business by raising garden-stuff
when I was not obliged to do it to get a liv-
ing. Others thought the idea was ridicu-
lous, that we could here, with our Medina
clay soil, compete with the quality of the
produce from Cincinnati and other great
market-gardening points. AVell, for a time
it seemed as if there were some reason in all
the al)ove positions. People laughed at our
produce, some of it ; others refused to look
at our stuff at all, because they thought we
were not using the grocers right. A third
sajij they ueyer s;nv n§ Imve finy thing nice,

When we raised lettuce in the greenhouse,
and put it on the market in February, they
woiddn't buy it, because, they said, nobody
wanted lettuce in February ; and Ave Avere
finally obliged to send a large part of our
crop to Cleveland, where we got ^'5 cts. per
lb. by the barrel for it, instead of trying to
peddle it out on the streets here at home at
only ^0 cts. per lb. Well, I didnl give up,
for I knew, or thought I knew, that people
would in time be educated to these things.
Last year they woiddn't buy caulillower, be-
cause they didirt know what it was for.
Somebody finally discovered that it was good
to make pickles, and we sold pretty nearly
our whole crop at pretty fair prices, to be
made into pickles. This year we started
some kohlrabi-plants in the greenhouse ; and
during the month of June we had quite a lot
of beautiful bulbs ready for the market.
The boys suggested that the vegetable would
not sell, because nobody knew what to do
with them. Perhaps I slioidd add, that our
wagon this spring has been getting to be a
little more fashionable ; that is, the nice
vegetables we have been sending out " talk-
etl " them,selv£g, fuul wou their way into

578

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

July

niiuiy new homes. Well, to my great sur-
prise the kohlrabi very soon got a footing.
It is true, that people did not know how
they were to be cooked— a good many of
tliem— and quite a number had never seen
or heard of such a thing ; but they had got
into a sort of way of thinking that whatever
we carried was good, if it were cooked right.
Ernest's wife thought she would try cooking
them as we do vegetable oysters, and they
declared them to be " just si)lendid." Young
married couples are a good deal inclined, you
know, to call everything "just splendid."
Other folks cooked them as they do turnips
or mashed potatoes, and they proved to be
" splendid " that way. Pretty soon the kohl-
rabi-bulbs were called for a good deal faster
than they grew, and we didn't have any
trouble with overgrown ones. People called
for them when they didn't know what the
name was. One individual, after trying in
vain to hit the name, said he guessed they
called them " Kohl Abrahams." I could not
think for quite a while where he got hold of
'' Abraham " until I remembered that Abra-
ham was one of the greatest of the patri-
archs, and a patriarch was often, in old Bible
times, addressed as " rabbi ; " or, at least,
their descendants were so called in Christ's
time. So our friend knew that it had some-
thing to do with patriarchs, and " kohl Abra-
ham " was as near as he could get. Anoth-
er customer wanted some " ^Ira^.s.'' Of
course, he got what he wanted. We sell
two bulbs for a nickel. What do you sup-
pose an acre of ground would amount to
with a good crop of kohlrabis sold at the
above price ? And, by the way, we can put
kohlrabi on the market without trying very
hard, before you
can get cabbage,
j green peas, tur-
nips, or any thing
of the sort. Raise
the plants indoors,
just exactly as you
do cabbage-plants.
Plant them out in
good rich ground ;
and before a cab-
bage would think
of making a good
head, these kohl-
rabis will have
macle beautiful
))ulbs. As some of the friends may not be fa-
miliar with this member of the Cabbage fam^
ily , we give a picture of it. They must be used
when they arc, say, Uie size of a goo 1 fair-

K(jnr^i{ABi.

sized apple ; for if allowed to grow very
large they get woody and stringy.

S03IE'lIIIN(i AHOUT SAVING YOUR OWN
SEEDS.

Now, a point comes in here that I want to
talk about a good deal ; in fact, I shall talk
about it all through this book. I told you
about marking the best heads of lettuce
'■'■ For Seed." You want to do the same
thing with kohlrabi, cabbage, and almost
every thing else. Do you want to know
why ? If yoii could go to our kohlrabi-patch
to-day you would notice that here and there
are plants that are not going to make kohl-
rabi at all. Some of them look as if they
hadn't quite decided what to do. One starts
to make a cabbage-head ; another has evi-
dently got a mistaken idea that it was
planted for a turnip, while a third is clear
off from the track and is trying to put up a
bunch of blossoms like cauliflower. What is
the trouble V Why, the seed has not been
carefully saved from choice specimens. The
type of the plant has not been fixed by care-
ful selection for many generations. You
may ?ay that I didn't purchase my seeds
from a reliable house. Well, I got the seed
from Peter Henderson or Landreth & Sons—
I am ashamed to say I can not now tell
which, and there is where I am to blame.
You should know just where you got the
seed for every thing you raise. Better still,
you should raise your own seed, if it is a pos-
sible thing. The tirst kohlrabi that made a
nice bulb should have hfid a stake put up
beside it, labeled, " For Seed." Right here
the interesting point comes in, that I do not
know how they get seed of kohlrabi. I am
going to find out, though.

There is an excellent little book pub-
lished by Mr. Francis Brill, entitled," Farm-
Gardening and Seed-Growing." This tells
us all about how to raise seeds of almost
all our garden vegetables. Now, then, if I
had for several years raised my own seed
from none but choice bulbs, I myself could
have fixed the type of our good friend " Kohl
Abraham" (?) so that he would know just
exactly what [ wanted him to do when he
got to the proper age to make a cabbage-
head, a turnip, a cauliflower, or a kohlrabi.
Our best seedsmen aim to do this ; but, my
friends, with the best intentions in the world
it is next to impossible for all large seed-
houses to have every seed they send out
selected from none but such nice speci-
mens as you and I can produce in our own
gardens. It is the same with cabbages. WjB
aro now picking daily the prottiest little'

1S,S6

GJ.EANmGiS IN J]EE CULTURE.

579

lieails (almost as liard and lieavyas a, tiiniii))
lr.)ni our patch of liOOU early cabba;4es. Now,
while the majority are of heads like these,

PETER HENDERSON'S NEW " NEW YORK." LETTUCE.

quite a good many are making no head at
all. They don't quite understand what is
wanted of them, and so they are just acting
foolish, and are of no use to auybody. They
remind me of some boys and girls I have
seen in this world. With the cabbage it is
the fault of the parents and tlie early train-
ing ; and I am afraid it is true, too, with
foolish l)oys and girls — it is the fault of the
parents and early training. Now, I have
never raised cabbage-seed, and I don't know
what Ijcan do ; but I am so well satislied of
wiiat may be done that I w^ould give to-day
ten dollars for the seed of one cabbage-head
in that patch of UOOO. Do you want to know
why V Because it commenced making a
head almost as soon as the plant was taken
from the greenhouse and set in the held, and
a beautiful little head, too, hard and lirm,
and ready for the market fully two loecJis
ahead of any other plant in that lield. The
books on seed-growing say that this cab-
bage-head must be kept over winter before
one can get seed from it. Well, it was rais-
ed so early I am afraid it will be a iiard mat-
ter to keep it over winter, but I am going to
try hard. T think I can get some sprouts
from the stump, to raise some more heads
later in the fall, that will give me seed next
year, if I can not get seed from this one.
Doubtless some of the older heads will smile
to see me come out in print and confess my
ignorance. Never mind, dear reader; let
them smile. I have been " smiled at " a
good many times in my life ; but the ones
who did the smiling at first, often smiled in
.'iurpri.sc a few years afterward. Seed-grow-
ers have great dinieulty in li.^jjg the type of

tlieir seeds, I well know; and when a new
and sui»eri()r seed is placed before tiie peo-
ple, the growers are entitled to a good re-
A\ard. And this reminds me that, aft-
er our 13oston-market lettuce was sold
and gone, we had arranged for a suc-
ceeding crop of Henderson's new "New
York" lettuce, as he calls it. This let-
tuce not only produces immense heads,
but it is remarkably slow about shoot-
ing up to seed. Great nice heads will
stand for many days waiting to be ,
picked, and the quality is equal to any "..
tlnng we ever had. It is a large late
lettuce, so it probably will not answer ' ,'
as well as for greenhouse culture. As'
this " New York " lettuce seems to
be quite an acquisition, we give a cut
of it.
This lettuce makes wonderfully large
heads. It is nothing to have them weigh
from a pound to a pound and a lialf ; and
the inside of these great heads is as white";,
and crisp and nice as celery. As it is not at '
all bitter, I have of ten eaten a whole head
with great relish Avhile out in the lields.
Although it is very slow in sending up seed-
stalks, we tind somewhat of a tendency to
rot, unless it is cut, say, in a week or ten '■
days after the heads get fully grown.

In the fore part of this chapter I mention-
ed the prejudice that existed toward our
market-w\agon when it fLrst started. Well,
notwithstanding this prejudice, and not-
withstanding it did not at lirst pay expenses,
we kept it going right along day after day,
and even during the winter : when the roads
were suitable we went with either wagon or
sled. In the winter time we carry apples,
turnips, potatoes, parsnips (when the weath-
er is suitable to dig them), vegetable oysters,
winter sipiashes, celery, etc. When the
roads were too bad to go with a single horse,
we sent out a stout double team, one that is
generally used for plowing, drawing manure,
etc. Going out under unfavorable circum-
stances during l)ad weather occasioned crit-
icisms again, because people generally could
not understand why we should stir ourselves ,
so much for so litth' trade. JSIy purpose
was, to give them to understand that the"
market-wagon expected to be a regular in-
stitution, and one to be depended upon.
Well, it seemed for a time as though preju-
dice was so great I should have to give if up;
but I have found the little text at the head ' '
of our chapter true in businiess matters as, '
well as in spiritual things. A writer on ibff ', '
management of horses once saicl, if a hOrse '"

.580

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JUT.Y

disobeys yon, strike liim one good smart cnt
with the whip— just one and no more. AVlien
he disobeys you again, do the same thing.
Show no resentment and no anger, but sim-
ply give him to understand by many repeti-
tions that disobedience brings pain. By no
means let him see that you are angry or mad.
Teach him to think you are a machine. In
a little time he will learn to obey as a mat-
ter of course. The same process, it is said,
will cure a kicking cow. Be sure, liowever,
that you do not talk loud, or yell at your
dumb friends. Now, humanity, in some re-
spects, is like a dumb brute ; at least, there
is more or less ani))ud about all of us. If
community gets prejudiced against you,
don't talk, or make a big fuss. By no means
get to talking loud, or yelling about it. Go
ahead in the course you think is right, as if
you were a machine, and teach them that
unkind words or prejudice has no more effect
upon you than it would have on iron and
steel. Endure to the end. Let them know
that your endurance is like iron and steel ;
that is, a quiet, patient, kindly endurance.
By and by they will drop it all and forget it
all; and when they discover that you are
not going to adapt yourself to their notions,
they will, if you doyoiirdutij, adapt themselves
to your notions.

I was a little amused, a few days ago, to
hear Mr. Weed say that I had no conception
of the feeling that was gro\ving up in favor
of our home-grown stuff, compared with
that which came from the cities. He said
it was getting to be so, that, no matter how
nice an article h;' off ere;:!, the question was,
" Did you raise this on your grounds, or was
it shipped from the cityV" If he told them
it came from the city, it was handed back :
if it was our own production, it was taken
at once, without any further (luestion.

Yesterday we had a line lot of nice '' Jer-
sey Wakelield " cabbages that were purchas-
ed from the city, because our supply ran
short. We ordered the best that could be
found in the market, and got them. When
the boys got back they said they had an or-
der for two of our host homc-gnncn cabbages.
Nothing was said in regard to price ; tliey
must have some that grew on our grounds or
none at all. Our wagon has not yet been
running a year. Probably one thing that
has contributed this spring to capture public
sentiment is the fact that a great deal of our
stuff is gathered in the morning, before six
o'clock. Our customers get it fresh with
the dew of morning still on it. liaspberrios
and strawberries axe often picked, and §ent

by a boy to catch the wagon ; and the small
boy before mentioned, who accompanies the
w^agon, comes back almost every day with
an order for " half a dozen more lettuce-
more kohlrabi— 2o winter-cabbage plants— 6

quarts of strawberries, to be left at Mr. 's

at exactly three o'clock," etc. The differ-
ence between things absolutely fresh, just
gathered, and those that have been standing
by the door in front of the grocery store for
one or more days is a big point. While
strawberries were selling on the street at 6
and 8 cts. psr quart, we received 10 cts., for
fresh ones right straight through the season.
In fact, we have not sold a quart for less
than 10 cts., unless it was some that were
left over ; the same way with raspberries,
and the same way with peas. Inquiry is
even made as to whether the neiv potatoes we
carry around are raised by us or bought ;
and, by the way, I want to say a word in
regard to

NEW' I'OTATOES.

Some time about the 15th of April my
wife informed me that some potatoes in a
large pail in the cellar had sprouted to such
an extent that they bid fair to make a huge
bouquet, only the bouquet was composed of
leaves and not flowers. I took them at once
to the held to plant. Mr. Bushnell said I
might as well pull the sprouts all off, for
they would die anyhow. I told him they
would not die after I had got them fixed. I
chose some mellow sandy loam near where
they were sowing parsnip-seed. I pulled the
potatoes out of the pail myself, separated
the roots, and then cut them, a la Terry, so
as to give a good chunk of potixto to every
strong sprout: the end of the potato contain-
ing a good many small eyes was cut off and
thrown away. Then I planted my potatoes
as you would put out cabbage-plants in the
furrow, putting ground around them with
my own hands. A nice shower came soon
afterward, and I pointed triumphantly to
my potatoes, (i inches high with green leaves
on them before any of the rest of the pota-
toes were above ground. June LSth I thought
I would see what kind of potatoes there were
under Iho great branching tops. Well, to
my astonishment the potatoes were of good
size, and a pretty fair (luuntity in eacli hill.
They brought ;>5 cts a peck readily. As
nearly as I can make out, they were the
Early Ohio. Now, then, my friends, do you
want any better business than that— in GI
days after planting, a pretty fair crop of
potatoes that s?ll readily at $1.-10 a bushel?
Jf X ht4 some more sprouted Early Ohios I

582

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JulY

could get anotlier nice crop of potatoes riglit
off from that same groiiiul. The whole thing
is a very simple matter, and I mention it
chielly to ilh:slrate the possibilities that are
open to those who claim to be out of employ-
ment.

Now, tben, pnee more in regard to the last
part of the title of our book, " How to Be
Ila^ppy," etc. Did I enjoy planting those
potatoes? Why, to be sure, I did ; princi-
pally because I thought I saw a plan of ma-
terially shortening the operation of getting
early potatoes ; and I did it nicely and care-
fully, so as to be sure they would succeed.
They were hoed very little, because the
whole crop was finished before the worst
weeds got a going ; in fact, the care of them
was almost nothing. Did I enjoy digging
them? To be sure, I did ; and I enjoyed it
kuyeb/ too. Some of the happiest hours I
ever spent were those employed early in the
morning picking out lettuce-heads that were
big enough to sell, and, a little later, in se-
lecting those that must be sold at once or
their value would be gone.

Let us branch off from plants and animals
a little to consider this point of enduring to
the end in another way. We all of us com-
plain more or less because things do not
move faster, especially in spiritual things.
Some years ago I took a boy from our
streets, with the hope of making him better.
He made me no end of trouble. He used
tobacco ; and when I discharged him for
breaking our rules, he took pains to use
blasphemy whenever he saw me, when I had
occasion to come near him. By and by he
was in straightened circumstances, and
wanted work again. I gave him another
chance. Again he had to be suspended or
discharged. He seemed to be going from
bad to wairse. By and by he wanted to be
tried still again, biit it was th« old story. I
tried hard to be patient— prayed for a quiet
and steady spirit, and kept on trying him,
even when I had no heart in it, and no hope.
Now, my friends, when that boy discovered
that I had no spite or revenge, that I was
kind, envied not, not pulled up, didn't be-
have unseemly, and, above all, was not easi-
ly provoked, he gradually gave over his bad
habits, and, to my astonishment, seemed to,
of his oion accord, respect our rules, and, I
am inclined to think, respect my poor self in
a certain way. I am beginning to admire
him, while I thank God for having answered
my poor w^eak half-hearted prayers for him.
I had unconsciously been, after a fashion,
enduriiiy to the end ; and without thinking of

To he cmiti

sariiuj 'rnyyelf, the prol)abilities are now that
my quiet course may have saved iJie hay.

Since I have said so much about our mar-
ket-wagon, I think I will give you a picture
of it right here. Our artist has done his
work pretty well, only that he has got rath-
er more business about the w^agon than oc-
curs as a general thing. The number of
men employed will depend, of course, on
the size of the town or city ; and very likely
in starting the business one man would
raise all the stulf, drive the horse, and sell
out the whole load. Where a good trade is
established, the fact that the veg^able-wag-
on is in the neighborhood may be indicated
by ringing a bell or blowing a horn, the way
the milk-men do ; but where you have got to
work up a trade as we have had to, nothing
answers like taking a basket of samples and
going to the houses. Our boys first tried it
by simply inquiring at the door if any veg-
etables or fruits were wanted ; but they
soon found that this didn't work so well as
to have a basket of samples to show as they
went along.

The driver, if he understands his business,
will get back in the middle of the wagon
when trade commences, and measure up
peas, get out what is wanted when the load
is large, and make himself busy in a variety
of ways. If time is short in loading up the
wagon in the morning, the stuff may be put
in baskets, and the driver can tie the onions,
beets, radishes, etc., in neat little bundles
while he waits for his assistant who is going
around to the houses. It should be the driv-
er's business, also, to carry a memorandum-
book, and take orders, charge up things that
are not paid for, and relieve the seller from
every thing of this kind. Make it a study to
economize time in every way possible ; plan
to have every thing done on rainy days
that can h? done under shelter. We do
our selling every forenoon. I have often
heard Mr. Buslmel say that it was very sel-
dom you could lind a salesman who would
sell garden-stuff at a good rate all day long.
This kind of work draws on one's energies,
and therefore the best and most rapid sales
are made in the morning. Toward noon the
salesman gets tired, mentally and bodily.
After he has had a good, dinner, and a fair
amount of rest, he may be able to do a tip-
top afternoon's work in setting out cabbage-
plants, cultivating, or something of that sort ;
at the same time he would have made indif-
ferent work of pushing garden-stuff lively in
the (iflcnioon. Study your plants ; study your
helpers; and, above all, study your.' elf.

nucd AiHj. I').

He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— Luke 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

For God so loved the world. ^John I!: IC.

T WONDER if the little friends to whom I
|lF talk have a very clear idea of the many
|t different definitions there are to the
"^ word "world;'' that is, did you ever
think in how many different senses it is
used? We often mean by the word "workF'
the planet on which we live ; but that is not
the sense in which it is used in our text ; for
(rod could not love tliis planet of itself in
the way in which he loves us. The word
" world '■ is used in the Bible many times to
indicate the things belonging to this world,
which sliall soon pass away. We are ad-
monished not to set our affections on world-
ly things, because they are transient. Well,
in our text it is very plain that the meaning
is, that (lOd loves the children of men : he
loves humanity ; he loves the people, all of
them, even those who are unlovable ; and
he loves us so much that he sent his only
Son down here to teach us and save us.
(4od loves the people because they are his
people ; therefore ire ought to love the peo-
ple. We ought to love the Inisy throngs of
humanity that stream about us and past us
in swarms all around the most of us. If we
want to be happy in this world we need to
love humanity as much as we love ourselves.
Loving the people is the opposite of selfish-
ness. \Mien we say that men and women
or boys and girls love themselves, we mean
that they are selfish. If tliey love them-
selves more than all the rest of the world
together, they are pretty sure to be very dis-
agreeable. We ought to love them, how-

ever, even if they arc disagreeable. Jesus
said, " Love ye your enemies, and do good
to them that hate you." You see, if we love
our enemies, we shall be pretty sure to love
everybody, just as (iod does. Then we shall
be fit to live with (iod, and to be with him
when he sends for us. I believe that, as a
rule, children, especially very small children,
do love eveiybody. How the baby laughs
and crows, and looks happy every morning !
Does the baby at your house giggle and bub-
ble over with fun every day? If the house
should burn up, I suppose he would laugh
in a very little while, if he didn't while it
was burning. He is happy, because it is
fun for him to live ; and he tlianks God for
giving him life. Perhaps he does not think
of it in that way, but he enjoys every thing
— that is. if he is a good baby; and babies,
like neighl)ors, are apt to be very much like
, their surroundings. Do you reply, that
everybodif loves people— that is, as a general
thing? "No, everybody does not like his fel-
low-men. Sometimes we have people who
go off by themselves away out in the woods,
1 and purposely get away Mhere there are not
j any neighbors. We call them hermits.
I Then there are people who always stay at
I home. They do not go to picnics cir celebra-
I tions on the Fourth of July. They don't go
to meeting or Sunday-school. They stay
upstairs, or out in the fields. Some of them
lock the doors so the neighbors can't come
in. If they don't lock the doors of the
house, they lock the doors of their hearts.
They have no friendships or confidants.
We call such people misanthropes. " Mis-
anthrope " means a man-hater. Well, now.

684

gLeanIn&s in See culture.

JiJLl'

man-haters are not very common, in one
sense ; bnt in another sense they are quite
common. The great enemy of mankind, he
whom the Bible says goes up ,ancl down the
world like a roaring lion, seeking whom lie
may devour, tries to make people man-
haters. He persuades them that their neigh-
bors across the way, up street and down
street, and all around, are seltish and proud
and bigoted and scheming, and bad at heart.
Sometimes Satan whispers these wicked
thoughts to even the best of us— at least, I
believe he does. I think that I, as a rule,
love humanity. I like boys and girls, and I
like men and women. I like to help them ;
I like to work for them ; and, as a rule, if
they do not appreciate my kind efforts, I
like them still. I love them because the
Savior loved them. If you want to know
how much the Savior loved his disciples,
read the last chapters of John. He loved
poor Peter, even when Peter was so foolish
and untruthful and cowardly and weak ;
he loved poor Judas, even when he knew
there was no hope of making a good man of
him; he loved James and John when they
got so proud and selfish that they wanted to
have places in heaven next to himself, and
crowd all the rest away. In the chapters I
have mentioned, you will notice how ear-
nestly and fervently he prayed for them ; and
when those wicked men were killing him,
he took their part so far as to say, " Father,
forgive them, for they know not what they
do." Isn't this a beautiful example and
lesson for us when we get cross and contrary,
and think our neighbors are not lovable?

Well, I don't always feel the way I do
now. I wish I did, though. Sometimes I
have contrary, ugly streaks, and I feel bad
about it, and I am ashamed of it. I don't
often let anybody know it, of late years ;
but sometimes these ugly feelings trouble
me for quite a spell. Two or three Sundays
ago, while I was in Church, Satan got hold
of me. I suspect the first thing that made
me cross was because somebody shut down
the windows because they thought the
breeze was too strong, when it seemed to me
that we needed the fresh air very much in-
deed. I got to thinking how selhsli the
man or woman was, who sat close to the
window. Then I looked at. somebody who
sat near me, and I felt cross at him. I
didn't quite hate him, but I felt cross toward
him. Then I felt cross toward the next
man, so I thought I would look at some of
the nice girls and women, thinking to my-
self, " Surely, they are lovable ;" but, to my
surprise, Satan whispered they were proud
and silly, and that, in trying to hx them-
selves up nice, they just made themselves ri-
diculous. Then I looked at the people, and
I began to be frightened to find that I felt
hateful toward all of them. Then I looked
at the minister. May God forgive me, be-
cause, for a brief moment, I felt hateful
toward him as well as toward all the rest. I
am sure it was not myself, but Satan, who
whispered that the preaching was not doing
a bit of good— that he was away off from the
track, and that there was no use in trying
to do any good with sucli a miserable lot,
anyhow. I tried to think of something better,

and to put away these evil thoughts, but
they would not go away. "Lord, help!"
began to well up, and finally I prayed most
earnestly that Ciod would help me to love
my fellow-men. The answer to the prayer
did not come right away, but I knew it
would before long. I knew it would, because
I have, hundreds and hundreds of times,
prayed in that way before. This time it
seemed as if I had got to have a regular
rough-and-tumble fight with the adversary.
As the wicked thoughts came teeming up, I
almost groaned in prayer, "•Lord, help me to
banish these evil thoughts and evil spirits.''
Soon after this, peace came, but not much
joy or hopefulness. 1 felt sore (or some-
thing like it) over the conflict. But I had
done the best I knew how, and I felt a sort
of happiness, hrcanse I had done the best I
could.

In teaching my class after the sermon was
over, I was startled all at once by a feeling
that I loved the boys in my class more than
1 had loved them before for a long while ;
and the best part of it is, that that bright
experience is not gone yet. When I got
over to the jail I loved the poor friend 1
found there, and I plead with him to fight
against evil as I had been fighting, for his
own sake and for Christ's sake. I came out
of the jail a little surprised to find that I
was happy— yes, very happy ; and the battle
I had fought during the day helped to make
me happy. It seemed as if it had been a
sort of schooling for me— I felt stronger and
better for it.

Now, there is almost always a sequel, as it
were, to these bad feelings. I told you a
month ago of the invisible forces that are at
work in these frames of ours. "Well, I sus-
pect these forces at times have something
to do with this. For some time back I have
been getting up very early mornings— at
half-past four and five o'clock. By force of
habit I got up about the same time that
Sabbath morning. Some of you begin to
lift your eyes now, and may be think, if you
don't say so, " Why, you poor foolish fellow,
your overworking yourself was what made
you sour and cross." Well, may be it was ;
but even if so, in answer to my prayer God
pointed out to me the mistake I was making,
and God helped me to rise above the effects
of weariness and fatigue, and to say, " Get
thee behind me, Satan." But feeling tired
at the time of closing the Sabbath-school
and before going to the jail, I laid down on
the lounge and slept, I think, two solid hours.
When I woke up I was in the proper frame
of mind to love everybody. Now, look here;
don't let's drop this just yet. May be your
mother, your wife, your sister, or your child,
is overburdened with cares and work, and
has lacked sleep. Perhaps the one you are
praying for makes slow progress in Chris-
tian grace, just because of overwork. What
has that to do with you? Why, this much :
Don't say a word, but just quietly go and
help your mother ; find out what she wants
done, and do it for her nice and well. Plan
to give her the amount of sleep she has been
lacking, by bearing part of her burdens.
The same with your father, sister, or broth-
er or wife. You can do this, even if you are

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

585

not a Christian ; that is, one ought to do
this, even if he does not profess to be a
Christian. Tiien branch out a little aud try
to give a friendly hand to your neighbors in
general. Learn to enjoy'loving the world,
or humanity, and in doing kind .lets for
them, and by so doing you will have found
the pearl of great price.

Let me add, in conclusion, that a nap in
the middle of the day. when my nervous
force seems to be used up, I have discovered
to be worth more to me than any kind of
medicine that was ever put into bottles.
Some of you may smile, aud say, ''Oh. yes !
it is very well for one to talk about sleeping
in the middle of the day, when he can take
the time for it.'" To which 1 add, 1 accom-
plish nioic by so doing. I enjoy getting up
with the sun, or a little af ter ; and then
when 1 work myself thoroughly out, I en-
joy a good sound sleep between nine and
ten. After ray nap I can come into the office,
right into the midst of tlie great rush of bus-
iness, and do lots of good work in a very lit-
tle while, because, you see, 1 love everybody
then ; yes, all the icorld, even as (Jod the
Father himself '• so lovkd the wokld."

MRS. HARRISONS LETTER
JUVENILES.

TO THE

SOMKTllING ABOUT CAKP AND OTHER FISH.

jf^l URTNG the busiest season of the year in the
ll c|l npiary, T am compelled to be a patient at an
'jl^ institute where electricity and baths are the
■^^ remedies used. I've been vei-y much inter-
ested in the papers in Gleanings, " In hav-
ing something to do, and being happy while doing
it." There are ten ponds here that are utilized I'or
the rearing of fish, and I thought that perhaps some
of the juveniles might like to know something
about them.

There arc several springs that issue from the
bluffs, and these tiow into four ponds. The first
reservoir is rather deep, and in it is a school of
Rocky-Mountain trout. Two others have fish from
the Illinois River; and the fourth, brook trout. In
the last-mentioned, cress is raised, as the clear cold
water is its native element. I've often wondered
whether Mr. Root raised this plant in his ponds, as
it has a commercial value in our large cities, equal
to lettuce, as a salad.

The other ponds are fed bj' water from an arte-
sian well, and are used prineipallj- for the rearing
of carp. The doctor claims that carp grow faster in
these mineral waters, as it is warmer in winter.

I watched the old fish spawning one morning; and
as they swam in couples around the ponds, throw-
ing the spawn upon the cedar boughs and grass,
they appeared to stir up the water like geese or
ducks. I examined the eggs through a magnifying
glass, and it seemed like a tiny hen's egg, with
white and yolk; but the living embryo within was
not a chick but a tlsh. Plenty of tiny carp were
swimming around, as no other fish are allowed in
the pond, to cat them up. The good dog Major
catches the frogs around the border of the pond
whenever he gets a chance.

In one pond there are about 1530 yearling carp,
and the doctor bated a hook for me to catch some,
so I could examine them. I didn't have to wait

long before I had a scale carp weighing about a
pound, swing around upon the hook. I took out
the hook carefully, and, after rubbing its pretty
sides, lot it glide .'Mvay into the water, to tell its com-
panions of its adventures. The doctor says, "Now
you must try to catch a mirror carp; that one was
a scale." The scale seem to bite the best, as I
caught a numberof them before I caught a mirror;
but, oh joy! what a beauty! It had rows that look-
ed like scales as 1 irge as nickels, and such prettj-
colors! I caught one that was leather-colored, and
had no scales that I could discover. There were
al^o some fish that they call hyl)rids. Their father
and mother were carp and goldllsh. They are very
pretty. I infer that carp and goldfish belong to the
same family.

It takes work and care to raise fish, as well as
bees. The trout are fed chopped beef twice a week;
and when they were eating, it made me think of
happy boys and girls at plaj'. The carp ar3 fed
twice a weel\, too, on chop— corn and oats ground
together.

The iron pipes conveying the water from one
pond to another became clogged up, and a pump
was screwed on, and water poured in ; and by work-
ing the handle, soon a stream of muddy water
poured out, and in a littte \vhile the water ran out,
clear and pure, and the pump was taken off. The
fish, in their gambols while spawning, had stirred
up the mud in the bottom of the water. Moss grows
on top of the water in these ponds, and is taken off
occasionally. They had a laugh at my e.xpense,
when I asked why they put "wool " in the ponds.
When the moss has dried in the sun it looks like
coarse white wool, but soon decays. A man with
long rubber boots on rul s the pipes occasionallj', to
keep the sulphur or other minerals from clog-
ging up the holes in the pipes. Carp raised in these
mineral waters have been eaten, and are of fine
flavor. Mks. L. Hahrison.

Peoria, 111., June, 1880.

THE FLORA OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN.

ARE THOSE WHO HAVE APIARIES UPON A MOUN-
TAIN F.WORABLY SITU.\TED ?

fATHER had 6 stands of Italian bees last fall,
and they increased to 11 this spring. The
weather has been too wet for them to gather
much honey and pollen; and owing to that,
we haven't taken much honey from them.
The azaleas, laurels, and purple rhododendrons,
which grow wild on this mountain, have ceased
blooming. The chestnut and sourwood trees are
in bloom. The bees seem to be working very well
on the red-root, which grows on the mountain-sides.
The huckleberries, raspberries, dewberries, black-
berries, and June, or service berries, are ripening.
George Lawson, age 13.
Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., Tenn.

So you are located at Lookout Moiuitain,
celebrated as the place where a battle was
fought above the clouds in the late war.
As you have represented near you several
different elevations, each of which has its
own temperature, I should like to ask you
if your honey season is not prolonged" in
consequence of it ; that is, doesn't clover be-
gin to bloom first at the foot of the mount-
ain, and, as tiie season continues to advance,

S8

GLEAN tNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

JULY

bloom liigher on the mountain V You
know honey is tirst secreted from clover
south of us, and the honey-tlow gradually
advances to the north with the season.
Now, 1 have been wondering if there is not
the same relation existing between the base
of the mountain and the summit. The rea-
son I speak of this is because the matter was
mentioned by a writer recently, who has a
mountain home, and who said that his hon-
ey season was prolonged. Is this the expe-
rience of others similarly^ situated V May
we hear from such V " ' Eunest.

Every boy or girl, under 15

years of age, who writes a

letter for this department, containikg

SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
KNOWN. ON BEKS OR OTHER MATTEHS,

will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent five - cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these books contain the same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school books
costing from 81.00 to 81. .50. If you have had
one or more books, give us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six different books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in
a Bar-Room. We have also Our Homes, Part I., and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself. Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable for framing.
Vou can have your choice of any one of the above pictures
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

" A chiel's aniang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prent it."

HOW TO AVOID STINGS.

Jp\ ID you ever hear a bee scoldV Perhaps
(4 J you think he can't, but he can. After
1^ he has scolded for a while, talking
^^ pretty plainly, too, lie will show you
that he means what he says by, by —
well, by something that hurt^; you know
what 'tis. If you have never heard a bee
scold, just stand a few minutes in front of
the entrance of a strong colony during bass-
wood bloom when the bees are pouring into
the hive heavily loaded. By and by you will
see a little bee (one of the '' sentinels," as
we call them) twisting his head this way
and that, as he surveys the proportions of
the huge monster before his little doorstep.
Pretty soon he flies up and buzzes back and
forth before your eyes— possibly followed by
two or three more of his companions, anil
then he scolds, telling you idmost as plainly
as I can that, if you don't get out of the way,
he will use his little spear. I have heard
them scold, and fancy lie talks something
like this :

''Now, look here, Mr. Elephant, or Man,
whatever you call yourself, you are right
square in the way. Haven't you got more
sense than to stand here hindering us when

there are dead loads of honey in the fieldsV
There's not enough honey in the hive to
winter on yet, and— just see the bees behind
your great carcass, trying to find the door to
our hive. If you don't get out of the way
I'll stick you in the eye." About this time
you will feel nearly cross-eyed, watching the
little scamp, while his little voice sounds
like a tiny buzz-saw sawing sections.

Now, perhaps the little bee doesn't say
just these wordf. ; but at any rate he seems
to think you liave "• no business " in front of
the entrance, and that he will drive you ott
if it does cost him his life. So, little folks,
I will say that, if you wish to save hard
stings, I would advise you not to stand di-
rectly in front of the entrance.

Again, our honey season will soon be over
in most Northern" localities ; and when the
honey stops off suddenly, the bees will be
apt to be cross for a while, especially if yoli
are so careless as to leave bits of new honey
lying around, or where bees can get at it by
crowding through cracks. Wherever you
keep surplus honey, he sure no bee can get at
it, or you will be likely to have a terrible
row, and no end of robbing and stinging.
If your bees siiould get started to robbing
during a dearth of lioney you may be trou-
bled tlie rest of the season. The old saying,
'• Prevention is better than cure,'" applies to
robbing and stings; therefore, little folks,
please l)e careful. When bees get to sting-
ing badly, as they do when robbing has be-
gun, you are liable not only to cause trouble
in your apiary, but trouble with your neigh-
bors, which may involve your papa in a law-
suit with tlieni.

The time for you to learn to be careful is
now, while you are young. Right habits in
the apiary will be easily formed now while
you are young, and you will never regret it
when you grow older. Ernkst.

NOT GOING TO LET THE BEES SWARM.

I am a little j.;irl ten years old. Ma caught a
swarm of runaway bees last fall, and g-ave it to me.
I built it up nicely. They arc now trying- to swarm,
but T |)ineh off the queen-cells, and won't let them.
1 call my queen Taddy, and won't let her go again.
I love to work witli bees, but my big- sister squalls
every time one comes within one hundred yards of
her. Jennie H. Park.

Concordia, Meade Co., Ky., June 10, 1886.

HOAV TO GIVE THE BEES A DRINK.

My papa has kept bees for six years; he takes
Gleanings. My mamma and sister and I came
from Ohio last March. Papa brought his bees here
three years ago. The bees out here do not make
any surplus honey until after harvest. We have a
wind-pump. Papa lias a barrel full of water by the
pump; he keeps a coffee-sack over it, so the water
just comes up to the sack. The bees get on top to
drink, and do not get drowned. When papa has
queen-cells that he wants to save he cuts them out
and puts them under little glass dishes over the
other bees, so the cells do not get torn down, and
they hatch out all right. Fannie Gossard, age 8.

Friend, Salem Co., Neb.

HOW TO STOP ROBBING.

My pa has ~0 swarms of bees; he does not get
much hotiej-. for he does not run for it. He sells hie

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.587

swarms. This sprinjr he lost a good many swarms i
by the bees swarming' out and trying- to enter other
hives, and then they s-et killed and lie on the j
ground. He lias one swarm that makes a business i
of robbing, and the only way he could stop it was j
by taking- a frame of brood from the others and !
placing- it in the hive they were robbing, and p\».c- j
iug the robbers In tlie place of the hive that was 1
being robbed, and the other in the place of the
robbers. He says that will stop the worst robbing.
I don't work with bees, though T am not much i
afraid of them. M.w TiKi.f. TIoiiN.

Flicksville, Pa., April :.\s. ISSii.

Thank yoti, little friend. The way in
which your father cnres a swarm that per-
sists in robbing is tiie same as the one given
in the A IJ C book. It works '• to a charm,"
doesn't it y Eunest.

THE RESULT OF A QUEEN GETTING INTO TIIE
WRONG HIVE.

Pa has five swarms of bees in chaff hives which
he made himself. In transferring them into chatf
hives the queen from one swarm went into the
wrong hive, and we supposed she was stung to
death, for we found her dead. Pa takes Glean-
ings, and has your ABC book, and would not be
without it. Alma Newton, age 11.

Stella, Vinton Co., O., June 15, 188li.

HOW BKOTHER FUED made .V SOLAIl WAX-EX-
TIIACTOU AND FIIIED AN EGG WITH IT.

Brother Fred made a solar wa.v-extractor in the
spring, and in March he tried it to see how it would
do about melting wa.\. It does real well. He got
some of the nicest wax with it I ever saw. He
thought he would try to see if it would roast an
egg, so he put one in a dish in the extractor about
noon, and about the middle of the afternoon it was
cooked — too hard to eat. We were going to
have one to eat, but lost it. so we have not
tried to roast any since then. Fred had one colony
of bees swarm, and took 2'Z lbs. of honey off, and
two 12-pound crates aje on yet, and they have got
those about half full. Pehl Z. Cuanston, age 14.

Woodstock, Champaign (^o., O., June ~2, 188 i.

Tell your brother that he has done re-
markably well. Now. if he or you either
will give a clear description of how he made
that extractor, so that any one el.se can
make one like it, we will send him any
thing he may choose from the 2.>cent coun-
ter, and possibly Ave may do better than
that even. If Fred's solar extractor will
fry eggs, it certainly will melt wax ; and I
think we all want to know how it was made,
as it is probably simple in its construction.
Let ns hear from you, so it can be published
in next Juvenile Gleaninc;s. You will re-
member that I fried an egg, but, like your
egg, it was cooked so hard as to be unrit to
eat. EKNEsr.

MORE ABOUT BROTHER FRED'S BEES.

We have a little cherry-tree in our yard, that
father was mowing around one day, and we noticed
on the tree, right down close to the ground, that
the bark was bursted, and quite a number of little
roots were coming through. The bark was bursted
in three places. It looks o;ld. We have about 80
little chicks and ~3 goslings. Brother Fred's bees
have swarmed four times. The first swarm that
came out. Fi-ed and Perl had .lust started out to
work after diuuer. and we rung the beli for them,

and before they could get here the bees started off,
and lather stopped them by throwing cupsful of
water on them while they were flying. I like to
help hive the bees. Fred has ten swarms now, and
they are all doing well, and we are expecting more
any time. Nettie H. Cranston, age 11.

Woodstock, Champaign Co., O., June S, 18SH.

You are sure, are you, tliat the water had
the effect of bringing the bees down V

Ebne-'-^t.

FROM TWO NUCLEI TO 13 COLONIES.

Pa made a new start last year with bees, b3'
getting two li-t'rame nucleus colonies of Italians
from Hemphill & Goodman, of Elsberry, Mo.
These nuclei increased to 13. Pa sold one swarm,
and we let two get away. Wc had 9 to start in the
winter. All wintered well on their summer stands.
We have sold :i swarms, and have hived V and lost
several. Pa has some of the queens' wings clipped.
We have some beautiful <jueens. I like to look at
them. We have taken in all about 1.50 lbs. of hone.v
this spring, and pa says ho could take about ~'00 lbs.
more right away if he had the time to do so. He
makes his hives and frames himself. We use alto-
gether the Simplicity pattern of hive, for pa thinks
it is the best. Wc all like to read Gleanings. Pa
says it has much of a Christian spirit about it that
is good, and says that he is stronglj' in favor of
uniting religious matters with bee-matters. We all
esteem your Christian spirit highly. My letter has
become quite long already. I wish to say before I
close that 1 have one sister and three little brothers
here, and two brothers gone to live with Jesus. I
am the eldest living, ten years; my eldest brother
living is named Ernest— a namesake of Mr. Ernegt
Itoot. Essie Staff.

Moscow Mills, Mo., June 2t), 18815.

BEES FLYING INTO THE NOZZLE OF THE SMOKER;
HORNED TOADS.

When my father is at work among the bees, he
sometimes smokes them away, and they have so
much curiosity as to fly right into the nozzle of the
smoker, and there are burned. My father has
about 150 stands ol bees. 1 have for pets, horned
toads. They are rather hard to catch; and when 1
do catch them I bring them home and put them
in a tin pail or bucket, and keeji them a few days
and then let them go. They can live a long lime
without any thing to cat. Eddie Butleh, age l;.\

Los Gatos, Cal., June 19, 1886.

It it quite a common occurrence for bees,
when enraged, to lly into the nozzle of the
smoker. This is somewhat the way little
boys and girls do when they are mad— they
rush right into something that is sure to
bring them to grief, witliout thinking or
knowing the consequences. — Don't you
think you are just a little cruel to keep the
horned toads several days in a pail without
anything to eat. This I judge you do, as
you say they will live a long time witliout
food. We have one now in our apiary, which
has l)een sent us by one of our friends. I
presume it was in the mails nearly a week ;
but when it arrived it was very evident that
it was quite ivak. ' Eunest.

WHV DID OUR BEES LE.WEV

Papa bought a stand of bees last spring, and from
that he ha/1 Hve stands. He thought he could win-
ter !hr fiftj! one; but the poof bees died, so he \mA

oS8

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

four g'ood stands this spring-. On the 11th of April,
two left, and their hives were full of honey. They
went to our nearest neighbor's, and his bees killed
all of ours, and on the Slst of April the thii-d stand
left. Please tell nie why they left. Papa was
sorry. Ho likes to work with bees and honey. The
hives were all clean and nice when tiiey left.

Fll.VSCES HE.MMEKIjY.

Forest, Hardin Co., Ohio, June, 1880.

I can not tell why your bees left, friend
Frances. It is a matter that has been much
discussed. Sometimes they seem to get dis-
couraged and swarm out because they are few
in numbers. It seems to be a sort of mania
some certain seasons. A few years ago we
used to liave a good deal of complaint of
swarming out in early spring ; but of late
we have seen but very little of it. I think
strong colonies are the liest preventive.

now TO MAKE HOXEY C.^NDV.

My pa takes GLE.\NtNGS, and I like to road the
juvenile letters. Pa has 50 colonics of bees, and he
clips his qu?ens' wing-s, and thinks he can hive bees
a g-reat deal better that way than any other way. I
will tell yoa how wo make honey taffy to make it
look like storo candy. We boil our honey until it is
stitJ enoug-h to pull, then we pour it into greased
pan's and let it cool ; then we take it out, dividing it,
leaving part red, and take the other part and pull it
till it is as white as we can get it; then we draw
both the white and rod out to the size of a stick of
store candy, then twist thein together, making
striped candy; then lay it on a plate. Ma uses
honey for almost every disease.

Forest City, Mo. Lizzie E. Pint vis, age 13.

Thank you, friend Lizzie, for your simple
recipe for making lioney candy. I have no
doubt but tliat it will make a very whole-
some and nice confectionery— mucii better,
indeed, than the cheap candies we buy. I
think I shall have to get that queen clerk (I
mean my other half) to make some, and I
will then report how we like it. By the way.
is it not a good idea to devise as many new
uses for honey as we can? Our friend Muth,
of Cincinnati, is getting boney introduced
for mechanical purposes. Our friends Craw-
ford & Taylor, the bakers, mentioned in
another column, have succeeded in making
what I call extra nice honey-jumbles. Our
friend Arthur Todd, of Philadelphia, makes
and advertises honey candies. You see, all
these different uses for honey help to raise
the price of it. Shall we not have more re-
ports (get your mamma to help you) on how
to make honey candies, lioney-cakes, etc.V
Eknest.

SHALL WE KILL, SWARMS TOO WEAK TO WINTER?

Two j'ears ago we started with one swarm of bees.
There were no swarms the first year. Last year we
increased three and killed one that was not strong
enough to go through the winter, and now we have
11. Two got away; all were by natural swarming.

Tilden, HI., June 9, 1886. S. J. & Wm. M. Boyd.

Thank you, friends S. J. & W. M.; but
why siiould you kill a swarm because it was
too weak to winter V Why did you not do
the best you could with it, and run your
cliances of its living througli the winter V
You see. you would liave been so niucli
ahead if it had survived,

A KIND WORD FOR MRS. COTTON.

T HAVE received several letters from bee-keepers
j£|[ asking me if Mrs. Cotton ever sent me the col-
^l ony of bees that she promised to send me this
"*■ spring. She did. About the first cf May I re-
ceived from Mrs. Cotton a swarm of nice Ital-
ian bees ill shipping-bo.x, and 1 don't think tlie.y arc
interior to Prof . Cook's celebrated strain, which is
saying a great deal, for 1 have some that came from
his apiary. I will tell what else was in that bo.v.
There was as fine a queen as I ever saw. I put them
into the Controllable hive that Mrs. C. sent me last
year. They have given me two large swarms, and
are working in the sections, and gathered more
honey than any other colony that I have; so, score
one for Lizzie. Hiram Adams.

Port Austin, Mich., June 28, ISSR.

[We are very glad to get the above report, friend
A. With the very large prices Mrs. Cotton charges
for whatever she advertises, she certainly ought to
give qood meatmre and (y()(;d quality, and we are very
glad if she is beginning to do so.l

CONDITION POWDERS, EGG FOODS, CATTLE FOODS,
ETC.

[It seems the Philadelphia Farm Journal looks at
these things a good deal as 1 do. We clip the fol-
lowing from a recent number:]

We have no faith in condition powders, condiment-
al foods, egg foods, and the like. They are all in
the same boat with patent medicines. A poultry
powder that sells for 60 cents a box was found by
Prof. Jordan, of Maine, to contain 84 per cent of
mineral matter, chiefly ground shells and a little
bone, the rest being water and organic matter. A
celebrated cattle food was found to be composed
chiefly of wheat bran and corn meal, with a trifle of
fenugreek, and a little sulphur. This was sold at 8
cents a pound.

DOES THE DRUMMING ON TIN PANS BHING DOWN
SWARMS ?

In the June 15th No. I see an article from J. J. H.,
in reply to which you sa}' you would like to know if
drumming on tin pans, or any noise that is produced
to arrest a swarm of bees, does any good. I can tell
you that any noise that may be made when a swarm
issues, to drown the noise of the leaders of that
swarm, will settle them on the nearest branch that is
accessible. I have come to this conclusion from
four years of e.xpericnco in the bee-business. When
I was there with my tin pans I always saved a
swarm; when not, they were lost.

Samuel D. Bates.

Sikeston, Scott Co., Mo., June 15, 1886.

MRS. GULP TELLS US SOMETHING ABOUT HER NEW
PUPIL.

Please accept thanks for the neat little compli-
ment paid rac by yourself and our brother "Just
Hatched." Permit me to introduce him to you and
the bee keeping brt?thrcn and sisters generMliy as
our minister, the Kev. J. S. Rickets, of the Ohio
Conference, hoping you will all c.yteud to him the
right hand of fellowship— I'm quite sure you will all
feel quite proud of him when you form his ac-
quaintance, for he is, in my estimation, a very pre-
cocious bee-keeper. Just think of his writing for
the bee-journals before he is a month old! With
his and wife's assistance occasional^', things are
moving on grandly in the apiar.v.

jlilliard, 0., July 1, 188Q. ' Jenkje CULP.

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

o89

BE CAREFUL HOW YOU DRIVE HORSES NEAR TO
BEE-HIVES.

[The following- comes as au additional waruing
to what has already been said :]

On the moriiinj? of the 9tli inst. I lost a valuable family,
saddle, >and harness horse— stung to death by bees, caused
by the nefrlect and disobedience of a hired man. He drove
the horse with a loaded cart into an ajiiary of forty hives,
hut he did not turn as instructed. .\n effort was m.ide
to move the horse, but it could luit be done until he had upset
two hives, moved others and turned the cart over. The horse
was removed by my wife and neighbors, and every effort was
made to counteract the poison. Ijut in vain. He died in two
hours, of tits. .1. A. Sjiit£i.

Elora, Lincoln Co., Tcnn.

•JUST COMMENCED TAKING OFb" HONEV.

I thoug-ht I was too poor to take Gleanings any
more, but I find I can not do without it. I com-
menced the campaign with 5- swarms of bees. 1
have just begun taking oft' honey, and have taken
off, up to date, about 300 lbs. The most of our hon-
ey is raspberrj'. SiM.MONS Warfle.

Tracy Creek, Broome Co., N. Y., June 11, 18S6.

ABC OF POTATO CULTURE TO BE PUBLISHED IN
THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE.

Mr. Stalhammar, editor of the Swedish Bee Journal,
Gothcnbcrg, Sweden, writes for a copy of "Winter
Care of Horses and Cattle " as soon as it in out. He
is intending to publish "A B C of Potato Culture"
in Swedish. T. B. Terry.

Hudson, O., May 5, 1886.

PERFORATED ZINC.

The sample of perforated metal is received. The
perforations are too large for my purpose. I have
several of Alley's queen-traps which have the same
sized perforations as the sample sent. The princi-
pal purpose which I make of the traps is to capture
the queens of second and third swarms; but I find
that, while they will catch all old or laying (luccns,
they will not do so with all young ones, many get-
ting out and going with the swarm, but I think they
could not do so with the smaller size of perforations.

East Key, N. Y. O. M. Whitcomb.

LAre you sure young queens can get through the
pertorated zinc we sent? Wo selected some of the
smallest queens in our apiar.v, but we could get
none through it; see page i'H.]

TeB^cce C0MMN.

tAVING noticed in Gleanings that you are
offering one of j'our bee-smokers to every
one who will agree to quit using tobacco,
and not knowing whether I am entitled to
one, I thought I would state my case to you,
and see if you think I ought to have one. I had
used tobacco for 6 years, and had tried to quit once
before, but failed; but I am glad to say that at
present it has been Iti months since I took a chew
of the weed, and I feel safe in promising to pay
you well for the smoker if I ever use the weed in
any form again. If you think me worthy of a smo-
ker, I shall take it as a favor. W. L. Banta.
Valley Spring, Tex., April 28, 1886.

Friend B., our offer of a smoker is to those
wlio give up tobacco because of wiiat has
been said in Gleanings in regard to it ; but
as you give us tlie usual promise, we have
sent you a smolcer to l\ind o' clinch the bar-
gain. Now, you see if you ever put another
bit of tobacco in your niouth it will cost you
just 70 cei)ts.

I received the smoker you sent me. I Avas very
much pleased with it, and am much obliged. If I
ever commence the use of tobacco again I will send
you your dollar. C. H. Martin.

Lee, Allegan Co., Mich., June 4, 1886.

I certify on honor that I have abandoned the use
of tobacco, and desire your promised boon. I also
certify on honor that I will pay for the smoker if I
ever commence the habit again. W. W. Wood.

Wallaceburg, Hempstead Co., Ark., May 31, 1886.

one who is S4 years of age quits, after HAV-
ING USED TOBACCO FOR EIGHT YEARS.

After using tobacco for eight years I have quit,
and expect never to use it again, although I am
only 24 years old. I f you think I deserve a smoker,
please send me one; and if I take up the habit
again I will pay for the same. John W. Wright.

Cass City, Tuscola Co., Mich., May 1, 1886.

My friend E. C. Kitchens tells me that there is
due me a bee-smoker, as I on the last day of last
December quit using tobacco, with the intention of
never chewing or smoking any more. I have been
chewing tobacco nearly all my life. I am 47 years
old, and a native-born Texan. I make the usual
promise to pay for the smoker, if I break the
pledge. J. A. Isaacks.

Brownwood, Tex., April 9, 1886.

THE GOOD EFFECT THE TOBACCO COLUMN IS
HAVING UPON OUR READERS,

1 have seen that so many have quit the use of to-
bacco who read Gleanings, that I have also given
it up after -sing it over 20 years. I am determined
to quit for good by the help of the Lord. If you
think iTie worthy of a smoker you can send me one;
and if I ever use tobacco again I will pay you for it.
Geo. W. Beckham.

Pleasant Hill, Lane. Co., S. C, May 10, 1886.

a thirteen-year-old boy who has used tobac-
co FOR FOUR YEARS, HAS NOW QUIT.

I see in Gleanings that you give a smoker to
everybody who quits the use of tobacco. I have
one hive of bees, and am 13 years old. I have
smoked and chewed for 4 years, and have quit.
Please send me a good smoker; and if I ever use
tobacco again I will send you the price of the
smoker twice; but I hope I shall never use it again.

Stacy Naylor.

Beloit, Mahoning Co., O., May 13, 1886.

BY THE HELP OF GOD, WILL CONQUER THE HAB-
IT OF USING TOBACCO.

I like your ABC book and periodical well.
Please don't send me a smoker, for it would bring
up unpleasant recollcction.s of repented and for-
given sin ; yet accept my thanks for your kind in-
terest in me and my fellows in tobacco guilt. I
have reformed entirely, and have induced Rev. S.
T. Williams, of Philadelphia, N. Y., to quit. He
burned his tobacco and pipe, and dropped on his
knees with me, for help from on high to enable
him to conquer the world, the flesh, the devil, and
the weed. The bee-men of this locality are scarce.

T. HOWLAND.

Clayton, Jefferson Co., N. Y., May 8, 1886.

My pa began to read Gleanings last fjill, and on
Christmas day he quit the use of tobacco. I b^ve
one stanc} ol' bees. If yoii will send me a smoker I

590

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

July

will send you the price of it if my papa begins to
use tobacco ag'ain. He says he will never use it any
more. GII.MKl^ 11. Houchins.

Pipestein, Summers Co., W. Va., May 17, 1S80.

HEKH IS THE HUStir.T.

I received my smoker, and my i)a received his
"Dose of Truth." He thinks it a graiid document.
His weight last Christmas was 17.') pounds. Since he
has quit the use of tobacco he has gone uj) to 207
pounds. His friends say he will have to commence
it again, but he says, "No, never."

Gii.MEK K. HorciiiNS.

Pipestem, W. Va., .lune 7, l."8fi.

That is the kind of talk, friend (iilmer.
Tell your father not to take up tobacco
again, even if he should weigh half a ton.

TWO MORE WHO TAKE THE PLEDGE.

Giving up tol)acco has become so much of
an established fact that a couple of men re-
cently came into our store, asking for smo-
kers, saying they were going to give up to-
bacco, and were willing to have tlieir names
published ; and if they ever use it again,
they will pay for the smokers. The names
and address are as follows: Alex. McKee
and U. B. Mclntyre, Hinckley, O.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

I have received the labels, and am very well pleas-
ed with them, both as to quality and price. Thanks.
Anaheim, Cal. Ai.t'iiED W. Hinde.

I have received the goods I ordered of .^ou. They
gave perfect satisfaction. The sections were the
finest I ever saw. W. A. Anthony.

Sasser, Terrell Co., Ga.

My foundation came to hand June IDlli. It was
the best I ever had. Please accept f hanlis for your
kind and prompt attention. Mus. M. A. Wilkins.

Seneca, Nemaha Co., Kan., June 2;:, ISSti.

I received sections and other things in good order.
I am very much pleased with theui. I will order
some more soon. Henkv W.alteu.

Orange, Orange Co., Tex., June 2~, 1«8().

1 received the f 1.03 queen from .> ou some time
since. 1 introduced her in a hive of t)lack bees;
when her eggs hatched 1 found they were very
bright pure Italians. 1 am very much pleased with
her. C. MooHHousE.

Hibernia, Fla.

Wife says we enjoy the Home Pai)crs very much,
and wishes you may be spared t'b give them to us
for many years yet. You see 1 have put it wc, bo-
cause I agree with her, and feel that Geeanings
would lose a great charm, and that its power for
good would be lessened very much by the omission.

McMinnville, Ore. FuANii S. Hakuing.

PROMPTNESS.

The imported queen came to hand June 2d. 1 in-
troduced her at halt-past 6 p. m., on the same day.
To-day, June 3d, at S p. m., she has laid over 200 egg"s.
How is that tor introducing imported queens?
Thanks for promptness. 1 did not think you would
receive my order in that short time.

La Salle, 111. Thomas Gedve.

i>uii careful packing.

The goods came in good condition, and were quite
satisfactory. When 1 deal with you, friend K., 1
am never fearful that, when my goods come, they
will be carelessly put up, and consequently dam-
aged on arrival; and when 1 see them I feel like ex-
claiming, " Oh I if everybody would be as careful,
how much pleasure and benefit it would amount to
in the world." John 8. WomiiM').

Oj-jeao, OraiiB'e Co., Fla., ,1 une 24, imh

I received goods shipped by you. The order was
correctly filled; goods came in fine order. I am
well pleased with every article and style of packing
—so much so that 1 e.xpect to give you my entire
patronage in the future. W. F. Cooper.

Itasca, Hill Co., Te.xas, June 6, 1886.

WEI. I. pleased with our bees.

I received the bees June 12th all iMght. I am
much jileased with them. Many thanks for the ex-
tra frame and the amount of bees you sent. Your
mode of shipping is all i-ight. I am well pleased
with the A !!(' book. I hope I may have success.
To-day. June 18, thev are working finely.

Woolwich, Pa , June 18, 1886. F. T. Rahokn.

pehfect satisfaction.
i Your goods on both shipments came all right, and
were of good (luality. I could get them nearer; but
I am so well ])leased with my deal with you that 1 do
not sec the ])lace to break off, and the goods give
perfect satisfaction. Joseph Swift.

State Center, la., June II, 1886.

OUR ten-cent honey-knife.

It may not be amiss to tell you that your little
ten-cent honey-knife, which cost flftoen cents by
mail (and none of my friends guessed a less price
than 2.5 cents) proves itself a great convenience.
It is little, if at all, inferior to the longer and more
expensive patterns. Daviu Strang.

Lincoln, Tenn., June 22, 1886.

I think the California honey "takes the cake"—
perfectly magoiticent, but a great many don't
like it. J. M. Jenkins.

Wetumka, Elmore Co., Ala., June 17, 1886.

[Friend J., it is a little singular that we have so
many reports just about like yours. A good many
people think that California honey is "magnificent,"
as you say: but, strange to add, others don't like it;
and, as you say, those who "don't like it" are "a
great many."]

G. m. doolittle's opinion of terry's new book.

Terry's " Winter Care of Horses and Cattle " is at
hand. It is a book that should be in the hands of
every person in the land. VVith many, the height
of their ambition seems to be the largest numbers
with the least attention; in others, a poor old horse
— so poor you can count every rib 50 feet away, to
push and spur through every day.

Borodino, N. Y. G. M. Doolittle.

GLEANINGS AS AN .ADVERTISING MEDIUM.

I ordered a select tested queen of you. May 34. In
eight days she was here, and in the hive. On the
ninth day she was laying. That is iiusiness on time,
I think, from North Carolina to Ohio. I am well
pleased with the Buckeye window-sash lock. How
was the candy made that was with the queen— all
sugar, or not ?• When made of honey and sugar,
do you dissolve the sugar in water, and how long
does it take to cook it V I got into business by in-
serting an advertisement for black queens, in
Gleanings, (jrders came from all over the North-
ern States till 1 had to say stop. I am Italianizing
all that are in reach of me; and as fast as I can
find hybrid (lueens, the friends can have them.

W. P. Davis.

Goodman, Anson Co., N. C, June 13, 1886.

[The bee - candy is simply honey and powdered
sugar made into a stiff dough. See A B C]

terry's new book.

[The kind notices of this little volume are at hand
by the hundred. We select the following from
among them:]

"The Winter Care of Horses and Cattle,' is the
title of a pamphlet fioni the pen of T. B. 'J'ei-r.\', "so
well known as an alile writer in the agricultural
papers, as well as a "live man' at our sigricultural
Institutes." This very humane and Christian work
should be in the hands of every one who owns or
drives a horse or provides for the wants of domes-
tic cattle. The reading of the book will undoubt-
edly increase the number of merciful men and
woinen, and assist largely in promoting i-ighteous-
ness in the earth. Every thing connected with the
prosperous management of these animals, — the
shelter, feeding, watering, etc.. etc., is illustrated
in the most carrful numner — T/c Manifesto, Shaker
ViUalJC,^'. H.

1880

GLEA:t^iN6S IN fiEE CULTURE.

59l

Qun p0j)iEg.

What cloth the Loi'd I'cquire of thee, but to do
justly, and to love mercy, and to walk hiiinhly with
tiiy tiody— MiCAH 0: 8.

tA^^E you ever \vontlered, dear friends,
why it was necessary lo liave so mucli
discussion in regard to tlie way a
Cliristian ouglit to live? If all these
things are really important, it would
seem that one almost "needs to have a theo-
logical education in order to be able to live
a Cliristian life. Yet we know this isnot so;
for Jesus ;;cceptedand pardoned the lowliest
and the humblest, and many of the most il-
literate. 1)0 we not sometirnes make a mis-
take in encouraging the idea that it is a very
hard thing, or a very dillicult thing, to un-
derstand just how we should behave and act,
to be followers of ' -hrist? Is it not possible
that we are troubling or worrying our-
selves over things that are, after all, of no
very great importance? In the verse just
before the one containing our text the pro-
phet asks, ■•' W^ill the Lord be i)leased with
thousands of rams, or with ten thousand
rivers of oil?"' The answer is given in our
text. The words before the text are these:
" lie hath showed thee, O man, what is
good;'' and then follow these simple little
directions — " Do justly, love mercy, and
walk humbly before (iod." Surely the veriest
child among us knows how to do this ; but
suppose, for instance, he does not. Suppose
the one who wants to be a Christian is so
young or so ignorant, or that his former ed-
ucational surroundings have been so faulty,
that he has false ideas of justice— what
then? Well, my opinion is that the v:ill will
be accepted in that great day for the deed.
1 am sure that no honest, penitent child will
ever be cast out when he was doing the best
he knew how. Perhaps no one will dispute
this. If so, then the question comes up to
all of us, Are we doing the best we know
how? Did you ever think of the readiness
with which the world in general answers
this question? The inmates of our prisons
almost invariably say, when you sit down
beside them, and have a frank, friendly talk,
that they have been doing the best they
knew how. If they told the honest truth, it
seems to me they ought to say. " I meant to
do right, but I allowed myself to be preju-
diced;" or, " My mind was so much taken
up with something else that 1 did not give
the matter the attention that 1 ought to
have done." If he has the real genuine
spirit of Christ in him, I should like to hear
him add, ''1 have done wrong; and if you
will tell me how 1 can right the wrong, 1 am
ready to do it."

In our recent Sabbath-school lesson 1 have
l)een greatly interested, or, rather, I have
made it a point of study, to see if there is
any chance for those who refused to accept
Jesus, to make the plea that they were
'^ honest doul)ters." When he oi)eried the
eyes of him that was blind from birth, the
Pharisees were displeased. Instead of re-
joicing that a prophet, or even a i)hysiciaii,
was among them, with power to perform
such cures as this, they objected and found

fault. First, they refused to believe that he
was the man who sat and begged ; and wheii
he himself declared, " I am he," they were
not satished. They sent for the parents and
questioned them about it. lUit even the
poor parents were so blinded and bigoted, or
cowardly (I can not make out which), they
were l)ackward, and evaded the question by
saying the young man was of age, and that
he could answer for himself. Finally they
began to lind fault, and to say that tliis pro-
phet was not of (Jod, because he healed the
man on the Sabbath day. The observance
of the Sabbath day, according to their form-
ula, was a matter of so much greater im-
portance than giving sight to the blind that
they ignored the miracle, and said, '' This
man is not of C^od, because he keepeth not
the Sabbath day." Does it seem possible
that men could l)ecome so bigoted and con-
trary as to use such reasoning as this? Long
before this they complained that he did not
observe the Sabbath day according to their
code ; but he answered them, "■ The Sabbath
was made for man, and not man for the
Sabbath." At that same time he healed the
man with the withered hand ; and we are
told they were watching him, ready to take
it up against him in case he should perform
a miracle on the Sabbath day. lie silenced
them, however, by propounding a question
which their own consciences would not per-
mit them to answer untruthfully — " Is it
not lawful to do good on the Sabbath days?"
Geike, in his Life of Christ, tells us they
had a law forbidding work on the Sabbath,
unless it was to save life. According to
such a code, suppose that a man had a tooth-
ache on Sunday, he must grin and bear it,
for it would be breaking the Sabbath to go
for a doctor or a dentist. And while we are
on this matter of the Sabbath, are we not
some of tis in this nineteenth century in
danger of making an idol of the Sabbath
day, and bowing down to it as did the heath-
en in olden time to their senseless idols?

The question is before our nation just now
— What shall we do on Sunday? 1 believe
pretty nearly all agree that it should be a
day of rest for man and beast. Many would
go still further and add the word '' recrea-
tion," making it a day of rest and recreation.
If farmers who live in the country go to church
on Sunday, they must use their horses ; and
there are some who say that, after their
horses have worked hard during the week
in plowing, or in haying and harvesting,
they, too, ouglit to rest on the Sabbath. I
am afraid that just a little of the leaven of
the Pharisees is getting in here. Usuajly
there are horses enough on the farm to take
all the family to church, without being very
heavily burdened ; that is, where chui-ches .
are at a moderate distance from our homes,
as they always should be. If the horses are
properly cared for during church tiinc — put
in comfortable sheds, for instance — I do
not see why they can not rest as well as if
left standing all day in the stables at home.
In connection with this event Christ gave us
a little text that has always been a comfort-
ing one to me. lie said, " Wherefore it is
lawful to do well on the Sabbath days." lie
.said this in connection with the question

592

GLEvVNINGS m BEE CFLTT'ftE.

July

iibout a sheep, if it slioulcl fall into a pit on
the Sal)batli day. The first commandment
is against idolatry. Did it ever occur to you,
dear reader, tliat we may be in danger of
worsliiping the Sabl)ath in a senseless way?
Jesus never laid down a law without sense.
Jn heatlien lands, where they are in the
darkness of superstition, tiiey have their
"taboos ;" that is, laws are laid down in a
Senseless way. Pliysicians used to doctor
people by giving them the liver of a fi'og or
a piece "of a serpent's skin; a cold in the
head was cured l)y kissing a mule's nose.
I'^rogs l)oiled in vinegar cured the toothache.
While enumerating these, I have wondered
if there were not some tincture of this taboo
of heathenism still lingering among us.

Now, there is nothing about religion and
hothing in Christ's commands, tiiat is, in
any sliape or manner, the slightest akin to
such superstition, (iod surely never in-
tended to lay stress on somethiiig that had
not reason and sense back of it. (Jod must
be just, or he would not be God. Earthly
rulers may put burdensome commands upon
us, and may punish us for breaking such
laws; but (iod the Father never did. Is it
possible tliat a kind and just parent should
ever lay down laws for his children, simply
for the sake of punishing them when they
break his laws'? Surely not.

A few days ago we were led to believe
that the Postofflce Department of the United
States had purposely made a ruling that
(lueen-bees might pass through the mails,
and that the ruling was to be literally car-
ried out. A (jueen could go, and nothing but
a (|ueen ; not even a single worker to go
along as company and to feed her. I said
at once tliat I did not believe it possible that
the men whom we have occupying high
offices could for a moment intend any such
ruling. If they did it would be something
like this : Suppose our great men at Wash-
ington should meet together in making laws
for Uncle Sam's subjects, and should dis-
course in this way: '• Oh, yes! there is tliat
miserable lot of bee-men who are petitioning
for the privilege of sending (jueen - bees
through the mails. Now we will just play
a trick on them. We will make a ruling,
permitting queen-bees only to pass through
the mails, and then we wfll instruct the
postmasters, through the Postal Guide, to
refuse every cage that has a worker-bee in
it. We will tell them to throw them out or
hold them until they starve to death. We
will destroy so much of their property in this
way that they will never want to come to
Washington again." Now, suppose they
laughed and jeered, and had a big time of it, to
think of the wail we would send up at the loss
of our property. Are we under such rule as
that? Why, to be sure, we are not. The
idea is ridiculous. Ancient kings may have
had the power, and possibly the inclination,
to grind down and harrass their subjects in
this kind of a way. But we are a Christian
nation; a just God rules over us; and the
thought that (Jod could lay down laws for
us, his children, in any such way, is to me
the worst kind of blasphemy. You will no-
tice on page .537 some remarks in regard to
this matter. To show you that my faith in

this government and its postoffice officials
was not misplaced, I take pleasure in sub-
mitting the following :

Post Office Df.pautmknt, )

(i(li(r of III,' (leu'l Supt. iif R'u Mail Sfiricr, '-
Washington, 1>. ("., .Time 20, IXHCi. )
A. J. Codk, Emj., AdnciiltttraJ CiiUfiir, Midi.

Sir:— Yours of .Tune 24th, regarding- a modifica-
tion of the postal reg-ulations aflinitting- queen-bees
to the mails, lias been received, and 1 am happy to
inlorm you that this regulation will be so modified
in the next monthly Postal Guide as to read,
"Queen-bees with necessary attendants."

The question as to the dispatcli of (pieen-bees to
Canada has been referred to the Superintendent of
Foreign Mails. Yery respectfully,

.7no. .Tameson, Gi'ul. Svpt.
You will notice that it was a prompt reply
to Prof. Cook's inquiry.

Here is another, sent to the Hon. Edwin
Willits, President of the Agricultural Col-
lege, Michigan, which is interesting to us,
inasmuch as it also touches on tlie matter of
sending (pieens to Canada. It was sent to
me by the kindness of Prof. Cook :

Post Office Department, )

Office of the Gen'l Supt. of R'l) Mail Service, -
Washington, U. C, .June 28, 188«. )
Hon. Kdicin Wiilits, A ori cultural CoUeae. Mich.

Sir:— T have the honor to acknowledge receipt
of yours of June 23d, regarding the admission ol'
queen-bees to the mails witli attendatitft. and 1 am
pleased to be able to inform you that the regula-
tion will bo modified in the next monthly Postal
Guide so as to read, "Queen-bees with necessary
attendants."

In regard to forwarding (lueen-bces to Canada,
this ofliee, of course, has nothing to do. I see no
objection to the postmaster at the mailing office re-
ceiving them foi- such dispatch; and if the Canadi-
an authorities see fit to receive them, this office cer-
tainly has no objection. This question has been re-
ferred to the Superintendent of Foreign Mails.
Yery i-espectfullj',

Jno. Jameson, Ueiil. Sujit.

May God grant that peaceful and t^hris-
tianlike relations may exist between Canada
and the United States in the interchange of
queen-bees, as well as in every thing else !

Now, friends, do you not see what a sad
thing it is to lose faith in our own govern-
mentV and this includes faith in those who
occupy high official positions. And is it not,
too, a thousand times sadder to lose faith,
or to lack contidence in God, the great Fa-
ther of us aliV When we allow (un-selves to
believe for a moment that he has laid down
laws tor us that are not easily understood or
comprehended, and that terrible judgments
shall follow the consequences of even igno-
rant trangressions, do we not belittle our-
selves, and f(n'get the opening words of the
prayer the Savior gave us— our Father who
art in heaven? What is it, then, tlie Father
wants of us? Why, simply wliat is express-
ed so plainly in our little text— do justly,
love mercy, walk humbly before (Jod. Xevy
little question need arise in regard as to
what is doing justly. Where a man is not
straight and honest in deal, even a child, or
one of no education, will detect it. How
often we hear the words, "Is that fair or
Christianlike ? '^ and when the circumstanc-

188(5

tVLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

59'^

es are submitted, there is usually but very
little difficulty iu gettiuo: a unanimous reply.
If it is a (luestion that involves eoniplicii-
tions. settle it by arbitration. Jjet each par-
ty tell his story, and then let some }»;ood man
or woman decide whethei- it is fair oi- ("hris-
tiaulike.

Now, in regard to the second command
laid down in our text—love mercy. Is there
any dilliculty in undei-standing what the
prophet means by thisy Of late F have been
liidving this word nuMcy with Christ's words
1 iiave sitoken about it, bidding us to do
good on the Sabl)ath; also," A merciful man is
merciful to his beast."' I like to go around
on Sunday moi'uing, and see that tlie chick-
ens have every thing pleasant and comforta-
ble. I love to caress the mothers that have
lots of chickens. One of my ]?rahmas ilnal-
ly hatched 1.'! out of U. She is oidy half
Ih-ahma, and so she is not so clumsy and
awkward. She used to be very shy, but now
we are excellent friends. I love to make
friends witli the horses Sunday morning too.
Tiien I love to till the big stone watering-
trough in front of the factory, so all the
horses tluit pass by during the day may liave
a drink. Yes, I love to see the bees sii)ping
tlie water down by tiie brook.

A few days ago a man with a big team
passed by our watering-trough. The horses
(piickened up at the sight of the water, and
by the motion of their lips showed how
thirsty they were. But he yelled at them to
go on," andiiit them with the whip. Their
ears dropped back, and they looked disap-
pointed and weary. The thought occurred
to me of trying to make him stop and water
those horses ; and it was not until after he
had got quite a distance past that I remem-
bered that I was President of the Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
for the town of ^ledina. I am afraid I am
a rather poor president. Of course, it is of
more importance to look out for suffering
humanity, rather than for the sulTering do-
mestic animals ; but in our locality human-
ity seems to be so well cared for, especially
as far as food and drink and clothing are
concerned, that I have not thought so much
about it.

Now we come to the last clause of our
text. What is it to walk humbly before
(iod V Well, I think almost any child might
answer this question. The friend in jail
told me recently that he had nothing to
thank God for in the way of giving him an
existence. lie said he had never felt it to
be a favor, and that God could take away
his existence as soon as he chose— the soon-
er the better. This surely is not walking
humbly liefore (lOd. Walking humbly before
(iod is, as I understand it, letting (iod rule
—thy will, not mine be done. Von may say,
if you choose, '' I can not just see why (iod
put me hei-e in this world to endurepain,
atfliction, and sorrow; but as I am here,
and by his order, I am going to say, ' Prais-
ed be his holy name.' I am going to obey
him so far as I know how, and I am going
to make the best use I can of the powers he
has given me. I am going to strive to lion-
or and glorify him in all that I am and all
that I do. 1 am going to let thoughts of

him come first and foremost, and in place
of every thing else. I am going to strive
against selfishness and pride ; against stub-
l)ornness and ill tempei-. I am going to be
his child, and he is to be now and evermore
my Father."

Wiien I was studying the subject of be-
coming a Christian, years ago, I w'ent to the
pastor of the church where we usually at-
tended. 1 had got it into my head that, to
become a Christian, 1 should have to debar
myself fnmi many things, and must become
cramped, or under bondage, as it were, to
fixed rules and laws. To my surprise, he
stated that most of the things I mentioned
were more matter of opinion than any thing
laid down by church creed (* liy the Bible ;
and in reply to my questions he stated the
few essential things needed.

" Why, Mr. Reed, is it really true that this
is all that is required?''

" It is all, as I understand it, Mr. Hoot."

I can not: lemember now, but I think the
conditions he mentioned were pretty much
the same as our text to-day— do justly, love
mercy, walk humbly with (iod. As I started
to go home, after having knelt with him in
prayer, and promised before (iod to do the
best I knew how to follow Christ, it seemed
as if the greatest freedom and liberty that I
had ever known before was spread" out be-
fore me. All the barriers were removed
from every thing that I wanted to do ; for I
was, once in my life, free from the bondage
of sin, and walking in the broad sunshine of
God's great love to his cliildren.

dm 6wN ^nnm-

REVERSIBT.K FRAMES; ROBBING, AND HOW TO
PREVENT, ETC.

0CK rcvcrsibk' wire Siraplieity frames are still
giving- us excellent satisfaction; and the
more the l)()ys use them the better they
like them. As I now see the advantag-es
to l)e derived from their use, I wisli all our
frames were reversible. I do dislike to see coml)S
built within a hall-inch or so from the bottom-bar,
or holes eaten around the lower end of the brace-
wires. Such combs not only look badly, but are
more liable to make the top-bar sag-, unless a folded
tin bar is used for a brace. They give us less space
for brood and honey, and are more liable to break
down during- shipment than where combs are l)uilt
out solid, as is accomplished by reversing-. We
now have secured some beautiful solid sheets of
combs by it. Said combs look as if they might stand
shipment without a single wire, though T hardly
think it would be policy to ship them thus. How-
ever, it does seem to me that when combs are re-
versed they will need less feet of wire to tlie frame.
In the preseiU iss\ic, Mr. Heddon is of the opinion
that, were we to try his reversible L. frame on a
larg-e scale, we would like it better. While his Irame
would reverse a little (juicker, perhaps, 1 should
have this objection to it; luimely, that it has the
wood corners, which I never liked in any frame. I
suppose the ordinary tin corner could be attached
to the Heddon L. reversible frame. If T can get
to it I mean to ti-j a few of these fiames made on

594

GtEANtNGS IN :bEE CULTUEE.

July

his plan for experiment, though I hardly see how
any thing could be simpler than our reversible cor-
ners, or less liable to come in contact with brace-
combs or propolis.

doomttlk's method of forming nuclei.

Further experiments upon the Doolittle plan of
forming- nuclei have not been so favorable. In
fact, many of the old bees in that nucleus (see p. .VjI)
which I thought wore succcisfully domiciled in
their new quarters have since disappeared, and I
suppose went back to their old quarters. Another
nucleus was formed in exactly the same way, as re-
coi-ded on page 551. When the bees were removed
from the cellar, and put into the hive the following
morning, their weight was two pounds and a quar-
ter. On the morning of the second day the bees
were shaken into a cage, and weighed. The result
showed that the nucleus liad lost a pound and a
half of bees. Surely a part, at least, of these bees
must have gone back to their old location. On look-
ing into the liivc afterward, although their num-
bers seemed depleted somewhat, I should hardly
have supposed, judging fi-om the looks only, that
they had suffered such a loss. Some of the old
ragged-winged bees were there, and are still there,
showing that these old bees do not always go back,
though it would appear that a large majority do.

I conclude, then, that, to correctly report upon
the Doolittle plan of forming nuclei, the bees
must be weighed before and after being moved.
Had I done so in the first experiment, the results
might have been similar to the last. The plan
works nicely for introducing queens; that is, so far
asti-ied; but from my present experience I should
say that nearly half of the bees go back to their old
location. Perhaps friend Doolittle can inform me
why I have seemingly failed upon further experi-
ments.

1 will say this much, however: In experiments
which we have made in forming nuclei in the ordi-
nary way (i. e., taking frames and adhering bees
from several different hives and uniting them into
one swarm in a new location) we found that not a
single ragged-winged bee would stay, though at
least half the bees of the new-made swarm were
of this latter class. With Doolittle's plan we did
succeed in making a few, at least, of these old
fellows stay at their new location.

ROBBING— A CAUTION TO BEOINNEHS.

Our honey season has stopped suddenly off with us,
and, in consequence, the bees are*, little inclined to
be cross, and rob. As many of our colonics are nu-
clei, we have to exercise extra precaution when
o|)ening and examining into the same. We are con-
tracting the entrances of all such, and the boys are
keeping a close watch of the whole apiary besides.
When bees once get started to robbing badly at this
time of the year we do not recover from the effects
of it for the whole season; that is, when the little
scamps have once learned the trick of thieving
they do not seem to forget it soon. Beginners es-
pecially, need to be careful.

I'UTTING A PANE OF GLASS IN FRONT OF THE EN-
TRANCE WHEN ROBBING HAS COMMENCED.

Seeing it recommended in the liritiah Dec-Journal
of the last issue, that an ordinary pane of glass
placed in front of the entrance of a robbed colo-
ny would stop robbing, I determined to try the plan
on some nuclei where a few straggling robbers were
trying to gain entrance. These nuclei iiad just
been opened, and, as usual just at this time of the

year, robber-bees were around; and when the hives
were closed they would pounce down upon the en-
trances, where tlie little lovers of home met them
in hand-to-hand fight. Panes of glass were leaned
against the front of two or three of the hives. The
I'csult was quite satisfactory; the robbers would
cither bump their heads against the glass, or, seeing
their own image rellected against them, appeared
to think that they were met by their enemies on
the wing. Not many of them had sense enough
to go around the edges of the glass; and the
few that did, finding themselves inclosed, buzzed
up and down the pane of glass on the inside, and
finally dropped in front of the entrance. Hei-e the
inhabitants made short work of them. Very soon
the robbers came to regard that entrance with evil
forebodings; and when the glass was taken away
they did not seem to know the difference. As to
whether the glass will stop a bad case of robbing at
the entrance when the inmates of the hive have
given up in despair, I have my doubts; though the
plan, if taken in time, might prevent robbing in a
great many cases. Ernest.

Gleanincs in Bee Culture,

Published Scini-Monthltj .

^S-. I- I^OOT,
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clubbing Sates, Seo First Page of Seadiss Matter.

n^^EiDiiisr-ii^, jTjiLnr 15, lese.

If any man walk in the day, he stumbleth not.— John 11 : 9.

THE FAVOKITK PACKAGE FOR 100 LBS. OF EX-
TRACTED HONEY.

The new square tin honey-cans are having quite
a boom, and we are glad to see the^n going off thus,
because we believe it is the best package for stor-
ing and shipping extracted honey we ever offered
for the money, and wo feel assured they will take
well. If j'ou haven't seen them, send i)0 cts. and we
will send you a pair of the cans, boxed, ready for
shipment. As many of you have large quantities
of e.vlracted honey, it is time for you to be thinking
of putting it in some suitable paejiage.

CARNIOLANS AND THEIR MARKINGS.

I FIND that I made an error in a recent issue,
stating that Carniolan worker-bees from our best
queen received from Frank Benton were some of
them yellow-banded. One of them produced part
Carniolan Avorkers and part workers having some
of the yellow bands. We thought last fall the other
Carniolan iiuecn did the same thing; but at present
we find no yellow-banded bees among the young
bees just hatching out. There are Italian workers
through the colony, but these probably came from
adjoining hives. I am very glad to make this cor-
rection. The progeny of this Carniolan queen are,
however, so near like common black bees that,
when these common bees are flitting about the
hive, trying to rob, we find it very difficult to tell
one from the other.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

595

REDUCTION IN THE PKICE OF SECTIONS DURING
THE FALL OF 1886.

For tho benefit of the prudent ones who may
wish to purchase their sections this fall for next
season's use, we have concluded to name the
followins' very low prices lor large orders; viz.:
Regular Simplicity sections, $4.00 per 1000; 10 or
more thousand, m.r<Q per 1000; 100.000 or more, *:5.25
per 1000. This will give supply-dealers a chance to
be fully prepared for next season's orders, and will
also give them a good fair margin for handling and
paying interest on their money. We arc also pre-
pared to give low figures on almost every thing else
to be ordered between now and the first of January
for next season's use. We do this in order that wc
may keep our regular hands, instead of dropping
them until business shall commence again. I would
say, however, this reduction in the price of sections
applies only to regular one-pound onc-piccc V.^X^'^^
sections. One-pound four-piece sections, either
dovetailed or nailed, will remain at the old price,
«4 .50 per 1000. Odd sizes, up to 66 cubic inches, .^.i.CO
per 1000. No order taken for less than 500 of an odd
size.

A WHOLE YEAR OF GLEANINGS FOR ONLY 1.5

CENTS.

In looking over our stock of back numbers of
Gleanings we discover that we have about a thou-
sand bound volumes for the year 1876 still left.
Each volume is securely bound with two brass
clasps, and a complete index makes the whole con-
venient for reference. To reduce this stock we
have concluded to disjiose of them to our custom-
ers for the very low price of 1.5 cts. each, or 10 cts.
additional when sent by mail. In this year you
will find articles from the pens of Langstroth,
Katie Grimm, Adam Grimm (who, with tho money
he made of his bees, established a bank), and a
host of others whose active brains still live in the
pages of these back numbers. On page .5;i of this
volume is an article written by "Novice," when he
had the bee-fever, telling " How to Do Every Thing
that Needs to Be Done with a Colony of Bees."
In short, it is the ABC of bee culture in a nut-
shell. This article alone will be well worth the
• price asked for the whole volume to the beginner,
as it covers all the questions that he would be like-
ly to ask. On page ~74 is described, by the aid of
diagrams, how to make the chaff hive. All through
the whole volume "Our Own Apiary" is full of
practical hints.

RUBBER ST.VMPS FOR PUTTING THE NAME OF THE
PRODUCER UPON SECTIONS OF HONEY.

Now that the honey ser.son is about over, and the
comb honey ready to come off, our friends will need
some ready means of labeling their section honey.
We keep and advertise labels suitalilc forthei)ur-
pose; but the chief objection to this method of
marking honey is tho labor involved. Moreover,
the producer could hardly aflord to paste labels
upon a ton of section honey, and a label pasted
upon the clean white surface of a section does not,
to our notion, really add toils appearance, although
it will " set off " honey in jara or pails, and comb
honey in pasteboard boxes. To meet the reciuire-
ments of some cheap and rapid means of marking
sections, the man u fact \irers of rubber stamps have
made for our trade some very pretty designs of
their work expressly for stamping the surface of

sections. What can be more neat and tasty than
the producer's card artistically lettered in red ink,
stamped right upon the clean white surface of the
basswood section itself? The freshness of the wood
marked in this way produces an efleet that can not
be accomplished with jiapcr and paste; moreover,
the producer's card upon every section is a guar-
antee of itself that the honey is pure; and when
the honey is extra fine, the consumer, whether he
purchases much or little, knows right where he can
obtain more of the same brand— a means of adver-
tising of no small consequence. Why, 1 believe I
should like the fun of stamping my name upon
some of my own honey that I was choice of. We
can furnish you a stamp of this description, packed
in a neat tin box, necessary pads, and ink included,
for $3.00, postpaid, or the same a little fancier, for
JK2..50. Send for our rubber-stamp circulai-, free on
application, and you can then pick out the design
you want.

THOMAS HORN, OF SHERBURNE, N. Y.

The first advertisement sent us by this individual
appeared in our issue for Aug. 1, 1885. He there
offered very low prices on queens, in order to intro-
duce his strain of bright Italians. A sample nu-
cleus was sent us some time last fall, to let us sec
what we thought of his bees. Of course, they were
very fair; and as his postmaster and banker seemed
to consider him an energetic, go-ahead man, we
continued his advertisement until June 1, of this
year. At that time wc declined inserting it any
longer until he had straightened up complaints.
Of course, Mr. Horn might have had so many orders
that he was unable to fill them all; but with many
oi'ders, of course coines much money; and he cer-
tainly should have returned the money when he
found himself unable to fill the order.s— at least, so
to seems to me. The operation seems to be a good
deal of a repetition of the Herbert A. Burch swindle.
If I am doing Mr. Horn an injustice, I stand ready
to correct it any minute when he returns the mon-
ey or fills tho orders. Filling orders (for which cash
was sent before the honey season opened) after the
honey-How is past, is not, of course, exactly the
thing for a straight man to do; but I presume most
of his customers would be glad to get even that, if
they can't get the money. In justice to him, I
would say that many orders have been filled after a
long delay. In a few cases he has sent more than
the money's worth. The question naturally arises.
Is he responsible, and can these small sums be col-
lected of him"? So far as we have been able to gath-
er, I think he is not— at least he allows his accepted
drafts to go by without scruple. These operations
have not been on anything like the scale of Mr.
Burch; that is, no very large sums of money havj
been sent him, so far as 1 can discover. When wc
accepted his advertisement he was considered a
good square nuui; and whether this has all been a
scheme of his from the outset, or whether he has
used money belonging to others injudiciously, may
be hard to say. At any rate, if he values his repu-
tation we offer him every possible chance to regain
it. Tho plea made by a few, that one ma.v be swamp-
ed by reason of having Unt ntitrli business, is, 1 be-
lieve, recognized as being a rather thin excuse for
neither sending liaek the money nor filling orders.
Not a word has been heard from him since tho tele-
gram given in our editorial last month, on this
matter.

596

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

July

A HOME JOURNAL

FOR THE M! LL I Ol^i

For Every Lovijr of
Flowers. Pot-Plants, Botany
liNR Lawns, Trkes, Siihvus,
Good Friit and Vegetabli s.

MONEY iFtHE garden."

= BgMT-C0NGI2B-7iELE

It tells liow. No lonp-. dry

articles. Jltat}' as an jVi'plc ;

_ spicy as a

— PinkihaiKl

some as a Rose. Distinct in style. Su
readable that even children crave it.
The best. The cheapest. S.Tmple copyii
cents. A surprise to all. We make this
liberal Trial Offer that E\'ERY AMERI-
CAN FAMILY may at once know the ,
paper. Stamps accepted. Address

Popular Gard'ng Pub. Co.,Buffalo,N.Y.

SURE

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Before purchasinjj- your Bee -Sup-
plies. Cash paid for Beeswax. Vtfdb

''"^' A. B. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.

I nni^ UPRP1 To any one wishinfi' to purchase
LUUr\ ncnt. nice Italian bees l will furnish
them, during' the month of July, for .50 cts. per
l)ound. Tested queens. $1.00 each; all queens rear-
ed from cells built under the swarming- impulse.
In all cases, cash must accompany order.
13-14 A. G. BRUSH, Susquehanna, Pa.

FLORIDA PALMETTO FANS,

By mail, postpaid. T.5 cts. Send moiiev by registered
mail. W. H. STEAO?, BOX 20, THONOTOSASSA, FLA. Vi-Ud

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

tiOc to K5c jier lb. Queens, oOc to #1.7.'), according
to kind and time. Also bee-supiilies and honey. Or-
der from free circular. " How to Raise <'onib
Honey," an illustrated pamphlet, iust out, price
5 cents. Address OLIVER FOSTER,

IStfdb Mt. Vernon, Linn ("o., Iowa.

CHEAP T

Full colonies In Simplicity hives, and honey
enough to winter, for only $4. ,50. Will ship last of
July. I»A]N -WHITK,

lltfdb NEW LONDON, HURON CO., OHIO.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS • CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

<'atalou'iiesii Free, AcIdre.'^N

J. iV!. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4 8db

Carnbolai^ i Queens.

Fertilized in my apiary of 100 colonies Carniolau
bees. Untested queens, safe arrival guaranteed,
$1.00 each; six, *.5.00.

DR. S. \V. ITIORRISON,

13tfdb Oxford, Cliester Co., Pa.

VANDERVORT
COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
2tfdb JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville. Pa.

Vr\Y> Qolo COLONIES, NUCLEI, and QUEENS,
r Ul OctiC AT LOWEST PRICES.

ll-ltidb OEO. D. EAUDENBUSH, EEADINO, PA.

DO YOU EAT CANDY?

Send $1.2.5, and I will express 5 lbs. of Todd's Hoiie.y
Candies, same as made a sensation at last Pennsyl-
vania State Fair. Remember, every pound sold
helps the honey-trade. Special rates for ((uantities
for fairs. Dadaiit Foundation always in stock at
market prices. Hecs, Queens, Hives. Smokers. Vol.
I of Frank Cheshire's new book mailed free, .?2 ,50.
9]4db AETHUE TODD, 1910 Geraiantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

KENTUCKY QUEENS. a^Tfbil?or%%ft'-

ed, $3.00: untested, $1.00 each. Bees. 75c per pound
after 15th July. PELHAM & WILLIAMS,

13-l(idb Maysville, Ky.

OUR TEN-CENT ADJUSTABLE WRENCH

The above cut gives the exact size of this very convenient tool, for the very insignittcant i)rice of only
10 cents. If wanted by mail, t; cts. extra for postage. One of these wrenches In your pocket will often-
times save you the cost of one in a single da.y. Who has not had to stoi> a )ilow, cultivator, or, possibly,
some more complicated piece of machinery, while he went to the tool-house or somewhere else for an ad-
.iustable wrench? A good many times two wrenches are needed— one to hold the square head of a bolt
from turning while you turn the nut. In such a case these little fellows will do just as well as a larger
one. It is true, they are not stj-opg enough for heavy work ; but if you break them, why, you are only 10
cents out, after all. A. I. ROOT, lUedlua, Ohio.

1886

(iLEAXlNGS IN BEE CULTLRE.

.597

HURMTON'S AD.

BEES CHEAP!

1 have the finest lot of Queens and Bees 1 have
ever raised in my 13 years' experience, and should
like to have everybody see them. I will sell at fol-
lowing- low. prices:
SEI.ECT TKSTKIt ( flC H Y FISE) $-i.OO
TESTED l.OO

My Queens arc nearly all mated with drones from
an imported Italian Queen. Half-blood Holj'-Lands,
Cyprians, and Albinos, at same price.

H. B. HARRINfiiTOX,

OTay 26, 1886. Medina, O.

OEI.AWAKK. OllfO. One of the fcr.Mt C.illpges
(if this i(>\iiiliy, iitffis to both sexes, at siirprisiiifrly
small e.xpense, iiiisurijassfd advantages for a fnll C'ol-
U'Re Course or for .Spcrial Stiulii-s. Collegiate, Pre-
paratory, Normal, Commercial and Art Depart-
ments. Fir.«t-<-Isiss €'«>iiKerv»tor.r of Music.
Klegant home for ladies with teaehers. NeceMNriry
cxpeiiMe for si term, oiilv S.'iO ur le.ss. Cata-
muo free. C. H. I'AVNK.' I.L. I), , President.

PI7RE ITALIAIT QVEEITS.

100 READY EVERY 30 DAYS.

l^ntested at 7') cents; lilfor ?7.0U. Tested (jucens,
$-.00 each. All bred from a selected impoi"ted
mother. Cells raised in fnll colonies.
lOtfdb D. Cf. EDMISTON, ADEIAN, LEN. CO., MICH.

SEE WHAT THIS IS.

Two-fraine nuclei of the finest strain of Italian
bees; combs full of brood, strong- in bees, with an
extra select tested queen, for $'Z.bO. Three frames,
$IJ.OO, or two for *.50U. The frames are L. size. Sat-
isfaction g-uaranteed. .F. A. BI'CHANAN,
Ilitfdb Holliday's Cove, Hancock Co., W. Va.

ITALIAN i QUEENS.

Very choice tested, S2.0U | Choice untested, 4^1.00

Circular free. WALT S. POUDEK,

JStfdb Groesbeek, Hamilton Co., Ohio.

QUEENS.-^^^

I have them, bred from a best selected (lueen of
Koot's importation, SMI cts. each; (5 for $4.50. 1 can
give all orders immediate attention, and shij) by
return mail. Send jxistal for dozen rates.
lUtfdl) B. T. BL.EASDAL.E,

596 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Oiiio.

ITALIAN aUEENS. Untested, T.5c.; six, a;4.(X). Tested.
*1.50. Write for price list of bees. fdn.. etc.
i;i-l.=jdh JNO. NEBEL & SON, High Hill, Mo.

F. HOLTKE'S 3-FRAIVIE NUCLEI, WITH

$1.00 Queen, for Only $2.oo!

Three-frame nuclei, with $1.00 queen, from 15th
of May (in, fS.OO. Combs built in Simplicity frames,
and well stocked with bets and brood. ]3tfdb

Fred'k Holtke, iarlivtadt, Bergen <'o.,N. J.

ITALIAN BEES FOR SALE.

7 strong colonies in Kidder hives: frames lO'a.xll ',i
inches, at only $.5.00 ))er colony. Address
i:M4d W. J. HiLLMAN, Green Kivcr, Wind. Co., Vt.

By Return Mail.

Select tested queens, each, - - - - $1 .50

Warranted queens, " 75

per doz., . . - 8 00

Strong' S-framc nuclei, L. frames, each, - - :i 50

Address JAMES WOOD,

13-15clU ;No. Presfott, in^HH,

ITALIAN QUEENS

TESTED, s<2.00 ; INTESTED, i^l.OO.
MISS A. M. TAYLOR,

12tfdb MULBERRY GROVE, BOND CO., ILL.

iseo.

looe.

Headquarters in the North.

steam factory, fully equipped, running- exclusive-
ly on JiEE-KEEl'EKS' SI PF LIES. White-
poplar and basswood one-piece and dovetailed
sections. Vandervort thin foundation. Send lor
free samples and illustrated price list.
10-15db A. D. D. WOOD,

Rives Jiiiictlon, JackKon €o., JTIicli.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

SQUARE GLASS HO\EY-JARS,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, Ac, &;c.
PERFECTION COLD -BLAST SMOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints lo
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

NOW READY. ITALIAN QUEENS.

1 queen. $1.00; 2, .? 1.80; IJ, $3.50; 5, *3.75. Bees by
the pound, nucleus, and colony. 13-15db

L. T. HOPKINS, Conway, Franklin Co., Mass.

A. I. KING'S New Circular of CARNIOLAN,
. SYRI.AN, and ITALIAN QUEENS, etc..
will be SUST E I{ E E on application. Address
13tfdb A. J. KING, 51 Barclay St., New York.

If ALllN%CARNIOLAN QUEENS.

Bred in separate ai)iaries, awa.\- from
other bees. Warranted Italian or un-
"tested Carniolan (jueens, in May, SI. 25;
•i, .$ti.75; .Tune, $1.10; 0, $5.90; July, $];
H, $5. State which you |)refer, Ital-
ians bred from m.v liellinzona tftrniyt,
or (iitldni Itnlin)i)<. I am prepared to
please all.

JiEES AT HEIH < En HATES.

For full i)artieulars, and i)rices of tested (lueens,
b(>es, etc., send for circular and i)riec list. Satisfac-
tion guaranteed. <'HAS. D. DIJVALL,
9tldb Spencervllle, Mont. Co., Md.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE !
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sei-tioiiM, Extractors, Sniokort*, Separators,

A:o., ol Root's Maniifac-tiire, Slii|>ped

IVom liere at ROOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hi\es of Southern yellow pine, and Hee-
Keepers' Supiilies in fe'eneral. Piirr [/ikI Fix .

WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

WE WILL SELL

Chatf hives complete, with lower frames, for $2. .50;
in tlat, #1.50. A liberal discount l).v the quantity.
Simplicity hives, Section IJo.ves, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a g'reat reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
and Queens. Send foi- Price List. 23 22(lb

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

QUEENS, 1886. UNTESTED,

From select imjiorted mother. After May 15, .*1.(KI.
Wax worked into fdn. for a share, or bv the pound.
Satisfaction jruaranteed. THOS. &, BENJ. YOUNG.
J0-I5db LA SALLE, LA SALLE CO* ILL.

J. M. JENKINS,

598

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

July

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended lor this department must not
exceed R lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will nut he i-csiiimsiblc for any error. You
<'an li.-ivi' till' TKiticc as many lines .IS you jilease; but all over
five lines will ciist yoii a<'i'or(liMj; to our refjiilar rates.

WANTED.— To exchange 30,000 strawberr.v-plants,
Crescent Seedling-, Cumberland Triumph,
Sharpless, and Glcndale, 75 cts. per 100; $4.00 per
1000, lor bees, loundation, or improved poukrv.
lOtfdb AV. J. Hesseb, Plattsmouth. Neb.

WANTED.— To sell, after June 1st, 50 3-frame L.
size nucleus colonies of hybrid bees, with
queens, for f3.50 each, delivered at Plattsmouth,
Neb., or I will exchange for young stock, cattle or
horses, or apiarian sujiplies.
13tfdb J. M. Young, Rock Bluff, Cass Co., Neb.

WANTED.— To sell or exchange a farm, 160 acres;
good buildings, good soil, good title. All under
fence. For sale at a fair price. Address 12tfdb
W. B. Brown, Spirit Lake, Dickinson Co., la.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian bees in three-
frame nucleus with queen, at $3.50 each, for
fdn., brood size, 8xl6V4. Also .young queens at $1.00
each. 13-14d M. Isbelt.. Norwich, N. Y.

FOR SALE or exchange. White English Rabbits,
choice stock very low, now; also P. ducks and
poultry cuts for sale cheap.
13]4d O. L. Cover. Covi ngton, Ohio.

WANTED.— To exchange bees in Root's Simp, or
chaff hives, or a saw-table with $7.00 mandrel,
suitable for power, for a Barnes foot-power circu-
lar saw, or will sell cheap for cash.
13-16db M. LuuTMAN, Hannibal, Monroe Co., Ohio.

FOR SALE.— Italian Bee.s and brood. Queens bred
from imported mothers. Or I will exchange for
supplies at a bargain.
13tfdb C. F. Uhl, Millersburg, Ohio.

WANTED. — A partner to take half-interest in
an Apiary, with a little capital. Address
Louis Werner. Edwardsville. 111.

WANTED.— To exchange nursery stock for Ital-
ian queens and fdn. I have 20 varieties of ap-
l)les, 10 of plums, and a full line of peaches. Also 3
new apples that received the premium at the Illi-
nois State Fair last fall— the Minklcr. Rcdden's
Seedling, and Sparks.
14d George Gorr,n, Villa Ridge, III.

WANTED.— To exchange queens and bees by the
pound for fdn. for wired L. frames.
Miss A. M. Taylor, Mulberrv Grove,
J4d Bond Co., 111.

FOR SALE.— Pasteboard boxes for inclosing- sec-
tion hone.y. The best out! Improved over last
year. Thousands sold! Price, 1-lb. size, $6.00; 2-lb.,
$8.00 per 1000. One sample, 5c. 14-oz. square glass
,iars, $5.00 per gross; I'/i gross in case. Fine assort-
ment of honey labels. Catalogue free.
H:-17db A. O. CiiAWB'ORD, S. We.ymouth, Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange pure Wyandott cocker-
els for tested Italian queens or offers. 14tfdb
M. W. SHEPHERD, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

QUEENS at reduced prices. | Case;/, ///-., Julij(J,lS8G.
Mr. 1Vil><on:—Send me 6 queens. I have tried
several breeders, and your queens are as good as
can be found in this country. D. R. Rosebrough.
Warranted queens, 75c each; $8.00 jier doz.; 2 doz.
for $15.00. Will exchange for honey.

J. T. Wilson, Nicholasville, Ky.

WANTED.— To exchange Italian queens and bees
for improved poultry. Simp, hives in fiat, straw-
berry-plants, tools, ]irinting-i)ress, or otters. Price
list free. 14d J. i^. Mooue, Morgan, Ky.

WANTED.— To exchange full colonies Italian bees
for bicycle, 52 or 54 inch, or tlrat-class breech-
loading- shot-gun. 10 or 12 bore. D. S. Bassett.

Farnumsvillc, Worcester Co., Mass.

WANTED.— To exchange bees or queens for loot-
power saw. Will sell fine tested queens for $1
each; untested, 70 cts. each, either Syrian or Ital-
ians. ISBAPL Goop, Sparta, Tenu.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For 'he benefit of friends who have blaek or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices i^ree of
charge, as below. We do this because there is hai-dly value
enouprh to these queens to pay f"r l)uying them up arid keep-
inpr them in stock; and .yet if- is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

1 have some Italian hybrid queens that I will mail
at 30c each, and guarantee SHfe arrival.

N. A. Knai'P, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

24 hybrid and mismated queens for 40 cts. each;
3 for $1 00; also .1 few untested and tested queens,
rather small, but good layers, at same price. Safe
arrival guaranteed. S. C. Perky.

Portland, Ionia Co., Mich.

Good serviceable hybrid (jueens, one year old, for
2.5c each. Ready now. .1. H. .Johnson,

Middaghs, Northampton Co., Pa.

J should bo glad to sell what black queens 1 have
for 25e., and h.ybrids for .50; ready now.

Adolphus Newton, Plymouth, N. Y.

Wishing to Italianize my whole apiary I have a
few hybrid queens lor sale at 25 cts. each. Tlicy
are all prolilic, and the workers gentle and good.
W.M. H. HuSE, Manchester, N. H.

HYBRIDS AT $3.00 PER COLONY.

Must lie sold in-ior to Aug. 25th, 25 colonies of bees,
in frame hives; plentv of honev to winter, onl.v
$3.00 each. I am going to Pacific Coast. 14-15d

Address H. H. Winslow, Liberty, Clay Co., Mo.

ITALIAN QUEENS, by Ketiirn Mail, Test-
ed, $1.00. Untested, 75 cts. Bees, .50 cts. per lb.
14-15d GEORGE STUCKMAN, Nappanee, Ind.

Stop ! Head This !

12 warranted Italian queens, b.v return mail, for
$8.00; 6 for $4.25. Single queens, 75 cts., after Aug.
1. Carniolan queens at double the above price. See
our advertisement on another page.

J. B. MASON A: S«NS,
14d Mechanic Falls, Me.

CELERY-PLANTS.

Crawford's H.ilf-Dwarf, Boston Market, etc., l.')0
choice plants, carefull.y packed in a box and mailed
prepaid for $1.00; 1000 for $4.00. Safe ai-i-lval guar-
anteed, even to California and Oregon. By express
(not prepaid) just half above rales.

A. T. COOK, Clinton Hollow, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

BEE-YEILS.

When the honey stops coming in, iiorhaps some
of you will need a g-ood bee-veil. We can furnish
you a Avell-made v<mI of grenadine, with a face of
Brussels netting, for only .50 cts. postpaid ; 10 for
$4.00. Our former price "on a veil with a facing of
Brussels netting has been 75 cts.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Oliio.

DR. .J. W. CRENSHAW, Versailles, Wood-
ford Co., Ky., has untested Italian queens for
sale at 75 cents each. ' 14-15d

$2.50 CHEAP $2.50

I will sell three-frame (Sim]), size) nucleus colo-
nies, all straight worker-comb, well-lilled with brood
and honey, 1 pound of Italian bees, and nice tested
Italian (lueen, for onl.y $2. .50. Now, friends, I guar-
antee these colonies to be flrst-class in ever.y res-
pect. Fifty colonies ready now. A line lot of un-
tested queens at 75 cts.; .$4.00 per fi doz., and tested
at $1.00; $5.50 per '2 doz. Safe arrival and satisfac-
tion guaranteed. F. W. MOATS,
14d The Bcud, Defiance Co., Ohio,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

603

Contents of this Number.

Bfes .ami Neigliliors 018

Bees in Oiieii Air WW

Bees, To Worlj in Sections fiH

Bees anil Bee-lieeping fiHl

Blacks vs. Italians Kr,

Boolv-ri'views ilii'.i

Boxes for Nuclei fi-'J

California fi2i'.

California Bee-ston- fiOS

Candy, Totld's Honey B2'J

Carniolans fill, fiI2

Carniolans as Workers. 613, Bl."!
Comb or Extracted Honey. 112.!

Cuba fi2l

Doolitf le's Success 631

Doolittlc on Nuclei 622

Ilronrs from Misniated Q's.BU

Kclit(>ri:.ls 631

Foul Brociil 610,623

ll.\-i(ls iif (irain 626

Hidclon's Hone.y-board 613

HecUlon's Article 6n.i

Holes in Conihs for Winter.607
Home Intluence, by Terry . .62.5
Honey Colnuin 603

Honey, Bitter 626

Honey, Candied 617

Honev-Iionrds 611, 612

Hi)neV-ile«- 624. 626, 627

Hoiiev-eroii of Knulaiid 631

Hoiirv-wiidoii. Starting 627

.l.nne Meek cV Hrotlier 616

Leyr of Worker 60!)

Live-oak Ball 629

McGee's Bees 610

Melilot 606

Our Own .\iiiiiry 630

Plant Nt'.tar 620

Vutens C'li-^m^'ing Color 626

Queens. 10 in a Colony 611

Kednctidii for Fairs 631

HepcM-ts Knc.uraKinK- 630

KeiMirts DisciuuMKinK 6-JS

SalievlicAciil 6-i3

Seed by Cavi'lul Selecticm. .607

Sliade'aiKl V.'iitilation 627

Students in .Xpicultuie 124

Swarms, Second 611

Sweet Clover. . . .' 600

Wax, Production of 622

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The next ineetinpr of the Stark Co. Bee-Keepers' Society will
be held In Grange Hall, Canton, O., Aug 31. 1886.

Mark Thomson, Sec.

The Committee is hard at work perfecting plans for the
next Annual Convention of the N. A. B. K. A., to be held at In-
dianapolis, Oct. 13, 14, and 15, 1886, and will soon be ready for
the general announoement of programme, etc

* DouGUERTV & WiLKY, Indianapolis, Ind.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

HOW WELL OUR EXTRACTOR PLEASES.

We received the extractor last Saturday, the 19th.
It works splendidl.y. We have already extracted
enough honey to pay for it, if we can get a fair
price for it. Mr. Root, you can not know how
thankful we are to you for sending it without hav-
ing received the money; for if we had been obliged
to wait until we had the money to send, the honey
season would have been almost past; and all such
favors in the past and future have been and will
continue to be highly apiu-eciatcd. JMillek Hugs.

Bluffton, Mo., June 2^^., 1SS6.

Carniolan i Queens.

Carniolans are the Gentlest Bees Known,

AND EQUAL TO ANY OTHEK RACE FOR WORK.

THE QUEENS ARE THE MOST PROLIFIC.

I offer daughters, of Imported Benton Carniolan
rjueen, raised in m.v apiary of 40 colonies of pure
Carniolan bees, during the remainder of this sea-
son, If 1.00 each; six, fo.OO.

1>R. S. ^V. MOKRISON,
13tfdb Oxlorcl, riiester Co., Pa.

ITALIAN QUEENS FOR 1886

Tested, !)0 cts.; untested, .50 cts. : ^varranted, tjo

cents.
15d

< . €. KIKKMAIV,

Coxville, Pitt Co., N. C.

RED-CLOVER ITALIANS.

During the season , just passed, Moore's Italians
have roared away on red clover, in countless thou-
sands. Reduced jirices: Warranted (jueens, each,
80 cts.; per 'i doz., MM. Tested fjueens, $1.50.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular
free. 1.5tfdb J. P. liOOSE, UOKGAH, PENDLETON CO., ZY.

Jcrseyvile, III., Jid\i '.'3, issa.

Mr. J. T. WiUon, Dear Sir;— The 55 warranted
queens I received of you last year were all purely
mated except one. The most of the queens wer(^
choice, and as good as higher-])riced ones, for gen-
eral purposes. E. Armstrono.

One queen, 75 cts. ; 0 for $4.00, AVarrantcd liurely
mated. Will work as Avell on red clover as any-
body's bees. Will exchange for honey, alsike clo-
ver seed^o^• Poland-( 'hina hog.-;.
J5a • J. T. WILSON, NicbolasyillcKy.

EXCHAITGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exc<'ed 5 lines, and .you must say you want your ad. in this de-
p.artment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
ean have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you .according to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To exchange 20,00;) strawberr.v-plants.
Crescent Seedling, Cumberland Triumph,
Sharpless, and Glcndale, 75 ets. per IIMI; #4.00 per
1010, for bees, foundation, or iinpnived ])oultrv.
lOtfdb W. J. Hesser, I'lattsmouth. Neb.

AVrANTED.— To sell, after June 1st. .50 3-frame L.
VV size nucleus colonies of hybrid bees, with

queens, for $3.!i0 each, delivered at Plattsmouth,
Neb., or I will exchange for young stock, cattle or
horses, or apiarisin supplies.
IStfdb J. M. Young, Rock Bluff, Cass Co., Neb.

WANTED. — A partner to take half-interest in
an Apiary, with a little capital. Address
Louis Wbrnek, Edwardsville. 111.

FOR SALE —Pasteboard boxes for inclosing sec-
tion honey. The best out! Improved over last
.year. Thousands sold! Price, 1-lb. size. f6.00; 3-lb.,
'*8.00 )ior 1003. One sample, 5c. 14-oz. square glass
jars. ^^5.00 per gross; l'/4 gross in case. Fine assort-
ment of honey labels. Catalogue free.
14-17db A.O. Crawford, S. Weymouth, Mass.

117 ANTED. —To exchange bees or queens for ioot-
VV power saw. Will sell fine tested queens for jsi
each; untested, 70 cts. each, either Syrian or Ital-
ians. Israel Good, Sparta, Tenn.

W

RANTED.- To exchange Italian queens for alsike
clover seed. J. T. Van Petten, Linn, Kan.

FOR SALE.— A two-story brick house, with five
lots, good barn, ice-house with cooling-room,
bechouse. honey-house, wood-house, etc. Grapes,
berries, apples, and cherries on the place; in small
town, location suitable for bee or chicken business.
Will sell cheap for cash, or exchange.
1.5-18db Anabel Ronald, Grand View, Iowa.

WANTED.— To exchange a warranted first-grade
VV fruit and vegetable evaporator and baker, for
hone.v— a bargain for an orchard owner.
l,5d " Jno. C. Capehart, St. Albans, W. Va.

li^ANTED.- To exchange best drone-traps made
\V for one or more extractors, Simplicity frame.
Send for circular.
15tfdb .1. A. Batchelder. Keene, N. H.

IIIANTED.— To exchange for comb or extracted
VV honey, cash or offers, 15,000 pot-grown straw-
berry plants of the best varieties; also game cocks.
Can give best reference. Geo. M. Wertz,
lotfdb Johnstown, Cambria Co., Pa.

\1T^ ANTED. —To exchange hybrid bees, in 10-frame
VV Simplicity one-story hive, with 10 frames full
of broo<l and honey, for incubator, printing-press,
Pekin ducks, or B. L. pullets, or any thing useful.
Write at once, saying what you have for exchange.
15-10 Address Jno. W. Martin, Greenwood, Va.

WANTED.— To sell or lease a farm, 160 acrces in
cultivation, good buildings, good water, an api-
ary of 75 colonies in Simp, hives, carp-ponds, etc.
15-"lUd A. W. Matthews, Galla Rock, Pope Co., Ark.

I^OR SiVLE, or will exchange for :.'0 two-story Sim-
' plicity hives, complete, in fiat, golden Italian
queens. Price, mitimated, 50 cts. ; untested, 75 cts.
'J'c^sted, *1.50; best select tested, one year old, $3..50.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Refer-
ence, Bank of Princeton, and L. Goodwyn, P. M.,
Frcnchville, W. Va. L. L. Hearn,

Frcnchville, W. Va.

A\r ANTED.— To exchange full colonies Italian bees
>V for fiist-class bicycle, .50 inch, or first-class
double-lnuiel breech-loading shot-gun, 10 or 13 bore.
15 D, S. Bassett, Farnumsville, Wor. Co., Mass.

llfANTED.- To exchange strawberry-plants, Cres-
VV cent. Big Bob, and Clark's Seedling, for alsike
clover seed or money. Maiiala B. Chaduock,
J54 Vermont, Fulton Co., Illinois.

GOi

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

HARRINfiTON'S AD.

BEES CHEAP!

I have the finest lot ol (.Micciis aii<l Ik't^s I have

f>\er raised in my i;{ years' ox perioncp. and should

like to have everybody sec them. 1 will sell at I'ol-

lowitifj- low ])rices:

,S /•; /, FiT TKS TED ( VJSIt Y EINE) $'i.OO

TESTE It -.-__- l.oo

My Queens are nearly all mated with drones from
an imparted Italian Queen. Half-blood Holy-Lands,
Cypnans, and Alhinos, at same price.

H. B. IIAUKIIVOTON,

May 2G, IS 86. Medina, O.

MUTH'S
HONEy-EXTRACTOP,,

)><,t('~^>SK <<L.ASS HONEY-JAKN,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-III VKK,
HONEV-SEC71TONS, Arc, d:c.
PERFECTION COL.U- BLAST SMOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. V. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itt'db

LEWIS V-CROOVE

ONE-PIEGE SECTIONS

Down, Down, Goes the Price.

First Quality, White Basswood, Unc-ruuiid Sections,
In lots nf 5U0 to 3000, $4.00 per Mm.

SPECIAL FREIGHT RATES.

// 3000 or mi nx arc wanted, write for special iiriccs,
delivered to you, freight paid by us.

C. B. LEWIS & CO., Otldb

April 15, 1886. Watertown, Wisconsin.

60(rLBS70FlEES ON HAND YET.

Bees, $1.00; queens, black or hybrid, when I have
them, 3,5 cents. Queens raised from imported moth-
ers, after July 1, ()5 cts. by mail; 50 cts., with 1 Itj. of
bees by express, charg-es paid by me, as in May.

THOMAS GEDYE,

]3tfdb L,a Salle, La^Salle Co., 111.

~n^RTHERN-GROWN QUEENS."^

If you think them hardier, send me an order for
queens, warranted pure Italians, bright coloi-ed.
Any one buyiufj- five queens, 1 will send him one
pair of standard W. L. chicks free. Price of queens,
$1.25; price of chicks, $2.00 a pair.

C. A. BEAR BORN,
MlOdb Hudson, St. Croix Co., Wis.

ONE-DOLLAR QUEENS.

Twill g-ive you a printed Kuaranteo of i)urityof
every untested (lueen sent at $1 eacli before Sei)t.l5.
U 16db J. B. HAINS, Bedford, Cuyahoga Co., O.

CRYSTAL FRUIT-JARS CHEAP.

SELF -SEALING. BEST QUALITV.

1-pint jars, per gross, $10 00

1-quart " " " l:> on

i/j-gallon " '> " ]5 00

HONEY-,TUiS AND SUJ'PI,IES.

TVCi.\RD SONS, - 2119 S.JANE ST.,

H 15d PITTSBIKG, PA.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

Read what J. I. Parent, of
Chaklton, N. Y., says — "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter .50 chaff
liives with 7 inch cap, 100 honev
racks, ,500 broad frames, 3.000
honey-boxes and a g-reat deal of
other work. This winter we
have double the amount of bee
hives, etc., to make and we ex-
)>ect to do it all with this Saw.
1 will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List Free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, 68 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Hoot.
23tfd

PATENT

JOUNDATION

. Mills, g'^^i

WCPELHAM

MAYSVILLE,KY.

I have them, brpd from a best selected queen of
Root's importation, 00 cts. each; 6 for $4.50. I can
give all orders immediate attention, and ship by
return mail. Send postal for dozen rates.
lOttdb B. T. BIiEASDAL.E,

596 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

CHEAP

Full eolonitis in Simi)lieity hives, and honey
enough to winter, for only $4. .50. Will ship last of
July. BAN WHITE,

lltidb NEW LONDON, HURON CO., OHIO.

MY 18TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN,
CYPRIAN, and HOLY-LAND BEF,S, QUEENS,
NUCLEUS C( )L( )NI F.S, and A I'l A Rl AN SUPPLIES,
sent to all who send me their name ami address.
10 lltfd H. 11. BROWN, Liuht Street, Vol. Co., Pa.

lOOO.

X886.

Headquarters in the North.

Steam factory, fully equipped, running exclusive-
ly on JiEE-KEKI'EIiS' SUPPLIES. White-
poi)lar and basswood one-piece and dovetailed
sections. Vandervort thin foundation. Send for
free samples and illustrated price list.
10-15db A. B. B. "WOOB,

Rives Junction, Jack»«on <;o., Mieli.

good" NEWS^ FOR DIXIeI
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers, Separators,

Ace, ol" Root's Manufacture, Shipped

Ironi here at BOOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keejiers' Sui)plies in general. Price List Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

_^3-24db

^SOUTHERN HEADpRTERS^^

FOR EARI-T QT7EE1TS,

Nuclei, and full colonies. The manufacture of
hives, sections, frames, feeders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Sviperior work and best material at " let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fully equipped, with
the latest and most approved machinery. Send fo"
my illustrated catalogue. Address
5tld J. P. H. BROWN, Augusta, Ga.

Vol. XIY.

AUGUST 1, 188(5.

No. 15.

TE11.MS:81.00PeRANNUM, IN ADVANCK;! T?,,/ /Tf 7. 7-/ o Zi « /t7 t'-zo 1 Q 'y '?
2Oopiestor$1.90; 3for82.75;5for84.00; I JjjOvUjUiLo roiyLV Lit/ ±0 I O

rUBLISIIED SKMI-M0NT]1I,Y I!Y

lOor more, Tiocts. each. SinpfleNumber, '

5 cts. Additions to clubs maybe made

at club rates. Above are all to be sent I . t -nr\r\n^ TMTT'TiTXT \ (^'W{(\

TO ONEPOSTOFPICK. J A.l.KUUi, MJliJJijN A . UlliU

f Clubs to different postoffices, NOT LFfs
I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
; U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
1 tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18c
I )>eryear extra. To all countries NOT of
I the U. P. U. ,42c peryear extra.

YOUK "OAA^N APIARY."

SOME SUGGESTIONS FKOM FRIEND HEDDON.

"Wp S Ernest is now the practical apiarist at tiio
S^fei "Home of the Honey-bees," perliaps lean

jj^ shed most lig-ht by discussing- Avith hirathe

■^^ more vital and practical ])oints connected

with our pursuits. Now a word about

IlEVEKSING.

In enumerating some of its advantages, on page
51)3, Ernest has omitted one which we prize most
hig-lily. It is this: When a frame is completely
filled with comb, leaving- no lurking-places, we can
quickly clear it of all bees for extracting or other
purposes, and more readily find the queen when
traversing such combs. He says, truly, that the
metal corners could be attached to the Heddon re-
versible frame; but, how dllferently wc look at
these thingsl I could not be induced to use metal
corners under any circumstances. 1 find them lia-
ble to bend, and arc cutting to the fingers when
handling and shaking the combs. The common
wooden projection is very readily movable when
placed upon metal rabbets, and we use such in all
our extracting supers, but have eutircl.y discarded
these rabbets in the brood-chamber; for as we han-
dle hives more and frames less, Ave do not want the
frames to slide about so easily. We so used 'I'l hives
for three years.

Is it not true, that our older ])roducei-s arc like-
Avise discarding metal corners for frames? Metal
standards arc not needed in our frames, because
the top-bar is double; and there is nothing to even
tend to sag the outer bar, Avhich determines the ac-
curacy of the bee-space. If the inijer bur sags, it
Straightens agaiq after iuvcrsiou.

The lai'ge open space Avhich our style of frame
leaves betAveen the hive and the loAver half of the
frame-end, aids much in removing and read.justing
it. The outer top-bar must be firmly nailed to tlio
outer end-bars to prevent pulling off Avhen shaking-
heavy combs, as it is not fastened to the cr^nb. I
suggest two proper-size barbed Avire nails at each
end; and avo use and prefer AvhiteAA'ood or poplar
for these end-pieces.

ROIJIJING.

Let us try having- that pane of glass a looking-
glass, and see Avhat efl'ect that Avill have. Perhaps
not as good as plain glass, but -.v? tnight try it.

EiAII'TY JJHOOD-NESTS.

Friend Hutchinson, it appears, is carrying this
problem all alone. Almost every day I receive let-
ters declaring against his i)osition, citing experi-
ments as well as theory. The basic principle of
friend H.'s departure, I advocated some years ago
as between empty frames or frames of foundation
and full complete combs, Avhcn running for comb
honey. I did not at the time, and can not say that I
do noAv, concciA-e that this principle reaches so far,
that empty frame; are even more profitable than
frames filled Avitli foundation, at the same price,
Avheii running for comb honey. lUit 1 have not ex-
perimented directly upon this point, and friend
H. has, and he is an apiarist in Avhosc integrity and
practical kiio\vle<lge, as Avell as keen insight, I have
the greatest faith; in fact, my acijuaintancc Avith
him compels me to say that I hold him second to no
man in America; and this, coupled Avith his vigo-
rous pen, accounts for his shooting up above the
apicultnral horizon like a meteor. While such
great "diiclors" disagree, and Avhilo I am confident
that both sides are right, in part, next season I am

GOfi

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

fioinf!' to test ( his important prolilcm for myself and
my siirrotinrlings, in hoi)C8 to become an ally or an
e.vpericnced opposcr of friend Hutchinson's. It is
ii sreat jirobleni, directly affecting- the economy of
our iiiirsuit.

OUIl 1886 MARKET.

Hold on, friend Koot! "sohtoii a lecdlc;" some-
M'lierc in last issue 3011 spoke of the low price we
were going- to set for our 1886 croj) of honey. Not-
xvilhstanding- my wide correspondence with bee-
keepers, and careful watching- of this point In the
journals, I am unable to see any cause for said
" low prices," unless it be statements like your own
referred to. In very many localities in the U.S.,
this year's crop is almost or quite a total failure.
In many others the white-clover crop is g-ood; but
so far as I can learn, the basswood, the greatest
.\ icider of them all, is not even a fair crop, except
in rare instances; and, taking the whole country
together, may bo i)ronounced almost a failure.
Now, Avhy should we look for prices lower than
those of last year? Let no man so consider it until
evidence compels him to. Let me tell you why.
Honey is essentially a luxury; a large portion of
honey-consumers would buy nearly or quite as
much at a high price as they could be induced to
consume at any price. Last year's prices were as
low as bee-keepers can thrive at,and I ttrmly believe
that if all who have honey to sell will take courage
and advantage of the pitiful fact that many of our
brothers have none at all, there will be no trouble
to find a demand for the 1886 crop at prices equal or
better than those realized last year.

FORMING NUCLEI.

Ernest's last report of his experience with the Doo-
little method is just what what we should expect
here. Had he met the same success reported by
Mr. Doolitlle, we can not then see any reason for
adopting that method. We have this season formed
some 300 nuclei, and in our next will tell you how
we succeed, to our entire satisfaction with (we
think) less than one-fourth the labor and trouble
necessary to the carrying-out of the Doolittle plan.

Dowagiae, Mich., July, 1886. James Hedjdon.

I am very glad if honey will not have to
go at a low price, friend II.; but I judged so
because so many are wanting to sell us hon-
ey while we are so well supplied that we can
not make even a decent offer for it. Now,
the best remedy I can tliink of in the line of
your suggestions is to keep our Honey Col-
umn full. Will our brethren who have hon-
ey to sell tell how much, what quality, and
what price they want, so that we may put it
in the Honey ColumnV 1 think lliose who
advertise in that way usually make sales
sooner or later. We presume you all know
that such notices are printed free of charge.
—In regard to metal corners, I think that
tliose wlio raise queens as we do will gener-
ally prefer thein. With the constant ma-
nipulation in our apiary, we could not think
of having combs that must be pried loose be-
fore they can be handled ; and as our combs
seldom get very heavy with honey, they give
little or no trouble in the way of cutting
lingers.

1 tried the looking-glass, but not with so
good results. The plain sheet of glass, by
reason of its transparency, does not alter
the appearance of the entrance; and the rob-
bers, being deceived, will worry luid weaken

themselves in much the same way that they
do in trying to get tlirough our windows.
On furllicr trials, however, although the
glass in many cases will answer a very ex-
cellent purpose, I think I sliould ])refer to
cojitract the entrance as is ordinarily prac-
ticed to prevent robbing. I have found that
the glass will worry the occupants of the
hive as well as the robbers, and also, as it is
a little inconvenient to carry the glass about,
the l)oys do not use it. It "did not occur to
me t liat the bees could be shaken off more
easily, and the queen l)e much easier found,
when the frames have been i-eversed. I see
no reason whv it should not be so.

MBLILOT, OR SA?V^EET CLOVER, AS A
HONEY-PBODUCEK.

FUIENO MUTII raVES us SOME DEFINITE FACTS IN
REGARD TO THE QUALITY OF THE HONEY.

fRIEND HOOT:— For the first time since 1 kept
bees, our honey harvest has kept up, appar-
ently, through the month of July. We never
had so abundant a supi)ly of melilot, or sweet-
scented clover, as we have this year. Every
hilltop and vacant lot in and about our city seems
to be covered with it, and it is swarming with bees.
They do their work quietly and steadily. Passing
along- a road a few days ago, which was lined with
melilot, I stopped my wagon and went in. It was
alive with l)ees, steadily at work. I was surprised,
as I did not notice any bees while driving- along. So
far, melilot has furnished only enough honey to
keep bees breeding until late in the fall, while now
wo get a surplus, which may last until frost comes.
The month of June, in this part of the country, is
or has been our honey month, as with it white clo-
ver begins and ends, which used to be our whole re-
source. Cold nights during the first half of last
June prevented the secretion of nectar; and wet
weather during the latter half damaged our crop. I
don't think that 25 lbs. of white-clover honey per
colony is produced in the States of (Jhio, Kentucky,
or Indiana.

To-day's mail brings you a sample of melilot hon-
ey, which is produced on one of our hilltops on the
west side of our city— Price's Hill. It is a fair sam-
ple of my own honey, and of that of a friend who
lives at Clifton Heights, which is a hilltop on tho
north of our city. These three samples being- alike,
I have reason to believe that the sample mailed jou
is true melilot honey. The honey is very sweet,
flavor fair, though not as good as that of white
clover. It has a good body, but a color as if it were
mixed with soot. Such honey will never answer to
be put in the market for table use. The color of the
honey is much stronger shown in a larger bottle
than the one mailed you. This small bottle, how-
ever, -will answer the purpose, if you hold a small
bottle of while-clover honey alongside of it. If I
am correct as to the source of this honey, melilot
will be a great disappointment to us. I hope friends
from other jiarts will report on the subject.
Cincinnati, O., July 17, 1886. Chas. F. Muth.

Many thanks, my good friend, for your
kind letter, and the sample of honey. I
should not be in haste to feel disappointed,
for it occurs to me that the sooty appearance
of the honey may be caused by the smoke of
your great city, even if the cjovej,' does grow

1886

GLEAKINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

601

on the hilltops. You will remember that
friend Kendel said, some time a^o, that he
would have to give up raising' comb honey,
by reason of the soot; and later I think he
lias said he will have to abandon lifpiid hon-
ey for the same reason. The Uavor of the
honey, I should call beautiful— in fact, I be-
lieve I shoukl prefer it to honey made from
common white clover — that is, at lu'st taste.
Now, can't some of the friends who have
been raising melilot by the acre tell us if it
always has a dark, sooty color ? If melilot
can be made available for some other pur-
pose than the honey it produces, it seems to
me it would be quite promising as a honey-
plant.

m I —

A KIND REPORT FROM ONE OF OUR
FRIENDS OF THE MINISTRY.

GETTING HOLES IN 'I'lIK COMUS FOK WINTER,
ICTC.

Y DEAK BROTHER A. I. ROOT:-I thought
I might venture a line in Gleanings, imtl
thus in a small way reciprocate the kind-
ness of others who from time to time have
given to such as me encouragement and
instruction. However, I shall not assume the ralr
of Instructor.

I began last season with one colony of Italians;
increased to 3, but took no honej'. They wintered
nicely, in the main. The ones in the single-wall
Simplicity— upper story filled with chatf, and pro-
tected on the west and north by a wall of empty
hives— came through sti'onger, however, than the
ones in the chaff hive. At the suggestion of Bro.
James Walcher— an apiarist of not a little celebritj',
located near Millersville, this State— in the Sim-
plicity single-wall I cut holes through the combs
near the top-bar, about one inch in diameter, that
the bees might have easy access to all the combs,
without passing around at the bottom, and thus ex-
pose themselves to the cold. I do not see b.ut it
answers the same purpose of Hill's de\ice; and if
so, dispenses with this much that would demand
care and space. I did not accommodate the bees
in the chaff hive with this "short cut," though in
other respects they were the same; so I am per-
suaded that the holes were a decided advantage,
and especially for a winter such as last.

This spring I proc.i red 3 colonies more— Ttnllans.
Two of them were quite weak, so to start with T
had 3 strong and 3 weak colonies. I have increased
to ]3 colonies, and have taken, with the aid of tlie
Novice extractor, !ir)3 lbs., and i)li llis. in l-lb. sec-
tions, making in all 1049 lbs.

We had an ideal spring, and the summer thus
far has been uncommonly fine. We have had
flowers in profusion, and the flow of nectar has
been most copious. The white clover and linden
have both yielded profusely, and now the mustard
and sinartweed are making yellow and pink every
nook and corner, and all these flowerets seem to be
doing their best, so the busy bees are still invite<l
to sip, and will continue to provide, for weeks to
come, 1 doubt not, these delicious juices.

While it is my chief concern to herald the glad
tidings of God's full and precious Christ to poor
lost ones, I can fill up the spare hours most hap-
pily in looking after the liees, and 1 am made to
sing from a full heart at each new unfolding,
" How good is the God we adoi-e ! "

I have found the ABC book and Cook's Manual
valuable aids; they have helped me through many
a perplexity. I may add, I began with gloves and
veil, but I have dispensed with both.

The 10-cent honey-knife is just the thing. It has
done all our uncapping. Frank C. Blount,

Lawndale, 111., .Tuly U, 188C.

Thanks, friend I]., for your kind letter.
Some years ago it was quite common to cut
these winter-passages ; but the bees often
seal them up diu-ing a good honey-tlow, antl
some of the friends think it makes the
combs look unsightly. Another objection
is, sometimes the cluster is over at one side
of these holes, and they don't answer the
purpose. To obviate this latter, two holes
have been suggested, 8 or 4 inches apart;
but as the Hill device, or some equivalent,
permits the bees to pass out and around,
and does not mutilate the combs, we have
rather preferretl it.

IMPROVING OUR SEED BY CAREFUL
SELECTION OF STOCK.

SOME KIND WORDS FROM THE OHIO AGRICULTU-
RAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

fRIEND ROOT:— I have been quite pleased i)i
looking over your journal of the 1.5th, to see
what you say about selecting seed. I have
been working in this line here at the station
for some time. I have not done much to-
ward the improvement of vegetables, except toma-
toes; but I have tried to show the importance of
selection, as you may have seen in our report.
The character of stock from each seedsman is there
commented upon. This has not been undertaken
for the purpose of exposing the poor stock of any
one in particular, but rather for the purpose of
calling attention to the importance of selection in
growing seed. We shall continue the work, and
enlarge ui)on it as fast as possible.

My purijose in writing tliis is to call your atten-
tion to the excellence of Mr. Brill's cabbage-seed,
especially that of his Early Wakefield. I regard it
as the best to be found in the market. Under fa-
vorable conditions I am sure that 95:^,. will form
marketable heads, and they are remarkably uni-
form. If you refer to me, perhaps Mr. Lrill will
send you a better grade of stock than he other-
wise would, as he has, as all growers have, what
they call stock seed, also ordinary trade seed. He
may send you some stock seed. His Early Sum-
mer is also excellent, as are all his cabbage and
cauliflower seed. Have you tried the Deacon
lettuce '? If not, Joseph Harris has it. You are do-
ing a good thing- for the public in showing what
may be done in gai-dening. W. J. Green.

Columbus, Ohio, July 19, 1880.
Experiment Gr(ninds at the Ohio State University.

Friend G., I presume your kind letter was
not intended for publication ; but as it will
be read with interest, I am sure, by many
of our readers, I take the liberty of giving it
here. 1 have never tried the Deacon lettuce,
but I will order some at once, aiul perhaps
many of our readers will be glad to avail
themselves also of the opportunity. I have
had you antl your work in mind, friend
Green, all along in my work at seeds and
plants.

COS

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

HOW BEES WORK IN THE OPEN AIR
IN CALirORNIA.

A PICTURE SENT US BY THR KINDNESS OF
FRIEND HILI.IKR.

'E huve frequently had reports of Ijees
building combs in trees or among
l)ushes, and living for several months,
even where rainstorms are frequent.
We have also been told, that in Cali-
fornia and other countries wlicre no rain
falls for a long period, and comparatively
little in the rainy season, that they would
live the year round in no hivi's except the
protection afforded by such combs as they
could build, and by their own clustering,
shedding the rain with their wings turned
like shingles. Below we give a picture of
such a hive.

A CALIFORNIA BEE-STORY.

SWARMS r.OING INTO
IFORNIA.

nOUSES IN CAL-

A^COLONY OF BEES LIVING AND l'K(JSPERING WITHOUT

The following is all the description we
have with the picture :

I mail yoti a stereoscopic view of a swarm of bees
at work in the open air, which is no very nncommon
sight hero. They are hybrids. H. H. Hit.i.ter.

Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., Cal., .lime 9, 188G.

We think our engravers have done a ])r(^t-
ty line piece of work in copying so faithfidly
the work of the camera.

^lAY liave told you about my brother
who lives on a ranch near 8au Diego,
Cal. Well, this brother has never ta-
ken much to bees, but lately he has got
a notion of trying them, lie gives us
some of his experience in the following; al-
so the bee-story alluded to in our head :

Bro. Amc:— hast .Tanuary I bought 4 stands of
bees for $10. As they were in common box Invcs I
ti-ansferred them in February, the weather being
so warm the combs all ran together, and, I think,
destroyed all the queens but one; and after swarm-
ing the hive lost its queen, I think, as it is not
doing any thing. I put a hive up by the barn, put
ten frames in with fdn., and in a few days it was
full of bees. I moved it down to the
yard, and now they have the frames all
capped, and part of the sections filled
and capped. I fitted up another hive
in the yard as above, and got them full
of bees the same as those at the barn.
'J'he old original swarm is not doing
any thing. Had I better have a good
queen?

T imagine the bees here are mostly
hybrids, although mine show three
yellow bands. During May and June
there were swarms passing over al-
most every day, and some of my
neighbors have a good deal of trouble
in keeping bees out of their houses.
They have asked me what to do to
get rid of them.

One Capt. Keen, from New Orleans,
left his house here vacant one sea-
son; and when he came back he said
he IK it iced his house was settling, and
he thought it strange, as he had a
good brick underpinning. Finally he
went up into the garret, and found it
full of bees and honey, and he says he
has sent off for teams, there not be-
ing enough in this neighborhood, and
has taken off 50 tons of honey to San
Diego, and has got only a very small
part of the whole yet. He says he has
glutted the market, so now honey is
down to 3 cts. a pound.

The above corresponds with one of
his stories. He says he tells them in
New Orleans about California beets.
Where the beets are taken out of the
ground, he says, we have to build a
fence around the hole to keep the stock
from falling in.
^•: Joking aside, the country around is
full of bees. I know of several places
where they ai'e in caves on the hilb. If I had been
at home, so I could have attended to them, 1 have
no doubt I could have had ten stands. Mine are
very cross, but I rather like them. I think, as you
say, bees ai-e very good-natured.

There is a near neighbor of mine, Mr. Little, who
keeps 2.50 stands in common boxes, with a stick
across and bo.\ on top; and when the top box is
full he empties the contents in a solar extractor,
and sells wax and honey. I am told he got fSOO

1S8G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

C09

for his wax and honey hxst year. He says he does
not know any thing about bees.

I stayed with Capt. Knowles, on the San Diego
River, last winter. He says there is more clean
cash in bees here than any thing else, if a man un-
derstands it. He does not fuss with them as mucli
as you write about. Tf a swarm gets weak he lets
them go. He says his time is worth more than the
bees. He uses part Siiiiplicity hives and part Har-
bison's; but he likes the Simplieity the best of all,
and would use all Simplicity but it is too much
work to ti-ansfer them. He has three apiaries, and
I think ationt lOliO swarms. I am situated so I
think I can keep about ;.'(I0, with plenty of room for
forage.

I am going into the "New Agriculture" some.
I am never so ha])i)5' as when 1 have domestic pets
and plants and vegetables growing. T can almost
compare my "mountain retreat" to Robinson
Crusoe's island. M. S. Hoot.

San Diego, Cal., .Inly 11, lS8fi.

B00K-;^EYIEW DEP^E(5^MEI^3F.

cook's M.^NUATi OF THE APIARY.

T SHALL not attemiit to give a review of the
(Mp whole woi'k, but will confine myself to the new
^[ matter which has been added, or, rather, as I
'*■ judge, substituted, iu place of something else.
If lam correct, there are about 25 pages re-
written in the new edition, the major part of which
pertains to the

HEDDOX-LANQSTROTH HIVE,

how made, and how to use. This is the hive that
the pi'ofessor has tried, and knows to be prac-
tical. After enumerating its good features, one is
made to feel almost sorr.\- that Heddon did not let
well euough alone, and stay content with his old
hive; but as Prof. Cook follows the safe rule of
never recommending what he has not tried, though
recognizing in theory the good points of the new
hi\-e, it is easy to see why he speaks in praise of the
old hive. Of it he says:

ThusI havedescribed theHeddon-Langslroth liive
minutely, as witli W. /. Hutchinson, W. L. Taylor,
and many others of our most able and intelligent
apiarists, I find it u|ion trial as excellent .-is it is
simple. Surely, when we can harness e.xcclkiiee
and simplicity together, we have a most desinilile
team. The simple union of parts by mere plain
contact of the edges, or the cover simply lying on
the hive, while it is just as acceptable tiJ tlie bees,
makes the hive far more simple of eonstruction
and easy of manipulation. The honey-board and
bee-spaces keep all so nejit, that, as one bee-Ueeper
well says, their e.\ti-a cxix-nse is very soon saved in
the saving of time wliieli their use insures. Any
wlio may think of trying this hive had better do as
I did, try two or three at first, and see if in their
judgment the "game is worth the candle."

REVERSIULE FRAMES.

Prof. Cook's experience with the princii»le of re-
versing frames in general, accords quite closely
xvith ours as recorded in the department of Our Own
Apiary of the two last issues, and T feel sure he is
right when he says:

For the past two years I have used the reversible
frame which I fiixl so \aluable that I shall use it
largely in future. With this frame there is no dan-
ger of the top-bar sagging, which is sure to enlarge
the bee space above and create mischief, an<l by in-
verting we secure the firm attachment of tlie comb
to the frame along all its edges, and can force our
bees into the sections at the very dawn of the hon-
ey harvest. * * * ' * These frames [Heddon's]

reverse very easily, and I do not know a single per-
son who has thoroughly tried them, who does not
value them highly. Here again let me suggest that
in making changes, a few be tried first, and not all
till we know we wish them.

Notice in this and elsewhere, that he recommends
trying only a few. While I jiou; think that the ad-
vantages of the reversible frame are such as to
ensure its ultimate adoption, nevertheless I regard
the caution of trying a few first as a wise one.
INIany of us like the ijrincijile; but some of us, by
reason of our diU'erence in make uj), might not so
i-egard it. Frien<l Pond, I believe, belongs to the
latter class.

THE NEW HEDDON HEVERSIBF-E HIVE.

About three pages of new matter is devoted to
this hive, and I will insert below what Prof. Cook
says of it, omitting- the description, which has al-
ready appeared in Gf.E.VNiNCis. He says:

Ml-. Heddon has just patented and ottered to the
public a new hive \vhich eonil)ines in principle the
Langstnnh ami the Hutier. 1 lia\e never tried this
hive, and so, guided by the rule I have always
adopted, I do not reconuneml it. Yet the e.xpeVi-
eiaeed bee-keeper ctin often judge correctly of what
he has never tried, and I will add that 1 fully be-
lieve this hive, and the method he gives of manipu-
lation in his valuable hook, are well worth our at-
tention. Mr. Heddon is so able, that he rarely rec-
ommends what is not viiluable. Several others
have tried this hi\'e and speak in the highest terms
of its value. Among these is no less an authority
than W. Z. Hutchinson. At the beginning cd' this
chapter 1 caution all against patent hives. This is
necessary, as so many frauds have been conunitted
under this guise; but if Mr. Heddon has given us
something as valuable as it is unique and original,
he well deserves a patent, which should be thor-
oughly respected, as should all worthy inventive
ettort.

The points of ex'cellence claimed for this hive,
and 1 l)elie\e from my e.\|)erience that they are val-
uable, are easy coiitruel ion of brood-chamber, quick
inversion ot the brood ehambei- or section ease, ease
and (|iiicluiess of maiiipiiliition. and the inter-
chiiiijit'ableness ol the brooci cliambers ftnining the
hive, the iiowci- wc have to get all lighleolorcd hon-
ey ill the seciioiis it we so desire. Mr. J. M. Shuck
has also i)atented a hive for which he clMinis the -
same adxantages gained in the new Heddon hive.
1 iKUe not seen this hive, but recognize in Mr.
Shuck an able bee-keeper and a man of rare invent-
ive genius.

On pages S8 and S-9 is described the use of the cu-
rious little notch found in the fore legs. That our
readers may better understand, we reproduce the
cut, which ajipears below.

feE-M-4,£^££^:^

ANTEIllOlt I, El! OF WORlvEli, MAONIFIEO.

This little notch, or tiute, is shown at C; and in
speaking of its use to the bee, the writer says:

On the anterior l(>gs of bees, between the tibia
and tarsus, is a curious notch, C, covered by a spin-,
15. I have found this in nearly all Hymenoptera,
except the saw-llics, where it is very abortive if
present at all. This is iirineipally used in cleaning
the anteniiie, as is easily pro\fd liy dusting these
organs with chalk, polleii, etc. This cleaning of the
antennie is best studied by observing wasps. After
serajiing otf the anteiune the leg is cleaned by draw-
ing it betwi^en the mandibles, or between the joints
of the middle legs.

In the previous edition, if I am correct, Prof.
Cook was not certain as to the real use of this little
notch, though he suggested that it tnight serve va-
rious purposes. To satisfy myself I dusted the an-

610

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

tenna? of several bees with flour, aiul noted the re-
sults. The movements of the bees were so quick
that I could uot determine exactly how it was done.
Whenever the antenna\ or feelers, were dusted,
they were quickly cleaned; but how ? With a mag-
nifying-glass, after the antenna' were thus cleaned,
I examined closely the little notch at C. It did not
take long- to discover there the wheat flour, which
evidently had been scraped off the feelers. After
repeated watchings, a bee finally moved his leg- so
slowly that I saw exactly how it was done. I fur-
ther tested the matter by besmearing the antenufe
with honey. The same result followed as before.
As the power of delicate touch, and, by some au-
thorities, hearing and smelling as well, is supposed
to reside in the antenna', it is highly important
that these organs be kept perfectly clean by some
such contrivance as that shown at C.

These, I believe, are all the important changes as
made iu the latest edition. It is to be regretted
that the new matter has been set in a slightly dif-
ferent-faced type, rather marring the appearance
of the page where the two kinds of type (though
both are supposed to be "long primer") come to-
gether in contrast. This is Brought about, I sup-
pose, by the fact that the book has been printed at
two different oflices, each of which had its own
kind of long primer type. However, to anj- one
not a printer, nor interested in ])rinting-, I suppose
this difiTerence in type would not be apparent.

E UN EST.

TROUBLE AT THE HOME OF THE
HOWEY-BEEa

For the thing which I greatly feared is come upon
me, and that which I was afraid of is come unto me.
-Job 3: 25.

J7^ EAR FRIENDS, when I told you in
illl ^"^' ^'^^^ issue that we had Canada
w^ thistles on our plantation, I had no
■*-' idea that I should be obliged to chron-
icle, in a few days more, that we had
foul brood in our own apiary. 1 have for
many years feared that, sooner or later,
something of the kind would happen, and I
once told our good friend 1). A. Jones that I
could tliink of no calamity so dire as this.
lie told me not to worry, but that, if we
ever got it, to write to him and he would
come down and cure it for us for nothing.
You know that is just like liim for all tlie
world. Well, we have not tjilten up this kind
offer, for the reason that the disease as yet
has made its appearance in only ten colonies
out of over 400; besides, according to his de-
scription in liis little book, " Foul Brood, its
Management and Cure," it is not the real
virulent foul brood, but what he dehnes as
" ' dead ' brood." The larvK die at different
stages, and either become soft and pasty, or
dry up in the lower side of the cell. The
sealed brood has usually pinholes through
the cap, but tlie cap is not sunken. The
well-known disagreeable smell accompanies
it, and this alone tells when it has got a foot-
hold in a hive. Do you want to know what
we have done? Just this : Every comb in
every hive containing even a trace of it has
been burned up by throwing them all in tlie
furnace under the boiler of the engine. We
are going to starve the bees until the con-
tents of their honey-sacks are nearly or quite

exhausted, then put them on good new
combs. The hives will be thoroughly scald-
ed by a jet of steam from a rubber hose.
Meanwhile we will lill no orders for bees,
queens, or brood, from our apiary, unless
our customer has seen this sheet, and ex-
pressed himself willing to have his orders
tilled from our apiary from colonies that
have never shown a trace of it. Orders as
they come will be iilled promptly, as usual,
from the apiary of Neighbor II.

Now, then, how^ did it come about? I can
not tell, unless it was from honey we had
purchased — possibly from a leaky barrel ;
and this has decidetl us never more to pur-
chase honey in barrels. It must be in tin
cans ; and sliould any leakage occur from
these they are to be mended and washed be-
fore the bees can have a chance to gain ac-
cess by any possible means to the outside of
the cans. It may have been brought to us
in another way. " We are pttrchasing wax
constantly, and it comes from almost every
quarter of the globe. The wax cakes ofteii
contain more or less honey daubed on their
surfaces, and sometimes abee or two gets
into the wax-room and goes to work on these
wax cakes, ily the additional room given
us by the building of our new factory, we
are going to have all wax taken in the orig-
inal packages at once to a darkened room.
The wax is to be so thoroughly protected,
both by doors and wiiulows with wire cloth,
that no bee gets outside or inside alive.
.Some may ask why we should uot cure the
foul brood, instead of resorting to such de-
struction of valuable property. If I had
only a few hives, and could give them my
constant supervision, some such plan might
answer; but as it is, I prefer to burn up
every thing it has touched until no further
trace of it can be found. We are going to
treat it as we did the Canada thistles ; and
may God help us to conquer, for yfmr sakes
as well as our own.

I feel quite certain that there will be no
possible danger of the disease being trans-
mitted by selling queens, or even pounds of
bees. It is, however, everybody's privilege
to decline buying from an apiary where foul
brood has existed, if you wish. In regard
to the chances of contagion, even by taking
queens from diseased colonies, we make the
following extract from D. A. Jones's little
book referred to above:

1 have never yet known the disease to be
contracted by either queens or drones, although I
have experimented largely in that direction, taking-
queens from foul-broody colonies and placing them
in healthy colonies. I was once informed by one of
the best bee-keepers in the United States that he
had tried the experiment scores of times; that is,
selling the queens out of healthy colonies, and re-
placing- them with those from the worst affected
foul-broody colonies, and in no instance did the dis-
ease appear in these hives, the apiary being three
miles from the one in which the diseased colonies
were. The gentleman had several bee-farms. I do
not mean to assert that the disease never hax heen
carried by queens or drones, but I honestly believe
that if it )(((» ere/- /»een. the case, that the honey tak-
en with them had sotnethiuci to do with it.

Please remember, friends, there is not a
cell of foul brood now in our apiary — at least,
none that we can discover ; and every comb
of our over 40t> hives has been carefully scru-
tinized.

1886

GLEANIJ^GS IN J3EE CULTURE.

(511

PREVENTING SECOND SWARMS.

TEN QUEENS IN A COLONY AT ONE TIME.

Up bout two years ago, if I am not mistaken,
qIm Prof. Cook gave a method of preventing in-
j^Ip crease of colonies by swarming. Briefly,
-^^ the phin was to remove all queen-cells and
two frames of brood from the colony that
cast the last swarm, and then hive the new swarm
in that colony. I have tried that plan for three
years, having practiced it one year before the inib-
lication of Prof. Cook's article. Generally the plan
has been very successful; but in one respect it has
proven a failure. To prevent misunderstanding I
will give my jilan in full. After warm weather be-
gan, so that the bees could fly, I began feeding to
stimulate brood-rearing, so as to have early swarms,
and most colonies swarmed in fruit-bloom. Prob-
ably all would if I had not put more frames in
some of the hives, giving the bees more room.

When they began swarming I would remove all
queen-cells from the hi\e that cast the last swarm,
take out two frames of brood, and give to some
nucleus, replacing them with empty combs, and
put the next swarm in that hive. If I had not put
on any crates I did so at once. If a crate was on
the hive I put on another. My queens are all clip-
ped. As for swarms coming out in fruit - bloom,
the plan was a success. No lighting, no after-
swarms; the queens were all accepted at once.
About once a week I looked through for queen-
cells, but seldom found any. But after white clo-
ver was in Moom, the old stock and the swarm
would go to fighting unless I smoked them thorough-
ly, and the queen was killed in every instance.
This has l;)een my e.vperience forthi-ee years. Not
a queen has been killed before the bees began to
work on white clover. Every one has been killed
after white clover began. I should like to ask if
any others have had like CA'perionce.

On the ITth of May a colony cast a swarm. I
caged the queen, moved the hive around, and put
a new hive on the old stand. AVhcn about half the
swarm had entered, another colony cast a swarm
—a second swarm, as I had purposely left the
queen-cells in. This swarm at once began to enter
the hive with the other. I caught the queen, and
let the two go together. 1 gave them a frame of
brood with eggs, and did not look at them for
more than two weeks. Then on opening the hive I
found yz queen-cells, 7 of them open. On further
search I found three young queens on the frame.
Of course, I thought the queen was dead; but, to
my surprise, on the third frame I found the old
queen and a young queen on the same side of the
comb, and another on the other side. On the next
frame were the other two. The next day 1 found
two more queens, and the next day another, which
had hatched the )U'evious day— ten live young
(lueens in one hive! Can you etiual that? The
colony from which the larger swarm came last
year, 1 " unqucened," and they .sealed 3() (jueen-
cells on one frame. The colony cast a swarm, and
that is the one that cast the second swarm. 1 un-
queencd them this spring, and they built and scal-
ed 29 queen-cells; so queen-raising would seem to
be hereditary in that colonj'.

As so much is said on folding sections, let rae
give my way. Take a board about 13 inches long, 6
wide, and one thick. Cut otf one end perfectly
square; nail on a piece of board about flvo inches

wide and as long, so that it shall make an exact
right angle, and be exactly as high as a section; i}^
inches from this, nail a cleat on the bottom board.
Bend the section in the middle, and put the corner
tlius formed against the cleat; press the sections
into the angle lormed by the upright; now bend
the top down, and one l)low of tlio mallet will finish
the section. After a few minutes' practice, tlie sec-
tion can be pressed into the form, readyjlor the
finishing tap, as (luiekl.v as it can ordinarily be
bent together, and it is hai-dly possible to bend one
out of true. S. J. B.\ldwin.

Nelson, Ohio, June 25, 1881).

Friend 15., yon liave gotn (iiieen that seems
willing to i)ermit young queens to be reared
in the colony without molestation. Such
queens are found in almost every apiary,
every little while, and they are very valua-
ble for queen-rearing, inasmtich as we can
rear queens rigiit along and still have a
queen constantly keeping the hive populous.
Such queens would be as great <in acquisi-
tion to the bee-keeper as non-sitting hens
are to the jtoultry-raiser. The matter has at
different times been pretty thoroughly dis-
cussed in our baclf volumes. By all nieans,
save every one of those queen's, and see if
you can't get a strain of bees that will allow
several iiueensin a hive all at the same time.
A rac;' of queens that won't quarrel ! just
think of it, friends ! what an acquisition it
would be ! and 1 feel just as certain that it
can be managed as that we can get a strain
of kohlrabi-seed or caulillower-seed that will
give plants true to name every time. Prof.
Cook has for a good many years scolded be-
cause we don't try to improve our queens,
instead of trying to protluce them so cheap-
ly. Why can we not do for bees just what
the world is doing for small fruits, garden
vegetables, and the like?

QUEEN-EXCLUDING HONEY-BOARDS.

C.AIiNlOLAN HEES, ETC.

fHE value of perforated zinc in honey-boards,
1 have this season established to my full sat-
isfaction. The (]uestion had been. Is it not
an obstruction to the work of bees in su-
iters ? I can now answer that il is not. Its
introduction to bee-keepers has made possible sev-
eral new inventions in hives that, without it,
would be quite impracticable. By its use, surplus-
receptacles can be placed over very shallow
brood - chambers with success; and, if desirable,
we can take in marketable shape almost every
drop of honey a colony can produce. In the spring
we can build up colonics, and enlarge the brood-
nest to the full capacity of the queen; and then at
the right time we can limit her work and prevent
the rearing r.f non-i)roducing workers to any de-
sirable extent.

The feature of greatest merit in the new Heddon
hive is the horizontally separable brood-chamber;
and my experiments so far this. season have prov-
ed that it is worthy of all the praise that has been
bestowed upon it. But, as predicted in Glean-
ings for March 1,5, it is impracticable to use such a
hive on the contraction phinjn the produotion of
comb lioney without ii (jueca-e,\cluding honey-
board. Three years since, I lound that it was im-

G12

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

I)raclic<ilile to contract brood chambers to any
{fcoat extent without limiting- tlic (jucon, and then
] niiidc my first wooden qucen-cxcluding- rack, and
at the same time tacked narrow strips ot perforat-
ed zinc on a slatted honey-board. The latter work-
ed very nicely, and, in tact, the wooden one did
very well, as also a rack prepared with long- strips
of tin; but the metal could not be held properly
with brads, and so last season I conceived the idea
of making- saw-cuts in the edges of the slats with a
thin circular saw, and inserting- the zinc in them.
This plan of using the zinc, I found to work per-
fectly; and I believe that I was the tirst to conceive
the idea, as well as to construct a honey-board of
this kind. Certainly I was the first to make it pub-
lic, and think I am fully entitled to give the inven-
tion to the public as I have done. After testing- the
invention I sent a hive to the Michigan State Fair,
having- such honey-boards, and it is just possible
that my friends there who claim to have been orig-
inal in conceiving such use of the zinc had there
seen my invention and forgotten about it. I be-
lieve, however, that these friends do not claim to
have constructed such a honey-board before this
time— only to have conceived 4he idea.

After a number of trials I found that the strips
of zinc work the best when cut wide enough to
make three rows of perforations. The slats were
made nearly as wide as the strips of zinc. My new
hives have all been made narrow, to hold only 7
brood-frames in each case, so that the honey-boai-d
is only lO's inches wide. It is essentially the new
Heddon honey-board, made substantially as friend
Hutchinson describes on jiage 527. As I now con-
struct it, it has i of the strips of zinc, giving 13
rows of tlie perforations for the bees to pass
through; but in the honey-board, made with 7 slats
to correspond with the frames, I could get only 8
strips of the zinc in, making only 8 rt)ws of the per-
forations.

In the C. B. J. for June 23, this honey-board is
illustrated; but if made as there described, part of
the perforations will be useless, from the zinc sink-
ing too deep into the saw-cuts. Again, the use of
the cross-bar in the middle is unnecessary, as there
is sufficient rigidity of the board without it; and I
make the slats only 5 - 33 of an inch thick. In
cutting- up the sheets of zinc we cut out every
fourth row of the perforations, leaving the solid
strips of zinc whole. In making this new honey-
board I have used friend Root's new perforated
zinc with success, and am ableto recommend it to
bee-keepers as perfectly adapted to the purpose
designed.

THE CAKNIOLANS.

Dr. Morrison inquires about the quality of the
workers of the queens he sent me last fall. She
proved to have mated with a Syrian drone, as he
had anticipated; and the workers, though well-
marked hybrids, were fully as gentle as Italians.
The queen was very prolific, and filled the equiva-
lent of eleven L. frames with brood, and then led a
swarm June 9th. Sections had been adjusted, and
a start in them made. The swarm was very large.
After filling a space equal to 8 L. frames they be-
gan in the supers, and have made to date, in blacli-
walnut sections, 40 lbs., and the parent colony as
much more, and they will raise the amount to 100
lbs. They reared about .50 queen-cells and an innu-
merable quantity of drones, although they had not
much droue-corab. All were jet black; unci as I did

not wish them to cross with my white queens I
opened the hive and destroyed them. The comb
honey produced was capped very white, but not
whiter than that made by my own strain, some col-
onies of which have already made 12,5 lbs., and will
probably reach 150, which I consider a large yield
for an exclusively white-clover district.

The queen obtained from Gleaninc.s office at
the same time as Dr. Morrison's, was striped and
very ])retty. Her workers appeared like Italians,
with an occasional black bee. The drones were al-
so like Italians, with some quite dark. This queen
also led a swarm about a week later, was .very pro-
lific, and left 48 queen cells. Both colonies were in
the new Heddon hive, and every one of the queen-
cells was built from the edg-es of the bottom-bars,
so that, on separating the hive, we found them all
sticking straight out, ready to be cut off. It beats
the Alley plan of getting queen-cells, all hollow.

The swarm having friend Root's (lucen has made
only 20 pounds of surplus, and the old colony noth-
ing, although all the frames were reversed, and the
brood raised against the sections. These bees are
evidently not fair representatives of the Carnio-
lans; but Dr. IVlorrison's are good workers, and I
have reason to think the Caruiolans are generally.
It has boon alleged, tliat they are given to much
swarming, but I doubt it. The yellow specimens of
the race that now and then crop out should be de-
stroyed. Especially ought all yellow-marked drones
to be destroyed by the breeders of these bees, and
the race kept ])ure. Du. G. L. Tinkhu.

New Philadelphia, O., July 8, 1886.

We are much obliged for your candid and
impartial opinion of tlie Carniolans. How-
ever, as Dr. Morrison's queen was crossed
with a Syrian drone we can hardly deter-
mine whether the results would have been
equally good had the progeny of the queen
been pure Carniolans. We are glad to note
that the crosses of the Carniolans are not
cross. As your experience witli the strain
of Carniolans which we have in our ainary
coincides with our experience, we think we
were right in saying that they were inferior
workers. We are glad to hear that the
strain Dr. Moi'rison keeps has done much
better.

Please accept our thanks, doctor, for the
beautiful workmanship on your queen-ex-
cluding lioney-board sent us. We may
have an engraving of it made. These lioii-
ey-boards, made partly of wood and partly
of zinc, promise to be an important imple-
ment in the apiary ; and since the subject
is up, we give below an article from friend
Heddon, which we extract from the Canadi-
an Bee Journal of July 7. Dr. Tinker al-
ready alludes to the cut of a honey-board,
given in the C. li. J. for June 2o. It seems
that many minds are working on this very
tiling; and altliough the different experi-
menters liave different ideas, as usual, we
think we shall ultimately come along to
what is pretty nearly common ground. Be-
low is the article from friend Ileddon:

HONEV-BOARDS.

Referring to your "Own Apiary," page 24,5, where
you illustrate a queen-excluding honey-board of
combined wood and metal surface, I will say that
we are experimenting on an extensive scale with
these boards, the idea of metal strips -being let into
grooves in the sides of our honey-i)oard slats hav-
ing originated with at least four different persons a

1S86

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

G13

year or more ago. I may name Dr. G. L. Tinker,
who wrote about it not long since; C. E. Boyer, my
foreman; W. Z. Hutchinson and myself, neither bc-
ing aware of the other's device, and all giving' it to
the public. Here we are using it as follows: We
make our wood slats the same width and thickness
as ever, leaving the spaces between them the same
three-eighths inch, and slide in metal strips having
one row of openings only, and these strips we get
made to order, with their edges all smooth and
whole, and I can not see how smooth edges are se-
cured by cutting strips containing " two rows" of
openings, any more than a strij) of only one row,
which leaves the jagged edges, which work just as
well in the boards, but are more trouble to insert.
My experience and observation with bees fully con-
vinces me that one row of openings over the center
of each top-bar, below will give far more than am-
ple passage room for the strongest colonies. I will
tell you why 1 object to using metal strips wide
enough to contain two rows of openings: It necessi-
tates, as in friend Hall's case, five-eighths space be-
tween the slats. Now, if the bec-si)ace is right be-
tween the surfaces of the slats and the surfaces
above and below them, of course it is about one-
eighth of an inch larger between the surfaces of
this metal and the .sXirfaces above and below it. I
think we should be more apt to be troubled with
brace-combs where we used two rows of openings,
than where we used one, as I have it. 1 am not
sure but quarter-inch between the slats would be
better than our three-eighths. I can tell at the
close of this season. I have used brood-frames
with top-bars three-eighths inch thick, and varying
in width from thirteen-sixteenths up to one and
one-eighth inch, and I have found brace-combs built
between their edfjes to a greater extent in propor-
tion as the bars were wider aiy:! the spaces narrow-
er; but this kind of bracing is between the edges of
the bars, and not between their surfaces and other
surfaces above and below them. In testuig some
thirty all-wood queen-excluding honey-boards, made
so by widening our quarter-inch slats till the spaces
between them were the same as metal openings, in
width, we were astonished to find that the bees
built comb in these sjiaces till two thirds of the
passageway was stopped. We tried them two sea-
sons, realizing this and other disastrous results, and
have discarded them entirely.

HEDDON'S nONEV-BOAKU.

"What is it?" I receive many questions like this.
Will you kindly let me reply to many at once? An
implement, machine, or manufacture, may take its
name from him who constructed, devised, or invent-
ed it. A device mayor ma3' not be an inveniion;
and it is a question as to whether placing these
strips of metal in grooves in the slots can be called
an invention or not; but whether it is or is not, it is
certainly a device, and preferable to nailing it on
to one side as before. My honey-board contains
two important features, each ot" which performs
very useful functions, and which 1 invented some
eight or ten years ago. 1. Arraufjing slats within a
frame or rim, in such numtier that one of their sur-
faces shall be even with oik^ surface of the rim,
while their other surface shall be a bec-si)ace lower
than the other surface of said rim. This gives us a
honey-board containing a bee-spaco within itself.
The rim gives it solidity, wlien the slats are made
as thin as quarter-inch, as wc make them. 3. Ar-
rangiug slats, forming a honey-board, in such man-
ner that the center of each slat shall run parallel
with, and rest directly over, the space between two
brood-frames below, and the center of the toivbars
below shall come directly under the spaces between
the said slats. Any honey-board that contains
neither of these principles is not a Heddon honey-
board; but one that does contain either of them is.
Extensive and repeated experience with these
boards not only gives me the knowledge that their
usefulness by far outweighs their cost and manipu-
lation, l)Ut they are in no way whatever anydeii'i-
ment or hindrance to the bees and their woi-k. ^'ou
will notice that, by fitting your hives and supers to
a honey-board containing a bee-space, the same can
be used without the honey-board, all beespaees re-
maining as perfect as when used in connection with
it. This honey-board has never been iiatented, ex-
cept in combination with my new hive, as described
in past numbers of this journal, ft is used and
highly prized bv such ^jrodueers as Dr. C. C. Miller,
R.L.Taylor, W. Z. Hutchinson, Prof. A. J.Cook,
and scores ot other equally expert beo-kcepers, less

known to the public. 1 am confident that it has
come among us to stay. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich.

Below we give an engraving of a honey-
board mad'^ on Ileddoti's plan, fitting the
Simplicity hive.

■■!'■■

■ " ' ■

I I M I

''''''*''''

1^

S3C

SEE

^aae

» t.LL,U.J,C

" V ''' ' ■ ■ ' ■ ' ' ' ■ -^

■*■■'''■'*■'''' -^

xa

asT r'l I i' i M i I t EC

^BM

* t' _''_''•' ■ ' "" ' < I I ■ ■ « I I ■ I ■ ■ "i

QVEEN - EXCr.UDINfi IIONEV-HO.VRI), ARKANGED

SO AS TO HAVr. 'JHE OPENINGS JUST

OVER TFIE TOP-BARS OF THU

BUOOD-FKAMES.

The engraving shows the honey-board with
the smooth or level side uppermost. The
woodeti slats are 1 incli wide, and a little less
than i inch tiiiek. The spaces between
them are i* inch. The end-pieces to which
the ends of the slats are nailed were original-
ly 4 X 9-l(). A rabbet is made in one corner
of this strip, i x f. For use on the Simplici-
ty hive there is no frame clear around tlie
honey-board, as Heddon has them ; that is,
the honey-board is composed of simply the
end-pieces and the slats. It is ])ut ofi the
hive with the bee-space downward; and as
our crates are all made with bee-spaces un-
der the sections, when the case is set direct-
ly on the honey-board it comes all right.
The price of these honey-boards is il cents
each ; S'i 00 fot 10, or $18.00 per 100. If
wanted by mail, add '2-2 cents additional for
postage.

CARNIOLAN BEES GREAT \^rORKEHS.

AltE THEY A PURE RACE ?

UNE 3d I put a swai-m of Carniolan bees into a
two-story Simplicity hive with 20 frames filled
with wired Van Deusen foundation. In eight
days after that I extracted, from the upper
story, 413 lbs. of v; hite clover honey, and left
the lower ten frames filled with honey. On the ITth
of June I extracted, from the same combs, 38 lbs.
more; and then to see if Carniolans would get tired
of drawing out foundation I gave them ten frames
again, filled with \'an Deusen flat-bottom founda-
tion. Yesterday, July 8, 1 extracted .50 lbs., cai)ped,
as white as snow, from these same frames of foun-
dation, and the ten combs below arc still full of
brood and honey.

TU.VT yUKKN OK II. A .MIC'IIK.N EK'S NOT PURE CAK-
NIOI.AN.

Your publication of UaMichcner's letter gives me
a light to a reply. I do not believe he has a Carnio-
lan (luecn, and some time since I wrote him to this
effect. 1 may have made a mistake, and sent him a
hybrid Italian last year. If 1 did, it was not the re-
sult of any less care in breeding queens than is ex-
ercised by the inost careful. As an instance of how
such a mistake may occur: A few weeks since, I
put u» after swfiiui jiito a nucleus hive with (oua-

GU

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

datioii unci one frame of brood. Two da3's after, 1
removed the virgin queen, intending- to give a Car-
niolan virgin the next day; but tiie next day, on ex-
amining the colony I found another virgin queen.
Now, suppose I had run my Carniolan queen into
that nucleus without knowing that other queen was
tlieie, wouldn't I have sent that other queen to Ila
Michener or somebody else In ten days? This is but
one instance of how a mistake inai/ be made. I
know of others, and am convinced that, with all the
care the most careful breeder may give the busi-
ness, errors will happen. Probably less likely, but
yet possible, the receiver of a good queen may lose
her and not know it. For instance, I removed, a
few weeks since, a queen from a strong colony,
where I had placed her some days previously, to a
nucleus hive in a distant part of the yard. Three
da.>s after, 1 found a laying queen in this same
hive. There is positively no mistake as to these
statements. Now, supjMse I had smoked this colo-
ny and given them a queen on the third day, not
having found the other (jueon, accidentally, and on
the fourth day " found her laying," wouldn't it have
been another queen? and wouldn't I have sent a
complaint to Gleanings that somebody had im-
posed on me? 1 have seen a great many other meth-
ods through which mistakes may happen on the part
of the breeder or the buyer of queens, for I do the
whole of the work in my apiary; and keeping a
written record on each hive I have often seen these
anomalies.

Some time before seeing 11a Michenor's letter in
Gleanings I wrote him in substance as above, and
offered to send him another queen, but have had no
reply. My offer still holds good to him, for he
is doubtless one of our " square " men.

" If they are not a pure breed, would it not be
best to drop them right where they are?" This is
your question on page 5f8. Now turn to page 527
and i-cad from W.Z. Hutchinson about the " Swarm-
ing-out Mania" of Italians — real Italians, and not
hybrid Carniolans (to say the best we can for Ila
Michenor's); then read what Mr. Robbins says about
his inability to prevent excessive swarming, on p.
510; then the "Swarming Mania Raging," by John
Nebel & Son. If this is the trouble Italians are go-
ing to give us, would it not be best to drop them
just here? Oh, no! I am satisfied that my Carnio-
lans arc fully equal to Italians as workers; and that,
either purely fertilized or fertilized with Italian
drones, their workers are mucli gentler and pleas-
anter to work with than Italians, and these are the
qualities I want. I don't give much for the dress or
adornments of bees.

" ARE CARNIOLANS A PURE RACE?"

1 can't tell. Ask Mr. Uenton or some other relia-
ble person on the ground. He says Italians are not
a pure race, and that settles that question. I can
only say that my imported Carniolan queen pro-
duces no progeny with yellow bauds; but they are
of a uniformly steel-gray color.

GETTING BEES TO WORK JN SECTIONS.

Gleanings for July 1 contained the most direc-
tions I know any thing of. If I want increase of
bees I give all the coujb and foundation in the
brood-frames I can got. If I want work in sections
I put into the brood chamber — one on each side —
two wide frames filled with sections full of comb or
foundation, and, between these, seven frames with
an inch starter of foundation, and set on top of the
hive a combined shipping and boneycratc (I never

use those lor shipping honey) also filled with sec-
tions full of foundation. I am never more certain
of honey in sections than when a swarm of bees is
put into a hive arranged as above.

S. W. Morrison, M. D.
O.vford, Chester Co., Pa., July 8, 1886.

We are very glad to get so good a report
from the Carniolans, especially as our expe-
rience with them has been rather discourag-
ing. It would seem that you have a better
strain ot these bees, friend Morrison (see in
the article above, what Dr. Tinker says of
the comparative working qualities of our
strain of Carniolans and yours). We often
notice the same difference" between different
strains of Italians ; and it would be nothing
strange if Carniolans were like them. Be-
fore the clover bloom, and before the im-
ported Carniolan colony had cells started, or
had any thoughts of swarming, they were
more than once on the eve of starvation,
while the Italians were supporting them-
selves easily. Even when the honey-flow
commenced, although the Carniolans were
making no preparations to swarm they did
not begin to fill the combs in their brood-
chamber, though it was a large colony.
When the statement was made, that they
were poor workers, it was done because we
felt it our duty to do so, even at the risk of
spoiling our own trade in untested Carnio-
lan queens. We have not, and do not now
claim, that, because our Carniolans were in-
ferior workers, therefore all are. Indeed,
Dr. Morrison (whose statement we have no
reason to doubt) has a strain of these bees
that are good workers. If any are desirous
of securing a Carniolan queen, we would
with pleasure recommend them to him. In
favor of the ('arniolans so far as we have ob-
served, we will say this : They are very qui-
et, easy to handle, adhere to the combs, are
good breeders, little inclined to propolize,
and are, perhaps, a trifle larger than the
average Italians. In disposition they are
(piite different from blacks; but neverthe-
less in ((ppccmince they very much resemble
them. In fact, it seems that Dr. Morrison
himself does not always distinguish the dif-
ference, or he would not have made the mis-
take in sending a hybrid queen to Ila Miche-
ner, when he intended to send a Carniolan.

Ernest.

ARE DRONES FROM A PURE MISMAT-
ED QUEEN PURE ?

SO.ME VALUABLE FACTS FROM FRIEND SWINSON.

fRlEND ROOT:-On page 545, in j'our foot-notes,
replying to F. Clare, as to hybrid bees, you
state that drones from a pure Italian queen,
which has mated with a black drone, will be
pure Italian drones, which, then, would be
just as good as drones from an imported Italian or
any other Italian queen. I have read this same
thing repeatedly, from different parties for the past
four years; but I found, on trial, that it won't work
according to theory, worth a cent. Why, friend
Root, if this were so there is no need of a man hav-
ing 25 or 30 colonics to Italianize to buy more than
two pure Italian queens to do it.

In 1884 I had 20 to 29 colonies of blacks, except
3 pure Italians. la May I killed all the black queens,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

616

and reared in each hive an Italian queen; these, of
course, were nearly all mated with black drones.
In August and September, after all the black drones
were gone, and nothing loft in the apiary except
pure Italians and drones from these pure mismated
queens, I again removed all the hybrid queens, giv-
ing cells bred from the pure stocks, as befoi-c. Now,
when the pi'ogenyof these queens hatched out they
should have been pure, according to this theory;
but, not so; they were nearly every one hybrids, as
in the spring trial, except that none of the prog-
eny were full black bees, as in the first cross, but
they were from one to three mingled-banded bees,
such as hybrids always show more or less of. They
were exactly what C. Kingsleysont me last spring
as tested Italian bees— nothing but hybrids, yet
pure, according to the theory. I continued to breed
up queens, and have them mated to these drones
as late as I could; and, not being able to produce
pure Italians in that way, I sent off and bought 20
odd queens of S. D. McLean, of Tennessee, and in-
troduced them in place of these queens mated with
drones that were bred of pure queens mismated.

TO START BEES TO WORK IN SECTIONS,

Or any part of a hive you want them to go to work
in, is a very simple thing to do, if they are working
anywhere. This is the way: Take a piece of comb
having sealed and unsealed brood in it, and idace in
one of the sections which you want them to occupy
—box or any other contrivance you want honey
stored in, and they will certainly go to work around
it; they won't desert brood and larva' as they do
honey placed up in sections to start them ; and as
soon as they get well started and under way you
can remove the piece containing brood. This is a
nevei'-failing remedy; it will start the most obsti-
nate colonies, and is very simple and easj' of trial.

CAUNIOLANS.

They do show bees having two yellow bands, and
even an occasional one with three; but they are a
smaller and more reddish-looking bee— rather dwarf-
ish-looking fellows compared with the regular Car-
niolan workers; so, at least, do the Carniolans I got.
and they, too, are from imported mothers, two of
which were sent me by Mr. Benton in August and
October last, as first-grade queens. They are very
gentle indeed— good workers, but they make little
show for it in their hives, in the way of surplus, as
they are such excessive breeders that they use more
than most bees do in bi'ceding. This is the only
reason I can give to account for their lack of stores,
as they cei-tainly do work well. Tliey just teem
with fertile workers, if made queenless for six or
seven days. They have jilenty of fertile workers
in their hives, even when having a (lueen hatched
in it several days old. They beat Henderson's Syr-
ians for fertile workers. 4— A. L. Swinson, 71—73.

Goldsboro, N. C, July 5, 1880.

Friend S., I do not see that you demon-
strate at all that the drones from pure Ital-
ian queens, when crossed with a bhick or
hybrid, are vot pure Italian. The tlieory
was first propounded by Dzierzon, and then
verified by that careful experimenter the
Baron of Berlepsch ; and, if I am correct, it
has not been proven imtrue as yet. Your
experiment upon the point in question is
faulty, in that there mi^lit have been, and
prol)ably were, black bees witliin your im-
mediate vicinity. Besides, it seeiiis to me
you could not prove there were no black bees

near you. At the bottom of your letter I
se^ you have been in the business for four
years; so at that time (1884) you could hard-
ly have Italianized the wild bees in your vi-
cinity.— The phm you mention, of inducing?
bees to go into sections, is the same as that
mentioned recently by Doolittle. — Your ex-
perience with the Carniolans is similar to
ours, that they make little show of honey in
the hives. Ours, however, do not even seem
to work well. If Carniolans teem with fer-
tile workers wlien cpieenless, it certainly is
a bad trait. As we have raised no (jueens
from our Carniolans, we have not tested
them 'in this ])articular. I would recom-
mend you, friend 8., and all otliers who feel
undecided about the drones from pure moth-
ers, to go over again our little book called
the " Dzierzon Tlieory." It is mailed on re-
ceipt of 12 cents.

CARNIOLAN BEES, AND ARE THEY
GOOD MTOEKEKS?

FRIEND J. U. MASON TEI^T^S HIS EXPERIENCE WITH

THEM.

"T N Gleanings for June 15, Ernest strikes a blow
j^f at the Carniolan bees, pronouncing the verdict
^l upon them as worthless, as he says they are
■^ poor honey-gatherers, and concludes by warn-
ing the friends about investing in them. This
seems hardly fair to pronounce judgment on this race
of bees in that way, until you had tested them further
than one or two (lueens, especially as I believe Mr.
Benton held that there must be some mistake
about one of them. Had I judged the Italian race
of bees l)y the three first queens I ever had, or from
two that 1 bought later on from a very prominent
breeder, I fear I should most surely have condemn-
ed the race, for they were as near worthless as Er-
nest describes the Carniolans. They were not self-
supporting; and from the reports of others I at
once decided that there were better Italian bees
than I had got; and after procuring some from an-
other strain I found a vast diflereuce in them.

For two years past I have been testing the Carni-
olans, and I must say I have found them superior
in all respects to the Italians for comb honey. My
Carniolans do not show yellow bands, as Ernest
speaks of, and they have no lazy or sluggish actions,
but are among the very best workers I have ever
seen. They are certainly better ccmb-builders than
any Italians I have ever had, and build whiter
combs, and take to the boxes more readily; and as
for gentleness, they are gentler than any I have
had. If one wishes for nothing but extracted hon-
ey, perhaps there may be none better than the Ital-
ian bees.

It is evident to my mind, that these so-called Car-
niolans that have bands are hybrids. You may say
they were imported. Well, the next thing is, arc
there no hybrids where they were reared'? I re-
ceived two imported Italians from a dealer whom I
think you would i)ronounce perfectly honest; but I
pronounced them both hybrids, and I will bet a tri-
fle they were. A. T. Root pronounceil them so, as I
sent a sample of the bees.

In July 1st Or.EANrNC.s, 11a Michener sjieaks of
procuring a queen of S. W. Morrison, and he says she
was a hybrid, temper not excepted. Well, now I
should ask. Did not S. W. Morrison sell her for a hy-

Glf)

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

brid or an untested queen? Mr. Micliener ask& if we
are not being imposed vipon, and getting back our
old bees again. I answer, no; the characteristics
of the Ciirniolans difl'er as much from the German
l)ecs as do tlie Italians. I think Mr. Michcner has no
need to regret that any of the Carniohm blood has
lieen introduced into his apiary, provided comb hon-
ej' is his object. 1 believe, friend I{oot, if you hold
your judgment on tliese bees until you have tested
tliem further, and until you get the reports of those
who are now testing them you will ha\e good reason
to change your views on them. Will yon please al-
low me to send you a Carniolan queen to test, and
give a report what you think of her? J. 15. Mason.
Mechanic Falls, Me., July, 1886.

You are right, friend Mason. It is liarclly
to be expected that the workers from two
queens would be a fair test of the race in gen-
eral ; but if you will tiu'ii back to the article to
which you refer you will see that it is so
stated. Perhaps "we were a little hasty in
drawing deductions; at any rate, see what
Abbott L. Swinson says of tliem. We are
ready for reports now from others ; and as
it is hard to tell definitely from tlie worker-
Ijees raised from the daughters of the im-
ported Carniolans, I should like to have re-
jioits from the worker-bees from the hiiport-
al Carniolan queens themselves.

THE FIRM OF JANE MEEK & BROTHER.
A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

liY EV. W. D. HAI.STON.

CHAPTER VIII.

BRIGHTENING PHOSPECTS.

fOMMY thought over their debt day after day.
It worried him. He knew, from talking with
his father, that they should need at least
seven new hives and ten pounds of founda-
tion for another season. This would likely
increase their debt to thirty-six dollars, before they
would have any honey to sell. In the wood-shed
was a carpenter's bench and a number of tools, for
Mr. Meek liked to work with lumber. He also al-
lowed his children to use his tools, and had often
instructed them in the use of these tools.

One da V Tommy had been at work making a rab-
bit-trap, and had just finished it when Jane came in
after some wood. She looked at the trap, and ad-
mired it very much, and then asked, "Why could
you not make our hives ! "

Tommy said, "I believe I could, if father would
let me use that planed lumber that is upon the
joists."

When they asked their father, he said, " If you
make hives that will answer, you can use the lum-
ber, free of cost, and I will also furnish you nails;
but if you merely waste my lumber and nails, or
make some old rattle-bo.x of a thing, and call it a
hive, I will charge you for both."

Said Tommy, "I will be careful, and do the very
best I can."

Mr. Meek then told Tommy and Jane to bring the
empty hive into the woodshed. He went there,
measured its different parts, and sawed out one
piece of each. These he directed Tommy to mark,
and use as patterns; and Tommy found them a
great help.

For some days Tommy and Jane worked carefully
at the hive, and at length the first one was fin-
ished, and their father was asked to examine it.
He said it would do, but showed Tommy whei-e he
had made some mistakes, and also where it might
be improved. As Tommy always attended school,
when in session, the seven hives were not all made
and painted until May. One day, when the children
were from home, Mr. and Mrs. Meek were in their
stoi'eroom looking at their hives, and Mr. Meek
said to his wife, "If those children never sell a
pound of honey, what they are learning by engag-
ing in this work will more than pay all expenses."

As the lumber and nails were furnised by Mr.
Meek, the seven hives cost only fl-.W, for oil and
paint.

The four colonies were wintered in the cellar, and
placed in the yard the following spring.

The one in which was the new queen was found
badly diseased. It had dysentery, and the hive was
in a filthy condition. After the bees had a flight,
the combs were removed by Mr. Meek to another
hive, and then warmly covered with cloths. It finally
rallied, and, by exchanging an empty comb for one
of sealed brood from one of the other hives, it be-
came strong by the time white clover bloomed.

That winter there had been much snow covering
the ground, and protecting the clover; and in the
following summer there was a most bountiful
bloom of white clover. The children, under their
father's directions, had prepared cases of nice clean
sections, ready to be placed on the hives. They had
also prepared their frames for the lower storj' of
the new hives by fastening strips of foundation two
inches wide along the top-bars. They did this to en-
courage the bees to build straight combs. Long
before the time came for placing the sections on the
hives, they had all things ready; or, as Mr. Meek
expressed it, their dish was "turned up to catch the
honey."

When they saw the white clover beginning to
blossom, sections for sin-plus were placed on the
hives. When these became filled they were elevat-
ed, and others put under them; and in this way the
bees were kept busy, and no sections were removed
until every cell was sealed.

When swarms issued they were hived in nice new
hives, with wide starters of foundation In every
frame, and in a short time they had filled their
hives with nice straight combs, and had begun
work in the sections, a case of which had been
placed on all first swarms a few days after hiving.

As abundant room for the storage of honey was
always afforded, and as the hives not shaded by the
trees and shrubberj' were well protected from the
sun by boards leaned up against them, there was
not much of a disposition to swarm. It seemed
that the honey so abounded in the white clover,
and they were so busy gathering it, that they for-
got all about swarming.

They had only five swarms, so when the season
closed, the firm possessed nine colonies; but the
l)antry shelves were groaning under the load of
nice comb honey that had been placed on them.
There was not much basswood in reach of their
apiary, therefore this honej' was mostly from white
clover.

After the clover-yield, all the hives, by Mr. Meck's
directions, were reduced to one case of sections, to
await the yield from fall flowers; but for some
reasoTi there was 710 honey gathered from that

1880

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

617

source. When these cases were removed they were
I'ound empty. Although many sections were part-
ly filled with light honey, when the How lioni that
ceased, all were I'ound to ho empty, the honey hav-
ing- been carried below; but an examination showed
that the hives were heavy, and that doubtless ail
had abundant stores for winter. They found honey
in the fall flowers, Init not enough to send them in-
to the sections.

The croi) of honey was 417 pounds, every section
nicely filled and sealed, and as white as snow.
After selecting- 73 pounds of the nicest sections
for home use, the rest was sold to a g-roccr in the
town at 15 cents a povnid. When the firm delivered
this honey, and received S.'jO.^S, they feU rich in-
deed. That night, they posted up their books for
the year. They found that their entire outlay had
been only !Kt).75, which, added to the f'ZO.W owed
their father for last year, made sf^CSf) as their entire
debt. This they paid and had $30.40 i-emainiiig.
They were now o\it of dtd)t, and could feel that
their apiary was all their own, and the question
was, what to do with the rest of their money.
Their mother advised them to place it in their
father's keeping, and use it as needed to provide
supplies for their apiary. Their father said that
as they liad three empty hives, he thought ten new
ones would be abundantly sulhcient to hold next
j-ear's swarms; that he had no lumber on hand, and
that, if Tommy made hi\es, he would have to buj*
lumber, and that it would be better to order hives
in the flat from the supjily-dealer. These would be
planed, and cut out all ready to nail, and would
cost only a little more than the lumber. Ten hives
would cost 8.5 cents each ; so the money was st'iit foi-
them. They abo ordered 1000 sections.

Mr. Meek wanted Tommy to study diligently;
and he well know if ten hives had to be made by
him it would interfere with his studies; therefore
he advised buying hives ready to nail. To nail and
paint these was a comi)arativcly short job, and it
was all done before school opened.

One evening, late in the fall, Mr. Meek leturned
from a short journey he had taken in his buggy.
The children ran out to greet him, when he lilted a
large tin can from his buggy, and asked if they
knew what it was. After they had examined it
Tommy guessed it was a churn; and .Jane s;ii 1 it
was a machine for making apple-butter.

At length he told them it was a honey-extract(<r.
They had read about that machine, and its u-.e, but
had never before seen one. This excited them, rnd
they were for running with the news to mother,
when their father called them back to care for tlie
horse, as he was chilled al'ter his long- ride. When
they returned from the barn they carried the ex-
tractor with them into the house. Their father,
now warm and comfortable, explained that, where
he had stopped the previous night, the farmer had
at one time owned quite an apiary; but an invalid
son who cared for the bees had died; and as there
was no one to take his jilaee, the Lees had been neg-
lected, and finally all had died. He was selling- his
hives and fixtures, and had offered this extractor
and uncapping-knife for three dollars. As it was
not half its cost, he bought it for the firm. He
then showed the children how to take a frame of
sealed honey, out off the caps with the honej-knife,
and place it in the revolving frame, close by the
wire netting-; prepare another fi-ame of honey, and
place it on the opposite side; then turn the crank

rapidlj', and the honey would be thrown out, and,
striking the side of the can, would run down, and
could be drawn off through the honey-gate. The
combs would then need to be lifted out and turiled,
when the other side could be extracted in a similar
manner. The combs, then free*From honey, could
be returned to the hive, and, in the time of a good
honey-How, would soon be refilled.

He said he felt confident that more honey could
be raised by extracting, but it did not meet as ready
sale in most communities as the eoTnb, and sold at
a lower price. To raise extracted honey, we need
to prepare our hives with two sets of frames— one
below for brood, and one above for surplus. A hive
so prepared is called a two-story hive. The frames
in the upper story ai-e the ones extracted.

During- the winter. Tommy, under his father's di-
rection, made upper stones for two of their hives,
intending- to use those two for raising extracted
honey.

Til he ci>)itinw(l.

SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH CANDIED
HONEY.

IS THERE ANY WAY TO PREVENT ITS GRANULA-
TION?

@NE man writes you that, if honey is kept in a
warm rooiTi, it will not candy; another says.
Seal it up hot; another. Keep it in the dark.
Writers seem to ignore the fact that a test
made with only one kind of honey is of no
value whatever.

I noticed some months ago you spoke of honey
not candying, even with a zero freeze. Are you
sure that a zero freeze will cause honey to granu-
late more quickly than the most moderate weather
we have in Januiiry? I am not sure that you are
not right. My experiment which I am about to give
is not worth much, for the reason that it was made
with only one kind of honey. You will remember
the year we had a drive together, some ten yeai-s
ago. The following winter I took some of your
Medina Co. honey (linden, candied solid). When we
got it I melted it thoroughly, put up 10 half-pint
glasses, i)laced two in the office where there was a
self-feeding hard-coal stove, perfectly warm— I
should think certainly above 00° the 34 hours— two
in the yard exposed to a zero freeze; two in the
cellar, wrapped up in dark paper placed in a dark
room; two in the hallway where it would be about
the freezing-point all the time, and two in the ware-
room, where it was warm in the daytime and cold
at night. Now, inside cl two weeks every glass was
candied solid, and I could not distinguish any differ-
ence in the time that it took for each one to become
candied.

That same season 1 went to the Shenandoah Val-
ley, in Virginia, and bought some honey from the
blue thistle, in the conUi. The following >fay that
honey was not candied. After I left there, which
was in August, they had a good yield from a yellow
Hower, I think the goldenrod. Some of that was
sent to us; and although that was taken out of the
hive after what I have already spoken of, it was
candied solid in the combs in the month of Novem-
ber.

When a man tells me how to keep a certain kind
of honey from candying, then I am ready to listen
to him; b\il when he tells me how to keep honey

(118

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

from candying', then I know that lie docs not know
what he is talking: about. I don't believe there is a
possibility of keeping- your linden honey from can-
dying-, and dozens of other kinds are just as liable
to cand3'. Now, my experience has simply taught
nic that, if I go afid buy one kind ot honey it will
candy quickly; and if 1 buy anothci- kind it will re-
main much longer in the liquid state; but as for
preventing the granulation in the winter season, I
am as ignorant as the day I was born. I have also
learned that honey placed in a glass, with a small
piece of candied honey put in it will granulate in
the month of July, the candied portion Avorking like
leaven, until the whole glass'is in the same condi-
tion.

Some one in Gleanings lately made the state-
ment, that when honey granulated shows grains, it
is an evidence of purity ; and that when it is
smooth it is an evidence of adulteration. Now, I
think he is mistaken. I go to a commission house to
buy California extracted^ I open one can, and find
it is gi-ained nicely— that is all I want to see. I don't
need to taste it— it will suit me. T o])en another can
in the same lot in the original package, and I have
no doubt of its purity. I find it is candied, but
smooth; a little darker than lard, but otherwise ex-
actly like it in the smoothness of its appearance. I
don't want it; the flavor is not gooil; yet I have no
doubt of the purity of the honey. You beekeepers
laugh at people's ignorance when they say they
don't want candied honey; but that does not help
the matter. You and I have not a sulHcient lease
of life to hope to see the day when the masses in
our cities will be educated to buy honey in the c;in-
died state; and it is the masses in our manufactur-
ing' cities who must be depended on to use up the
great yields of honey which seem to be increasing
every year. What is the remedy then'/ I think it
is the wisest course to recognize the existing preju-
dice ag-ainst candied honey, and do the best you can
to give them the honey in a shai)e that they will
buy. It seems to me that it would be quite within
the province of the bee-journal to experiment, and
learn the kinds of honey that will remain the long-
est in a liquid condition; and the intelligent apiarist
would then know that it would be to his advantage
to market that which candies quickly in the comb,
for we all know that honey, being slightly candied
in the comb, will not interfere with its sale. It
seems to me that, if no extracted honey were sold
that was inferior in quality, o5 that would canHy
quickly, it would help the sale of honey wonderfully.

There; is an evil.in the business which I wish to
speak of , and then I am done. It is the putting of
two thick pieces of glass and a stout frame, all to
hold one little piece of comb honey in its place.
When I see a man give value lor mo)iey, and at the
same time jirosper, F bid him (Jodspeed; but when
a man owes his pi-osperity to his sharpness in being
able to induce customers to buy two big pieces of
glass, with the little piece of honey and all to be
weighed as honey, I feel like asking him if he is
running his apiary in full accord with the golden
rule. M. H. Tweed.

Allegheny, Pa., July 5, 1886.

Friend T., I have read your article care-
fully all the way through, to see if you
touched on the plan laid down in the A B C
book, of sealing up the honey while hot, to
prevent candying. I have never had proof
that this will not keep it perfectly limpid.

providing the honey is sealed up exactly as
we seal up fruit. Of course, it must not be
heated to the boiling-point, as this will in-
jure the honey. You speak of putting the
lioney in half-pint glasses, but you don't
say whether they were hermetically sealed,
and sealed up while hot. I am very well
aware that tliere is a great difference in
honey of different kinds. Some will never
candy, and I gave up trying to make them
candy. Ilorsemint honey, I believe, has
never candied with us ; and the pure white-
sage honey of California — at least some
specimens of it— we have kept year after
year, winter and summer, without candy-
ing.— Now, I want to protest a little against
what you say in your concluding paragraph.
Putting up honey in the way you mention,
and asking the same prices for it that you
do for honey without tlie glass, might not
be exactly the thing ; still, if the purchaser
wanted it in that way, I do not see why it
would not be all right. Friend Doolittle
has for years put his honey in glassed sec-
tions, and he lias a class of customers who
will not touch it in any other shape.
Whether he still puts it up in this way or
not, we can not say. We have had quite a
quantity of this kind of honey ; and when
we lirst put it on our wagon, a good many
took right hold of it^ because itJ,'could be
seen and handled without any danger of
daubing. We sell it, glass and all, however,
for 12 cts. per lb., while our nicest honey
in light Simplicity sections brings 18 cts.
per lb. When glassed comb honey^brought
from LT) to ;j() cts., there was a chance to
make money in selling it glass and all; but
when it brings only 12 cts., I am not sure
that the bee-keeper would come out very
much ahead, after paying for his glass.

^~

OUR BEES AND NEIGHBORS.

WHAT CAN WE DO TO PRESERVE PEACEFUL RE-
LATIONS BETWEEN THE TWO?

flUEND KOOT:— Please read the inclosed, and
then consider the following: I should like it,
or something better, printed in a neat, tasty
form for (jratuitims distrilmtvm among my
neighbors. I should want only 300 or 400, but
if you were to get up something to enlighten and
mollify one's neighbors, I think you could sell
them by the thousand, thus enabling you to print
them cheaply. They might include some plain
facts about bees, and a picture of the queen,
worker, and drone. The people who are not bee-
keepers are very ignorant, as a rule, about bees.
Something about honey, and how to keep it, might
be added. In short, if you think well of the plan,
you can add or omit any thing you wish. I only
send this as a sample of ahout what I want.

Now that Ithitik of it, an item specially directed
to storekeepers or grocers would be in place. They
often complain. They leave sugar and molasses
open to flies and dirt; and when the bees come
around there is trouble. Town authorities some-
times know so little that they prohibit the bees.
If you take kindly toward this, and. will get up a
neat, showy tract, or even one page, and send out
a sample with Gleanings, I think you will have
plenty of order.s. One c.in't go around and tell

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

619

everybody every tliinj;-. If it is primed in ti local
paper, it is lors-ottcii. Besides, the local presses
have not the experience nnr facilities lor gettiug
out what we want. Please reply to this, telling mo
what you think of it, and what you will do, and
what will be the probable cost per hundred of the
"Tract of Useful Tnforraation to My Neighbors
and Friends." A. Cameuon.

Derry Sta., Pa., July 10, IKKfi.

Friend Cameron, your susgestion is a
most excellent one. I, like yourself, have
labored to explain these things, and to set
people right in the matter ; l)Ut they have
such erroneous ideas that it is a very diffi-
cult task indeed to tell the story all over to
each seiiarate'individual. Tiie greatest diffi-
culty will l)e in getting people to read these
tracts or circulars. IJiit I think it (juite like-
ly that tliose who have been annoyed by bees
will be quite ready to look into the matter,
and with interest. Our readers will lind
the subject-matter of the tract alluded to
below:

TO MY FRIENDS AND NE£0HBOUS.

This is about bees. Please read it carefully and
preserve it. The bees sometimes come into your
house and annoy you. Perhaps you get stung, or
they fall into your jelly-keltle, or sting the baby. I
am very sorry for it all, and send you thic- little arti-
cle, hoping to save you trouble hereafter. The
bees try to steal only when the tiowers are scarce.
The worst time is in autumn, just when you want
to make fruit butters and jellies; and to be wor-
ried by bees when you are tired and warm is pro-
voking. Now, this is the way wo do at our house,
and we never have any trouble, even with the bees
right in the yai-d.

1. Never set any scraps of honey or other sweets
about the Avindows, or anywhere about the house,
for the bees to clean up. They have good memories,
and will prowl about for days, after having had a
taste.

2. We never set jellies on the window to cool, un-
less we have a good wire screen at the windows.
Most of the trouble is caused by.'e.vposing jelly in
this way. The bees find it, and think it is theirs.
A bee has no conscience, and will steal without re-
morse.

3. Tf a bee comes into your house, drive it out or
kill it. Never let it get a load to carry home.

4. If they have gotten into your kitchen and into
your jelly, you will have to bo extraordinarily cau-
tious for a week or more. Smoke is the best thing to
drive them out. Rut they won't stay out, and you
will simply have to shut up the house. But this
will never be the case if you will observe the sim-
ple precautions above noted.

Permit me to say a word in defense of the bees.
They are not an unmitigated nuisance.

1. By having a bee-keeper in your community you
are furnished with a pure and wholesome food
cheap.

2. Bees are useful, apart from the honey, in fer-
tilizing the flowers of your fruit-trees and garden-
vines. Without bees there would be no fruits, and
your melon, squash, and cucumber vines would not
bear. If you want mo to exjjlain this, I shall be
happy to do so.

:j. It is charged that the bees spoil grapes, pears,
etc. They do suck tlu^ juice out of all broken fruit ;
but this would sour anyliow. They can't open the

skin of a grape. 'rhe_bir(ls do the real mischief. I
can prove this to your satisfaction, if.you will bring
a bunch of sound grapes, or any sound fruit, to my
bee-yard.

4. People who live in towns must bear and forbear.
The pigpenjind i)rivy[are ol'ten'nuisances across
several lots. They should not be; but you draw a
full breath some warm evening— whew ! Besides,
are you sure that our chickens are not oiteii a mu-
tual trouble, to say nothing of cats, dogs, and such
like ? And yet we manage, by forbearance, to get
along neighborly, as is right.

I am sure"that you will not do so wicked and use-
less a thing as to set out poison for the bees. If you
have sulfered'any material injury, I will try to give
you satisfaction. By settingv poison for the bees,
you not only do a dainageito'the bee-keeper out of
all itroportion to the harm his bees have done you,
but you nuiy cause^the death of some person.

Any furthei- advice or help in any matter relating
to the bees, the undersigned will cheerfully furnish.

Derry Sta., Pa. A. Cameuon.

I want to add emphasis to your No. 8. If
a bee comes into your house, and begins to
sip up something sweet, the very kiiuh'st
thing you can do to the bee and its owner is
to kill it. If \w slips away and gets back to
tlie hive with even a small drop of some-
thing Pgood, it is like a lighted match to a
pile^of shavings. It s])reads, and very soon
there is an uproar. Killing the bee is like
blowing out the match before it has lighted
any thing else. Some people think it is
criiel and hard. A good many things are
cruel and hard in this world, if we take a
narrow view of them; but when one single
insect, by his death, can save the lives of
thousantls, there should be no hesitation,
and no weak, foolish sentiinentalism. Kill
him for the general good. The great troub-
les at the candy-stands and lemoinide-stands
on our fair-grounds can all be averted if the
keepers of the stands will keep a paddle ;ind
kill every bee as soon as he comes around.
I have seen this tried repeatedly. — In''regard
to the circulars, I think we will try our hand
at getting them up. We will start them at
2-5 cts. per 1()(». If wanted by mail, .5 cts. ex-
tra for postage. I wish that others who are
in the printing business may try it also.
Let us see who can get up the most attract-
ive tract for tiie smallest amount of money.
A sample of oiu's mailed free to any one.

WHAT HAS BECOME OF FRIEND
McGEE'S BEES?

DOUBLING EOll SWARMS TO PREVENT INCREASE,
ETC.

f HI END BOOT:— I send you herewith some
basswood-leaves. You will notice that they
are covered with lice, some with and some
without wings. Vou will also notice that the
leaves are covered on the upi)er side with a
sticky substance, which was discovered first about
the middle of .June. The basswoods are covered
with it, some more than others. Ijilso lind it on
the hickory-trees. This is the first of tliis kind of
stuff I have ever seen, and suppose it is the mueh-
talked-of honey-dew.

The (luestion with mejiow is. What has destroy-
ed my bees? Is it this substance found on the

620

GLEANINGS IN liEE ClULTUUE.

At TO.

leaves, or is it something' else? On the 20th of May
I had 'U strong colonies; from that date to the 15th
of June all cast heavy swarms, and were hived as
follows: M swarm wliere 1st had issued from; lid
where ;.M had issued from, and so on, so that, by
the mth of .June, 1 had trained but one colony. Of
course, no after-swarming- was allowed. You can
Imagine the strength of the colonies on the Ifitli of
.lune. They were powerful. Up to that date they
liail done great work on fruit-bloom and white
clover. Ilasswood opened about .Tuly 4tli, and
some trees are still in bloom; there is also an abund-
ance of sweet clover, white clover, motherrt-ort,
and catnip, all of which the bees are working on.
During the jiast week 1 expected a great deal of
swarming and an immense croj) of honey; but as
something seemed to be wrong I went through all
the colonies and found very few bees in the upper
stories, and the brood-combs only nicely covered.
They all looked as though they had cast a swarm
the day l)efore. The queens are the best, nu)6t of
them hatched in 1H85 and '80; their combs are tilled
with healthy brood, no dead bees in the hives, or on
the ground in the apiary. Every thing seems to be
all right except the absence of the field-bees. The
new lioney is of good color andciuality; the cap-
ping is a shade darker than nsual. Part of the col-
onies are working for comb and part for extracted;
all are alfected alike. What the outcome will be 1
can not predict, but 1 will report later. I can not
believe that anybody is poisoning them, as T don't
know that I have an enemy in the world.

I have sent Prof. Cook some of the basswood-
leaves. Geo. H. McGkk.

Point Marblchead, Ottawa Co., O., July W, 18Sfi.

Friend M., I hardly think the honey-dew
on the basswood-leaves has any tiling to do
with the missing bees. It may be iiard to
tell what has become of them ; but i.* it not
possible they worked themselves out, wore
out their wings, and perished V Tiiere is so
much water around you that a ragged -wing-
ed bee would be more a])t to perisli sooner
than he would be in a different locality.— Is
this the first season you have tried to return
swarms in this way, or have you practiced it
before? The effect is. you liave a great
(piantity of bees in each hive pretty nearly
all of an age ; and when they have livpcl
their allotted number of days during the
working season, they are g(me almost at
once. One fall I brought in a great quanti-
ty of bees from a neighbor, to save them
from beiug brimstoned. I divided them
around in my hives, so as to make tiiem tre-
mendously strong, and fed them to get them
ready for winter. Tliey used a great amount
of sugar ; but when the winter came, my
hives that had been overrunniug with bees
looked about as you describe yours. The
bees I brought home were late swarms ; and
as they had nothing to gather they were of
no use, there being plenty in the hive already
lo take care of all'the brood the ((ueen could
produce ; so when they died of old age I had
received almost no beneiit from them what-
ever. In your case I should have supposed
the swarms would have given you an im-
mense crop of honey before they wore them-
selves out; but you don't say a word about
the amoimt of h(mey you received.— The
sticky substance on the basswood leaves

seems to be the ordinary secretion of the
aphides, only it does not seem to be very
sweet. Prof, (look replies to friend McUe'e
in the next article.

PLANT NECTAR.

Some Additional Thovights from Prof. Cook.

IS IT IMtOliAIU.K THAT IT MAY KILL liKI'lS IN
WARM WEATHKIt ?

fllE leaves sent by Mr. McGce are thickly
gummed with a nectar of very doubtful
character, if T may .judge from the taste. It
is as thick as syrup in cold weather; is very
abundant, and quite nauseating to^ the
taste. Upon the leaves I tind abundant cast skins
of spiders, though no living lice. There can be no
doubt but that the nectar is an excretion from the
lice. Lice have been very common this year,
doubtless owing to the severe and long-continued
drought, and have been pretty well studied here by
myself and students.

Upon close examination we find that these plant-
lice not only emit drops of nectar from the necta-
ries, the long tubes on their backs, but also that they
pass a somewhat similar nectar from the alimenta-
ry canal through the anus. The nectar from both
sources is seen to be quickly a|)piopriated, and
seemingly relished by the many ants that are lured
by it to the same plants that are sacrificing their
sap and lil'e to thi^se myriad lice.

Until last year I had thought that nectar from
aphides (ijlaiit-lice) was always wholesome, and of
good llavor, while that from scale, or bark lice, we
all knew to be bitter, and even nauseating. Last
season the blackberry bushes of Northern Michi-
gan were crowded with i)lant lice that furnished
much nectar in the late autumn, which was eager-
ly gathered and stored by the bees. This neclar,
though not so unpleasant as that from bark-lice,
was not fit to eat. Some thatl I'eceived early was
not very bad, doubtless owing to the liberal ad-
mixture f)f honey from tiowers. I thought this not
very bad, and said I should not fear to use it for
winter food for my bees. Later I got some proba-
bly neai'ly <u' quite pure that was decidedly un-
wholesome, and I said it was unfit either for table
or bees. It is thought that many bees died from
the use of this food last winter.

The nectar on tlie leaves sent by Mr. McGee re-
minds me much of that from the blackberry
shrubs, and 1 should hesitate to ui-e it for winter
food for the bees. That it is killing off the bees at
this time, when they are on the wing every day,
and can freely void their feces, I much doubt. 1
should hardly accept it as a cause until I had
proved by thorough investigation that no other
cause was present, and, by experiment, by feeding
a few bees in a cage, on this nectar, that it was tox-
ic, or a poison to the bees.

I have seen— yea, and tasted— of honey derived
from plant-lice, notably from larch-tree lice, and
from lice from evergreens, that was excellent in
color and flavor. May it not be possible that the
nectar from the nectaries and skin of lice is whole-
some, while that from the anus is bitter and nox-
ious, and that the in-esence or absence of this lat-
ter makes the dill'erence? I think the best test in
tlie mattei- is our own taste. Ntccr (jirr the /jt'tx

1S8()

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

621

honey for winter tlial wc wovhl not iiite on our own
tabling. A. J. Cook.

Asriciiltiiral ("ollo-je, Midi., July H!. l«S(i.

^ -— -w

BEE-KEEPING IN CUBA.

A DKSCliM'TlON OK ONK 0 1' TIIK I,A l!(i KST AI'IA-
l{li:S IN THE WOIM.I).

^ IIR lidiicy bee was iuti-oiliK'oil into Ciiliii from
(PIV Spain at a very early ix-riod of its history;

MO winter to inijiede tlieir lalior, they soon
si)r(:i(l to all |iarls of tlie island, and boe-
keepin^' lias lonj;- sinee heeenie (>ne of the establish-
ed industries. 'I'liere is i)i'obali]y no otlier eoiintry
ofetinal e.vteni on the s'lobe, which has furnished
an ei|ual amount of honey and beeswa.Y. The lat-
ter lias, for more than two centuries, illuminated
the churches of both this island and the mother
country, besides furnishin": the supply need(Ml for
other purposes, while the former has found a remu-
nerative market in all civilized countries, chiefly in
Germany, Ens'hind, France, and the United States.
A Cuban beehive is very simple, consisting' mere-
\y of a hollow palm log', or oblong' wooden bo.v, 10 to
1.') inches in diameler, and .") to (I feet in leng-th,
open at both ends. These hives are arrang'cd in a
horizontal position, three or four feet high, sup-
ported on a framework of Ions' bamboo i)oles rest-
ing on i)osts driven into the j^round. When these
liives are full of honey, the Cuban l)ee-keei)er, after
Ihoroujrhlj' smoking the bees, thrusts, into one end
of the hive, a long' sword-shaped knife and cuts the
combs loose from the inside walls. He then inserts
a Ions' ii'oii i<i'l, flattened at the end, and l)ent in the
form (,f a light angle, clear into the liroodnest
(which g'encrally occupies about 1.') inches in length
of the center of the hive), cuts the combs, and
pulls them out one by one. He then performs the
same operation on the other end of the hive, and
so continues until the whole apiary is gone over.
The combs are now submitted to pressure, and the
wax sepai'ated from the honey. Of course, the
lioney so obtained is not very pure, being mixed
witli pollen, iiropolis, dead bees, and the juices of
larvse, all of which tends to cause fermentation;
Cul)an honey (than which, when jiure, there is no
finer in the world) has gained an unenviable reputa-
tion. Native apiaries, of from hi) to ;iU;j or 400 liives,
are frequent, and sometimes as many ns 2000 are
lu'pt in a single yard. The season for surplus hon-
ey extends from October to April, the height of the
tlow being from the middle of December to the
middle of February; but there is almost always a
sufHciency for breeding purposes, and hence the
Cuban bee-keeper never resorts to feeding. He
"robs" his hives only once or twice during the
year, and seems satisfied with an average iiroduc-
tion of 75 to 100 lbs. of honey, and 4 or 5 lbs. of
beeswax per hive.

Nearly three years ago the writer introduced, for
the Messrs. .1. N. & P. Casanova, 100 stocks of Ital-
ians in movable-frame hives, together with all the
modern appliances necessary to insure success.
They were located about 18 miles S. E. of Havana, 8
miles from the ocean, and, wo believe, constitutes
the first apiary on modern principles ever seen in
the island of Cuba; and to the gentlemen referred
to belongs the credit of this great change in the
systems of bee-keeping, from which promising re-

sults will undoubtedly be realized by many of their
bi-ethren in the near future.

MODEKN BEKIvEEPING VERSUS THE ()I,I) WAY.

The year following the introduction of these bees,
113 of them gave, in a period of 4 months, 4;i,000 lbs.
of choice honey, being over :5S0 lbs. per hive, or
more than four times the amount ))i'odueed on the
old plan. The success of this e.x'periment far e.v-
ceeded the most sanguine expectations of the Ca-
sano\a brothers, and, being gentlemen of means,
thej- at onee set aliout and completed one of the
best-appointed modern ajiiaries to be fouiul in .any
country; and foi' the benellt of the readers of
Gr;EANiNns, we will briefly describe it.

The apiary and buildings cover nearly three acres
of ground, in the form of a rectangle, sloping to
the southeast with a descent of 10 feet in a hun-
dred. Near the center of this plot are two sheds,
each ;iO0 feet long, extending across the plot in jiar-
allel lines, east to west, and about ISO feet apart.
Opening out from the northernmost of these sheds
are 6 others, extending to the north line of the plot
in parallel lines 2'i feet apart. At the center of the
south one of the two first mentioned i3 another
shed extending to the south 00 feet to the extract-
ing-room. These sheds are all 0 ft. wide, 0 ft. high at
the eaves, iioaked palm-leaf roof about a foot thick.
They are high and airy, alftn-ding perfect protection
from sun and rain, and are always comfortable,
even in the hottest weather. Along both sides of
the sheds, just inside of the eave-lines, are the long
rows of two-story hives, painted white, !t feet apart,
and, of course, facing outwai-d, so that the flight of
the bees in no way interferes with the Avorkmon.
The ground, all sloping toward the honey-house,
makes the wheeling-in of the loads of well-filled
combs comparatively easy. The extractor is a 0-
frame reversible, made by Aspinwall & Treadwell,
of heavy galvanized iron, and delivers the honey
through a large pipe on toi) of the center of a broad
screen, covering the top of an evaporating-taiik
holding 8,);)0 lbs., where the honey is freed from any
little pieces of comb, etc., which may have got in liy
accident. From the concave bottom of this tank
an iron pipe extends down the sloping ground 60 ft.
further, to a broad covered shed where the honey is
received directly into the bungholes of the tierces
by merely turning the large faucet on the end of
the pipe. Along the lower side of this barreling
shed, and coming close up fo it, is the roadway,
which is enough lower than the Hoor of the shed to
admit of the rolling of the filled tierces into the
carts ready for transportation to the depot.

It will thus be seen that, from first to last, there
is no dipping or lifting of honey recjuired. We
might go on to ilescribe the uncapping arrange-
ment, with their screen bottoms and troughs lead-
ing to the evaporating-tank, and many other useful
ajipliances of the large airy extracting-room; but •
our " story " is already drawn out beyond the space
we supposed necessary to tell it; so wi' will close by
saying that every thing is built substantial, ample,
and yet simple, and contrasts strongly with some of
the little "cluttered iij)" arrangements too often
seen in our own country. A. .1. Ktno.

N. Y. City, N. V., .liily, I88ii.

Thanks, friend King, for your very valua-
ble coniiniinication, cspceially your descrip-
tion of tlie Casanova Jipiary. Now, if it is a
possible lliiiiK we wanl a i)lioto<fi'apli of this
apiary, to show tlie arrangement of tlie

022

Gleanings in bee cuLTuiiE.

Aug.

hives, sheds, etc. If it can be accomplished,
never mind tlie expense, but let us have a
glimpse of this f^reat dnban apiary. I read
your communication all through vvitli a very
strnns: furiosity to know where so much
lioney is disposed of ; and now if it is second
to none in the world, can't we have a sam-
ple barrel of it ? In our price list we adver-
tise clover and linden honey, and also Cali-
fornia honey ; why not let us say Cuban
honey also V

THE PRODUCTION OF "WAX.

How Many Pounds of Honey Does it Coat

the Bee-Keeper for Every Pound of

"Wax Made by the Bees ?

SOMF. VALUABLE SUfJOESTIONS IN REOAllD TO THE
MATTElt, FKOM I'UIEND HASTY.

fUIEND ERNEST: -Concerning yours of the
;;.')th ult., about ray oxpeiiments to find how
many pounds of hoiioy make a pound of wax,
thei'o certainly were such published in
G1..EANINGS, but you fail to find them; and
\yith a hurried search T fail to And them also. Since
writing that article I have made more careful ex-
periments, which I intended to write up and lay be-
fore our bee-lseeping friends, but have never found
time to do so.

I regard the doctrine, that a pounil of wax equals
£0 pounds of honey, as a monstrous and mischiev-
ous error, with no foundation to stand on but the
carelessness of observers and the sullenness of
bees when subjected to unnatural conditions. In
planning matters in my own apiary I consider a
l)ound of wax as the equivalent of about three
pounds of honey. T also heartily agree with Ihe
idea, first advanced, 1 think, by Mr. Doolittle, that
much of the comb actually built in an apiary is
built at no cost at all in honey. Just as the blood
of an animal supplies material for the growth of
what hair ho needs, and little or nothing would be
gained by obviating it, so the blood of the bee
probably supports the growth of a moderate num-
ber of wax-scales without causing any special de-
mand for food.

It just occurs to mc to venture the remark, that
it is the white wax that costs, and the yellow that
we get free. When the bee eats honey and makes
a business of digesting it into wax, the scales are
white; but when he furnishes a few scales, while
consuming pollen freely, the scales are yellow.

E. E, Hasty.
Richards, Lucas Co., Ohio, July 14, ISSfi.
Friend II., considering the suggestions at
the close of the above, that perhaps a mod-
erate number of wax scales do not cost the
bee-keeper any honey at all, may be you are
right in suggesting that a pound of wax
<l()es not cost more than three pounds of
Iioney ; then it would follow from this, that,
if li(|'uid honey is worth only 7 cts. per lb., a
bee-keeper could produce beeswax, at least
in moderate quantities, for 21 cts. per lb.
Now, tlien, where is the bee-keeper who has
ever done this, or who can do it, or will do
it y We will pay liberally for reports of ex-
periments in this line. And, friend Hasty. I
wish you woidd take time and write up the
article you allude to as above. It is indeed
a matter of great moment, not only in our

country, but especially in tropical lands, far
away from civilization, where honey is
worth next to nothing.

THOSE BOXES FOR FORMING NUCLEI.

FRIEND DOOLITTI.E EXPLAINS.

#^ EEING Ernest's article on page .IHO, regarding
(S|^) how he formed a colony tiy using one of the
V'jj boxes I have deseiibed for forming nuclei,
■^ leads mc to give the readei-s of Gleanings
some of the uses I have i>ut these boxes to,
and to exijlaiii some points which I Fee Ernest and
perhaps some others fail to understand. I see Ei"-
nest thought it necessary to get his bees from several
dilferent colonies, while T get them from but one,
only in case of uniting nuclei in the fall or in mak-
ing very large colonics. The getting of the bees
from only one colony does away with much of the
labor, for only one queen has to be hunted, and only
one hive opened.

Well, since I wrote regarding the plan before, 1
have found out another "kink " which makes this
the simplest plan of forming nuclei known, and in-
volving as little labor. Well, the "kink" is this:
I get the bees from the upper story of a two-story
hive, having perforated zinc between the hives.
Here I know there can be no queens; and to tell
the reader how easy it is done, I will go over the
ground a little the second time.

Between the hours of 10 and 11 o'clock a. m. I take
my box and funnel, and go to one of these two-story
hiVes, open it, take out as many frames as I want
b(^es (which is generally not more than two), and
,1ar tliein a little so as to cause the bees to fill them-
selves with honey, waiting a moment or two for
them to do so, unless T am to make more than one.
If more than one is to be made I pass on to another
hive and get out two frames from that, when I go
back and shake the bees down through the funnel
into the box, and close the hive. In times when
honey is coming in plentifully from the field it is
not necessary to wait for the bees to fill themselves,
for they are already pretty full of honey. The box
is now taken into the shop, and a cloth thrown over
it. Any room or shady place T find just as good as
a dark cellar, which T nt first recommended; and I
often set an empty hive or hive-cover over it and
leave it right in the apiary so as to save all extra
travel.

In less than one hour these bees will almost "cry"
for a queen of some kind; but as they will some-
times cluster one if given too soon, especially
where virgin queens are u.sed, T wait till about two
o'clock, when they will fairly beg. I now get as
many virgin (picens, from four to eight days old, as
T have boxes of bees, and put in with the bees. I
do not "jumble " them up at all, as 1 used to, for I
find it is unnecessary. All I do in putting the queen
in is to set the box down suddenly, so the bees all
go to the bottom, and do this only to get the bees out
of the way, while I put in the queen. The box is
now left till near sunset, when the bees are all
clustered in the shape of a swarm. They are now
hived in a hive containing a frame of brood and one
of honey. To hive them I have the frames of brood
and honey set on one side of the hive,, together with
a division-board, when, with a quick jar, I dislodge
all the bees from the box on to the bottom of the
hive near the opposite side. T now (piickly slide the

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTIRE.

623

combs and division-board across the rabbets to tliis
side of tlie liivo when tht' bees are immediately on
them. In three or tour days more this young (jueen
is fertilized and hiying, and we have a nucleus
ready tor sending oil iiueens at once with less lime
and labor involved than would ta lie to get a laying
queen in any other way. In fact, I think so much
of the. plan that .f IIX) would not tempt me to drop it
and go back to any of the old plans— not for a single
year. Then there is oul^ other thing I especially
value it for, which is, the sale introduction of a
valuable queen arriving from a long journey. There
is no longer any need of fears of safely introducing
the most valuable (jucen, for 1 know that not one
queen in a thousand will bo lost if the above direc-
tions are followed. In this case I take lees enough
to make a fafi- colony, and use more frames of brond,
so that a strong artitleial colony is formed at once.
It is liandy and good to know that you are ready to
introduce a queen safely within three hours after
she arrives, no matter if jou do not know wi;en she
is to come.

Well, I was going to tell you more; but this arti-
cle is already long enough. I don't like long articles,
so I try to do as I would be done by. Give us short
articles, but to the i)Oint, for interesting reading,
friend Eoot. G. M. Door.iTTi^E.

Borodino, N. Y., July, 1S8C.

I was aware at the tiino. and so stated, I
believe, that I was nut praclicing artilicial
swarming exactly ;is prescribed by yon ; but
my intention was to put it sevefely to tlie
test by taking bees from six different colo-
nies instead of from one or two. In otlier
words, I was ambitions to malce your plan
do moyc than yon cl.iimed for it, and so met
witli the partial failure iis recorded in the
apiary report of last issue, l-'erliaps you do
not claim tliat the plan will make all the old
ragged-winged bees stay in their new loca-
tion ; at any rate. I succeeded in making a
few of these old fellows stay, when I failed
entirely by the ordinary plan. I see you do
not recommend putting the queen among
the bees immediately, but wait till they
fairly "beg" for a (jueen — good, bad, or in-
different. I suppose yon tell when the bees
get into this " ho:ue-sick "" (U- '' queen-sick ''
state, V)y the hum of distress wliich will be
noted in queenless colonies. Then you drop
in the queen. — We will till join hands with
you in calling for short articles. When a
great Jiumber speak briefly, and to the point,
it always adds life and variety to a journal
as well as to prayer-meetings. "

COMB OR EXTRACTED HONEY.

HETUIiNINO SWAHMS.

aN page 537, July 1 Gi.e.vnings, Mr. M. H. Tweed
makes a suggestion in regard to disposing of
coml) honey that would not sell if extracted.
The suggestion he makes is all well enough,
if the sale of honey alone is the object we
desire to attain; but will it pay in the long run to
offer for sale, in the comb, honey that wouUl not
sell if extracted'.!' In view of the fact that the puri-
ty of honey (comb honey too) is already questioned,
would it not bo better for us to endeavor to show
the public that our honey is of undoubted purity,
;'^ther than to attempt to dispose of the cheaper

grades by securing it in combs? As yet the public
are not educated up to the point of knowing that
dark honey is e(iiuilly pure as the lighter grades;
and the suspicions that are already aroused will be
found dilHcult to allay, even if we ofl'er nothing for
sale as such, except the very best we can raise.
Let us all, then, strive to otfer nothing but the best
as such, rather thau to dispose of the poorer, by
what the uninitiated might call questionable ways.

On page .533, same issue, Mr. C. H. Wood suggests
a good plan for returning swarms " when but little
increase in the luiinber of colonics is desired." I
presume this suggestion and description is intend-
ed to cover those accidental cases that will at times
occur, no nnitter what care is taken to prevent; but
as there is a (luestion as to whetiier simply it is so
meant, or that his plan should beageneral rule, I
would suggest that all the trouble, bother, and cai'o
attendant upon so returning swarms, and watch-
ing to know the liive they issued from, can be avoid-
ed by using a (lueen and drone trap. In ease it is
not known from which hive a colony issued, dust a
few of the Ijees with Hour, then carry them a short
distance from the spot they aliglitcd upon, and
throw them in the sir; they will at once return to
the parent colony, and their white jackets can not
be mistaken, when, without such precaution, it
might be impossible to the jiareut hive.

Fo.xboro, Mass., July, 1880. J. E. Pond, Jij.

Friend P., I am sure that our good friend
Mr. Tweed had no thought of palming oft'
poor or inferior honey, but, rather, some-
thing like this: AYe all have two or more
qualities of honey, and the color is not al-
ways an indication of the (luality for table
use. Now, dark lioney does not sell well in
the liquid state, even "tln)Ugh the flavor be
lirst class ; hence, may not this same honey
of excellent quality but of poor color be more
profitable if put into the combs, and sold as
comb honeyV

BSSS-

FOUL BROOD NOT CURED BY SALI-
CYLIC ACID.

EXTKKMINATEU BY MEt.TING COMBS AND BOlfi
INC. FIIAJIE.S AND HIVES.

J BEGAN beekeeping about four years ago. I
' succeeded very well until I had about I'Z colo-
nies, when I lost all but two with foul brood.
I think there could be no mistake about its be-
ing foul brood, as the caps of the brood-cells
sunk in, becoming concave, with a little pin-hole
in the center, and little or none of the brood hatch-
ing out. The cells when opened contained a brown
semi-liquid 8ubst.'>nce, about the color of roasted
cotfee, and had a very offensive smell. I tried
spraying the comb with salicylic acid and bora.x,
as directed on page 93 of the A BC; but the only
effect it seemed to have was to kill the mature l)ecs.
In an hour or so after spraying you could seo hun-
dreds of them hojiping about on the grass in front
of the hives. I thought at first perhaps the drugs
were impure, and bought at another ])lace, but
with the same result. I was then nuiking i)rei)ara-
tions to move from Clay Center to this place, which
is 15 miles, at least, from any other bee-keeper, so I
made two new hives, put what remaining bees I
had into them, and sent them here. I molted all
my conibg into wax, and exchanged for founda-

624

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

tion. I boiled all my frames, hives, bottom-boards,
and covers, and am using- them now.

From the two hives, in two years I have increas-
ed to ten. We get little surplus honey in this
neig'hborhood until the latter part of August; very
little, if any, white clover is grown here. I got
about 200 lbs. of extracted honey jier hive last fall,
mostly from goldenrod, I think. Bees have to be
fed in May. I tried a rather odd experiment in
feeding this spring, which I will give you for what
it is worth. As farmers will, sometimes, I got very
short of sugar, and did not have time to go to town
after more; but the bees must be fed. So I reason-
ed, that, as new milk is good for man and beast,
why not for bees? I fed the colonics that were in
the greatest need about a teacupful each, daily,
for nearly a week, of new milk, made quite sweet
with about a tablespoonful of sugar. The bees
drank it eagerly, and cleaned the platter before it
had time to sour. But although I looked the
frames over several times, I could see nothing like
milk in the cells. What did they do with it?

M. H. Panton.

Oak Hill, Clay Co., Kan., June -'«, 1886.

Friend P., your suggestion about feeding
the bees milk is a valuable one; and since
you mention it, I recall that this same sub-
ject was talked of a good many years ago,
and it was then thought that milk assist-
ed very materially in brood-rearing, at times
when little or no pollen was to be had. I
think it (luite likely, that where bees are in
a starving condition, or pretty near it, dur-
ing a dearth of honey in the summer months,
milk might often in many homes be the
clieapest food that could be given them un-
til honey came again ; and I am inclined to
think they can be easily taught to take new
milk, right from the cows, without any
sweetening at all. Have any of our readers
ever tried it?

HAVING STUDENTS IN APICULTURE.

MHS. CHADU(JCK S EXPERIENCE WITH EM.

fHIS summer I am having a student to learn
bee-keeping. 1 never advertised for students,
and I do not want them. I have no time for
it. So when this young woman came to me
to learn bee-keeping I tried to put her off,
but she persisted. I gave her a coi^ of Gleanings,
the A. B. J., and V. B. J. to read, and went to sleep.
When I awoke, throe hours later, she said, " I can't
make head nor tail of this stuff. It's all Heddon and
Doolittle, reversible hives, queens, broodings, and
lawsuits."

" Oh! well," said I, " keep on; and when you have
read these pa])ers for tlfteen years you will begin
to see the point."

"But," said she, "1 want to know how to do to
get lots of honey; I want to make money."

"And," said I, " that is just what Heddon and
Doolittle arc all the time writing about."

"Well," said she, "I think I had better begin
somewhere. This looks as if we were taking the
flsh in the middle and swallowing both ends at once.
Isn't there any beginning to bee-keeping?"

" Yes," I answered, " there's plenty of beginning;
there's Root's A B C," and I turned over and went
to sleep again- Next morning she followed mo out
among the bees; and after looking round awhile

she asked which were the Simplicity hives. I told
her and she put it down in a note-book. I told her
that note-books were no good; but that if she want-
ed to help she had better get on a bee-hat, and help
me carry away a few old colonies that needed mov-
ing. She came back presently, hatted and gloved,
and with sleevcb tied down. We picked up a Sim-
plicity hive, bottom-board and all, and started; Init
just then a t)ee stung hcv <in the ankle; she scream-
ed, and said she must set the hive down; she woiihl
let it fall, she knew she would; but 1 siiid, " If you

let it fall I'll ," and she held on till we had it in

the right place. Her ankle and foot swelled uj)
tight, so that she could not walk any for three days.
I told her she could quit the student business at any
time, but that, if she iiretended to help, she i(U(«f
help, and not wesiken when the tug of war canu!.

1 am selling comb hoii<'.\' at 10 cts. a pound, where
a man lakes a whole box, or 12' i for a lew pounds.
Good honey is selling in the same nuirket for sct'cu
centK. J t is. just ax r/ood honey as mine, but it is in
the old-fashioned honey-boxes, each one weighing
from 1.5 to 20 lbs. I have three towns to sell in, be-
sides the country folks. If I take honey anywhere,
and the man who is selling it has half a box on hand,
I do not leave it but haul it home again; and when
he is./usf out I take it back again. The best plan is
not to take it till they ask for more. People will
buy honey when it is nearly gone, who won't buy
out of a full box. If there seems to be jilenty, they
say, "Oh, yes! I'll get some one of these days;" but
if it is nearly gone, they are afraid that it will be
all gone soon, so they buy it then. I think people
often kill their own market by piling too much
honey on it at once. Maiiala B. Cfiaddock.

Vermont. III., July, 1881).

Why, Mrs. C, how in the world did you
get to go into the "student"" biisinessV It
is not long since you were going to hire out
to drive a mule team. I suppose the young
lady is still studying— at least, you don't say
she went home and gave it up. Why didn't
you start a wagon, such as we pictured last
month? You could liave the nnile team to
draw it around ; and when you get a whole
class of students, yon could have them do
all the work while you simply superintend.
If, you sell the honey at such low prices,
however, of course your students would
have to work for nothing, and board them-
selves ; or, still worse, pay you something
for teaching them so patiently.

HONEY-DEW.

IKJW TO GET IT OUT OK HONEV-BOXE.S.

E have had an excellent season for bees to
build up on. White clover was more abun-
dant than at anj' previous season— so much
so we procured a little surplus from it; but
before I was aware, my bees were storing
honey-dew in the sections that had been nearly till-
ed from white clover. Of course, I wanted that out,
and tried an experiment which proved successful
in my case, but would probably be too laborious for
one M'ho has a large apiary, and wants no more in-
crease, and who has a large amount of this honey
stored in sections.

I first extracted all the honey from a set of frames
goptaining unsealed brood, and placed them in an

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

625

empty hive. I then took a stronj? colony of bees,
and, after sociiriiifr the queen, shook all the bees
(except a few) In the liivc I had prepared, and re-
leased the queen in the old hive. I thei: removed
tiie n3\v hive some distance and let it remain over
ni^ht. The next day the workers nearly all return-
ed to the parent hive, leaving a fair colony of bees
with but few workcr.s and a hive full of brood, with
nothing- to feed it. Now is the time to give them a
(lueen and put on the boxes containing: the honey-
dew. The young bees carried it down, as 1 expect-
ed they would, to feed the bi-ood and stoie it iu the
combs below. The object of leaving- the queen
with the parent colony is, that worker-bees will
have less inducement to remain Avith the new colo-
ny. Of course, they will empty the boxes, and we
lose what white-clover honey had leen deposited in
them.

Tile lionej-dfw honey is not so dark, nor does it
have such a strong, sliarp, unpleasant taste its in
the year 1W4, when it was so remarkal)ly abundant.
It will be remcmliered, that the winter following-
there was great mortality among bees, which some
accounted for by feeding- this dark honey for win-
ter stores. Whether it is a secretion from a differ-
ent insect from that of 1884, 1 am not able to say;
but I incline to the opinion it is the same insect,
and that bees worked on white clover at the same
time they were gathering it, which causes a mix-
ture of the two vai ieties, and accounts for its not
being so dark as it was in that year. If this was
the cause of the great mortality of the winter of
1884-'8,"i, liee-keepers may expect the same result the
coming winter, unless some jjrecautions arc taken
in excluding it from winter stores. But as I then
wintered one colony successfully on that secretion
alone, I feel like trying some more the coming
winter.

Bees are now working on a siieeies of smartweed
which usually begins to bloom about the ~d or ;3d of
July, but which bloomed this season about ten days
earlier. Gko. Wisf^iiEAUT.

lola, Ills., .Tuly lli, isso.

Friend W., your i)Iaii of gettius honey-
dew out of the "sections is quite ingenious in-
deed. It seems too bad to lose the white
lioney also wheie a great i)()rlioii of it is
light. Would it not oe possible, by keeping
careful watch of the liees while they are
bringing it in, to get them to take out the
honey-dew before it is s-ealed up, without
disturbing the capped honey?

PBIEND TERRY TALKS TO US ABOUT
HOME INFLUENCES.

ALSO A HINT TO TIIE WOMEN-KOI.KS JN ItEGAHD
TO SPRINKLING CLOTHKS b'OIl lUONlNG-DAY.

flilEXD ROOT: — I have been thinking for some
days, while at work, about an idea thrown
out by you in GLicANiNCis lor June 1, about
little things shaping the future lives of our
boys and girls. I am perfectly sure that they
do. The simplest thing, done in a neat and tid.\-
maiiner, before the children, will have its effect on
their future lives, and it will be the same also if
there is no attempt at order or neatness. A crook-
ed stovepipe is an educator to the little ones as
surely as the schoolteacher, or a door that won't
shut, or a g.ate off the hinge,s, or ajShUtless-looking

dooryard; all such matters will leave an impress on
the children's minds that will make it seem natural
for them to have similar surroundings when they
grow up. We parents ought to think of this. When
I was a small boy I thought, boylike, that father
was over-particular about many things. I used to
say to him, " Father, what is the use of spending so
much time to get those potato-rows so straight (in
the gai'den)y" Or. "What is the use of doing so
much work in that dooryard?" You see, I was a boy-
then, and thought more of play; but father was
looking ahead, and brouglit me up surrounded by
such an atmosphere that 1 am necessarily as partic-
ular, if not more so, than he was; and many a time
have I felt thankful for it.

When I see every thing at loose ends around a
farmer's home, I can not help luit think the chances
are nearly all in favor of tiie children being just
like him. If there is a nice lawn, and walks and
flowers, and neatly painted buildings, and jiretty
trees, and every thing looks neat and tasty, I can
tell almost to a certainty how things will look
around the children's homes when they get some of
their own, the surroundings of childhood have so
much to do with the future grown person. A
shiftless man -whom I once knew, was being reprov-
ed for his conduct by a friend, when he broke out
in defense with: "You know my father and my
Uncle James and my Uncle Henry, don't youV"

" Yes."

" Well, then, what more could you expect of mv'^"

To be honest, one had no business to expect any
thing very much better of him. Now, 1 want to say
to every reader of Gleanings, Think twice before
you say " no" when the good wife wants you to Hx
things up a little— to mow the dooryard. to get her
some flowers to make home beautiful. 1 know a
man who is worth .f.5O,tO0 at least, who grumbled
about it because his wife Avantcd him to get her a
few flowers at 0 cents apiece. Ah ! money is the
only thing worth living for, in his eyes.

You may say that the love of the beautiful and of
order and neatness are not so important as good
moral training. Perhaps not ; but the former will
strengthen the latter. They are sorts of sugar-
coated i)ills that will do good without being hard to
take. At any rate, the children can not refer to
your failings in future years, and say, " What more
could you expect of me?"

Now, friend Hoot, I want to tell you about some-
thing that I found going on in my dooryard the oth-
er day. You may remember we got some wire
clothes-line and a Whitnuiii'sfountain pumj) of you,
among other things, last spring. Well, I found one
of my daughters sprinkling the clothes, on the line,
with the pump, after which they were rolled up and
put in the basket ready for ironing. It was (juite a
saving in time over the old way; and with a little
care it can be done very nicely. This is a use for
the pump that I do not believe you ever tliought of.
To be sure, it is a little matter; but I am glad al-
ways to do what I can to make the work of the la-
dies, nei.'essarily (piite too nu)noton()us, as pleasant
and easy as i)ossible. In my next letter 1 want to
talk to the husbands and fathers a little about some
imiirovements indoors. T. B. Tehuv.

Hudscin, Ohio, July, 18S(i.

Thanks, friend Terry. Your idea is cer-
tainly novel, in regard to sprinkling clotlies,
and i am going to have my wife make a test
of it at once. The cheap Smitli i)ump, which

r>2f)

glea:nings in bee culture.

Aug.

costs only a dollar, will no doubt answer just
as well for this purpose as the Whitman,
and it will throw the water in such a tine
spray it seems to me it must answer the pur-
pose excellently.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

CALIFOIINIA NOT SO BAD AFTKIl ALL.

T THINK that Mr. F. J. Farr's article on Califor-
j^H nia, pag-c 489 of G leanings, is a little overdrawn.
^r I will admit, that there are many places in the
■^ southern part of the State where one could
travel 23 miles, or even more, without coming
teahouse; but he should remember that this is a
big' State, and compariitively young-.

The Harbison section, of which Mr. Farr speaks, is
fast going- out of use, and the one-pound section is
used instead. There is no lumber in California that
is nice for sections, so we are obliged to import
them from the East, which makes them cost a little
more than they do where nuide.

A good workman can always find ])lonty to do,
and at good wages. I can always find employment
at work in orchards at $3.00 a day. W. W. Buss.

Duarte, Cal., July, 1880.

DO BEES FROM THE SAME QUEEN CHANGE COLOR?

Whether the subjoined facts in regard to bees
changing their color is any thing of interest to you,
or whether it has been observed by others, I do not
know, since I have not seen it in print. I have sev-
eral hives of Italian bees which I raised artificially.
They were, during last summer, of the right color-
bright, not a hybrid or black one to be seen among
them. Later, in the fall, one day on opening- them
1 found several frames full of bees of a different
color. I was somewhat disappointed. First, I
thought a stray swarm must have found its way to
the hives, or the queen might have died, or that the
swarms raised a new queen, which met with an im-
pure drone. I have had it all winter and spring on
my mind, what caused the sudden appearance of
(to my eyes) a different bee than what I had raised
last summer, not only in one hive, but several.
These very same hives don't show now any other
bees than Italian, nor do the new swarms show any
other strain. But this 1 found out, that the j'oung
bees not only look downy, but black; the throe bars
are hardly perceptible at first, but enlarge as they
grow older, so that this summer, to the eye of a
stranger, it looks as if I had hybrids, blacks, and
Italians, all mixed up. Later in the summer, es-
pecially on some plants, bees as well as other in-
sects will change color, oven if only temporarily. I
instance the aphides, or lice on fruit-trees, roses, etc.

Sandusky, O., June 31, 1880. F. J. M. Otto.

Friend O., I have often remarked that
bees which 1 had in the spring and summer
been calling my best and finest Italians, dur-
ing a dearth of honey in the fall were almost
invariably small and dark.

BLACKS VS. IT.VLIANS AND HYBRIDS; WHAT IS THE
BEST BEEi'

I have been asked this question so many times,
and have asked the same question so many times
with such diversified opinions, that I have long ago
ceased to answer or ask. I am more in love with

the hybrid (Italians and blacks) than any others;
my second choice is pure Italians; third choice, any
thing- but clear blacks. One-fourth of a mile from
mo is an apiary of 100 colonies. The owners would
prefer clear blacks, designating- my bees, which are
mostly Italians and hybrids, as nothing better than
" horse-flics." Now, if blacks are best I want to
keep blacks; and if Italians are best, I want them;
but really, from my experience I prefer hybrids. I
have handled bees for the past 30 years, but upon
improved principles for only the past five years,
and I have never as yet had occasion to complain of
the vindictiveness of the hybrids. As honey-gath-
erers they Excel (with a big E). While my blacks
were idle during a recent drought, Italians and hy-
brids were continually storing a little honey.

I report a pooi" hone.y-yield in this section, on ac-
count of drought. I have 85 colonies— 50 hybrids
and Italians. F. H. Chapin.

Hinsdale, N. Y., July (j, ISt'O.

BITTER HONEY.

I should like to have you tell me what the sample
of honey sent is gathered from. Not being accus-
tomed to it I can not tell. It is mixed in some
four or five hundred sections. Some of it is so bit-
ter we can not eat it. Will it improve by ago?

Wm. L. Warner.

Charlemonf, Franklin Co., Mass., July 14, 1886.

I can not give you any conjecture as to
the source, for I have never tasted any thing
like it before. 8o far as I am concerned,
however, I should not object to it for my
own eating, for to me tlie bitter taste is
rather pleasant than otherwise. I might,
however, get tired of it after having too
much. I will explain to our readers that
the peculiar taste is a little like cinna-
mon— say the thick liarky cinnamon tliat is
sometimes slightly bitter. Where honey is
unsealed, and remaining in the hive, no
doubt this taste would disappear to a great
extent by letting it get thoroughly ripened.
If it is in sections, however, that have been
removed from the hive, I should not expect
much improvement.

honey-dew.
My peach-tree leaves yield honey every year.
At the base of the leaf arc three little tubes on
each side. There is where they get the honey.
There are persimmon-sprouts all over my place,
and there is a kind of louse which wraps it-
self in the leaves— that is, folds them together. A
great many are in each leaf. They produce honey
three or four months. Shake a leaf in your hand,
and out roll the little shot-like balls, from the size
of a pin-point to the size of a duck-shot. I have
just been out and got some leaves— a persimmon
and a cottonwood. The bulged-out place on the
Cottonwood is where the honej' was. I saw as
much as a teaspoonful in one. This spring they
lasted but two or three weeks. In 1880 I saw a
pine-tree just covered with honey one morning:
if you had shaken it you would have received a
shower-bath of honey. It was dropping off on the
grass, and even the ground was wet with honey.
The bugs that produced it were about the size of a
pea— oval-oblong, with a crease down the back. I
could not make them show any sign of life. They
were stationary— no legs, no mouth, 'they were at-
tached tP ttie limb witb ft beart-liko contrivance,

1S8G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

027

Take the bod j' of a. tielv, and you have somelliitif>'
similar; break one, and jou sec a mass of matter.
They were tucked in anions' the straw on the limbs
— thoiisan<ls of tlicm. The tree was about :!U feet
high; the branches, at the base, were spread about
1~ or 15 feet in diameter, and tapered olf gradually
to the top. 11. P.. Wir.MAMS.

Edwards, Hinds Co., Miss.

STARTING A HONEY-WAGON.

I come again to ask your advice upon a question
which 1 wish you would g-ive your ^^ rsiiiirt! atten-
tion for a moment; i. e., the advisability of starting-
a honey-wagon on the road. A great many farmers
bring honey to market and take 10 or 12!i cts. per
l)ound in unsightly sections; and when. I offer luy
white clover and basswood honey (sections cleaned
and honey white) for 15 or 10 cts. I am told they can
buy honey cheaper. I thought, a wagon kept on
the road in town and country could sell my own
honey; and if parties are willing to soil so cheap,
buy theirs and sell it out someway. I do not feel
like devoting my entire time to the business, and
have the market price controlled by a few bee-keep-
ers who make no calculations on honey sales; and
their willingness to take almost any thing, must
cripple the sale of honey put up in better shape.

Nevada, O., July 20, lS-86. Wm. M. Young.

llunnins a honey-wagon is quite an ex-
pense, it is true ; but 1 think in many re-
spects it will pay well, for the very reasons
you mention. Always have at least two, or,
still better, three grades of honey on your
wagon. We get IS cts. a pound for our very
finest comb honey ; but we have side by side
of it cheaper grades for 12 and 15 cts.; but
the cheaper grades remain almost unsold
while we have the real "■ gilt edge "' in stock.
When that is gone (and, of course, it is al-
ways tlie tirst to be gonej then we have to
fall back on the other. 1 our wagon might
make the round, say twice a week, or even
once a week ; and 1 think it would pay you
well to keep track of the honey-producers,
and take their product off their hands at
what it is worth. If they see you getting 18
cts. per lb. while they get only 10 and 12 cts.,
it will very soon have the effect of inducing
them to take more pains.

Hf)NEY-DEW, AND WHAT SHALT. WE DO WITH IT
WHEN IT IS GETTING IN THE SECTIONS?

I am an A 15 C pupil. My bees are putting honey-
dew in the sections, which have been partly filled
with clover, and are spoiling the whole lot. Shall I
take the sections oft' and put them back when the
fall honey-How commences? Would they not be
more apt to swarm if the sections were removed?

Conneaut, O., July 19, li-86. II. A. Cummins.

Friend C, it is a little hard to say what is
best in sucli a case. Your sections are prob-
ably part full of white honey. The honey-
dew will ruin the sale of it, unless somebody
has a mind to take it at a low i)rice and get
out tlie honey - dew spots. They can see
these by holding them up to the light as we
have before explained. If you let them get
lilled up with fall honey, this will also in-
jure the sale of them; but of course it will
not be as bad as honey-dew. The bees would
certainly l)e more lial»le to swarm if
you take the sections off ; but perhaps you
might put on some empty combs, and

then throw out the honey-dew with the ex-
tractor, saving it to feed next season, or at
any time so it will not get into the winter
stores.

SOI.AU WAX-EXTKACTtJR TO BE TRIED AT THE
MICHIGAN AGRICUETURAL COLLEGE.

Prof. Cook ordered a solar wax-extractor
of us, and we sent him the original one sent
us by friend (ireeii. In regard to it he re-
plies as follows:

Allow me to thank you, for the college, for the
solar wax-extractor. We shall test it thoronghly,
and improve it if we can.

In regard to the weight of the eggs a
queen may lay in a day, he writes :

I already have the nuitter of egg-laying in tow,
and you shall hear. We have scales that will weigh
a breath. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., July 19, 1885.

SHADE AND VENTILATION A PREVENTIVE OF AB-
SCONDING.

During a very pleasant and instructive visit paid
to the apiary of Mr. S. T. Pettit, of Belmont, my at-
tention was practically drawn to the advantages
arising from shade and ventilation for hives. Mr.
Pettit stated that he never had any trouble arising
from his bees vacating the hive after swarming. In
the past, such had been the case; but now he waa
pleased to say no difficulty arose from that cause,
and the trouble had been a want of comfortable
quarters for the bees. The hives, combs, etc., are
kept in a cool place until required for use, when
the swarm entering them finds a cool, shady retreat
which is made additionally comfortable by, if possi-
ble, being protected from the strongest rays of the
sun, plenty of room, and free access of air. Mr.
Pettit stated that he was perfectly satisfied that
bee-keepers would find no difficulty from swarms
absconding if this method were pursued. Of course,
the very best of bee-keepers can learn something
of value when visiting an apiary in the height of
the season, and 1 learned a great deal. I always do
on these visits to our leading bee-keepers; and for
my part, I never desire to give such information as
originating with mc. It. F. Holtermann.

Brantford, Ont., Canada.

]^EP0RTg ENceni^^GiNG.

a COLONY THAT PRODUCED 403 POUNDS OF HONEY.

E have had a good honey harvest this time.

I took 402 lbs. of extracted honey from one

colony, besides the winter supply. Se\-eral

othei- colonies Avere not far behind in the

amount taken. A few others gathered only

enough for wintei-. My average is probably nearly

1(10 i)ou)ids i)er colony. C. W. Davton.

Nashua, Iowa.

Friend I)., I wisli you would tell us more
about that colouy thiit gavt^ you that yield.
Was it a liybrid or ItalianV and if the latter,
where did you get the (jueenV We should
also like to know the kiud of honey these
bees ol)taiii('d, and the style of hive or the
surplus - airangemcMl you used. We like
little snatches of news from our bee-friends,
but we want to know more about it.

OtiS

GLea^^^inGS in Bee culture.

Aug.

Bees here are doing well. I have averaged 130
lbs. per colony, and am still extracting.
Verdugo, Cal., June 37, 1886. G. B. Woodbury.

My bees are doing- finely; have taken 00 lbs. of
comb lioiiey from one swarm. A. A. Irish.

Rig Spring, Mieh., .Inne 3."), 188(;.

Bees are doing finely on alsiko. I never had them
do better on clover. F. D. Woolveu.

Muunsville, N. Y., July 3, 1880.

A TON OF WHITE HONEY IN SECTION.S.

Bees have done finely. I have a ton of white hon-
ey in sections. The bees are doing but little just
now— too dry. W. E. Kimsey.

Salem Center, Ind., July 7, 1880.

000 I-BS. OF HONEY PER WEEK.

We started June 1st with 34 colonies of bees. We
have at this date 55 colonies and 3000 lbs. of honey,
and are extracting from COO to 800 lbs. per week.

Crelghton, O., June li'Z, 1880. A. H. Duff.

EXTRACTING.

I am extracting the finest crop of white-clov^er
honey I ever produced. Every cell is sealed, and
so thick I can hardly throw it out with your extract-
or. E. J. SCOFIEI.D.

Hanover, Wis., July 9, 1880.

"BEES DOING VKIiV FINE."

We are very busy at wheat harvest. Bees have
been doing very fine. Some stands made from 00 to
80 pounds of clover and fruit-bloom honey in sec-
tions. John H. Buli.ekman.

Switz. City, Ind., June 31, 1880.

never had bees DO so WELL.

I am working 3J0 colonies without any help, and
It keeps me very busy. I never had bees do so well
as they have been for two weeks. I have taken off
some honey of the best Quality. White clover is In
bloom, and linden is full of buds, and the pi-ospeet
is good for a large crop. Charme W. Uuadish.

Glendale, N. Y., June 22, 1880.

4 I.BS. OF HONEY PKIl DAY.

I think I have had good results with the hive you
sent, in a short time. I put a swarm in May^Oth,
and June 3Tth I took out 40 1-lb. boxes full. The
rest were under was— whitc-clover honey; brood-
combs were full. I calculate they made 4 lbs. per
day from the start. I like the hive very much.

Bristol, Pa., June 31, 1880. W. P. Phay.

HAVE TAKEN 18 TONS.

The season opened finely. We had a big flow of
honey in some localities lu May, but it has shut
down. I do not think there will be any late honey.
What we have extracted is very clear and of fine
flavor. Last year was one of our otf years. I did
not get to extracting. 1 have taken out this season,
up to date, 18 tons. There will be about half a crop
in this county. G. W. Lechi.eh.

Newhall, Cal., June 30, 1880.

BEES NEVER SO FORWARD IN THEIR WORK FOR
38 YEARS AS NOW.

I have never had my bees so forward with their
work for 38 years as they have been this year. I
wintered 18 swarms without loss. They commenc-
ed swarming May 30th, and two-thirds of them
swarmed in May, and a swarm In May Is a rarity
here. In five consecutive days eight swarms came
out. The others swarmed early in June. They

have been doing pretty well on clover, and the
present prospect seems good. J. L. Hubbard.
Walpole, N. H., June 3.5, 1886.

FliOW OF HONEY WONDERFUL, AND FROM TEXAS
TOO.

We are now having a wonderful flow of honej-
from the niesiiuite, and every thing is lovely again;
and if it will only hold out long enough, your hum-
ble friend will yet come out with waving banners.
I had 3!) colonics after swarming time, but have
doubled back to 34; but they are now 34 full colo-
nies, not 30 nuclei, as the most of them were after
the dearth. M. Broers.

Gonzales, Texas, June 14, 188C.

THE SUPERIORITY OF ITALIANS OVER BLACKS.

Bees are doing well. I have new swarms hived
on empty comb that have made .50 lbs. of surplus
honey, and cast a swarm. I had 3 swarms of black
bees come and enter hives that were full of comb;
one of them was mostly killed. I had put a swarm
of bees In the liive the day before they arrived.
The other one stood beside a swarm of Italians, and
had the same chance. The Italian swarm made 50
lbs. of surplus, and cast two swarms, while the
black one has made very little surplus and no
swarms. L. W. Vankirk.

Washington, Pa., July 10, 1886.

a good report FKOM ALABAMA.

My Lees are doing well now. My best hive has
made nie 173 lbs. ot comb honey. I put a section
partly filled with honey to start them. In the sec-
tions. This is the best yield of honey I have ever
known in this section. Forty or fifty pounds is a good
yield ordinarily. My bees are pure Italian; black
bees have given no surplus so far as I have heard
this season. In regai-d to early fjueens, I think we
can beat you a little usually; but this season was
very untavorable for early work. The bees gath-
ered just honey enf)Ugh to live on until about the
middle of May, when white clover came in and
they have just boomed since, although we have
had a great deal of rain. S. G. Wood.

Birmingham, Ala, July 8, IKO.

1^EP0]^¥^ DlgC0U^^6IN6.

HOW THE DKV WKAI'HEll HAS AFFECTED THE CLO-
VER-YIELD.

f HE season here for the production of honey
has not been at all favorable, as the dry
weather cut short the white clover, nor is
liasswood yielding honey to any extent,
as the blossoms wither almost as soon as
opened. Our bees will work for a short time early
in the morning and evening, but they do little more
than keep the supply good in the brood-chamber.
Our crops are all short, and quite a large per cent
of the wheat will not be harvested, as It will not
produce the seed sown. One thing, however, can
be said in favor of these clear scorching days: they
make our solar wax-extractors work to a eharm.
We have not been troubled with any swarming
yet this season, as the bees have plenty of room yet
in the bi'ood-ehamber.

DRONELESS COLONIES, AGAIN.

On page 540, N. C. Arnold speaks of having a col-
ony dronelcss. We can say that we have three good
strong colonies in our yard that have not raised a

1880

HLEANlNGS m BeE CULTURE.

620

(Ironc this season. \Vc have kept a drone-trap on
the hives nearly a month, and I tailed to trap a sin-
gle drone, and we have very carefully looked the
colonies through, and failed to tind any drones. An-
other point Avc wish to notice is, that drones were
raised in the least nnnibcrs this season we ever saw;
but whether it is on account of the scarcity of hon-
ey or not wc can not say; but the fact /ids been, and
is »(>!«', that there are very few drones in our apiary.
After carefully looking- down one side and up the
other of bee-keeping, we must saj' the outlook is
decidedly dull; but we are not ready to give up by
any means. Possibly we may have rains yet that
may bring out fall bloom that maj' help us out;
but wc have thus far never received any benefit
from the fall bloom, as it consists principally
of g'oldenrod, which never has produced any notice-
able amount of hones' for us j'Ct.
Rochester, O., July '>, 1880. M. W. SnEpnERD.

My bees have not paid expenses yet.

Benjamin Shekk.
Nevada, Story Co., la., June 1.5, 1880.

Nf> HONEY.

My bees are lying- out, and have been all summer.
I have smoked them in numbers of times, but it
does no good. They have not made any honej'. I
have read your book, but failed to find what to do.
1 am in trouble about them. E. J. McCuEVE-i'.

Tyro, Miss., June 16, 1886.

ONLY 0 LBS. FROM V) HIVES.

Do you find that j'our bees are doing well this
year? The bees in my neighborhood are doing very
little. One man has If) hives, and has taken off only
!) lbs. of honey. My bees have not commenced yet
to build comb. 1 can not understand it.

Win. H. Henick.

IJoston, Mass., June ;i9, 18t6.

8ee Our Own Apiary, this issue.

THE SEASON VERY DRY; BAS.SWOOD A FAir.UUE.

I have not had a natural swarm this year. How-
ever, we had a very good flow from clover— rather
heavier than usual. I have taken only KiO lbs. of
box, and I have not obtained a pound of extracted
honey. About one-fourth of the basswood - trees
bloomed, and very sparingly. Basswood is In bloom
now, and it is iiupossilile to work in the yard on ac-
count of robbers. Our oiilj- hope now is buckwheat.
We are having a very dry season.

W. S. CooGSHALi., aao.

West Croton, N. Y., July 1:.', 1S8B.

DR. BLANTO.n'S yield BELOW THAT OF LAST YEAR.

Bees are not doing- very well hero this year. Dr.
(). M. Blanton tells that he will not get nearly as
much honey this year as last. Bees have swarmed
very little here this year. What makes bees swarm
without building- queen-cells? In all other respects
they are in good condition as to being- full of honey
and brood. F. S. Elder & Bro.

Lake Villag-e, Ark., June.'lO, 1886.

The ItaUiin bees swarm quite frequently,
without any preparation ueing made for
swarming in the way of starting queen-cells.

HONEY-YIELD NOT LARGE; TODD'.S CANDY.

The honey-yield will not be larg-e liere. Basswood
Is nearlj- a failure — but few blossoms. I had a fine
yield of clover honey, and am hoping- for a fall
yield. I have just received a sample package of

Todd's candies. They are very nice, with the un-
mistakable honey taste. Have you ever received
samples? I think it is a splendid way to work up
honey. 1 think friend Todd is reliable in his state-
ments. We ought to boom his candy.

Hartford. N. V., July 17, 188(1. J. H. Martin.

See Editorial Department.

A l>Of)R HONEY SEASON.

The season of 1886 has been the poorest for bees in
this locality ever known. Last fall we had a fine
honey-flow In September, and bees went into win-
ter with plenty of stores. They came out in the
spring-, strong- and in fine condition, and the season
promised well uj) to April ^0. At that time a severe
drought set in, and from then to June 2 the bees did
not g-ather enough honey to rear brood with; in
fact, T do not think they got any at all. They con-
sumed all the stores on hand; and where they were
not fed, the queens quit laying. I have heard of a
g-ood many bees dying- from starvation during- the
month of May— a thing- heretofore unheard of here.
The strongest colonies killed ott' their drones during-
the di'ought, except where they wei-e deprived of
their queens; and even where the queens were re-
moved they would kill most of the drones. I kept
my 80 colonies alive by feeding: the weaker ones at
dusk, and by feeding- all outdooi-s about 4 p. m. each
evening-. June 'Z we had a very fine rain, and for
two weeks the V)ees stored in some honey, and some
of the strongest colonies started to building comb,
and would draw out foundation readily. For the
past eight days they have not added any thing to
their stores, though we have had fine rains latelj'.
This is the first season in my experience where there
was a failure in the honey-crop, when the field-crops
were good. From all I can learn, the honey-crop is
a failure all o\er Central and Northern Texas.

J. P. Con NELL, 68—80.

Hillsboro, Texas, June 24, 1886.

ANOTHER ADVERSE REPf)RT FRO.M TEXAS; THE
LIVE 0.\K.

Crops of all kinds have failed in this and adjoin-
ing counties. Our bees have also done poorly.
There have been a great many bees starved to
death. I have had but one natural swarm this j'car.
It has been so dry there have been no blossoms for
bees to work on. I have lost only one swarm this
summer. I have been in this county eight years,
and bees have done well every year till now. As I
told you before, T had 28 stands, and I have not
taken a pound of honey as yet, and I am not likely
to unless I get it from the honey-dew or live oak
balls. We have an abundance of sumac in this
countrj' and they will bloom the latter part of this
month and August. Bees do well on them while
they last. They gather both honey and pollen from
them.

THE LIVE-0.\K BALL.

We have an abundance of live-oak timber all over
this country. They bear a little ball, in size from
I4 to one inch in diameter, resembling what is called
the ink-ball of the blackjack tree. They seem to
grow out from the small limbs of the trees, without
any bloom to nmke them. The greatest yield from
them has been in the dry years, since 1 have been
here, so wc look for a heavy crop this fall. In Aug-
ust they will make their appearance. They are of
a whitish color; and in September and October,
when the sap or water dries out of them you can
see the pure honey exuding from them. Some

630

GLEAKINGS m BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

times 3-ou can find a drop as large as a drop ol' tur-
pentine hanging- at tlie bottom of the ball. Some
times 3-ou will see it in fine particles, where it ex-
udes from the sides. Yon never see honey on them
at all until Ihey conimencc to dr.y up. It is a fine
article of honey, and sells well. I oflcn sell it at
^5 cents per lb. J. A. Isaacks.

Broomwood, Texas, July V,i, 188(i.

Qn^ 0WN ^Pij^i^Y.

SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF DEAD BROOD AS FOUND
AT THE HOME OF THE HONEY-UEES.

l^T has been somewhat of a question with us
whether the foul brood, mentioned on p. 010, is
the real virulent form, or a milder typo of it.
At an5' rate, the symptoms as we find it arc
about as follows: The affected brood in some
cases is shriveled up, and of a brown color; in oth-
ers, a maturated, thickened, milky mass in the cells,
and in color a grayish black. In some combs the
brood is all affected, and in others only an occasion-
al cell appears. It has been said of foul brood, that
the cells are sunken; but we do not find this to be
the case with our diseased brood-combs; but wo do
find that the cappings are punctured.

THE ODOU OF THE UKOOD.

Well, as nearly as I can describe it, it is not un-
like the smell from an old g-lue-pot— a g-ummy, rank
odor. To me it is not " foul " or sickening, strictly
speaking; l)ut it certainli' has an unmistakable
flavor of blasted hopes.

After reading the foregoing description, perhaps
some one who has had some experience with foul
brood can inform us whether we have the real viru-
lent form of the disease.

Up to the present time we have burned cirihty-
ihrcc combs. To treat them thus, and replace with
new frames of foundation, we consider much cheap-
er than to try out the combs and boil the old frames
in water. The old frames, and the paltry amount of
wa.x so saved, would be almost inslgniflcant, and
the ])rocess of trying out the wax, it seems to me,
would be attended with more or less risk. If a few
robbers should get into the i-oom where the combs
were, and gain access to some of the diseased cells,
and make their escape, well, I should not be sur-
prised if you had " to tight it out on that line" all
summer. No, sir! where 400 colonies and over are
at stake, it doesn't pay to have diseased combs
about, even for a minute. If you want to know our
advice we would say. If you have reason to suspect
that a colony is affected witli foul brood, don't ex-
amine it when the bees are flying— at any rate,
when there is anj' possible chance for a robber to
get at the combs.

Now, I suppose when this issue is out a few will
begin to declare that they have foul brood. Let me
tell you beforehand, that the probabilities are— well,
I might say a thousand to one that you do not have
it. Do not be In haste to declare that your bees have
the disease, until you liavc visible signs of its
spreading to other colonies. If the disease, as we
have it, were not seen to be contagious, we might
question whether we had it.

THE 50 CHAPMAN HONEY-PDANTS AS SEEN ON OUR
HONEY-l'ARM.

These plants have been in bloom for a week back,
and from present indications they promise much.

They are thistle-like, about two feet in height. Each
plant is surmounted upon one or more of its stalks by
balls, or what botanists term heads. These are from
i;4 in. to 214 in. in diameter, and vary in number on
each plant from 6 to 10 heads. The heads, when in
bloom, are covered with small star-like white flowers,
in the center of which the anthers, blue in color,
surround the pistil. The plants with their white
balls present a very pretty appearance. We were
surprised to see how the bees took to these balls.
Sometimes as many as eight or ten bees can be
found upon each head, sipping at the nectar in a
very leisurely manner. After the bees have been
upon the blossoms for a little while they will tuck
their tongues under their chins and remain (juiet
without any visible motion. If we bi-ush them off
they will in some eases drop to the ground, as if so
gorged as to be unable to fly. On remaining upon
the ground a moment or so they will take wing as if
nothing had happened. I then concluded that they
were not actually gorged, but apparently stupefied;
that is, the plant seemed to have something of a
narcotic effect upon the bees. I have sometimes
noticed a similar effect when beps were woi-king on
sweet clover, and I believe others have reported
something of the kind.

To-day, July SVth, on going over to our patch
where the Chapman honey-plants are, I found that
the bets visited the heads, and returned without
showing any signs of the narcotic effect mentioned
above. In fact, their actions wei-e lively, and I
could not find that any of the bees would drop to
the ground when I brushed them off. Perhaps the
day has something to do with it.

The boss printer saj'S, "No more room," so I'll
have to stop right here. E. K. ItooT.

Gleanings in Bee Culture,

Published Scnii-Monthl ij .

j^. I. I^ooT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,
MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Cluttine Eates, See First Pago of EeidinE; Matter.

Wc li.ave treasures in the tiel<l, of wheat, ami of bailey, and
of oil, and of honey.— JKli. 41:8.

Ouu subscribers now number 5814, again of 191.

THE EDITOM OF OLEANINGR OFF ON A WEEK'S
VACATION AMONG ItEE-MEN AND OTHEHS.

About the time this issue is out I shall probably
be at the honey-farm of H. Chapman, Versailles,
N. Y. Hero I expect to meet other bee-men, and
In committee examine into the merits of the
Chapman honey-plant, which will then be in full
bloom. Leaving there, I hope to visit friend Cole,
distinguished as the originator of the so called
"New Agriculture;" and, time permitting, take in
one or two other points.

FIIjI.ING ORDERS FROM NETOHBOlt H.'S APIARY.

As stated in another column, on account of foul
brood being found in our apiary we shall All all

1S86

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

631

orders for bees and queens I'l-oiu neighbor H.'s two
apiaries. They are situated 3i2 and :l miles respcet-
ivelj', Irom the Home ot the IIoney-Becs, and it is
altogether improbable that the disease from our
hives should bo transmitted to liis bees. Neighbor
H. has examined several of our affected colonics,
and, after carefnlly inspecting- all liis colonics, as-
sures us that he has nothing of the kind among his
bees. We thinli our friends may feel safe in still
ordering bees of us as lioretoforo.

TODD'S nONEY CANDY.

We have received samjilcs of this, and it is a very
nice confectionery, with an unmistaltable flavor of
honey. There is sonic tendency to stickiness, but
not very much. The trouble is entirely obviated
with the caramels, which are wrapped in prepared
paper, as usual, to prevent sticking or daubing.
One difficulty in the way ot getting it to take the
place of common confectionery is, that the raw
material is yet rather higher than sugar. If peo-
ple will pay a little more for this kind of candy, it
might come into general use. I don't think that a
recipe could be given for making- it at home. It
could be done, probably, by a regular confectioner.

THE nONEY-CKOI> A FAII.UHE IN ENGLAND.

We are sorry to learn that our brother bee-keep-
ers across the water have had an exceptionally poor
honey season this year. In the Jiritii^h Bcc Journal
of July 8, page 302, we find the following:

During.' .in oxperic'iK-e of over l"ortv years we do not reeolloet
n season more unlnAovalile to the l)ee l;eeiier than tlie present.
Sunnners. inwliieli rain tell on almost I'verv <lay, iutersiiei seel
with lltltil ul'-ams of stinslime. iiideeil almost honey less sea-
sons, wherein it was impossihle for the hees to store a snriilns,
and seareely to live from liand to month, we clo icniiMnher;
hnt a season so snnless, wit li iirevailintr eold north ami east
winds, hlowinff almost eontinnously from Xovemher np to the
21st. of June, w'e can not call to niinil.

The results to many apiarists, espcci.ally to the uninitiated,
have been most disastrous.

Perhaps this state of affairs in England will have
a very bcneticial etfect upon our honey-trade.

"THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING IS IN THE EATING."

DooLiTTLE, in the A. B. J. of July 21, says:

My plans ,are often ealhd expensive, and niv liivi! ,and llx-
tures complicated; but I I elieve there is as little labor and
cash outlay by my jilan of producing $1000 worth of comb bon-
ny as by any other iihui in existence. As proof. I will say that
from less than .")0 eohmiis ■■I liees isjirinpr eounti 1 have clear-
ed over .Sioiil) each year for the past i:! yens, taki'ii as an aver-
aKe. I have not hired i:! ilavs' l.ilun- in that time m tlie apia-
ry, nor had any a|pprentiees or students to do the work for
me, altlioufrh I have had many applications from those who
wisheil to s)icnd a season with ine. Besides m,v labor with
the bees, 1 take eare of my pardeu and a sni.all farm |29 acres) ;
have I'h.arife of my father's estate ; run m,y own shop and
steam-cntrine, sawinpr seetions. hives, honey-crates, etc., for
myself and lU'ighbors ; write for seven difterent papers, and
answer a host of corres)iondcnce.

The old sayini? is, "The i)roof of the pudding is in the eat-
inpr," and so I now say, as I h.ave said before in these columns,
thai; all I have to recommend the plans 1 use Is the success at
lained by them.

Does this not in part answer the wail of a few,
" Bees don't pay"? The old saying, " What man has
done man can do," tipplies right here. It maybe
there is something- in the localit}-; but certainly a
g-reat deal rests with the man.

BEES AND BEE-KEEPING, BY FKANK CHESHIUE.

We arc in receipt of Volume I. of this work, re-
cently noticed by Prof. Cook. So far as the ntitural
history of the honc.y-bee is concerned, this book in
many respects is far in advance of any thing that
has ever before appeared in print; in fact, I am as-
tonished and pleased to find that we have, in any
quarter of the globe, a microscopist who has gone
into this subject so thoroughly as Frank Cheshire.
The typographical appearance of the work is also
simply a wonder; iind the enB-ravings, in beauty
and excellence, are superior to any thing it has
ever before bfcn my fortune to meet iinywhcrc in

the whole realm of scieutiflc knowledge. At the
present writing I have not been able to read the
book so thoroughly as I mean to do. It is, without
doubt, a wonderful addition to our fund of knowl-
edge in regard to the structure of the bee. Very
likely the book contains errors, for to err is but hu-
man. The life-sized pictures of a full-grown bee
are far in advance of any thing that has ever been
accomplished heretofore, and we can only congrat-
ulate friend Cheshire on having been able to i)ro-
cure the assistance of such skillful artisans to bring
his work before the world. The jirice of the book is
$2. .50 — perhaps twice as much as books of a similar
size cost in our country; but the beautiful engrav-
ings alone ought to be sufficient to induce any one
to pronounce the book cheap at $2.50. We c:\n mail
it at that price.

MR. THOMAS HORN.

Just after our last issue wont to press, the fol-
lowing note to Mr. Horn's customers came to hand :

TO MY CUSTiiMEKS WHO ARU READERS OF GLEANINGS.

On the 2fltli of July 1 will have tilled all orders now on mv
books for bees and luielei; and by the 2.3tli, for queens; so if
you h.ive ordered any u'oods that yon have not received, please
let me he.ir from you at once, and ohline yours truly,

Sherburne, N'. Y., July !■<!, 1S86. TlIOMAS Horn.

Very good, friend Horn; and we sincerel.y trust
that by the time this reaches our readers there will
not be one who can say his bees, queens, or money
has not been received. If there are any such, how-
ever, they will please write directly to Mr. Horn.
And I would suggest that they also state what will
make every thing satisfactoiT, if it is not already
so. If Mr. Horn does not respond promptly, then
(but not before) pU^aso write us. Mr. Horn has sent
us a very pretty photograph of his apiary, showing
that he has a large number of hives employed in
his business. He also states that he has filled over
noo orders this season, and that less than two per
cent have made any complaint of dissatisfaction.

GOODS AT A REDUCTION OF 2.5^.. FOR FAIRS.

To those of our friends who desire to exhibit our
goods at their county or State fairs this season,
and distribute our price lists to those interested in
bee-keeping, we will offer the following induce-
ment : You may deduct 2.5C from the retail price
of any or all of the following-named articles in our
price list, providing you state in your order, in
good faith, that the goods are to be on exhibit at
your fair:

One saw-table for hivcniaking;

One dovetailing t.able;

One cutter-head and table;

One V-gi-oove section machine lonly 20 per cent off this);

One comb t'dn. machine, 10, 12, or 14 inch;

Clark's, Parker's, and Gray's fdn. f.isteners, in any quantity ;

One honey-extractor, any size;

One uncapping-can;

Metal corners, in any quantity;

50 brood-frames, either all-wood or metal cornered, in flat,
wired, or iinwired;

Smith fountain pump or sprinkler;

One of each or any style of Iiives given in our cat.ilogue,
put up or in the Hat; ^

One of each or any .style of retailing cases;

One pair of square honej-cans in a box ;

one honey-knife, each or any style;

One lamp nur.sery;

One sheet perforated zinc, or sample honi'y-hoard;

One box ot 6(X) sections, 1-picce V-groovc, ii4 x i'/i:

Smokers in any ipiaiitity ;

Bee- veils, one of each kind;

Wax-extractors, one of each or .any one.

Wo will also let you have all the A B C's you
want to sell, C'3 40;/ discount; the more you soil, the
better; but you must not sell them below our re-
tail price unless you sell more than one at one sale.

632

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Aug.

$2.50 CHEAP $2.30

I will sell three-frame (Simp, size) luicleus colo-
nies, all straight worker-cotnb, well-lilled with broort
and honey, 1 pound of Italian bees, and nice tested
Italian queen, for only $iSM. Now, friends, I guar-
antee these colonies to be lirst-clat^s in every res-
pect. Fifty colonies ready now. A tine lot of un-
tested queens at T.5 cts. ; Sim per 'i doz., and tested
at . f 1.00; $.5 .50 per '/2 doz. Safe arrival and satisfac-
tioa guaranteed. F. \¥. MOATS,

14d The Bend, Defiance Co., Ohio.

NOW READY. ITALIAN QUEENS.

J <iueen. .fl.OO: 3, $1.S(I: ;j. *2.50; 5, *:i.7r,. Bees by
the jiound, nucleus, and colony. 13-].5db

L. T. HOPKINS, Conway, Franklin Co., Mass.

One-Piece Sections, Section Cases, Frames, &c.,

OF SUPErilOR WOUKMANSlnP, FROM

S»IVCX17ZZ tSa GrOOIDiEIjXj,

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL.

ytfd Send fur Price LiM.

ITAI.IAN QUEENS, by lleturn Mail, Test-
ed, $1.00. Untested, 7.5 cts. Bees, .50 cts. per lb.
14-15d GEORGE STUCKMAN, Nappanec, Ind.

VANDERVORT

COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
Stfdb .INO. VANDEKVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

T7ftT» Qalo COLONIES, NUCLEI, and QUEENS,
rUl OttlV, AT LOWEST PRICES.

ll-16db GEO. D. EAUDENBUSH. EEADINa, PA.

CARNIOLAN

QUEENS & BEES A SPECIALTY.

Send fur Descriptive Price List a)ul Circular.
9ttd H. F. SHANNON, Oarksburg,

(Formerly of Spring Hill.) Decatur Co., Ind.

KENTUCKY QUEENS. l^^'^T^^ir?"^:

ed, $2.00; untested, fl.OO each. Bees, 7.5c per pound
after 1,5th July. PELHAM & WILLIAMS,

13-lBdb Maysville, Ky.

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

H0ctoa.5c per lb. Queens, ;30c to $1.7.5, according
to kind and time. Also bee-supjilies and honey. Or-
der from free circular. " How to Kalxe C'onib
Honey," an illustrated pamphlet, .iust out, price
.5 cents. Address OLIVER FOSTER,

13tfdb Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

WE WILL SELL

Chaff hives complete, with lower frames, for $3.50;
in Hat, $I..50. A liberal discount by the (juantity.
Simplicity hives. Section Bo.ves, Comb Fdn., and
other Supplies, at a great reduction. We have new
machinery, and an enlarged shop. Italian Bees
and Queens. Send for Price List. 23 22db

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

QUEENS, 1886. UNTESTED,

From select im]iorted mother. After May 1.5, $1.00.
Wax worked into fdn. for a share, or by the pound.
Satisfaction guaranteed. THOS. & BENJ. YOUNG,
lO-liJdb LA SALLE, LA SALLE CO., ILL.

ITALIAN aUEENS. Untested, 7.5c.; six, $4.00. Tested,
$I..50. Write for price list of bees, fdn.. etc.
13-15db JNO. NEBEL & SON, High HUl, Mo.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

TOP, BOTTOM, AND

ENTRANCE Feeders.

<';italoziM'!« Free. .\«!dro»>.

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

BEE - KEEPER'S GUIDE:

Or, MANUAL OF THE APIARY.

12,000 SOLD SINCE i876.

13th THOUSAND JUST OUT!

10th THOUSAND SOLD IN JUST FOUR MONTHS !
4000 Sold Since May, 1883.

More than .50 iiag-es, and more than .50 fine illus-
trations were added in the 8th edition. The whole
work has been thoroughlj' revised, and contains the
very latest in respect to bee-keeping-. It is certainly
the fullest and most scientific work treating: of
bees in the World. Price, by mail, $1.25. Liberal
discount to dealers and to clubs.

A. J. COOK, Author and Publisher.
13-23 Affricultural College, Mich.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO,, MICH.,

is rearing Italian (jucens for sale again this season,
and can furnish them by mail, safe arrival guar-
anteed, as follows: Single queen, $1.00; si.\ queens
for $5.00: twelve or more, 75 cts. each. Tested
queens, $3.00 each. Make money orders payable at
Flint, Mich. Send for price list of bees (full colo-
nies, or by the ))ound). Given foundation, white-
poplar sections, hives, cases, feeders, empty coTubs,
etc. 13tfd

A J. KING'S New Circular of CARNIOLAN,
. SYKIAN, and ITAIilAN QUEENS, etc.,
will be SliXT F H K IC on application. Address
13tfdb A. J. KINfJ, .51 Barclay St., New York.

HEADQUARTERS IN THE SOUTH

FOE THE MANUFAOTUEE AND SALE OF

BEE - KEEPERS' : SUPPLIES.

The <mty Steam Factory Erected in the Soulli, Er-
cliisivelj) for the Manufacture of Hives, Frames, Sec-
tions, etc. The Vialion and Root SimjMcity Hives a
Specialty.

ITALIAN QUEENS,

Untested, in April, *1.25each; $13.00 per doz. From
May 5 to .lune 1, $1.10 each, $l;J.00 per doz. After
June 1, $1.00 each, $10.00 per doz. Tested, $3.50
each; select tested, $;i.00 each to first of June.
Contracts taken with dealers for the delivery of a
certain number of queens per week, at special
figures.

FOUK-FKAJtlE NlJCLiEUS,
With pure Italian queen, containing 3 pounds of
bees when received; in April, $4.00; after May 25,
35 cts. less. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed.

For more particulars, send for catalogue for 1886.
P. L. VIALLON,
lltfd Bayou GoHla, Il^eryill^ Farisli, La.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

633

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is assorted by hundreds nl' iiractical and disinterest-
ed hee-koepcrs to he the cleanest, brifjhtest, quick-
est accej)ted by bees, least apt to saf?, most reg'ular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is nuide.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, III.; C. F. Muth. Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Doug-herty, Indianaiio-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Uerlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertei,
•Ir., Freeburg, III.; Ezra Haer, Di.von, Lee Co., III. : E.
S. Armstrong, .Tcrseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1!)1() Gerniantown .\ve., Phil'a, Fa.; E. Kretchmer,
(_^oliurg, Iowa: Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark .Johnson &
Son. Covington, Kenluek.\'; .1. I?. Mason & S<ms,
Mechanic Falls. Maine; C. A. Gra\es, IJiritiingham,
O.; M. .1. Dickason. Hiawatha. Kan.: .1. W. I'orter,
Charlottesville, .Vlbeinarle Co., Va.; E. It. Newcomb,
Pleasant Vallev, Diitchfss Co.. N. Y.: .1. A. Hiinia-
son. Yienna. () : G. L. Tinkei, New Philadelphia. ().,
.1. M. Shuck. Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y. : Barton, F'orsgard & Ra)-nes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Te.xas. W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. Y.. and numerous other dealers.

Write lor xamplex //vr, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Compllnientary and unso-
iicited trstimi)uinls, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. ]Vc iiunnnttec every inch of our fnundatiim equal
Lo sample in every respect.

CHAS. I>ADA>r A: SON,
3btfd Hamilton, Hancock €o., IlliiioiH.

Batchelder's Drone and Queen Trap

Is the only one made that does not hinder the bees
in their work. Send 8.5 cents tor samj)le. Send for
circular, and see what A. I. Root savs about it.
lUtfdb J. A. BATCHELDER, Keeuc, N. H.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

WEEKLY, $1.00 I'KU YEAH.

JONES, Mcpherson S CO., Publisher:, Beeton, Ontario, Oanicla.

The only bee .iournal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printerl on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 833 pages. Dtfb

REDUCTION IN PRICES.

We hereby notify our customers that there is a
reduction in foundation from the prices quoted in
our March retail price list. All parties interested
will please mail us a card lor new prices.
CHAS. DADAINT A: SON,
Utfdb Hamilton, Hancucli Co., 111.

HYBRIDS AT $3.00 PER COLONY.

Must be sold prior to Aug. 35th, 25 colonies of bees,
in frame hives; plenty of honey to winter, only
.$3.00 each. I am going to Pacific Coast. 14-15d

Address H. H. AVinslow, Liberty, Clay Co., Mo.

Western headquarters for beo-mcn's sui)|)lies.
Four-i)iece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Ord(!rs for
sections and clami)s filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
22 3ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

Foundation - Mill For Sale.

One ten-inch Hoot ('(imb-mill, second hand. The
mill has, however, lieen completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, equal to a new one.
Price lSl.5.00, Thp list price of a new mill of this
^ind is $30.00, A. I. liOOX, IT|cdina, O.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any of the following- departments, at a uniform
jirice of 30 cents each insertion, or 13.00 per annum,
when given once a montli, or $4.00 per year if given
in cvem issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names inscrtedin this department the first time with-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names aiii)ear below agree to furnish
Italian (jueens for $1.00 each, under the following-
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anything of the kind, only that the (jiieen be rear-
ed from a choice, ])ure nuither, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatient of such delay as may be unavoidable.
Bear in mind, that he who sends the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securel.y, will probably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probably none Avill
be sent for .¥1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.
*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa. Itf
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. 13tld

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. 13tfd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Leu. Co., Mich. lltfd

*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Ala. ]3tfd

*E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. lltfd

D. McKenzie, Camp Parapet, ,Jetf. Parish, La.l3tfd
Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp. Co., N.C.

13tfd
*Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

lltfd Par., La.
J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La. otfd
*E. Burke, Vincennes, Kno.x Co., Ind. 3-1

Richard H. Bailcj', Ausable Forks, Essex Co., N. Y.

.5-15
S. M. Darrah, Chcnoa, McLean Co., III. T-lTd

S. H. Hutchinson & Son, Claremont, Surry Co.,

l-lid Va.
*N. E. Cottrell, Burdick, Porter Co., Ind. 7-17d

Peter Brickey, Lawrenceburg, And. Co., Ky. 9tfd

C. C. Vaughn, Columbia, Tenn. Otfd
*J. W. Kceran, S. E. cor. Mason and Moulton St.,

Bloomington, III. iltfd

D. A. McCord. O.xford, Butler Co., O. 9-19d
W. S. Ward, Fuller's Station, Albany Co., N. Y.]315d
.1. B. Hains. Bedford. Cuyahoga Co., O. 1.5tfd
C. P. Bish, Petrolia, Pa. " 15-10

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agi-ee to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.
A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. 11 fd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
Kennedy c& Leahy, Higginsville,Laf. Co., Mo. 33tfd
E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. 23tfd

DR. J. W. CKKNSHAW, Versailles, Wood-
ford Co., Ky., has untested Italian queens for
sale at 75 cents each. 14-15d

COLiONYinlO-frame hive. $5.00; tested queens,
fl.50; untesteil queens, 75 ets.; 3-frame nucle-
us, $1.50; 3-frame nucleus, .f3.00 (no (|ucen). I have
Italian bees; size of abo\-e frame, •J'„.\n''(i.

OTTO KLEINOW, Detroit, Mich., (0pp. Fort Wayne Oato).

SURE

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Before purchasing your Boo- Siip-
pllosi. Cash paid for Bceswa.v. 7tfdb

A, B. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.

634

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Aug.

JIoNEY OeMMN.

CITY MARKETS.

New York.— Honejy.— The honey market is almost
devoid of interest, more particularly in comb honey.
We And quite a large stock being- carried over in
dealers' hands; although our stock is lig'ht, what we
have is dark and off grades, and will t)e in good posi-
tion lor the coining' crop. It is dilHcult to tell what
prices will be on the new crop; but from reports
received from nearly all sections of the country, we
think ijrices will bo low. Present (juotations as fol-
lows :
Fancy white comto, 1-lb. sections 10@13

2-lb. " 8@,10

" buckwheat 1 and 2-lb. sections 5@8

Extracted, white clover 5c

" California 4'4@5

" Southern per gallon t.5f<>?55

J}cetiwax,2'.i(f(2r). McCaul & Hii.okhth IJuos.,

July 10, 188G. 34 Hudson Street. Cor. Duane St.

New York City.

Kansas City.— Houcj/.— The receipts of new hon-
ey are good, and very line. The demand is good,
and stock in store is light of one iiound frames.
One-pound frame, white clover, 13(5'U

Otic " " dark 11@13

Two " " white clover lira)1.5

'■ " " dark 8@10

" " " California white lOfiill

" " " dark 8@9

Extracted white clover, .5fi'>tj; dark, SCfti. California
white, 44@5. Dark, 3!4f5'i. Beeswax, 20(?>i33.
July 22, 1886. Clemons, Cr.ooN & Co.,

Cor. 4th and Walnut St's, Kansas City, Mo.

Milwaukee.— Honej/. —The market is fairly sup-
plied with honey, and trade is dull, and prices de-
pressed: outlook tor a large production, and already
some is being peddled about the city by the raisers
themselves, demoralizing the prices, which should
not be done. We will (luotc choice white, in 1-lb,
sections, 14(5)1.5; the same in 2-lb. sections, ISCfjiLS; ex-
tracted, in bbls. and kegs, white, 5(^(7; in tin cans,
white, (i(^ii8; extracted, dark, in bbls. and kegs, 4(5 6.
Brcuwa.v, 25. A. V. RlSHOP,

J uly 23, 1880. 142 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Cincinnati.— Hoxei/.— There is no ih^w feature in
the market. Demand from manufacturers is still
dull, but somewhat improved. The honey harvest
is below a medium crop in Ohio, Indiana, and Ken-
tucky; but no improvement in prices need be ex-
pected, judging- by present indications.— Prices for
extracted honey range from 3'/4(a'Sc on arrival. No
arrivals yet of new comb honey, and prices nominal.

jRccsicrt.r.— This is in fair jobbing demand, and ar-
rivals are good. It brings 18(522 cts. for good to
choice yellow on arrival. Chas. P. Muth & Son,
"S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,

July li), 1886. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Chicago.— /ionpt/.— Honey is coming on the mar-
ket very freely, and is of good quality. At present
there is not aiiy demand, so that prices are nominal.
Any offer at 12(5'13c would be accepted, yet 14c is
being- asked. Extracted, without change.
Bcr.sii'rt.r, 25. K. A. Buhnett,

July 21, 1886. 161 So. Water St., Chicago 111.

Detroit.— Houci/.— Comb honey in lib. sections
is bringing 11 (?>), 13c per lb., and the market is
well su))plied. PLxtracted is dull, and very few sales,
bringing- SfT'!) cts. Bcrswd.r is in good demand,
but a little lower for average wax. We are paying
2;)C. M. H. Hunt,

July 21, 1880. Boll Branch, Mich.

CiiEVELAND.— Hojiciy.— The market at present is
rather dull; prices, however, are well nniintained.
Choice new 1-lb. sections of white are selling at 14c.;
second iiualitv, 12$/'13. Extracted not salable.
Bcexwiir. 22(5' 25. A. C. Kendel.

July 26, 1SS6. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

New York.— Hojicj/. —There is no change in the
market of honey since our last reiiort. about two
weeks ago. Thukbeh, WhyIjAnd & Co.,

July 12, 1886. lleade and Hudson Sts.,

New York, N. Y.

Boston.— 7f()»ic!/.— There is no change in prices of
honey. Sales are very light. Blake & Uipley,
July 13, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass,

For Sale.— 3000 lbs. of perfectly ripened white-
clover extracted honey, in .5.5-lb. iron-jacket tin cans
at Tc per lb., and Mr. A. I. Root's i»rice of can.
Mrs. Nellie M. Olsen,

Nashotah, Waukesha Co., Wis.

For Sale.— 1000 lbs. white comb honey in sections,
put on board cars hei-e for ]4e per lb.
Wm. Withrow, Paint Valley, Holmes Co., Ohio.

For Sale.— 2C0D Ilis. of white-clover and basswood
honey in Mb. sections, and 3500 lbs. of exti-acted,
jnit up in 25-g-al. barrels. Wli,',tcaM \ou pay tor it,
deli\-ei-('(l here on board of cars? li you woulil like
a sample, I can send you one.

H. B. MoRRiEsooN, Fayette, Fayette Co., Iowa.

For Sale.— a No. 1 extracted honey, from clover
and basswood, in the following- packages— i)ackag<!
free, delivered on board cars in Newton: 3one-h!ilf
bbls.(5i6':)e per lb.; 2 10 gallon kegs @. Tc jier lb. Also
about 150 gallons in open bbls. Satisl'aclion guar-
anteed. Samuel Lister, Newton, Iowa.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For tlie beiietit of friends who have l)laek or liybrid oiietns
whk-li tliry want to dispose of, we will insert ncitices free of
charge, ns below. We do this because tberc is h.-cdly value
enouKh to these queens to pay for buyinf.; tlnin ii|p aiiclliccii-
ing fheni in stoek; and yet if. ia oftentimes quite an acconinio-
datioii to those who can not aft'oid higher-priced ones.

A few black queens, at 15 cents.

Jno. C. Capehart, St. Albans, W. Va.

Mismated queens, reared from select tested Ital-
ian queens. 1 have 20 now, which will go for 40 cts.
apiece. Promjit shipment and safe arrival guaran-
teed. S. H. COLWiCK, Norse, Bosque Co., Texas.

I shall have 8 hybrid queens in August, at 35 cts.
each ; 5 for Sl.OO. I insure safe delivery— all young-
queens. Ben. J. Cole,

Marietta, Washington Co., Ohio.

I shall have a few black and hybrid queens in
August, to sell at 20 and 35 cents. Sate arrival
guaranteed. Luther W. Gray, Orlando, Fla.

I have 14 mismated queens which I want to sell.
Price, three 30 cent ones and eleven .50-cent ones.

11. H. B.4ILEY, Ausable Forks, N. Y.

I have a few black and hybrid queens for sale, at
35 cts. each; also a few queens that produce mostly
three-banded bees, at 50 cts. each. I warrant all to
be good prolific queens. L. W. Van kirk,

P. O. Box 178. Washington, Pa.

I have a few flue hybrid queens for sale at 40 cts.
each. Leb Spahh, Xenia, Ohio.

I have some hybrid queens in the neighborhood
that 1 will sell at 25 cts., yellow and prolific.

C. C. Kirkman, Coxville, Pitt Co., N. C.

I have 2J prolific hybrid queens to dispose of at 25
cts. each, rather than kill them.

W. A. Sanders. Oak Bower, Hart Co., Ga.

I have several young hybrid qoeens to dispose of.
Will mail at 35 cts. each, or 3 for *1.00.

N. Ad.vms, Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla.

I am Italianizing, and will have over 30 queens
which I will sell for 10 cts., and a provisioned queen-
cage each. W. J. Finch, Jr., Chesterfield, 111.

One dozen hybrid queens for sale from Aug. 1st
to 15th, for 30 cts. faeh, or four for $1.00. Ready
now. Geo. P. Kime, Evansburgh, Cosh. Co., O.

I have some Italian hybrid queens that I Avill mail
at 30c each, and guarantee safe arrival.

N. A. Knapp, Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

EXPLANATION.

To the many who have sent
to us for our catalogue, and
have not received one, we would explain that the
demand has been greater than we could supply, but
we will send one of our ne.xt annual edition to all
such as soon as issued. WATTS BROS.

Murray, Clearfield Co., Pa, ' 15d

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

639

Contents of this Number.

After-swarms 650

Hanner Apiary Gol

Bee-trees fifir)

Hees of Klorida C69

Hues in Sections «li«

liii's nnd Hei-keeping (AS

Ikes, licstnriny: to Lite MB

lli( -, lii'MMiptibns of M2

Crirhnlic And 653

Carp-pond, Uur 6fiB

LVitnip 668

I'hapman Honey-plant 67H

C'liioliens, To Hatch 667

Contracting: 654

Conrentions 6:i!)

Corn Meal in Wax 668

Culp's Scholar 648

liirt. Throwing at Bees G5:i

Kditorial 674

F.isi:< . Weighing 6(7

I •111.. Xon-iise of 651

K.lii.To Make 669

I'loiiila— Adverse Report. . .IMS

Kiiiil Brood 641.676

i:iiij,'er snaps 653,667

(;(iods at Reduction 6;5

Harvest Drink 65:1

Uiiiiev as Food and Drink. .653

Honey Season in Louisiana. 615

Honey Column 678

Humbugs nnd Swindles 675

Hydrate of Chloral 669

.lapanese Boys and Girls... 666

Kerosene for Ants 547

lA-:if hoppers 649

Linden, Wiiping 670

Lookout Mountain 650

.Moths .• 647

Mouse .\iMoiig Bees 667

Mv Neit-hliors 66:!

Niielius Col.inii'8 65t

Our iiwu .\piary 675

Pollen. Surplus 669

Uueen in Surjilus-apartm't 6.50

ReversiiKT 6.54

Sections. I'ldinished 6.54

Shakintr lie.'s off 648

Solar K.xti.ictor 665

South Africa 646

Sugar vs. Hone.y . .' 676

Tennessee r>.TO

Thomas Horn 675

'oluinn 670

W,i

IllCSti

Whisky for Stings..
Wild (Jardeii. Ueal's.

EXCHAITGE DEPARTMENT.

WANTED.— To exchang-e 20.000 strawberr.v-plants,
VV Crescent Seedling, Cumberland Triumph,
Sharpless. and Glendale. 75 cts. per 100; ^4.00 per
10;)0, for bees, foundation, or improved poultrv.
lUtfdb W. J. Hessek, Plattsmoutb. Neb.

WANTED. — A partner to take half-interest in
an Apiar.v, with a little capital. Address
Louis Webnek, Edwardsville, 111.

FOR SALE.— Pasiteboard boxes for inclosing sec-
tion honey. The best outi Improved over last
.year. Thousands sold! Price, 1-lb. size, f 6.00; 3-lb.,
$8.00 per 1000. One sample, 5c. 14-oz. square glass
jars, $5.00 per gross; I'i gross in case. P'ine assort-
ment of honey labels. Catalogue free.
14-17db A. O. Crawford, S. Weymouth, Mass.

"IIT" ANTED. —To exchange bees or queens for loot-
Vy power saw. Will sell fine tested queens for f I
each; untested, TO cts. each, either Syrian or Ital-
ians. Israel Good, Sparta, Tenn.

^\

ANTED.— To exchange Italian queens for alsike
clover seed. J. T. Van Petten, Linn, Kan.

WANTED.— To exchange best drone-traps made
for one or more extractors, Simplicity frame.
Send for circular.
1.5tfdb J. A. Batchelder. Keene, N. H.

ll^ANTED.— To exchange for comb or extracted
}\ honey, cash or offers, 15,000 pot-grown straw-
berry plants of the best varieties; also game cocks.
Can give best reference. Geo. M. Wertz,
15tfdb Johnstown, Cambria Co., Pa.

FOR SALE, or will exchange for 20 two-story Sim-
plicity hives, complete, in flat, golden Italian
queens. Price, mismatcd, 50 cts.; untested, 75 cts.
Tested, $1.50; best select tested, one year old, $2.50.
Safe arri\-al and satisfaction guaranteed. Refer-
ence, Rank of Princeton, and L. Goodwyn, P. M.,
Frenchville, W. Va. L. L. Hearn,
Frenchville, W. Va.

TIT^ANTED.— Situation by.voung man who under-
W stands bee-keeping and hive-making; is handy
generally, and willing to be gencrall.y useful. $1()
per month south (Texas preferred), f lis north, if job
is steady and pay sure; 6 j-ears' experience; good
reference; present engagement expires Nov. 10th.
Write at once. A. Durward, Mcrrimac, Wis.

WILL sell for cash or give in exchange for good
horse, 25 colonies of black, hybrid, and Italian
bees, in S. hives, on 5 frames brood each, at $5..5ii,
$<j.00, and $H..50 respectively. Will ship longas weath-
er permits. l«-21db J. A. KIUE, Fairfield, Adams Co., Pa.

AVANTED.— To exchange for honey, or offers,
H three chaff hives, taking 10x15 frames; 40 brood-
frames; 400 1-lb. boxes; two hives; bees; drone-
trap; section cases, etc. OttoLestina.
16(i Deiby, New Havfu Co., Coun.

FOR SALE.— A two-story brick house, with five
lots, good barn, ice-house with cooling-room,
bee-house, honey-house, wood-house, etc. Grapes,
berries, apples, and cherries on the place; in smalk
town, location suitable for bee or chicken business.
Will sell cheap for cash, or exchange.
1.5-18db Anabel Ronald, Grand View, Iowa.

W

[ANTED.— To exchange Wyandotte fowls for
Italian bees. W. H. Osborne, Chardon, O.

FOR SALE.-20 tested Italian queens at $1.00 each,
or will exchange for comb fdn., or 1-lb. one-
piece sections, 4i4x4'.i,. Address
16 Jos. Griffin, Rio, Alb. Co., Va.

WANTED.— To exchange bees by the pound, nu-
cleus, or full swarm, for an.v thing I can use in
the apiary ; or a male Poland China pig ; or for cash.
Write for prices and make offers.
16d Luther Purdv, Killbuck, Holmes Co., O.

11 r ANTED. —To exchange one 3 oz. silver open-
VV face watch, for best offer of eomb or extracted
honey, or offers. Chas. L. Hill, Dennlson, O.
16tfdb

WANTED. — To exchange Italian bees, on 10
IT frames, L. size, drawn from fdn., for a 48 or 51
inch Star bicycle.
16d C. H. Smith, Pittsfleld, Mass. Box 908.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

A few h3'brid queens for sale, at 35 cents each.

O. H. Hyatt, Shenandoah, Iowa.

I have about 3 black and 10 or 12 hj-brid queens
to sell at 20 cts. for black, and 30 for hybrid, or 4 for
$1.00; all young and prolific. Some of them are
daughters of hybrid queens, mated with pure Ital-
ian drones.

Luther Purdy, Killbuck, Holmes Co., O.

Four fine Italian queens in exchange for cocker-
els of any good breed chickens.

Chas. L. Hill, Dennlson, Ohio.

I have a few mismated Italian queens to dispose
of at ;i5 cts. each, or 3 for $1.00. These queens are
almost pure.

Geo. W. Beckham, Pleasant Hill, Lan. Co., S. C.

Wishing to Italianize my apiary, I have one hun-
dred black and mismated queens for sale; mismat-
ed, 40 cts., and blacks, 15 cts. Address

W. G. Hayen, Pleasant Mound, Bond Co., 111.

Black and hybrid queens for sale now. Can ship
upon receipt of order, and will guarantee safe ar-
rival. Prices, black, 20 cts.; hybrid, 35 cts.
16-17-18 J. A. BucKLEW, Clarks, Coshocton Co., O.

I have for sale 2 first-class hybrid queens at 40 cts.
each. W. J. HiLLMAN, Green River, Vt.

I have 4 hybrid queens, for which I will take 25
cts. apiece and guarantee safe delivery.

D. M. Weybright, New Paris, Elkhart Co., Ind.

I have 75 black and hybrid queens for sale at 25
cents each; or I will exchange for strawberry-
plants, 4 queens for 100 plants.

Thomas Gedye, La Salle, La Salle Co., 111.

Mismated queens, reared from select tested albi-
no and bright Italian queens, now over 5 weeks lay-
ing, at 50 cts. each. Shipped by return mail.

Dr. John M. Price, Tampa, Hillsboro Co., Fla.

HELP! HELP! HELP!

Mo develop my honey-trade in Philadelphia by con-
signing me your honey. Those I have sold for, ex-
jiross satisfaction.

TODD'S HONEY CANDIES

Siiiiipli' pack;i;;c iiuiilcil <iii rcciMpt ol 25 cts. Spe-
cial rates Inr iiiiinil itics lor tairs.

ijjisdb AI^THTO TOPC. 1910 geraattOTB A^e., Philadelphia, Pa.

DADAHT'S F0U17SATI0K FACT0S7,WS0LESALE andBETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tfbd

FOR BEES, see niv ndVt in Jiilv 1st No., p. 526.
ipu H, u. U07EB, HILL ca?s;s, iznz CQ., PA.

610

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

BE SURE

'I'n sciiil !i jiostal rjiid t'oroiir illiist nitfil Ciitulofriicof

APIARIAN :SL.r']^"= SUPPLIES

liiiiis illustrations and descriptions ol every lliing
new iuid desirable in an apiary,

AT THE LOWEST Plll€ES.

J. C. SAYLES,

3 ltd Hartford, Washington Co., Wis.

$2.50 CHEAP $2.50

I will sell three-frame (Sinip. size) nnclens colo-
nies, all straight worlicr-conib, well-IiJIed with brood
and honey, I pound of Italian bees, and nice tested
Italian ((iieen, for only *a.50. Now, friends, I g-uar-
antee these colonies to be first-class in every res-
I>ect. Fifty colonies ready now. A fine lot of un-
tested queens at 7.5 cts.; $4-00 per '4 doz., and tested
at $1.00; ■f.5..50 per '/a doz. Safe arrival and satisfac-
tion guaranteed. F. W. MOATS,
15-17db The Bend, Defiance Co., Ohio.

' VANDERVORT

COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send lor samples and reduced price list.
3tfdb J NO. VANDERVORT. Laceyville, Pa.

DADAIST'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

KENTUCKY QUEENS. aTrt;il?cr^St'-

ed, $3.00: untested, f 1.00 e.ich. Bees, T.'jc per pound
after 1.5th July. PELHAM & WILLIAMS,

1316db Maysville, Ky.

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

(iOc to sr)c per lb. Queens, ;!0c' to »1.7.5. according
to kind and time. Also bee supplies and honey. Or-
der from free circular. " How to Rsii!)ie Comb
Honey," an illustrated pamphlet, just out, price
.5 cents. Address OLIVER FOSTER.

Wtfdb Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

A J. KING'S New Circular of <'ARlVIOIiAN,
. SYRIAN, and ITAL.IAN QUEENS, etc.,
will be f)h:NT FHICJC on application. Address
13tfdb A. J. KING, .51 Barclay St., New York.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

WKEKLY, $1.0O l'j:n YEAH.

JONES, M5PHEKSON& CO., Publishers, Bseton, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee .iournal printed in Canada, and con-
taininji much valuable and interesting- matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 83^ pages. Otfb

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
33 3ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

CHEAP T

Full colonics in Sinij)lieity hives, and honey
enough to winter, for only f 4. .50. Will sliip la^t (if
Jvlv- I»AN WHITE,

IJtfab NEW LONDON, HUUO&f CO-, OHIO,

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

lii^ertible Bee Hive

Invertible Frames,

AVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

TOP, BOTTOM, AND

Entrance Feeders.

<'aliilo:::(l<-ik Free. .\«J«lie>.s»

J. M. Shuck, Des IVIoines, Iowa.

43(11)

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Mossis. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111.; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.; E.
S. Armstrong, .Terseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. R. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Hirniingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; J.W.Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. R. Newcomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. Y.; J. A. Huma-
son. Vienna. <).: G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck. Des Moines. la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, IJarrvtown, N. Y.\ Barton, Forsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. Y.. and numerous other dealers.

Write for sampler free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 1 50 Coiiiplimentary and uni<<i-
licited trstitniDiialx, from as many bee-keepers, in
ISSii. Wr u>i't''iiiit<'e eveiii inch of owr foundation equal
lo isample in every rexpec.t.

CHAS. DADAN r dc SON,
3btld liainiltoii, Hancock €0., IlIIiioiM.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE !
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sectiuii!!i, Extractors, Sniokeriii, Separators,

A:c., of Koot's ITIanufacture, Shipped

IroJii liere at ItOOT'S Pit ICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and BeC'
Keepers' Sui)plies in general. Price L(sf Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3-34dh

COL.ONY in 10-frame hive, *5.00; tested queens,
^$1..50; untested queens. 7.5 cts. ; 3-framc nucle-
us, $1..50; ;{-frame nucleus, $3.00 (no queen). I have
Italian bees; si/,e of above frame, n'sXlT^i.
14tfdb OTTO KLEINOW, Detroit, Mich., (0pp. Fort Wayne Cfate).

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Beforo purchasins your Bee-Siip-
plicH. Cash paid for Beeswax. 7tfdb

A. B. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.

SURE

"x^o9^ \

Vol. XIV.

AUGUST 15, 1880.

No. 10.

TKIIMS:*1.00Per VNNUM, IN .VDVANCR;1 T? ,,4- r^l^l ^ cj-, r> rl t ni 1 Q 'V ^ f Clubs to different postoftices, NOT LKfs
2 Copiestor$1.90;3for82.75;5 forSl.OO, ] IL r) L iVU L L O ILCLV ill/ ±0 i O. I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, In Mie

PUBLISHED SKMI-SrONTHLY BY

lOor more. 7i yts. each. Sinijle Number. '

5 cts. Additions to clubs maybe made [

atclubrates. Above are all to be sent » x Tj/^/^Ti ikT i7<"r»TivT A /^TTxr^ I peryenrextra.

TO ONEPOSTORFICK. J A.i. ItUUl , 1\I JiiUllN iV, iJlliU. | the U. P. U., 42c

, U. S. and Canadas. To all olher coun-
1 tries of the Universal Postal Union. ISc
To all countries not of
per j-ear extra.

THE WAX QUESTION.

HOW MANY POUNDS OK HONEY DOES A POUND OF
WAX ACTUAI.I.Y COST US?

fHE beautiful agreement of authorities, that it
requires tweiit.y pounds of lioiie.v to make
one pound of wax, is not, I believe, owinja: to
a coneurrcncc of experiments. The exper-
iments often indicate much more than that
— 1(W to 1 sometimes. The authorities concur that
30 to 1 is about all we can be got to believe, and so
state it at that. The fact seems to l)c, that no exjier-
imentof this kind is worth a r.ve straw unless the
bees have their entire liberty, and are at work on
natural supplies in a perfectly natural way. It
is difficult to grant them this much, and at the
same time weigh things as accurately as exact
science relishes; but there is no help for it. Trutli-
ful approximations are better than exact figures
that begin and end in utter falsehood.

That- tlic jircvalent doctrine is an utter false-
hood, might be readil.v inferred from the wa.v bees
treat wax after the.y get it secreted. Much of it is
at times drojjpcd to tlie bottom of the hive, and
blown out as worthless litter. The scales in which
it is formed seem quickly to get a little dry and
stiEf, and they prefer to secrete fresh ones. Now,
the bee is, l)y nature, a miser— and 20 to 1 is some-
where near tJic present ratio of silver to gold.
When you can find a miser who will i)inch tlie sil-
ver coins till thcj" squeak, and at the sanu^ time
throw the gold coins on the floor, and sweep them
out into the street, then you may look for a bee
that will be e(iually wasteful of his resources.
True, the bee can not reason about the matter; but
the development? of uiUuro, and tho iiUiinnti; con-

clusions of reason are usually in accord. That is,
nature has already reached the point where rea-
son, after floundering about, and making all the
mistakes possible, will finally come to rest. We
can dJBduco the same thing again by this little sim-
ple experiment: Expose a section of nice comb-
honey. The bees, if not otherwise engaged, will
carry the honey away with an eagerness that
amounts almost to frenzy. But how about the
delicate comb, worth twenty times as much as the
hone3', weight for weight ? The bees are perfect-
ly capable of carrying home the comb, and have
been known to do so as an occasional eccentricity;
but ordinaril.v they can not be nuxdc to take it.

Now for the experiment which you requested me
to write ui): July 4th, 1885, a good but rather
small prime swarm of bees was hived on a delicate
scale which will weigh ounces, in order that their
income and wax product might be estimated as
closel.v as ])ossible. 1'he swarm weighed .just three
ounces less than four pounds, and was lii\('d about
sundown. During the night the.y decreased iu
weight two ounces. The average decrease in
weight at night during the experiment was about
twice this, or four ounces i)er night.

The plan of the exiioriment was to let them work
undisturbed four days (as long as they could with-
out eggs hatching), luid then to cut out the pro-
ducts of their labor, weigh the amount cut out,
render the wax, and weigh that. From these data
a ratio can be ai)pro.\imated. Al'tefthis the.y were
t« bo uuilisturbcd four days i7iore, and then be
lleeeed again. Then a third trial of the same jieriod
was to be i)ut upon them, alter which the experi-
ment was to be closed. The colony was wcifarbetj
every luoriiiiig sjnd uigllt-

042

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

This plan leaves several thiiijjs not quite posi-
tive. How about the honej' they had in their sacs
to coTumence with? A four-pound swarm maij
have over a ijound of honey. At other times they
have only a very few ounces. This swarm evident-
ly had a small supply, as they weighed seven
ounces more after the first cutting' was made than
they did the morning- after hiving. At any rate,
the honey they had in their sacs at the close of the
experiment offsets what they had to begin with;
and I nuike an allowance in the separate trials for
the change in the weight of the bees. Did they
have any wax already secreted? I think not. The
evidence is that they did better the second trial
than they did the first. I nuike no attempt to csti-
nuite the daily mortality. The usual loss of a col-
ony for 13 days, according- to the authorities,
should be about one-fourth of the origiiuil weig-ht;
but the fact that this colony weighed the same at
the close that it did in the beginning shows that
the mortality was not a pound of bees, nor any
thing like it. Perhaps mortality does not become
heavy until there is brood to feed. Some ^oney
gathered at morn is eaten and dissipated before
night, and so escapes the scale, while the wax pro-
duct of it remains. To balance this on the other
hand, all these pounds and ounces are pounds and
ounces of rather raw nectar, not of ripe honey. As
to the amount of honey used as food at night, a
colony rearing brood rapidly uses seven ounces per
night; an active colony not rearing- much brood,
from one to three ounces; a colony in a quiescent
state, only a fraction of an ounce. During- this
experiment there was an average loss by night of
4 ounces. 1 have assumed that one-half of this
was waste caused by vitality and muscular action,
and one half the chemical waste of elaborating
wax.

FIRST TRIAL.

First day's gathering of honey and ixjlleii, (i oz, ;
2d, 13 oz.; ;jd, 8 oz.; 4th, 16 oz; total, 43 oz. Subtract
from this— Honey and pollen cut out. 111 oz. Four
days' food, 8 oz.; increase of honey in sacs, 7 oz.;
total for subtraction, 34 oz.

Remainder, or amount spent in secreting wax,
n oz. Weight of wax, 3 oz. 10 dr. Honey spent in
making 1 oz. of wax, 3'^ oz., nearly.

SECOND TIU.VL.

First day's gathering of honey and pollen, 0; 2d,
13 oz.; 3d, 11 oz.; 4th, 35 oz.; total, 48 oz. Add also
6 oz. decrease of the amount in their honey-sacs.
Corrected total, 54 oz. *

Subtract from this— Honey and pollen cut out,
35 oz.; 4 days' food, 8 oz. Total for subtraction,
43 oz. Remainder, or amount spent in secreting
■wax, 11 oz.

Weight of wax, 4 oz. Honey spent in making-
1 oz. of wax, 2?4 oz.

THIRD TRIAL.

First day's gathering of honey and pollen, 5 oz.;
2d, 5 oz.; 3d, 33 oz.; 4th, 16 oz.; total, 48 oz. Add
also 1 oz. decrease of the amount in their honey-
sacs. Corrected total, 4!) (jz.

Subtract from this— Honey ai|d pollen cut out,
33 oz.; four days' food, 8 oz. Total for subtraction,
41 oz.

Remainder, or amount used in secreting wax,
8oz.

Weight of wax, 3I4 oz. Honey spent in making
1 oz. of wax, 3'i oz., nearly.

Jt will be soea that the uverftgg of Ijjc three

trials gives very nearly the ratio of three to one.
Perhaps a less mincing- summary would hit the
average reiuler more forcibly. Here are bees that
made almost ten ounces nf wax. Tlic btiohs say
tliitt tlic]! inunl have had over twelve paumh of Itoncy
tr. ill it ivith, while in fact then were allowed to hep
jiint Hirer pmuidi and a qimrt'sr. Quite a disurep-
ancj , is it not?

It does not follow that we are going to produce
big ci-()i»s of wax at a profit right away. There is
another dilliculty to sui-moiint. 1 have twice run
a good colony the whole season lor wax, and sol
have a right to know. After 10 or 15 days of wax-
secreting, bees seem unable to secrete much more;
and how to get the ne\v supply of j-oiing bees
promptly, without stopi)ing the waxsecietiou of the
first set, is the problem. E. E. Hastv.

Richards, ()., July 6, 1886.

Frk'iid Hasty, tlie facts yo'.t sive us are
tisLoiiistiiii,!^', to nie iit It-ast ; ut any rat(%
your experiiiiciit is t;ertaiiily a very valuable
one. Jt appears to be all right, but perhaps
there may be sonietliiug you have overlook-
ed in it, after all. 1 am very glad indeed to
be aljle to submit it to the keen intelligence
of the. readers of Gleanings. How is it,
friends? h;is Hasty made any big mistake in
this matter? You say you ran a good colony
the whole season for wax ; wliy do you not
tell fis right here liow much wax you got?
I have for some time felt that there must be
a mistake about the ~0 lbs. of lioney for one
of wax, l)ecause of the quantity of wax sin-
gle colonies have sometimes furnished.
Now, then, who will tell us how we sliall go
to work to ])roduce wax at a protitV Can we
do it by feeding sugar? I have noticed tlie
lavish way in which bees sometimes seem to
kick aiound their scales of wax. It has.
however, been, as a general thing, after I
had been feeding them and got them a little
out of their tiatural and normal condition.

DESCRIPTION OF BEES, QUALITY OF
QUEENS, ETC.

b'RlEND DOOLITTLE'S EXPERIENCE IN TESTING
TME DlEl-'ERENT RACES.

HAVE bcL-n besieged of late by some parties in
Pennsylvania to write an article tor Glean-
ings on the qualities of ditferent races of bees,
color of (juecns, and the quality of queens
reared by natural swarming as compared with
those raised "artiQcially," as it is termed. 1 wrote
the parties that, as I was a queen-breeder, I did not
think friend Root would care for my views on
these sulijects for Gleanings, for it might look as
if I had an " ax to grind; " but this does not pacify;
an article they must have, so I have consented to
try a rather diflicult task, for I know that few if
any will agree with me on all the points. However,
I shall try to give an impartial article, telling just
what 1 believe to be the truth. First, then, we
have the

QUALITIES OF THE DIFFERENT RACES.

The black, or German boc, probably all are famil-
iar with. All the really good qualities I know of
them is their readiness to enter the sections and
build comb, and smooth white capping, of the honey
in the same. Their poor qualities, /is I find them,
is their inclijuiliou to rob, and A\illingness to be

1886

aLEANmClS IN BEE CULTUllE.

648

robbed; their riiniiiiig- from llie combs, and out of
the hive, unless handled very earel'uUy; do not rie-
sist the wax-moth; are poor honey-gatherers, ex-
cept in times of plenty; inclined to sting- with little
provocation, and do not do work in a business-like
waj'. This last particular 1 do not know that I ever
saw mentioned ; and by it I mean that they live only
from hand to mouth, as it were, calculating onlj'
a day or so in advance. They go into the sections
to work, and buifd comlj only so long as honey
comes in plentifully. The least slack stops comb-
building, only that the cells are lengthened on that
already built, so that I have frcijucntly found sec-
tions one-fourth full of comb, and that one-fourth
lengthened out, filled, and cajiped over without be-
ing attached to the sections except at the top. I
never saw any thing of the kind with any other race
of bees, for thej' all stai't and build the sections full
of comb as if they calculated to do something Inisi-
nesslike. If another yield of honey comes in a few
days, these bees start the comb down a little fur-
ther, when it is again stubbed off if the tiow slack-
ens, and again and again do the same thing until I
have counted as many as five times in a single sec-
tion where they have started and stopped, making
the face side of the comb resemble a washboard. It
has been claimed that there is a difference in these
bees, some saying that there is a large Inown bee of
superior merit; others claim great things for their
(/»•«!/ bees, both of which are said to be a great way
ahead of the Jittlr hhick bee; but I wish to say, that,
after getting queens from several claiming to have
these superior strains, and placing thon beside the
"little black bee" our forefathers used to have,
there is not a bit of ditlerence in them so ftir as I
can see, or any of my bee-keeping friends to whom
I have shown them. Well, I must "curtail" or I
shall not get along very fast.

I have thoroughly tried the Syrians; and for this
locality I consider them the poorest of all the bees
yet brought to this country. The two great faults
which make them thus are, first, not lireeding when
they should breed, and then breeding beyond meas-
ure when they ought to breed but little, which re-
sults in few laborers in the field in the honey-har-
vest, and countless numbers of consumers after the
harvest is past, to eat up all that the few gathered.
Consequence, jhj pnifit. Second, the workers begin
to lay eggs ao soon as the queen leaves the hive,
whether by swarming or otherwise, so that the
combs are filled with a nuiltitude of dwarf-drones,
to the disadvantage of bees, combs, and owner.
Fertile workers are always present with these bees.
At times they sting rearfull.\-; at other times they
are nearly as peaceable as Italians. However, they
will not venture an attack unless the hive is dis-
turbed, as do the black bees. A colony of Syrian
or Cyprian bees will let me stand an hour at a time
right in front of their entrance, turning out for
me, and not one offering to sting; while in less
than two minutes a black colony will resent such
impudence to the score ot hundreds of stings, if you
don't leave. The C^-prians, I dislike to part with, for
they are really a goo<l bee in all points but one; but
that one point is altogether too sharp for me. Of
all the bees to sting wlien provoked, this bee "beats
all." My fiesh fairly crawls as I write, to think how
I have been stung by them. In opening a hive,
smoke does no good, while the least mishap will,
without warning, send hundreds of hissing, angry,
biting, stinging bees all over ,\ou. They also have

"a touch" of the laying-worker nuisance, but no-
thing like as bad as the Syrian. I still have a colony
of Cyprians, which I expect to brimstone this fall.
I have twice tried to find the queen this season, to
supersede her, but have been stung so that I gave
it up. Perhaps l)rimstone won't kill them; but I'll
try it and see.

The Carniolans, so far as I have tried them, are
a rather mixed race or only a very peaceable strain
of the black bee. My trials ot them agree exactly
with what fri'^'uds Root have said ot them in latt^
numbers of Gr.EANiNGS. Some of the queens pro-
duce a hybrid progeny, while others give nothing
but black bees. As to the "steel blue" color
claimed for them, I wilf say that the same will be
seen on a lot of black bees, just hatched, if held so
the light strikes them just right. As far as I am
concerned, I have no use for them. It is hardly
necessary for me to say that the Italians (home
bred) are my choice, and especially as I find thenl
now, after we ha\e ])asscd through almost the'
poorest honey season we have ever had, at work on
red clover, and storing honcj- from it in sections,
while hybrids and other bees are scarcely getting a
living. This one quality alone, of home-bred Ital-
ians working on red clover, would give them the
preference over tlu' other races, with me, had they
not many other redeeming (lualities besides. I can
not help thinking that Ernest is mistaken in think-
ing that the suj)erior working qualities he sees
in imported stock is wholly due to the fact that
they are imported. I believe that it is in the cross-
ing which gives the great vigor. I have more im-
ported stock in my yard than ever before; and 1
find that, from my best improved bees (done by ju-
dicious crossing) I have, and am likely to obtain,
double the honey I shall from the imported. I also
find that daughters of imported stock, crossed with
my stock, stand much ahead of their mothers as to
the gathering (pialities of their woi-ker progeny.
This is the result gi\en in this, the poorest of all
seasons (with me) for 14 years.

Well, this article is already too long, and I have
hardly got half through. With the editor's per-
mission I will conclude it in the issue for Sept. 15.

Borodino, N. Y., .luly .'il, 1880. G. M. Dooi>itti,e.

Ey all means, friend J)., give us the rest
of your vei'y Viiliiable commiuiication. I do
not know how you could think we shouldn't
care for yoiu- views on this most important
subject. I believe our experience agrees
with all you say, unless it be in regard to
the progeny of our imported queens ; and
as honey-raising is not a specialty with us,
yon may be the nearest right. I am (piite
sure that a great improvement could be
made by persistently rearing queens in col-
onies that give us the largest honey-yields.

"BEES AND BEE-KEEPING," AGAIN.

WHAT TS SALIVA AND ITS FUNCTIONS?

J HAVE read Prof. Cook's review of "Bees and
Bee-Keepiiig " with pleasure, aiid I feel sure
every reader of Gikanings will think more
highly of him for the good-natured way in
which, as the editor says, ho "stands fire."
It has been said, that Mr. Cheshire's criticisms
show an unkind spirit toward Prof. Cook. I find
he is quite as se\ere in criticising the works of oth-
er authors; and I think In no case is he too much

044

GLEANIA^GS m BEE CULTUKE.

Aug.

so, provided lie is correct as to his Itiets. If, on
closer investigation, it lie found that lie is in error,
it will be in order lor tliose authors to handle him
as vigorously as was recently done by the editor
of the British Bee Jouinal on the subject of bacteria.
There does not seem to be as much " gush " and
"slopping- over" amongst writers in the old coun-
try as we sometimes see on this side of the water.

Referring- to the similarity of the digestive
pi'ocess in all animals, on page hS of "Bees and
Bee-Keeping," Mr. Cheshire says: "During- the
process of chewing, or mastication, glands, of
which we, lilfc the bees, have three pairs, pour in-
to the mouth saliva, whose principal office is to
chemically change some parts of our food, and
notably starch, which, under its action, begins to
be formed into sugar, one of the most soluble
bodies furnished by the plant world."

Regarding this statement. Prof. Cook rcmarlis
as follows: "Here ^Ir. Cheshire makes a strange
error in the statement that our saliva is wholly a
digestive liciuid, that it changes starch into sugar.
It is well established, that our saliva is almost
wholly mechanical in its function, and that the
pancreatic juice digests the starch." Prof. Cook
probably follows Dr. J. C. Dalton, Jr., who says:
"The function of saliva is altogether a physical
one. Its action is simply to moisten the food and
facilitate its mastication, as well as to lubricate
the triturated mass, and assist its passage down
the ii'sophagus." Dr. Dalton refers to the investi-
gations of leading French and German authors
in support of his view; but their observations
were made on the masticated food (f some of the
lower animals, in which cases no ghrcose was
found. The results of these observations do not
necessarily pi'ove that Dr. Daltoa is correct; be-
cause later investigations have shown that. " whilst
the saliva of man and some few animals possesses
the remarkable diastastie fciment, it is absent
from the saliva of a majority of animals."

On the other hand, on page Ul of his Physiology,
Prof. Huxley says: "The secretion of these saliva-
rj' glands, mixed with that of the small glands of
the mouth, constitute tsaliva — a fluid which,
though thin and watery, contains a small quantity
of animal matter called ptyalin, which lias certain
very peculiar pi-operties. It does not act on pro-
teid food-stufls, nor upon fats; but if mixed with
starch, and kept at a moderately warm tempera-
ture, it turns the starch into g^'ape sugar. The
importance of this operation becomes apparent
■when one reflects that stareli is insoluble, and
therefore, as such, is useless as a nutriment; while
sugar is highly soluble, and readily oxidizable."
And on page 154 he says: "The conversion of
starch into sugar, which seems to be suspended
wholly, or partially, so long as the food remains
in the stomach, on account of the acidity of the
chyme, is resumed as soon as the latter is neutral-
ized, the pancreatic and intestine juices operating
powerfully in this direction."

In his article on " Nutrition," in Kitcyc. Brit.,
published in 1884, Prof. Gamgee sa;is: "The pro-
cess of mastication, besides triturating- the food
and mixing it with the alkaline saliva, permits it to
become raised nearly to the body temperature, in
which condition the dextrine and the starches
readily fall a prey to the ptyalin, and begin to be
converted into dextrine and maltose. This change
is very rapidly effected— it begins instantly, if the

starch is already boiled, po that, unless the food is
" boiled," a considerable (juantity of soluble dex-
trine and sugar is formed before the bolus is
swallowed."

From the foregoing it will be seen that, although
he disagrees with Dr. Dalton, Mr. Cheshire is in ac-
cord with some of the latest and best authorities
of the day. S. Couneil.

Lindsay, Out., Can., July 2(>, 1886.

Thank you, fritnul C. ; but when doctors
disagree iii such matters, who shall decide V
Unless some special reason shall make it
very important to know the exact truth, I
can not see why it matters very much after
all, as to who is right and who is wrong.

A SUGGESTION IN REGARD TO HAN-
DLING EOUL BROOD.

,\r,SO SOMETHING ABOUT THE NAMELESS BEE-
UlSEASE.

TN Gleanings for Aug. 1, 1888, page GIO, you de-
||f scribe what is evidently foul brood. In burn-
W ing- the combs you did all right; but why starve
"*■ the bees, when there is a better -way? In my
experience in bee-keeping of over 31 years, I
have had to deal with foul brood four ditlerent
times, either in my own yard or in the yards of
some of my friends. I condemn the practice of
starving the bees, as it makes them almost worth-
less after such treatment for future comb-building.
I l)elit've it is well understood, that bees must be
fat to build comb to anj- extent. Put them in a box,
and feed them; make them build comb for three or
four days; feed them well; keep them fat; then put
them on other combs or foundation, and they will
be in condition to build combs and rear brood.
Don't be afraid. The comb -building- in the box
uses up all the honey the bees may have carried
with them from the foul-brood combs.

THAT bee-disease that has no name.

Let me call your attention to Gleanings for Oc-
tober 1, 188,5, pages G.fjS and 677. For several years, at
times, I have seen those nervous, shiny-loolting
bees (made shiny by the other bees worrying them
trying to get them out of the hive), but I have nev-
er known of any loss of whole colonies until the
present season. In this locality the disease is quite
pi-evalent, in some instances causing the loss of the
entire swarm. Changing the queen does not stop
the complaint. Sometimes a swarm afflicted with
the disease will recover in a few days, and remain
well, while others, after recovering- the first time,
will again be taken down with the same disease. I
have used salt, a small handful, placed at the en-
trance of each hive, where the breath of the bees at
night dissolves a portion of the salt, which the bees
seem to like. With some swarms it seems to help
them, curing- them in a few days completely, while
with others it seems to have no etfect. I have in
some instances seen from a pint to a quart of bees
thrown out in ;34 hours.

question.

What effect, if any, does this disease have on a
swarm, that, having- once had it, survives the win-
ter'? Does it follow that they will have the same
disease the second year? Will some one who has
had experience with this disease answer?

So far as my obser\'ation goes, the liroad is not af-
fected by the disease— at least it looks healthy.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUliti.

eis

QUESTION.

Is there not something- which, if fed the l>ees, will
be a positive cure? ts it not a nerve disease? Cer-
tainly the bees appear very nervous.

What of the honey season? So far as I know,
there will not be one-fourth of an ordinary crop.

Fabins, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1886. H. U. Mason.

Friend M., I think very lilcely you are
right about niakiii»r bees build comb or build
out sheets of foiuidation, instead of starving
them. With us we can not alford to risk
any thing on experiments. At present writ-
ing, Aug. 4, but one more colony has been
found showing any trace of the disease. — In
regard to the " nameless bee-disease," as it
has been called, we can not answer your
questions. There may possibly be some spe-
citic, if we knew just what it is; but I be-
lieve medical men tell us there are very few
si)ecilics that are certain in all cases. I have
never noticed it in winter time, but have
several times seen it appear as early as April.

THE HONEY SEASON IN THE MISS-
ISSIPPI VALLHY.

CUIt.LED BROOD, AND HOW TO Cf-EAN FROM
THE COM US.

K. EDITOR: -What is the matter with the
bee-keepers adjacent to the Mississippi
River, in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Ar-
kansas? Are they still in the business, or
are they so busy handling: their honey
crop that we see no notice of them in any of the
bee-papers? or is it that their bees have done so
little that they arc ashamed to make known how
little they have done? I think there should be
some reports from some of the sections between
Memphis and New Orleans, as this section can be
classed as a large honey district. The lailure of
the crop in this region, it seems to me, ought to
have some effect in stiffening- the market. A larg-e
crop from California always bears down the nuir-
ket somewhat, and a g-ood deal sometimes. Like-
wise a fiUl crop in the Mississippi Valley has its
effect. I think it well for the comlilion of the crop
to be known for so large a region as the Mississippi-
Valley district, for the effect it will have on the
general market. Although so far we have in this
locality almost a failure, yet we should be glad to
have it known in all the markets that such is the
case, for the tendency it would have to keep prices
up. It should be our aim to keep prices up as well
as we can, though we may not get the benefit of
them for another year. We should not be jealous
of those who happen to bo successful this season.
If it will help to raise the price of extracted honey
if) tell you that the honey yield in St. Charles
Parish, La., has so far been exceedingly small, I
shall be glad to inform you such is the case. If the
whole district of the Mississippi Valley, from
Memphis down, and probably from Cairo too, has
not the same report to make, "exceedingly snuill,"
please let's hear from some of the big producers,
and let them give (juaMtity and number of hives,
spring count, and see if the report is not " exceed-
ingly small " com])ared with other years.

I began this season with 1:^5 hives, in fine condi-
tion. Up to June 9th f extracted ;2C lbs. per hive.
I have extracted only at)Gut 10 gallons sint-e.

Swarming time here begins usually about April
1.5th. My 125 hives were in as fine shape as any bee-
keeper could wish, when all at once we had a cold
spell, and the brood chilled. Two hives in i)artieu-
lar had Vi well-filled frames of brood, and a great
many had 9, 10, and 11 frames ttlled with brood.
Every one of my strongest hives was ruined. 1
waited till the latter part of June for them to clean
out the combs and build up again, but they would
not do it; so to get any benefit at all from those
hives, I took their frames all out that had dead
brood in, and took them to the extracting-room and
uncapped them, and, putting the frames in the ex-
tractor, I made things hum. I could not spare the
good brood scattei-ed about here and there, be-
cause that bad brood had to come oiU, and the
good had to come with it. I then put them back in
the hives, and the bees cleaned them up; but they
could not clean all of them well enough, for some
of the fresh brood in those cleaned combs died.
Now, it wasn't foul brood, beeaust^ there were no
sunken caps with pinholes in them, nor did they
have that stench in the hives; but I tell you the air
was thick with unpleasant perfumery when I was
extracting those fi-ames. I extracted over twenty
hives, and threw out over ten gallons of the rotten,
slimj' stuff'. They were thrown back so nuich by
the operation that many of them dwindled down;
and besi<les having no swarms, I have reduced my
stock by uniting to 117 at present, and shall, as rap-
idly as I can, reduce them to about 100 hives. If
any of the Pelican bee-keepers can boast of the
wonders of Louisiana as a honey State for 1880, I
am ready to read all such reports; but I should
like atHdavits to accompany reports of large
yields. Louisiana has yielded enough rain water
this season to supply the whole Union. When this
section gets drj', the ground cracks open, and is as
hard as a brick; and when it rains too much the
ground gets tough and gummy, like rubber or glue.

May be next year we'll get a chance to astonish
you. If we do, then you'll have to have a " Louisi-
ana" column in which to chronicle big yields; but
on off years like this one up to date, the Mississippi-
Valley bee-keepers are conspicuous bj- w'hat they
don't report. 3— C. M. Higgins, 125—117.

Hahnville, St. Charles Par., La., Aug. li, 1880.

AN ADVERSE

FLORIDA.

REPORT FROM OUR OLD FRIEND
W. S. HART.

fERE we are, arrived at the ordinary time for
our surplus honey-ttow of the season to be-
gin to check up, and yet there are iuit, as far
as I can learn, a dozen barrels of surjjlus
honey in this "bee-belt," as it is often called.
This season has certainly been an anomaly to the
bee-keepers of this part of Florida. I do not care
to give a full report of the season up to date just
now, but will say that bees bred up very strong in
March, whore there was plenty of honey in the hive
to go with what little was gathered in the field. It
seemed as though they would turn honey Into
brood to almost any extent in proportion to the
amount of the former that was provided them.
There was considerable swai-ming during the late
days of March and through April, although there
was but very little honey coming in. Almost all
swarms had to be fed at once; and if given uncap-

646

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

pcd brood Ihey would construct queen cells on it
and cast a swarm before any ef^gs were laid. I
never saw swarms cast before, when so little honey
Avas coming' in. Instead of the usual dry weather
through April wo had a g-ood deal of rain, and the
drought commenced in May, about the time that the
summer rains usually commence. It continued
Very dry until June 18th, when we had quite a show-
er. Since that it has rained almost every day, and
is raining now. I do not think that any one here
has ever seen more water in the " Hat woods " and
hammocks of this " c{>ast section " than there is at
present. The di-y weather in May and June pre-
vented all of our honey-producing plants and trees
that usually come in then, and give us our early
surplus, from doing much more than to provide for
the wants of the brood.

The mangrove crop, as before stated, having been
destroyed by the unprecedented cold of last winter,
our only hope for a crop of white honey was based
upon the cabbage palmetto. This tree was watched
with much interest, as there has been considerable
discussion as to its merits as a honej'-producer,
some claiming that most of last year's white-honey
crop came from it, while others claim that they
have never had a barrel of honey from the tree, as
it produces only pollen. What makes it so difficult
to decide this matter is the fact that both it and the
mangrove are in bloom at the same time, and the
bees are hard at work upon both, and attimes honey
Is coming in quite rapidly when the bees seem to be
working mostly on the palmetto, notwithstanding
it is seldom that a bee found on its bloom has its
sack half or even a third full of honey. Well, the
tree is now past the prime of its bloom, which has
been profuse, and there is almost no white honey
in the hives; there is less brood than ever known
before at this season; and although colonies that
have been well cared for are mostly in fair shape,
some have been lost through neglect, as many of our
bee-keepers had to give their time to other work in
order to bridge over the first and only season not (jiv-
itmapaying crop ot honey to the skillful apiarist
when prepared to receive it that I have ever known
or heard of in this part of Florida.

The mangrove Is sprouting out in fine shape from
roots and lower trunks of the injui-ed trees, and
will probably give quite a crop of honey next year,
and a full crop the year after. Don't put us in
" Blasted Hopes," as our courage is good yet.

Hawks Park, Fla., July 29, imi , W. S. Hart.

NOTES FROM ONE OF OUR FRIENDS
IN SOUTH AFRICA.

THE rOSSIBILITV OF SHIPPING QUEENS FROM
THERE HfeRE.

R. ROOT:— Vour name is too wellknpwn in
bee-circles to escape the notice of any bee-
keeper, even one in South Africa, where
bee-keeping has little or no status. 1 have
been a bee-keeper over 35 years, 1.5 of
which have been spent in this colony, in which, un-
til very recently, I have lived almost wholly unen-
lightened as to the immense advance of bee-keep-
ing during that interval. Of course, therefore, I
have been a disciple of the old school, left to his
own oliservations. Some of these are given in the
transactions of the Naturalists' Society of this

Province, a copy of which ] take the liberty of
sending you. Since its publication I have happily
become acquainted with the British Bee Journal,
etc., and with your most practical Gi>E.\NiNGS,acopy
of which is now before me. From these I have
been impressed with the fact of the great demand
for foreign varieties of bees, with a view of im-
proving bee-strains. This has led me to draw the
attention of the bee-world to the supreme excel-
lence of the S. African breed, reference to which
has been made more than once in the pages of the
B. B. J.

From an advertisement in the latest issue of this
journal, if you should see it, it will be gathered
that Frank Stroud, my son, who has been recently
engaged in the rearing of a large number of the
best quality of queens, under my own immediate
supervision, is prepared to forward such African
queen-bees, pure bred, as may be required, guar-
anteeing their fertility; or nuclei in working con-
dition. The price mentioned is calculated for a
single queen only, though where a large number is
sent, the cost will be very much less.

S. African bees ai'e a mingled race, probably, of
the old Egyptian and brown bee, with a dash of
a grayer variety ; but they are inimitable workers,
and by a long way superior In every respect to the
European bee of my earlier experience. The win-
ters here are naturally not quite so severe as in
Great Britain, for example; but the droughts here
at times are terrible; and how bees live through
theni, much less increase and multiply, and gather
honey nothwithstanding, is indeed a marvel. When,
however, bee-forage is about, their energy and ac-
tivity are equally remarkable, early and late, all
the year round. They have no diseases, and are,
I should say, an improvement even upon the Li-
gurians if only in this one particular.

As you are a large importer and grower of for-
eign bees, and your influence widely felt, I hasten
to bring these facts to your notice, believing that
an acquaintance with the "Africans" referred to
would immensely benefit all who are interested in
bee culture and honey growth. I should be glad of
any suggestions you might be pleased to offer as to
the best means of transporting bees from this
quarter to you, the kind of cage you would recom-
mend, etc. J. W. Sthoud, M. D.

Port Elizabeth, Algoa Bay, Cape Colony, S. Africa.

Friend S., we are very much pleased in-
deed to get tliis report from so far away. I
presume your son Frank is working with
the aid of movable-frame hives, and all mod-
ern implements. We should be very glad to
know how much honey you get, in an aver-
age season, from a colony of these South-
African bees. I think there is hardly any
possibility of sending bees by mail this great
distance ; but perhaps you might send them
to Australia, or some other point where
Italians are kept, so that they could be com-
pared side by side. Dottbtless some of the
readers of our journal will be glad to corres-
pond with you in regard to the matter ; and
if you can not send us any live bees by mail,
please send us a few dead ones ; or, better
still, fill some of the workers with honey,
and then put them in a very small vial of
{ilcohol, plugging this up in a wooden block
for safety. W^e will try mailing you a block
already prepared, as it may save you some
time and trouble.

ISSIJ

GLEANINGS IN UEE CULTUllK.

G17

WEIGHING QUEENS' EGGS.

Can a Queen Lay Eggs Enough in a Single
Day to Overbalance Her Own "Weight?

PKOF. COOK PROVES, BY WEIGHING THE KGGS
AND WEIGHING 'J'HE QUEEN, THAT SHE MAY.

aEAU MR. EDITOR:— As I wrote you, we are
carc't'ully iuvcstlg'ating: the laying' powers of
a queen, and we find that tlie number of
eggs that the queen lays per day is no more
surprising than the quantity by weight.
Mr. Cheshire states that the queen in spring " will
turn the scales at three grains— feeding adding
fully half a grain more." He says that '.I0,0[H) eggs
weigh r.'7'.l grains; henee 3000, the daily product of a
good (]ucon, would weigh nine grains, which would
be nearly thicj tiuK>s the queen's weight.

You expressed doubt, Mr. Editor, and no wonder.
I have found Nature's laboratory so full of wonders
that I have learned to doubt, or, at least, deny, no
statement like this till investigation shows it to be
unfounded. My students and 1 took a queen, ^f
Syrian and '.^ Carniolan, or about that, and care-
fully weighed her on scales that weigh to one ten-
thousandth of a gram. She was weighed by two
separate parties, and on ditferent scales, and Mcigh-
ed .2390 grams. Multiply this by 15.4:31: and wo find
her weight 3 548 grains. The queen was carefully
lifted from the comb while laying. We see, then,
that this queen weighed a little more than one-
flfth of a gram, or a little more than 3' 2 grains.

We next weighed a piece of comb full of eggs,
which liad been carefully dusted, both bj' blowing
and by use of brush. It was laid on a smooth dusted
board, and handled by metallic forceps. I then
carefully removed 30 eggs, which were carefully
weighed. The weight was .0030 of a gram. Multi-
ply this by 1.50, and we get the weight of 3000 eggs,
the number that a queen will lay in a day at this
Beason. I then removed 40 more eggs, and again
weighed the comb. By subtracting this weight
of the comb from the original weight, we found the
weight of 60 eggs, Avhich agreed almost with the
weight as determined by weighing the 33 eggs pre-
viously. Thus the weight of 3000 eggs is .39 of a
gram, which, reduced to gi'ains, gives six grains.
Thus it appears that, in this case, the queen may
lay 1.7 times her own weight. Unless the eggs va-
ry in weight— and why should they not'/— Cheshire
has got the eggs too heavy by 1 2 their weight.

We shall repeat this experiment with several
queens and their eggs. We shall also weigh eggs
just laid, and those just ready to hatch, and com-
pare weights.

Now, Mr. Editor, you must remember that your
name is Amos, not Thomas, and never doubt again.

A. J. Cook.
Agricultural College, Mich., July 31, 188j.

It would appear, friend Cook, tliat Frank
Cheshire had already made the experiment
when I wrote you. Of this I was not awnre,
for we had not yet received the complete
numbers comprising Volume I. of his book,
and in this case I shall have to beg liis par-
don and yours also. Yes, I will try to re-
member that my name is Amos and not
Thomas. It is not often that I feel like de-
manding so much proof; but I hope I shall
be ready to accept truth when it is made so
plain as you make it. When you talk about
your scales that wjll weigh q'lcaifcj and

queens' eggs, I confess I begin to have a
good deal of reverence for the men who can
make and use such instnunents. Then it is
indeed true, that, bound up in the small
body of a (pieen, or mother-bee, are the nec-
essary arrangements and vital forces to take
the concentrated food furnished by the
workers, and convert it into several thou-
sand of these tiuv eggs, each one having a
sepai'ate life-giving principle bound up
within it, each one incased in a perfect
pearly shell of its own, and in one short 24
liours she may i)roduce tliese linished eggs
in quantities nuinlx-riug thousands, and in
weight two or tlirce limes that of her own
body, even wlien !-aid body is full of eggs.
I feel that, if I have been a doubting
Thomas, I am now, witli tlie facts you give,
ready to say with doubting Tliomas, in
words expressive of uiuiuestiouing faith,
" My Lord and my Cio<l ;'' and, '' How mar-
velous are tny works ! "

AN ABC SCHOLARS EXPERIENCE.

MOTHS, WIDE EUAMES OK CIt.VTES, STINGS, ETC.

Y success with bees, all things considered,
has been good. When I began I knew on-
ly that bees make honey, and sting, and
that there are workers, drones, and a
(jucen. For the first twelve mouths I had
a mortal horror of the moths, nor did I get over it
until Root, in Gleanings, declared that he would
not give 35 cents to have the whole trilie of moths
abolished. If the moths have ever harmed my
bees, I have seen no evidence of it. Moths do ruin
combs that are off the hives, and left carelessly ex-
posed.

WIDE EIIAMES OK CIIATES.

Last year I usel section boxes and separators;
but it was such a job to get the wide frames olf
the hives, that this year I discarded the wide
frames and section boxes, substituting for them
ordinary frames with fdn. starters, ^4 or 1 inch
wide. I am much pleased with the change. How-
ever, there has been a good deal of drone comb
and brood in the honey-frames. One of your cor-
respondents affirms that a remedy for this is to fill
the frames with fdn. Is he right'? Can this be de-
pended on? If it can 1 will till every honey-frame,
next season, with fdn. I would have done it this
season to help the beos along had not another of
your correspondents atlirmed that bees get along
with their comb-building just as fast without as
with fdn. His experiments seemed to have been
conducted carefully and fairly. Please state how
this is. Foundation costs enough to make one
want to know the real facts about it. In the use of
starters I found out the importance of having the
starters go very near the uprights of the frames.
Where I let them extend only within an inch of the
uprights, the bees would build htrai,.;ht to that point
and thL'u go crooked, clear over to an adjoining
coinb. At first I put all my colonies on tl^c ground;
that is, on half-bricks laid Hat under each eoimer,
but the spiders and ants bothered so much I put
legs to all my bottom-boards, and I am much pleas-
ed with the change.

KEHOSENE FOR ANTS.

Only a few weeks ago one of my colonies was in-
vaded by ants, J\.\\ I did was to throw down my

648

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

inclined alig-hting--board, and pour a little kerosene
on the legs of the l5ottom-board. Had the hive
been on or very near the ground, the ants would
not have desisted until by some means they were
thoroughly exterminated.

SHAKING INSTEAD OB' BRUSHING THE BEES OFF.

A word about my experience as to stings: The
veil and gloves made me feel so muffled and cramp-
ed that I have generally done without them, pre-
ferring a few stings to the cramped feelings of
working under cover. But about six weeks ago, in
taking the honey from a hive I was so unmercifully
stung that 1 had to walk off and get both veil and
gloves. Since then 1 have taken honey from hive
after hive without one single sting, and without
the use of either veil or gloves. The great differ-
ence in the behavior of the bees is not due to at-
mospheric conditions, scarcity of flowers, or any
thing else but my method of doing the job. When
I was so badly stung I used a brush to get the bees
off the frames of honey. I never brush them off
now, but shake them off' by a sudden motion of the
hands and arms, as recommended by you. Tell
your beginners that bees do mind being brushed
off the combs, but they do not mind being shaken
off. Of course, there should be an inclined path-
way to the hive in front, and on this or in front of
the hive the shaking should be done, so they can
readily crawl in. They behave very much as they
do when a swarm or a dipperful from a swarm Is
poured in front of the hive. This may seem a vei-y
small matter to experienced bee-keepers; but the
difference between twenty stings and no stings at
each hive is a considerable thing. Besides, every
bee is easily shaken off without any violent use of
the muscles. My bees did so poorly at side-storing
that I shut up all that part of the lower Simplicity
hives devoted to wide frames and section boxes.

What do you and your correspondents think of
fdn. with wires molded into it? What is the ad-
ditional cost, and is it worth one's while to adopt

it? • JOSEPHO.

Tuscaloosa. Ala., June 28, 1886.

Friend J., there is quite a difference of
opinion in regard to wide frames or crates.
Dr. C. C. Miller says, on page 35 of his
book, "A Year Among the Bees:"

An objection to the use I made of wide frames
was the bits of comb and honey between the bot-
toms of these frames and the tops of the brood-
frames. This might be remedied by using the
Heddon skeleton honey-board. Another objection
was the great amount of labor entailed. For one
not over strong it made a great Beal of heavy lift-
ing. Yet I secured some good crops of honey by it,
never in more satisfactory shape, and I am not
sure whether I can do any better by any other sys-
tem, if I do not take into account the item of labor.

This might make it a question of circum-
stances with the bee-keeper. Foundation
will surely prevent liaving your frames filled
with drone-comb. As to whether it pays
better for comb- honey to let the bees build
natural comb in the brood-frames or put it
in fdn., remains undecided. Your sug-
gestion in regard to having the foundation
go clear up against the uprights of the
brood-combs is an excellent one.— Kerosene
is probably a good remedy for ants. — More
than one of our new pupils have made the
same discovery you have when they under-
took to brush bees, especially if the brush
was a stiff one — like a stiff broom, for in-
stance. The brushes we advertise for the

purpose irritate the bees little, if any. — In
regard to foundation with wires imbedded,
the way it is made by Van Deuseu & Sons,
it answers a good purpose without question ;
but I believe most of the friends prefer the
plan laid down in our price list and ABC
book.

FEATHERING-GETTING QUILLS.

MRS. gulp's SCHOLAR, AND HOW HE HAS PRO-
GRESSED.

fS^ HE first article I ever wrote for a bee-journal
S)'' appeared in Gleanings, June 1.5, and was
% entitled, "Just Hatched." In your append-
ed note you say, " Don't fail to tell us more
about it." With hearty thanks tor your
kindness, I comply with your request.

Six weeks ago ] knew nothing of apiculture nor
of boe-literature, having never read with care a
single article on the subject. Since then I have
gone through ABC and Cook, reading, nearly eve-
ry thing in both, and re-reading much of their con-
tents; and 1 have almost devoured several back
numbers of Gleanings, handed me by a friend. I
am greatly pleased with Gleanings in every re-
spect. I find in it no bitterness against other
journals on apiculture, and very little hatcfulncss
between its contributors. It does not attempt to
snub the Almighty, nor does it treat religion as
something to be shunned, if we would be safe. Al-
together, I feel as though I had got into good com-
pany.

I have four colonies, all from Mrs. Culp's apiary,
two of them quite recently, and they are getting in
lots of good work. They have received 73 new
frames filled with foundation, the most of which is
chme lip; and they have done some work in sec-
tions besides. 1 have formed one nucleus, which
affords me great pleasure, and opportunity for ob-
servation and study. I hope to grow this nucleus
into a strong colony before fall.

I have visited several small apiaries, and two of
some note, and I find this a fruitful practice for
gaining knowledge. How I should love to visit
"The Home of the Honey-Bees"!

I have assisted in almost all kinds of apiarian
work. I have beheaded drones, clipped queens,
plucked queen-cells, have had queens hatch in my
hands, taken queens from hives, introduced queens,
hived swarms, transferred colonies, extracted hon-
ey, etc.

In the last few weeks I have put together about
300 frames, and all these 1 have wired; and about
one-third of them I perforated with a brad-awl,
that they might be wired. I am greatly in favor of
wired frames. To prevent saggin^r I ordered tin
strips 3'/2 by f^ inch, which I nailed over the top-bar
and down on to the end-bars. I have put $25.00
worth of comb foundation into frames for myself
and others. Comb foundation is a great invention,
and its use should become universal, 1 think. It
pays to put it in well. I first varnish one side of
the comb-guide with melted wax. This wax holds
the foundation much better than the new wood
will; and after the foundation is in J drop melted
wax on its upper edge in four or five places, and es-
pecially at each upper corner. All this takes
tinie^iv little time; but it is the stitch that saveg
nine.

1SS6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(ilO

11 c*oes not do will, I fliul, to hive bees at swarm-
ing' on Iriuncs of comb I'oundation, as they arc so
warm then, thronj;li excitement, tliat they melt
the wax of which tlie fonndation is made. I still
like the chaff hive; but 1 believe the extra box for
the upper chamber would often be an advantage.
I think I shall try it and sec. A box, made two
sides of pine and the other two of heavy tin or
sheet iron, would have room in the chamber, and
yet alloAV the frames to run across tlie lower ones
as they do.

She Avhom my children call "ma" is delighted
with the bcL's. She sends many thanks for your
kind remembrance of her. J. y. Ricketts.

Hilliard, O., July 6, 1886.

Fiifiid R., your suggestion of making an
ui»|>er story to set inside of tlie upper story
of the cliaif liive, of part wood and part tin,
is ingenious, l)at tliere would be one trouble
Avith it: It would not be conveniently inter-
changeable with the regular Simplicity hives.
— We are glad to note your enthusiasm and
zeal, and we hope it may bear good fruit.
We have labored hard to see that nothing
goes into Glioaninus retlecting on any oth-
er bee-journal ; and we mean to try still
harder to let nothing uncourteous be seen
on its pages toward anybody. Of course,
we expect to expose frauds when nothing
but exposure will stop them ; but we mean
to do even this in a kindly spirit.

HOW SOME ABC SCHOLARS SUC-
CEEDED.

niUNGlNG ST.\HVED BEES TO LIFE, ETC.

E had a swarm of bees come to us about the
middle of July, 1883. Mr. L. wentto one of
the neighbors and borrowed a box hive,
and the hired man hived them. The hive
was glassed on one side, so that, by open-
ing a wooden door, we could look in and see them
work, and we watched them very closely.

The basswood yield was very good that year, and
they made honey enough to winter on. We put
them in the cellar in the fall, and every warm
spell through the winter we would go and listen to
see if they were living; and sometimes, if we did
not hear them, we would jav the hive, we were so
anxious to know whether they were still alive.
But they survived all such hardships.

Mr. L. sent for an A B C book in tlie spring.
About the tenth of April he put the bees out of
doors; and during apple-tree bloom he had them
transferred to a Laogstrolh hive. The tenth of
June they sent out a swarm, and it clustered on the
body of a tree; and if we were a little nervous over
the first swarm, you will pardon us; but with milk-
pan in one hand and wing in the other, Mr. L. soon
had them in the hive. The next swarm was not so
easily managed, as they came out the second time,
and we did not know what to make of that, so we
went to the ABC book and found that was a freak
of the young (jueen. After coming out two or
three times they settled down in their new home.

The third swarm we sent back. Tlie first swarm
made 41 lbs. of nice section honey. Mr. P., who
keeps 90 swarms, said it was the nicest honey ho
ever saw. Mr. L. bought two colonies In the fall
for 55.00 c/j^ck- Tlje next spri'iK' I'O '"Ft iKS origi-

nal swarm. He had no smoker, so he could not
look at them. He thought he would wait and see
whether his bees lived through or not before he
bought one. Wc watched them to see if they
came out on all warm days. One day we noticed
that that colony did not come out when the others
did, and thei-e was another colony we could not see
any fiying from, so I went out there and 1 saw two
or three bees at the entrance that could just crawl.
When Mr. L. came to the house I told him they
were starving to death, and he opened the hive and
found a good many of them on the bottom of the
hive, and those on the frames could only flutter
their wings a little. He said he did not think we
could do any thing for them; but he brought them
in and put some strained honey in the comb, and
in two hours they were flying. The other colony
were all dead. Mr. L. got a smoker in the spring.
That year we had no new swarms, but had 097 lbs.
of honey. One of the colonies bought made 12;i lbs.
Last year the four colonies averaged 8;j lbs. apiece,
and increased to nine; this year to 20. We take
Gleanings, and like it very much.
Harford, Pa., July 7, 1886. Mas. H. M. Lindsv.

LEAF-HOPPEKS.

Do They Really Secrete Honey?

PROF. COOK gives US SOME INTERESTING F.\CTS
IN REGART TO THIS FAMILY.

fKlEND ROOT:— We send you, by to-day's
mail, some insects which we find in great
quantity, producing a sweet substance wc
suppose to be honey-dew. They seem to
hatch on hemp, and osagc orange. When
first seen they arc white and linty until they get
their wings. Uces are working all hours in the day
on this substance. Can you tell the name of the in-
sect, or are they a common thing? I never saw
such before this year. Z. G. Cooley.

Norwalk, Iowa, July 13, 1886.

Prof. Cook replies in regard to the above
as follows:—

These are not plant, or scale lice, but ai-c leaf-
hoppers, which are readily known by their broad
heads, prominent eyes, and sharp-crested thorax.
The larvje of many species secrete a liijuid in
which they live and feed. This liquid contains air-
bubbles, and looks not unlike freshly ejected
spittle from a clean mouth. These leaf-hoppers
are so called, because they live or feed on leaves,
and when disturbed they hop away. One, the
grape-leaf hopper, is often a serious pest to the
vine which gives it its name. Though these are
not plant, or bark lice, they do belong to the same
Older— HemiTptera, or bugs, as can be seen by the
prominent beak or strong sucking-tube, which is
bent under the body when not in use. You, Mr.
Editor and others, have noticed the frothy liquid
surrounding these larval leaf-hoppers on an ever-
green-leaf or grass-blade. I have never discovered
that those secrete a nectar, nor heard of it before.
I am led to wonder if the same plants did not har-
bor and provision a colony of ])laiit lice which sup-
plied the sweet. The matter should bo sharply
looked into. If these Ipal'-hoppers do secrete nec-
tar, it is a new and interesting point. A. J. Cooj^,

Agnculturtjl Qoilege, Mi^;U,. ,]uly SO, l^fH).

650

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

ANOTHER WAY FORl'KEEPINQ THE
QUEEN OUT OF THE SURPLUS.

ONK MKTIKJD OF PREVENTING AFTER-SWARMS.

'E have always had Pomc difficulty from our
(luoens going into tlio enrplusapartment
and occupying a part of the combs. If wo
aro working for section honey it is not
only provol<ing, but ruinous to the honey-
crop, to have the queen lay eggs in the sections,
where we want nice white-clover honey; and it is
equally provoking, if less ruinous, when work-
ing for extracted honey, to And combs that
should be solid with honey,'half filled with brood.
Out of many methods tried, the following is the
only ])orl'cclly successful one with us:

We taUe a piece of perforated zinc, just long
enough to fit in the hive lengthwise and 18 inches
wid(\ We l)end this zinc in the shape of an L.
thus "I, the long arm of the Ljust reaching from
the top of the brood-frames to the bottom of the
hive. This is now put between the ith and 5th
frame, leaving four frames on one side and six on
the other, when the short arm of the L will just
cover the six frames (of course before putting on
the zinc we see that the queen is on one of the six
inclosed frames). Now, if the zinc has been care-
fully fitted, jthe queen is securely cagod upon these
six frames. ]t the queen is inclined to come out at
the entrance, and go around, a strip of perforated
zinc may be tacked at the entrance, in front of the
six inclosed frames. We have not found the latter
necessary, only where we wished to prevent swarm-
ing; if natural swarming is desired, the zinc in
front of the inclosed frames must be removed or
the queen could not leave the hive.

The benefits obtained by thus caging the queen
upon six frames are, 1. We [are not troubled with
brood where we want surplus honey; 2. We are not
troubled with honey where wo want brood; the
■bees empty almost every cell from the inclosed
frames, and they are^ filled with brood from top to
bottom; 3. The fourjframes upon the other side of
the zinc division are filled solid with honey, and
make grand combs for winter; 4. The swarming
business is absolutely under our control.

When a swarm issues we lift off the surplus, set
aside the brood-chamber (lower story),;put another
in its place filled with empty combs, if we have
them; if not, with^Jwired frames having a strip of
foundation VA inches wide attached to the top-bar.
We usually take out one frame frdm the old bi-ood-
chamber and put in the new. The surplus is put on
this new brood-chamber upon the old stand, and the
swarm hived in just the same location it came from,
while the old brood chamber is removed to a new
location.

The benefits derived from this method are, so far
as my observation goes, 1. The new swarm goes to
work in the surplus at once, with all the energy and
stimulus which swarming gives; 3. They are in the
humor for comb-building; and if we want nice
straight worker-comb built, we can get it done rap-
idly in this way; 3. A large number of the old bees
from the old brood-chamber (now on a new stand)
will return to the new swarm. The colony in the
old brood-chamber on the new stand will be so
weakeni'd that, when tbe^young queeng hatch, there
will be no swarming fever, and we have no after-
swarms. G. C Johnson.
Fountain City, Iiid., Ju}y 7, im.

TENNESSEE AS A HONEY STATE.
THu sci;nei{v from lookout mountain.

0UK winters are so mild that we can winter with
I)crl'eot safety on the summc'r stands. This
I consider a great advantage over the North-
ern States; and could bees be wintered there
with as much assurance that they would come
through all right as there is here, I do not think
that the wintering problem would be discussed as
much as it is; still 1 believe it requires one-third
miirc stores for a colony to winter on in this coun-
try than it does in our extfcinc Northern States.
The reason of this is, that they r;>ar more brood
here before there is any honey to be gathered than
they do in thi^ North. It is not uncommon for iiees
to ha\c four full frames of bcood by the first of
March, and for then to throw off swarms the fore
part of April.

We do not have any spring dwindling here. Our
colonies seetn to be always strong, and ready for
work when there is any thing for them to do.

The first honey that comes in in the spring is from
the peach bloom. This is generally from the Ijth to
the 3.5th of March. After this comes other fruit
bloom, and some other wild flowers and forest
blooms. This keeps the bees in fine shape until the
first of May; then comes the poplar bloom, and at
this time the bees are in the surplus-boxes doing
fine M'ork, as there are large quantities of poplar
hero. About May 10th the white clover commences
to bloom, and continues to bloom for six weeks.
We ha\'e not as much white clover here as you have
in the North, but in certain localities there is an
abundance (;f it here. Before this is out of bloom,
the basswood, chestnut, and persimmon I loom; and
Vfhilc they are still yielding honej', the famous sour-
wood puts forth its bloom. This produces well, and
the sourwood honey is very flue, except that it is
rather thin when first gathered. The sourwood
bloom lasts until about July 10th, and from then un-
til July 21st there is not much for tees to work on.
Now comes in the sumac, and the bees are doing
finely on it, considering the cool nights we are hav-
ing. During the whole month of August we have
plenty of pea bloom (the cow, or clay pea). There
are large fields of peas sown in this section of coun-
try. We have considerable goldenrod and fall as-
ter. There are a great many honey-plants that I
have not spoken of, and some of them are of no lit-
tle importance. Among them are the different kinds
of mints; also spider phint atid black locust. We
have our bees located in a little valley, the Se-
quatchie. This is between two mountains — the
Cumberland and Walden llidge. Our bees have ac-
cess to the valley, and the sides and the top of the
mountains for some distance back.

As Ernest asked, in last Gl.eanings, in regard to
the honey-flow being prolonged where bees had ac-
cess to both the valley and the mountain, 1 will say
it is greatly an advantage with some bloom, such
as chestnut, sourwood, and poplar; and if there is
no bad weather to stop the bees off they will follow
it, even for several miles on the top of the moun-
tain; but I believe he was referring more particu-
larly to white clover. I would gay that there is but
little if any white clover on the mountains in this
country. Friend Lawson is located right at the
point of Lookout Mountain, and right where the
" Battle above the Clouds " was fought. The breast-
works that were thrown up at that t'lnc can be

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

651

seen in his yard, and it is here that one can com-
mand a full view of the city of Chattanooga, or take
a telescope and look Into seven States; and hei-e
with the naked eye you can see the Tennessee Riv-
er as it winds around the city of Chattanooga to
the foot of the mountain, then back, making what
is called the "Moccasin Bend."

The climate here is g-ood. The summers ai'e
warm, but we do not have the extremely hot weath-
er that you have in the North. It is not often that
the mercury is above !H1° or below zero.

Some may think this is rather tlattering for the
State of Tennessee; but let me say, that this land is
not always blooming- in honey; forthis summer has
been a poor one for those keeping- bees as well as
for the farmers; for it commenced to raid on the
14th day of May, and there were only seven days
from that time until the 11th of July but that it
rained. But so much rain is not a common thing-
lierc, as it is generally dry through June and July.

Pikeville, Tenn., July 24, 1S80. E. C. Kepner.

NOTES FROM THE BANNER APIARY.

No. 80.

NON-USE OF FOUNDATION.

TjFOU say, friend Boot, that you do not quite
Mm "catch on" in regard to there being- no dif-
^^ ference whether comb or extracted is raised,
■^ w'hen allowing swarms to build their own
combs in the brood-nest; but you begin to
suspect that bees will store more honey when al-
lowed to indulge in their passion for comb-build-
ing.

The point is this: If more honey will be secured
by allowing the bees to build combs in the brood-
chamber, it makes no ditference in what form the
honey is taken in the super. I do not think the
first sentence of my little item on i)age 56:5 is verj-
clear. I meant to say that T had worked new
swarms for extracted honey, and that I considered
the advantage gained by allowing them to build
their brood-combs was as great as in working for
comb honey; that really I could see no difference.

I do think that bees work with greater zest when
building comb. This zest could be secured by al-
lowing- tlie bees to build combs in the supers in-
stead of the brood-nest; in fact, this has been sug-
gested by some of my correspondents. This coinse
would defeat the main object of withholding
combs or fdu. from the brood-nest; viz., that of
getting the honey in the supers, and the brood-
chamber full of brood. T know Mr. Jones says he
is convinced that combs are an advantage in the
raising of extracted honey. I agree with Mr.
Jones, and I think he will agree with me in think-
ing that the combs should be in a mper, with a
queen-e.\cluder between them and the brood-
nest, and the latter free from eomlis or fdn., ex-
cept enough for starters.

Some of those who have been trying this plan of
allowing new swarms to build their own combs in
the brood-chamber have been troubled by getting
too much drone-comb. I think the trouble can be
traced to one of three things; viz., too large brood-
chamber, too old a queen, or in not putting on the
supers at the time i>f hii'ino- Have the brood-
chamber of a capacity not larger than fi\e or six L.
frames; put starters of fdn. about 'j inch wide in

the frames (they can be put in with a Pfirker fdn.
fastener), put on a queen-excluding honey-board,
then a super, either for comb or extracted honey,
and have the frames or sections in the super filled
with fdn.; or, better still, combs. I take the case
of sections from the old hive at the time of swarm-
ing, and put it on the new hive, and in 20 minutes
the bees are back at work again— working
with new energy too— in the very sections that
they so eagerly deserted a few minutes before.

W. Z. Hutchinson.
Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., July 26, 1880.

INVERTING VERSUS ALTERNATING
OP HIVES.

THE EFFECT OF INVERTING QUEEN-CELLS AT DIF-
FERENT AGES.

■JIP re we not getting somewhat over-enthusiastic
^M^ on inverting, and prematurely claiming for
jj^ it what, in exceptional cases, appeared very
■'^■^ favorable; but, upon applying it practically,
would give a greater number of failures?
And are we not losing sight of other arrangements
that give us the same results with less labor? For
instance, it is claimed by some that inverting a
hive or its combs would destroy the queen-cells,
and consequently prevent swarming. As I have
experimented considei-ably on that subject, T will
give the result of my observation.

About 1.5 years ago a friend purchased nearly all
the bees in this county, something over 100 colonies.
These I transferred for him into movable- comb
hives. Some of these colonies had queen -cells
in various stages of development; but as the
colonics were to be supplied ere long with
Italian queens, no special attention was paid
to their pos-ition in the new hive; and as most of
the combs fitted best into the frames in an inverted
position many were so placed in the hive. Upon
examination, shortly after, it was discovered that
some of the queen-larva? were dead, and nearly
dried up in the cells, whilst some matured, point of
cell upward, as though its position had never been
changed. This gave me cause for investigation;
and since that time I have conducted numerous ex-
periments; and since the subject of inversion has
been agitated, these experiments have been quite
extensive, and I have arrived at the following con-
clusion:

During the entire sixteen days required to ma-
ture a queen from the time the egg is laid, there is
but a single day when the queen-larvre of some of
the cells may be destroyed by inverting them. The
egg remains unchanged until the fourth day, when
the egg hatches and the larvse feed for five days.
During this time it is curled up in the cell, some-
what like a ring, and no inverting will destroy it
during that time. But now comes the critical time.
The bees begin to cap the cell, the larva straight-
ens up lengthwise of the cell and spins her cocoon,
occupying one day. If the queen-cell was built in a
horizontal position as they frequently are, no in-
version will destroy the embryo queen; but if, on
the contrary, the queen cell is in a vertical position,
and is inverted during the day that she assumes a
straightened-out shape, and spinning her cocoon,
and is left in this inverted position for 12 hours, the
embryo (jueen dies; but after a (|ueeii has spun her
cocoon tlie cell nniy be placed In any ixisition with-

Qoi

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTUBE.

Aug.

out injury— a fact made known to the fi-aternity
when Iriend Root taught us the use of the lamp-
nursery. If a queen-cell is inverted hefoi-e this time,
the queen seems to remain in the base of the ver-
tical cell, she herself retaining' a horizontal position,
and hatches as a stunted, dwarfed sijcciuien.

Now, what effect, practically, has the occasional
destruction of an embryo queen as a preventive
of swarming? The natural swarm issues on the
very day, weather permitting, that invertipg of a
vertical cell would destroy its inmate; and should
this inverting perchance be done at the right hour,
the swarming fever has so far taken possession of
the bees that usually the swarm issues, notwith-
standing-the injured embryo queen; and, further,
there are usually several queen-cells of varying
ages; and if inverting- is practiced before the time
indicated, a dwarfed queen for the future mother
of the colony is the result— an injury rather than a
benefit; and this injury may result to us, if we in-
vert for any other purpose, without knowing- the
condition of each comb inverted.

The advice of Ernest, on page.').")!, is indeed timely.
Some combs may be all kinked and doubled up by
inverting-, and I quite agree with him on the un-
sightly appearance of combs whose lower edges arc
imperfectly built out, occupying space that should
be solid with brood; and to fill this seems about
the main (and I might say the only practical) CMiise
for inverting. Yet this and many other ])rofltable
manipulations can be accomplished without invert-
ing, and that is, alternathnj. A hive constructed so
that its brood-chamber may be horizontally divided
—that is, one half placed on top of the lower half,
and arranged to interchange, furnishes all the de-
sired advantages. If the lower edges of the combs
are not built solid to the bottom-bar, simply place
the lower half on top of the upper half (alternate).
The lower edges are now near the middle, and are
soon built solid, and filled with brood, not honey,
as is usually the case when inverted.

I would not advise discarding our present hives
at once, by any means; but this is a progressive ag-e,
and we will sooner or later adopt more or less of
the alternating principle, as hundreds have already
done in their surplus-honey arrangements. It re-
duces the time required to manipulate such a hive
about one-half. We simply have to alternate occa-
sionally to equalize the brood ; make artificial
swarms by removing- one case with bees, brood and
all. When honey - cases are added we alternate,
bringing the center of the brood-nest directly un-
der the sections; and any honey that may be in the
brood-chamber is thus brought down below the
main portion of the brood from where the bees re-
move it; and as tlie top of the brood-chamber is
filled with brood it is deposited in the sections.

Hight here is an important point over inverting:
If a comb is inverted, its empty edge is uppermost,
and the honey removed from below is stored to
some extent in this empty coml), instead of in the
sections; and the empty combs, thus inverted, with
the additional space between brood-comb and sec-
tion case, furnishes no special inducement to enter
the surplus-chamber; whilst by the alternating-
plan, the solid brood is brought up close to the sec-
tions.

Seventeen years ago I constructed and used quite
a number of these hives. The ends of the frames
were close fitting to each other, standing- on metal
strips, all held in jilacc by a wedge; but in later

years I have used them with closed, as well as with
separated suspended frames, and am so using them
to-day; and after carefully conducted experiments
with l)oth styles of fr.uncs, I greatly prefer the sus-
pended frames, on account of the lateral adjust-
ment; alid although both styles can be inverted
with their cases, and I have so used them liy way of
ex])ei-iment, I can not find any additional merits
from inverting, as alternating- accomi)lishcs all that
is practically valuable in inverting.
Coburg, Iowa. E. Kretcumek.

DR. SEAL'S \^riLD GARDEN AT THE
MICH. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Af.SO SOMETIIINC, ABOUT THE nONEV-PI^ANTS BE-
ING TESTED THERE.

"HJti MONG the many excellent things accomplish-
2W>i. cd by Dr. Bcal at this College is the "Wild

j^^' Garden," so called, not because things are
'*-'*^ allowed to run wild in it, but because the
natural hei-bs and shrubs are there arranged
in wards so as to show the natiu-al orders. This is
in a ravine; and in the dark shades along the rocky
bank are seen the graceful ferns, while in the ponds
are the various aquatic plants, many of which, as
the pond-lilies and the American and Egyptian lo-
tuses, are most beautiful. Now, friend Hoot, how I
should like to have you with me as I take my daily
stroll through this, one of the most lovely places at
this College! Oh! but wouldn't you enjoy it? Of
late I have been especially intere ted in some of the
honey-plants. Two of the mints are crowded with
bees from dawn till nightfall, and by their superior
excellence may well make catnip and motherwort
hide their respective heads. I doubt if even the
horsemint of Texas would more than rival these
plants. They both belong to the same genus as
does catnip. One is Ncpeta mufi^ini, and the other
Nepeta mida. Another plant, Ei"yngium planvm, is
a marvel. For weeks it has been thronged with
bees. It looks some like the Chapman plant, of
which I have written you; that is, the fiowers are
in balls; but, unlike the Chapman plant, are not
very showy. To look at this plant casually we
would think it a composite or relative of the teasel,
though in fact it is related to neither one, but be-
longs to the parsley family, which fact would never
be suspected without close study. I shall gather
seeds, and expect to rival, though not in beauty, the
Chapman plant. The two will look well upon one
bed together. Eryngium yucccefolmm, butter-snake
root, an American plant of the same genus, is also
an excellent honey-plant, or Is so reputed.

A little way from this is the teasel. This looks
much like the Chapman plant, tliough it is of a dif-
ferent family. The bees are wild about it. Did you
ever notice the connate-opposite leaves, which form
a cup about the stem, and hold sometimes half a
pint of water? We have had no rain here for weeks,
and yet these cups from Nature's own hand are full
of water, and the water is full of decaying insects
which have been entrapped, and are now fertilizing
the plants. Gray says these cups are often full of
rain water; but it can not be rain water. The water
must have come from the plant, or they would have
dried up long- ago.

Another i)lant, the white verbena, is a great favor-
ite with the bees. This is Verhena vciticifidid, and is
much better, T think, than the common place Vo-
iviin rrrhnid hasUita. The various sunflowers are

ISSB

GLeA:NINGS in bee CtlLTtltlE.

G.5S

also fairly alive with the bees. The bees work on
these, both for pollen and honey. I have often seen
bees loaded with pollen, sipping the nectar. Poor
fellows! how tired they must get to thus go doubly
loaded! I have seen the poor bees drop to the
earth, and rest for quite a time, then rise and slow-
ly make for their hives. T have often se^en them
also gather pollen from two species of these sun-
flowers during the same trip. Is not the old notion,
that bees visit only one species of flowers during a
single trip to the fields, due rather to the fact that
flowers " of a feather flock together," than to any
special option of the bees?

I should like to discuss many others of these in-
teresting plants, but will wait. In the meantime I
give j'ou, my good friend, a most hearty invitation
to come and see that the half is not yet told.

A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., July 23, 1886.

Miiny tluinks, fiiend C'ook, for your kind
invitation, and I may accept it pretty soon.
We missed you sadly at our recent meeting
at friend Chapman s, wliich 1 liave men-
tioned elsewhere. jS'ow please have your
pupils tie a little paper bag over those heads
of teasel and balls of bloom on other plants,
keeping the l)ees away for L'4 or 48 hours,
and then see what you find. Where bees
are allowed to work on the tlowers from
morning till night, we have no opportunity
of getting any knowledge at all of the quan-
tity of lioney the flowers secrete. What you
say about the teasel is new to me. I con-
fess I did not know that it secretes water in
the way you mention, although we have
plenty of wild teasels growing round all
about us. I am of the opinion, that bees
rather prefer to work on one kind of blos-
soms, for I have often noticed them in the
clover-lield wliere red and white clover were
about e(iually divided. Some of the bees
visited the red-clover heads exclusively, and
others just as exclusively the white-clover
heads, and I never saw a bee go from white
to red clover, or rkr versa, that 1 know of.

HONEY AS FOOD AND DRINK.

IIONEV GINGER-SNAPS.

fSI HE following recipe my wife has used for
|)" years with good results: One cup of In-own
> sugar, one cup of extracted honey, a talile-
spoouful of ground ginger, a cup of melted
butter or meat fryings, a teaspoon ful of
saleratus dissolved in a little hot water, and as
much wheat flour as can possibly be stirred in (but
not kneaded). Pinch off pieces about the size of a
large marble, and roll between the hands. Leave
spaces between them in the pan to allow for spread-
ing. Bake in a moderate oven till of a nice brown,
and leave in the pan till they are " snappy." In
cold weather the materials should be warmed be-
fore stirring in the Hour. They are perhaps a little
tougher than if made of molasses, but good " all the
same." Thej- will " keep," if you keep them off the
table and out of reach of the children.

A CHEAP HARVEST DRINK FOR BEE-KEEPERS.

When I was a boy my mother used to make a
drink for us to carry into the hay and harxest flcld
that we called " ginger beer." It was made of water
with sufficient molasses, vinegar, and ginger to

make it taste agreeable. Since I have been keeping
bees I ful-nish my men with a similar drink for hot
weather.

RECIPE.

One teacupful of extracted honey, one teacupful
of vinegar (made also from honey), a teaspoonful
of ground ginger and half a gttllon of water. It can
be used immediately, 01- will be good all day. I
have never had a man or boy who did not prefel-
this to water. The condiments can be Varied It)
suit the taste. The ginger is a good tohic, and the
stonlach is hot so likely to get " sick " as when wa-
ter alone is dralik. They are not so liable to ovei--
load the stomach. Wlien taken into the field fol'
half a day, water gets warm and sickish— not so this
di'lnk. It is good all day. Eugene Secor.

Forest City, Iowa, July L'O, l88(>.

CARBOLIC ACID FOR QUIETING BEES,
HYBRIDS, ETC.

DOE.S THROWING tJIKT RUING DOWN SWARMS?

TjTOU ask if my bees are hybrids. I think they

I^Ura ftre. I send otf and get new queens every

^^ .Vear or two; but the first thing T know they

are all hybrids agaiiii They seem prone to

run to hybrids as sparks to fly upward.

If carbolic acid used in smokers makes othel'
bees as cross as a rag wet with it did mine, I do
not envj' anybody all the fun they will have using
it. I used it on one of my best Italians, and they
stung me so that I could not shut my fingers
enough to feed myself for a day or two. I don't
want any more carbolic acid in mine.

Ernest asks one of the juveniles if he really be-
lieves that throwing dirt among a swarm causes it
to alifiht. Of course, it does. Our work-hands
used to bring them down every time if they were
crossing a field where there was plenty of loose
dirt. That was before I began clipping the queen's
wings, when swarms ran awaj' every day in
swarming time. Neither tin pans nor drums, din-
ner-bells, nor yelling helps a mite; but hittina them
with dirt or water does.

WHAT MADE THAT TOENAIL COME OFF ?

Now for that toe-nail of yours. I have been try-
ing to attend to it for some time, but have been
just too busy for any thing. P'riend Root, you did
f<tid) that toe — Mrs. Root was right, as she always
is. Of course, I know you are honest in thinking that
it came off for a little extra filing, but it did not.
You stubbed- that toe on Ruber's cradle as you
jumped oiit of bed some morning in a great hurry,
or else you kicked it against the foot-board, or the
Jersey cow stepped on it, or the wheel of the mar-
ket-wagon passed over it while you wore loading
in lettuce, or your horse trod on it, or you let one
of those fifty-cent hammers (the best in the mar-
ket) fall on it, or else, or else, or else. Why, there
are fifty ways that a man with his head in the
clouds might stub his toe and never know it, and
you are just as sure to have hit upon one of those
ways as that your name is A. I. Root.

Vermont, III. Mahai,a B. Chaddock.

Now, Mrs. ('haddock, I do not like to con-
tradict, l)ut I tell you that none of the
things you mention have ever happened to
that toe of mine. My mother says I was re-
markalily cautious, even when I was a bfiby,
and 1 have not got over it even yet. I do

(>o4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

not like to be hurt, and so 1 keep my toes
out of the way. It was just as I told you —
invisible forces met together as the trustees
of a township do when they want to decide
about building a bridge. They looked that
toe-nail over critically, examining tlie place
where I had gouged into it witli the lile, and
finally decided it should be replaced by a
nevi^ one— not a new bridge, but a new toe-
nail, and it was just as I told you. iJuring
all the consultation, including the decision,
I was not consulted at all, and yet it is my
toe-nail. I am well satisfied, for the new
one does not bother a bit, but behaves it-
self just exactly as a well-bred toe-nail
ought to do.

NUCLEUS COLONIES.

now TO BUII.D THEM UP FOK WINTER.

T is probable that some who buy nucleus colo-
nies do not know how to build them up to the
best advantage; and a little help for them
would not be out of place. Where fall pastur-
age is plentiful it would be a very easy matter;
but where there is none, feeding- must be resoi-ted
to in order to get them in go d sliape for winter.
When such colonics are received from the e\|)rcss
office the first thing- to do is to get them out ot lliu
shipping-bo.Y and into your hive.

The best way to do this is to sprinkle from one-
half to a pint of thin sugar syrup tlirougli tlie wire
cloth, on the bees; anil while tliey .-ire filling- them-
selves with it. carefully remove the wire clotii and
the sticks that hold the fi-ames in pl.-iee. Haxe your
liive placed where it is t<i stand iK'rmanentl.N-, and
then carefully lift each Iranu' and set it in your
hive, placing them to one side of the hive, with a
division-board next to them to l;eep them warm,
and from running all o\or tin; hive. The bees aie
now in your hive, and to make them boom is ne.xt
ill order.

It would be best and cheapest to have on hand at
least three frames filled with foundation, though
empty frames will do; but it will take more time
and more sug-ar. The next thing- in order is the
feed; and probably the best thing- would be a syrup
made after the plan given by friend Doolittleon
page 703, Nov. 1.5, 18H4. This syrui) does not candy
in the combs; at least, not as much as honey. I
g-ivo the plan for making- it, in his own words, so it
surely will be right:

" Fifteen pounds of water was put into a large
tin dish, and brought to a boil; then 30 lbs. of sugar
was poured in and stirred for a moment till partial-
ly dissolved, when it was left over the fire till it
boiled. Upon taking from the fire, .') lbs. of honey
was poured in, and the whole stirred enough to
mix thoi'oughly."

Commence by feeding- about one pint of this syr-
up every night, using- any kind of feeder that you
may prefer. After feeding four or five nights,
spread the combs in the hive and place one of your
empty frames, or one filled with foundation; and
when this frame is well along- toward completion,
put in the second and then the third, putting in
frames only as fast as 1 lie comlis are built, or the
foundatiou drawn oat. If you had a three-frame
colony to begin with, probably these three extra
frames would be enough; but four or five would be
better. If you uscfoundtition, the comlis, of course.

will be straight; but if j-ou do not, you must watch
and see that the bees ai-e building them so; and if
they are not you must help them.

When they have three or four frames well filled
with brood you can begin to feed heavier, so that
thoy will have at least 2J lbs. of the syrup stored
and sealed by the first of October for winter use.
If they are in a chaff hive, with g(/od cliatt' cushions
over them, the.y are ready for winter; and if they
are not, you must fix them up in some way so they
will keep warm and dry.

Some may ask whether it would not be cheaper
and less trouble to wait until spring-, and buy bees
then. It might be that it would, but I think that the
experience a beginner would gain by building- up
nucleus colonies in the fall would well repay them
for their time and trouble; and if they are careful
they would have good strong- colonies to begin with
in the spring-.

Remember, you must feed only at night, and be
up early in the morning- and remove the feeders, for
your neighbors may have bees that would like the
fun of robbing your bees. F. W. Moats.

The Bend, Defiance Co., O., July, 1886.

WHAT SHALL BE DONE "WITH UNFIN-
ISHED SECTIONS?

CONTItACTlNfi, HEVEHSINO, ETC.

jf^ LEANINGS is at hand; thanks to Jas. Heddon
W ^ for his two last articles. Now will he tell us
ItIT what he does with unfinished sections? I al-
*^ ways used wood separators till using- bis 7-lo-
foot sections and no separators. This year,
for the first time I have g-ot along- without separa-
tors in some cases and get fair sections; but in put-
ting-back those partfull the.y will be bulged badly.
If a pai-t of a section is capped half wa.y, the rest
will be built beyond the part capped.

CONTRA.CTING, AND RESULTS.

All hail to bee-men like Doolittle who care enough
for those new in the business to give their experi-
ence. Will a contracted brood-chamber work in all
localities? I contracted to six and eight frames—
OJiXl-t'i, when I imton sections, and, in (iO colonies,
I had .'lOO sections that were spoiled with pollen. Thp
sections I used were I'a and 1?4, with and without
separators, and I saw no ditt'erence in the amount
of pollen.

Heddon's reversible frame is the best, I think.
Will not reversing frames cause bees to store pol-
len in sections? What do you think of a bee-keeper
who sells his honey just as he takes it from the hive,
in wide frames, and lets the gi'ocer tear out the
sections and bruise more tiian liHlf? He fakes
Gleanings too. I sold scraped sections at 13 cts.
in the same town in which he sold his at 10 cts.

I look for the open-side sections to i-cplaco all
others.

The season opened nicely. Swarming began early,
and kept up all through clover bloom. I lost a good
many queens by swarms going into other hives. I
clip all queens. I have no trees for them to alight
on. I tried

heddon's plan
of swarming, and did find chilled larva^ in the old
eolon.\-. It leaves the old one ver.v light before
moving- to a new stand, in some cases. '

53, 70— J. C. Stewart.

Hopkins, Mo., .July 21, 18SC.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

655

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

Continued from July 15.

CHAPTER XXI.

The earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof.— Psalm 34: 1.

Many kind comments liave come in regard
to the former chapters of this my book on
gardening ; and one or two have complained
that I have not given sulliciently the dark
side of tlie matter. Well, although I have
touched upon it all along, perhaps I have
not given it enough in detail ; and the past
few weeks have given me an opportunity of
writing a good chapter on the dark side.
iTp to -July 1st we had hardly enough of any
thing in the way of garden-stuff. IJut after
that, lirst lettuce began to be somewhat of a
drug on the market. We wrote to the city
markets, but we were told that it could not
be used at all. Then green peas began to be
produced in larger quantities than we could
make use of. A trial shipment of ten bush-
els was sent to Cleveland. They brought 70
cts. a bushel, and it cost 25 cts. a bushel to
pick them and put them on the cars. After
paying freight, but little was left. For a 1
time we thought beets were always a great
staple, and there seemed to be no such thing
as getting enough. Now we have, however,
perhaps 50 bushels, and no one wants them ;
that is, we have not yet found a market for
them. None seem to be spoiling, however,
and we are inclined to think the people will
want them again after a little while.

The most discouraging article, however,
has been early cabbages. As no such thing
has ever been raised in Medina County, I,
contrary to the advice of some of my helpers,
planted largely. I expected to compete with
the Southern trade. Well, my cabbages
have done tinely. I think that fully 90 per
cent of the plants have made beautiful hard
heads. We started them tirst on the wagon
at 3 cts. per lb.; $2.50 per 100 lbs., or $40.00
per ton ; and, by the way, I wish to say right
here that it seems to me the only just and
fair way of selling such stuff is to sell it by
weight. We now sell cucumbers l)y weight,
|;omatoes by weight, cabbages by weight,
and I begin to think the proper way would
jbe to sell celery, bunch onions, and bunch
}3eets, at so much a pound.

Well, when the cabbages didn't bring o
jcts. per lb. readily, we reduced the price to 2
jcts. per lb. ; $1.75 cts. per 100 lbs., or $30.00
per ton. This gave them another start ; but
for all that, I found we were not selling one-
fourth as many as wfiru getting uiutuiy.

S jme heads bursted open, or snapped with a
report, while we held them in our hands.
Others began to show symptoms of decay.
Two of our best salesmen started for a large
town 20 miles distant, with a two-horse load
of cabbages. They did not sell enough to
pay for their own time and the team. Final-
ly we sent some to Cleveland on commission.
They reported that the city was full of cab-
bages, and that they could hardly dispose of
them at any price ; and linally they were
sold for just enough to pay freight and com-
mission. At the same time that cabbages
were getting to be so plentiful in our town
they could hardly be given away, potatoes
dropped rapidly from a dollar to 75 cts. ;
then 00 cts. ; then 50 cts. ; and a day or tw^o
ago I bougJit a load of them for 35 cts. per
bushel. AVe can never raise potatoes on our
grounds for 35 cts. per bushel ; that is, it
does not seem to me that we can. Apples
have hardly brought 50 cts. a bushel at any
time in our market ; and yesterday I bought
a load of nice picked apples for only 10 cts. a
bushel, the owner saying he would rather
sell them at that price than carry them home
again. The total receipts of our market-
wagon, many days, would not pay for the
help on the wagon and on our ten acres, to
say notliing about the cost of tools and ma-
nure. To add to the difficulty, others are
bringing in produce without finding sale.
A man wanted to sell us some "Jersey
Wakelield"' cabbages. I asked him how he
came to have them so early. He said that
he raised them from plants he bought of us,
of course. When urged to have us take them
off his hands at some price, I asked him if
he had been to the neighboring towns, and
he said he had supplied them with cabbages
in every village and town within ten or lif-
teen miles of where he lived. What is to be
done y I thought of reducing the wages of
my helpers; but as I considered them one
by one, I felt as though 1 hadn't the heart to
ask them to work for less wages than they
were already receiving. Our poor and inef-
ficient help has all been weeded out. We
have jione but good men and good boys;
that is, in theji.- respective lines. The trou-
ble js, ttia-t peace and plenty reign through-
out our land, f^nd everybody has an abun-
aajjce of every tljijig without buying very

G-36

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

miicli. Is it a trouble V Why, I think not.
A drought or u flood, or sometliing of that
soit, niiglit liave enabled me to get better
prices for many of my products ; but surely
jii) sane man would wish for such calamities
to cams on himself aiul his neighbors. Well,
what did A. I. Root do in such a state of af-
fairs? I studied the matter over carefully,
and told my hands just how we were situat-
ed. To some of them who, I felt, sympa-
thized with me, and with whom I felt it
would be wise to state it so, 1 spoke some-
thing as follows: "Friends, we shall have
to make it a subject of prayer. Let us ask
God to give us wisdom, and tell us what to
do in this crisis." Before asking God's help
we want to be sure that the business we are
engaged in is one that is pleasing in his
sight. In my own case I prayed that God
might help us to dispose of our produce, not
solely because of the money we wish to
make, but because I felt my undertaking in
writing this book was a right and proper
one, and that the few dollars that I might
make in market gardening were a very, very
small item when compared with the matter
of setting oiu" American people at work at
their own homes in tilling the soil. Now, I
have had so many answers to prayer, espe-
cially where I have prayed over business
matters, that I presume I ought to have had
faith that God would help us in this emer-
gency as well as in all the others scattered
along through the years I have been trust-
ing hint and going to him for aid and guid-
ance. The only doidit that troubled me was
as to whether my undertaking was really
right or not. There are some features of
the business that seem a little questionable.
For instance, I had cut off the trade of the
grocers of our town not a little. Then,
again, I had, to a certain extent, harmed the
very class I wished to help; that is, the
farmers round about us wlTo have been in
the habit of selling produce in our town.
AVe have been raising so much of certain
vegetables that it left them no chance to sell
any at all. I prayed over this, and prayed
for them as Avell as for ourselves and our
plans.

At the convention in Detroit, quite an ani-
mated discussion came up nt one time be-
cause our bee-journals showed too much of
the bright side of every thing ; and a good
honest friend of mine from Canada declared
that, whenever I touched on the subject of
" blasted hopes," I always wound it up with
something bright and cheerful ; that is, my
black cluuds all had a silver lining. I have

thought of this a good many times, and I do
not know but that 1 shall have to plead
guilty, at least in this way: I do believe that
God intended from the beginning that all of
our bhick clouds should have a silver lining,
and that, through gieat tiial and tribula-
tion, should come great victories and happi-
ness.

When 1 lall I >ihaU arise: when I sit in darkness,
the Lord shall be a iijjht unto nie.— Micah 7:8.

Now, I do not mean to say that things
changed ri<iht o/|as soon as we commenced
praying. For a time it seemed as if they
went on just as before, or even worse. This
was no new experience with me. I knew
already, or at least I certainly ought to
know, that, if our undertaking were a right
and proper one, and that, if our prayers
were in a line with the text, " Thou shalt
love thy neighbor as thyself," an answer
would certainly come. One of the obvious
ways to dispose of produce is to advertise ;
but I could not advertise cabbages to the
friends who read Gleanings. The expense
of transportation would be, to at least most
of you, more than they are worth. The only
avenue open was our county papers, and so
in went an advertisement something like
this:

.JERSEY-WAKEI'lELD CABBAGES.

We have a fine lot of these excellent cabbages
now ready for delivery. The price will be 2 cts. per
lb.; |;L7.5"per 100 lbs., or $30.00 per ton.

We then went to the grocers of our town,
and told them that we would furnish them
fresh cabbages, cut to their order in any
quantity they wished, at the ton rate. At
tirst they did not seem inclined to handle
our cabbages at all. They could get them
from Cleveland, even cheaper than we could
raise them ; but when the country folks be-
gan to call for " Root's crisp hard cabbages,"
they began to give us some orders. At the
same time, farmers stopped their buggies as
they were going past, and asked for a cab-
bage or two. They soon discovered that it
was indeed a fact, that our cabbages, fresh
from the tield, were a good deal nicer than
any tjiing that had been shipped in from the
large cities, and a good healthy trade startr
ed. I Mas so anxious to have the crop
saved, that I gathered a great number of
them myself, going over the field, and se.
lecting tirst every one that looked as if it
would burst very soon. Where they had ac-
tually snapped open, we offered them at a
discount; where badly broken, at half the
advertised prices. Now, these broken ones
are as good as any for immediate use. In
fact, they are usually the finest and most
crisp cabbages in the tield ; and many peo-

1686

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTtTllE.

fef

pie who wish to economize soon took advan-
tage of this, and we began to see daylight
in the cabbage-trade. At the present writ-
ing, very few have been lost. Where they
are badly bursted, and have become discol-
ored by the Siin and air, we give them to the
poultry.

Within tive or six miles of tis is a beauti-
ful lake which has lately become quite a
pleasure-resort. Our advertiseiiient called
the attention of the hotel-keepers at the
lake to our business ; and when men came
to our gardens and began to make offers for
the stuff just as it stood in the field, I began
to feel indeed that God had heard our prayer.

•' How much will you take for that lot of
celefy, just as it Stands light there in the
dirt V" said a customer a few days ago.

I told him that, as it waS all we had that
was really fit to put on the wagon, I could
not take less than 5 cents a stalk. He did
not take it at that figure, but thought he
could give 4 cents. Now, none but those
who have been through similar trials, and it
seems to me that none but those who have
been praying over such matters, can realize
with what feelings I thanked God inwardly
for this one answer to our prayers. Instead
of having to draw our stuff away many
miles, and then, maybe, bring it back again,
here were otters for it, and very fair ones,
just as it stood in the ground. The same
man wanted 20 dozen ears of sweet corn per
day, and offered to go to the field and take
it himself if I would let him have it at 8 cts.

a dozen. While I write, another call has
been made for sweet corn, and three men
have gone over our whole field. Each man
takes two rows ; and as they pick it off it is
all tossed into the row where the central
man walks. A boy follows him with a coup-
le of bitskets, gathers it up, and puts it in
the wagon ; and as soon as the corn was
loaded up it was sold. I recognize it as an
answer to our prayers, and I thank God foi*
having sent us these customei's ; yet bear ill
miiid, dear friends, that God could not coii-
sistently have answered this prayer unless
we had first done our part by having nice
corn, nice celery, etc.*

The celery was banked up ahd nicely
bleached clear to the tops. The corn
was oh groltnd that was carefully prepared
and well manured. Those who had a taste
of it wanted more; and sO it must bei
through all our work. There is no excel-
lence without great labor. He who expects
God to listen to his prayers must be consist-
ent, and do his part toward making it con=
sistent for God to annnier his prayers. I do
not wish to have you understand by the
above that we are now making money by
market gardening. Our daily receipts pay
for all our help, and some more. But about
all that we can say is, that here and there
are glimpses of sunshine, and pretty fair in-
dications that we shall ultimately make our
work a success financially. Tlie following
chapter will serve, perhaps, to make it a lit-
tle plainer as to how it is to be done.

CHAPTER XXII.

He beOometh pool' that dealptb with a slack haiul; Imt tho hand of the diligent niaketh rich.— pROV. 10:4.

No doubt some of the friends who have
read thus far in my book will conclude that
I am trying to teach some things which I do
not understand very well myself. Well,
some such thoughts as these were in my own
mind a couple of weeks ago, and I therefore
concluded that, before going any further, I
would invest some money in visiting the
most successful market-gardeners of the
world. As our good friend A. N. Gole, whom
I have mentioned here before as the father
of the " New Agriculture ; or, the Waters
Led Captive,'' claims to have some of the
most productive land on the face of the earth,
I concluded to pay him a visit also. I thought
I would visit father Cole first, and then go

afterward to see the most successful market'
gfirdeners, that I might be able to judge how
much he has accomplished at his home on
the hillside.

Toward the close of the 2<)th day of July it
was my fortune to look upon said hillside.

*A postal card is handed nie while T am reading
the proof ot this page. ]t is as follows:

\V( Uington, Ohio, Aug. 10, 1880.
Please Kliip UK lour barrelw best eabliuffe. Tliose you sent
were line; let this shipment be as t;oo<l.

Bowl. BY & Hall.

A few more such orders, and our whole crop of
cahliages will In- under control. After seeing- them
spoilinK on our hands, can you understand that the
above postal isa jilimpse of sunshine— yes, sunshine
among such commonplace thing-s as a field of cab-
bajfes- the sunshine of God's love to his children,
and to all who look to him in their troubles and
wants'/

6S8

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

By the way, round about the town of Wells-
ville, Allegany Co., N. Y., there are a great
many hillsides, and some of them are pretty
long liillsides, as well as pretty steep. Pa-
ther Cole's garden is, some of it, located on
ground so steep that it would be difficult for
a horse to work it ; accordingly it is most-
ly worked by hand. One of the first things
I noticed were springs at the base of the hill
— not natural springs, but ((r^(/id«? springs.
Water was running from four of them at the
time of my visit, and the four together made
quite a little rill that passes along by the
roadside. He informed me that, during the
most severe droughts of the present season,
some water was all the time coming from
these artificial springs. He has just been
making a larger reservoir at the upper edge
of his five acres, and pretty well near the
summit of the hill. This reservoir is to
catch enough rain water so as to alTord a
constant supply to the covered trenches be-
low it from one rainfall to another— or, at
least, that is the theory ; and I found water
standing in the trench while I was there.
Now, it occurred to me that this water, in-
stead of passing along near the surface,
would sink down into the gravelly soil and
go straight into the hill, witliout watering
the plants at all. Father Cole says, how-
ever, that this is a mistake. There is very
seldom a hillside found so porous that the
water runs straight down into the earth, in-
stead of passing slowly near the surface, to
the bottom of the slope. Although there
had been quite a hard rain only a few days
previous to my visit, no gullies and no ave-
nues where the water had ever run over the
surface of the earth were visible anywhere
over his covered reservoirs.

It would be impossible to mention the long
pleasant chats we had during the 24 hours I
remained. Father Cole has been studying
on this subject more or less since the time
he was ten years old. Ilis mind was first
drawn to it by a paragraph in Morse's Phys-
ical Geography, under the head of " China."
The statement is to the effect that the Chi-
nese have for ages excelled in agriculture.
They build large reservoirs on the summits
of the hills, to catch rain water, and this
rain water is allowed to pass slowly down-
ward over successive terraces, so as to irri-
gate the vegetation from the summit of the
hill to the valley below. Well, during these
years that have passed, friend Cole has been
a deep and diligent student of nature. Hero
is one of his theories : Wlien the country
was new, and our hills and moinitains

were covered with forests, the surface of
the ground was protected by a carpet of
leaves. When the rain falls on these
leaves it is arrested until it can sink slowly
into the earth, watering the roots of the
trees, because these leaves hold pretty much
if not quite all the water that falls on level
plats on the summits of our hills, or even on
high ground. The water from these rain-
falls accumulates in the shape of bogs, mo-
rasses, or wet, swampy pieces of ground.
From these wet elevated places, the water
slowly descends until it strikes an impervious
subsoil of clay, or, as is often the case, a
rocky formation over which it flows, drop-
ping over one shelf after another until it
comes out of the hill in the form of springs.
Man now steps in and clears off the forest.
In many places in York State the hills were
denuded, simply to sell the timber for fire-
wood to the railroad companies during the
time they ran their locomotives by wood in-
stead of coal. After the forests w^ere gone, the
leaf-supply was stopped ; and in a few years
the ground became bare, so that it was cut
up and gullied by each heavy rain. The
rainfall in this case, instead of going into
the ground, washes away the vegetable mold
and vegetable soil, and carries it into the
creeks. A clover sod might do something
toward preventing this great damage and
loss to the farmer ; but clover sods are the
exception, not the rule. The recent rage for
tile drainage now comes in (draining off
these wet spots), striking another blow at
our hillside springs, besides going still fur-
ther and damaging our wells. This reminds
me that Prof. Cook remarked, recently, that
he was (if raid of the results of tile drainage.
In his own neighborhood they had been con-
gratulating themselves on draining off a
wet piece of marsh that stood on elevated
ground. But about as soon as they had the
work nicely accomplished, the wells, one aft-
er another, in that vicinity, began to dry up
and fail. It seemed to me at the time it
could not be possible that our wells should
be dependent on such marshy places and
stagnant pools; but Prof. Cook gave it as
his belief that they were. Father Cole, to
convince me by an object-lesson, asked me
if I could stand a tramp of a mile or two
over the hills. Of course, I could. You,
my friends, will know that, even if father
Cole didn't. First we visited a beautiful
soft-water spring, where water enough was
miming out of the end of the wooden trougli,
I should think, to fill a two-inch auger-hole.
"Now, my friend," said my teacher, " I

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CItLTUHE.

659

will show you just where tlhit spring water
comes from ; nay, furtlier : I will take you
along the surface of the ground over its path
from where Ave are now, to its fountain-
head/'

Of course, I wanted to know how he could
follow the mountain stream where it was far
under ground, through the hills. Said I,
" Are you going to take a hazel-bush -or
peach-tree crotch, and make it bend down
when you go over the subterranean rivulet?"

I wish you coukl have seen the old gentle-
man as he stopped and turned around and
looked me full in the face, to give emphasis
to his remarks.

" Mr. Root, unprincipled men who have, by
accident, found the same law that I have dis-
covered, have for ages made this innocent
crotched stick an excuse for swindling the
community. It is a big humbug and a swin-
dle. The crotched stick does not help them
a particle, but they use it only for an excuse
to get money, and to blind the people. See."

We were going up through the forest, in a
little sink of ground, where water comes
down from the hills during very wet weather.

''Our underground brook is beneath our
feet."

" But how do you know?" I asked.
'• I know by the lay of the land, and I have
proved it over and over again by digging
down until I found the stream; but I can
convince you in a few moments, A\iLhout
digging down."

We were now in the dense woods, far up
in the hills, and the ground was becoming
so damp that occasionally a drop of water
hung on the under side of the shelving rocks.
By and by it dripped from one stone to an-
other; further on, and it trickled ; and still
further it was a little rivulet ; further still,
and we found a level sunken spot on the
summit of the hill. Beautiful ferns and
mosses grew here ; and at one spot the water
stood like a tiny lake.

^' There," said my guide, " is the fountain-
liead of our spring. Put in tiles here, take
away the water, and you have a few acres of
beautiful ground, until you have exliausted
the vegetable mold and decayed leaves on
the surface of the ground, but— r«/r spriuy is
gone.''''

I was glad to tell friend Cole, just about at
this point, that 1 could tell him scmiething
also. Hundreds of loads of moss, or sphag-
num, were at our feet, and yet he had never
made any use of it for his "New Agricul-
ture." Now then : Instead of using tile-
drains to let this water off from this swamp

I have described, or from thousands of oth-
er just such swamps, father Cole would let
the water be where it is, simply dropping it
below the surface in trenches lilled with
stone, shingling over these trenches, and
having all the benefit of the rich soil you
would get by tile drainage, or the still fur-
ther benefit of letting the plants extend their
roots down into the water. AVith the tile
drainage you run the water with all possible
speed down the hill into the river, and it is
lost. With the " New Agriculture " you
drop it down a foot or more and keep it to
serve you during severe droughts when they
come, and to water all the ground below it,
clear down to the lowermost valleys. Do
you see the magnitude of his undertaking ?

Let me depart from the subject of agricul-
ture a little to tell you something else that
may be done. The town of Wellsville, at
the foot of these hills, has a printing-otlice,
the presses of which are run by a water-
motor. This water-motor is not much lai'g-
er than a good-sized water-ni('?o».

" Friend Cole," said I, " how high up is
the fountain-head that supplies this water-
motor ? "

" One hundred and ninety-six feet."

Indeed, with 196 feet fall it is no wonder
that that little motor, fed by a quarter-inch
pipe, runs the printing-office. Now, father
Cole's idea is, plenty of water falls on these
hilltops (providing, of course, we husband
the melting snov/s of winter as well as the
summer rains) not only to perfectly irrigate
all the cultivated land, but to run water-
motors enough to siepersede steam. Over
father Cole's mantlepiece hangs a life-sized
picture of Horace Greeley. Well, I took
friend Cole to task a little, because of his
extravagant claims (superseding steam, for
instance, as above).

" Why, Mr. Hoot," said he, " there are
possibilities growing out of this ' New Agri-
culture,' so wonderful that I did not dare to
put them in my book."

One of these possibilities has something
to do with the picture of our good friend
Horace (Jreeley. Mr. Greeley visited Cali-
fornia, as you may remember, and one espe-
cial hobby of his was that of irrigating the
Great American Desert, l^erhaps many of
you are aware that it is now actually being
done, and that Ameiica won't have any
" American Desert " at all after a while, if
we keep on. Well, Horace (ireeley visited
and looked upon the great mammoth red-
wood-trees of California. Not very far away
from these great trees he noticed a river

cm

GLEANIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

that ran into the ground and disappeared,
something the way they do in the region of
Mammoth Cave. When lie got home he con-
lided to friend Cole that it was his lionest
opinion that those trees were nothing more
than common redwoods; that their great
size was not owing to the species at all, but
to the simple fact of having a subterranean
stream under their roots, Id, 20, or may be
even 40 feet down, where they drank both
winter and summer, to their hearts' content,
like tlie cucumber-vines in the barrel that
friend Cole had when he was a boy.

Well, liow about the live acres? how about
the wonderful crops? how about making the
steep and barren hillsides the choice.st
grounds for market-gardening?

To tell the truth, I was mniorhat disap-
pointed in the crops on that hillside. A
great portion of it was devoted to straw-
berries, and the plants were really wonder-
ful—larger than any thing I have ever seen
in the way of strawberry-plants before. It
is, however, well known that the strawberry
luxuriates in plenty of water. The rasp-
berries were about such as we have here at
home— I think no better ; but it should be
remarked, that they have had a terrible
drought this season, and the ground where
they stand has had but little manure. I saw
plum-trees loaded with beautiful plums, and
found no trace of the cnrculio. Friend Cole
thinks this is owing to his reservoirs of wa-
ter beneath the trees ; but I can not quite
understand how it should banish the cnrcu-
lio. Ilis quince-trees are covered with beau-
tiful large fruit. Ilis peas, which I saw in all
stages of growth, from those just breaking
ground to those just ready to pick, were
equal to any I ever saw ; but I believe con-
siderable manure was used with them. Ilis
potatoes were fair ; but the yield where we
dug some for dinner was not extraordinary.
They were not nearly ripe, however. lie
has used very little manure — nothing like
what market-gardeners use ; and in view of
this his achievement is certainly wonderful.
Near the house an iron pipe comes right out
of the side hill. IJy opening a valve this
gives a stream of water at any time— the wa-
ter coming from the covered reservoirs. It
seems to me that great results are to be at-
tained by pumping liquid manure into the
upper reservoirs ; and if the sewage from a
village, town, or city, could be thrown into
these reservoirs, I think something wonder-
ful might be accomplished. Rank-growing
vegetation would consume and eat up all tlie
filth, in my opinion.

After leaving friend Cole's I started for
the market-gardens in the vicinity of Bos-
ton. As the newpapers have given us glow-
ing accounts of the work of Mr. Rawson, at
Arlington, in the suburbs of Boston, this
was my first iJoirit ; and for once in the
world I was abundantly satisfied. I have
mentioned before, that it is only mice in a
yrciit while that I see plants make a growth
to satisfy me. At Arlington, every thing
grew under the high-pressure principle. The
ground is a dark sandy loam, near the sea-
coast ; but manure has been put on it year
after year to such an extent that many of
the grounds seem more like a barnyard than
a field ; in fact, the smell of ammonia can be
perceived, even in passing along the streets.
Market gardening seems to be a matter of
course with everybody near Arlington. Ele-
gant residences line the streets on either side.
Well, at the back of these residences, and
often between them, vegetable-gardens were
always seen ; rows of celery, long enough to
satisfy even friend Terry ; Henderson's Ear-
ly-Summer cabbage, with heads so large it
would seem a good man is needed to lift
even one of them ; and the most interesting
part of it all to me is, that every foot of
ground produces something — not only a
plant, but a pyndiyiottfi plant. In Arlington
there are no fences, except, indeed, the tight
board fences made to keep off prevailing
cold winds, and these are not put up as
boundaries, nor to keep out intruders, but
simply for the piupose before mentioned ;
therefore I found nothing to hinder my go-
ing in and out among the vegetables where-
ever I chose ; in fact, well-beaten wagon-
tracks passed into the fields and gardens
every now and then, for the purpose of car-
rying manure and bringing out the produce.
As I passed along the street I caught a
glimpse of a plant showing wonderful luxu-
riance, and one which I thought was new to
me. A wagon-i'oad passed through at one
side of the grounds of this beautiful resi-
dence, so I followed it; and when I stood
among the plants I found they were simjdy
egg-plants— egg-plants certainly a yard high,
and more than a yard across. There was
perhaps half an acre of them ; and every
single specimen on that half-acre was a won-
der. The same is true of early sweet corn,
heads of lettuce, rows of celery, hills of
squashes, etc. They have not yet arrived at
such perfection as to liave a prodigious head
of cabbage exactly like its neighbor on every
spot where a cabbage is planted, but they
come pretty near it. Great wagons were in

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

661

the fields loadiiijj up tliesa wonderful cab-
bages. The cabl)ages were planted four feet
apart, and yet the leaves covered the sif>niid
so completely that not even a wlieelbarrow
couKl be passed beUvecn the rows. Accord-
ingly they have an odd sort of a wheelljar-
row without any wheel. Instead of having
a man at one end and a wheel at the other,
they liave a man at each end, and on this ar-
ransement the cabbages are carried to the
road alongside of the patch.

On the next page 1 give you a cut which
illustrates very well the appearance of the
market-gardens around Arlington. The cut
was furnished me by the Planet Jr. folks,
and was made to advertise their implements ;
but you can overlook the implements, and
you have a very good idea of the Ailiiigton
market-gardens.

Everybody seems to be very friendly and
pleasant in Arlington. In going in and out
among the shrubbery, in ray inquisitive way,
1 frequently passed by the occupants of these
line places. While I was examining the
egg-plants, a yoinig lady eyed me curiously ;
but when 1 explained that 1 was attracted
by the wonderful growth of their beautiful
plants, she invited me to make myself at
home, and examine any thing that 1 was cu-
rious about. At one point I was attracted
by a beautiful flower-garden on one .side of
the road that passed into tlie grounds, while
across the track were rows of beets in all
stages of development. Some of the beets
were just breaking through the surface of
the ground. A rod or two further they were
two or three inches high ; still further, near-
ly fit for market ; and finally there were long
rcwj ready to pull. The seed had been sown
at different times, so as to give the effect of
rising in steps — one step above another, so
that, after one sowing was marketed, the
next came riglit after it, and so on. Now,
the flower-garden was beautiful ; but this
little field of beets I think was one of the
most beantiful sights I have ever beheld in
my life. Of course, hand-weeding is reciuir-
ed where every inch of ground is cropped so
closely; and in two different places I saw
women from the old countries down on their
knees pulling out the weeds. 1 like to pidl
weeds where the ground is as mellow as it
was there, and so 1 stooped down and pulled
weeds a while just to see what fun it was.
It had rained the night before, and the
weeds came out so easily that it ime< just
fun. Who would not like to do gardening
with such a soil as they have in Arlington?
IVell, I reluctantly passed by the beets.

To be conti

Perhaps 1 should add, that not a weed is to
be seen, except among seedlings just com-
ing up. When they get older, the ground is
kept alnK)st absolutely clean by the use of
scuttle hoes and similar tools.

Further do ,vu I met a man at work on the
iron i)ip:>s used for irrigation. At Arling-
ton irrigation is used whenever necessity de-
mands it. If it rains, well and gojd ; and
if it does not lain, they run water between
the plants in the furrows. With celery, a
deep, narrow channel is plowed, within
about one foot of the roots. \Vater is taken
to the highest point in the rows, and allowed
to descend l)oth ways. I explained to the
man at work at the pipes that 1 was attract-
ed by thf beauty of their grounds. He bade
me welcome, and regretted that he hadn't
time to show me around ; but he said.
'' F.tther is over there in the field ; I think
he would be glad to talk with you.''

As I came near the old gentleman, I dis-
covered he had a hoe about twice as wide as
any we use. Tlie blade, however, was quite
narrow. Well, in this soft soil, with such a
hoe, even the old gentleman could cut up
weeds very rapidly. I found him to l)e (piite
aged — so old that his voice trembled quite
perceptibly when he spoke. He seemed
pleased to find me so much interested, and
to know that I was from Ohio. He said,
when he was a boy he too wanted to go to
Ohio ; but it was then away off in the wil-
derness, and he found that all the money
he could rake and scrape together would but
just take him there; and then if he didn't
happen to like the far wilderness he wouldn't
have any money to get back with, when he
decided to stay and make garden on the very
patch of land where we were standing. He
was one of the pioneers in Arlington market
gardening. We passed a field of early sweet
corn. It was a wonder to me, for every hill
had just so many stalks ; each stalk was just
so high, and had just so many ears on it,
and the (juantity of ears was so great that
the stalks were bending over— each hill to-
ward its neighbor, and each ear seemed to
be plump and full, just like every neigh-
l)oring ear. I expressed surprise, and asked
him how many years he had been cultivating
that kind of corn, for I naturally thought it
must be some new-fangled wonderful yield-
er. I was a little surprised when he replied.
" Nigh on to forty year."

As this chapter is getting pretty long, and

as I gleaned a good many things that I want

to tell you of in that talk, I think I shall

have to reserve the rest for anothtJi' chapter.

micd Sept. 15,

CMWOOD ENCMEDINBO

He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— LvKS 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

f

Who is mj' neighbor?— LuKK 10: 29.

T was toward eveninp;, just after a beauti-
ful summer sliower, that I was on the
street-ears in tlie beautiful town of Ar-
lino'lon, in the northern suburbs of Bos-
ton, Mass. The whole place was almost
a ffiii'deii of Eden to me. on account of the
vesetaltle-gardens that spread out on eve-
ry hand. I had succeeded in linding just
the spot that I had for so many years longed
for— the spot Miiere gardening is conducted
up to the highest standard of intelligence ;
for it was just outside the limits of the great
city that some of the Massachusetts people
entitle the '■ Hub of the Universe." I felt
as if 1 could have walked the whole tliirteen
miles to the city; but it would have taken
too long a time, therefore I stepped ai)oard
of a bright, new, spacious, and airy street-
car, such as they have in tlie suburbs of
cities. All at once a vision sprang up be-
fore us, so bright and beautiful I almost
wondered if it could be real. A llorist had
arranged, on a beautiful lawn that sloped
toward the street, figures of wondrous beau-
ty, all made by planting different-hued co-
leuses. The recent shower had washed ev-
ery particle of dust from the beautiful foli-
age, and the colors flamed out like those of
a rainbow. The thought instantly sprang
up into my mind, " A painting in which the
colors are done by the finger of God."

A good many tilings contributed to make
me hapjiy that July evening. The residences
along either side of the street were most
beautiful ; and glimpses of long rows of cel-

ery-plants contrasted with rows of different
kinds of lettuce between them ; then rows
of other vegetables, as they Hashed from
the open, spaces between the dwellings,
Avhich were quite a good distance apart, all
contributed toward making me feel as if I
had been almost transported to some fairy
land.

Just as the work of the florist passed from
view, a pair of spirited ponies came up from
behind us on the other side, with a liglit,
graceful, and fantastic carriage. The horses
were a pair that might pleasethe eye of any
lover of the horse kind. The buggy might
also call forth expressions of wonder and de-
light, it was so unique. The occupants were
a couple of young ladies ; and at iirst glance
one would be inclined to pronounce them
people of rare intelligence, and from the
higher circles in life. They found actpiaint-
ances on the street-car, so they drove along-
side while they chatted. My eyes first fixed
themselves on the horses, then on the car-
riage, and finally on the occupants. I had
been gazing in dazed wonder, almost, at; the
coleus-bed, and now I sat silent while I gaz-
ed for a brief moment at my neighlxns op-
posite me in the carriage. Yes, I think they
were my neighbors, even if they were beau-
tiful — yes, woiidrously beautiful. Jesus
called our attention to the way in 'which
God has arrayed the lilies of the field so that
even Solomon in all his glory was not array-
ed like one of them. Now, if God has given
beautiful forms and colors to the floral and
vegetable world— yes, even to the different
forms of animal life (the horses at my side)
is it any thing wonderful or strange that,

G64

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

AttG.

for some all-wise purpose, he has now and
then clothed the human form divine with
wondrous beauty? And when this beauty
is accompanied l)y unusual intelligence,
ought v\-(' not to paiise and wonder, as well
as give him thanks? Is it wrong to admire
beauty? Surely not, providing that, while
we admire, no trace of any feeling springs
lip that will in the least transgress tlie com-
mand, " Thou Shalt not covet." Beauty is a
(hmgerous gift, and so is wealth ; and, my
friends, let us pray that ( iod may help us so to
lear our children that they may safely be iu-
1 rusted with wealtli as well as beauty ; that
hotii sexes may consider all these gifts as
coming from him, and be enabled to use
tiiem for his honor and his glory, and to lay
them at the Savior's feet. I did not want to
seem rude, so of course I was bound in cour-
tesy to give these new neighbors of mine
only a passing glance. They were utter
strangers to me, nnd I do not think any
thought entered my mind of wishing for
even an acquaintance. They moved in one
sphere of life and I in another. ( Jod wishes
me to perform my allotted work as he wishes
them with their beautiful turnout to per-
form their allotted work in life. It was not in
my province to recognize their existence by
word or action, unless by the brief glaiice I
told yon of; but it teas in my province to be
working for the Master, even at that very
moment, and among these very neighbors,
too. whom I had found so far away from my
own home. Do yon ask why? Listen :

While these thoughts were passing in my
mind, the street-car stopped. As I glanced
toward the platform I guessed the neighbors
who stood there were a trio of young moth-
ers with their home treasures. There were
three of the mothers, and they had three or
four of these treasures apiece ; and said
treasures were all jubilant at the idea of rid-
ing on a street-car. They had got on their
Sunday best, and w-ere sweet and clean and
bright and happy. As there were but few
passengers, eacli little one was permitted to
have a seat and plenty of room to feel happy.
As they took their places I gave them a wel-
come, and remarked that there were almost
enough to start a Sunday-school. I could at
once see by the looks that were exchanged
how many of our passengers were interested
in Sunday-school work. The car stops again,
and a big lady looks with dismay at the pros-
pect of no seat l)ecause they are all occupied
by the prattling juveniles. The conductor
finally remarks, "Here, you youngsters will
have to stand up, some of yon."' Three pairs
of fat chubby legs slid off to make room for
the lady. I 'supposed she would, of course,
take two of them in her lap while she made
room for the third; but she did nothing of
the sort. Even the sad and disappointed
faces that were occasionally turned iip to-
ward her made no impression on her hard
heart. Finally a curly - headed little boy
about the size of Iluber began to cry because
he could not sit down. His mother by my
side had one child already in her lap, and so
I proposed to take him. She said he was
quite bashful, and she was afraid he would
not let me. I felt sure, however, I could
make myself agreeable, and I did ; and by

the time he was contentedly sitting on my
knee, some other passenger" took the hint
and took one, and then the big lady volun-
teered to hold the remaining one. The little
fellow was not so easily mollified. He sat
on the extreme edge of the lady's knee, and
hung his head in a sort of pout. Once in a
while he cautiously turned his head enough
to get a brief glimpse of said lady's face. It
did not seem to reassure him, however, very
much.

The shades of night are now^ dropping over
us, and the little one has laid his curly head
over on my shoulder, and gone to sleep. Por
fear he may take cold, the mother throws a
light shawl about him. Her accent indicat-
ed German origin ; and as I glanced from
the little one's black curly head to the moth-
er's curly head, almost like it, I became sat-
isfied that at least part of the group had Afri-
can blood in their veins. I was perhaps hold-
ing to my breast a little curly-pated boy-baby
with negro blood in his veins. Well, what
did it matter? Even if the parents have at
some time in their lives done wrong, surely
there was no wrong in this little one's heart,
and who could think of blaming him for the
existing state of affairs ? My little friends,
what Scripture text do you think came into
my mind ? " Suffer little children to come
unto me, and forbid them not, for of such is
the kingdom of heaven," Jesus said. He did
not say a word about white children, Indian
children, or negro children ; and if he did
not, why should I ? and I decided in a mo-
ment that I was doing the work he had
planned for me to do, and I felt happy in do-
ing it.

Two days before, during the stage-ride
from Lawson, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.. to
Versailles, I i^assed through what is called
the Indian lleservation. Many thousand
Indians of different tiibes from the State of
New York have a tract of land allotted to
them. They have farms, cultivate the soil,
and raise ci'ops ; they also have schools and
churches. ^Vhen I was stopping at the sta-
tion, a wagonload of them came to the store
to trade, bringing in led raspberries picked
in the woods and fields. They were intelli-
gent, and looked and acted very much like
white men and v.omen. The young moth-
ers had their little ones along witli them.
The children weie dressed prettily, and their
mothers seemed as anxious to "have them
behave themselves with pi-opriety as any of
our white mothers. The loungers around
the village store said hard and micharitable
things about these people, especially of the
mothers; but I am sure it is certainly not
all true. ^Nly heart warmed toward the little
ones, and I longed to see them brought into
the Sunday-schools, and taught of Jesus
their great "friend. The driver told us that
many of the older people still hold to their
pagan supei'stitions, and that some of them
still kept up the time-honored ceremony of
something about biu'uing a white dog. He
said the only hope seemed to be in educating
the children. He added, also, that deprav-
ed and dissolute white men were doing more
harm in forcing tliemselves among them
than the U. S. government and Christian
people could do good. In our text the ques-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

or,,'

tion is asked, " AVho is my neighbor?'"
Now, I can answer for myself, that all these
of whom I have been speaking are run
neighbors. When Jesns said, " Thou shalt
love thy neighbor as thyself," I am sure he
meant tliat / at least should understand him
to mean not only the Indians, bnt the ne-
groes also ; and it thrills my heart to take a
good strong man of either race by the hand,
and to welcome him as a brother in Christ
Jesus. While I regard tjiem as brothers,
and long to help them, and to lead them to
the Savior, I tliink it wise and just tliat
there should not be intermingling of the
races; but for all that. He who lias said.
"Tliey shall bo my peoi)le, aiid I will be
their God," I am sure meant to include all
humanity, of whatever clime or parentage.

THE SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOR.

HOW TO MAKE ONE AT A SMALL COST, AS MADE BV
A JUVENILE.

0N pag-c 587 of Gleanings for July 15, Ernest
requested me to g-ive a description of my so-
lar wax-extractor. I made mine small, as I
have but few colonies, and consequently but
little wax to extract. Each little scrap of
comb can be thrown in, and very quiclily made into
wax, with no dang-er of worms bothering'. I tried
coolting- an egg- in March, but I left it in too long-,
not being used to cooking, and I haven't tried it
since, as I have been so busy. It was cooked " too
much done." To make an extractor, any one who
can handle tools can make one at a cost not to ex-
ceed 30 or 25 cents.

Use half-inch stuff. First get out two pieces,
GxlOij inches, for sides; two pieces, 6x7i4 in., for
ends; two pieces, S'ixlO'c, in., for cover and bottom.
Make a frame or sash 8^x10'/^, outside measure, to
hold a pane of 8x10 window glass; this is the size
that I used. Also make a frame 9x7 to nail the tin
to that forms the basket that holds the comb— one
piece of tagger's tin, S'/^xlOU, to nail to inside of
cover for a reflector, and another piece 7!2x9i2 to
nail to the 7x9 frame, letting the middle sag down
so as to hold the comb when thi'own in. Perforate
this with ^s-inch holes to let the wax run through.
Drive eight 2-inch wire nails for the frame to rest
on, about half way down the inside of the box, and
put a square tin pan in the bottom to catch the wax.
The sash holding the glass lies flat on the box, and
the cover shuts down on top of that. Strips of
leather, ii inch wide, for hinges, make it easy to
raise either the cover or glass, or both, at a time;
and a hook on tlie sash and one on the cover, and a
staple in the box, make it easy to fasten. When
neatly painted it makes a nice little ornament, and
will paj' for itself in a short time.

I have taken about 48 lbs. of nice comb honey in
one-pound sections from my best colony, besides
one new swarm, and more honey to come off yet.
Fred W. Cranston.
Woodstock, Ohio, July 20, IS.Sfi.

We are very much obliged to you for your
very clear description of how to make a
cheap solar wax-extractor. No doubt the
one you made will do as good work as tlie
larger and liigher-priced one illustrated in
Glkanings some months ago. though it will

not melt as large a quantity at a time. I do
not know but that 1 would prefer the small-
er one if I wished only to melt up little
scraps and bits of wax such as accnmulate
in the apiary. It is more portable, and costs
considerably less, and, better than all, the
juveniles can make it. Eiinest.

HUNTING BEE-TREES.

PROOF-READINfi, AOAIN.

^^TE insert the following letter just as
''' our little friend " elizzebnth " wrote

it— pure and simjile. To correct the
mistakes woi,;ld si)oil its originality
of style, and I think our little friends
will have no trouble in making out the story.
If the little folks wish, they can count the
number of misspelled words and wiong use
of capitals. There are other mistakes of a
dilferent nature, but you had better not
" tackle " them. This will be good practice,
and W'ill help you to write conectly.

Father takes gleanings and i see in it where i can
i r5e lieve earn a Book By righting to you some-
thing about Bees, i think it is something new any
way. pap scs it is anyway; why papa you no is a
grate Bee hunter, he went out yesterday to look
for Bees and he found too sworms in one tree, the
first sworin was a bout 10 feet from the ground, and
then they was a division and then there was a noth-
er hollow and it had another sworm in it; i was with
him when he cut it. he thought it was an old Bee
tree and we would get lots of honej' But it was not.
it was Both young sworms and one of the sworms
was the little Black Bee and the other highest
sworm was the larg Big italion and when he got the
tree down and split open why the Bees Both mixed
up together, well i asked pap if he was a going to
put them all in one hive and he sed he was not if he
could find the queens Both, well he looked around
an<i seperated the bees till he found one queen and
it was the little black queen, well he hived one
sorm then he sed he must take them home before
he could hive any more Be cause they was enough
left yet to make a nother good soworm. well he
took that sworm home and he told me to stay hero
till he would come back and for me to smoke the
Beese and Bother them so they could not huddle to
gether to git ready to leave till he come Back, well
i don so he was not long gon he had not very far to
go. well when he came ba'ck why it was about 12
oC'lock and he went to work to see wether he
couldnt rind the other queen he hunted a while and
found her. well he ses lisey i fouTid her. well i went
to see her Be cause i had seen the other and i want-
ed to see what difference they was. well they was a
Big difference she was i do Believe twised as Big
and she was yallow queeiL well now to hive them,
well he done that very quick and it was a average
sworm pap sed. well he had not more than got them
in the hive till a long comes a nother Big swarm
and we could not keep them out of the hive they lit
on the hive and pap tried to keep them out But all
was in vain they was Bound to go in. well they went
in and they filled the gum purtey near to the Brim,
well he took them home and put them on a stand
and the next morning he looked under the hive and
found his i talion queen ded and he was vexta Bout
it and now the Bees arc working and appeare to Be

666

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

doing- well, he ses ho is a going to got a uothcr ital-
ion queen. Er.,izzEBUTH.

Tliank you, '' elizzebuth." lam sure no
one will doubt that you were an eye-witness,
as wo cull them, ot all that you report for
the press. I will say for your encourage-
ment, that your letter is no worse than the
average juvenile letters. With our present
system of spelling it is a wonder that the
little folks do as well as they do. Ernest.

JAPANESE BOYS AND GIRLS.

IIV ONE WHO HAS BEEN AMONG THEM.

R. KOOT:— After eonsidoruble wandering wo
have settled down to a quiet country homo
in a small town. The seminary which I at-
tended in Reading will be removed hero
next autumn, when 1 shall attend it ag-ain.

Since coming- here my brother thought ho would
like to keep bees; but as ho has had no experience
whatever in that line, could you please recommend
a book for him to i-ead, or give him a little advice
how to go about starting? Ho is very anxious to
keep bees, but I don't think he has over been in an
apiary or seen much about bees.

My thoughts often revert to Japan, and I think
of the .jolly times the boys and girls there are hav-
ing during- this season. About a montli ag-o was the
time for their temple festivities; and though June
is the month for general wot weather, regardless of
rain they celebrate their religious holidays with
great zeal. Great carts drawn by oxen, and some-
times men, are festooned with various paper doco-
i-ations in the form of fringes and scenery; and
Japanese idols, with hideous faces, are taken
through the streets. A band with drums, bamboo
flfes, and violins, is usually found on the cart, and
by its music (?) draws crowds of eager children wlio
shout at the top of their voices, all tog-ether niaking-
a very noisy procession. Hug-e casks of wine, jn-o-
fusely decorated, or small temples arc borne on
men's shoulders through the streets, preceded by
priest.:,, who ask alms as they pass. Everj' one, in
whatever circumstances he may he, is expected to
contribute something-, and also to be dressed in a
new suit of clothes. The Christians often got into
difflculty in that way, and the house of one of our
converts was damaged considerably because he did
not give any money to the priests.* The little boys
pi-ocure smaller casks, and carry them about in a
wild manner, trying as best they can to imitate their
drunken seniors by loud talking and foolish ges-
tures. •

Large, fierce-looking wooden dragon-heads, with
long draperies of coarse g-reen cotton, are some-
times taken through the city. They, tof), are fol-
lowed by long- processions of men, women, and
children, some of the latter Ijnding employment in
fanning- the "dragons" witli paper fans or tufts
of feathers or hair. Von can imagine that the
youngsters enjoy these exciting- times. But a far
pleasanter way, to us, is practiced aliout the middle
of July, on the evening of the second Saturday aft-
er the Fourth, when the government has public
fireworks displayed on the river S running-
through Tokio. On this occasion many boats full
of people assemble on the river; other persons
watch'the works from the tea-houses on its banks,
while the streets are crowded with the poorer classes.

The fireworks are well worth expending a little
money on. They appear in various beautiful shapes,
and are l)rilliantly illumined. The lookers-on 8eem
to appreciate them fully, for loud shouts of ap-
plause, which can be heard for several miles, follow
every especially attractive form.

Ada M. Krecker.

Fredericksburg, Pa., July 30, 188(5.

Every boy or grirl, under 15

years of upe, who writes a

letter for this tlepartiiient, containing

SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
KNOWN. ON BEES OR OTHER MATTERS,
will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent'five- cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these books contain the same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school hooks
costing from 81.00 to 81. .lO. If you have had
one or more boolcs, give us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We liave now
in stoclc si.\ ditt'erent books, as follows; viz.:
Slieei- Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in
a Bar-Room. We have also Our Homes, Part I., and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above boolcs, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself. Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, (lowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of anyone of the above pictures
or books for every letter tliat gives us some valualjle piece of
information.

" A chlel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'Jlprentit."

fllE last time. I told you how a bee talks
and scolds folkr. ; but how do you sup-
pose they talk to each otherV This is
a question that big folks have tried to
solve, and I don't think they really
know to a certainty yet. But bees do talk
among themselves somehow or other — per-
haps not talk, exactly, but they make them-
selves understood. For instance, a bee has
just found a great chunk of honey in the
kitchen. After tilling himself up full he
goes home ; and when he comes back he will
bring a lot of others, and these others in
turn will tell the rest of the bees, until by
and by the whole colony, if there is honey
enough, will become wild, and iinally the
whole apiary. Now, how do tlie bees tell
each other that there is something awful
nice over there in Jones's kitchen, and that
they can get the ill-gotten sweets without
the sweat of their little browsV I want you
little folks to tell me how they manage to
tell eacli other. Some of the big folks say
that tliey cross their feelers (those kind o'
horn-like things that stick out of the liee's
head), and that, having done that, they
seem to understand. iJid you ever see a
young bee come in the hive with his lirst
load of pollen or honeyV How he will wag
his little body in the center of a circle of
bees! lie acts just as though he \Vere tick-
led all over, like your little puppy dog when
he wags liistail so hard as to shake his whole

1SS6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

G(i7

self. Why do you suppose tlie bee should
make such a, fuss? The big bee-men tell us
tliat the bee has just returned with his lirst
load of honey, and that he wants every bee
to know it. If I am not mistaken, old bees
are guilty of such nonsense. Now, isn't it
possible "that the old bees, by this " wiggy-
waggy " motion tell their mates that there is
lots of honey over in Jones's kitchen? Per-
haps I am mistaken; but suppose, if you
have an observatory hive (if you do not have
one you had better get one), you take one or
two bees from said hive and put them into a
glass - covered box where tliere is a little
chunk of honey. Mary and Johnnie are
to watch the bees, one on each side of the
hive. In the mean time you are to carry the
bees you have caught, some little distance
away. When the bees have become pretty
welliilled with honey you are to dust a little
Hour over them and let them loose. They
will, of course, go right back to their hive,
where Johnnie and Mary are watching, and
who are to watch these two dusted bees as
they come in, and to note how they behave.
In some way or other, probably by their pe-
culiar actions, the two bees will induce oth-
ers to go back with them. Then Johnnie
and Mary are to watch them closely and see
how tUey behave.

How many Johnnies ai)d Marys are we to
have report for the next Juvenile Glean-
ings upon this iioint? It may be that it is
too hard a task to perform ; but if you suc-
ceed well I will send you a nice present of
some kind. Ernest.

A MOIJSH DESTROYS TUUEE SWAWMS.

My uncle put some of his bcDS in :i liousc, and a
mouse got in and killed three swarms and carried
four quarts o I' seed coi-n into the hive. 1 intend, if
I live, to help Uncle Henry with the bees, and hope
to learn something- more about them.

Hornby, N. Y. Ghace Haven.

AVHO WANTS SOME CACTUS-BLOSSOMS ?

I walk Hi miles to school, barefoot. Sometimes I
get cactus-briers in my feet. The cactus has pret-
ty blossoms— some red and some yellow. If any-
body wants any. I will send some for cloth enough
to make me or lUioda (my baby sister) a dress.

Zem,a H.-Whight, age T.

New Helena, Custer Co., Neb., July 10, 1886.

now TO MAKE IIONEV OINGER-SN AP.S.

I live with my aunt and uncle, who keep bees.
Thej' have 71 colonies and Ki nuclei. We have tak-
en off ;5000 lbs. of honey, 300 lbs. to take off yet. We
bake ginger-snaps with honey. Wo like it better
than molasses. We use honey in making jams and
in canning fruits. I will give the ginger-snap rec-
ipe: 2 cups of honey; 1 cup of sugar; 1 cup of
butter or lard; 1 teaspoonful of soda; 1 teaspoon-
ful of cloves; 1 tcaspoonful of cinnamon; 1 tea-
spoonful of pepper; 1 tcaspoonful of ginger.
Boil all together five minutes; stir up thick with
flour; roll thin, and bake. «

I read about a solar extractor. We have one.

Nkttie nnECKUiLt>.

Kirkwood, Warren Co., III., July 20, 1886.

about three inches deep in the bo.\, or by digging
up a turf. Turn it over and scrape out a hole in
the center, and turn it over in the box, and you
have the place for the eg.'is. Now dampen this,
and it stays several days, and holds the heat that is
necessarv to hatch the eggs. Our lettuce and
cabbage grow so fast in the garden that mamma
said she thought that even Mr. Koot would be satis-
fled. Jessie S. Smylie, age 10.
Caseyvillc, Lincoln Co., Miss.

HOW TO HATCn CHICKENS.

T saw that you were having trouble in hatching
your Brahma eggs. Did you keep the eggs moist
enough? Mamma makes her nests by putting dirt

HIVING A SWAHM OF BEES.

We have 20 stands of bees. The first one came
out May 12. We hived it, and on the next day it
came out and flew ofl. We followed it, and it went
about a mile. It went into a beech-tree. We cut
the tree down, and got the bees in a bo.\ and
brought Ihem home. Wc put them in a hive, and
gave them a frame of brood. They did well, and
made about 25 lbs. of honey above, and on July 1st
it cast a large swarm.

Harry S. Greenfield, age 13.

Somerville, Butler Co., O., July 17, 1886.

Did yon give the bees a frame of brood
when they were hrst hived? Remember, it
is the imfCided brood, not that which is
capped over, which you are to give to swarms
just hived. Ernest.

CUTTING OUT CELLS TO PREVENT SECOND
SWAKMS.

rapa's 0 swarms of bees have increased to 20.
He took off' over 10) pounds of honey yesterday.
He did not intend to let them swarm more than
once apiece. One colony sent out a second swarm
on the eighth day after the flrst came out. The oth-
er colony papa cut out the queens-cells on the
seventh day after the swarm came out, and he
found some of the (jueens out then; and in another
he found three hatched on the seventh day; and he
expected they would swarm again; but the next
morning he found two of the queens dead in front
of the hive. Besides these, three colonics have
been left queenless by cutting out all the queen-
colls but one, and that would die in the cells when
full grown. Clara Lindsey.

Harford, Susq. Co., Pa., Juno ;}0, 1886.

The plan of cutting out all the queen-
cells but one to prevent second swarms is
quite generally practiced, and, iis a rule, I
believe the remaining cell hatches, though
as in your case it sometimes fails to do so.

Ernest.

Wn.VT SHALL BE DONE IN A CASE OF SEVEUE
STINGING?

In the fall of 1884, when my uncle Avas feeding
his bees for winter, a heavy-laden bee Avhich had
" stolen the march " on my aunt by getting into the
kitchen and taking a gorge of syrup W3,s picked up
off' the floor by one of my baby-cou, ins, a boy one
year old. The bee stung him on the fore-flnger of
his left hand. His ttngcr, hand, and arm swelled
alarmingly, nor did the swelling end there; for in
about twenty minutes his whole body swelled and
was covered with white spots. The raucous lining
of his pose Avas so muc|) swollen that he Avas com-
pelled to breathe through his mouth. My auut
was not a little alarmed. Uncle picker] him up in
his arms, and carried him as fast as he could to a
neighbor's house Avhere they gaA'c him plenty of
whisky, and in half fin hour the Avorst symptoms
ha(] clisjxppcai'QcJ. IJncle js a strong temperance

668

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Aug.

man. and ilocs not want either the stinging- or the
cure repeated too often, and wishes to know it
I)oulticcs of mashed onions applied to the arm-pits
in case of severe bee-poisoning' would not be as
sure a remedy as alcohol taken internally.

Wm. Joseph Millek, age U.
Hornings Mills, Ont., Can.

It would seem that the whisky saved the
cliild's life, though it is possible he might
have recovered without it. It is said to be
an antidote for rattlesnake bites ; and if the
poison of the snake is similar to that of the
sting, no doubt the whisky should be given,
by all means, when the life of the patient
is endangered. By no manner of means
would 1 use the liquor under other circum-
stances. As regards the other remedies, I
can not answer. Perhaps some pliysician
who is thoroughly temperance in his views
could give us light ; but please bear in mind
that we do not want remedies for ordinary
stings where no danger is apprehended.

EUNKST.
FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

A GOOD KEPOIIT FOR CATNIP AS A HONEY-PLANT.

fHIS plant, Nepcta cataria, is found extensively
in the woods and waste places. Here, on the
banks of the Ohio Uiver, it has been sjiread-
ing- to an advantage for three or four yeai-s.
After the white-clover season was past, the
bees worked strong on catnij), and continue to do
so at present. Many of the untinished sections, and
also the si)are room in the brood-chambers, have
been tilled with honey made from this plant. Even
the nuclei send out their " honest workers " to gath-
er a few drops of this abundant nectar, and they
are building up. Thus, much of the trouble of
feeding weak colonies is now saved, and there is
less danger of their being robbed. The bees work
on catnip from early morning until almost dark.
Through the heat of the day they are found on it,
especially if the catnip is in the more shaded parts
of the pastures. When the hot days of late summer
come on, the plants which are protected from the
sun thrive better than the others. Probably if cul-
tivated, catnip would yield considerably more than
it now does. Yet, as it is, we are satisfied. As ev-
ery one knows, catnip is not an* injurious weed.
One can hardly find a yard or garden without hav-
ing a few plants. The honey made from catnip ap-
pears to be equal to that produced by white clover;
and from the fact that catnip remains long in bloom,
apiarists should at least save all the plants they
may find around them, and give it a trial. In June,
1885, we ordered an Italian (lueen from you; she has
proven to be of fine quality. Ernest Danglade.
Vevay, Ind., July 38, 1886.

WHY don't they start QUEEN-CELLS?

I have a queenless colony, caused by destroying-
all the queen-cells but one (to prevent after-
swarms), and that failed to hatch. I gave them a
frame of eggs, but they have not started any queen-
cells. Was it because they are waiting for the dead
queen-cell to hatch? They have been queenless
two or three weeks. Shoujc} I have dcsti'oj'cd the

dead queen-cell when I got them the frame of eggs?
I know they are queenless, because they have no
brood nor eggs in the combs. The combs are full
of pollen and honey. If I give them a queen, will
the bees clean the pollen out so the queen can lay?
Nokesville, Va., July 8, 1886. W. T. Allen.

A colony of bees will, once in a while, fail
to start queen-cells, when it is a little hard
to decide why. In such cases we think it
best to give tiiem a reinforcement of young
bees in the way of a frame of hatching brood.
If this frame contains unsealed larvte, they
will very seldom fail to start queen-cells oil
it, unless they have something in the hive
that Ihey look to as a queen. ' Workers will
always prepare a place in alnn)st any comb
fit for the queen to lay in, even if they have
to remove both pollen and honey.

IS WAX EVER ADULTERATED WITH CORN MEAL?

On page 543, Gleanings for July 1, second col-
umn, in reply to D. J. Spencer, on the subject of
brittle wax, you say some of your si)ceimens seem-
ed about like Indian meal. I think if you had put
it to a test you would have found it was largely
composed of Indian meal. Friend Lake had a sim-
ilar lot, and he proved it was Indian meal, so you
see there is cheating by even our vaunted bee-men.
Is there noway such rascals can be ferreted out and
brought to justice? In Lake's case he waS unable
to, having previously mixed the difi'erent lots to-
gether. Yellow Indian corn ground fine can readily
be mixed with wax to a considei-able extent with-
out detection, so far as sight goes. Of course, it
will render the wax brittle and destroy its ductility
and tenacity— two very important (lualities needed
in comb-building. You are in for exposing scoun-
drels, so suppose you ferret out corn-meal scoun-
drels, and expose them. C. Garwood.

Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1886.

The wax referred to was not adidterated
with corn meal, for it could be melted, every
bit of it, into a liquid. It would, however,
assume the grantdar form again as soon as it
commenced to cool.

HOW TO MAKE BEES WORK IN SECTIONS.

On p. 570, July Gleanings, Mr. J. M. Tucker asks:
" How shall I make my bees work in the sections?"
I will give mj' o-\vn views in reply to that question,
my views not being theoretical, but based on act-
ual experiments. Any attempt to "make bees
work in sections" will prove a failure; for while
they can, to a certain extent, be led, they can't be
driven at all.

The advocates of reversing frames claim that, by
so doing, they place the brood above the gathered
honey, and the bees then carry it at once into sec-
tions. While this is true, it is far from being
economical, as the honey must be handled several
times in order to place it where it should have been
stored originally. It is desirable, then, to do away
with this extra labor, which can easily be done,
and thus save our bees many steps, and the loss
that is always occasioned by moving stores from
one location to another. The key to the whole
mystery is the spacing of frames. Let the combs
in the brood-chamber be just ^8 inch thick, and
spaced just a bee-space apart, then nothing will be
sealed up below but brood, if ample room for
stores js g veu in the gcctjous above. All tjiat ^U\

1886

Ci LEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

669

Tucker needs to do is to I'ollow the above rule, and
he will have no further trouble. J. E. Ponu, Jk.
Fo.xboro, Mass., July S8, 188ti.

NATIVE BKES OF iMjt)UIDA NOT LAZY.

On page 534, July 1, Mr. C. Moorhouse writes:
"The native bees are extremely lazy," and you in-
dex the article, " Bees of Florida Lazy." Last year
was a bad year for honey, yet I had a natural swarm
hived about the middle of March that had filled
three stories (3J frames) by the first of June. No
coml)s or foundation was given them. This year
the same colony had the second story solid with
sealed honey June lirst, and a crate of '27 sections
nearly full. The sections were taken off June :iTth,
nicely sealed, as flue in quality of work as any man
ever saw. They will avei-ag'c V.^ lbs. each.

Bees swarmed but little this year. My spring-
count was 11 strong, i weak, in Simplicity, and a
strong in bo.x hives; increased by natural swarming
to~l; extracted during June, 53 gallons, and took
off "-US Mb. sections. This honey can not be excelled.
It weighs l:i lbs. to the gallon, and is clear, and very
light in color. No, Bro. Boot, the little fellows are
not lazy. Sometimes there is nothing for them to
get, and again the mosquito-hawks are so thick they
do not ay; and thcj' fight the ants and the raoth-
wonu,.the chickens and the children, and I don't
know what all. But 1 do know that tliey gather
lots of honey. Yes, they do woik, and so well that
I have about concluded our little native is about as
good as the Italian, and that they set a fine exam-
ple to some jK'ople who come down here and talk
about the laziness of the natives — too many of
whom are like Bro. M.'s Northern (|ucens.

Lavasota, Fla., July, lS8(i. Piui.U'Pi.

WHAT TO DO WITH SUIU'LUS P(JI,1.EN.

Please state in next Gle.\nings what you do with
combs in the spring that are from one-fourth to
two-thirds full of pollen. Do you give them to the
bees in brood or surplus chamber, or do you melt
them up into wax? I put many such in the brood-
chambers last spring, and I find it all there yet, so
far as I can judge. H. L.vnoE.

Whigville, O., July 'M, 1S8G.

Friend L., we never have nurpluti pollen in
our locality, for the bees use up all that re-
mtiins in the comb.s in rearing brood, ;ind
you know brood -rearinj^ is a large part of
the business in our apiary. The matter is
frequently discussed in our back volumes in
regard to the disposal of pollen. I believe
the most practical way is to steam the combs
by hanging them in a covered wash-boiler
until the pollen is so soft it may be thrown
out with the extractor.

SJIOliK WITHOUT smoke; good, at LEAST FOR
NUCLEI.

Take an insect-powder gun (Lyon's I am using),
fill half full with crystals of hydrate of chloral;
press the bellows. The hydrate of chloral evapo-
rates and saturates the air, and stupefies the bees.
1 And this more eflicient than the English method of
saturating the air with vapor of carbolic acid and
oil of tar. This latter also can be used in the i)ow-
der-gun by pouring ten drops of each into the liel-
lows of the gun, saturating the air in the bellows.

Tampa, Fla . July, 1880. J. M. Piiice.

Thanks, friend P., for your suggestion of
hydrate of chloral ; but is it not much more
expensive than smoke y This is going to be

the important point. We can not afford
any thing that costs very much.

ked-cloveh queens.

Why should any one make a flourish about " red-
clover queens," and advertise them as something
wonderful ? Our Italians, Holy-Lands, and hybrids,
work right along on red clover. I stejiped into a 40-
acro field one day, and it was full of clover, and
covered v/ith bees. There were plenty of black
bees there, but I saw none of them on the clover;
they were v.orking on a little blue flower. Most of
the clover has been cut, and the second croj) is com-
ing—also where the wheat was cut the clover now
appears. D. F. Savage.

Casky, Ivy., July U'l, 1880.

Friend 8., certain queens are called "red
clover" because tlieir progeny seem to have
a way of gathering unusual (luantities of
honey during the red-clover bloom ; that is,
unusual compared with other colonies of
similar strength.

OUR CAUr-POND.

1 should much like to have a report in ne.\t issue
of Gleanings in i-egard to your carp-pond. I have
seen nothing about it lately. Is it a success?

J. W. Margrave.

Hiawatha, Brown Co., Kan., Aug. 3, 1886.

Friend M., it has not proved to be very
much of a success as yet, for the reason
that, with the multitude of my duties, I
have not given it the attention it should
have. For instance, although there are lish
in the pond weighing several pounds, we
have never tried one of them yet for food.
Thirty or forty quite good-sized ones were
found last winter on the surface, probably
killed by the cold, because the pond was not
deep enough. The reason it was not deeper
is because miiskrats persist in digging holes
through the bank. The soil is also of such
a nature between the pond and creek that
the water slowly oozes out, and the pojid
gets very low unless we have very i'requent
rains.

now TO MAKE FOUNDATION.

Your article on page .513, "How to Make Founda-
tion," is quite acceptable; and although we have al-
ways been very careful about keeping our mills
free from every particle of wax, the way to do it
best has been another thing; and the way to regu-
late the temperature of the dipping-tank is anoth-
er. We have had very hard work to get sheets at
all; the wax in the tank will get too cold around
the outer edges or side of the tank before it is any-
where near cool enough in the center, and conse-
quently the sheets all crack in the center of the
boards, while they stick at the t)Uter edges. Now,
in this case we have set the tank on the stove and
remelted the outer edges of it again, and it some-
times helps the dipping; but wc have never been
able to get sheets as thiu as they ought to be for
sections. Do wc have to '^et the wax the right
heat by heating and cooljng it in this way? or
ought the tank full of melted wax to cool all
through alike by just setting jt olf and letting it
set until rcad.\- to dip? There is something about
the way we manage it that is not just right; and if
you can give us some light on the subject it will
help us wonderfully. Can we use these same boil-
ers where wc liavc a two-horee cpgipc to furnish

670

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

steam with? Wc have had all wo could make in
this way; but our section fdn. docs not quite suit us.
Roland Holmes.
Ft. Wayne, Ind., June 28, 1886.

Friend H., if I understand you your whole
trouble seems to be that you do not set your
tank of melted wax inside a tank containing
water, to be kept at a proper temperature by
means of a steam-pipe. A very small steam-
pipe from any kind of a steam-boiler will
enable you to keep the temperature of all
your utensils just where you want it. Dur-
ing the past season we have made quite an
improvement by keeping all of our wax
sheets, when ready to roll, in a large oblong
tin vessel of water. A steam-pipe goes into
this water ; and by opening or closing the
valve we can keep the sheets just right, no
matter whether the weather is cold or warm.

WEEPING LINDEN FOR HONEY ; PROLONGING
THE BAWSWOOD BLOOM.

I send you to-day by mail from Detroit some {low-
ers of the weeping linden (Tilia alba pcndula). 1
hope they may reach you in some kind of order, so
that you may be able to scent the perfume, which
is very delicate and powerful. The tree I have
hangs over the sidewalk, and every one almost who
passes stops to find where the perfume comes
from. The American linden (basswood), blooms
here about the middle of June; the English, or
European linden, toward the last of June, and the
weeping is now in full bloom. The white-leaved
European also blooms in July, and the broad-
leaved European (BlatipliyUa) blooms in August.
By planting all these varieties, the blossoming of
the linden could be extended three months. Of
course, some of them are scarce yet; but young
trees, one or two years, could be imported cheaply
from Europe. I imported both the English and
the weeping from England some years ago.

James Dougall.

Windsor, Ont., Canada, July 9, 188B.

TeB^cce CeMMN.

A FRIEND'S INFLUENCE, ALSO A KIND WORD.

fHE goods arrived on the 26th of April, and in
splendid order. I have put the chaff hive to-
gether. It is the first of your style I ever
saw. I am highly pleased vith all the goods.
I have a bee-keeping friend (a young man
like myself), for whom part of the goods were, who
has quit the use of tobacco. Can you send him a
smoker V If he begins again, I'll see that you get
your money. Thanks for extras in goods.

Alvin L. Heine.
Chandler, Ind., May 5, 1886.

I saw your offer in Gleanings, that any one who
quit the use of tobacco you would send him a smo-
ker. If you will send me one, I will never use it
again; and if I do I will send you a dollar for the
smoker. O. H. Martin.

Lee, Allegan Co., Mich.

Will yo.u please send me a smoker? I have quit
the use of tobacco; and if I ever take it up again I
will pay you for the smoker. W. E- G!RIND;.e.

Bluehill, Me., June 38, 1886,

1 have been a user of tobacco four years, and
have quit its use. If I deserve a smoker, send one;
and if I ever use tobacco again I will pay you for it.

Fremont, Mich. William Gould.

Please send Henry Powell a smoker. He has
agreed not to use tobacco in any way; and if he
will he will pay you for his smoker. He
asked me to write to you. Reese Powell.

Linden, Iowa Co., Wis., June ];), 1886.

I soli] a colony of bees to a young man who has
been using tobacco. He has quit, and now ho
wants a smoker; he promises to pay for it if he
ever commences to use tobacco again.

F. A. DURRAND.

Esdailc, Pierce Co., AVis., May 2!i, 1886.

HAS COMMENCED THE USE UP TOBACCO, BUT PAYS
UP LIKE A MAN.

I herewith send you 50 cts. to pay for a smoker
that was presented to me for quitting the use of to-
bacco. I now have taken to the use of it again, on
account of my health. Anonymous.

June 10, 1886.

I am very sorry, friend A., that you
thought it necessary to use tobacco again.
Are you suce that your health demanded it?

After using tobacco for seven years I have quit.
If you think I deserve a smoker, I shall be very
thankful; and if I ever use tobacco again I will pay
you for the smoker. I am a reader of Gleanings,
and I think it is second to none.

Fremont, Mich. Robert Ashcraft.

A neighbor's influence, again.

I have a neighbor bee-keeper who has used tobac-
co for years, and has quit. I told him if he would
quit and not use it any more, and promise you so,
you would send him a smoker. He told me to send.
Now, if he don't stay quit I will pay tor the smoker,
for I have to take care of his bees, and it is not con-
venient to carry his smoker; but I think he will
stick. John Barlow.

Sac Cit3', Iowa.

THE DUTY OF A FATHER TOWARD HIS SONS.

The boys here use a great deal of tobacco. My
two little ones were using it before I knew it. I
have induced both to quit. The youngest is not at
home. I did not see your offer, but I see the let-
ters. If E. L. Goodbar is entitled to a "smoker,"
please send it; and if he ever begins again I will
pay. A. C. Goodbar.

Lonoke, Lonoke Co., Ark., June 7, 1886.

THE USER of TOBACCO AN UNCONSCIOUS SLAVE.

I wish to say to you and everybody that I have
quit the use of tobacco since I commenced taking
Gleanings. I have used the weed for 15 years,
and little did I know what a slave I was to that poi-
sonous weed till after I quit. Nor docs any man, who
is inconstant use of tobacco, realize what a slave he
is until he tries to quit. I And that saying and do-
ing are two different things; and when a person
says he is going to quit the use of tobacco, ho
wants to make up his mind that he has got to exer-
cise some will power. If you think I am entitled to
a smoker, send me one; and if I commence the use
of tobacco again I will pay you for it.

A. B. HOlbrook^

Point PeuiDSula, Jeff. Co., N. Y., Junp 3, im.

1886

(ILEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

071

0ai^ JiepE^.

T will bo their God, and they shall be my people.
— Jeu. 31: ;>;}.

AM invited to meet a body of bee-men
to see the Chapman honey-plant in full
bloom in York State ; and as it is some-
wliere near father Cole's '' Home on the
Hillside" I propose to see the ''New
A.Q;ricnltnre " also, and so oil' I start this
Mondiiy niornino;. July 2(5. My lirst move is
to call iit the Town-Ilall and be one of the
lirst to east a vote foi' the closings of the sa-
loons in Medina. Tliank (toil that I have at
length that privilege, as one of his people,
as in our text.* Then Maud takes me in
the buggy to a station 12 miles away. Maud
is getting to be a horse-woman, and handles
Meg nicely, even if the men-folks have let
her run away so many times we feared she
was spoiled. Meg went up to a watering-
trough ; and before I knew it Maud hopped
out and let down tl)e check, instead of let-
ting me do it. She explained that Meg
would put back her ears and bite at me if
I went near her, and so I stayed in the bug-
gy. Meg even (/ocs better when Maud has
the lines, and I begin to suspect there is a
sort of freemason understanding between
tiiem. Perhaps Meg means to say by actions,
" I have iuid too many masters ; that is why
I ran away s;i many times. 1 like Maud,
and she likes me (slie gives me my clover
and tlungs). and I want her to handle me."
All right ! I am (piite willing, if you only
make tlie train between yoti.

We pass through a small town ; the stoi'e-
keepers, grocers, etc., are sitting out Oii the
walk in ensy-chairs, waiting for customers.
They might "be doing worse; but ought any
of (^od's people, in these days of such great
possibilities, to be sitting and waiting for
((»// tJiiiu// Why can't they jump up and
push something ! Farmers along the road,
many of them, seem content to raise the
same crops (no better) tluit they have done
year after year. Why, I couldn't live if I
were not pushing on to something new, as
each season comes around. In regard to
waiting for customers — how can great strong
men sit and wait V I would a hundred
times rather follow a plow or a cultivator
than to sit before a store waiting for some
one to come to be waited on.

Out of town we find great fields of tobac-
co. Wliile I admire tlie soil, and the won-
derful vegetable growtli tiiese plants are
making with their broad green leaves as
high as the fence. I can not see how any who
call themselves (Jod's people can give their
best land, and their rcri/ best nifAnuir in rais-
ing a narcotic with which to poison their
fellow-men. I know it sometimes brings
money; l)ut is <j(1lln{i rntnici/ ever to come
before (hn'iKj ri(/hl 1

Maud reinarks. that the tobacco-raisers
never seem to have nice houses and barns,
even if the business v.s profitable.

I bid good-by to Maud (and Meg) just ten

*On my return T learned that our people cast .%.">
vote.s 1'or jio saloons, and only ;Jti /or saloons. IMy
friends, have jou done as well as that in your
county-seat .•'

minutes before train time, so Meg has held
her reputation. It costs ^X.'-l-'i per day extra
to ride in a drawing-room car; tnit if I doift
ride in such car I could not have the nice
little table on which I am now writing to
you. The roads are full of muddy water,
and it is running down in muddy streams,
all through Ohio and Pennsylvania, al-
though I have not seen a drop "of rain fall.
Innumefable gardens Hit by us, but nothing
in any of them is ahead of our own at Me-
dina, unless it is rutabaga turnips in I'enn-
sylvania. Next year / will try raising some
so early they may be a yard aei-oss in July.
Buckwheat "is looking finely with the recent
rains. Some of it is already in bloom, but
not a tobacco-plant is to "be seen in the
whole country.

Olean, N. r., is an astonishment and a
wonder. Huge oil-tanks, big enough to con-
tain large buildings, cover the summits and
sides of the hills, and dot the valley by the
hundreds, and may be thousands. Surely
this must contain oil enough to light the
world; in fact, Olean takes its name from
oleum, meaning oil.

This oil is one of God's latest and bright-
est gifts to light up "• Our Homes " so beau-
tifully and at -so little expense. Does this
also mean, "I will be their God and they
shall be my people " V

Now the ti'ain clatters along part way up
the range of hills, and a beautiful valley is
spread out before us. Villages, with their
clean white churches ; shops and stores, and
many pretty houses, witli well-kept gardens,
say again the thought expressed in our lit-
tle text.

It has been raining, and so the white
clothes are, many of them, still on the line,
telling of patient, hard-working mothers,
and of many little ones to l)e cared for. God
grant the Ihought in all these homes may
be. " They sliall be my people.''

I am much impressed with the looks of the
country and people in the vicinity of Chau-
tauqua; an atmosphere seems to pervade
the whole country roiuul about; i. r.,"I will
be their God, and they shall be my people."
Is this the effect of the Sabbath-school gath-
erings there ? The fields are covered with
l)eautifid grain and garden-stuff of all kinds.

The sight of Wellsville, Allegany Co.,
N. Y., with its beautiful residences and
thriving business places, reminds me again
of our text ; and when I go into the house
to sit down at the •' Home on the Hillside "
(after having explored said hillsiile pretty
well) [ discover a clean bright fire burning
in the grate. As the air is "a little bit chilly
after the rain, and my feet are somewliat
damp from my explorations over the soft
soil along the" hillside, tlie warmth seems
quite comfortable; and then 1 discover that
it is from natural gas.

'• Why, dear friends, is it possible that
this is natural gas, and nothing more?" And
then I inquired, '• And does it really give
sufiicient heat for the most severe winter
temperaturesV"

In answer to the (piestion. the good lady
of the house simi)ly touches a lever with her
foot, near the lireitlace, and in a second
every thing rounrl al)out the grate is full of

672

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

flame, and the heat pours forth in such a
volume that 1 feel abundantly satisfled it is
equal to zero weather. When the lire-bricks
back of the grate began to look as if they
would sonn be red hot, another touch of the
lever with the foot and tlie fire is as gentle in
a second as a lamb.

Of course, I was up in the morning before
anybody else (as usual), and the roaring of
the lire, soon after, in the kitchen stove
aroused my curiosity. Yes, they were get-
ting breakfast with natural gas, in the same
way; and when the breakfast was cooked,
down went the heat instantly; no wood or
coal to be lugged in ; no ashes to be carried
out, no smoke or litter. The stove looked
as clean and innocent as if it were standing
in a iiardware store, nicely blacked up so as
to show off to passers-by. This great and
woiiiderful gift has all this while been slum-
bering in the bowels of old Mother Earth,
waiting for the intelligence of man to let it
out and do his bidding, (ias-pipes run along
the streets of Wellsville, on top of the ground.
There is no need of burying them, as the yas
does not freeze np. '' 1 will be their (iod,
and they shall be my people,'"' came into my
mind again, and I wondered if the pet) pie iii
Wellsville and other towns in New York re-
membered to be thankful for this great
blessing. I suppose they think of it after
a while just about as we think of the bless-
ings we enjoy in our own homes the world
over.

It is July 27lh, in the afternoon, and I am
waiting for the train at a country store.
They said there was not any place to get
supper at the station ; but I almost always
lind suppers, and good ones too, and I did
this time. One of the young men who clerk-
ed at the store invited me to go home with
him to supper, if I would put np with what
happened to be on hand. We had a very
nice supper, including raspl)erries and cream,
and ice-cream for dessert, even in an out-of-
the-way country place. The grounds about
this home were beautiful and tasty, and
every thing bore evidence of culture and in-
telligence inside. 1 do not know that these
people loved God, but I think they do, for
many things seemed to say, "And they shall
be my people."

Pretty soon a pair of horses drew up to the
country store, attached to a spmewhat odd-
looking wagon. The wagon was sent by
friend Chapman to get the bee-men who
were to be at his convention the next day.
Friend Chapman hasamarket-garden,so the
storekeeper told me, and this was one of his
markct-vjagrms. Although he is not so miich
of a market-gardener as he used to be, he
has, in years past, made lots of money in the
business. I felt glad I had come.

The town of Versailles, Cattaraugus Co.,
N. Y. is a very pleasant and romantic spot.
A great river pours over the rocks, and lulls
ns to sleep with its roaring. A large flour-
ing-mill, right in the center of business, and
many things about the town, reminded me
of the village where I lived when a boy. In
the evening, boys and girls collected about
the postolti'ce to get the latest news. Asa
matter of course, the girls were dressed in
warm-weather costumes, and some of them

were very pretty ; and as I listened to their
laughing and chatting, I wondered if they,
too, were Christians, and if they all went to
a young poople's prayer-meeting somewhere,
every Siuiday evening, or may be oftener.
Do they evei- think of the text I have been
thinking of during all this trip? Were they,
all of them, even the gayest among them,
God's people?

Next morning, with Prof. McLain, our
friend L. C. lioot, W". T. Falconer, of James-
town, N. Y., and some others whose names
I have forgotten, it was my pleasure to go
out among the honey-plants, even before the
bees had commenced working. Friend Chap-
man is a genius, and. like many other genius-
es is somewhat eccentric. He has about 175
hives of bees ; and although he is progressive
enough to have planted fully two acres of
the Chapman honey-plant (with enough more
that will have blossomed next year to make
ten acres) he does not use a movable-comb
hive— says he does not want any. Shall I
tell you how he markets his honey V Well,
he markets it a good deal tlie way he does
garden-stuff. lie has it stored in large box-
es, lie puts these boxes into his wagon, and
drives to some town when there are many
people on the streets. Then he cuts out his
lioney in chunks, puts 10 lbs. in one of a lot
of cheap tin pans bought for the purpose,
and tells the passers-by, '" Here, you can
have ten pounds of this beautiful nice honey,
tin pan and all, for an even dollar." The
price is so low, and friend Chapman is such
an old hand at the business, that he sells
out his whole load in a couple of hours,
and goes home with his pocket full of dol-
lars. It is cutting down prices, I know;
but it is his way of doing. Well, I was a
little incredulous about iinding that 170 col-
onies could gather honey enough from two
acres from <rni/ plant so tlie bees would store
honey in sections. By the way, friend Chap-
man now uses one-pound sections in place of
the large boxes he formerly used ; but his
hives are still box hives; that is, the brood-
apartment is. The honey-plants stand in
long rows, and are cultivated like other
market-garden stuff the first year. When
they first begin to bloom, but little attention
is given them. The plant is so hardy that
he says the drought killed all the weeds, but
did liot hurt the plant, and I guess he is
right about it. They were growing finely on
hard hillside gravel. Friend Chapman has,
however, some beautiful land for market
gardening, and I think he had the finest
patch of cantaloupe muskmelons I ever saw
in my life. Although there were several
thousand hills, each hill was planted under
a box perhaps a foot S(iuare and six inches
high. Over this box a pane of glass is laid.
JSIelons used to be one of his great special-
ties, before they brought in' so many from
the South ; but he still makes considerable
money from them yet.

At one side of the house, and near the
street, I noticed, under a grove of maples,
some queer-looking tables painted wiiite.
One table was square, with au opening in-
side, where a workman could stand ; the
other table was round, with a sirriilar open-
ing. J3oth tables were surrounded with

1880

GLEAKmCJS IN BEE CULTURE.

Gn

beautiful niaple-lrees, evidently planted ex-
pressly for the benelitof the tables, for those
around the square table were planted at reg-
rdar distances, in the form of a square;
those at the round tal)]e in the same way,
only they were in the form of a circle. Some
of these trees were eij'-ht or ten inches in di-
ameter. Friend Chapman remarked, in an-
swer to the (pu'stion, that these tables were
for washing and packing" garden-stulf. They
did excellent service on this2Hlh day of July,
for our bee-convention. Seats and chairs
were arranged for the comjiany. Sections
of honey, gathered fioni the Chapman honey-
plant, were on the tables— enough for all.
An organ placed on the porch, a little on
one side, was well supported by singers of
no mean talent ; and between the speeches
we had good nuisic. The audience was
mostly C(miposed of the people from the
country round about— friends of Mr. Chap-
man, and anybody who cared to come,
who had heard of his famous honey-
plant. Prof. McJ^ain spoke first, and gave
us many facts that were new and valuable.
lie is emi)loyed by the U. S. government, as
you may know, to investigate and develop
whatever is worthy pertaining to bee culture.
Our friend L. C.lloot also gave us one of
his happiest talks, and I felt sorry all
tlirough it that we could not have had a
siiorthand writer to give it in full to our na-
tion of bee-keepers. Your humble servant
spoke brielly between the two. lie tried to
tell the people of God's various gifts to man-
kind ; of the lumey to be had for the gath-
ering ; of the fruits of the soil, and, later, of
the oil and gas. of which I have spoken be-
fore, and linally of the new honey-plants
that bear honey of such quality and quanti-
ty that it will pay to raise them for the hon-
ey alone. I spoke of the way in wliich God
seems to call us to exercise our talents and
abilities in different lields, and of the pe-
culiar way in which these calls sometimes
come. Friend Chapman, with his oddities,
feels called upon by some invisible power to
use his rare skill in market gardening, to-
ward introducing and disseminating this
wonderful new honey-plant. Prof. McLain
liad told us that its name is Midnops nphcp-
rorcphaliis. signifying '" round - headed
hedgehog," and that the place of its na-
tivity was in the south of France. How
should it come hereV Even friend Chap-
man could not tell us, further than that he
presumed it was among some specimens he
liad collected wiiile on a visit to Florida or
the Bermuda Islands. While traveling it
liad been his habit to .save specimens of
plants. Well, after these dried-up speci-
mens had. lain a long time in an old sack
in the garret, or some such Y)lace, Mrs. Chap-
man suggested, like a good housewife, that
it might as well be thrown away or burned
up. Accordingly the sack was turned in-
side out, and shaken on one corner of the
garden. F'inally this queer plant came up,
and friend Chapman noticed how eager the
bees were to visit it. Mr. Hubbard, a )ieigh-
borofhis, who lias l)een assisting him in
his experiments with his honey-plant, tohl
us, in a brief little speech, that he just
counted, for an experiment, the bees that

visited a single ball of the Chapman honey-
plant during just one day. IIow many bees
do you suppose came to this one blossom, or
ball of blos.somsV Well, it was JLJo. Of
course, an assistant watched the blossom
while he got his diimer and supper. To
further test the quantity of honey secreted,
some paper bags had been tied over the
blossoms, two days before the convention.
These papers were taken off, and the balls
seemed as if they liad been dipped in honey
— good thick honey too. Since coming liome
I have tried the same experiment. Thelioney,
as it tirst oozes from the nectaries, is first thin,
like sweetened water ; but during 48 hours of
our hot July and August days it becomes as
thick as honey in the comb. The flavor is a
very pure sweet— much like simple syrup,
only it has a slight flavor, which we all pro-
nounce very pleasant. I think it will rank
equal to white clover or linden. In closing
my talk I spoke of all these valuable quali-
ties belonging to this plant, and repeated
my text in connection with the thought of
(iod's promises and purposes to us his chil-
dren. As friend Chapman has expended a
good deal of money experimenting with this
plant, he prefers to control the sale of the
seed — at least for several years. This year
it will be offered in packages of half an
ounce each for SI. 00. No smaller quantity
is to be sold. Below we give a cut of it.

CHAPMAN H()NEV-I>[,ANT.

In regard to the above plant I submit the
following letter from friend Cook :

Dear Mr. Kditar:— You will remember tliat Mr.
Cliapmuii, of Versailles, N. Y., exhibited at, tlie De-
ti-oit meeting' a lioney-plant wtiicli lie said com-
menced to liloom just at tlie close of the basswood
season, and was ol' rare excellence as a honey-plant,
both as rog-ards finantity and quality of honey which
is I'lirnished. Upon examination I foniid tliis to l)e
hJcliuKijis Kiih(vi(>(<pli(Ui(x ol' Central France. lam
indebted to I)i-. W. .1. Beal for the determination.
Thronjili tlie kindness of Mr. Chapman I secured a
number of the plants iu the spring'. These were set

G74

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

out the last of Api-il: and though the season has
boeu terribly dry they have grown on light sand
most vigorously; are magnificent plants, and are
loaded with globe-like flower -heads. The plant
looks srni? like a thistle, as wc might expect, as it
is a eoni])osite plant. The flowers opened July 20,
and each ball has a great many flowers, each of
which must l)e visited many times aday by the bees;
indeed, the flowers arc alive with bees from early
morn till late in the evening. Surely this thing of
beauty is a joy in a double sense. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.. July 23, 1880.

The iiiiiiie is from tlie Greek, cvJiiuojjs sij?-
iiifying hedgehog, and the phuit is Jilmost
exactly like a big thiit'ty thistle, ojily it beai's
roiiiur balls, as seen in the engraving. The
latter ])art of the name means "■ronnd-
headed." Now, if this plant furnished hon-
ey right along, day after day, for as many
iiionths as the ligwort does, it would proba-
bly, be ahead of any plant known on the
face of the earth. The spider-plant fur-
nishes a larger quantity of nectar, but it is
secreted only in the night, and gives ns
nothing in the daytime. It is also so thin
and watery that the amount of saccharine
matter is probably not as great as in the
Chapman plant The Chapinan plant yields
lioney about 20 days ; but by mowing off the
tops it can easily be made -U days later; it is
also much hardier than the spider phuit, and
would probably grow on poor soil where
even the ligwort woidd not amount to much.
There have been more bees at work on our
patch of ligwort for the last (iO days than I
I ever saw anywhere on the Chapman honey-
plant ; but the honey is not nearly so thick as
that from the latter. It may be a nice point
to determine which plant would be most
protitable. The Chapmafi plant will con-
tinue to blossom and yield honey for three
years, after it is once started. Dr. (!. C. Mil-
ler, who has experimented considerably, can
probably aid us right here; and in any case
we can thank God for this new revelation in
regard to the possibilities of cultivating
phuits for honey alone. Of course, friend
Chapman's bees" were not all at work in sec-
tions; but colonies having young (jueens
just commencing to lay were storing at a
pretty fair rate, and tlie sections of honey
placed on the, table for examination were
taken froitt one of these colonies.

The social element at frieiTd Chapman's
model bee-keepers' convention was a decided
success; and J echoed the thought of our
friend L. C. Uoot, that it would be an ex-
cellent thing if we could have more just
such informal open-air meetings of bee-
keepers, "l^y this shall ye be known of all
men, that ye have love one to another."
And how better can we demonstrate to the
great Father above that we are trying to
look np ill the spirit of our text to-day than
by showing our good will to each other V
'•I will be their (tod, and they shall shall be
my people."

Tlio Iowa Statp lice-lcroper;,' Association will nioet on the
FaiiSJi-ounds in lies iMoincs, on Tuosdny, Sept. 7, 188G, at 2 P.M.,
continiunfr in sossion ilnriiiff that anil tlio toUowing two or
tlutf (liys A lai'u-c and suhstantial tfnt has been secured,
and is ikiw at hand, tor tho use of thi' sonicty. Any or all of
tlif CdOi) iii-c kci-piTs ol onr State ai-e urgently ri-iincsted to be
pri'smt and lirlp make the meeting a )ili'.isi\iil ;iTid |indil:ible
one, and .-1 licnrlv invitation is extended to all visltint;- broth-
ers IroiM idher- States. O. < ). PoI'I'I.KTon, I'res.

A. J. NoRKis, Secretary.

Gleanings in Bee Culture,

I'uhllshed Svnil-Montldy .

^^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clabbing Bates, Geo First Page of Beadiss Matter.

No good tiling will (iod withhold troni them that walk np'
rightly.— P.s. 81: II.

URTNO FtTr,T. SHEETS OP TTTIN FOUNDATION FOR

SECTIONS.

n. A. Jones says, in the C. D. J. for July 38:

Those wlio have not used lull sheets of section I'oundation in
their seolions, should tr.v it and observe the dilference in
iiuantity ol' honey secured, tinr exiieriments have fully con'

should contain full sheets; and with
ition iounilation we are now m.aklng
ly backboiu' in the comb lionej'.

vinced us that :

the beautiful light s

there is no danger of

]n Scrihnci'f! McKjazinc for Nov., 187.5, is an inter-
esting article on long lil'e, and from it we quote the
following lines:

Dcnuii-iitus. Pythagoras, and Pliny, tiwce their length of
days to the use of oil without and honey within. Two persons
in modern times .are UR'ntioned as having lived to the ages of
1(18 and ltd, who, dining the last half-century of their lives,
for their breakfast took only a little tea sweetened with lion-

UEDUCTION IN THE IMMCE OF EXTItACTED HONEY.

Foil the tirst time in our recollection, v,'c are able
t3 furnish a nice article of extracted honey for S!i
cts. per II)., paclmge included, providing a .^^S-lb.
package he taken at one lime; and for two such
packages we can make the price onl.v eight cents.
We make this discount on two, because two of our
square honey-cans ship so nicely in one case. For
10 cases, 20 cans in all (1100 lbs.), we will make the
price at only 7(2 cts. ]ier lb. This is for the best
(luallty of " Western Reserve " clover honey. For
basswood honey, equall.v good in evei-y respect, the
only dllt'erence being in tiavor, the price will be '2
cent loss. Now, then, if honey can not be used at
this price, in localities whore it is scarce, I shall be
much mistaken.

ANOTtiren SERIES OF THE WATERBURV WATCHES.

The first gross of series E is now on our hands.
While the watches are better made than any here-
tofore, there has been a reduction in price, so that
we can furnish single watches by mail, registered
and postpaid, at $3.75; two watches as aliove, at an
even $.5.00; live or more watches by express, for
«3 30 each. If ordered by mail, in lots of five, add
4.5 cents for postage and registry; or we will send a
watch i)ostpaid, and Gi-eaninos one year, for *3 00;
or a watch will be sent free as a premium for 5 sub-
scribers. Of course, Waterbury watches are liable
to fail, like all other pocket timepieces; and it
would be natural to suppose that, if they are fur-
nished at such c.rtremr.ly low figures, they could
hardly be expected to do as well as watches costing
$10.00 or more. We think, however, that the cost
of keeping them in repair is, as a rule, much less
than with any other pocket timepiece at any price.

THE OLD AMERICAN ZINC, AOAIN.

Although the great ma.iority have reported

favorably to the perforated zinc of our raanufac-

I ture, some few have claimed that the queens pass-

1880

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

07.5

ed tliroug-li, and that they prct'en-cd the did Amrri-
cnn zinc, maiJe in Chicag'o, wliich has the i-ounded-
end liolcs. For the accommodation of all such, and
those who wisli to experiment with it, we have
purchased a lot of lOUO ft. of this zinc, in sheets
2S .\ !tt') inches, which we can sell & 13 cts. per ft.;
$:.>.()U per sheet (It*-., ft.); Tr, olf for 2 or more sheets;
10;^ off for 10 or more.

HUMBUGS AND SWINDLES, AND THE " C.()EI>EN "

nEEnivE.

On pafi'e fSO, in our issue for June 1"), we i)nl)lish-
ed a communication from H. W. Carman, retltcting-
somewhat on one A. J. Carman. We are informed
that both of the jtienllemcn mentioned there, Hard-
awa3' and Carman, are f;ood reliable men. We are
glad to know this; but it is not at all surin-ising' that,
jiood and roiiiiblemen have been drawn into invest-
ing-in a pateiit-rig'ht bee-hive. Many of our older
readers will rememter that N. V. Mitchell's strong
plan of operations used to be to induce a minister
of the gospel, or some iirofessional man, into bo-
coming one of his agents, and then he would
straightway get out his advertisements, bolstering
up his bad name by having some good num's name
coupled with it.

Moral.— Bii careful how you lot your good name
suffer by being liidicd with any thing disreputable.

THOM.VS HORN.

Mit. Horn has been tilling orders, to some e.xtent
at least, since our last issue, fur we have had re-
ports from three or four, to the effect that they had
received their bees or queens. A still larger num-
ber, however, complain that he has done nothing,
and does not answer letters. In one case, where he
wrote positively that the bees had been shipped,
the e.\i)ress agent at his place declares that no such
shipment was made at all. He also fails to meet
his i)romises in regard to the payment of money.
When wt; received Mr. Horn's advertisement we
bad what we considered satisfactory reference and
evidence that he was a straight man; but as soon
as we had reason to think he w'as not acting in an
honorable way we refused to continue his adver-
tisement, and promptly gave the public notice.
Perhaps wo may gain a moral from the whole mat-
ter something like this: Do not be in a hurry to
send very much money to those who start up
suddenly, and jn'omise groat things in their adver-
tisements, such as prepaying express charges, etc.
Hetter pay a little more, and deal with those who
are old and well established in business.

GOODS NEAIl VOUR HOME, AT A KEDUCTION
FROM REGULAR PRICE.

We have the following lot of goods at the places
named, for which we want customers. Now, it is
altogether likely that there is some one located
not very far from where these goods are who will
be needing just such articles, esi)ecially if he can
get them a little lower than the regular jirice, and
doesn't liave to pay much freight charges on them.
In hopes that there are such jiersons, we append a
list of the articles for sale, giving the present \'al-
ue of the goods and the amount we will take for
each lot entire. We give a number to each lot, and
the name of the place where they are being held,
subject to our order. Uemember, they are all pcf-
fect goods, just as fresh and nuw as if shipped
from here. Kemember, also, that at the price we
pffcr thetn we can not break Ipjs; f^ch Ipt n)»sj: go

entire. In making your orders, please give the
number of the lot as well as the articles contained
in it, and thus help us to avoid mistakes.

No. 1. .Vplin^itoii. l(iw,T.

Ten 2-stoiy piiitii'o hives, cumplftf, in iI:it,t'ov eomt)
liiMie.v, ineliulinj,^ in. e. iranu's, wiile frames, sec-
tiuiis, sci.aratiiis, thin fdn. Iiir see., 7 llis. brood fdn.,

aiicleii;i 1 slieels. 'I'lie hit luols up to S2.'i.;!0. We

will sell It enniplete lur 822.00

No 2. Union City. Inri.

13 combined shippiii); and lioney crates Hat; BO tin
separators for above crates; 26 pieces t?lass fur
at)ovc ei'ates; 10 metat-coi'nered brood-frames in
Mat. Present value, S5J.50; will sell for f.ilO

No.:!. Clay Cify, 111.

;Wfl0 sections, one piece. V (rroove,4'^ x iUl x 2 in.

« ide. Prcsi-ut value, $12 00; will sell for in.'iO

No. 1. St. .Joseph, Mo.

10 Simp, hives, made to take crosswise Simp, fr.ames,
of No. 1 stock boards, in Hat, no inside furniture.
Trcsyiit i)rice, SO.IO; will sell for f) 00

No.fi. St. Paul. Mo.

2S 18 - lb. shipping and letailinff cases, in Hal, ivith-

o'lt tjlass. Worlh S.^)(ll; will sell at ISO

No. 0. lock's Mills, Maine

One roll poiiltrv-nellinK. •! U.. wide, I'O fl. lo-tr; 2 in.
imsli; No. 19 wire. Regularly sold fur S«.0;); v.ill
take $J.80 for it.

No. 7. Nassau, N. Y.

i'OO wide frames, for 8 lib. sections, in flat. Worth

S4 00; will sell for ;f.7,')

No. 8. Riverside, N. .1.

700 1-lb. T-tG-foot sections. AVorth 9'JM: will sell for 2 !!>

No. 9. North Walton, N. Y.

100 nietal-cornereil frames, in Hat. Pn sent value,
S2.50; will sell for 2 r)(l

No. 10. I'ou^hkeepsie, N. Y.

100 Mb. honey-tumblers. Present value, $3.00; will

sell lor 2.7.5

No. 11. East Otto, N.Y.

lOOll Mb. l-i)iece 7-to foot sections. Value, ^4.00; will

sell for .•f.7.5

No. 12 Caribou. Maine.

900 sections, 4J-0 X 5 X 1 7 10 w'de. open on all four
sides. I'rcseiit value, 81 50; will sell tor 3..50

No. 13. Canal Fulton, Ohio.

KiKht ch.atf hives, complete, for comb honey, in the
flat. Present value, 821.00; will sell for 2;.00

No. U. Del.aware.Ohio.

35 bottom-boards lor Simp, iiives; 210 tin separators
lor combined crates. Present value, 88.75; will sell
for 7.'.0

No. 1.5. Foster Brook. Pa.

11)0 wired m. e. l)rood-frames. in Hat, ineludinff wire
aud tin bars. Present value, $3. 00; will sell for 2.7.5

No. )G. .lohnson City, Tenn.

One No. 7 honey-extractor, with basket, onl.y 15 in.
deep. Present price, 88.00; will sell for ft (H)

No. 17. (;airo,W. Va.

one 2 story Simp, hive, liRKcd complete for comb
honey, and 5 lbs. fdn.. Jj tiiin, for sections, and 3^
for L. frames. Pretent value, 85.25; will sell for 1.7.')

No. l,-*. Elmira. N. Y.

One 2-H. P. engine and boiler complete. This has
been used some, but has heiwi put in as good shape
ns when new. Price of a new one, 8175.00; will .-ell
this for 8b50.0O

Bur 0WN ;^Pi^^Y.

FOUL BROOD AGAIN, AND HOW WE ARE HOLDING
IT IN CHECK.

fllOM various letters that we have received,
and from further experience with the dis-
ease, we feel i»retty well gonvinced that we
have been fighting the real foul brood, so
called, (lur friend Milton Hewitt, of Perry-
opolis, Pa., however, who had some sad experience
with a different jihtise of disetist'd brood (page (ilJ!),
188;")), is of the opinion that our colonies are infected
with the same disease which attacked his bees.
Speaking of the characteristics as observed in this
type of all'ected brood he says:

1. " That the disease is not contagious by contact,
or by introiluction of bees, honey, comb, brood, etc.
3. "That the infection is transmitted by the fer-
tilization of the queen by ;i drone from a diseased
hive."

He further slates, that the removal of said quecu,
and the introduction of now lt)lood, cures (he nffect-
pil colony.

676

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Aug.

In regard to this I will say, were this form of the
diseased brood present in our own apiary wc should
expect about one-fourth of our brood-combs fit sub-
jects for the furnace. Whenever we have intro-
duced queens from foul-broody hives into other
colonies wc have yet discovered no instance where
they transmitted the disease. On the contrary, as
we should expect with foul brood, the larva? of said
queens are not as yet affected; but we have found,
and that to our sorrow, that honcu from diseased
colonies gives the disease. It is a well-known fact,
that bees from neighboring colonies intermingle to
some extent, and that, in consequence, some little
honey would be exchanged. Now, wherever we
have found one diseased colony in our apiary we
have invariably found four or five other diseased
colonies neighboring and adjacent to this one,
showing that the disease was transmitted by the
honey, and proving the old statement that foul
brood is a disease of the honey.

Since our last report, several more eases of foul
brood have appeared in our apiary, and the number
of diseased combs now cremated in the boiler-fur-
nace is ISB. Whenever traces of the disease have
developed, the colonies so affected have been treat-
ed as described upon pages 610 and B30, just as soon
as discovered; no matter whether the colony was
so badly diseased as to emit the foul-brood odor at
the entrance, or so little affected as to reveal only
an occasional diseased cell, the manner of cure Avas
the same.

Some have made an outcry against the seemingly
needless and wanton destruction of so many combs.
I shall have to reiterate that now frames of founda-
tion are not only cheap but safe; that, while we do
not decry the use of salicylic acid as a disinfectant
of foul brood, or the trying -out of the affected
combs, we do know that the absolute cremation and
destruction of eoml)s affected by foul brood is sure
to prevent the further spread of the disease from
said combs. Furthermore we can not afford to run
any risks by experimenting ui)on the more lenient
measures recommended for cure, when so many
colonies are at stake.

I am glad to say, that, when the ai)iary was last
gone over, no trace of the disease appeared. If it
shall not again break out, then we shall feel that
we have employed the cheapest way of fighting the
disease, and that there is nothing like " nipjiing it in
the bud." But, hold! a prominent bee-keeper and
apicultural writer has just written us, expressing
his regrets that the dreaded foul Tbrood has at last
visited us. He says, " I am very, very sorry to hear
that you have foul brood in your apiary, knowing
as I do what a teri'ible thing it is." In si)ite of all the
skill he could bring to bear he has had fully 7.5 cases
during this and the previous season, and, as a mat-
ter of coui'se, he has had to discontinue the sale of
bees, as we have done. Surely, there are not many
crumbs of comfort in this for us. If, however, wc
shall cure the further ravages of foul brood, and
thereby be enabled to instruct our fellow bee-keep-
ers how to detect the presence of the disease, and
how to cure it without the usual sacrifice, we shall
feel ourselves amply repaid; and instead of a mis-
fortune, a visitation of the all-seeing Providence.

SHALL WE PURCHASE SUCiAll OH CHEAP HONEY
TO FEED OUn BEES THIS FALL?

This is a question that has been asked many
times; and many, no doubt, since this matter of
foul brood hag come up, have (Jecicled in favor of

the sugar. As already stated, we feel pretty cer-
tain that the disease oiiginated in our apiary from
honey that wc purchased. We can assign no oth-
er reasonable cause. I was talking with a bee-
man who made us a visit the other day, and who
said that he had intended this fall to buy cheap
honey and feed it to his bees; but that, since we
had come out so frankly, stating the probable
cause, he had decided to feed sugar. No, sir; we
may talk about feeding bees their own "pure
sweets," the folly of purchasing sugar at the ex-
pense of the honey-trade, and all that sort of thing;
but if we purchase cheap honey of a doubtful
or unknown source, we are running a risk. It is
true, we may boil all such honey to kill any possi-
ble germs of the latent disease; but that would be
attended with some little expense. ()t course, if
you have honey of your own raising that you know
is good, that is another matter; but if you pur-
chase honey to sell again, store it away where the
bees can by no possible means get a taste of it.

SENDING FOUL BROOD BY MAIL FOR PURPOSES OF
EXAMINATION.

At different times we have had samples of affect-
ed brood sent us for our examination, accompanied
by a letter of inquiry as to whether the sample was
a i-eal case of foul brood. While in our individual
case we do not fear any infection to our bees (as
immediately after examination we always " hist" it
into the boiler-furnace), yet, in the minds of all
carefully disposed bee-keepers, we think the practice
in general would be condemned. Some one less
careful, and not knowing the real danger, might do
our fraternity a vast deal of harm. This would ap-
ply to the one sending the specimen, as well. If I
am correct, Prof. Cook, in his books, has cautioned
his readers against sending such samples by mail.
If any of j-ou have a great curiosity to see and !<mcll
foul brood, you had better be content with what
you can gain from the pens of others less fortunate,
or you will think it is a real case where " ignorance
is bliss 'tis folly to be wise." Ernest.

TAUTa OF 57 ACRES,

AND APIARY OF OVER 100 COLONIES

OF* BSSS FOR SilZ^Z:.
16tfdb GEO. A. WEIGHT, GLENWOOD, SUSft. CO., PA.

FOR SALE.

One Barnes combined circular and scroll saw, size
of table, ;J6xB6, including 13 circular saws from 3 to
8 inch; 11 scroll saws; '.J mandrels: one (5 in. emery
wheel; 1 cutter-head; 1 saw-set; all in good run-
ning order, except some of the saws may want
filing. Will sell the above machine with all the at-
tachments for $3.5.00 cash, delivered on cars, which
is about half price.

Address S.H.WINCHESTER,
I6d Elmore, Peoria Co., III.

prepareIorwTnterT

We have uncqualed facilities for manulacturing
the Root chaff' hive at a great reduction fro7n ruling
prices. Mr. Zeno Doty, Grafton, Neb., writes July
nth, "Your material, make, and price is far better
than I can got anywhere else. Send for price list
and special prices for this fall. - lOtfdb

A. F. S TAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

"Crkn Qolck COLONIES, NUCLEI, and QUEENS,
r VI OdlC. AT LOWEST PRICES.

n-ltklb GEO. D. EAUDENBUSH, EEADINQ, PA.

ADANT'S FOUNDATION PACTOBT, WHOLESALE AND
fiSTAIL. See advortiseme^^t in another column.

D

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

677

Honey-Pails Cheaper Than Ever.

In rt'tailing- lioncy, a« in selling- almost cvcr.^-
thing- else, there is nothing- that ideases customeis
more, or secures quicker sales, than a g-ood article
put up in neat and tasty packag-es. For extracted
honcy^n small (juantities for a "lunch" or "pic-
nic" it seems to me nothing- is more handy, or will
"take" better than these glass pails. Tliey are
made of flint glass, as clear as crystal, so that the
customer can readily see .just what color the honey
is which he is getting. The top screws on securely;
and, better than all, it has a handle to carry it by so
that you may always have it right side up. More-
over, the manner of attaching- this wire liandle to
the tin cover has been improved by soldering- on
the tin clip holding the handle, instead of cutting a
hole in tlie cover and bending over the points on
the inside. By buying a very large quantity of
these pails direct from the manufacturers we are
able to otter them to you, in lots of 100 or over,
cheaper than we have heen able to get them from
wholesale glassware men in lots of 1000. Here are
our reduced prices, free on board ears at Medina:

E.ich 10 rates 100 r.-ites 1000 rate;:.

'<; lb. 5cts. 40cts. !f3.50 mUM

1 " 5 " 45 " 4 00 ;5"..50

11/2 " 6 " S.5 " .5.00 47..J0

These pails arc packed lO;) in a barrel; and at
these close prices we can not give 100 rates on less
than 100 of one size, as it would necessitate rejiack-
ing. A. I. KOOT, ITIedlnu, Ohio.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. Sec advertisement in
another column. ;U>tfd

ATTlTION,BEE-KEEPERS!

Now is the time to Italianize cheap. Having all
my orders filled to-date, 1 will sell fine queens, from
my well knowi
rates.

] queen, - -

tj
13 " -

strains, at the following vci-y low

.* .80 1 1 tested queen, - - $1.50

- 4..50 (i " "... 8.00

8.00 I 1 select tested queen, 2.00

Safe arrival of all (jucens guaranteed, and queens

sent by return mail. Address

letfdb WM. W^^ARY,^OLERAINE, MASS^

2 H. P. ENGINE FOR SALE

We have at the factory in Elmira, N. Y., a '2 H. 1'.
engine and boiler that has been rigged u]) exactly
as good as new in every respect. It ought to bring
full price of a new one, but in order to get it off our
hands we offer it for $150.00.

A. I. KOOT, Ittedina, O.

~VERY LO W.

1 have a number of selected tested <|neens which
I will sell for one dollar each. These will be fine
queens to breed from, all reared this season, and
guaranteed to satisfy all. I will also dispose of a
few full colonies of pure Italian bees in Sept. and
Oct., ill new L. hives, at $7.01) each.
16-17d S. F. UEED, North Dorchester, N. H.

fHE AMERICAN APrCULTURIST

Sent one year, and a tested Italian (jueen, to each
subscriber; all for $1.50. Sample co))ies free.
15ttdb Address HENRY ALLEY, Wenlnim. Mass,

OMSlHMUIUVfRSin

nET..\trARI':. OHIO, (^neofthc pn-.-it (•olIi..ge.';
of this (■(Miiitrv. ntlcis to both sexes, at surprisingly
small exiK'Mse, unsurpassed advantajres for a full C'ol-
lepo Course or for Special Studies. Colleg-iate, Pre-
paratory, Normal, Commercial and Art Depart-
ments. Fir.>>t-flstH.«i Con»><>r\at<>r.Y of 91 ■■<«■<•.
Kletiant home for ladies with teaehers. 'Nooe.SKJirr
(MpeiDte lor a term, only *•>« or less. Cata
Ipguo free. C. H. I'AYNli," LL. 1>., President.

HARRINGTON'S AD.

BEES CHEAP!

I have the Hnost lot of Queens and Dees I have
ever raised in my 13 .>ears' experience, and should
like to have evei-ybody see them. I will sell at fol-
lowing- low i)rices:
SELKCT TICSTKD (VKRY IINK) $!i.OO
TESTICI) ------ J.oo

ISI.V Queens are nearl.v all mated with drones from
an imported Italian Queen. Half-blood Holy-Lands,
Cyprians, and Albinos, at same price.

H. B. HARRIN<;iTOIV,

May 26, 188G. Medina, O.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

>«tlI..\KK <;L.ANS 110NEY-JAK!S,

TIN BiI€K2:TK, BEE-Hl VE>,
HONEV-SECTIONS, &o., A:c.
PKItFECTlON COLI»- BLAST SMOKEKS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bee-Keepers." Itfdb

ONE-DOLLAR QUEENS.

1 will give you a printed guarantee of ]iurit.vof
ever.v untested queen sent at $1 each before Sept. 15.
14 16db J. B. HAINS, Bedford, Ciiyohoga Co., O.

^m

QUEEIfS.

(forXsale?]i;j'S

^ fy ' or five

I have them, bred from a best selected queen of
Root's importation, 00 cts. each; 0 for $4.50. I can
give all orders immediate attention, and ship by
return mail. Send postal for dozen rates.
lOtfdh B. T. BliEASDALE,

596 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

sell full swarms of
II bees during this month
(5.00 each; two for $0.00.
five or more at one order
at $4.00 each. They are in new lOtrame L. Sim-
Iilicity hives, and in good winter shajjc, read.y to
shi]) by return express; good covers and bottom-
boards go with the hives. Safe arrival guaranteed.
Send money by registered letter.

Address M. R. NICHOLS,

15tfdb AVcaver's Corners, Huron <"o., O.

iOO GOLDEN ITALIAN QUEENS,

Cells taken from colonies that have swarmed.
AVarrantcd second to none in every resi)eel. Should
any prove to have mismatcd thi-y will be ))romptly
replaced with nice tested ones. 1 will ship next
day after receiving- order, if so desired. Price 75
cts. each ; per doz., $8.f)0.
15-16d JAMES WOOD, North Prescott, Mass.

PORE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Tested (lueens, $1.50 each; untested, "lOceach; ;i
for $3.00; 5 for $;5.00. All bred from a select im-
poi-ted mother. By return mail.
15tJ-dt) p. C EBMI5T0N, ADEUN, LEW. CO. , MIOS,

678

GLEAN^GS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Aug.

JiBNEY CaMMN.

CITY MARKETS.

St. Louis.— Ho/ie;/.— We quote to-day's market on
honey: Comb, choice white clover, l-lb. sections,
10(rftl3i4c; choice wliite clover in 3-lb. sections, itftfll;
other vai-ieties of coml) in 1 and ;i lb. sections, SftiilO;
broken comb, Ww 7. K.xtiuctcd, white clover, in tin
cans, fifi'Tc; same in ke^s, ttOiii; white clover and
other varieties ot extracted and strained in bbls.,
4(r«4'2. Honey is movinj;- very slowly, at even low
prices. There is some demand for low g-rades lor
nianufactui'inH' purposes.

iJcfsuvj.r.— Selected yellow, ~'.5c; as it runs, 31(?/C'3c.

Aug. 11, ISSB. Westcott & Hall,

108 and no Market Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Cleveland.— Ho?ici/.— The market still continues
slow and well stocked. Choice white 1-lb. sections
sell at 14c with an inclination downward; as yet,
however, no new honey has been sold at less than
14. New 3-lbs. dull at 13(5)13. Old stocks are neg-
lected. Extracted, ti(ih'i. Beeswax, 35.

Aug. 10, 1886. A. C. Kendel,

115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Detroit.— Honey.— The market lor honey has im-
proved a little since my last quotations. Best white,
in one-pound sections, sells at 14c, and some in a
small way at 15c. Bcc)<wa.r, firm at 3:{e.

Aug. 11, 1886. M. H. Hunt,

Bell Branch, Mich.

Milwaukee.— 7ioHeiy.— Market for honey is dull,
and lower prices will have to be accepted, to sell.
AVe will quote: Choice Mb. sections, white, 13(?iil3c;
choice iVi and 3 lb. sections, white, Vicrn.ViV^. Old,
choice, in sections, 10(5'11. Extracted, choice, in
bbls. and kegs, 5(S),6; same, In tin cans, 6(c'.6'/2i

Dceswa.c, 34f5i35. A. V. Bishop.

Aug. 11, 1886. 143 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Kansas City.— Jjonc.v.— The receipts of new hon-
ey are good, and demand the same. Mb. sections,
white clover, 13@14; Mb. sections, dark, lOtaill; 3-lb.
sections, white clover, lWnV2; 3-lb. sections, dark,
8(5 10; 3-lb. sections, California, white, lOf^U; 3-lb.
sections, California dark, 8(^/9. Extracted white
clover, 5@6; dark, 3(3>4; California, .5(y)5!/^; dark, -1.
Beeswax, 3U@.23. Clemons, Cloon & Co..

Aug. 11, 1886. Cor. 4th and Walnut St's.,

^ Kansas City, Mo.

Boston.— Hoiifi/.— New 1-lb. sections, 13(rnl5; new
3-lb. sections, 13((i!l4; new extracted, ()(5i8. Beeswax,
35 cents. Blake & Ripley,

Aug. 11, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

New YoKK—J/ouqy.— There is no change in the
honey market; still, there is some old honey on
hand, almost unsalable at any price. We are re-
ceiving large shipments of California Avhite-sage
honey, extracted, in .5-gallon cans, 3 in case, which
is sold at from ,5fc/ 6c per lb. We have not received
any new comb honey this far.

Beeswax, a trifle lower. Prime yellow sells at
f rom 33'/4@,34c. Thuiiber, WhV'A.nu & Co.,

Aug. 11, 1886. Keade & Hudson Sts., New York.

Cincinnati.— //(n?C7/.— No change in the market;
demand slow for all kinds and shapes of honey.
Prices arc nominal. Extracted honey ranges be-
tween 3'/2(5'7c per lb. on arrival, according to cpial-
ity, and choice comb honey brings 14@,15c in a job-
bing way.

Beeswax.— DenifinA is good, and arrivals are fair.
We pay 30c ])er lb. for good yellow.

Aug. 6, 1880. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

S. E. Cor. Freeman and Central Avenues,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

For S.\LE.— I have 400 lbs. of nice white-clover
honey in 1-lb. sections, in crates containing 34 sec-
tions each, at 13c per lb., crates included, delivered
on cars here. Also 50 swarms of bees, 30 in Root's
chatr hive, and the rest in Simplicity hives— all very
strong. J.D. STEi>MAN,Charlest6wn, Port. Co., t).

For SaijE.— I have 300 or 400 i)ound8 of choice
corab honey, put up in 34-lb. cases, which I will sell
for lie per lb. It is nice and white, raised with sep-
arators, and is first class in every respect.

Wm. H. Stanley, Pi.\oa, Lep Go., Ill,

For Sale.— 2000 lbs. clover honey in Mb. sections,
large cases at 15c; and in small cases at 16c at our
R. R. Station. O. G. Josenhans,

Owosso, Shi. Co., Mich.

For Sale.— 3000 lbs. of nice white-clover and bass-
wood honey in Mb. sections, put on board cars here
for 13 cts. per lb. C.Abraham,

Fayette, LaFayette Co., Wisl

For Sale.— I should like to sell 3000 lbs. of comb
honey in one and two lb. sections. I will deliver'it
on the cars here for 13!4 cts. a pound. It is nice
white honey. F. Roulo,

Portville, Catt. Co., N. Y.

For Sale.— 10,OQO lbs. of nice white-clover and
basswood honey, in one-pound boxes. 48 lbs. in case,
delivered on board cars for 12c per lb. by the case,
or lie per lb. in 1000-lb. lots. Ezra Baer,

Dixon, Lee Co., III.

For Sale.— Friends, I have 1500 lbs. of beautiful
honey in one-pound sections, in crates holding 11
and 13 lbs., that I will sell at ]3'/2C per lb.; also ex-
tracted honey in .50-lb. kegs at 8 c, delivered on the
cars. Cash with oi'der. Reference given if needed.
W. S. Dokman, Mechanicsvillo, Iowa.

For Sale.— 1000 lbs. of white-clover honey, in Mb.
sections. What am I offered'? Wm. Vanauken,

Woodville, Jeff. Co., N. Y.

For, Sale.— 5 barrels, of 170 lbs. each, one of 350
lbs., of basswood honey, well ripened ; also 3 barrels
of clover honey of 170 lbs. Will take 6 cents, barrel
free, delivered on cars at Lynnville.

W. A. Compton, Lynnville, Giles Co., Tenn.

Foji Sale.— I have 1.500 lbs. of comb honey for
sale, 15 cts. for No. 1, 13 cts. for No. 2.

Nelson Dewey, Adrian. Lenawee Co., Mich.

For Sale.— 10 crates of comb honey, containing
36 pounds each, in one-pound sections, ready now.
Marcus Wight, Be<U'ord, Iowa.

For Sale.— Still having on hand in Root's beauti-
ful 1-lb. sections some 2i)00 lbs. of white-clover hon-
ey, I otter the same at 14c per lb., packed in Hed-
ilon's shipping-cases, and jtut on board of cai's.
.John Ellinoer, Hopkins Sta., Allegan Co., Mich.

Wantkd.— From ,500 to 1000 pounds of white ex-
tracted honey. What is your jjrico, delivered at
Malone? H. P. Langdon,

East Constable, Franklin Co., N. Y.

Wanted.— I have a place for a few tons of clover
honey, white; can pay N. Y. quotations — 5c, ])ut up
in bbls. of from 300 to .500 pounds each, F. O. B., any-
where in Ohio or this way from there.

F. D. WooLVER, Munnsville, Madison Co., N. Y.

FOR SALE,

PURE ITALIAN

Untested (]ueen, .fl.OO; two or more, 75 cts. each.
Tested (jucens, $3.00 each. Full colonies, in Sim-
plicity hive, with tested queen, from $4.00 to $10.00.
Three-frame nuclei, with untested (jueens, $3.00;
with tested, $3.00. For July, August, September^
and October, address or call on

Residence, Little Muskingum. ^^'^•^- •^- ^O^^'
16d Marietta, Wash. Co., O.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Fifty 3-story Simplicity hives, nailed and painted;
100 3-story Simplicity hives in tlat, and 10,000 brood-
frames. For particulars address
]6d O. H. HYATT, Shenandoah, Iowa.

Pure Italian Queens.

I have purchased the entire stock of bees of Mr.
L. L. Langstroth. I will sell queens from natui-al
swarming, at 80 cents each, or six for $4.00. Safe
arrival guaranteed.

MERICAN STIBBENS,
i^d Oxford, Butler Co., O.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Contents of this Number.

Apiculture for Women 692

Apiarv, Hnrbison's 701

Australia Letter 68(1

Banner Aniarv 685

Bees not AVorking 703

Blarks Kefended 690

Blacks on Hed Clover 70»

Bloom of ('hapnian Plant. .709
Briioil-i-oinhs. In verting:.... 689

Krooci-n.-t-. Kniptv 699

Biukbush Honev 703

Canada Thistles 769

Carliolic Aeid 707

Chickens and Brood 693

Editorials 710

Eggs Laid in a Day 687

Feeding during a Drought. 708

Foster's Apiary 697

Foul Brood in Medina 701

Foul Brood in New York. . . .700

Foul Brood 697

Gvapevinns 705

HenMs of (ii-.iin 703

Heddons Honey 695

Hive. Hedili.u 695

Hives. Foulbi-oody 706

Hives. Inverting 686

Honey Not ("andying: 701

Hone.y. Dark * 695

HoneV. Sealing Up 702

Honey, Why Smoky 699

Honey-boards 694

Honey-dew 703, 706

Honey Column 714

Increase. Preventing 699

.lane Meek & Brotber 691

Keeping Section Honey lOl

Kind Words 713

Kitchen Conveniences 693

Letter from Editor Givler..702

Melilot 696

Misl.'adnm- Statements 699

Nut IS and tjiieries 709

Nuclei. To 51ake 701

Chir (Uvn Apiiirv 709

Pl.uit louse Nci-lui- ioi

Propolis, Tn Cicaii 711.")

Queen N.it .\cc,.pt--il .703. 70-|

Qiu-iisNol Fertilized 706

Queens and Swarming 695

Qii.'cMS, Supi'iscduig.: 709

QnccMS. :Mismated 7c6

Queens, Two in a Cell 709

Races. IMstiuguishiog ',05

Rattlesnaki's in Apiary.... 707

Reports Discouraging 708

Reports Eni'uuraging 708

SalUor Bees 689

Sections, rntiuished 688

Sections, Fastening 705

!-'ectioti. Fo-tci's 689

Seed of Chapman Plant. .. 707

Shavings toy Snmkcrs 685

Shortcake. Chicken 693

Simpson Honey plant 709

.Smokers for iMos'iuitoes 706

Solar Kxtr.u-ror, Nickel .. .707

S<i!ar F.xtractors 701

Swaiin. Cipturiug 69-i

Swci't Clnvcr 696

Thomas Horn 711

Uniting 6<I0

Utah 7«i

Wa.\ Question 088

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The annual meeting of the Western Bee-keepers' Association
will he held in Pythian Hall, corner of Main and Uth Streets,
Kansas City, Mo., Oct. 27, 28, '29. 1886. P. Baldwin, Sec.

The Willamette-Valley Bee-keepers' Association will meet at
the Grange Hall, in McSlinnville, Ore., Sept. 21 and 22, 1886. All
interested are invited. E. J. H.\dley, Sec.

The Iowa Slate Bee-keepers' Association will meet on the
Fair-grounds in Des Moines, on Tuesday. Sept. 7. 1886. at 2 r.M.,
continuing in session during that and the following two or
three days A large and substantial tent has been secured,
and is now at hand, for the use of the society. -\ny orall of
the 6000 bee-keepers of our State arc urgently requested to be
present antkhelp make the meeting a iilcasant .uid profitable
one, and a heartv invitation is extended to all visiting broth-
ers from other States. (>.(). l'i>rri.ETcix, Pres.

A. .J. NoRKls, Secretary.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
pvrtment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost .you according to oiir regtdar rates.

F

OR SALE.— Pasteboard boxes lor inclosing sec-
tion honey. The best out! Improved over iHst
.year. Thousands sold! Price, Mb. size, H6.00; 'Mb.,
S^H.OO per 1000. One sample, 5c. 14oz. square glass
jars, j.5.00 per gross; 1'4 gross in case. Fine assort-
ment of honey labels. Catalogue free.
14-17db A. O. Crawfokd, S. Weymouth, Mass.

^ITANTED.— To exchange best drone-traps made
}} for one or more extractors, Simplicity frame.
Send for circular.
IStfdb J. A. Batchelder, Keene, N. H.

TirANTED.— To exchange for comb or extracted
yy honey, cash or offers, 15,000 pot-grown straw-
berry plants of the best varieties; also game cocks.
Can give best reference. Geo. M. Wertz,
15tfdb Johnstown, Cambria Co.. Pa.

llflLL sell for cash or give in exchange for good
yy horse, ii5 colonies of black, hybrid, and Italian
bees, in S. hives, on 5 frames brood each, tit $5.r)ii,
$ti.OO, and ?(j..50 respectively. Will ship longas weath-
er permits. l(>-21db J. A. KIME, Pairfleld, Adams Co., Pa.

FOR SALE.— A two-story brick house, with ttve
lots, good barn, ice-house with cooling-room,
bee-house, honey-house, wood-house, etc. Grapes,
berries, apples, and cherries on the place; in small
town, location suitable for bee or chicken business.
Will sell cheai) for casli, or exchange.
15l>3(lb Anabbi, KonaliD, Grand View, luwa,

WANTED.— To exchange bees for grapevines and
yy fruit-trees, or good watch.
ITd H. Barber, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To buy a farm and apiary. Give hon-
yy ey resources, and distance to school, church,
and R. R. station. Address E. S. Arwine,
17-18d Patterson, Waller Co., Tex.

WANTED.— To exchange bees by the pound, nu-
cleus, or full swarm, for an.y thing I can use in
the apiary; or a male Poland China pig; orforcash.
Write for prices and make offers.
16d Luther Purdv, Killbuck, Holmes Co., O.

WANTED.— To exchange one 3oz. silver open-
face watch, nearly new, and warranted, 11 .jew-
els, for best offer of comb or extracted honey, or
offers. Chas. L. Hill, Dennison, Ohio. 16tfdb

"IIT" ANTED— To exchange for cash, pure Pekin
yy ducks, *2 .50 per pair (duck or drake), or $1M
single one. Clarence W. Bond,

17d (P. O. Box 13:38.) Jackson, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange 10,000 Cuthbert raspber-
ry roots, for beeswax, or L. foundation.
If-lOdb M. ISBELL, Norwich, Chenango Co., N.Y.

WANTED.— To sell, or exchange for a small farm,
my village home, consisting of 2 lots, a2-8tory
frame dwelling, a 3 story frame wagon-shop; also 46
colonies of bees. For particulars address
ITtfdb M. Ludtman, Hannibal, Monroe Co., Ohio.

WANTED.— Beeswax. Any amount of average
yy beeswax, at \l:l cts.. cash on delivery.

E. T. Lewis & Co., Toledo, O.
ITtfdb Apiarian Supply Dealers.

ITALIAN QUEENS.— Select tested, J^l.OO; second
1 grade, 90c; third grade, 80c; untested antl unwar-
ranted, 60c, or 16.00 per dozen. i;-18-19d
Dr. John M. Price, Tampa, Hillsboro Co., Fla.

WANTED. — Comb honey, either basswood or
white clover, in exchange for Simplicity hives.
These hives are made of good lumber, by experi-
enced workmen. (). H. Hyatt,
ITd Shenandoah, Page Co., Iowa.

ANTED.-^To exchange Italian queens for alsike
clover seed. J. T. Van Petten, Liun, Kan.

W

FAR ^Al F '^^ colonies of Italian and hybrid
run OriLI_i bees in Kl-frame Langstroth hives,
with plenty of honey to winter on, at $iM per colo-
ny. John Crombie, Columbus, Wis.

iOO FINE PRINTED ENVELOPES

white, f)r iissorted colors, with name, business, and
address on, all for -10 c. ; .50 for 35 cts. By mail post-
paid. Cards and letter-heads at same prices.
lT-23db Address G. F. ROBB, Oilman, Iowa.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

A BARGAIN IN HONEY-TUMBLERS.

Among the many cheap packages for retailing
extracted honey, the 1Mb. and 1-lb. tin-top glass
hone.y - tumblers hold a jn'ominent place. Though
not quite as handy to carry as the glass honey-pails,
they are much cheajier, and will be preferred by
some. We have at last succeeded in obtaining these
direct from the manufacturers, and get jobbers'
prices instt ad of buying them from jobbers, as we
have had ro do in the past. We can thus offer them
to you at the following reduced prices:

'A-lb., 'ic each; 35c for 10; $3.40 per box of 100;
*5.35 per bbl. of ;.'50. or $31.00 per 1000.

Mb.. ;!c each; 38c per 10; $3.75 per box of 100;
$5.30 per bbl. of 300, or .^34.00 per 1000.

Orders for 1000 will be tilled direct from the fac-
tory in Pittsburgh. You will notice that the tum-
blers are much cheaiier in barrels, as a barrel costs
us 35c, :ind a box oC half its size costs 50c.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, QhiOi

6S4

GLEAKIA^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

Carniolan i Queens.

Carniolans are the CJentlest Bees Known,

AND KVOAI, TO AtiY OTHEI! HACK FOR WOUK.

THE QUEENS ARE THE MOST PROLIFIC.

1 offer (Jiiughtcrs, of Iinportod IJonton Carniolan
queen, raised in my apiary of 40 colonies of pure
Carniolan liees, dui-ing- tlie remainder of this sea-
son, .1^1. Oy eacli; six, $5.00. Ten cents extra on each
queen to Canada, England, IrelancLj^d South
America. DK. S. W. MORKTS&N,

13tfdb Oxford, Cliester Co., Pa.

Jersey vile. III., July 23, 1SS6.

Mr. J. T. Wilson, Dear Sir:— The 5.5 warranted
queens 1 received of you last year were all purely
mated except one. The most of the queens were
choice, and as good as higher-priced ones, for gen-
eral purposes. E. Akmstrong.

One queen, 75 cts. ; 6 for $4.00. Warranted purely
mated. Will work as well on red clover as any-
body's bees. Will exchange for honey, alsike clo-
ver seed, or Poland-China hogs. All (jueens sent
by return mail unless ordered to the contrary.
15d J. T. WJLSON, Nicholasville, Ky.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
33 31db Box (72. FTesno City, Cal.

CHEAP T

Full colonies in Simplicity hives, and honey
enough to winter, for only $4. .50. Will sJtip last of
July. DAN WHITE,

lltfdb NEW LONDON, HURON CO., OHIO.

W. Z. HUTCHINSON,

ROGERSVILLE, GENESEE CO., MICH.,

is rearing Italian queens for sale again this season,
and can furnish them by mail, safe arrival guar-
anteed, as follows: Single queen, $1.00; six queens
for $5.00; twelve or niore, 75 cts. each. Tested
queens, $2.00 each. Make money orders payable at
Flint, Mich. Send for price list of bees (full colo-
nies, or by the pound). Given foundation, white-
poplar sections, hives, cases, feeders, empty combs,
etc. 13tfd

BEE -KEEPER'S GUIDE;

Or, MANUAL OF THE .APIARY.

12,000 SOLD SINCE 1876.

13lh THOUSAND JUST OUT!

10th THOUSAND SOLD IN JUST FOUR MONTHS !
4000 Sold Since May, 1883.

More than .50 pages, and more than .50 fine illus-
trations were added in the 8th edition. The whole
work has been thoroughly revised, and coirtains the
very latest in respect to bee-keeping. It is certainly
the fullest and most scientific work treating of
t)ees in the World. Price, by mail, $1.25. Liberal
discount to dealers and to clubs.

A. J. COOK, Author and Publisher.
13-23 Agricultural College, Mich.

RED-CLOVER ITALIANS.

During the season just passed, Moore's Italians
have roared away on red clover, in countless thou-
sands. Reduced ]3iices: Warranted (jueens, each,
80 cts.; per M doz., $4..50. Tested queens, $1.35.
Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Circular
free. 15tfdb J, f. M05EE, MOEOAU, PENDLETON (^., KY.

HELP! HELP! HELP!

Me develop my honey-trade in Philadelphia by con-
signing inc your honey. Those 1 have sold for, ex-
press satisfaction.

TODD'S HONEY CANDIES

SaMii)l(' package mailed on receipt of 25 cts. Spe-
ciiil rates for (|uantities for fairs.
Itiiydb AETHUE TODD, 1910 (Jermintswn Ave., Philadelphii, Pa.

$2.50 CHEAP $2.50

I will sell three-frame (Simp, size) nucleus colo-
nies, all straight worker-comb, well-fllled with brood
and honey, 1 pound of Italian bees, and nice tested
Italian (|ueen, for only $2. .50. Now, friends, I guar-
antee these colonies to be flrst-class in every res-
pect. Fifty colonies ready now. A fine lot of un-
tested queens at 75 cts.; $4.00 per '2 doz., and tested
at $1.00; $5.50 per V^ doz. Safe arrival and satisfac-
tion guaranteed. F. W. MOATS,
1.5-]7db The IJo*id, Defiance Co., Ohio.

VANDERVORT
COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
2tfdb .INO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville, Pa.

mENTION,BEE-KEEPERS!

Now is the time to Italianize cheap. Having all
my orders filled to-date, I will sell fine queens, from
my well known strains, at the following very low

1 queen, - - - f .80 I 1 tested queen, - - $1..50
6 " - - - 4.50 6 " •' . . - 8.00

12 " - - - 8.00 I 1 select tested queen, 3.00
Safe arrival of all queens guaranteed, and queens

sent by return mail. Address

iGtfdb WM. W. GARY, COLERAINE, MASS.

2 H. P. ENGINE FOR SALE

We have at the factory in Elmira, N. Y., a 2 H. P.
engine and boiler that has been rigged up exactly
as good as new in every resix'ct. It ought to bring
full price of a new one, but in order to get it off our
hands we offer it for $1,50.00.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

VERYLOW.

I have a number of selected tested queens which
I will sell for one dollar each. These will be fine
queens to breed from, all i-eared this season, and
guaranteed to satisfy all. I will also dispose of a
few full colonies of pure Italian bees in Sept. and
Oct., in new L. hives, at $7.00 each.
H)-17d S. F. REED, North Dorchester, N. H.

THE AMERICANIPICDLTDRIST

Sent one year, and a tested Italian queen, to each
subscriber; all for $1..50. Sample copies free.
1.5tfdb Address HEN 11 Y ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

•nT

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Tested queens, $1..50 each; untested, 70c each; 3
for $2.00; 5 for $3.00. All bred from a select im-
ported mother. By return mail.
15tfdb D. a. EDMISTON, ADEIAN, LEN. CO.

^SOUTHERN HEADQUARTERS

P-OR EARLV QX7EE1TS,

Nuclei, and full colonics. The manufacture of
hives, sections, frasnes, feeders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Superior work and best material at " let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fully equipped, with
the latest and most approved machinery. Send for
my illustrated catalogue. Address
5tfd J. P. H. BROAVIV, Augusta, Ga.

Vol. XIV.

SEPT. 1, 1 880.

No. 17.

TEUMS;IJ1.00PerA.NNUM, IN ADVANCE;! T? .,+ r^ J^l ^ nTi n rl V-ft 7 i? ^7 5^
3CopiestorSl.90;3toi-$2.75;5for$1.00, I T^tiLLlUlVOlOdiV ilv ±0 ( (J

lOor more, 75 cts. ^ach. Single Number
5 cts. Additions to clubs maybe made
at club rates.
TO ONE POSTOF

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLV BY

Aboveare all to be sent U. J. RQOT, MEDINA, OHIO. | fh'eF.P.U.^itc

I Clubs to different postoftlces, not LE^ k
I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in the
) U. .S. and Canadas. To all other conn-
1 tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18c
To all countries NOT of

per year extra.

NOTES FROM THE BANNEK APIARY.

NO. 81.

DISTANCE APART FOR COMBS.

EO. A. WRIGHT, in the A. B. J., says: " I no-
tice some are having trouble in trying- to get
the bees to build worker comb. AVith me
this season it has worked like a charm. I
hive my swarms on from tlve to seven frames;
the frames are spaced 1'4 inches from center to cen-
ter. If they are put further apart than this they
are sure to build drone-comb."

Perhaps one reason why I have succeeded so well
is because my frames have never been further
apart than l-;"!; inches. Putting: them thus close will
not alwajjs prevent the building of drone-comb,
as I have had one-fifth of the comb built drone comb
when tlie nueeri was three or more years old. I do
not doubt that putting the frames close together
frif/s in securing worker-comb.

SHAVINGS FOR S.MOKER FUEL.

You mention, Mr. Editor, trying planer shavings
a la Heddon, in the Clark smoker, and that it was not
a success. I wish you would give them a trial in
the Bingham— the Doctor. I have both the "Con-
queror "and the " Doctor " siaes, and the Doctor
works the better. This, filled with shavings, pack-
ed down, will smoulder away foi' hours when not in
use— like fire in a liank of sawdust— while a few
puffs will bring forth a perfect deluge of smoke.
Mr. Heddon tells us how to light the shavings with
rotten wood or punk, /light it as follows: Put a
small handful of shavings into tho smoker, not all
over the bottom, as then the flro is blown away from
the ebavings, and they take Arc very j^^IuwJy ; but put

them to one side, in such a manner that the bottom
is about half covered with shavings. Light a match
and carefully set it on end upon the bottom of tha
smoker, leaning it against tho shavings. As the
shavings take live, work tho bellows wry slowly and
steadily. As tho fire increases, slowly incline the
smoker in such a manner that the pile of shavings
will gradually " fall over upon the fire," so to speak,
and cover the bottom of tho smoker. When this
handful of shavings is nearly burned into cinders,
add another handful of shavings; get these well to
burning, then fill up the smoker, and it is ready for
business. Tho trouble in lighting is in adding too
many shavings at first, thus smothering the Are be-
fore there are sufHcient shavings afire to hold the
fire. When well started, the fire in the "Doctor"
has /icner gone out until it burned out, and brother
and I have taken solid comfort this season with
our "Doctors," and planer shavings for fuel.

By the way, I believe I never told of a visit that I
once made to Mr. Bingham. It was during the
State Fair two years ago, that Mr. B. whisked me
home with him to stay over night. After being
shown through his smoker-factory, and witnessing
the care, thought, and attention bestowed upon
valves, springs, bellows, fastenings, and other ap-
parcntln trivial matters, and then considering the
<jrand " direct-draft " principle, I no longer wonder
whjj the Bingham smokers are so far superior to all
others.

QUEEN-EXCIiUDINa HONEY-BOARDS.

Tell Dr. Tinker that I did see his honey-board at
the Michigan State Fair, but did ?iof notice how it
was made. The first time I thought of putting
strips of 7,inc in grooves cut in the edges of slats
was when Mr. He<Jdon wrote roe last wluter, saying

G8B

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

that he was going- to m:ike some slat honey-boards,
and ta.ili strips of zinc to Ihoti, and he wished lor my
opinion as to whether to put tiie zinc undcrthe slats
or over them. Quick as a tiasli came the thought:
" Put them in the middle." The spaces between
the wooden slats would then be shallower, and less
likely to be filled with brace-combs. Before my
reply reached Mr. Hcddon, it seems that both a
student of his and he had couceived of the same
idea. Dr. Tinker was, however, the first to make
public this method of constructing- honey-boards;
and althoug-h others were oriyi'nal in discovering-
the same thing, they have no desire to rob the doc-
tor of the honors that justly belong to him. I have
used 20 of these honey-boards this season and I have
nothing- yet to add to what 1 have already said.
They are t'ery satisfactory. By the way, a corres-
pondent suggested to me, some time ago, that he
thought the solar wax-extractor would be an e.vcel-
lent place in which to clean honey-boards.

INVERTING HIVES.

1 think Mr. Kretchmer is correct in his views in
regard to the effect that inverting may have upon
queens and queen-cells. I have wondered for some
time if inversion did not rob the bees of their de-
sire to swarm, and that the hecs then destroyed the
queen-cells.

THAT "liXPL.\N.iTl()N."

1 have no desire to again open the discussion of
the validity of the " Heddon jjatent," but wmild
like to say a lew words in regard to the " explana-
tion " that Mr. Kretchmer was asked to give. When
1 wrote the article defending Mr. Heddon and his
hive, you, Mr. Editor, replied by publishing an ar-
ticle from Mr. Kretchmer in which lie unfairly or
unwittingly claimed to have invented, used, and
patented a hive similar to the Heddon hive. Upon
seeing- a copy of Mr. K.'s patent, you wrote to him
for an explanation. Mr. K. seems capable of giving
us some valuable ideas; but before again entering
these columns, did not common courtesy demand
cither a retraction, apology, or explanation?

w. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Mich., Aug., 1886.

Friend H., Mr. Kretchmer did promptly
send an explanation. The explanation was,
however, too lengthy and complicated to be
published. It seemed, however, to be rea-
sonable. I forwarded it to friend Heddon,
and suggested that we had better let the
matter drop. I hope friend K. will excuse
me for saying right here, tUat, several times
during the past ten or fifteen years, his ex-
planations have been, to put it mildly, quite
unfortunate, to say the least. I published
what I did in regard to the effect of inver-
sion on queen-cells, etc., because it seemed
to me as if there were a valuable point here
that should be investigated.

■ — — I — ^

LETTER FROM NEAAT SOUTH "WALES,
AUSTRALIA.

WHAT A AVO.MAN'S ENEllGY ANO DETERMINATION
WILL, DO WHEN HER HEART IS IN THE WORK.

aEAK MR. BOOT:— My brother has sent you
a list of things he wants, and has written
you, one of his short businesslike letters;
tut I want to write to you about our friends
the bees, and I thought you might like to
know a little of their doing-s ii; far-off New South
Wales.

Would you like to have some of my experiences
in bee-keeping? For years 1 have been a lover of
bees; but as the greater part of my life was spent
in India, where the bees build their combs like a
spong-e stuck on a stick, I never succeeded in
doing much more than reading and treasuring up
every scrap I could get hold of about my little
friends. When I first came to the colony, scarcely
a bee was to be seen anywhere. " Driven out by
the moth " was the universal verdict. Even the
bush, or forest, as you would call it, was destitute
of bees. About four years ago I bought my first
swarm, which, to my grief, I found to be queenless.
After this 1 heard of a man who kept bees in com-
mon gin-cases, abt)ut four miles away; so one fine
bright winter's day away my brother and I started
(he came only to please me, for he was not a bee-
enthusiast then, but he is now). The old farmer
gave us a swarm that had not been robbed since
the spring. We were so much afraid to trust our
newly acquired treasure to any one else, we re-
solved to carry it home ourselves, much in the
same fashion in which the spies carried home the
grapes from Eshcol. Well, to make a big story
short, we carried home our box of bees and honey
over four miles of as hilly a country as you would
wish to sec, and did not get home till midnight.
It weighed over 70 lbs. It was a grand swarm, and
1 think we deserved it; but, as usual with begin-
ners, we were in too great a hurry, and lost nearly
all by increasing- too rapidly.

The next was a bad year; but we got some honey,
and our bees did not require feeding in the winter.

Last summer the rain failed us altogther, and
what honey was gathered was very thick and dark.
I saw some take a prize at a show that was more
like treacle [cheap molasses.— Eu.] than honey.
As our space was very limited this year we did not
increase more than we could help. Now we have,
after giving- away some swarms, ten good strouf?
stocks. You will see by my brother's list that wo
intend going in very extensively for bees this
year. 1 don't think we shall have any difficulty in
selling our honey; but if you could see the honey
usually sold here 1 doubt if you would care to
touch it. Bees, brood, pollen, moth, grubs, and all,
pitched into a bag and hung out in the sun to
strain. Those who put this mixture into a bucket,
and stand it in a boiler of hot water, and then
strain it through at once are considered as rather
advanced bee-keepers.

Mr. Garrett, of late of Glenbrook, and ourselves
are anxious to establish, as soon as possible, a cen-
tral depot for the sale of pure extracted and comb
honey, and we thought it would be a good idea to
combine apiarian recjuisites with it. As you have
so much experience in these things I thought the
best thing we could do would be to ask youradvice;
and, if^you agree with us, to ask you the best way
to set about it. Think the matter over, Mr. Koot,
and let us know what you think. We should like
to get the things from America, and we should
like i)articularly to get them from you, as you seem
to understand the wants of bee-keepers so thorough-
ly. Mr. Garrett lent me a lot of your Gleanings.
I have studied them carefully, and I don't think
you will think me presumptuous if J say } feel as if
1 had found a new friend.

I meant to have told you something about bees
in Australia, and I have selfishly taken up all the
paper with my own affairs. We Uiivc one great

lSS6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

6s7

advantag-e over English and Anici-ican lice-keep-
ers—oui- bees require no wintering: an extra mat
or a couple of sheets of newspaper under the cover
is all we need.

On the 18th of June (the 2Ist is our niid-winter
day) T opened the hives and found egg's and brood
in all stag'es; again on the IStli ofJulyit was the
same with this ditference— that the brood was all at
the top of the frames, and the honey at the
bottom. I think we shall have an early spring and
good honey season; and if it please God we hope to
do well with our bees this year. I5ee culture is be-
ginning to excite some interest here; but still
there are plenty of people who think we are quite
mad to think of making money by bees.

1 have come to the end of nij- paper, so T must
bring this to a f^lose by asking you to see that the
things are sent as (jjuickly as possible 1 am anx-
ious to begin work. We should have sent the
month before, with Mr. Garrett's order; but
through a misunderstamling it was left behind.

Sophie A. Bkadj.kv.

Campbelltown, N. S. \V., July i:}, 188H.

My ffood friend, your description of your
first start brouglit vividly to my mind my
experience witli my first swarm. It was
carried home on a "pole between two of us,
exactly as you describe ; and as it was a hot
autumn day the sweat dripped from our
faces before we got the hive to its destina-
tion ; namely, the upper tloor of the wood-
shed. You say you carried your hive four
miles, but I believe we carried ours only
about one mile. — I should be very glad in-
deed to give you some practical suggestions
in regard to starting a supply-house, but 1
know too little of your circumstances and
surroundings. 1 would suggest, however,
that you invest cautiously, and bend all your
energies toward making the l>ees themselves
open a way for a brisk trade. Nothing ever
helped me so much to establish a business as
pouring tons of honey on to the market, the
product of our own apiary. Articles written
for your local papers, answering <iuestions
and explaining improved bee culture, will
greatly help you.— Many thanks for your
very kinil and encouraging words. It gives
me a thrill of pleasure to know that I have
made friends, even in far-olf lands, by A\i.iat
I have written about bees. ]May God bless
and prosper you in your undertaking, for I
am sure it is one that is pleasing in his
sight. Perhaps I should explain to our read-
ers that the above letter was accompnnied
by an order for over ."SiiOU worth of supplies.

CAN A QUEEN LAY 3000 EGGS PER
DAY?

A. W. OSBUKN'S OPINION ON THR SUBJECT.

IpTOW many bee-keepers are willing to be i)ut on
record as saying that it is their candid ojiin-
ion that they e\er owned a queen that laid
;5000 eggs a day? For one T am not willing to
be put on record as ?aying any such thing.
While for the last ten years I have kept bees in a
warm climate, and where it is reasonable to ex-
pect the queens to lay as fast as in colder climates,
yet I am not going to say that T ever thought that
any one queen laid for me ;5000 egg» in ~4 hours.

Let's figure a little: Suppose the queen has got to
layJiOOO eggs in 24 hours, how long will that allow
her for each egg? According to my figuring she
will have 28.8 seconds for each egg; that is, suppos-
iiig she does not losfi" any time, which is a wrong
supposition; for the time lost ill examining cells
that have already been laid in, and in traveling
over the comb, will reduce the aggregate of her
day's work fully one-third (that is, if she is expected
to lay :5000 eggs in one daj-. You or any other bee-
keepei' can satisfy your minds upon this subject by
watching any good ju-olitic queen while she is lay-
ing. Hold your watch and see how many eggs she
deposits in one minute. I have known them to de-
posit three in one minute, and then go three min-
utes and not deposit any; but when there is nothing
to disturb them, and the comb is free from pollen;
about two eggs a minute is their speed, i<'/ii7(; they
keep at it; but they do not keep at it all the time;
they stoij and hiuo a friendly chat with some work-
er, or perhaps take a little refreshment, as they gd
from one Coml) to another, for no queen tills the
full side, or two sides of a comb, beforO she goes off
from it; but the time is going on; and when the 24
hours roll round, if she has deposited 2000 eggs she
has, in all lu-obabilitj-, done aliout the best she
could.

Now, it will not be out of place here to say somd
things for the benefit of beginners about the habits
of queens while laying (I am speaking now of full
colonies that have from 8 to 10 frames). It is sup-
posed by numy hi'ninnevs, that, when they put an
empty comb in the broodMiest, the queen is going
to till that comb the first thing she does, and that»
too, without leaving it. Nothing can be furthei*
from the fact, as experience shows. The queen
goes from one side cf her brood^chamber to the
other every 24 hours, or nearly that, examining
every comb that has brood in, to fill all cells where
bees have been hatched; and if the empty comb
comes in her way she puts in it what eggs she has
time to, but never to the neglect of the combs
where young bees are hatching constantly; for it
has always seemed to me that, if there were any
one thing that a queen delights in doing more than
another, it is to lay in cells that bees have just
come out of. A. W. Osbuhn.

Havana, Cuba, W. 1., Aug. 2, 1886.

^\' hy, friend O., it is not a matter of opin-
ion, but simply a question of tigures. From
our obsei'vations here, a queen will till one
side of an L. frame, and sometimes a part of
the otlier side, in li4 hours. What we mean
by '' lill " is two-thirds or three-fourths of
oiie side. As queens till a frame somewhat
in the foim of a circle, there is generally not
over three-fourths of the cells with an egg
in. The number of eggs can now be very
easily determined by calculating the num-
bei- of cells to the frame. It is commonly
estimated that there are about 125 worker-
cells to the square inch. This number per
inch Avould be correct if the cells were
scpiare ; lint as they are hexagonal in form,
Cheshire has shown that there are nearly 29
cells to the inch. Taking liS cells as the ba-
sis, we lind that, in round numbers, there
are about 40(10 cells to one side of an L.
frame. On the supposition that a queen can
till tlu'ee-fourths of this number, HUOO as the
total numl)er of eggs laid by a queen in a
day is about correct. You say you have

088

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

seen queens lay three eggs a minute ; and
yet if she lays two a miimte, at lliis rate she
will lay very close on to JiOOO eggs in 24 hours.
You say that she does not keep this rate up.
Opening the hive and exiiosing tlie queen
and frame to the light is apt to bieak up the
normal condition of affairs. Were the hive
closed, a good fertile (jueen on a frame of
foundation nearly drawn out ought to be
able to 1111 the frame nearly full in a day ; at
least, we have had queens do it repeatedly.
Bear in mind, that we are talking about
what queens can lay, not the daily average
number per day.

^ I ^

UNFINISHED SECTIONS, ETC.

WHAT TO Df) WirU THEM.

TN I'csponse to Bro. Stewart, on page 054, I will
j^ say that there are two ways to handle unfln-
^l ished sections of honey. They may be finished
'*■ by feeding- back extracted honey; but most or
all who have tried this plan have abandoned it.
Our method has been as follows: All combs that
are not sufHciently filled and sealed to make a fine
appearance on the market, we place in a frame (six
at a time), and after uncapping the pai't that is
EGaled we sling- out the honey which is particularly
clean, and place them in storing-cases, to be placed
on the hives during the most excessive flow of the
following season, when the bees can not build
comb fast enough to hold the nectar they can easily
gather.

Now about the "bulging" of the combs in these
replaced sections. We have suUered this inconven-
ience, and know the cause and prevention. When
you are re-casing the sections of combs, combs of
various stages of development, never put thin and
thick combs next to each other; neither put the
fuller side of one section next to the shallower side
of another. Put full sides together, and shallow
sides together, and only such sections in any one
I'ow as are about equal in comb growth. This is
the way we handled the few bulged sections that
were left unfinished. With these precautions, bulg-
ing is made straighter, rather than crooked, the
second year.

We have never had any trouble with pollen get-
ting into the sections because of "contracting,"
and we have practiced it five years, and are quite
sure that we shall continue its«practice as long as
we produce surplus honey. We are sure we have
abundance of pollen here. No, we have never no-
ticed that "reversing" combs tended to the depos-
iting of bee-broad in the sections. During the past
three years we have had in use from a few to as
many as 6000 reversible frames, and have never yet
been able to discover any objection to them, but
many advantages instead. We never expect to use
other than invertible combs.

We have never yet had a cell of brood "chill"
when practicing our method of preventing after-
swarms, and can not see how any can become
chilled if my dii-ections are followed.

Now, friend Root, 1 consider it my diUy to offer a
public protest against the article in last issue, pages
ti51-'2, signed E. Kretchmer, wherein he again lays
claim to one of the prominent functions of my new
hive, patented last Sept.; viz., the use of a brood-
chamber divided in two horizontal parts. You will
recollect, that, on page 211, Mr. K. claimed to have a

patent. No. 07,123, that antedated my invention, and
that co])ies of that patent showed that claim to be
untrue, as not a single function of my hive was
therein shown. I claim this and the use of half-
bee-spaccs as prominent parts and parcels of my
invention, and hereby respectfully ask all brother
bee-keepers to I'cspcct mj' rights in them.
Dowagiac, Mich., Aug., 1886. James Heddon.

Friend II., our answer to friend Hutchin-
son covers partly what you say in your last
paragraph. We published friend Iv.'s arti-
cle because it seemed to suggest or call at-
tention to something of value. Very likely
it would have been better to omit the last
paragraph of friend K.'s article to which
you allude. I do not believe it is best to
discuss the question of rights again on tliese
pages.

THE WAX QUESTION, AGAIN.

ARE THERE ANY MISSING LINKS IN HASTV'S EX-
PERIMENTS, AS RECORDED ON P. 641?

WAS very much interested in reading friend
Hasty's article on the wax question, but it still
seems to me that there are some " missing
links" in the really wonderful chain of evi-
dence and experiments that he has con-
sti-ucted.

In the first place, how did he ascertain that the
swarm, when first hived, had no wax secreted? He
Si'ij's that he thinks they did not have any. Bee-
keepers have generally supposed that a colony be-
fore swarming always begins seci-eting or forming-
wax, or, at least, that a swarm after issuing is pro-
vided with quantities of wax scales. If this be true,
then how can friend H. estimate the amount of
nectar used to form thiK wax? and, also, what pro-
portion of the wa.Y stoi-ed during the days of test-
ing was already secreted when the swarm was
hived?

Again, on account of the bees being in a waxse-
creting condition (allow me to use such a phrase),
would they be obliged to draw as heavily upon the
nectar already stored, for this secretion, as would
an older swarm, just beginning to form comb, as in
working in section boxes? He writes, that a col-
ony rearing brood will consume about seven ounces
only, during a night. If this is the case, what be-
comes of the large amount of honey that a swarm
of bees contains when the bees leave the parent
hive? We all know that the bees gorge themselves
before swarming, and I have hived such swarms
(which I should judge had fully 2 lbs. of honey in
their sacks) after they had been clustered about an
hour, and then they did not have much if any hon-
ey, and they took nearly 2 lbs. of honey from a feed-
er, immediately after I had hived them, and this be-
fore they had any combs built in which to store this
feed. Now, what had become of their first load?
They could not have eaten it all simply to satisfy
hunger. I have seen bees from new swarms return
from the fields with a load of honey, and also with
wax scales adhering to them. Who can say but
that this wax was secreted while the bees were at
work in the fields? and how can we get at the
amount of nectar required to form it? It seems to
me, that, in order to get exactly at this question, as
Mr. Hasty would desire, we have got to pursue a
diftereat line of investigation, and have tiH points
tally more correctly than they seem to in his article.

188(3

Gleanings in bee cultuiie.

689

I would not have you think that 1 write thus sim-
ply for argument's sake; but I believe in this: "If
you don't talk you won't sny any thinj?;" and 1
would say, " If you don't read or write in bee-jour-
nals you won't learn much about any thing-"— at
least, in this line. Ciias. H. Smith.

Pittsfleld, Mass., Aug-., IS.'^fi.

Friend S., your sus.irpstion. tli.it tlie bees
consume lioney while in the fields, for stor-
ing wax, is an important one. I do not now
remember that I ever saw wax scales on a
bee while at work in the lields ; but perhaps
it is because I was never on the watch for
them. I confess I do not see how we can
get at the matter with much accuracy while
the bees are allowed to lly ; and it niay also
be true that we can not get much accuracy
where they are nol allowed to lly. If so. how
shall we decide on this important questionV

SALT FOR BEES.

FOSTER'S OPEN-SIDE SECTION.

fN page 503 are two references to my arti cle on
salt for bees, as given on page 178. In reply
to the first I will say that I have heard that
stock that graze near tide-water do not need
salt as do those that graze further inland;
and if so, it may be the same with bees.

In regard to the second, I can say that, while I
have not seen bees " shoulder a lump of salt," I
have seen them suckins' the damp earth just be-
low a deposit of salt on the points and edges of
earth, as refen-ed to in my article on page ViS. This,
I think, proves nlmost concUisively that it is a strong
solution of salt they are after.

SECTIONS OPEN ON ALL SIDES.

I was very much interested in the Book Review,
wherein was mentioned Foster's open-side sections
(see page 483). Ever since I became acquainted
with the open-end section I have felt that it was
" the thing;" but in practice I met with diflicultics.
It seemed to be intended to be used without separa-
tors, and, in consequence, with sections both wide
and narrow, I had bulged coral>, so I have attempt-
ed to devise a separator that could be used with
open-end sections, and here it is.

I I I

TIN SEPAHATOK, EXPRESSLY FOR USE IN SECTIONS
WITH OPENINGS ALL HOUND.

The slots are intended to match with the edges of
the sections, and will enable tho bees to have the
same free communication that they would have
without them. I think the slots in the separators
should be about ^i inch wide, and in the sections
somewhat narrower than you make them. Further,
I would not fasten the separators to the wide
frames, l)Ut hang them from the top-bai-; (hen, by
detaching them, the liees can he lirushed from V>oth
Bides of the sections instantly. W. H. Chker.

Paris, Tenn., July lit, 1880.

The separator ligure above lias been many
times suggested, and the same, or some-
thing quite similar, is in use by different
parties. The principal objection is the ex-
pense of manufacturing such a separator.

DESTRUCTION" OF QUEEN- CELLS BY
INVERTING THE BROOD-COMBS.

FRIEND SHUCK GIVES US SOME ADDITIONAL FACTS
IN REGARD TO THE MATTER.

§0 far as I know, my statement of the fact as to
the destruction of queen-cells from their in-
version was the first made. I Have found, ill
not less than 150 trials, that the cell, if so far
built as to turn downward, will be torn down
and destroyed by thf' l)ces, if inverted at that time.
Also, it will be thus destroyed if inverted at any
time from the turning downward of the cell to the
final sealing of the same. If inverted after sealing,
to within two or three days that the queen is due,
the cell shrivels up, sinks into itself, as it were, and
is treated precisely as a cell from which the queen
has failed to emerge; tliat is, sometimes it is torn
down and sometimes is allowed to remain. In this
latter case the young queen seems to have been de-
stroyed by inversion: in tlie former oases it would
seem that the cells and larviv ai-e destroyed by the
bees liecause they have been inverted. I have
found no practical use for the discovery.

It has been suggested, that, when a colony
swarms, the parent hive might be inverted, and a
new queen run in. This plan would succeed in a
majority of cases; but should queen-cells be de-
stroyed in this wholesale way? I think not. Hatli-
er sa^'e the queen-cells in some suitable way, and
then inti-oduce the queen".

Mr. Kretchmer's statement (see p. 051) as to " hor-
izontal " queen-cells is hardly to the point. Sudi a
cell can be inverted only by turning the comb upon
its side. None of us are yet reckless enough to try
this experiment. Our friend speaks truly when he
says, that " many other profitable manipulations
can be accomplished without inverting, and that is
alternatiml." So can they with invertitile frames;
but the consumption of time is against tlie two lat-
ter, and in favor of the former. A hive can be in-
verted in less time tlian two chambers can be alter-
nated, or the frames handled separately.

Mr. Pond pays his respects to inversion, but
doesn't tell ((// the truth. Inversion does place the
brood above the stored honey in the brood-nest,
and the honey there stored will be carried into the
sections (if they are in place); but this is not all.
The space thus cleared will be occupied by the
queen, and more laborers for the harvest are thus
secured; and tho Iiiiliit of carrying the honey to the
sections is thus establii-hed; and if the Jiitliit is not
interfered with by suarming or (lueenlessness, it
will bo likely to continue till frost stops the work.

SHAVING THE COMBS TO .'s IN. TO MAKE UEES
STORE HONEY ABOVE, A T-A POND.

The thin combs so justly praised by Mr. Pond
(page 5^!i) are not infallible; and whatever of value
attaches to them is perfectly adapted to the inver-
tible system. In fact, I use nine fi-amos during tho
white-honey harvest in an eight-frame hive, but I
remove one frame for the fall harvest so that the
combs nuiy bo bulged to repletion for winter stores.

The invortible hive and all its appurtenances ai-e
as cheap as any non-invertible hive of tho same
class of material and workmanship, and the time
re quired to manipulate the invortible for the pro-
duction of honey is not one-fourtii the time re-
quired for a non-invertible hive. There is the gage,
come who may. .!• M. Shuck.

Des Moines, Iowa, Aug., 18S6.

C90

GLEaKIKGS m BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

A DEFENSE OF THE BLACK BEE.

REPORT THAT WILT. DO CREDIT TO ANY RACE
OF BEES.

§ BEING Mr. Doolittle's article, in Ahr. inrti
Gleanings, "On the Different Ktices of
Bees," I feel I can not let it pass, especially
that part of it which has reference to the
black, or brown bee, without standing up
and speaking- in its defense. What he saj'S about
it as a poor honey-gatherer is not true in my expe-
rience. I have kept bees for the past 8 years, and
have had nothing but blacks, and my returns com-
pare favorably with those of my brother bee-
keepers who have Italians. To prove what I say,
I will give you some of my experience.

Three years ago was a good honey season in
Canada. 1 had 30 colonies in the spring; 5 were
weak and 25 were good. I got 4500 lbs. of lioney, of
which 1200 lbs. was comb; increased to 80, and the
colonies averaged 25 lbs. each for wintering. Is
that " from hand to mouth," or "calculating a day
or so in advance"? Now for two poor seasons,
especially this year: I began with 130; increased to
220; got 7000 lbs. of honey, of which 2400 is comb
honey, and they all average 25 lbs. per colony lor
winter. Is that "from hand to mouth"? Last
year was very much like this, when we got about
the same per colony. Those of ray acquaintances
who have Italians get no more per colon j- than I
do. As for the wax-moth, I have never lost a colo-
ny from that cause yet, and surely they must re-
sist it, or they would all have been destroyed;, and
as to their being cross, I find no trouble in hand-
ling them. Now, I say that both Italians and blacks
have good qualities. It hurts me to hear the bee
run down, that has proved such a friend to me. I
also see that Mr. Root agrees in every particular
with what Mr. D, says. Now, Mr. R., can you say
from actual experience that what Mr. D. says about
the blacks is true as honey-gatherers?

Wm. Coleman.
Devizes, Ont., Can., Aug. 26, 1886.

Friend C, I am very glad to hear your
good report with common bees ; but if you
will excuse me, it seems to me it does not
strike the point after all. You say you had
nothing but blacks ; therefore, how do you
know that Italians in your hands would not
liave done a good deal better, even, than the
report you give? It is tru^, you say your
neighbors have done no better with Italians;
but I suspect that, if your neighbors had on-
ly blacks, like yours, they would not have
done nearly as well as they have done. I
presume you know it is a common thing for
one bee-keeper to get good yields of honey
every season, while his neighbors around
him do little or nothing. It is in the man as
well as in the bees. The comparative differ-
ence between the Italians and the common
bees has been settled for years, with such
overwhelming results in favor of the Ital-
ians that I liardly think it worth while to
open it again. We are glad of your report,
hov,'ever; but I would put it soniething this
way: " Mr. William Coleman, of Devizes,
Ontario, Canada, has obtained 7000 lbs. of
honey, and increased from 130 to U20 during
the past year, and that, too, with only com-
mon black bees." I hardly think you will
call me prejudiced, because this matter has
been discussed over and over for many years.

HOW TO UNITE,

AND MAKE THE BEES STAY IN THEIR NEW
LOCATION.

HAVE just received a card from W. H. Ritter,
of North Springfield, Mo., in which he wishes
to know how I unite my bees without having
trouble; and as it might be of interest to
many of j'our readers I will give you my
plan— one that has never failed with me so far,
though I can't tell how soon it may. In the first
place, I never unite except when they are light,
both in bees and honey.

A little before sunset, when the weather is good,
I take my smoker and go to the colonies I wish to
unite; and by a vigorous smoking and jarring of
the hive I cause them to fill themselves with
honey. This takes only a few minutes. I then
simply pick up the hives and carry them near the
hive where I wish them all to remain, open them
all up, and, if necessary, give them another dose
of smoke; then I shake bees of the colony that
stands in the place where I wish the united colony
to stand, all or nearly all off the combs in front of
their hive, setting their combs in an empty hive
close at hand, replacing them with combs from
the other colonies, after the bees have been
shaken off in front of the same hive. In this way
I get the bees thoroughly mixed, so they are all
strangers to one another, and I sometimes alter-
nate combs from different hives; but it is not
essential— at least, I have not found it so.

Now you will ask me, " How do you get them to
stay on the strange stand?" Well, I keep a look-
out for a while after uniting (the same evening
and next morning); and if any considerable number
of bees go back to their old stand I let them buzz
around until they get thoroughly frightened at
the loss of their home, then I pick up the united
colony and carry it around to the place where they
formerly stood, and in five minutes I can pick up
all the stray bees, then carry the hive back where
it belongs, and hardly a bee will go back to his old
stand, provided the hives are all taken away so
they can not see them. To be successful with the
above plan, all the hives should be of one color,
and as much alike as possible. By the above (>lan
I united 39 colonies back to 24 in my own yard; and
in another yard, about 12 miles from here, belong-
ing to a lady friend, I doubled back from 17 to 7 in
the middle of the day, and never stayed an hour
to look after them, and she writes me that hardly
a bee went back. The proof of the pudding is in
the eating; and in this case it has proved excellent.
It may be well for me to state, that all the above
was done during a dearth of honey, when bees are
inclined to be more quarrelsome than at any other
time. M. Bkoers.

Gonzales, Texas, Aug. 23, 1886.

Friend B., your plan of uniting colonies
and making the bees stay in their new loca-
cation is very similar to the one we practice
here at the Home of the IIoney-Bees. Of
course, we think our way is a little simpler,
but the principle underlying both is the
same. I have no doubt your plan will work,
judging from our own experience. I would
add, however, that I think you will tind a
marked difference in different colonies.
While some will adhere to the hive in its
new location, without very much trouble,
the bees from another colony Avill persist in
going back just as many times as you restore
them to their combs and queen.

18SB

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTUllE.

()9l

THE FIRM OF JAiyfil MEEK&BROTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapter:

UV UEV. W. 1). KAI.STON.

CHAPTER ]X.

ThF. DIl.UJKNT ItKWARUED.

'HEN old winter liog-an liis icy reiji-n, the
ITMTIi bees wore placef] in the cellar. As they
were increasing in inimbei'S, it each year
became more aiul more of a task to place
them there. This fall Tommy constructed
a hand-barrow on which he and Jane placed the
hives and carried them into the cellar. During that
winter, nothinj? occurred worthy of notice. Jane
and Tonnny were in school; and their studies, with
the sports and excitements of the playground, al-
most drove all idea of bee keeping out of their
minds for the time.

Mr. Shaw, the grocer, who had purchased their
honey, placed it in a position to l.e seen by all liis
customers; and if any inquired about it he was
careful to explain that he had purchased it from
a little boy and girl who had raised it. Mucli in-
quiry was made about how it was secured in such
frames, and all so nicely tilled. He could only
refer them to Mr. Meek fortius infornuition. Sev-
eral persons met Mr. Meek in the town, and asked
questions about bee-keeping, and the kind of hives
to use; while others came out to his house to ste
his hives and fixtures. If the children were at
school, Mr. Meek took pleasure in showing them
these, and exi)laining their uses; in fact, it usually
amounted to (juite a lesson in bee culture.

Good Mr. Rrown was frequently a caller at Mr.
Meck's, for they were warm friends. Frequently
he asked the children how they liked keeping bees,
or ,how they were succeeding, and heard their
report. One day he said to Mr. Meek,"! am al-
most sorry 1 gave that hive to the children, for you
are wasting so much money on bee-fixtures. 1
have kejjt bees for fifteen years, and I assuie j ou it
does not pay."

Mr. Meek began to discourse on the improve-
ments which have been made in bee culture, when
Mr. Brown shook his head, sasing, " I want to
hear none of your new-fangled notions. These
so-called impi'ovemcnts are the inventions of
goKyes who are after people's monej'. I am truly
sorry to see you waste j'our money on such fix-
tures."

One day in the fall, soon after the children had
sold their honey, he came in, and, with a queer ex-
pression on his face, asked, " Did your children sell
Mr. Shaw that pile of honey he has in his store? "

"Yes," replied Mr. Meek; "and besides, thej^
gave us over seventy jjounds to use here at homo."

"Well, now," said Mr. Rrown, "that does beat
all! Last spring I stuck an empty flsh-kit on one
of my hives, and the bees filled it with nice honej'.
As I had enough without it, I took it to Mr. Shaw's
store. He refused to buy it— would not even look
at it, and showed me what a pile of honey he had
on hand, and said he got it all from jour children.
He said he would never sell any more honey, un-
less in little boxes like those in which your chil-
dren had it. T looked at some, and fouiul them the
nicest combs of honej' I ever saw, and could be
handled so nicely without waste. I took my hone.\-

to another store, and could not sell it there. I
then took it to another, where 1 was offered nine
cents a pound in trade, which I took, and even they
did not buy it very willingly. Now, you know 1 al-
ways have opposed you when you wanted to j)re-
sent new ideas about bee-keeping; but what I saw
in the store, of the result of improvements, makes
me think otherwise. If you have time to spare, I
do not mind to take a look at some of your fix-
tures, and see what you have to say about them."

As they did so, Mr. Hrown would rub his hahdR,
and exclaim, " Wfll, well, well! that (h)es beat all! I
never thought bees were such curious creatures, br
that they could be worked with in such a way. I
wish I had learned about thbm when 1 was young.
I guess I shan't begin now. I5ut 1 tell you what I
will do. My youngest children have caught this
bee-fever from yours, and talk so much about bees
that I will give them mine on certain condition.^!,
and let them make their best of them. I hope they
may succeed as well as yours luive done."

At length spring came; but the weather was Stt
unsettled that the bees in the cellar were not dis-
turbed until late. One day, all things indicating
pleasant weather, the children carried their hand-
barrow to the cellai', and, closing the entrance of a
hi\e, placed it on the barrow and carried it out to
the yard. After placing it on its summer stand
and opening the entrance, they were much sur-
prised at seeing not a single bee making its appear-
ance. On opening the hive they found not a living
bee in it. They were terror-stricken. What if all
their colonies were dead? They hastened to bring
out another; but as soon as its entrance was open-
ed the bees poured forth. It was so with th(! other
seven. Mr. Meek examined the dead colony, and
said the cause of its death was the loss of the
queen and their failure to raise another. They
had an abundance of nicely sealed honey. They
took these combs and exchanged them for empty
combs in light hives. They pi-eparcd two colonies
for extracted honey, and six for comb. The extra
combs obtained from the colony that died weie
di\ided between the two upper stories intended
for extracting. To preserve these combs from the
moth, they placed on these ujjper stories contain'
ing them, in the time of fruit-blossoms. They had
sections also ready to put on the hives as soon as
the white clover opened. When they put these (Ui
they also looked into the upper stories of the
extracting-hives, and were grafifled at seeing them
full of bees, and were satisfied that work in those
upper stories had ah-eady been begun. Tommy, by
the advice of his father, prepared two uiqjcr sto-
ries, similar to the others; and when those were
well fllleil, Mr. Meek heljjed to raise them and
place on the empty ones, placing the full ones on
top. As the fra«es in these empty ones were pi-o-
vided with wide strips of foundation, the bees
were not long in drawing these out and completely
filling the frames with comb. When the up|ier
sets of frames weie completely eaiqied they were
taken out, carried into the house, unea|)ped, and
extracte<l. Mr. Meek then raised the lU'xt story
while the children slipped under it the other story
filled with the freshlj' extracted combs.

The two hives from which they extracted were
early strong in bees; and as they did not swarm,
the yield from them was ;{ti8 lbs. They made all
nee<U'ul preparation, and also kept all as busy as
they could. The yield from white clover was not

692

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

so good as on the previous year; but they had ti
K'ood yield from fall liowcrs, which made the year
a better one for bee-keepers than the i)receding-
one. Two of the colonies were so busy ^atherinj;'
honey they did not swarm at all. Two others
swarmed only once, and one swarm went to the
woods. So at the close of the season they had only
five of an increase, makiii"' their colonies number
thirteen.

One day, near the close of the yield from white
clover, they, with the help of their father, removed
the sections from the hives prepared for comb hon-
ey, and, taking- out the two outside combs, extract-
ed the honey from ^heni and returned them, that
the bees might till them with honey from fall flow-
ers, which 5s usually of an inferior quality, and not
80 ready sale, but does for winter stores. From
these they obtained enough to make their crop of
extracted honey weigh .500 lbs. Extracting: those
outside combs doubtless made the yield of comb
honey less than it would have been. Their yield of
comb honey was only r^O lbs.

Although nothing has been said about stings
since Tommy received his first one, you are not to
suppose thej' worked all this time and escaped
without receiving another. They had received so
many that a sting or two were g-enerally expected
when they had much work to do in the apiary. In
tact, a dread of being stung often kept them from
doing needed work, until their father urged them
to it. Tommy took many a dance in consequence
of some cross bee touching him on a tender spot;
and Jane had often run from the apiary with a bee
in her bonnet, calling upon her mother to help
remove it. One evening she received a sting on
lier nose, between the eyes. The next morin'ng,
when her mother entered her room to call her, she
could hardly believe that the gir! she found in the
bed was her own little Jane, liolh eyes were closed
by the swelling, and she looked like an entirely
different person. Her appearance at the break-
fast-table was greeted with a hearty laugh from
both Tommy and her father; but now the stings
had ceased to produce swelling as formerly.

The day they took out and extracted the outside
combs from the lower stories was a rather unfor-
tunate day for Tommy. The bees seemed vt-ry
cross, and to have a spite at him; but he received
sting after sting. At dinner he said, "I wish bees
had no stings!"

His father replied, " Bees liTlve very precious
stores to guard, and require arms to guard and
protect them. They have an army of lancers who
stand guard over these stores. ]f let alone, bees
ai-e harmless; but when we try to rob them of their
stores, this army of lancers charge on us. If they
did not thus guard their stores, all animals that
have a sweet tooth, and men and boys, would feed
upon the products of their labor, and they could
have no lieart to work tind gather stores. It is the
fact that bees have stings, and use them, which
makes it pay to keep bees. If they had nesting,
so many would keep them that lioney would bring
almost nothing in the market. As it is, skill is
required to handle bees and not be injured by their
stings. Few acquire this skill. Patience is also
required, and few attain that patience. Hence
bee-keeping becomes a business, and can be en-
gaged in by the skillful and patient as a means of
livelihood.

Concluded next montli.

APICULTURE A SUITABLE AVOCA-
TION rOR WOMAN.

A liECUEATION AND liEI.IEP FROM HER DAILY
ROUTINE.

"JIP LL persons are not born bee-keepers, or even
9fl^ made bee-keepers by j'ears of experience,
J^^^ and it would bo but folly to expect that all
'*'*■' would be successful in that branch of indus-
try. And, indeed, there is often more profit
in bee-keejjing as a recreation than in all the many
returns that are realized, although there is some-
times a consideration in that respect.

When the weary rounds of business have become
so monotonous that the heart at times sickens at it
all, it is then a real relief to turn away from all these
things and watch that "band of imited workers
who never strike " nor complain, moving so system-
atically along in their ceaseless toil. There is a
practical lesson to be learned in watching- these un-
complaining-little workers. We who so of ten grow
weary of our toil; who so often complain that our
labor brings in no returns, can learn some valuable
hints from the busi' l)ee that expects no returns
save a bare subsistence.

For the overworked, and those whose occupation
consists of one changeless round of drudgerj', we
can not too earnestly recommend this employment.
It has been argued by some, that woman is not
physically fitted for this business; and by others,
that it is unladylike. To such weakness as would
prompt the latter thought we have no reply— noth-
ing but a contemptuous pity! That woman is not
strong- enough for the more laborious pai't of bee-
keeping as well as for many other things which
come within the routine of domestic life, is only too
true; but is there not for women, and especially on
the farm, other back-breaking weights that have
far less sweetness in them than honey-boxes? Most
farmers' wives have no Irish or negro help to lift
their wasli-tubs, churn the butter, or do the various
other hard jobs that are daily to be encountered.

It has been estimated that a large per cent of the
insane entombed in the asylums ave farmers' wives.
Why is this? Simply Ijecause there is too much
sameness— too little recreation in their lives of toil.
Their work brings no remuneration; and woman, as
well as man, is only human, and would like some
little individual income (u- possession; and so, soon-
er or later, the oft-recurring- duties become tasks,
and life is, at length, reduced to the sphere of sla^'-
ery.

This recreation among the bees is not at all need-
ed where women are musicians, and can while away
an hour or so each day on the latest sheets of music
at the piano; or where she is educated to sketch, or
paint on silk or velvet— painting the bee or butter-
Qy on some household ornament; l3ut really half
the women on farms would feel guilty of some mis-
demeanorif seen at such employment — so thorough-
ly have thej" been taught to know nothing but real
work!

Then, for ujcrcy's sake, do not try to set up a
"scarecrow" o\er bee-keeping, silk culture, or
anj' other occupation that will be at all remunera-
tive, and tend to lead the mind away from these un-
changing household duties— duties that are all right
and proper that e\ery women should perform, but
nevertheless need to be at intervals sweetened by
change. There is nothing dishonorable in any hon-
est employment. It will do to tolerate such scnti-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTimE.

69i5

ments under a monarchical form ol' government,
where an idiot maybe born an aristocrat; bntwe
have only sell'-made aristocracy, and the canal-boy
or rail-maker can reach the hijihcst scat nndcroiir
government, as well as the great. Hut we would
advocate opening np all avenues to woman as well
as to man; that is, all that are retired and not calcu-
lated to degrade her, which, if she has a love for it,
we feel that bee-keeping could never do. Unless
there is a real fancy for this business it is a mistak-
en calling; for bee-keeping, like everything else,
must Ite entered into with the whole heart to i)rove
a success. But from practical exiierionce, and not
from theory, we can say tlnit the sixty colonies
which claim our daily individual attention area
real recreation. It leads the mind away from the
humdrum cares of life into the study of nature,
where its broad fields are spread out bef(n'e us, ris-
ing to the sublimity of its heights as far as the weak
human intellect can go as we watch the all-uncon-
scious bee go forth in its ceaseless toil.

If all laborious work is to be taken away from
woman because it is unladylike, let it then com-
mence where the general health is most affected,
and the mind least diverted, that the sphere of do-
mestic life in general may be more bright and
cheerful. A Woman.

Greenville, 111.

PATENT DRONEI-BKOOD EXTRACTOR.

CHICKEN SHORTCAKE.

ElETHENEVER we had a lot of drones we used
to destroy them with putt'ljall, as some call
it, which can be put in the smoker, the
drones meantime having been set in a tight
box. A few puffs will make them senseless,
when they can be taken out and given to the
chickens, which will consume all of them before
they can fiy again. The reason why we did not
sulphur them is, that the chickens don't seem to
like them so well, nor do I think that they are so
beneficial to them when dead.

When I was a boj-, and had but a few hives,!
would often kill most of the drones of a hive when
1 knew they were driven down to the bottom-board,
which the bees do when pasture gets scarce, or
after a young queen is mated. I lifted the hive
and put them through the above process. Rut the
best chicken-feed consists of drone-brood from
about 1.5 days old to mature; and what excellent
drone-brood extractors chickens are! I found out
accidentally, several years ago, when I had my
bees several miles from the city, as usiml, when
late one day I had transferred a few box hives. By
packing up, in a rush for the home train, I had
left a large piece of well-capped drone-comb on the
grotind, which I found, when I came back the
next day; but to my surprise I found the brood on
the upper side was all taken carefully out. As I
had noticed chickens around there, it struck me
that nothing else co\ild have likely taken it. I
turned the comb up the other side, an<l soon had
the chicks to extract it. As we had a lot of chick-
ens this year, and ])lcnty of box hives to transl'er, I
had plenty of what we call now "chicken short-
cake," for which all the drone-brood was used. As
Iran short of hivfs for want of time, I inverted all
my remaining box hives, cut out all the drone-
comb, before it could hatch, with ray hoe shaped
instrument.

Now, friend Root, I know that you have not
much sympathy with jiatcnts or i)atent men; but
as it seems to be fashiomtble to call every thing
an invention, I leave it with you to decide who is
the one entitled to the patent— the chicken or my-
self, for extracting drone-brood.

C. H. LUTTGENS.

Hammonton, N. J., .Tuly, 1880.

Friend L., no doubt your sns'Sfstion is a
valuable one. I presume you use chickens
of just the riftlit a^e, for" I could imagine
that large fowls migh4 tear the combs badly.
1 should think the food would be very stim-
ulating to the chickens ; but is it not rather
expensive ? Would it not be bettef to pre-
vent the rearing of drone-brood by removing;
all the drone-comb V

KITCHEN CONVENIENCES.

FUIEND TERRY GIVES US SOME USEFUt, SUGQfcS=
TlONS IN THE MATTER.

fRIEND ROOT:— Now about those impfovP-
ments indoors. We will take the kitchen
tlrst. Here the farmer's wife and daughters
spend a large part of their time. The inter-
ests of humanity demand that the air in
this room be at all times as pure as possible. Th«
farmer who works out in the open air Is healthy
and robust, as a rule. Now, the kitchen should be
as near an approach to open air as it conveniently
can be. A tent would be about perfeetion, for
summer; something to keep the rain and sun off
during the heat of the day. while allowing a per-
fectly free circulation of air at all times. Practi-
cally, about the best we can do is to have the
kitchen in a wing by itself, with outside doors and
windows on at least two sides. Then over these
doors and windows on each side I would build a
large porch. This allows almost as free a circula-
tion of air during the summer as a tent would, and
the women-folks have one chance at least for as
good robust health as the men have. The windows
shou'd have pulleys and weights so the upper sash
can be let down or the under one raised very easily
for ventilation during cold weather, no matter if
it takes a little more fuel. What is a little wood en'
coal bj' the side of good health? A physician in
the Northwest tells me that, to save coal, which is
quite valuable there, many make their houses very
tight, and never ventilate any more than they can
help, and the result is often a In-oaking out of
typhoid fever, from breathing such filthy, impure
air.

It has often amused me to see people who were
extremely neat and clean in every other particular
so extremely filthy in the matter of ventilation. It
is a serious nnitter; but It is so inconsistent to
work so hard to have those pans and dishes and
clothes so perfectly free from a trace of dirt or
filth while one is breathing the filthiest kind of air.
Every l)reath from our lungs is defiling the air, as
are also the eiininations from the pots andketllis.
The neat housekeeper is constantly washing her
hands, when thej- become soiled lin the least; why
not wash the air, when it becomes almost sicken-
ing from the impurities in it'/ It is far more im-
portant tFiat you should. Dirty hands would only
offend the taste, while dirty air is .seriously injuri-
ous to health. Let the outdoor worker, when he
comes into his wife's kitchen, and can "scarcely

G94

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Seft.

breathe," fix it imraediatelj' so that she may have
as pure air as he doos to work in, and g'et his re-
ward in her better health and longer lite. Cer-
tainly the poorest can afford so eheap a luxury.

Of course, every man will have a i)ump in the
kitchen, and drj' wood or coal in the woodshed,
where it can be g-ot at handily. T do not need to
speak of such matters. Also he will see that there
are screens in all the doors and windows, so the
g-ood wife may not be annoyed liy flies while she is
busy with her v/ork. These ai-e almost as cheap as
pure air now.

Then if he is like the writer he will have a slop-
barrel on wheels standing' by the west poi-ch (in the
shade) in the morning, and by the east one in the
afternoon, so the ladies can dispose of the waste
water with the least possible trouble, and with no
danger to the purity of their surroundings.

One more point, not to be overlooked: The
kitchen is a hot place when the thermometer is in
the nineties, and a larg'e cook - stove is adding to
the heat. Even if the air is pure it is a terrible
place to work, day after day, through the heat of
summer. Now, we have it in our power to make
kitchen life much more pleasant during the heated
term. With a good oil-stove all the work can he
done just as well, and one would hardly notice
that there is any fire in the room. Our folks are
right in the midst of washing this morning. I have
just been dov.-n to see how the thermometer stood.
On the east porch it was 93°; on the west one, 84°;
in the kitchen, 84^; and in the main part of the
house, 79^. Two oil-stoves were burning under a
boiler of clothes. I can easily imagine how hot
it would have been in the kitchen if the fire had
been in the cook-stov'e. As it was, the tempera-
ture was th« same that it was on a cool porch on
the shady side of the house, and but .5° warmer
than the coolest place in the body of the house.
Thanks to the oil-stove. We have a range of three
oil-stoves, and you may walk through the kitchen
in the hottest day of summer, when the oven is
full of baking bread, and my wife is ironing-, and
cooking dinner— all the stoves burning— and you
will liardly notice any difference in temperature
between the kitchen and parlor. There are oil-
stoves made that are safer than any cook-stove;
and the oil bought liy the Imrrel will cost no more
than wood at the price it is usually sold at in the
wllage market. That is, here, at least, f can take
wood to town and sell it for enough to pay for oil
that would do the same amount of cooking.

A niece of the writer has no cook-stove in the
house. The kitchen is warmed in winter liy a fur-
nace, the same as the rest of the house. But I
would not advise this. Use the cook-stove during-
cold weather, and even cool mornings and days in
summer, lighting: the oil-stove whenever the coolv-
stove malics it uncomfortably warm. This will be
the best economy, and the most healthy practice.
Often on a cool morning, when you wouldn't have
any fire in the furnace or heating stove, a little
fire in the cook-stove would be pleasant, particu-
larly to the older people, and conducive to health
by driving out dampness. P^or ironing, the oil-
stove is simply perfect. At first my wife thought
that she couldn't make a success of baking bread;
but I got her some now tins of just the right sij;e,
and experimented a little for her, and now she will
bake an oven full of bread in 40 minutes as nicely
as it can be dune in any stove oven, at a cost for

fuel of about halt a cent. Women, like us men,
are sometimes a little old-l'ogyish. The first time
my wife undertook to get dinner on the oil-stove
the potatoes would not get done on time. Ditiner
was an hour late. That upset her, for she can not
bear to be behindhand. She made some pretty
strong remarks about oil-stoves in general, and
hers in particular, and was more than ever in love
with the good old Stewart cook-stove that she had
worked over for twenty years. 1 got dinner next
day, or, at least, stewed the potatoes. First the
firight new tin steamer was smoked on the bottom,
as it always should be, and then just water enough
to make steam— about a quart— was put in. Being
a little nervous, we started the thing Z) minutes
sooner than the directions said was necessary, and
had dinner ready ~0 minutes liefore the time! The
wife gave up with good grace, and has since gone
back on the old Stewart, even for steaming pota-
toes. A good oil-range will cost about $2.5, with all
the fixings. I was once looking at a friend's nice
stone walks, and remarked, "They must have cost
you a good deal."

"Yes," he says, "there is less money in the
bank, but a mighty sight more comfort around
home."

The same may be said of the oil stove.

Hudson, O., Aug., 1838. T. B. Terry.

Friend Terry, I most emphatically agree
with ahnost every point yon make ; bnt I
notice yon speak of coal -oil stoves, and say
notliing abont gasoline. 1 presntne yonr ob-
jection to gasoline, judging from what you
say on page ^or), is the danger ; but are not
stoves for gasoline now made so tliat the
chances of danger are reduced to a mini-
mum ? We have tried coal-oil stoves, and
gasoline too ; but we lind the gasoline rath-
er tlie more convenient ; but we should like
to have yoiu' ideas on the subject while we
are discussing convenient kitchens. — In re-
gard to pme air, I am getting of late so that
it is very hard for me to remain in any room
very long unless the air is pretty nearly as
pure as 1 lind it outdoors.

SEVERAL MATTERS FROM FRIEND
HEDDON.

QUEEN-EXCLUDING HONE V-H()AI^DS.

fES, they are a grand success. I think that
Dr. Tinker's article in last issue, supple-
mented by your copy of my own from the
C. B. J., must shed some liglit upon the
whole honey-board question. I think the
doctor was first to publish the device of the unity
of the metal strips with the wooden slats, by let-
ting the metal into side grooves; and he is entirely
correct in saying that to him who first published it
to the worlJ, belongs the credit. We gladly accord
it to the doctor, though we three, who were origi-
nal in the same thought, had none of us ever
seen it in any honey-board before.

MKS. CHADDOCK'S HONEY.

1 am sorry to read the low price.? Mrs. C. tells us
she is selling her honey for. I think such low
prices tor comb lioney are entirely unnecessary,
and would, if long compelled, drive' us all out of
the business. On page 631 you quote Mr. Doo-
little as "ans^\ering the wail of a few;" but take

18SG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

695

him as authority as to the cost of producing' honey,
and where is Mrs. Cliaddocli's l)ee culture Koing- to
end? Slic is selling at a price l)elow the cost of
production, according- to Mr. Doolittle, and 1 tliink
liis figures are about right.

SHALL WE JiXTliACT 1)AHK IIONEV ?

I say, "Yes." I notice your foot-notes to Mr.
Pond's article; but 1 must say that 1 think you are
in error. Give mc all light honey in the comb, and
all dark extracted, for most i)rottt. 1 do not
speak theoretically, nor from a local e.vperience;
but after jobbing' and wholesaling: many tons in
nearly every Eastern, Middle, and Western State
in the Union.

Ills :.'5,00') Liis. oi' H()Ni;v, a.nu mow to dis-
rosn oi'' IT.
Since the great loss of three-fourths of my bees
during- the sex'ero winter of lS84-'yr), 1 have been
compelled to raise extracted honey mostly, and
this year we have 35,000 lbs. of as fine thick clover
and basswood honey as I ever saw. I am having-
no trouble in getting- 8 cts. per lb. for it, at our
depot, in 50 and 100 lb. lots, packages thrown in.
Perhaps you will remember my articles on the
taking- and caring- for extracted honey, on jiages
(K5 and twilof Gr,KANiNOS for 188"). i'ou will rec-
ollect what I said aliout the results in disijosing- of
our crop, if we would only take the pains to pro-
duce an article of extracted honey that is in every
respect as nice and smooth as the best comb honey.
Well, I find the results as there predicted; for my
customers will not leave me, even if they can buy
extracted honey, from the same blossoms, at 2 cts.
less per pound. You recollect the raspberry honey
you sent me, at a low price. Well, friend lioot, it
is not eatalile, simply becau-^e it was either taken
before it was ripe, or else allowed to degenerate
after l)eiDg- extracted. I sec a new and grander
future for extracted honey, when our producers
will supply a choice article; but I sample scarcely
any, as I find it on the markets, that is good for
table sauce. I am compelled to admit, that most
that I have produced has been of inferior quality;
but for the past three years I have found the
better and far more ])roUtable way. I believe the
time is near at hand when 1 can job out .50,000 Ib.s.
per year, at prices that will pay for producing-.
* "ouii Mcuiuiions."
I am sorry if you have made haste to print a lot
of circulars after the copy of Mr. Cameron's par-
agraphs, as found on page tilO. We know that
these statements come frdm a man of good
heart,— we believe from a si)lendid man; but we
think he has made the common error of misjudg-
ing the class he has written them for. If all the
readers were living and thinking: on this elevated
plane, his statements to them would be of much
service to all; but such is not true, I am soi-ry to
say, and I believe that such a circular would do
more harm than g-ood.

This article is now long- enough; but if you
choose I will point out to you the whys and where-
fores, and sug-g-est such subtractions, additions,
and alterations, as I think would make it a circular
of value. James Hkuuon.

Dowagiac, Mich., Aug., 1880.

Frierul II., I think many would clisagir.e
with you in regartl to tlie raspberry honey.
The "flavor is peculiar, yet I do not think
it unpleasant. I shoidd not, however, call
it etiual to the sample kegs of houey you

sent us.— In regard to our neighbors, I am
sure the circular referred to will do good
among many classes. We should, however,
be very glad to hear your corrections, al-
terations, and suggestions in regard to said
circular.

"OUR OWN APIARY.

A GOOD IlKl'OliT KliOM THE HEDDON HIVE;
W()r{KIN(i EOH COMB HONEY.

TN Aug-. 1st No , i)ag-e ()05, IJro. Heddon says Bro.
l^[ Hutchinson seems to be carrying thia problem
^l all alone, and that he receives many adverse
'*' reports. In all i-eports I have seen of tests of
Bi-o. Hutchinson's i)lan of securing- worker-
comb without foundalion, the i)arties have violated
one or more of the pi-inciiHes as laid down by him.
One fails to pvit on the surplus-case at time of
hiving swarm; another put in a frame of brood.
To succeed in securing all worker-comb with this
I)lan you inu!<t he xiirv to put on the surplus-arrange-
ment at lime (if liiciiKj, and not next day nor next
week, as some report doing, as in that case they
will huild (Dtlu ilrtmr-comli, if a prime swarm, and
strong enough to be worth any thing for surplus
honey.

I am using the new Heddon hive this season, and
have succeeded in getting- as much surpUis honey
without foundation in the brood-chamber as with
it, and the brood-frames are full of nice worker-
comb which cost nothing. I use one section of the
hive with foundation starters not over one-half to
one inch wide, in the brood frames, with queen-ex-
eluding- honey-board above, and put on a case
holding sections l)eforo 1 hive the swarm; part of
the sections were full of foundation, and part with
only starters. Others 1 arranged the same, except
1 filled the brood-frames full of Dadant foundation,
and the colonies with empty frames have made
as much surplus as those with full frames; and in
neither case did they build drone-comb in frames
or sections. In one experiment I used hybrids
with full and with empty frames; in the other,
Italians. The swarms hived on full frames in both
cases were stronger than those on empty frames,
and with this seeming advantage failed to come
out ahead.

QUEENS AND SW.\*f{MING.

I am convinced, from experiments with several
colonies this season, that the young queens do not
hatch until a very short time before a second
swarm leaves, and that the worker-bees control
all swarming themselves. Several years ago I saw
queens Hy in less than one minute after coming out
of the cell; and several times, on cutting out queen-
cells, I have found no queen hatched, even when
the queens had been calling one or two days, but
with the cap of cell cut nearly off; and as soon as
they were taken out of the hive the young queen
would come out. I also had a colony of blacks in
which the young queen was calling before they
swarmed; and by taking the frame containing the
yoiuig queen 1 made another colony which has
never swarmeil, and this is the fourth season since
then. This season 1 have tested it by waiting two
days after 1 heard the (|ueens calling, and in no
case did 1 find a queen hatched, but the cap cut
loose on one cell; and as soon as the frame was
taken out of the hive the (fuecn hatched; and by

636

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

cuttinj? out all otlier cells there were no second
swarms. If the bees decide to swarm alter the
prime swarm, they kec]) tlie first queen from
hatching when she wishes to; and then she begins
to call, and the other queens in cells old enough
answer her; and when they are about ready to
leave they allow one queen to hatch; or if they in-
tend to send out only one second swarm, they let
all queens old enough hatch and go with the
swarm. If they decide not to send out a second
Bwarm they allow the oldest cell to hatch as soon
as the queen is ready to come out, and then de-
stroy the other cells, and you hear no calling of
queens. 9— John C. Gilliland, 15—34.

Bloomfleld, Ind., Aug., 18S6.

SWEET CLOVER, OR MELILOT.

FRIEND OIIEEN GIVES US SOME NEW AND IMPOR-
TANT SUGGESTIONS IN REGARD TO THE
PLANT AND ITS HABITS.

fHERE is a great deal of sweet clover in this
locality, growing along the river-banks and
other waste places, as well as along the roads,
which in some places are lined with it for
miles. 1 find that most persons arc apt to re-
gard it as a nuisance along the roadside, and many
land-owners wage war on it with more or less per-
sistency and success. Some of the objections
which they make to it are well founded, while oth-
ers are unfounded or unimportant.

The jirincipal reason why it is objected to, 1 think,
is the fear that it may i)rove a noxious weed. It is
a sttong, rapid grower, readilj^ becoming establish-
ed, usuallj' holding its own tenaciously when once
it gets a start, killing out other plants, and spread-
ing from year to year. These are the recognized
qualities of the woi-st weeds; and the farmer who
sees it march along the highway and settle down in
front of Wis place, as though it had come to stay, is
apt to bo alarmed at the thought that some day it
may take a notion to invade his fields in just that
way. His fears are groundless, though. Its seed
will not start in a close sod; cultivation readily kills
it; and even after it has taken complete possession
of the soil, close mowing, so as to prevent any seed
from maturing for two successive seasons, will erad-
icate it completely.

I have ridden for miles along a road where all the
space between the fences, except a narrow wagon-
track, was thickly covered wilh»swcct clover, yet
not a single plant was to be seen inside the fields.
I have occasionally seen sweet clover growing in-
side the fence along the roadside; but it is a sug-
gestive fact, tliMt it is almost always the old tumble-
down fence that lets the sweet clover through,
while a good fence keeps it from the well-tilled
fields beyond, as completely as it repels stray stock.
There is a moral here, if you go deep enough.

The most reasonable objection to sweet clover
along the country road lies in the fact that its tall
rank growth often makes a close hedge four or five
feet high along each side of the narrow wagon-
track, thus cutting ott' all breeze from the horses.
This close hedge, too, sometimes makes it difficult
to turn out far enough to allow a team to pass. In
this locality farmers frequently herd their cattle
along the roadside when pasture is short, and these
complain that sweet clover occupies the land to the
ej[clusioii of grass. Cattle will not cat it except

when it is young and tender. Other objections are
sometimes heard, most of which will apply quite as
well to any other weed.

Now, what can we say in favor of sweet clover to
the man who cares nothing about its value to the
bee-keeper a" a honey-producing plant? I can only
say tliMt it often takes the place of less desirable
plants, and that its mod'st blossoms with their
grateful perfume combine to render the highway
beautiful and fragrant. Can we say any thing more
7)ractical? I hope some one can give us reasons
more convincing to the average farmer, why this
valuable honey-|)lant should be allowed to grow on
the roadside.

INlany who object to the rapid spread of melilot
on the highway, accuse the bee-keeper of planting-
it, when they themselves not only cultivate the
ground but i-ow its seed. Sweet clover, unaided,
can do little to extend itself. Its seed is too heavy
to be carried far by the wind, and it is not provided
with any means of attaching itself to passing
objects. The most efficient agent in distributing its
seed is the nian who leaves the ordinary track for
the roadside when the roads are muddy in the
spring. In this way the surface of the ground is
broken up and prepared for the seed, while the
wheels of his wagon and the feet of his horses, sink-
ing into the ground where seed fell the autumn be-
fore, pick up portions of the soil filled with the seed
and carry it along for rods and sometimes for miles,
and there drop them to form a new nucleus of
growth. Sweet clover is apt to spring up wherever
any grading of roads is done; and the man who
plow.s tlw roadside for the purpose of scouring his
plows, though an enemy to humanity in general, is
a friend to the bee-keeper in a swoet-clo\er district.

While under favorable circumstances the seed
Avill grow and do well if sown at any time of the
year, it will be much more apt to grow on un-
cultivated ground if sown in the fall, so the snows
and rains of winter and spring nuiy beat it into the
gn)nnd.

You are probably right as to the cause of the
sooty color of the honey sent you by friend Muth.
The swcct-clover honey gathered here is nearly if
not (luile as light colored as that from white clover,
while the fiavor is, in my opinion, superior. When
the honey is unnn.\ed it requires no , expert to tell
that it was gathered from sweet clover, especially
if freshly gathered. In extracting newly gathered
sweet-clover honey, the current of air coming up
out of the extractor is laden with a perfume as dis-
tinct and unmistakable as that experienced by
holding a bunch of the blossoms to the nose. We
had ])romise of a good yield from sweet clover, and
indeed it started out well; but the long drought has
checked its yield so that what honey we get is con-
siderably mixed with that from other sources. If it
were not for this I would send you a sample of the
honey, which I think would compare favorably
with any j^ou have ever seen or tasted.

Dayton, III., Aug. 10, 1886. J. A. Green.

Thanks for the additional facts you have
given us in this matter, friend Cireen. I be-
lieve you are riglit in regard to its propaga-
tion and extension along the roadsides, by
its being carried along by vehicles in the
way you suggest. I am glad to have my
opinion corroborated in regard to the quali-
ty of the honey. I should like to know if
anybody has been successful iu raising the

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

697

plant by the acre. It seems from the above,
and from what others liave Avritten in regard
to it, tliat a different treatment will be nec-
essary from that given to ordinary cnltivated
plants.

A VISIT TO OLIVER FOSTER'S APIARY.

FRIEND BRUBAKKH CilVKS US .\ PEN SKETCH OK IT.

"Up FTBR two iiioiitlis of foiistaiit woi-k in the
9l^ apiary I was tlioroun'iiy tired. The dry
j^B' weather put a sudden stop to the honey-flow.
■^^^ After Lasswood lilooni, and while the bees
were tattiufi- a little rest, I eonehided to take
a little iiliiy. I had written friend Foster a line,
stating' 1 was jidins' to the east part of the State;
and as I would pass within a few miles of his apiary,
if agreeable 1 should like to stop olf and visit him
and sec his methods, etc. He not only informed
me, by Icttei-, that he would be pleast^d to have me
call, but also said he would meet me at the depot.

On the2!tth of July 1 took the train at Ma.vwell,
and was soon speeding eastwardly over the fertile
prairies of our beautiful State. The effects of our
all-summer's drought were visible on all sides.
The pastures, instead of wearing a nuintle of green,
as is usual for this season of year, were all dried,
and " brown and seer." The dry beds of brooks and
streams, the wilted corn, the dried-up appearance
of gardens, and the many fires all along the ViO
miles I traveled, which had originated from sparks
from the engines igniting the dry grass, all plainly
told of the serious effects of the i)rotracted drought.

Reaching Mt. Vernon at 10 r. .M. 1 took lodging at
the hotel, instead of going to friend Foster's. Aft-
er a sound sleep 1 was up at five, ready for a walk;
but the little city was all silent in sluuiber at this
early hour. Naught but the sound of the melan-
choly katydid, and a few low notes of birds were
heard to break the silence. A few minutes' walk
brought me to a point on the shady street where a
pleasant landscape was presented to the sight.
Nestling flown in a small valley in the midst of a
shady clump of trees, stood a cosy little house. To
the south, near bj-, stood a large number of hives,
arranged in blocks aixd alleys. Close by were the
work-shop and honey-house, all neatly iiainted. 1
recognized this at once as being " the place."

On entering the apiary the first object that espe-
cially attracted my attention was a little girl-babi',
about two years old, standing nesir the corner of
the house, with little curls reaching down over her
little forehead, calling for ijaiui. 1 felt somewhat
disappointed when the timid little darling refused to
shake hands or enter into any conversation. It
was only a few seconds after when 1 introduced
myself to the " boss of the ranch," whom I found
in the shop, and in a very short time we were talk-
ing bees and honey and fl.xtures as if we had always
been accpiaintod. Mr. Foster is a young man, 2!',
full of vim, and a lover of his chosen occui)ation;
and, .iudging from the number and character of his
apiarian fixtures that he has invented, it is lasily
seen that he is possessed of more than ordinary in-
ventive genius. He has in his home a])iary :,';J,j col-
onies; and located about .5 miles north are 100 more
—in all, about ;J:i.5. Vp to date he had extracted
lO,tKIO lbs., and taken lOUO lbs. of comb honey; but,
like some more of us, he lost considerable honey by
not UavJHg every tliinw in rgadiuess (jujly curly

enough. He has also sold and shipped 1»'6 nuclei, at
an average of #0.4:!, besides quite a good number of
queens by mail. After figuring up his profits men-
tally for a few moments, I was almost ready to be-
lieve what the landlord at the hotel had told me the
evening before, when, on inquiry as to whether he
knew a bee-keeper by the name of Foster, in the
town, " Yes," said he; " I knew him when he start-
ed in the business ten years ago, a poor boy, and
now he is making more clear money, I think, than
any other man in town."

Whether this is strictly a fact or not, a glance at
his premises tells of prcsperity ; and while he works
hard to make it win, I was led to think, while in his
little home, "No wonder his business is i)rosper-
ing." WMien, at the beginning of the day's labor,
though a very busy time, the Uible, that best of
books, was taksn from the stand, and from its holy
pages a chai)ler was read, and an humble invoca-
tion asked of the Dispenser of all blessings. How
coulll it well be otherwise than that, with hard woi-k
and the blessin^isof Heaven, a man should prosper':*
1 think I never saw so numy colonies together,
where all were so uniformly a fl?ie type of Italians.
I left, much bcnetited by my visit, and ahniist miss-
ed my train in the evening for having been absorb-
ed in conversation with friend F.

I nuist quit now, short off. 1 hope no one will
think hard for my giving my friend such a friendly
notice.

So far as 1 have been able to learn, honey is sell-
ing at about 10 cents for extracted, and 12'2tol.5
cents for line pound section honey.

Ma.vwell, Iowa, Aug. U, ISSO. D. E. IJutJBAKER.

^laiiy thanks, friend B. We have enjoyed
every word of your account of your visit,
from tlie ciirly-iipaded little girl to the time
yon almost missed tlie train; and especially
that pari of your talk wlieie you mention
friend Foster's taking down the Bible at the
beginning of eacli day's work.

EOUL EROOD, AND ITS MANAGEMENT.

UIKECTIONS FHO.M I'UOE. M' LAIN, OF THE U. S.
APICULTURAL, STATION.

K. E. R. ROOT:-Your father told me last
week that you were having some trouble
with foul brood. I told him that 1 would
send a prescription for the cure of foul
brood, and also a prescription for use as a
preventive.

Take of soft water, o pints; vi dairy salt, one pint.
Use an earthen vessel. Raise the temperature to
80° F. Do not exceed m\ Stir till the salt is thor-
oughly dissolvctl. Now add one pint of warm soft
water in which has been thoroughly dissolved four
tablespoonfuls of bicarbonate of soda (use the crys-
tal). Stir thoroughly. Add to this mixture suffi-
cient sugar or hon(!y to sweeten it, but not enough
to perceptibly thicken it. Now add '4 oz. salicylic
acid. Merritt & Co., of Cincinnati, nuike a pure sal-
icylic acid from the oil of wiiUergreen (Ivonk's
solution of salicylic acid No. 1). Mi.v thoroughly.
Let this mixture stand for two hours, when it be-
comes settled and clear.

Tri:atiiwiit.—i?\mkv the bees from the combs, and
exti-act as clean as i)ossible. Now thoroughly
atpiuize the combs, visiug the mixture and a large

ms

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

.Sept.

iilumiz.-i'. The tinsmitli cau make a {food one for
;25 cents. Ilclurn the frames to the colony.

1 f there is no honey to be obtained from the fields,
feed honey or syrup to which has been added 3
tablespoonfuls of the mixture to each (juart of hon-
ey or syriip- Stir well. The honey just extracted
may be used without injury to the bees, if the mix-
ture is added; but no more should be furnished
than is consumed. Atomize the colony two or
three times more, simply setting- the frames apart
so as to direct the spray well over the combs and
bees— not brushing- off the bees; three or four days
should intervene betwesn the times of treatment.
The last may be given on top without removing a
frame.

As a preventive, apply on top of the frames, or in
any way by which the bees may get it. Also burn
old dry bones to an ash, and ])ulverize. Mix up a
g-allon to each 50 colonics in the apiary, of the above
mixture, adding enough sugar or honey to make it
very sweet (say two or three times as much honey
or sugar as would be a proper quantity for use in
the atomizer). Stir in a full half-pint of the pow-
dered bone ash. Place this gallon of mixture in,
say, four shallow vessels— perhaps bread-pan feeders
with floats on top— and stand these four in dif-
ferent parts of the apiary. You will be surprised
at the rapidity with which the depleted colonies
will recuperate and grow strong again.

If you fear that the exposure of sweets in the
apiary will induce robbing, the mixture can safely
be fed the customary way on top of the frames in
the hive.

1 would i-ecommend that you give the entire apia-
ry one application of the mixture prescribed fur
cure, as this treatment frequently prevents the pres-
ence of the disease where it was not before possible
to deteet it.

The quantity prescribed for use by means of the
large atomizer is sufficient to treat 150 colonies.
Not reckoning the sugar or honey used, the cost
will not be more than 15 cents. I have prescribed
this treatment with entii'C satisfaction and uniform
success for the past two years.

I will mention the facts in two or three of the
aj)iaries for which I have prescribed this treatment.

1. Number of colonics in the apiary, 40; number
apparently diseased, 13; number actually diseased,
28; disease so far progressed that the stench was
very offensive in the yard; bees crawling out of
hives to die, l)y tens of thousan4s; effect of treat-
ment ajiparent in on^ day; a permanent cure in
each case.

'Z. Number of colonics, 00; serious cases, 38; combs
black and putrid; a few had already been burned;
effect of treatment appr.rent at once; a perma-
nent cure in each case.

3. Number of colonies, over l.'iO; number of colo-
nies diseased, 00; bees swarming out; stench from
hives nauseating; combs black and rotten; brood
putrid; whole apiary treated ; disease immediately
arrested; eU'ect of treatment on atlected colonies
instantaneous, even on apparently hopeless cases;
every colony cured; disease eradicated, leaving- no
trace behind. Colonics soon all strong, healthy,
and prosi)erous. F(n- the purpose of further exi)er-
iment, the combs of healthy and diseased colonies
were exchanged; combs from diseased colonies be-
ing given the healthy colonies, and the conjbsof
healthy colonics placed in the diseased colonies.
Tlie treatment ^s as ajiplied to both fililje. In every

case the disease would immediately disappear, and
in numy cases the diseased colonies were soon more
l)opulousand jirosperous than those wliich had had
no disease and had been undisturbed.

This treatment, which is simple, cheap, and easily
and rapidly ai)plie(l, seems to be cfficaeious in the
most virulent forms of foul brood, and seemingly
furnishes immunity fi-om the dreaded scourge.

Aurora, 111., Aug. 0, 1880. N. \V. McLain.

P. S. -The remedy for foul brood— the formula for
making and applying, which i sent you, effectually
eradicates the worst cases in about 1;' days, with-
out the cleaning- of a hive or melting of a comb. I
am glad to hear that you have no need for it in
.your apiary. The disease described in Gleanings,
as being in your apiary, is, I think, not foul brood.
]f you have any more tro'ablc with it 1 can tell .nou
whiit to do. N. W. M.

U. S. Aidcultui-ai Station, Aurora, 111., Aug. IT.

now I HIVED A SWARM UNDER
DIFFICULTIES.

HDW A 15I)V OF 03 .SUMMERS MANAGES TO CI-.1MB
A T1!KK AND T.\KE DOWN A SWAUM.

N the second of last month, between three and
four i». M., while working in the field I was
startled by a swarm of bees passing over
my head. I immediately followed, but could
not keep up with them, on account of the
fences and fields of grain. 1 nc^ticed what direc-
tion they took, and returned, discouraged, to my
work. About 0 o'clock I took a stroll through a
thin piece of woods to a small creek that runs
about ■?i of a mile from where I write. I looked up
the treos, to see if I could discover any bees, but
to no purpose till I came to cross a fence. In do-
ing this I turned to look back, and discovered a
large swarm of bees on the outside small limb of a
blackwalnut-trce, about 50 feet from the ground.
It looked very tempting; but the question came,
how to get it. No ladder was long enough, no long-
handcfi saw to be had, nor anybody to lend a help-
ing hand. I got a handsaw, which I tied round my
neck, a box with a frame of empty cells and 6 oth-
er empty frames. In trying to climb the tree I
found it was too large around the body, in order to
reach the first branch. I got a rail, crawled up so
far that I could just touch the branch; but when I
gotonit, I found the next branch still further oft'.
Persevering, and not minding a little skinning of
my legs, I reached the second branch, when I had
compai'ativcly easy work to reach the branch on
which the swarm was hanging. I sawed it off; but
in falling it stuck fast to a lower branch, the bees
meanwhile ascending to a higher branch, which I
cut olf immediately, as 1 reached it, to prevent
them from clustering on it. They did not go fur-
ther up, so I descended, cut every branch on which
they lodged, as the branches stuck till the whole
concern came down with a crash, smashing the
cover to the box. I descended as fast as I could,
covered the box with an old coat 1 had taken with
me. and began shaking the branches I had cut oft',
in front of the box. As soon as I had one clear of
bees I carried it off, till I had all the bees pretty
well on the ground. Then I picked up a little dry
wood, made a smoke to hurry up bbsiness, as I
wanted iny supper, for the sun was going down.
I managed to reach home shortly U-ter sundown,

1SS6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

699

with iny swiirm, carryinj;' it belorc iiu', and sucli
a licat tliey g"ivc off I They are blac-ks, and I don't
know where they eamo Ironi. In six days they
tlllod ID empty Piallup Iranies, and are unconiinonly
doelle. I think the whole business was pretty well
done lor a hoy ol' (ilJ summers, not iiavin^ a veil or
hat on, nor being- stung- oiiee.

MELILOT IIONEV SMOKY, AND WIIV.

Tiie atmosphere of lar^e cities is heavily ehars'ed
with coal smoke, which sjireads for miles around in
such small impei'ceptible i)articles that one often
dt)es not notice it till he inisses his hand overa leaf or
liowcr, when it will become colored black, especial-
ly when a little damp. Is that not the cause of
your melilot honey being- smoky, as we do not
know any tliinj;- about its being- smoky around
herei' F. J. M. Orru.

Sandusky, ()., Auy-. W. IbSG.

PREVENTING INCREASE, AGAIN.

.MU. lIlilJDON S CltlTiClS.M.

N page 0(5;, Mv. lleddon sajs: " Referring- to
'I^J page .'joO, on 'Preventing- Increase,' it is quite

j'^l easy to see why 5Ir. Kobbins failed of suc-
ci'ss," etc. Ever since reading that, I have
been wondering' wliat it is that can be so
easily seen. 1 know belter now than I did when I
wrote the article referred to why 1 failed; but 1
gave no intimation of it there. Is it because 1
was careless, or I'.i I not follow the method i>rop-
crly^or was it because of the swarming nuinia of
my bees? Please do not be afraid to s|)eak out,
Mr. Heddon. I might add here, that I have not
known a failure of said plan when propei'ly fol-
lowed this year, although the swarming instinct
of my bees s-t'cme;! about tripled, more or less, but
1 have been unable to practieo it much.

Wc are too ajjt to render "snap .ludgmeiit"
concerning- these things. 1 have faith in this
method; and because some cf us may lail with it,
or any other such devices, is no proof that the
principle of it is not correct. My mother can lake
Graham Hour, an egg, with some sail, soda, a?id
buttermilk, and make Graham gems that will fair-
ly melt in one's mouth. I might lake those same
ingredients and follow her directions, and nuikc
nothing good but a good failure. Should 1 con-
clude that flour, salt, soda, buttermilk, and egg,
will not make good gems'/ Nonsense! Yt)U see,
it all depends U|)on how it is done.

Wliile I am on this sub.ject 1 would say that a
great deal depends upon adaptation. Our gifts,
habits, and conditions, are so diverse that wc can
not all do things best the same way, and we must
have systems adapted to our ways. My mother
can uuike the best gems, her daughter in-law the
best cake. 1 certainly do not believe that the
Simplicity is the licU hive, but A. does. It suits
him — it docs not suit me. iVdaptalion, usage, con-
ditions, these apply to little things as well as great;
and if we woulil bear this in mind we would not
make so many contident assertions in the contro-
versies over methods and systems in aineulture.
This is not all, but 1 shall sto]) here. You see 1
have wandered; but I have done so because one
thought Buggcsted another.

TU.\.T yUlilON-lSXCLUUING HONEY-ltOAUl).

I am bound to have a (lueen-e.vcluiler of some
kind, find 1 bJ)ieve thiit thu oiio illustrated oi) page

Oi:} is, just the thing. 1 have not been nearly sat-
isfied with any thing of that kind that I have seen
yet, except that one. But the board, as Mr.
Heddon describes it, has the bee-space all on one
side, and is not adapted to the reversible hive.
On p.-ige IW of " Success in Bee Culture," he says:
"The queen-excluding metal works into these one-
half bee - space houe.y - boards admirably; and for
all 1 can see at present wc had better use the metal
when we use quecn-cxcluding honey-boards." Is
Mr. Heddon or any oae else manufacturing such a
honey-board.-'

K.MI'TY IJItOOD-NESTS.

1 do not intend that friend Hutchinson shall
carry this iiroblcm (juite all alone. If my help is of
any advantage he shall have it. I am contident
that his system of hiving swarms upon a limited
number of frames — empty fi-ames at that— with
surplus room above and (lueen-excluders between,
is as near just the thing- as we can get. The sys-
tem llts in every part. Tlieoi-y and my e.vperience,
I take it, both conttrm it. True, many of my bees
will build drone-comb, however 1 may work them;
but this I attribute to their everlasting irrepressi-
bli; disposition to swarm. If I can ever control
that, I think I shall practice that system altogeth-
er. 1— Geo. F. ilouiiiNs, .Ti— 03.

Mechanicsburg, 111., Aug., 18^6.

Friend 11., wv staml reatly to make any
kind of a Iioney - board aiiyl)ody Avanls
—part metal, i)art wood, or" all wood or
all metal, and we will put ;i bee-space on
one side or both sides; but tis the matter
now stands we don't dare to make up
ahead (pieen-exeluding honey-boards of tiiiy
kind, I'or they are changing all the while. I
for one should be very glatl indeed to iind it
were possible to settle down on some deli-
nite iirraiigeinent.

MISLEADING STATEMENTS.

IS IT TltUE, THAT CEIITAIN IIIVES GIVE A liARG-
Ell YIELD OE IIO^fKY THAN OTHER HIVES'!*

^^^ EKOKE me lie.5 a letter from an inventor and
jui su|)ply-de'.iler in which are these words: " The
f^ use of my hives and surplus-cases will give
^^ you more honey th.in you now produce, with
one half the labor;" while further on, in this
same letter, thesa words occur: " My methods will
beat yours two to one." In one of the bee-papers I
noticed it said, not long ago, that more tluDi dmihlc
the honey could be obtained by using certain inven-
tions; and as I consider such statements fallacious,
I desire to explain my position in this nuitter.
While I believe there is little ditference regarding
the labor recjuired in the manipulation of one hive
ab(jve another, where a term of years is taken into
consideration, still it is not from the labor point
that I take exception, but to the greater jn-oduction
of honey. Can it be possible that any man can be
so blinded as to think that a bee-hive of his in-
vention can gather or produce honey? Elislia (ial
lup once said, very truthfully, that, " other things
being cciual, a colony of bees will build as nuieh
comb and ])roluce as much honey in a nail-keg as
in any hive, and they will i)roduce as much honey
in my nail-keg as in yours." From this we see it is
the bees that produce the lumey, not the hive; and
any of the good liivcs now in use that meet all the
reijiiii'LUienls of the bees will give as much honey

700

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

Sept.

as any of the new ones for public I'nvor. Wherein
one hive is better than another is not in the pro-
duction of honey, but in its being- better adapted to
suit the wants of the bee-keeper. liccausc one man
wants 50 pounds of honey in sections on tlie first of
October, witli his bees in a starving condition be-
low, while another man wants '^'> i)ounds of this hon-
ey in sections, and 2") in the brood-chamber, does
not alter the product of the bees in favor of the
first, one particle; yet for a hv^ send-off for certain
hives the first is claimed to produce double the
profit of the' second.

Taking the i)rice of sugar and honey into consid-
eration, together with the labor required to got the
first into condition to winter equal with the second,
there is nota farthing's difference between the two.
Several years ago, when honey was higher in pro-
portion than sugar, the cash income might have
been in favor of the former; but that would not
change the production of honey any. If 1 am cor-
rect in the above, and I believe I am, how can we
afford to throw away all of our old hives and fix-
tures, and invest in these new ones at a higher
price, only to reap the same results except in a dif-
ferent form?

As I was almost if not quite the first one to advo-
cate the contraction system for the production of
comb honey, I wish to say that all 1 claim for it is,
that it gives me the larger part of the white honey
during the height of the season, in the sections, in-
stead of having the same stored in the frames of an
uncontracted hive; while later on, when the honey
is not quite as white and showy, but etjuallygood
for the bees, I get their winter supply in the body
of the hive. To accomplish tills end 1 work some-
what as follows: When a colony swarms it general-
ly has the full comi)lement of frames in the body of
the hive, which, as a rule, are full of brood. To
hive the swarm J sinijily take their friunes of brood
out of the hive, with the few bees which adhere to
them, and put them in an empty hire on a new
stand, Avhen but five frames are i)ut back in the
place of the eight or nine taken out, the rest of the
space being filled up with dummies. The sections
are now put back, and the swarm returned. They
are now left for 2t days, at which time young bees
are hatching very plentifully, when the dummies
are taken out, and frames of empty comb placed in
the center of the hive between the brood for a
threefold purpose— to keep the bees from swarm-
ing again, to give the queen room of a Iresh nature
in the center of the hive, and for a sufficient supply
of honey to winter upon. The brood in the combs
carried away soon give a splendid colony, together
with a (pieen given them, so that they in turn give
a good yield of honey, and also get in good shape
for winter. It Avill be seen that my aim has been to
get all the honey possible in the sections in the
height of the honey season, and, later on, both hon-
ey and bees in the hive for winter. The above plan
may not suit the requirements of any bee-keeper
besides myself, and therein is where lies the differ-
ence of views regarding hives; but I claim that,
aside from this. Other things being equal, there is
not difference cuough between any of the good
hives now in usuto pay for the cost it would involve
to exchange. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. V., Aug., 1886.

Friend I)., while I emphatically agree with
you about misleading statements, jf I un-
clerstajitj jou ponectly 1 can not quite agvt!§

in regard t(j the amount of labor required to
manipulate different hives. Quite a num-
ber of successful bee-keepers of my acquaint-
ance use hives which, it seems to me, are
needlessly complicated ; and I have often
thought they might just as well get just as
much honey with half the labor, if they had
their hives and other tilings arranged more
conveniently; and while 1 do not lielieve in
changing hives very often, 1 think tiiere are
some kinds of hives, even now in use, that
it would be money in the owner's pocket to
burn up ; that is, if he is going to keep bees
and produce honey for, say, four or live
years to come. I would, however, experi-
ment pretty thoroughly on a few hives of the
pattern that seemed to be an improvement,
before going to the big expense of transfer-
ring and changing over the whole apiary.

EXPEKIENCE WITH FOUL BROOD.

FRIEND LONG TELLS US HOAV HE MANAC.i:!) TO
GET RID OF IT.

friE account of trouble at the " Home of the
Honey-Bees," in Gleanings for Aug. 1.
brings to mind the experience I had some
years ago with foul brood among my bees.
It was in 1878 or 79 that this scourge first
appeared. Where it came from, or what its origin
was, I do not know, and can hardly say that I have
any idea. When 1 first found dead brood I sup-
posed it had died from cold, starvation, or some
other cause, and the disease made good progress
in a number of colonics before I was aware of the
danger. Colonies containing queens brought
from other places were especially afl'ected. I re-
member a colony containing a (|ueen purchased of
J. H. Ncllis; one the (lueen of which came from a
breeder in Canada; one having a tested (juecn
from A. I. Boot, were all affected. I do not say
that these colonies alone were affected; there were,
of course, others; but it did seem that the colonies
containing Italian (pieens i)urchased were especial-
ly bad. After becoming coHvinced that I had foul
brood I set about endeavoring to cure it, and put
in practice all information I could get from the
bee-journals, etc. This was during the season of
1880. I fed salicylic acid, sprayed the bees and
combs Avith an atomizer, cut out and buried the
worst parts of the comb, and got the disease
much less, but not eradicated. The spring of 1881
I saw but little of the disease; and it being a good
honey season, by fall it seemed to have entirely
disappeared. 1 congratulated myself that I was
well rid of the scourge. It proved, however, that,
by reason of the remarkable flow of honey we had
dui'ing August, 1881, the disease had been only
covered up; for on examining some hives, Feb. 15,
188;J, I again discovered foul brood in several hives.
It was indeed discouraging, but I did not feel like
giving it up, and accordingly went to work more
thoroughly than ever.

I now tried D. A. Jones' starvation plan. I took
the bees from the combs and put them in the cel-
lar, from 100 to 125 hours; then I gave fdn. in a
new hive, thoroughly scalded all ducks, feeders,
hives, etc.; melted the combs into wax, and boiled
the honey, and by persistent effort was' able to suc-
ceed ill eradicating all ti'ace^ yf the disease. The,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

701

hives, I did not use for a year or more, but have
since made use ot them without any dannigc re-
suiting-.

The spring- of l!^si I found only sex'eral cells in
one colony. I watehed very carefully, Init since
that time have not seen a cell of foul l)rood in any
of my colonies. I have never seen any foul l>rood
in any bees in my neighborhood, and liave trans-
ferred and handled a great nuiny, and consider
myself fortunate that 1 -was able to stamp out the
disease. The loss was considerable; but the ex-
perience gained IS of value, for 1 am satislled that
I itnow and can detect the disease. E. C. Lono.

Williamsville, Erie Co., N. V., Aug-. 12, 1880.

HAS THE HOME OF THE HONEY BEES
KEAL FOUL BROOD;'

ONE OF C.M.IFOHNIA S LAUGK. HON E V-IMIODUCEKS.

flllEND ROOT: — I have just received your
statement about having- foul brood in your
apiary, and 1 feel in duty bound to write you
in regard to it, as I had two colonies last year
affected prccis-^'ly as j'ou described. They be-
gan to dwindle away, having- coml)S pretty well
filled with brood; in a few days I noticeil pin-holes
beginning- to appear, and then I discovered that
nearly all the l)rood was dead. I was alarmed,
thinking- I liad foul brood surely. I kept a close
watch, and soon found that there was no smell from
the combs; and as I had heard of no cases in the
neig-hborhood ] concluded to wait and see the re-
sult, supposing- that, if it Avcre really foul brood, tiie
rest of my colonies would soon contract it; but I
had no more of it. The two colonies gradually
dwindled and died, the combs of l)rood dried up so
that the cells contained only dust, so I concluded
that it was lud foul brood at all, and gave myself no
further an.xicty about it. I kept my beci^ througli
the winter, and sold them in March last prior to go-
ing to California on a short tour of inspection, and
I have not lieard of a single ease cither among
those 1 sold or in Itie neigh Ijorliood anywhere. I
conclude tiiat it could not have been foul liroed,
as 1 did not destroy any hives or coniljs, and 1 have
great hopes that >ou aie not so badly afllieted as
you fear. Could I liave seen jour article as just
published, or one like it, I should have lieen lerii-
bly alarmed. It was only my ignorance that saved
me. You know, " Where ignorance is bliss 'tis folly
to lie wise."

JIU. HARBISON'S AIM.VUV; THE .MAN AVUO HAS 30;!0
COLONIES.

I regret that I did not know that you had a liroth-
er near San Diego, as I would have visited him
while there. 1 spent a week in one of J. S. Harbi-
son's apiaries. It would make you smile to ecc
what he does an<l how he docs it. lie uses the
"IlarlNSon hive" oidy— a large bo,\-shaped hive
with a door in the rear, made of redwood lumber
dressed on the inside only— no iiuint wasted on any
of them, and in the apiary I was in (42.'j), a large per-
centage of the hives were corkeil up with rags to
prevent roljbing. I was there in AprM. IJces were
brooding up, preiiaratory t(J swarming. Mr. Har-
bison told the employees )if»f to be careful in ma-
nipulating to keep from killing bees. "Mash them
in shutting the door, even if a quart were liilled in
each hive," he said; they would lie "all the better
Xor it." Thi/i spyfld.ed very strangely to nastprn

ears, as I have always lelt it to be cruel as well as
wasteful to kill bees at any time, more especially in
the spring. Mr. Harbison told me that he takes no
bee-papers, uses no comb foundation, no extractor,
nor bellows smoker; his smoker is a large sheet-
iron bo.\ iti which he bui-ns chips, bark, or blocks of
wood. He uses bits of emi)ty comb for starters
stuck on with stiff glue. With all this method he
has accumulated a good deal of wealth, so I was in-
formed. He told mo that he had 3100 hives with
bees in them. He is oliliged to keep his apiaries
out in the mountain gorges, remote from thi^ fruit-
raising interests, as the bees damage the fruit in
the drying season.

Mr. Heddon and some one else have said lately
that they know of nobody who ships lioney in
crates as the lices store if. Every one in California
who uses the Harbison hive and case ships in pre-
cisely that way. J. W. M.vitr.uAVE.

Hiawatha, Kan., Aug. 1, 1F8(5.

Thank you, friend M.; but I am i)ietty
sure we liave had at least one form of real
foul brood. In our case the smell was very
plainly perceptible in every hive that wa's
affected ; and as pieces of comb havinji foul
brood have been many times sent us by mail,
1 recognized the smell at once. Since our
last report it has broken out, or commencetl
to break out, in several colonies in the vicin-
ity of those lirst affected. The 6ef,s, liowev-
er, from those Ib'st affected are now rearing^
healthy brood, and are doing nicely, so we
feel conlident we shall succeed in killing it
out.— I suppose that, in Mr. Harbison's api-
ary— that is, in his climate, bees are counted
of no value ; but even if such is the case, it
seems sad to think of killing them need-
lessly.

A FEW KIND WORDS FROM ONE OF
THE OTHER SEX.

!H)W TO KEEl' HONEY EltOM CANDVINO.

HAVE been sitting quiet for a long time, list-
ening to the ideas which the brother and
sister bee-keepers ha\-e advanced, iind enjoy-
ed very much reading the talks about bees in
(lEE.VNiNCJs. Not only about ladies as bee-
keepers, but many other things .-'bout bees, that I
found to be very interesting. Especially do 1 en-
joy reading Our Homes. 1 think those pieces have
done me good, and 1 have received new light. My
husband has taken (Jeeaninos over tliree years,
and truly we would not know what to do without
it. We have kejU a few swarms of bees for several
years, and 1 do love to watch them gather the hon-
ey, and work so l)usily. Sometimes 1 feel like tell-
ing them, after they liave laid up a good share for
themselves, to gather ^ome forme. I like to help
take care of them.

Wo shall fry to winter about fifty swarms. H'
they live through the winter there will be work
enough to do in the spring, and I shall endeavor to
leave my work so I can help take care of the bees.
Now, sisters, do not l)c discouraged, but work
among the bees if you enjoy it. 1 think one of
God's greatest blessings is the beautiful sunshine
and good i)ure air; and if we are able to lie out-
doors we may enjoy this blessing. 1 think we can
liave better health by leaving our work and cares
ill the Uoutn, and work outdoori awhile. And sure-

70-2

GLEANII^GS IN I3P:E CULTURE.

Sept.

ly g-oofl health helps to make yood dispositions and
happy homes. I thhik something- as Mrs. A. does
about these daughters who sit in tiie parlor with
folded hands, or jierhaps employed with a little
Iciney-work. Help mother do up the Avork, and
then she ean iind time to sit down as woU as j'oii,
or perhaps she ean leax'e her work and wateli the
bees. It will do lier good, and you too; for do we
not receive a blessing in doing- good to others, and
trying- to make them hapjiy? Go about thy Mas-
ter's business; find something- to do. It may not
be in the kitchen, it may not be among- the bees;
but God has something- lor each one of us to do.
He is calling- thee; arise, and g-o forth, trusting- in
his word.

IIUW TO PUT UP EXTUACTED HONEY.

After reading- friend Tweed's experiments with
candied honey, on page 017, 1 must tell how 1- put
up honey to have it keep. My way is pretty much
the same as the one laid down iu the ABC book.
Sometimes I use bottles, but 1 prefer cans. When I
use bottles I have the corks tig-ht, and i)aste on
paper over the cork, letting- it come down over the
bottle i)retty avcH. I get my honey hot, but think
it is better not to boil it. I have kept honey in
this way from one to two years. I have put up
honey in this way for over ten years, and I never
fail to have good luck. Now as to the kind of hon-
ey; I did not know that it made any difference. I
have put up several kinds. Last year I put up
linden and I do not see why that was not as nice as
the other. Perhaps there way be, but I have never
put up any but that kept all right. 1 am inclined
to think it is more the way it is put up than in the
honey. Mas. Jennie M.Johnson.

Rex ford's Flats, N. Y., Aug. U, ISSG.

AN INTERESTING LETTER FROM AN
ABC SCHOLAR.

A REMINISCENCE FKOM ONE WHO IS ACCUSTOMED
TO HOLD THE EDITOKIAL, HELM.

§OME men i)refer to become somewhat ac(iuaint-
cd before I'eceiving an introduction; but I
shall proceed to introduce myself to your
many readers without further formality; and
after T g-et through the ceremony they will be
surprised to learn that so bright a light has been
concealed under so small a bushel for so long a time
without being- discovered.

Some men were born great; others were born in
Ohio, and to the latter class I belong. Nearly forty-
five years ago I began to make trouble in this world
by being born in a log cabin, situated in the town-
ship of Hanover, Ashland County. At the age of
ten years my home was transferred to the broad
prairies of Illinois. I have made repeated visits to
the old farm, and of that particular locality the
poet expresses my feelings in the following lines:
I love thy rocks and rills.
Thy woods and tenii'led hills.
Y'es, indeed, I shall ever cherish the place of my
birth, and hold in sacred remembrance the hardy
pioneers who made that wilderness to become pro-
ductive, and a desirable place of residence. In
fact, I sometimes feel as if I could adopt the lan-
guage of the Habylonian captives when they ex-
pressed their deep longings to be released from
bondage and return to their beloved Zion.

Was my father a beekeeper? Of course, he was.
Ani X a bee-kecpcr'i' Of course, I am. There, now,

you have the secret at last, and can judge at once
what has constrained me to pen you these lines.
Uox hives were quite fashionable forty years ago,
with variations in style and size. My father made
a cupboard-shaped hive and put a swarm into it.
The colony clustered in one corner, built lots of
combs, but never swarmed, and never stored more
honey than they seemed to need for housekeeping.
Coming- to Illinois he adopted the new system, took
Gleanings, and ordered one of the first extractors
of you ever introduced into this community.

In the course of time I caught the idea tliat I
could keep bees; but having a wholesome dread of
stings 1 delayed the attempt till some Ave or six
years ago. I then bought a colony in a chaff hive,
and have wintered a swarm in it successfully ever
since. The first season 1 attempted to secure comb
honey without putting- starters in the sections, 1
failed of course. I learned better, and now I be-
lieve I can run a small apiary as well as the next
man. But it re(4uircs study, experience, patience,
diligence, and a perfect knowledge of the charac-
ter, strength, and condition of every colonj', as well
as the nature of the season. I studied your A B C
book morning, noon, and night; I read all the bee-
literature I could get hold of, and I made personal
tests of ncai-ly every feature connected with the
art of bee-keeping. I became infatuated with my
bees— as much so as I was Avith telegraphy while ac-
quiring a knowledge of that mysterious mode of
communication; and even at this day, when the
novelty of tlie occupation has worn off, I am thor-
oughly imi)reg-nated with enthusiasm during the
honey season.

I keep l)ees simply for exercise, recreation, and—
honey. This season I i)ut in my best licks on a
small scale. I had IT •olonies; worked them for all
they were worth, and realized my most sanguine
e.xpcctatious in comb and extracted honey. Besides
my own, 1 took care of the bees of a neighbor who
can not be at home; and between the two I was
kept more than busy during the swarming season;
for, perhaps, in the middle of a "heavy" editorial
the little boy would rush into the sanctum with
the pleasing announcement, " Bees are swarming!"

Having ac(iuired the art of beekeeping and hon-
cy-i-aising, I am now engaged in working up a mar-
ket for the necttir, and am succeeding quite well.
In the first place, I advertise "judieiouslj'." But,
what is "judicious advertising- "■:r' some one may
ask. Well, in my ease it means to advertise in mij
paper. For bee-keepers, as a general rule, it may
mean to advertise in Gleanings; and so you see
every publisher of an advertising- medium might
feel inclined to define the meaning- of that phrase
so as to take in his own i)aper.

He who with bees would thrive
Will either bust or advertise.

Having advertised, results will follow in due sea-
son. Then give good weight and a i^urc article.
Strange it is, tliatso much prejudice exists against
honey. One customer said she wanted none made
of sugar; another would buy only one section be-
cause it might sour. It may require some time to
disabuse the people of these erroneous notions, but
I generally succeed after one fair trial.

I Aveary your patience and croAvd your si)ace Avith
what may interest nobody, therefore I bid you God-
speed in your endeavors to benefit mankind by
sweetening- their lives physically and spiritually.

NaperviUe, ll}., Aug. 6, im. D. B. Givler,

1886

GLliiANiNGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

703

Friend (r., liciv is our editorial liand.
Long may you prospi'r wilii tlu^ bees and
witii tiic editoiial pen. I always iVlt as if it
were a pretty ^ood tliinj? to be lioru in Oliio,
but 1 did not exactly understand why till
you made it so plain. I have sometimes
wondered if anybody else knew exactly how
it sort o' twists one when he is suddenly in-
terrupted in the midst of something grand
for humanity, by the announcement, " The
bees are swarming," •' There ain't any pota-
toes for dinner." or that the baby had fallen
down stairs. If the editor is a Christian
(and all editors ought to be, especially if
they are born in Ohio), lie mnst look pleas-
ant, stop his editorial, and take the chances
of being able to " catch on " where he left
off when he gets the bees, potatoes, ami
baby righted. 1 am sure you are a Chris-
tian, friend G., or you would imt love those
lines about the "rocks and rills," as you
seem to. Let us hear from you again.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

WHEN THEHE IS AN ABUNDANCE OF HONEY IN

THE l'IEI.D.>^, WHY IS IT THAT MY liKK.S

WON'T WORK ?

fRlEND ROOT: -Can yon tell me why my lices
do not work more than they do? I often g-o
ont and stand by the hives (I liave two), and
I can't see a bee come ont in five niinntes,
even on a nice day.- They are hybrids and
Italians, and I think the liybrids are the sauciest
ones I ever saw. I g-et stung- three or fonr times
every day at one hive. Roth colonies have good
laying- qneens. T have one colony with G brood-
frames in it, and one wide frame with sections,
but they haven't .'> lbs. of honey in their whole
hive to-day. They have made a little buckwheat
honey, and a very little. There is about .'>() acres
in blossom within a mile of me, and about .'5 acres
on the farm T live on, within .500 yards of my bees;
yet they do not seem to do much, while my neigh-
bors' blacks are gathering- a fine lot. I have my
bees standing- under two large maple-trees; do you
think tliey have too much shade? The sun does
not shine on the hives except from sunrise till
8 o'clock A. M., and from 4 o'clock till 7 i'. m. They
stand within }^ of a mile from a lake that is a
mile long and ',4 mile wide. Do you thinli they are
too near the water, and shall I lose many of them in
it, if T should start an apiary here?
Monticello, N. V., Aug. Ill, 188C. P. Somervu.i.e.
It wotdd seem that your hives are not very
full of bees, if you c;in lind a period so long
as live minutes witliont any bees coming
out or going in. A good strong colony in
the middle of tlie day should have a dozen
or two of bees constantly around the en-
trance, and more or less passing out aiul in
every second.— We are well aware that buck-
wheat does not alwaysyield ])oney,altliough
it seems as if lifty acres ought to set them
booming. 1 do not think you can have a
better place for them tlian in the shade of
maple-trees. I do not think the lake lias
much to do with it, unless it is in such a di-
rection from the apiary that the prevailing

winds are most of the time blowing from
the apiary toward the lake.

stimj the honey-deav.

For the last four or five weeks there has been a
continual flow of honey-dew, there having been no
rain during- that time in this part of the country.
We did not hax'e time this sj)ring- to i^rovide hives
enough for our bees, and have upper stories on
only a few of them, therefore we are obliged to
extract from the brood-chamber to prevent swarm-
ing, and it takes only a week or so for the bees to
have every thing full of the black stuff. Tliere
are .i good many flowers in bloom which 1 thiulc
contain a good bit of honey, but the bees seem to
think honey-dew is the only thing- worth gather-
ing; but for my part I wish they would bring in
something else, as I do not like it very well. Will
this honey-dew get, any better when fully ripened,
and what ought it to bring, compared with white-
elover honey? Wo fear we shall have some
ti-ouble in getting rid of it, as it is our first year
that we have had any honey to sell, and shall liave
to estatilish a market for it, which I fear will be no
snuxll job with such black stuff. However, I have
heard some folks say they liked it very well.
Please let me know how it compares in value with
other honey.

luiCKBUsri honey.

Have you ever seen any pure l)uckbush honey?
If you have not I think I can send you some anoth-
er year, unless the lioney-dew rules it out as it
has this .year. We had some last year; and al-
though it was quite darlc I thought the (piality
very fine. We have a profusion of buckbush in
this section, and I consider it a valuable honey-
plant, as it comes at a season when very much
needed hero. S. E. Mii.t.eh.

Rlulfton, Mo., .Tuly 31, 18K0.

Honey-dew is improved by being fully ri-
pened in the combs, like all other honey;
that is, pr<ividiiig it is thin and watery when
gathered. In regard to the price, 1 do not
know wliat it will bring— much depends on
the quality. I would otter it at about one-
half tlie price of good honey. We have con-
siderable of the buckbush in the garden, and
the bees work i)riskly on it every morning,
and have for several weeks; but we have
never been able to test the quality of the
honey.

WHY won't the bees ACCEPT A QUEEN?

I have two hives of bees, both swarms from the
same hive, and neither of them will Iceep a queen.
One of them { have given seven queens, and the
other six; they will raise a (jueen, or keep one un-
til she is about to lay, and then ball and kill her.
There is no fei-lile worker, as there is no brood ex-
cept what 1 give them. Thes' are both strong in
l)ees unil honey, but they luivcr no drones; but
there is iil('nt>- in olher hives. T keep them with
l)lenty of bi-ood. Can you give any reason for
such actions? Do you think if I would give them a
laying-queen it wouldanswer? RfCHAun Kdmund.

(irand Crossing, Cook Co., 111., Aug. Hi, IHSti.

Friend K., the conduct of the two hives
yon mention is very unusmil. I would by
all means try introducing ;i tested (pieen.
Our i-cmedy has been to give a colony plenty
of brood and bees from another hive — that
is, enough l)ee3 to induce the stubborn bees
to behave.

704

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

SEi"r.

CAN SECTION HONEY BE KEPT FOR ANY LENGTH
OK TIME?

Can section box honey be kept any leng-th of time?
I have a nurnbei" of 1-lb. sections that I should like
to kee)i fill winter, as they do not command a very
ready sale now. Mus. E. Gaines.

Milliken's Bend, La., Aug. 10, 1886.

You can keep section honey from now un-
til Christmas, or even hiter, witliout any
trouble at all, and without any apparent de-
terioration. As a rule, however, after it gets
to be one year old or moi-e it has to be sold at
a reduced profit. The only conditions requir-
ed in keeping it is to have it where it will
not become damp, or get frozen. Of course,
freezing does not, of itself, hurt the honey.
When comb Jioney becomes very cold, and
warmer air passes over it, moisture is liable
to condense on the surface of the honey.
This sometimes dissolves a portion of the
honey and then it becomes sour. JJesides,
comb honey is liable to candy when kept a
year or more, and this, as a matter of course,
injures the sale of it more or less.

PLANT-LOUSE NECTAR.

My bees arc at work on pond lilies, on the leaves,
not on the flowers, and it does not make g-ood hon-
ey—at least I do not call it so. I have had quite a
nnmber taste of it, and have found only one who
liked it. The leaves arc covered with lilack lice;
and when the lice are the thickest, the bees seem to
work the most. The leaves seem to sparkle like
honey-drops after it is dried down. Where does it
come from? Do the lice nnike it, or what is it? It
is black, and muddy; you will sny so when you get
the sample; but it does not look so black when ex-
tracted as it does in the comb.

My bees are at work on the hickories some, but
not so much as on the pond lilies. Thei-e are white
lice on the hickories, and the honey is ligrhter than
I'rom pond lilies— at least I think the black is i'rom
the pond lilies, for the bees are at work on them
more, and I am getting- more black honey. The
honey which I think comes from the hickories is
clear and thick, but it is darker than white clover.
I can not extract the light to get a good sample,
for I have not got enough of it, so I will send a
sample of the black, and will send a pond-lily leaf
and the hickory. I should like to know whether
the lice on the hickory are thcisame as the ones
that made so much trouble a year or two ago.
This is my first experience with that kind of honey,
and I hope it will be the last. A. O. Quick.

Leoni, Mich., July 19, 188C.

Prof. Cook replies :

Dear Mr. EdUm-:— This is certainly plant-louse
nectar. The pond lilies are thickly beset with black
aphides, and the hickory leaves with green ones.
The leaves also are thickly co\ered with the cast
skins of the plant lice. That this nectar from
plant lice is always pleasant and wholesome, as 1
had thought previous to a year ago, is far from
the fact. I am now inclined to the opinion that,
when unmixed with honey, it is often bitter and
unwholesome. I am sure that, in some cases, I
have tasted of a pure article which seemed quite
palatable, and to my taste.

You remember what quantities came on the
plants from Oregon a year ago. That was very
pleasant. I have found the same true of nectar

from the elm, cock's comb, gall-louse, and the
larch-louse.

Mr. Editor, you have here a good reason to
doubt again. .Just think how wonderful for these
lice to Vie on pond lilies. How did the colony get to
this island home to establish itself? Did the little
Lilliput take a swim? and if so, where was the com-
pass to guide him to the desired spot? Again,
does the louse work on the upper surface, exposed
to the scorching sun, or beneath, to be washed and
rinsed and doused at the mercy of the waves? It
is the last place we should expect to be pre-empted
by a plant-louse; biU if to the liking of his louseship,
it is certainly a good and safe place.

A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., July 2:5, 1880.

nOOLTTTLE'S WAY OF MAKING NUCLEI.

As it is ditticultto start nuclei early in the sea-
son, 1 again tried the plan, and in several cases
it worked well; but! soon found, as Ernest says,
that the old bees in some cases return. I do not
believe a safer way could be found to introduce a
queen; but in one case after releasing them, the
queen, a purchased one, took wing, and the bees
began to return; and as they were taken from two
hives they were killed when returning to thi^ one,
and in the other hive they balled a flue queen and
killed her; and then the new queen, not having
marked her location well, and it being quite windy,
entered another liive, and was also balled. It is
safer to release the bees directly on the frames
instead of at the entrance, and should also be
taken as far as possible from the hive they were
taken from. When » plenty of young bees are
hatching, 1 don't think it worth while to bother
with the plan. Christian Weckesser.

Marshal I ville, O., Aug. ;J, 1886.

a IIO.MK-MADK SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOIt ; ANOTHER
WAY TO MAKK THE REFLECTOR.

I see Prof. Cook is going to try to improve 3-our
solar wax-extractor, if he can. 1 have an improve-
ment which is ditferent from any I have yet read of.
I made my box by nailing a bottom-board on an up-
per story of a hive, to make the box close. I made
a frame to fit on top loosely, about three inches
deep. 1 cut a groove in both upper and lower sur-
faces to I'eceive a pane of glass in each side. I got
two panes of glass cut to <n-der to fit this frame, for
.3.5 cts. On top of this double-glass frame for a re-
flector I made a large hopper, the lower part to fit
on top of the glass frame closely all round the edge,
and not touching the glass. The sides of this hop-
per are U'o inches wide all round; bottom, inside
measurement, 1C^19?4; top, inside measurement,
30X4314 inches; corners beveled to fit. This gives a
good slope to all the sides for reflection. I painted
the inside a thick white coat; and if you think the
inside of that box doesn't get hot on a sunshiny
day, you would acknowledge it did if you were to
put your hand inside. 1 arranged some cleats in
the box to support a large circular tin pan to hold
the wax to be molted. The pan, which is slanted at
the lower edge, has the edge pressed down to form
a spout. Underneath this spout I place a half-gal-
lon tin vessel to catch the wax. I have several
times filled this vessel during the middle of the day
when the sun was hottest. The only fault I find
with it is that my box isn't large enough square. I
do not have enough square inches, yet it does ad-
mirably for small meltings. W^e have so little sun-

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

705

shine here in Louisiana lliat I tUin'l know how many
pounds it could melt inathiy. If Prol. (\iolv will
make a hopiier retlector iuivin^' tlie sides wide
enoiijjli, and pitched a proiier slope, and ])ainted
white, I think he will be iilile to concentrate a high
degree of heat within the box. 1 have to handle
iny pan with a cloth to keep Ironi burning- my fin-
gers. C. M. HiGCINS.
Hahnville, La., Aug-. :?, 1880.

IS THEliE ANV SUIiSTITUTK FO\l OlfAPEVlNKS AS
SIIAIIK?

Would you be so kind as to tell nie ii' there is any
shrub or vine besides the fj-rapevine that will shade
the hive, and be f(nag'e lor the bees? Where could
I obtain seed or plants, anil about what cost?

.1. H. S. Ckonk.

liLirsersvillo, Ont., Can., .Tuly 31, l!-'80.

Fi'ieiul Cronk, llioic, ure many plants and
vines that will answer abnnt as well as
grapevines. We iiret'er }i;rap(wines beeause
they are permanent, and also handsomer
tlian any other i)lant that we know of. be-
sides the fruit they bear. Siinllowers, lima
beans, tomatoes trained on trellises, and a
good many other plants, are used under cer-
tain circumstances.

some Carniolan queens with bronze-colored abdo-
minal rings thftt T havc^ not seen in any other race:
there are others raised from the same mother, that
1 could not distinguish froiTi flue Italian queens,
and still others 1 could not distinguish from our
"black" queens. I believe I can not be deceived
about a colony of Carniolan wotkevK—l &m sure I
can not. S. W. Morrison, M. D.

().\ford, Pa., Aug. 3,1880.

l"ASW:NlNn SECTIONS TOOKTIIKU WITH A TWISTED
ST KING.

Bees are doing exceeibngly well. I have never
seen so good a honey season. 1 have been trying
friend Doolitlle's plan of i)ntting queen-cells in a
tunnel shaped wire cage, .ind it is a success. I
have alstj been cutting my sections, to let the bees
through evei-y section without going back into the
brood-chamber; but I don't know yet the result.
Can you lell me how to fasteii sections close to-
gether so as to stay V 1 have been puzzled a good
deal; but 1 will tell you how I did it. 1 use 31 sec-
tions on a rack. I set Tina row, and take a strong
manilirt siring and tie around to hold the glass in,
then take a small stick and twist the string as
tight as it will bear, and fasten it; and when the
3 rows are completed I set them on a rack and
twist a string around the whole and press them to-
gether. This keeps them very close together, but
it is too much work. K. S. Hanson.

La Otto, Noble Co., Ind., July 5, 188fi.
Your plan of tying up sections with a
stout string, to hold glass and all together,
is quite old. and 1 believe the objection to it
is usually about like youi's. See the plans
for cases and crntes in our own price list and
the price lists of other dealers in supplies
as well.

DISTINGUISHING DIFFERENT RACES OF QUEENS.

Referring to your eonclusion on page tiU, thati
can not alwa\ s distinguis'h the ditlerence in appear-
ance between Carniolan quteiis and hybiids, I ad-
mitit; and, further, 1 can't always distinguish be-
tween Carniolan (uncns and Italian queens. Fur-
thermore, you know y(ju can not alwaya distinguish
between Italian queens and our common black
queens. The fact that some imported Italianqueens
are darker and meaner looking than same black
queens has certainly long ago been established be-
yond question; and if it has not, I should like to
have the pleasure of putting some specimens in
your hands, to decide by ((ppcacrKice.s. There are

won't ACCEPT A QUEEN, BUT BUILD QUEEN-CELLS.

I found a colony that T can not get to accept a
queen. I caged an Italian queen in their hive in a
Peet cage, and they refused to accept her all the
time. They ball her every time she gets out, and 1
have her to cage again. They build so many
queen-cells that T got tired of cutting them oiU.
The second day after I had queened them I found
03 (jueen-cells on one frame of fdn. There were tit
on one side, and a good many on the other
frames that I didn't count. These were blacks, but 1
don't think your Holy-Land, Cyprians, or any other
kind, can beat them building cells. C. F. Grubb.

Ilridge, Davidson Co., N. C, .July 1, 18t0.

Sometimes a colony of bees seem deter-
minetl to rear a queen of their own, instead
of accepting one. In that case we generally
humor them ; that is, we often conclude that
we shall get along about as fast to let them
do it in their own way.

A MACHINE FOR CLEANING PROPOLIS OR AVAX
FROM THE TOP-BARS OF FRAMES.

I send you a rough model of a scraper to clean
Avax and propolis from frames without removing
them from the hive. The handle is T inches long,
and the edge I'i inches long. I took a piece of a
saw-blade for the edge and made the pocket of tin.
about three inches deep; it will hold all there will
be on almost any hive. From 7(1 hives T got enough
to make wax enough to pay for two or three
scrapers. If the frames are all wood they will be
firm enough to scrape without holding; but if they
have metal corners they will have to be held with
one hand. If you think this is worth giving to the
public, they are welcome to it. John Woolsey.

Bedford, N. Y., July 33, 1886.

I will explain to our readers, that the mod-
el referred to is a piece of tin, bent in such a
way as to make a sort of pocket. The wood-
en handle refeired to is set into the pocket,
and fasteneil by means of wire nails from
each side. When you draw it over the top-
bar of a frame, the wax and propolis roll up
and go into the pocket so as to amount to
quite a saving of time. The question now
arises, Do we want our top-bars scraped off
clean ':' Many bee-keepers, and friend Doo-
little among the rest, say they do not want
the top-bars scraped otf — at least friend 1).
said so some years ag<i when he paid us a
visit. If left on, it gives the bees a passage
over the tojts of the frames ; and while there
is a honey-yield it will be tilled in almost at
once, even "if scraped off. Of course, these
remarks apply to hives where a cloth or en-
amel sheet is used oxi'V the frame. With
honey-boards like Jleddoirs and others' I
believe the top-bars are kept clean ; and if
the honey-board is kept down in place, prob-
ably no accumulations are found on the
top-bars.

700

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

WHV IS SO TjArge a percentaoe of my queens

NOT PEUTII>IZEb ?

Can you toll me why I lose so many queens at
about the time they oujaiit to become I'ertileV Out
of !t'i njiitnrcntly good virg'in (jucens, in full colonies
luul nuclei, all from swarming cells, onl.\- 31 be-
came fertile; all the rest disapjieared at about the
time I expected them to begin to lay. Is this not
an unusually large percentage of loss, or is it so
with every queen-breedcry I thought for some
time the trouble was in the wrong arrangement of
my hives; but it seems not to be the only cause.
I have my hives in rows, Vi foot apart one way,
and ;5!-2 ft. the other way, so arranged that they
"break joints." My hives are large chair hives,
each of which has a 2-frame nucleus iu the upper
story. This gives nie many more nucleus hives
than I need, so I use only every fourth or flCth.
This, I thought, would prevent the young queens
from entering the wrong hive; but the result was,
that in some nuclei four queens were fertilized,
while in others just as many virgins were lost.
With full colonies I have about the same trouble.
JuMiis .Touannsen.

Port Clinton, Ottawa Co., ()., Aug., ISSli.

Friend J., your hives are loo near each
other, and too much alilce. See ^\hat I say
in the A B C boolc about the importance of
liaving tliem placed toward tlie different
points of the compass, even wlien they are 7
feet from center to center. Try one nucletts
off by itself for a few days somewhere, and
see if you do not get better results ; and an-
other time and another season you may have
good residts just whert^ yon are; but I
should say that ^i feet is'niucli too close.
The bee-keeper who has well-made, nicely
painted hives, is more apt to have trouble in
this respect tlian one who lias his Ijees scat-
tered about in hives of all sorts and sizes,
because, in the former case, eacli hive look;->
exactly like its neighbor.

RENOVATING FOUIi-BUOODV HIVES.

Having lost all my bees by foul brood, I melted
up and boiled all the honey and wa.x, and such
fi.xtures as would go into a wash-boiler. My hives
being too large, I took a length of 18-incli smoke-
stack, set it on end over a grating of iron scraps,
scooping the dirt away on one side, for a draft. I
then built a fire in it and set one of my hives,
bottom up, on top of the piiip, protecting' the
edges of the hive by a strip of sheet iron laid under
them on each side. I regulated the draft by open-
ing and closing it with bits of sod. In a few min-
utes the hot spioke was i-ssuing from every crevice,
and the melted propolis dripping down all aroiuid.
Some of the hives took fire inside. I threw them
right side up on to the ground, and dropped a little
water on to the bottom-board, when the hive would
instantly till with steam, and smother the llames.
The bees do not seem to dislike tlie charred wood
to live in, and I have found no trace oC foul brood
among them yet. I got (5 three-frame nuclei from
the South about May 15, from which I now have fl
good strong colonies, some of them storing honej'
in bo.xos.

IIONEY-DEW.

We are having our first experience here with
honey-dew. About two weeks ago it appeai-ed on
balm-of-Gilead, elm, and burr-oak trees, which
dripped so as to smear the sidewalks in places.

Now the black oaks arc covered with it. I find the
leaves have a great many little green plant-lice on
or under them. I thought I would tell you how,
with a few cents and three or four hours' work, I
made a machine for ]icrforating frames for
wires — capacitj' 2G0 strips per hour, but conclude
for this time. Geo. H. Patch.

Stevens Point, Wis., .luly 19, 1880.

Thank you, friend Patch, for your descrip-
tion of tlie way you renovated your foul-
brood hives. Jii Our Own Apiary for this
i.ssue you will see tiial we employed a sim-
ilar plan, only we used steam.

A NEW USE FOR THE SMOKER.

The Williams folks desire rae to thank you hearti-
ly for the smokers, and so do I. Now I have the job
of reading the " DoseolTruth " to them. Although
I have always held smoking to be wrong, and chew-
ing too, 1 never saw such reasons advanced as 1 find
in your pamphlet. I think it should be more gen-
erally distributed. The \\'illiamses have found a
new use for their sinokci-; and Ivad I been aware of
it two months sooner I would have ordered a thou-
sand or so. I know ] could have sold that iiuin>-.
Let me explain: This is .a great mosquito country,
especially now in the rainy season. Although net-
ting and cheese-cloth bars are in use, they are
warm and disagreeable to sleep under. Now, a few
rags in the smoker, a few minutes Lel'ore rctii'ing,
set on fire, and the smoke well puffed in all corners,
causes the moscjuito to leave foi- that night. Such is
also my experience, and I would not now bo without
a smoker for its cost for a single night.

Fort Ogden, Fla., .July 20, 1880. F. Schindei..

THE PROGENY OF MISMATED QUEENS.

1 have a dollar queen, one year old, bought of
Wm. Car.v. All I bought of hitn with the exception
of this one are ver.^■ nice queens. Her bees are
about one tliird black, to all appenrances, even the
old ones, temper not excepted. Ono-tliird have two
bands, and the other thir«l are very finely marketl
Italians. This is something new to me, ami I should
like to know if it is vei-y common, and also how it
can be so. .')— 11. P. Lanopon, ;;n— .'',0.

East Constable, N. V., Aug. ;5, 18S0.

It is not unusual for mismated Italian
queens to produce bees variously marked,
from real black bees to three-banded Ital-
ians. As a geiu'ral thing, however, a pine
queen mated with a black drone will pro-
duce one and two banded hybrids.

IJEE-lvEEPING in UTAH.

I am doing what I can in a modest, feeble way,
to advance the interests of the bee-business in this
village of over 2000 inhabitants. There are at pres-
ent over 200 colonics of bees here in the keeping of
7 different persons, besides 07 colonies of my own,
which are getting too large a number for one little
old man in one location to handle. I have there-
fore laid the foundation of another apiary, located
very high up in the mountains, designing thus to
lessen my labors here at homo. This new location
is in the midst of a little world of wild blossoms;
one succeeding another the whole summer, from
the moment the snow is off the ground in spring
until frost cuts down all in the fall. Indeed, I have
seen blossoms fully defined and develo])ed, but
closely folded, lift their heads throughout the fast-
melting snows of spring, and in a minute or two

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

101

would appear, while I j'Ct stood wondering at the
thing' of lite, a beautiful and complete wild blossom
standing- just in the edge of snow. From these
wild blossoms bees gather large stoi-es of honey,
some of whieh I will send by mail in a small bottle.
This honey was deposited in old combs carried from
here in the winter, wherein were some grains of old
honey, a few of which you can see in the bottle, so
it is not entirely wild lioney, but enough so that it
shows the peculiar llavor which I wish you to taste
and examine; and, if you have no objections, g-ive
me your ojjinion as to its salaijie rjualities among'
those well used to choice honey. T'erliui)S what is
pleasant to us is not pleasant to others afar off,
reared in a difl'erent climate.

o. IV Huntington.
Springvillo. TTtah, .July 30, 1S8().

Friend J I., tlie thivor is certainly pecaliur,
and to me it is very pleasant indeed. I
should think llie hoiiey would command a
^ood price just on account of this tlavor.
Tile same, or sometliing (ptite similar, has
been submitted to me once before. If yon
will send ns, say. a cmple of the plants, we
will have onr botanist name it.

A CARD FKOM H. CHAPMAN.

Mr. KdU(ir:—lt lias not been my purpose to say or
write much about or otter anj* seed of my honey-
plant for sale until after the report of the. commit-
tee appointed by the Noitli-American Bee-Keepers'
Association to e.vamiiie and determine its value as
a honey-plant. The conmiitteo met at my place
July ~8th (all but Mr. Manuni. of Vermont, who was
prevented by unforeseen circumstances). The com-
mittee present were A. I. Hoot, of Medina, Ohio;
L. C. Root, of Mohawk, N. Y.. and N. W. McLain, of
Aurora, 111. They will make their repoit as a com-
mittee at the next annual meeting- of the Associa-
tion, to be held at Indianapolis, Ind., Oct. l^ith, ]3lh,
and 14th. But since the meeting- of the committee
at my place, members of it have written so favora-
bly of the plant in the bee-journals "that I have re-
ceived a large number of letters of inquiry, requ'i'"
iug- so much of my time to answer that I deem it
proper, through the bee-journals, to say, T have no
seed but the present season's growth, which will
not be ready to send otit until about the ;^Jth of
October next. I purpose to advertise in the bee-jour-
nals after the report of committee at Indianapolis.
Seed will be sold in half-ounce, ounce, two-ounce,
and four-ounce packag-es. The price will be deter-
mined after the report of the committee. All de-
siring seed are referred to my advertisements,
which may be found in all the leading bee-journals
in America, after the report of the committee at
Indianapolis. H. Chapman.

Versailles. Catt. Co., N. Y., Aug-., 1880,

HATTLESNAKES AN UNEMV TO BEES.

Dear Broiler;— The bee-moths got into the weak
swarm T had, and they are aboiit used up. 1 have
just put the old combs in t4ie solar extractor, and
now have a nice cake of wa.x. In lifting the hive to
move it, the bottom-board stuck to the hive and I
found a big rattlesnake coiled up under the hive.
The sudden daylight surprised him, and he sur-
prised mi: too; but I recovered myself first, and
killed him. I have taken off lUO lbs. of comb honey
from my two hives, and the bees are working- yet.

THE SIMPLICITY SECTION IN CALIF'ORNIA.

I took 74 sections into town. Harbison honey is

selling- at .') cts. per lb. One of the leading honey-
buyers offered me 7'/4 cts., and said if mine had
been whiter he would give me more. One objection
is, that on or near the coast the honey is darker
than further back. The style of your section is
the first they ever saw. Even Mr. Harbison thought
they wore nice. lam g-oing to hold it for a higher
price.

There was a swarm of bees went over the barn to-
day. I thought it was too late for them, or I would
have had out some more decoy hives. M. S. Root.

San Diego, Cat, Aug. !t, 1880.

JJrother iSIarsh, excuse me for thinking
that it was the rattlesnake instead of the
moths that injured your weak swarm. We
liave had several reports of snakes getting
under bee-hives and catching the honey-
laden bees as they came in, until the swarm
was too much depleted to take care of itself.
Yevy likely the moths would come in as a
consequence. No wonder you were a sur-
prised lot of you. — I am glad to hear that
you are beginning to make modern bee cul-
ture " go "' a little; but I am greatly sur-
prised to know that so large a city as San
J)iego shoidd be unacquainted with the one-
pound Simplicity section. — I should think it
would pay to save absconding swarms in
any montli of the year in your mild climate.

A SOI.au WAX-E.\TKACT0R for A NICKEL.

I think I must describe my wax-e.xtractor. it
works to perfection, and is cheap. It is taken from
your 5 cent counter— a tin wssh-basin. Punch the
bottom full of 'a-i'ich holes; set it in top of a stone-
ware butter-jar, and put a glass on top. Throw in
the wax scraps. A wooden frame around the glass
would keep it from sliding- ofi' or breaking easily,
but it is not necessary. T also have a wooden cover
to the jar, with a beveled hf)le in the top, which al-
lows the extractor to be tipped toward the sun.

James Evans.

Schaghticoke, N. Y.. Aug. 24, 1880.

Very good, friend E.; but it seems to me
that your stone jar and pane of glass ought
to count something in footing up the expense
of the apparatus. Wouldn't one of our 1-5-
cent strainers answer better than the wash-
basin V They aie about the size of the basin,
with an opening at the bottom, covered with
brass strainer cloth. The polished sides of
tlie basin would help to retlect the sun.

CARBor-ic acid.
In Ihe British BeeJonrwd for Aug. ll', 188G,
we tind tlie following :

1 have just made my first experiment with car-
bolic acid, in order to remove a super, and have
been any thing but successful. I made a square
cage of iron giiu/.e, inserted in it pieces of sponge
saturated with the acid, and placed it inside my
Bingham smoker, then i)roceeded to dri\e the
fumes into the super, at the loj), but it produced
not the slighlcst etfect so far as I could see, for the
bees rushed out as fast as they could from between
the sections: and when, after" waiting a short time,
I removed the super, my hands, though perfumed
with Calvert's No. h. received more stings than they
have enjoyed for a long time. I had on a veil, or I
should hardly have been able to see to write this.
T am greatly disappointed, as I had looked forward
to getting i-id of the trouble of the smoker, with the
inconvenience of its frequent extinction.

J. COVE Jones, Loxlcy, WarwUk.

This accords very well with Mrs. Chad-

7(J8

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

dock's experience in a late issue. May be,
however, tliat both of the above parties have
failed to comply with all the conditions re-
quired. We liave ordered one of the smo-
kers frrm the inventor, and will report
promptly as soon as it arrives. AV^e are in-
formed that it is now on the way.

ItOW MUCH SHOUI.D BE FED A COLONY DAILY
DURING A DIIOUGHT?

Bees were held back by a droug'ht of some CO
dai's. But three very heavy rains have turned the
tables. Does it pay to feed continuously straig'ht
through such a drought? If so, how much per
day, per colony, etc.? W. M. Bombehgeb.

Harlan, Iowa, Aug. 3, 1880.

Friend 13., I think it does pay to feed con-
tinuously right through a drought, especial-
ly if you wish to increase the number of
your stocks. I do not know how you are to
give a definite quantity of bee-feed daily, so
much depends on the strength of the colony,
and they almost always get more or less
from the fields. The thickness of the syrup
has also something to do with it. I would
suggest a teacupful a day of syrup contain-
ing about twice as much water as ordinary
honey ; that is, if I used honey for feeding
I woidd dilute it first with an e(]ual quanti-
ty of water, especially if I wi.slied to pro-
rhote brood-re:iring.

^EP0R3F^ ENC0a^^6I]\[6.

A GOOD yield ; are bees apt to die in

WINTER AFTER A HEAVY HONEY-FLOW?

STARTED with four colonies of bees this
spring, and from three frame hives I have
taken 350 lbs. of coml) honey, and they have
33 sections more, nearly filled, apiece. My box-
hive has filled only two boxes, about 30 lbs.
This has been a wonderful season for bees here.
I went according to your instructions in the ABC
book, and kept mj' bees at work by lifting up the
bottom and driving them in and giving them
more room whenever they began to hang out; and
the consequence is, that I got a good deal of honey
and only two new swarms; but*lf I can sell my
honey for what it is worth I will buy bees by the
pound in the spring. Honey is selling for ViM cts.
lor comb, and 8 cts. for extracted. Evei'y one's
bees have done well, especially those in frame
hives. I took LfiO \b3. from one hive (hybrids), and
still they are at work. There is a great deal of
buckwheat sown this year, and we expect quite
a little honey from that. Last year was so wet
that bees did scarcely any rhing except to gather
pollen and i-aise bees; and there was such a rank
growth of heart'sease and late honey-producing
flowers that the average loss during the winter
was about 1 in 30. Now I wish to ask you if next
winter will not be pretty hard on bees on account
of the great amount of work they arc doing this
summer? and what shall we do to make our colo-
nies strong for winter? I have an idea that, when
there is a great flow of honey, bees do not raise so
manj' young, and that those that remain in the
hive during winter are more or less exhausted

from field work, and would die before spi'ing, and
leave the colony so weak that it would die.

L. w. Rich.
Lamont, Buchanan Co., la., July 37, 1880.

Friend It., I do not think bees are more
apt to die after a heavy fiow of honey, but,
rather, to the contrary. The Italians will,
however, fill their combs to such an extent
as to prevent brood-rearing where room is
not given them in which to store their sur-
plus honey. But bee-keepers nowadays are
seldom known to neglect giving the bees
storage room when honey is coming.

i?7.00 CLEAN CASH FOR A SINGLE CRATE OF
HONEY.

I have kept bees for quite a number of years,
and never saw a movable-frame hive until last
spring, and then I made it myself. Mr. E. H. Cook,
of Andover, Conn, (of course, you have heard of
him. for he has sent you a good many orders for
goods, and a tiptoi) upright honest man too), sent
me the dimensions for making the L. hive, and
then I bought two tested queens from him, and
had him come and transfer my blacks into the
movable frame hives for me. I find I can get
some good honey now which I never could do in
the common bo.v hive; and, furthermore, I never
sold a pound of honey before I had my bees
transferred; but now I can sell all the box honey
my bees can make. There was a merchant who
came to my house last Tuesday to buy some honey
of me, and I took a section case off from one of my
hi^es, and ho gave me $7.00 in clean cash for it.
That was 35 cts. per pound for it, and he wanted all
I had to spare this season at the same price.

L. I. Waldo.

Merrow, Tolland Co., Conn., .Inly 30, 1886.

350 LBS. OF HONEY FROM ONE COLONY.

Bees have done well up to date, but I think the
honey season is over. Best yield from one swarm,
extracted honey, to date, 3.50 lbs. Samuel Lister.

Newton, Iowa. July 13, 1886.

^EP0i^5^g Di?c©aR^6iN6.

JUST rULLING THROUCH.

^^t EES arc just pulling' through. I shall have to

pig feed sugar to winter them, if they don't do

"^^1 [tetter. 1 am out nearly $100 this year; and

-*^ if I had to look to the bees for it, I never

could nuU^e a start in the way of paying ray

debts. But, thank the Lord, I have more than bees

to look lo. A. L. Light.

Groveland, Ark., Aug., 1880.

LESS THAN 100 LBS. FROM 30 COLONIES.

The honey crop amounts to nothing with me this
seasoiL Out of twenty colonics, spring count, 1
got less than 100 lbs. of honey, and I shall have to
feed several liundrcd pounds of sugar for winter.
I now have 39 colonies in a thriving condition, and
am not a bit discouraged. L. H. Robey.

Worthington, W. Va., Aug. i, 1880.

A poor season IN ENGLAND.

This has been a vei-y bad season for business,
as June was so very cold. C. N. Abbott.

Fairlawn, Middlesex Co., Eng., July 31, 1886.

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

70!)

BEES NOT WORKING ON BASSWOOD.

fp^ HE honey season has been a good one here,
^ but is just about closing, owing to dry
> weather. I have three basswood-trees in
my yard; but this year tlie bees paid them
very little attention. This surprised mo
some, as the trees were never fuller of bloom.
Woodstock, 1 II., Aug. 2, 1886. A. W. Cumins.

tllAPMAN HONEV-I'IiANT.

Chapman hoiiey-plimt lasted only from July 20 to
Aug. 10. Kocky-Mountain bee-i)lant is still in liloom,
and will be till frost. A. .1. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Aug. 17, 188fi.

now TO KIM. CANAI),\ THLSTLES.

The easiest way to kill Canada thistles is to cut
them low in the ground, and pour about a gill of
coal oil on the stump. This treatment has succeeil-
ed well in Northern Indiaiui, where the seeds are
brought by cars from Canadian railroads.

Vincennes, Ind., July 17, 1886. E. IJuuke.

A COKKECTION.

In Aug. 1 Gr.EANiNGS, p.630, 1 was surpi-ised to see
in my article, 6th line, " Cast skins of spiders;" it
should be "Cast skins of aphides." This showed
that lice had been there. J like the solar wa.v-o.\-
traetor voy much. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Aug. 4, 1880.

TWO QUEENS IN A CEI.I..

I send you by this mail a curiosity. A queen-cell
I had put into a nucleus liid not hatch; and on
opening it 1 found two full-grown queens. Was
this ever known before? What made them die?

Bristol, Vt., July 4, 1886. E. O. Tuttle.

[I think we have had reports before of two queens
in a cell. Probabl.y they died because there was not
sufficient nutriment or sufficient room for both of
them.]

SHALTj WE SUPEIiSEDE QUEENS WHEN THEV AKE
THREE VEARS OLD?

I have a nice queen that will be three years old in
August. I have been advised to supersede her on
account of her age. Shall I do it? S. K. Fuson.

Kockville, Ind., July 12, 1886.

[Friend F., I would supersede any queen that did
uot keep lier brood-nest full, no matter what her
age ; and 1 would keep any queen that did keep her
brood-nest full, no matter what /ice age; that is, I
would not destroy any queen because she happen-
ed to be so many years old. Make her work, rather
than her aqe, decide the matter.]

BLACKS WOliKING ON RED Cr.OVER.

I have seen the blacks working on red clover as
thick, seemingly, as the Italians. There was lots of
buckwheat in blossom too. Are the Syrians, Holy-
Lands, and Palestines all the same race of liees, f)r
are they all different races? White clover and bass-
wood were injured liy the dry weather a good deal
here; basswood lasted only al)out tlve daj's.

Cr..\RKNCE W. Ron I).

Jackson, Mich., Aug. 16, 18S6.

[Friend Bond, the Syrians, Holy-Lands, and Pal-
estines are so nearly alike that we might as well
call them one and the same thing, although the
bees from certain localities give nuich better re-
sults than those from other localities.]

SEPARATORS NOT A PREVENTIVE TO QUEENS LAV-
ING IN THE SUPERS.

I have a number of times found brood in sections

where separators were used, so nearly as often as
when they were uot, that I have about decided that
separators or no separators makes but little ditier-
ence. This matter of brood in sections has become
such a nuisance to me that I am going to use queen-
excluders pretty generally. Geo. F. Bobbins.
Mechanicsburg, 111., Aug., 1886.

00^ 0WN ^Pi^i^Y.

AN IMPROVEMENT IN CHAFF-HIVE COVERS.

LTST after the honey-fiow we have always been
annoyed by a few stray robbers tugging at
the ventilators of the chatl'-hive covers. At
such times there are a few bees which seem
to persist in minding every one's else business
but their own; and whenever a hive-cover is raised
they will dart down into the hive. Situated as we
have been with foul brood in our apiary, a few such
bees could do a vast amount of harm. Passing
through the a])iary one day I felt i)articularly vex-
ed to see a lot of these shiny-backed fellows trying
to jjass through the ventilator-holes to the chaff
hives. It is true these holes were covered with
wire cloth on the inside; but why should those bees
try to get through it? I then i-emembered that bees
will feed each other through wire cloth. It was evi-
dent, that the inmates of the chafT hives were feed-
ing the robbers on the outside through tlie wire
cloth, otherwise the little lovers of ill-gotten gains
would have gone home. I accordingly instructed
the apiarist to tack wire cloth on the ()?(^si((e of all
the chaff-hive ventilatoi-lioles in the apiary. This
would make -'a of an inch space in each ventilator,
between the strips of wire cloth. When the chaff-
hive covers had been so fl.xed, the result was very
satisfactory; for not a robber would bother himself
with those ventilators; in fact, we have wondered
why we had not done it Ijefore. Try it, brother bee-
keepers, and note the results.

We are sometimes annoyed by bees getting under
the covers of Simplicity hives; and it has occurred
to me. Would not this ti'ouble be aggravated if the
union of the cover and body were made by simply
a plain \inbeveled edge? The beveled edge of the
Simplicity will permit of considerable warping of
both body and cover, and yet not permit any rob-
bers to get into the hive. Where plain edges meet
it has seemed to me that a very slight degree of
warping would start robbers. I nuiy be mistaken.
Perhaps some <ine can infoi-m me to the contrary
(M- otherwise. The jilaiu edge possesses some very
important features, I am well aware; but I will not
take time to mention them here.

THE SIMPSON HONEV-PI.ANT.

Whatever may be said in praise of the Chapman
honey-plant, it would be hard to e.vcel the Simpson
in many respects. The bees have been i-oaring on
our patch from morning till night ever since the
fon^ part of July. If .\()u should stan<l at the end of
one of the rows you might see hundreds— yes, thou-
sands—of bees Hitting around the little cup-shaped
blossoms. Is there any sweeter sound to the bee-
keeper than the happy hum of his little servants?
How different from the roar when bees are robbing!
When I take visitors down to see our carp-pond I
always take special pleasure in showing them our
patch of Simpson honey-plants. The Chapman
honey-plant may yield more honej' in a short space

710

GLEAN tNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

^epT.

(if time; but as the Simpson honey-plant continues
yielding' for two or three months, the aggregate
amount of nectar secreted by the latter might equal
that of the former. T have thought some of cover-
ing a wholo Simpson plant with mosquito netting,
and allowing it to remain for two or three days. At
the expiration of the time, would the cups be run-
ning over'!' 1 would have tried the ex]ieriment, l)ut
our plants are from (i to 10 feet high, and it would
be a rather difficult matter to completely cover the
plant, branching out as it docs like an evergreen.
It just occurs to me to put one of our folding tents
over a small plant. Well, I will tell you the results
next time.

BEES WORKING ON BUCKWHEAT.

Three weeks ago we planted about three acres of
buckwheat; and to-day, Aug. 27, it is in blossom,
and the bees are working on it at a pretty good
rate. I noticed the same happy roar, of which I
spoke a moment ago. About 10 a. m., on account of
the large number of colonies in this locality, the
bees stop work and commence early the next morn-
ing.

POLLEN AND MUDDY WATER.

Pollen-gathering continues the whole day. This,
together with the buckwheat in the morning, keeps
the bees in our apiary just now out of mischief.
Yesterday, the 26th, about 2 p. m. I noticed the bees
going in great droves south of the apiary. I was
not certain whether they were working on the corn
or getting water from the creek running ^bout 200
yards from the apiary. Starting in the direction
the bees were tlying, I found that they were sipping
at the muddy water in the creek, in large numbers.
No doubt the large amount of pollen being gather-
ed necessitated a good supply of water. As we
have been obliged to discontinue the sale of queens
since the first appearance of foul brood, we have
none but laying queens. The conseiiucnce is, that
brood-rearing is being carried on more extensively
than ever before. It is, therefore, nothing strange
that the traffic in pollen and muddy water is brisk.

UNITING so AS TO MAKE THE BEES STAY IN THEIR
NEW LOCATION.

In the evening, when the ])ees are all in the hive,
we unite the two in the ordinary way. At the time
we do this we reserve a frame of unsealed brood,
and place it back in the hive whence it came. This
is done to catch a good many of the old bees, which
will be sure to return to their old location. Said
bees and the frame of bi-ood are allowed to remain

m

in their old home from 24 to 48 hours, during which
time the new order of things, together with the loss
of their queen, seems to disconcert them and puts
them in a condition to accept any circumstances
whatever. Af the expiration of a day or so this
frame of brood and bees are put back in the colony
in the evening where they were first placed. We
And in practice that this second returning is pretty
sure to make all the bees staj', though sometimes
perhaps a dozen old worn-out fellows (not much use)
are so wedded to their old home as to go back. again
even then.

When uniting into chaff hives we find it quite an
advantage to put all the bees of the new colony on
combs in the upper story, just above the colonj'
already occupying the hive. The brood is placed be-
low in the body of the hive. It will then be a couple
of days before the bees in the upper story will go be-
low. When they do they will be more apt to stay
in their new location. The returning bees are then
caught as before.

HOW WE DISINFECT CHAFF HIVES BY STEAM.

Shortly after foul brood broke out among our
bees we had about a dozen chaff hives which had
contained diseased colonies. These wore set in a
row, conveniently located to a steam - pipe. In
the evening 1 donned an old apron belonging to one
oC the saw-room hands, and proceeded to business.
Having attached about ten feet of rubber hose
to the aforesaid pijie I shoved the hose through one
of the ventilators of one of the hives. The hive-
cover was thus permitted to fit tight, and the only
exit for the steam was at the c.xtrancc — the steam
passing from the top of the hive to the bottom.
With a boiler pressure of .'iO lbs., I let each hive in
turn roar and steam from 1.") to 20 minutes. In oi>c
instance I approached a hive immediately after
thus steaming, and raised the cover, being a"lettle"
curious to see how hot it was inside. When the
scalding vapor puft'ed into my face and on my
hands, I didn't say any thing— no, not so much as
"ouch;" but that cover went right back on to the
hive, and that right speedily too. I then concluded
if the germs of foul brood (if there were any in the
hive) were submitted to such a dose as this for 15
whole minutes that they ought to die; if not,
they were exceedingly tough. At any rate, if boil-
ing water will kill the disease, I am moi-ally cer-
tain thexe hives were disinfected. However, as we
have tried to follow the policy of not running any
pofinihlc risks, we shall not put bees in these hives in
our home apiarj*. We propose to use them in an
apiary which we intend to locate next year awa.v
from home, where we will run more especially for
honey. If these hives should give the disease there
among a few colonics, no very great damage can
be done.

FOUL Bt^OOD UP TO DATE, AUG. 31.

In spite of us, as stated in another column, a few
moi-e cases have developed. However, when the
apiarj' was last gone through, only one diseased
colony was found, and that was in the very early
stages. Ernest.

Gleakihcs in Bee Culture,

Publlshi'd Senile MontUtij.

J$^. I- ^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clulsti&e Batse, Ses First Fags of Eeidin^ Matter.

If ye abide in me. and iny words abide in you. ye shall ask
what ye will, and it ^haU be done unto you.— John 15: 7.

We have to-day, Aug. 31, ."iSST subscribers — a gain
of 73 over last month. Many thanks, friends, for
your kind support. _-__^_

A year of gleanings FOR 1.') CENTS.

Although we have sold a good many, we still
have a large stock of bound volumes of Glean-
ings for 1876, of which we told you about on page
595. We will dispose of them for 15 cts. each, or 25
cts. by mail postpaid.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

711

FOUli BKOOl), ANI) ONE OK THE DIFFICULTIES IN
GETTING HID OF IT.

On page 700 of this issue, Iriciid Long' tells us that
a good flow of honey may cover up the honey
in the hives containing- foul - brood germs, so
that it will disappear lor some time. When this
new honey is eonsuined, however, so that they jrct
down to the old honey in the bottom of the cells,
foul brood makes its appearance ag-ain. Now, with
such a state of affairs I can hardly understand how
phenol or any thing- else can reach the whole of the
trouble. Throwing the honey out of the combs and
scalding it, then making the bees clean up such
combs and consume the honey before they com-
mence brood-rearing again, might do it; but is it
not about as cheap, all things considered, to destroy
all combs with their contents, when it is known pos-
itively that foul brood is in the hive?

MK. THOMAS HOltN.

We are sorry to be obliged to saj', that, up to date,
Mr. Horn has done nothing toward making his
promises good; and, so far as we can learn at jn-cs-
ent, nothing can be recovered from him by legal
means. A few of the friends have seemed to think
we ought to hold ourselves responsible because we
admitted him into the advertising columns of our
journal. Inasmuch as he was responsible, and was
so spoken of by his bankers at the time we received
his advertisement, we do not feel called upon to
make these losses good. Where a man fails by mis-
fortune, or even by deliberate plan, it is <iuite a
different matter from one who gets into the adver-
tising pages of a reliable journal by the carelessness
of its proprietors, and thus victimizes its readers.
In the case of Mr. Horn, it seems to us that we
took all reasonable precaution to find out about
him before we received his advertisement: and let
it be I'emembered, that he did business squarely
and honorably for a good many months.

ITALIAN BEES IN IOWA.

60c to .s.")c per lb. Queens, 30c to $1.75, according
to kind and time. Also bee-supplies and honey. Or-
der from free circular. " How to Kal>»e Comb
Honey," an illustrated pamphlet, just out, price
5 cents. Address OLIVER FOSTER,

13tfdb Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

100 Simplicity chaff hives, good as new, all painted
white; about 1.50O combs (nearly all worker), 100
chaff pillows; 100 surplus hives; 100 division-boards,
40 of which are feeders; 100 " Hill's device;" honey-
tank holding 1100 lbs., lined with tin; extractor; 100
enameleil cloths; 40 colonies of bees, with stores
enough for winter. Will sell the whole, delivered
on board of cars, for pM); cost me $800.
17d R. W. KEENE, Croppers, Shelby Co., Ky.

4 H.-P. ENGINE FOR SALE.

A Jiiirf/ttin for thv nitin irlio i.s in nf<<l of ii
fii-Nf-ChisM I'^U'fiiir initl JSoilcr.

This is one of IJ. W. Payne & icon's Eureka en-
gines, the same that we advertise in our catalogue.
It has run 3 months since it was new; has had a 10-
foot galvanized-iron smoke-stack added, and is in
perfect running order. The man who is holding it
had to put in a larger one to meet the denninds of
his trade. The price of a new engine and boiler
complete, no stack, is :8;:i75.00 ; but to make a (juick
sale we will sell this one with the stack for S335.00,
free on board cars at Higginsville, Mo.

A. I, HOOT, Meuin.v, Ojiio,

STORE-KEEPERS, LOOK HERE !

"HANDY" POSTER HOLDER. Tokps the place of facks,
paste, aiul )iin>. liy mail, 1 |. ail-, 5e. :i pr., 10e. ; 5pi-.,15c.

"ACME PAPER HOLDER; t.. In- put up „n the ..utside
of the liouse, foi the uewshdv te slip the clailv iut.. to keep it,
froui hll^wiu!.' aw.av; i.ii the inside, tn hold the last paper until
you can net il reaii throufih i h.dds any sTiiall aitiele, as towel,
handkereliief, pamphlet, iiiaKaziue, almanae, ete.i; in a law-
.yei-'s olhee, to lodd deeils, ahsli-aets, envelopes, letters, papers
(dall kinds, ete.; in all kinds of mill and store oftiees, to hold
any small Hat artii'le; and en the inside of the gate, to hold the
mail the neii.'-hhor hnnns from the iiostoffice. Made of a coil
of salvauized sprinR-steel wire, (iet one and try it. By mail,
10c, ; two, 15c.; tive, 25c., twelve. 50c. Send for terms to
agents. Address N. E. JOHNSON, MEDINA, O.

GERMAN CARP FOR SALE.

SPAWNERS AND SPRING HATCH.

Correspondence Solicited. Address 17-lHd

DR. S. E. ADAMS, Spring Hill Park, Peoria, III.

350 acres good table land, i4 cleared and in a good
state of cultivation; the rest tolerably well timber-
ed; finely situated forstoek, fruit, or grain farming:
an abundance of fruit and good spring water; good
house with 9 rooms, garret and cellar, a large barn,
and other necessary buildings. Price $7000.

Also 500 acres adjoining the above, .50 acres clear-
ed, a log house and stable, some fruit, 200 acres of
mountain land; the rest nice for farming. Price
8^3000. Either farm will divide well, and is a good
site for an apiar.y. For particulars address
17-31db H. J. STREBV, Paw Paw, W. Va,

PATENT

Foundation

Mills ig'^ll

W.e.PELHAM

MAYSV1LLE,KY.

:OR CHEAP BEES, see my ad't in July 1 No., p. 526
17d H. M. MOVER, Hill Church, Berks Co., Pa.

BARGAINS IN SMOKERS.

50 new 3-inch King Smokers, latest style, bf st
niaterial!«; former price, $1.50; will be sold for
only $1.00 each. Guaranteed perleot. Send
before they are all gone. A. J. KIIN(>i,

17tfdb 51 Barclay St., New York.

Headquarters in the SouthT

FACTORY OF BEE-HIVES, ETC.
EARLY NUCLEI, ITALIAN QUEENS.

17tfd P. Ii. VIAIiliON, Jfayou Goiila, La.

xrr^ip Gi a T "IT " ' 'I'wo - story sim-

r V^JtV *3.t»^.l^-^" plicit.v hives of mixed
bees, coiiijilete, for partl.v comb and extracted hon-
ey. Combs built most l.y on fdn. in metal-cornered
wired frames; honey-house 1(5 by 24, new, and 10
acres of land. Also one acre of land as building-lot.
Price *600. 171iid AUG. LEYVRAZ, Francis, Fla.

DISSOLUTION NOTICE.

Notice is hereby given, that the partnersliip here-
tofore existing between E, M. Ivenned.y and R. 15.
Leahy, manufacturers of and dealers in apiarian
supplies, has been this da.v, l)y mutual consent, dis-
solved, E. M. Kennedy retiring. All liabilities of
the tirm are i)ayable by R. B. Leahy, an<l all bills
due the tlrni are payable to R. B. Leahy, who now
owns and controls the business.

ELI M. KENNEDY,
R.B.LEAHY,

IliggiliSVilJe, ?!o., Aug. 25, J8«ti.

712

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any of the following departments, at a uniform
price of 30 cents each insertion, or $3.00 per annum,
when g-iven once a month, or $t.UU per j'car if given
in ever}/ issue.

$1.00 Queens.

A'ctHics inncrtal ill tliitidcpartnu nl llic first lime with
out charyc. After, 20c each insation, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below ag'rce to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions: Nog-uarantee is to lie assumed of purity,
or anything- of the kind, only that the queen be reai'-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had cornmeiieed
to lay when they were shipped. They also agrree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatient of such delay as may be unavoidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sends the bestqueiMis,
put up most neatly and most securely, will i)rol)ably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on a|>|ilieati()n to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imiiorted
queen-mother. If the (jueeu arrixcs flead, notit.N' us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for .¥1.00 l)eforc July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., I'a. Itf
*Paul L. Viallon, Ba.you Goula, La. ];jtfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. i;5tfd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. lltfd

*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Aia. ];Jtfd

*E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. lltfd
Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp. Co., N.(,'.

13tfd
*Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

lltfd Bar., La.
J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jeff. Par.,

« New Orleans, La. 3tfd

*E. Burke, Vincennes, Kno.K f!o.. Ind. ;i-l

S. M. Darrah, Chenoa, McLean Co., 111. 7-17d

S. H. Hutcliinson & Son, Claremont, Siirrv Co.,

7-lVd Va.
*N. E. Cottrell, linrdiek. Porter Co., Ind. 7-17d

C. C Vaughn, ('olumbi:i, 'I'enn. l.'itfd
*J. W. Kceran, S. E. cor. Mason and Mouiton St.,

Bloomiiigton, 111. l-'itld

D. A. McCord, Oxford. lUitler Co.. O. !)-l!»d
.1. B. Hains. Bedford. Cuyahoga Co., O. I.5tfd
C. P. Bish, Petrol ia, Pa. 15 1!)

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.
A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. 1.5tfd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-3.'!

R. B. Leahy, Higginsville, Laf. Co.,*Mo. I.5tfd

E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., Ia. 1.5tfd

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

Read what J. I. Pakent, of
Ch\ki.ton, N. Y., says — "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter .50 chatf
hi\ es with 7 inch cap, 100 honey
lacks, .500 broad frames, 3,000
honey-boxes and a great deal of
I other work. This winter we
have double the amount of bee
1 hi\ es, etc., to make and we e.v-
I pect to do it all with this Saw.
I will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List Fi-ee. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, 68 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.
3:Jtfd

DADAHT'S FOUNDATION TACTOEY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. Sttbd

CARNIOLAN

QUEENS & BEES A SPECIALTY.

Send for Descriptive Price List and Circidar.
9tfd H. F. SHANNON, Clarkit^burg,

(Formerly of Spring Hill.) Decatur <Jo., Ind.

BEE-HIVES,

One-piece Sections, Section Cases. Frames &c.,

OK Sri'EHIOK W()UKMAN.SUI1*, KIIUM

&»IVXX'r2EZ C&5 C3rOOXDE;XjiIj,

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL.
3tfd Sentl for Price LiM.

MY 18TH ANNUAL PRICE LIST OF ITALIAN,
CVPRTAN, and HOLY-LAND BEES. QUEENS,
NUCLEUS COLONIKS, and APIARIAN SUPPLIES,
sent to all who send me their name and address.
10 lltfd H. II. BROUN, Liiild Street, (\,l. Co., Pa.

farm: of 57 ACRES,

AND APIARY OF OVER 100 COLONIES

IStfdb OEO. A. WBIQHT, OLENWOOD, SUStt. CO., PA.

•^•J<- QUEENS.

1 have them, bred from a best selected queen of
Root's importation, '.til ets. each; tJ I'or 8^4. -50. I can
give all ^orders immediate attention, and ship by
return mail. Send i)ostal for dozen rates.
lOtfdb B. T. BLKASDAIiK,

596 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.

I will sell full swarms of
Italian bees during this month
for $5.00 each; two for *9.00,
or live or more at one order
at $4.00 each. They arc in new 10 frame L. Sim-
plicity hives, and in good winter shape, ready to
ship by return express; good covers and bottom-
boards go with the hives. Safe arrival .guaranteed.
Send money by registered letter.

Address ITI. R. NICHOLS,

15tldb Weavers tloriiers, lliirun Co., O.

SURE

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR (886,

Before purchasing your Bee-Snp-
l>lie!>i. Cash paid for Beeswax. Ttfdb

A. B. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.

MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

TIN BUCKETSil, BEK-IIIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, Ac-., Ac.
PKKFECTION COLW- BLAST SMOKEBS.

FOR SALE.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH &SON,

Cl NCI .\N.\TI,0.

P. S.— Send lO-cent stamp for "Practical Hints to
Bee-Keei)ers." Itfdb

PURE ITALIAN

Untested riueen, $1.00; two or more, 75 cts. each.
Tested queens, fli.OO each. Full colonies, in Sim-
plicity hive, with tested queen, from $4.00 to $10.00.
Three-frame nuclei, with untested queens, $3.00;
with tested, $3.00. For July, August, September,
and October, address or call on

Residence, {.ittlc Muskingum. ^^^'^ • -^^ *^0^^'
16d Mavietta, Wash. Co., 0,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

71 f

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Have received the 500 sections all right. 1 never
saw a nicer lot. G. W. Can fort.

Bloomingburg-. N. Y., July Ifi, 1880.

The groods came in A 1 condition, and ])lcasc nie
very much. 1 can hardly imajrine how I ^"-(jt along
without the wheelliarrow; while the same scale
which you sent costs here $3 more.

Verd'ugo, Cal., June 37, 188ti. G. B. Wooduuuy.

PLEASING.

Please, sir, would you please to be so kind as to
please to send me a lioiieu-Jumblc l)y mail, if j-oii
please ? C. C. Mii-i-eh.

Marengo, McHenry Co., 111., June 33, 1886.

OUR liEVKUSlNO DKVICE PLEASES.

T now have about 300 pairs ot your reversibh;
wires in use and like them xery much. 1 send oi--
der for another W) i)airs. Lewis P. BilI/Inus.

Bloomington, 111.. July 31, 1886.

Thiink you for sending .ioui-nals so promptly,
though not prepaid. Vour faith in men's honesty
must embrace all mankind, and reach right around
the world. J. Wood.

Ohaui)o, Auckland, N. Z., May 19, 1886.

The goods came all in good shape. Everything
gives so gpod satisfaction 1 can not praise any one
thing in in'efcrence to the others, unless it be the
carpenter's level lor 50 cts., which is a thing of
beauty indeed for so small a sum of money.

G. E. Hutchinson.

Kogersvllle, Mich., July 3!l, 1886.

Allow me to thank Earnest for the work he is do-
ing in GJjEANinos, and ask him to continue to toll
lis about "Our Own Apiary." ] believe now that
the best bees in the world are jiure Italians, and
that we shall have to continue to import them from
Italy to keep them the best. W. W. Wilson.

Puerta Principe, Cuba, July 9, 1886.

" foundation just boss."
The queen came to hand in good shape 1 intro-
duced her at once, and she is now laying. The
Peet cage is just the thing. That foundation I got
of you is just "boss." I am well pleased.
Troy, W. Va., June 36, 1886. Pekuy Hansford.

novf those glass honey-pails suit.

1 am so well pleased with the little honey-pails,
that my wife says she must have some more, as
they are so nice to use for jelly as well as honey.
The last goods received of you came on time, and
in excellent shape. Geo. F. Brondige.

Holly, Oakland Co., Mich., July 3, 1886.

that imported queen.

Thanks for your promptness in sending me the
imported queen. The order was sent June 34, and
the queen was received on the evening of the 36th.
I introduced Iversuocessfully; and on Monday morn-
ing, at the first examination, I found her not in the
least bashful, but settled right down to business. I
now have cells under way for queens.

Ashley, O., July 1, 1886. Elias Cole.

KIND WORDS OF SYMPATHY FROM HAYIIURST.

Dear B/0. JRoot;— Gleanings for Aug. 1st is just
received. I regret very greatly to learn from it of
the trouble in your apiary; it most certainly is a
great calamity. I have no doubt, however, that
you will soon clean np your yard. Your manly
courage in applying the heroic treatment is to be
especially admired. E. M. H.vyhurst.

Kansas City, Mo., Aug. 3. 1886.

those chaff hives.

The ten chaff hives that you shipped me July 3!)lh
are received, and 1 have them nailed up and jjaint-
ed one coat, and 1 can say truthfully that it was as
nice a lot of material as I ever had the pleasure of
nailing together. I should like to have as many
more, but will have to get along with what I have,
as my honey-crop was rather short— only about
800 lbs. from 35 hives, spring count; increased to
31. P, J. Spencer,

Hartford, Ohio, Aug. 9, 1886,

1 received the basket of smokers, saws, mandrel,
and files, in good order. I am very much pleased
with them. The saws run very easily and work
nicely. Almon Tower.

Lincoln, Neb., June 31, 1886.

THOSE NICE sections WE MAKE.

Those were the nicest sections you sent me that I
ever saw. It puzzles me to know how you cut
them so smooth. The Simplicities take the lead as
far as 1 have seen. My bees arc doing splendidly
this season. I wintered 31) stands in Simplicity
hives, outdoors, without the loss of one, which I
thought good luck, not good management, for they
had it all their own way. W. M. Wilson.

Huron, Kansas.

HOW OUR VEILS ARE GIVING SATISFACTION.

Brussels netting is the best, for the meshes are
nearly round, hence arc not so injurious to the
sight, and it is t.ut very little obstruction tJ) the
sight. 1 have hui't my eyes by using the common
veiling. I think you should call special attention
to itiu one of your editorial notes; and if there is
anything yet still better, let us have it. at almost
any price, and 1 think you would be doing service
to the afflicted, and save many from affliction.

E. B. Morgan.

Cleveland, Lucas Co., la., July 8, 1886.

1 saw on the wrapper of my last (;le.\nin(!s, that
my subscription has expired, and also wished to
know whethc^r it gave satisfaction or not; and in
reply 1 can say with a truth that I heartily indorse
it, and also the manner you do buisness, so far as I
am ac(iuainted with it. I Ivave dealt with you for
the past three years, more or less, and in every
transaction you gave entire satisfaction. I am one
of Delos Staples' subjects to the tune of one dollar,
but I don't ask you to pay me for his rascality.

G. W. Cketors.

Cutler, Carroll Co., Ind., June 38, 1886.

1 received my last copy of Gleanings last week,
with a wrapi)er as usual, with extra ])rinting on
the outside, stating that my subscription expired
this month. That is correct. Many thanks for
your promptness in thus notifying us; and I must
say that 1 for one have been privileged for one
whole year to read a journal so full of interesting
and useful instruction, and so free from slang and
corruption. I am 43 years old, and this is my third
year with bees. I love to work among them.

Levi Hildeijkand.

Hancock, Pottawattamie Co., la., June 26, 1886.

HOW to make the queen lay drone-eggs.

The queen you sent me came in good shape, and
is a good layer; l:)ut she would not lay me any
drone-eggs, so 1 put black brood in her hive until
she thought (I think) she would have to swarm,
and then she commenced laying in drone-cells;
then 1 took the black brood away from her. I keep
her colony rather light in numbers, for I do not
wish her to swarm. I was pleased with my 15-
cent vise. It was just what I wanted.

Mineral Point, Mo., June 38, 1886. O. F. Beal.

HOW good it is.

I received the ABC book all right. It iS a beau-
tiful book, inside and out. After I have read and
studied it 1 will say how good it is. I am just a be-
ginner in beekeeping. When I understand better
what 1 want I shall need many of yom- implenienis
in bee culture. I started with one colony this last
spring. The 1st of June a swarm came out and
clustered in two pla(^(>s. We had ])i()\ided only one
extra hive, so we hi\ed the small bunch in a nail-
keg and the large bunch in the hive. The <)ueen
was with the small bunch. The others went tiack,
and in two days came out again. I rehived them,
and they went to work. Then 1 thought 1 need not
watch for a time. So next day, out came another
largo swarm. 1 then resorted to another nail-keg.
Too bad, isn't if:' 1 could not gel any hives made
sooner than now, and they will cost $3.50 each.
White clover began to ai)pear in this section three
years ago, and now some pastures are white with it.

Flora K. Smith.

Griswold, Cass Co., la., July 8, 1886.

714

gleani:n^gs in bee cultuee.

Sept.

PONEY C^MMN.

CITY MARKETS.

St. Lduis,— //iDiri/. — Uoiii'y ludvcs i-ptnarkahly
slow. Clujicc whiti' cloxcr honvy. in .«f'i!liuiis, I tb..
salable at 10c. I>ul lioidin;;- for 'll(rfti:J. as tosi/,('<it'
lots. Good fair comb, in irregular (lacUag't'.s. H:?/i9u.
B.vtractert, white clover, in tin cans, helii at 7c; sal-
able at 5^>ti. In bbls., slow at •i('isl'4; keg's 4'2(a»5.
Dark strained honey, in bbls., 3@;i'4, lor manufac-
turing purposes. Bccsiya.r. — Selected, 3.'ic. Mixed,
as it runs, <i3(V5i3^'/2C.

Aug. 23, 1886. Westcott & Half.,

108 and 110 Market Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Chicago.— /Jodci/.— Demand lor honey continues
to be lig'ht, even at the low prices prevailing- here—
13(5'13c tor best grades of one-pound sections. The
offerings in houses who never received a case of
honey until this season are large; and as they have
not an established trade they are cutting prices.
Extracted, unchanged.

Aug. 31, 1886. R. A. Buknktt,

161 So. Water St., Chicago, ill.

Kansas City.— Honey.— The market is active, and
sale of comb is large. Extracted is Hi-in, with no
stock in the city. We quote to-day: White clover,
1-tb. sections, i;3fo:14; same in 3 fti. sections, 1K«, 13;
dark, 1 fti. sections. 1K'>'13; same in 3-fc. sections,
8(^'U); California white sage, 3-th. sections, lOCgill;
California dark, 3-fti. sections, 8ffli!(. Extracted, white
clover, 7@8; dark, iV2(<iW2\ California white sage,
b\i((Vi^\ dark, 4 '4(3,5. /ieeswar, 30('? 33.

Aug. 33, 1886. CiiKMONS, CiiOON & Ci>.,

Cor. 4th and Walnut St's., Kansas City, Mo.

Cl,I5vi-;i,am).— HoHCf/.— The market is unchanged
since our last report. Hest 1-lti. sections of white
sell slowly at 1-tc; 3-tt)S. slow at \'.l(iij\',\. i)\A honey
not wanted at lO'iill. Extracted. iHn.U Beeswax, 3.5.

Aug. 'i\, 1886. A. C. KKNDIiL,

115 Ontario St., Cleveland, Ohio.

Dktk(jit.— Hodfy.— The market for comb honey
is very good, and a good many sales have been
made. JJest white in l-lb. s(;ctions, Uc. liccswax,
firm at 33c. M. H. Hunt,

Aug. 33, 1886. IJell IJranch, Mich.

B<).sTON.— Hioiej/.— We have had a small lot of new
honey, and it sold from 14f« 16c, with good demand.
Aug. 33, 1886. Bi.AKE & Ki im.ev,

5V Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

For Sat-e.- 3000 lbs. superior white-clover and
ba.sswood honey in l-lb. sectiotis, delivered aboard
cars at Dixon, for 13c in 34 or 48 lb. crates. 17-18

W. H. Swig ART, Dixon, 111.

For Sale.— 3000 lbs. extracted honey, in 10-gallon
kegs; 115 lbs. net; 7c for white clover; 6!4 cents for
raspberry. M. Isbell, Norwich, N. Y.

Fob Sale.— 5000 lbs. of choice white honey— ii
each of comb and extracted. The comb is in 4i.iX4'.i-
inch sections, incased in neat crates (which are new)
with two glass sides— 14 sections to the crate. Price
14c per lb. Extracted is A No. 1, put up in new 10
and 17 gallon pine kegs. Above is all in flrst-class
condition in every respect, and ready to ship on re-
ceipt of orders. O. H. Townsenu,

Alamo, Kal. Co., Mich.

For S.\le.— 1000 lbs. white-clover honey, in l-lb.
sections, put on board cars here in nice glassed
shipping-cases, for 1.5c per lb.; or if crates are re-
turned free, 14c per lb. Herbert G. Giiekn,

Emerson, Mills Co., Iowa.

For Sale.— .500 lbs. white-clover honey in l-lb.
sections, 48 sees, in a case, delivered on board cars
here for 15c per lb., cases to be returned.
Geo. p. Kime, Evansburgh, Coshocton Co., Ohio.

Wanted.— About 300 lbs. of white-clover comb
honey, and 500 lbs. of whito-olover extracted honey;
comb honey to be in single-tier crates holding 35
4'4, sections, and weighing not less than 34 lbs. uet.
Extracted, in double cans crated in box, such as
Hoot sells. Send samples and state lowest cash
price. G. WiEPEHHotyD, ygnUcrg, N- Yt

For Sale.— California white-sage honey, 13000 lbs.;
atuber-colored, 3000 lbs. Sample on application.
What am I offered on board cars at Los Angeles';'
Geo. B. Woodberry, Verdugo, Cal.

For Sale.— 1.500 lbs. comb honey in H4-lh. sec. ;
1300 lbs. white clover at 13c.; and 300 dark at 10c. ,
laid down here. .John Crombie, Columbus, Wis.

For Sale.— t have about 80J Itis. of extracted hon-
ey, clover, put up in tin cans of 64 lbs. each. I will
take 8c per lb., can included, delivered on board
cars at La Grange. B. H. Wesley,

La Grange, Lorain Co., Ohio.

F'oR Sale.— 4500 lbs. choice white comb honey in
414x41,4 sections in new, bright, 34-lb. shipping-cases,
glass fronts; 13c per lb., delivered at depot at
Charles City, Iowa. <). A. Sayre,

Sargent, Floyd Co., Iowa.

¥{}K Sale.— 3000 lbs. choice white comb honey in
fancy crates at He; also 7000 lbs. extracted clover
and basswood, very thick, in tin cans of 175 lbs.
each, at 7c; placed" on cars in any quantity on re-
ceipt of price. Oliver Foster, Mt. Vernon, la.

W.\NTEn.— Extracted basswood honey.

J. G. Lehue, Gardenvilie, Erie Go., N. Y.

Wanted.— I will pay 13c per lb. for 100 lbs. of nice
coml) honey in lib. sections, put up in 34-lb. ship-
ping-cases, delivered at Ridgefiel<l, Conn.

W. S. Gii.iJKUT, Kidgetleld, Conn.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For <lie benetit of fiienrts wtiu liave l)larlc or hybrid uuei-ns
which tliey want to di.spose of. wo will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this bee -use there l.s ha'-dly vahie
enough to tiiese queens to pay t -r buying theui up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet if. is of'ten'inies quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not aftord higher-priced ones.

Black and hybrid queens for sale now. Can ship
upon receipt of order, and will guarantee safe ar-
rival. Prices, black, 30 cts.; hybrid, 35 cts.
1617-18 J. A. BucKLEW, Clarks, Coshocton Co., O.

For sale, after Sept. 1, about a dozen black queens
at 30c each, postpaid, some of which have mated
with Italian ilroiies. The above will be disposed of
before the middle of the month.

R. Kilbourne, Jr., Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y.

Six hybrids, at 35 cts. each; three are clipped.

C. G. Fenn, Washington, Conn.

I have a few mismated Italian queens to dispose
of at 35 cts. each, or 3 for $1.00. These queens are
almost pure. Geo. W. Beckham,

Pleasant Hill, Lan. Co., S. C.

I have 6 hybrid queens for sale at the usual
prices. Geo. D. Raudenbush.

445 Chestnut St., Reading, Pa.

I have 15 black queens for sale at 30 cts. each.
R. B. Bon EAR, Cherry Ridge, Wayne Co., Pa.

I shall have some 13 or 15 hybrid and black queens
on hand during August that I will take 30 cts. each
for, or 3 for .50 cts. ; or if there is any one not i-eally
able to give that, and wants one, send me a cage
with stamp and your address, and 1 will give you
one; or 1 will give one as a premium to those who
never took Gleanings who will send A. 1. Root
a dollar for Gleanings for one year. These otters
are good as long as 1 have any queens on hand, for
they must be disposed of.

C. M. Hicks, Fairview, Md.

WE have for sale 6 very good tested Italian
queens (1 hybrid) at $1.00 each, or ifO.OO for the
7. Hybrids, 35c. Send $1.03 to return your money
if queens afe sold before ^our order comes.
17tiab MODEL B. HIVE. CO., W. Phiru, Pa..

18S6

GLEANINGS m BEE CtJJ.TUnE.

7l3

Contents of this Nunnber.

Banner Apiary 7M

Hoes. Profit in 720

Bees in Stove-pipe 744

Beesuiul Kiuit 744

Bees an<l Colors 7K0

Bees' I,a ii^uaKe 747

Bee l>isease,Nanieless 74:'.

Bieilouse liee-Proot 747

Bees on lied Clover 7.^1;

Bees, Fun With 731

Bees, Brushing ott' 7:;7

Blacks vs, Italians 7:«

Brooil Chauiljers, Contr'g ..7'J7

Brushes for Bees 7:i{l

Chickens and Bees 7'i4

Coal Oil in Smokers 724

Conventions 71'.i

Colonies, Exchanging 74.!

Conilj huckets 7:il

iJrone-exeluders 74:!

Kdituiials 7k.

Kxt rai-tois, Solar 7-;il

Fdn., Full Slieets 74r,

I'Vln., Klat-bcdloin VJS

H'oul Brood, New Theory,. ..725

Ko u 1 H rood 727, 732. 734

Fuel for Smokers 720.75(1

Fuiuigalor, Webster's 75G

(linger Ale 748

Honev Column 722

Honey for Cookery 72SI

Honey ilew 741

Honey. Selling too Low , . , .7f)S

Honev, Keeping 74;i

Hol-si- (!eltlli;{ Stung 747

Kind Welds 7511

Lookout Mo\iiitain 7(8

Milk, Feeding 744

Our Neirlil">is 745

Our I iwn .\|iiaiv 7.'i(i

Poll. 11 li- Cottonwood ..724

i'resei v.s wilh Honey 74U

t^ue.-M-eag.-, New 7411

(.iuei'ii Alighting First 748

(.jlueei.s, ( 'oloi- and yualit,v. .7v8

yueens, Inliodtl ing 724

Sections, ( Ipen-side 7^4

Separators, None 72t

Swarming 7 Times 748

Swai MIS, R.'tui ning 74:i

Thr:isliiiiu machines 7.'i0

'111., mas 11. .111 748

Tobacco i'.ilniun 74a

1 Veiitilatoi-pipi's 733

Wintering, Cellar 733

! Wintering, t)ur Mode 757

CONVENTION NOTICES.

THE NORTH-AMEKICAN DEK KEEPERS' SOCIETY.

The society will hold its 17th annual convention. Oct, 12, 13,
and 14, 1886, at Indianapolis, Ind,

The meeting will be held in Pfatllin's Music Hall, 82 and 84
North Pennsylvania St., one of the most pleasantly situated
halls in the c'itv. (lood ventilation, and i.leiiiy of light.

The society head.iuarteis will be at tlii' Occidental Hotel,
corner of Washington anil Illinois Sts., in the heart of the city,
and but a short distance from llie hall. The regular rales at
this liotel are S3.00perdav. S|iecial rates for those in atten-
dance at the convention will be »1 50 per day.

The North-Western Bee-Keepei s' Society, The Indiana State,
The Eastern Indiana, with various county and .joint s.icielies,
will meet in union with the N. A., making it ....e ol tie- most
I'ormiilable nieeliiigs of bee keejieis ever held in this c..iintr.y.
Every thing possible will be done to make the nieeliiig pleas-
ant and entertaining. A cordial invitation is extenled to all.

The following is the programme:

FIRST DAY— TUESDAY.

Forenoon session. 10 a. m.— Convention called to order. Ad-
dress of welcome by (iov. I, P. (Jray. Response by the piesi-
dent, H. D. Cutting. Welcome to the city mayor, Caleb S. Ueii-
iiy. Thanks, Dr. C. C. Miller, president of the N. W. Society.
Calling the roll of members of last year. Payment of annual
dues. Reception of new members and distribulion of badges,
reports of secretary and treasurer. Announcements.

Afternoon se.-sion, 2 P. M., special business.— Annual address
of the president; Bee Studies, by Prof. A. J. Cook, Agricultural
College, Michigan; Aplcultural journalism, by John .\spinwall,
Barrytown, N. Y.; Bee Literature, by Thoiaes (i. Newman,
Chicago, 111.; The coming bee, what encmagenunt have we
to work for her adventr by R. L. Taylor. Lapeer, .Mich. Sub-
ject lor discussion, Has Apis Americana been reached f

Kvening session, 7: 30 P. M.— Announcements. Mi^ce^aneous
business. Discussion of questions that may have accumulated
during the day.

SECOND DAY— Wl-DNE-SDAY.

Morning session, 9 A. M.— Announcements. Communication.
Call of N. W. Society to elect officers. Election of otliceis of
Indiana State Society. Call to order. Rendering Conibiuio
Beeswax, by C. P. Dadant, Hamilton, III.; Konl Brood, by A. J.
King, New York. Selection of place for holding meeting in
1887. Election of officers.

Afternoon Session, 2 P. )I.— Announci'inents, ^iliscellancous
business; Bee-keeping and Apicultuie, by Prof. N. w MiLi.in,
U. S. Apicultural Station, Aurora; Feeding Bees for Winter, by
Jas. McNeill, Hudson, N. Y.; Wintering, by Dr. A. B. Mason ,
Wagon Works, Ohio; Subjects for discussion. Is the ute of
foundation necessary in modern bee culture.' Are perforated
hone.y-boares a success! Unassigned papers.

Evening .session, 7 : 30 p, M.— Announcements. Miscellaneous
business. Discussion of questions in question - box. Social
communications.

THIRD DAY— THURSDAY.

Morning srssion, 9 A. M. — Announcements. Miscellaneous
business. Communications. A Talk on Hives, by James Hed-
(lon, Dowagiac. Mich.; Reversible Hives .and Frames, by J. E.
Pond, Jr., North Attleboro, Mass. ; Drones and Drone Comb,
by W. Z. Hutchinson, Rogersville, Mich.; Reports of vice-pres-
idents; Progress of Bee-keeping in Indiana, by Jonas Scholl,
Lyons Station, Ind.

Afternoon session, 2 P. M. — Announcements. Miscellaneous
business. Explanation of Tfirious articles on exhibition.

Many good things are yet to be added to the prograinme not
suftlciently developed to give. Frank L. Douohertv.

The 4th annual meeting of the Progressive Bee Keepers' As-
sociation will be held in the Town Hall at Baiiihri.lge Outer,
O., on Thursday, (jct. 7, 1886. Partlis w ishiiig c..nvi.y;ince from
Geauga Lake (Station, 3 miles distant, on the N Y.,P. & O.
R. R., will please notify me so that arrangements can be
made for the same. AH interested are invited to come and
bring their lunch-basket. Miss Dema Bennett, Sec

Bedford, Cuyahoga Co , O.

The Sheboygan Co. BeeKeeiiers' Associition will hold its
rext meeting at Chandler's Hall, at the village of i-hi'boygan
Falls, on Saturday. Oct. 16, at 10 A. M. Mrs. H. Hills.

Sheboygan Falls. Wis^

The Southern HI. Bee-Keepers' Association w II hold its next
meeting at Benton, Fr:inklin Co., III., Thursday. Oct. 21. 1886,
at 10 A. M. F. H. Kennedy, Sec.

The annual meeting of the Western Bee-keepers' Associatiotl
will be held in Pythian Hall, corner of Main and 11th Slreetsj
Kansas City , Mo!, Oct. 27, 28, 29, 1886, P, Baldwin, Sec,

The Illinois Central Bee-keepers' Association will hold its
next meeting at Mt, Sterling, 111,, on Tuesday and Wednesday,
( let. 19 and 20. J. M. Hambaugh, Sec.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

T am g^lad to inlorm .you that the tested Italian
queens bouitrht ol you in JhI.v last have proved to
be all that 1 could have e.xpected. 1 have pi-oducea
very fine thrce-bandeil workers.

Emmettsvllle, Ind. Jacob Caylor.

The untested queen received from you sotne tim^
since proves to he a tine one, and ver.v fertile. She
produces fine 3-banded workers. The season is vei-y
poor in this section. Rasswood has failed entirely.
Clover yield was not larg-c Huckwheat promises
well, but is not fully out yet. R. G. KlIng.

Charleston Pour Corners, N. Y.

HOW TO PUT ON THE ROUND LABELS.

The goods came to hand. Those round labels No.
I'i are beauties, and the place to stick them is on
the inside of the glass ([ use them for comb honey),
.i'lstsothey will be in the center of the section.
They make very nice combinations and they will
never get soiletl, and the commission nu-n can't get
them otf nor scratch off the address. H. W. FUNK*

Bloomington, 111., Sept. 4, 188B.

The imported queen yon sent to replace the misS'
ing one arrived safely, and is now layins' in a new
colony. We are well pleased with her appearance,
and she seems to be especially prolitlc. And we
are also much pleased with the wa.v you settled the
matter in regard to the loss of ihe first queen. We
can not say that we expected yon to replace her at
your own entire expense, but felt willing to leave
the matter entirely in your hands, feeling satisfied
that von would do the fair thing in the matter.

Pomeroy, O. S. A. Dvke & Co.

lean not send off my order without expressing
briefly my gratitude for such a blessing as Glean-
ings is to' us. Each year I have taken It contains at
least 2f happy days— the da.vs on which Gleanings
comes; and whenever I write to distant friends 1
tell them of its merits. I have kept bees now .lust
nine years, and I am quite sure that no one ever
cared moi-e for their bees than [ do. I am ever so
sorr.v to know that you have foul tirood in your
apiary; but I like the method you have taken for
a cure— the furnace idea. W. S. Pouder.

Groesbeck, Ham. Co., O., Sept. 2, 1886.

ITALIAN QUEENS, tested, iPl.dO; hybrid, 3 for
*I.(lll. N. ADAMS,

18 19-20d Sorrento, Orange Co., Florida.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

For W.riO each I will sell 60 colonies of bees in
splendie hives and in fine condition. I am com-
pelled to move soon, and must sell a part of my fine
apiarj'. For particulars, address
18d M. J. HARRIS, Clay City, Clay Co., 111.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION PA0T0E7, WHOLESALE andEETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. otfbd

Foundation - Mill For Sale.

One ten-inch Root comb-mill, second harid. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and nualitv of work, eqinil to a new one.
Price *ir),()0. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $20.00. A. I. KOOT, Medina, O.

120

GLEANINGS IK j^EE CULTUliE.

Sept.

DADANT'S

is assorted by Imiulfcils ol' pracrticiil sinil disiiitfrcst-
ed l)c<'-kcci><'i's< '" Ik' t'l'' cU-iincs!, liiiHlitcst, (|uick-
est acccpli'il liy lices, least, apt to saw-, most i-eHiilar
in coloi-, eveiiest, ami neatest, of any tliat is made.

It is l<cpt lor sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, (Uii-
cajfo, Til.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; .las. Heddon,
Dowasiac, Mich.; F. L. Doughorty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Herlin, Wis.; Clias. Hertei,
Jr., Freebnrg-, Hi.; Ezra Maor, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.: R.
S. Armstrong-, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Genuantown Ave., Phifa, Pa.; E. Kretelmier,
Coburgr, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. V.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; ("lark Johnson A
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. 15. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, IJirmingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.: .1. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. K. New<'omli,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N. V.; J. A. lluma-
son, Vienna, ().: G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, ().,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, la.; Asi)inwall & Tread-
well, Marrvtown, N. Y.: Marton, Forsgard it Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Texas, W. E. Clark, Oriskany,
N. v., and numerous other dealers.

Write for xamplen /ree, and price list of siipi)lies,
ace()mi)anied with 1 .50 <;oini»limf'iUnry and im.so-
iicitrd listiiiiiitiidlx, from as many hee-kecpei-s, in
18815. fVc iiuaidiitce eoeru inch iif our foiiiKlalAon cqmil
It) trample in even/ respect.

€HAS. nADANT & SON,
3btfd llaiiiiltOBi, Hiiiicock Co., IIMimmm.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

SertioiiN, Kxti-a«t<n>i, ShioIkts, Separators,

&;e., of Koot's ITIaiiiiraeliire, Miipped

Irom liere at UOOT'S I'ltKlKS.

Also S. hives of Snulliern .\cll()w i>ine, aii<l Pee-
Keepers' Suiiplies in general. I'rirr Lixl Fnr.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

;!;i4di.

"prepare for winter,

We have uiie(|uale<l laeilities lor niann fact uriiig-
the Kootcliatf hive at a great reduction from ruling
prices. Mr. Zeno Doty, Grafton, Neh., writes July
ilth, "Your material, make, and )irice is far better
than I can get anywhere else." Send for price list
and special pric^es tor this fall. Ilitfdb

A. F. STAUFFER & CO.^ SteHing^ Mis.

GERMAFcARP FOR SALE.

SPAWNERS AND &RRING HATCH.

CorresiK)ndenee SoIIcIIimI. Ad<lrcss IT-ISd

1)11. S. E. ADAMS, Spring Hill Park, Peoria, III.

2 H. P. ENGINE FOR SALE

We have at the factory in Elmira, N. V., a '.I H. P.
engine and boiler thai has been riggeil up exactly
as good as new in e\cry respec-t. It ought to bring
full price of a new one, but in order to get it otf our
hands we oUer it for $150.(10.

A. I. K4M»T, ine(liiia,0.

DISSOLUTION NOTICE.

Notice is lierebv given, that the paitnershij) here-
tofore existing iietween K. M. Kennedy and H. 15.
Leahy, nuuuifacturers of and dealers in ai)iarian
supplies, has been this day, by nnitual consent, dis-
solved, *1 M. Kennedy retiring. All liabilities of
the flrni are i)avable t>y U. 15. L^ahy, and all bills
due the firm are payable to U. 15. Leahy, who now
owns and controls the business.

ELT M. KENNEDY.
K. B. LEAHY.

Hig-ginsx'ille, Mo., Aug. -.1, 1886.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

OatalojjiK's Freo. AcldreKiii

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4-:!db

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

ir/;/;/! M'. $i.o<> i-icn vi'.ak.

JOITE:, Mcpherson S CO., PuMlshor:, Boeton, Ontario, Cinida.

The only bee Journal printed in (.'anada, and con-
taining much valualilr and interesting nnitter each
week fr-om the jxmis of leading ( anadian and United
States liee-keepers. Sami)le copy sent f ree on re-
ueil)t of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of Ki;i ])ages. 9tfb

100 FINE PRINTED ENVELOPES,

while, or assorteil colors, with name, business, and
ad<bt'ss on, all for40c.; .">0 for ;.'.") ets. I5y mail post-
paid. (Jai-(ls aTid letterheads at same prices.
I7;;;M1) Address G. K. K()1515, Gilman, Iowa.

VANDERVORT

COMB FOUNDATION MILLS.

Sc^nd for samples and reduced price list.
2l,tdl) JNO. VANDEKVOKT, Laceyville, Pa.

SURE

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Sefore i)urchasing your Beo- Sup-
plies. (Jash iiaid for I5eeswa.\. Vtl'db

V"^'' A. E. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.
MUTH'S

HOITEY-EXTRACTOE,

SQUAKIi: <,iL.ASS HONEY-JAKS,

TIN BUOKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEV-SECTIONS, Arc, &«•.
PEKFEiTION < OLD- BLAST SMOKERS.

FOR SALE,

Apply to CHAS. K. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
p_ s._Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Ree-Keepers." MX Ah

PURE ITALIAN

Untested (juicn, .Ifl.OO; two or more. 7.5 cts. each.
Tested (|ueens, »;MMI each. Full colonies, in Sim-
plicity liive, with testc^d queen, from $4.00 to flO.OO.
Three-frame nuclei, with untested queens, *3.tlO;
with tested. $;!.00. For July, August, September,
and October, address or call on

.. -, T-^.. ». ,■ BENJ.J.COLE,

Residence, Little Muskingum.
16 30db Marietta, Wash. Co., O.

1886

GLEANINGS 1^ See CULTURE:

f-1

BE SURE

T(i sond a luistal card rorour illiistnitctl oataloyutMil

APIARIAN !^i^XMr'i^"'o:;;i^ supplies

tains illustrations ami (lescriptions ot eviT.v thinj!
new and desiral)!*" in an apiary,

AT THK LiOWFST PltlCES.

J. C. SAYLES,

2 ltd Hartford, "'* ashington Co.. "Wis.

WARRANTED Italian queens at GO cents each.
They are youug, and are now ready to ship.
J. H. Johnson, Mlddaghs, Northamp. to., Pa.

GOODS NEAR YOUR HOME, AT A REDUC-
TION FROM REGULAR PRICE.

We have the followinti' lot of yoods at the pluces
named, lor which we \Mmt iiislomers. Now. it is
altoji-ether likely that there is .^onie one located not
very tar I'roiu where tlnse goods are who v; ill he
needinfr just swell articles, especially if he can
fret them a little lowei- than the rejfiilar price, and
doesn't have to pay much t'reifjht charges on them.
In holies that there ai-e such [x-rsons, we append a
list of the articles lor sale, giving the i)resent value
of the groods and the amount we will take for each
lot entire. We grivo a nninber to each lot. andllie
name of the place where they are being- held, sub-
ject to our order. Remember they are all per-
fect goods, just as fresh and new as if shipped
from here. Remember, also, that at the price we
oti'er them we can not break lots; each lot must go
entire. In making your orders, please give the
number of the lot as well as the arcick's contained
in it, and thus help us to avoid mistakes.

No. 1. Aplinrton. Iowa.

Ten 2-stoi-y portico hives, coniplele, ''n llit.for comb
)ioney, including ni. c. lianics, wide fninics, sec
tions, separators, thin fdn. loisec. 7 lbs. bi<i«.(l Idn.,
and enamel sheets. The lot foots up to $2.'> 30. We
will sell it complete tor S22.00

No. 2. Union City, Ind.

13 combined shippinji: and honey crntes Hat: SXl tin
separators for :>uove crates; 2fi pieces tflass for
above crates; 40 metal cornere<l brood-frames in
Hat. Pre>ent value, SI .W: will sell for 4.00

No. 5. St. Paul. Mo.

22 48-lb. shipping and retailing cases, in Hat, with-
out glass. \Vorth «3.%; will sell ut S.T.'i

No. 7. Nassau, N. Y.

200 wide frames, for 8 1-lb. .sections, in Hat. Worth
84.00; will sell for 3.75

No. 8. Riverside. N. .1.

500 1-lb. 7-to-foot sections. Worth S2 00; will sell for . 1 i:>

No. 9. North Walton, N. Y.

100 met.al-eornered frames, in Hat. I'l-i si'mI value,
S2..50; will sell for 2 50

No. 12. Caribou. Maine.

900 sections, iy, x !> x 1 7 16 w de. oy.vn on all four
sides. Present value, «4..50; will sell tor 3..50

No. 13. Canal p'ulton. Ohio.

Eight chatr hives, complete, for comb horn y, in t'.ie
Hat. Presentvalue S21.00; will sell for 2.20

No. 14. Delaware, Ohio.

.^5 bottom-hoards for Simp, hives; 210 tin soparato's
for combined crates. Present value, $8 75; will sell
for 7..50

No. 15. Foster Brook. Pa.

100 wired m. c. brood-frames, in Hat, including wire
and tin bars. Present value, S3. 00; will sell for 2.75

No. 16. Johnson City, Tenn.

One No. 7 honev-extractor, with baskf t, only 15 'n.
deep. Present "price, »8.00; will sell for 6 «)

No. 17. Cairo, W. Va.

One 2 story Simp, hive, rigged complete for comb
honey, and 5 ll>s. fdn.. H thin, for sections, and iA
for L. frames. Present value, 85.25; will sell for 4.75

No. 18. Elmira.N. Y.

One 2-H. P. engine and boiler complete. This has
been used some, but has been put in as good shajje
as when new. Price of a new one, 8175.00; will >ell
this for SliiO 00

No. 19. La Salle, 111.

6-in. foundation mill. Present value 813.5«; will sell

for 11 .50

No. 20. Olenville, Conn.

15 24 lb. single-tier shipping-cases in the flat, with 30
pieces of glass for same. Present value 82.60; will
sell the same for 2 25

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

HELP! HELP! HELP!

Me develop my honey-trade in Philadelphia by coil-
signing' me .\onr honey. Those 1 have sold for, e.\-
liress satisfaction.

TODD'S HONEY CANDIES

Sample package niaili'd on receipt of -.'i cts. Spe-
cial rates for (iiianiities for fairs.
Itil8db AETHUE TODD, 1910 Oermintown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. ^blld

RED-CLOVER ITALIANS.

During- till' season Just passed, Moore's Italians
have roared away on red clover, in countless thou-
sands. Reduced prices: Warranted queens, each,
80 cts.; per '.; do/,., *4 .")(). Tested queens, i|!l.:.'r>.
Safe arrival and satisfaction g-uaranteed. Circular
free. 15tfdb J. P. MOOEE, MOEOAN, PENBLETQN CO., K7.

theTmerican apiculturist

Sent one year, atid a tested Italian ijueen, to each
subscriber': all for$l..^>il. Sample cojnes free.
I'jtfdb Address HENKV ALLEY, Wenham, Mass.

PM ITALIAN QUEENS.

Tested ()iieens, $\.'i'A each; untested, TOceach;;!
for $2tK); ,") for ?:!.(HI. All bred from a select im-
ported motlrt-r. My return mail.
Lfittdb D. G. EDMISTON, ADEIAN, LEN. CO., MIOB

ATTENTION,BEEKEEPERS!

Now is the time to Italiani/.e cheap. Having- all
my orders tilled to-date, 1 will sell tine (pieens, from
my well known strains, at the following very low
rates.
1 queen, - - - $ .80 I 1 tested queen, - - $\.'M
6 " - - - 4. .'id Hi •• •• . . . 8.1H)

la " - - - S.OO I 1 select tested queen, 2 00
Safe arrival of all (lueens guaranteed, and (luecns
sent by return mail. Address
letfdb WM. W. GARY, COLERAINE, MASS.

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies,
b'our-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps tilled in a few hours' notice.
Send for sample and prices.

M. R. MADARY, _ .
;w 2ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cal.

CHEAP T

Full colonic's in Simi)licity hives, and honey
enough to winter, for only *4..")0. H'lVf »hip laxt i>f
July. DAN VVHITK,

lltfdb NEW LONDON, HURON CO., OHIO,

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price .50. You need this i)aniphlet, and my tree
bee and supply cii'cular. 18lfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. IJbtfd

WE have for sale 6 very j?ood tested Italian
queens (1 hybrid) at *1.(H1 each, or «;ti.00 for the
7. Hybrids, ;{.5c. Send *1.o;i to return your money
f queens are sold before your order comes.
Ttfdb MODEL B. HIVE CO., W. I'hil'a, Pa.

?22

GLEANi:NGS IN IJEE CULTUllE.

f^EPT.

JldJiEY C6MMN.

CITY MARKETS.

New York.— Honey.— The season for the new
crop of comb honey is just opening-. We note an
improvement in sales and prices. Most of the comb
wliich we have seen is badly colored, which makes
it second grade, which we suppose is due to a poor
season and long- finishing-. We quote 1886 crop as
follows:
Taney white 1-lb. sect's, clean and neat p'k'gs. 15@.16

" 2 " " ' 13(513

Fair to good i " " " . . . . i:>@i4

" " .. 3 " " " ... iO(Siil
Fancy Buckwheat 1-lb. sections, clean - - lUaVZ
3 " •• " . - 9(5111
White Clover, extracted, kegs and small bbls.,fi'2(^''i'
California extracted, 60-1 b. cans, per pound, 5f5*5!4
California Comb 1U(«)11

Beeswax, prime yellow 32@/24

McCAUIy & HlI.DRETH BROS.,

Sept. 2, 1886. 31 Hudson St., Cor. Duane St.

Cincinnati.— Tfoiicy.— The markfit for honey is
very tame. Demand from manufacturers is slow,
and there is only a fair trade in new comb honey,
and extracted honey in square glass jars. Extract-
ed honey brings S'eS'Tc. per lb. on arrival. Comb
honey brings 12(a'14 for good to choice in the jobbing
way. Prices are low tor all produce, and no spec-
ulative feeling is noticed any where. Unless better
prices are realized for other produce, prices of hon-
ey are not likely to advance. Bccsivax is in good
demand, and arrivals are fair. We pay 20c. per lb.
for good yellow. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Sept. 2, 1886. S. E. cor. Freeman and Central ave.

Kansas City.— Ho7icy.— Extracted is arriving
more freely. Extracted ^^hite clover, 6;^ (5) T'/s.
Other grades the same.

Sept. 10, 1886. Clemons, Ci.ooN & Co.,

Cor. 4th and Walnut St's, Kansas City, Mo.

Detroit.— Ho?ici/.— No change in the honey mar-
ket since last quotations. There is sullicient in the
commission houses to supply the demand. Best
white in 1-pound sections, U cts. Beeswd.r, 23 cts.
M. H. Hunt, Hell Mranch, Mich.

Sept. 10, 1888.

Boston.— Hoxei/.— New honey is coming in, and
selling fairly well, but the recent hot wave has
checked it some. We have heard from most of the
bee-keepers of Addison Co., Vt., and there will not
be over half a crop there. We are selling one-
pound white honey at U(i(.15c. ; two pounds, 13@14.

Sept. 10, 1886. tJLAKE & Ripley,

57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Chicago.— Honey.— Honey is without change
from last quotations. Weather continues warm.
Sept. 10, 1886. R. A. Burnett,

161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Milwaukee.— Hoiifjy.-Market remains about the
same as when last reported ; m*y be quoted little
lower to sell.
Choice white comb, 1-pound sections - - ]2(g)13

2 " •• - - ll(g>12

Extracted white, in kegs H(w,6k,

"tin 61 2(5,7

" dark " barrels - - - - 5(2>5'/2
Beesu'ax, no demand. A. V. BrsHOP,
Sept. 10, 1886. 142 W. Water St.

St. Louis.— /JoHCi/.— Comb honey Is in good de-
mand for choice white-clover in sections, 1-lb., \:i@
12'4; other varieties, KKS'H'i. Extracted honey
very dull; cans, 5(^0*7 for choice in a small way. On
large lots, 5(gi5i4 are as much as would bring. Old
honey in cans 4{g!5c. Southern honey in bbls.,good to
choice, 3''2(5)4; extra, 4'2C. Berswo.r, mixedluls, 22c.;
selected yellow, 25c. Wkstcott & Hall,

Sept. 10, 1886. 108 and 110 Market Street.

Cheap Honev.— 1 have abotit 350 lbs. of honey
in nice 22gallon kegs. It is dark, but very thick,
and is splendid bee-feed, or good for factory-men.
I have to move soon, and must sell it. You may
have it for 3 cts. per pound, by the keg of 250 lbs.,
at depot here. M. J. Harris,

Clay City, Clay Co., 111.

For Sale.— 7000 lbs. extracted honey of the best
qimlity, part pure white clover, part white clover
slightly mi.xod with basswood, put up in new oak
parflined barrels holding about 500 lbs., at 7c. per
pound, delivered on cars here, packages free.

RuFUS Pokter, Lewistown, 111.

Wanted.- T want IfO lbs. of white extracted hon-
ey. What will you charge me for it, laid down at
my depot at Rogersville, Mo.? I may want more.
S. S. Lawing, Henderson, Mo.

Ten bbls. of nice thick honey, .52 gallons each, for
$35.00 per bbl., delivered on board boat at Gaines'
Landing, Ark. Sample sent free on application.
W. G. McLendon, Gaines' Landing, Ark.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMEITT.

Notices will V>e inserted under this liead at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended tor this department inu.st not
exced 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
PMrtment, or we will not he responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
tlve lines will cost you according to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To exchange for comb or extracted
honey, cash or otters, 15,000 pot-grown straw-
berry plants of the best varieties; also game cocks.
Can give best reference. Geo. M. VVertz,
15ttdb Johnstown, Cambria Co., Pa.

FOR SALF,.— A two story brick house, with five
lots, good barn, ice-house with cooling-room,
boehouse, honey-house, wood-house, etc. Grapes,
berries, apples, and cherries on the place; in small
town, location suitable for bee or chicken business.
Will sell cheap for cash, or exchange.
15-18db Anahel Ronald, Grand View, Iowa.

WANTED.— To buy a farm and apiary. Give hon-
ey resources, and distance to school, church,
and U. R. station. Address E. S. Arwine,
17-18d Patterson, Waller Co., Tex.

WANTED.— To exchange 10,000 Cuthbert raspber-
ry roots, for beeswax, or L. foundation.
17-19db M. Isbell, Norwich, Chenango Co., N.Y.

WANTED.— To sell, or exchange for a small farm,
my village home, consisting of 2 lots, a2 StOry
friime dwelling, a 2 story frame wagon-shop; also 46
colonies of bees. For iiarticiilars address
17tfdb M. LuDTMAN, Hannibal, Monroe Co., Ohio.

Tir ANTED.— Bees wa.Y. Any amount of average
TT beeswax, at 22 cts., cash on delivery.

E. T. Lewis & Co., Toledo, O.
17trdb Apiarian Supply Dealers.

ITALIAN QUEENS.— Select tested, .fl.OO; second
1 grade, 90c; tliird grade, 80c; untested and unwar-
ranted, 60c, or 16.00 per dozen. 17-18-19d
Dr. John M. Price, Tampa, Hillsboro Co., Fla.

WANTED.— To sell one Pacific incubator and
brooder, capacity 200; has been used once on-
ly, and is good as new; cost $65.00. Will sell cheap,
or exchange in part for Detective camera. Make
me an offer. L.Heine,

18d Bellmo're, Queens Co., N. Y.

WILL sell for $25.00 cash a Zimmerman dryer and
baker, used one season. Cost $.50.0<); or ex-
change for good section comb honey or oft'ers; also
fine-bred poultry and ducks to sell or exchange.

J. T. Fletcher, Prop.,
18d Model Poultry & Bee Yards, Clarion, Pa.

WANTED.— To exchange music-box and opera-
glass for Italian bees. Thos. Drew,
Box 69, South Hanover, Mass.

mHOROUUHBRED fowls. Brown Leghorns, S. S.
1 Hamburgs, W. C. B. Polish, P. Rocks and Wyan-
dottes, Bonney's. Forbes', Hawkins', Wilcox & Fultz'
strains. We will sell for cash, or exchange for fdn.
and beeswax. Price list free.
18-19tfd A. H. Duff, Creighton, Ohio.

Vol. XIY.

SEPT. 15, 1886.

No. 18.

TEllMSiSl.OOPBR VNNUM, IN ADVANCB;! Z7»o/ /T» 7t 7t' o 7i /o /-7 V-f/i ~1 Q 'J 'S f Clubs to different postottlces, NOT LVfS
ZCopieefor 81.90; 3tor82.76;5 for84.00, I iJjfi L tVU Vl/O lO(ylV Lib -L O i O • I than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid, in tlio
lOorm ire, 75et,-i. e-ach. Single Number, . , . ) U. S. and Canadas. To all other coiin-

5 otB. Ad'Htions to clubs may be made .^ ruBLlsnED semi-monti[L\ B\ i tries of the Universal Postal Union. 18c

atclubrates. Above are all to be sent » t ■nr\r\'T\ Tv,fTr<T^TVr A r\MM^ I peryenr extra. To all countiiepNOT of

j A.i. itUUl, jyiiiiUlJN A,UlliU. I the U. p. U., 42c per year extra.

TO ONE P08TOPFICB.

A FEW VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS
EROM J. A. GKEEN.

SOLAR WAX-EXTI!ACTOKS.

N the pxtractoi- I sent you, I left off one im-
portant feature in order to make an extractor
more easily shipped and less easily broken.
This was the " side reflector." This is an im-
portant adjunct, and this season's use has
convinced me that I would not want to do with-
out it.

To make it, take a thin board, or combination of
boards about four inches shorter, and an inch
narrower (or vice versa), than the inside of the
cover. Cover one side with tin, and on the other
side put a cleat in the middle, or one at each end,
pro,jecting- three inches on one side. Now nail a
" pocket," or small box, on each side of the e.v-
tractor, blocking- it away I'roiii the side so that the
sash can be raised without interfering- with the
reflector. The reflector is to be placed on tlie
west side in the morning, and chaii'.'-ed over to the
east side at noon. At night it is laid on the sash,
and the cover closed down over it.

Of course, this side reflector is not of much use
if the extractor is kept facing- the sun all the time;
but a busy man can not well do this.

In making beeswax in times past, I have been
much troubled with "spongy beeswax," a sort of
combination of wax and water that would some-
times be two or three inches thick on the bottom
of cakes of wax. It seemed to be caused by boil-
ing, or, at least, too much heating, in combination
Avith water. Sometimes the wax would be granu-
lar, as I believe you have mentioned. In both

these cases the wax gccmed good cnnugli.oujy it

appeared to have got tired of assuming the old
forms. I fiiul that I can make such wax " behave "
by running it through the solar extractor. I have
also succeeded in getting a considerable quantity
of good wax fi-om the scrapings of wax cakes that
I had formerly sui)i)osed entirely worthless. " Keej)
it before the people," that the solar wax-extractor
affords the best and most convenient way of mak-
ing beeswax yet invented.

Speaking of extractors reminds me that 1 have
never made any report on the rim you sent me
for the top of my honey-extractor. I have just
been extracting some very thick honey, which has
afforded a good test for it. It does not entirely
prevent the flying over the top of the can when
the honey is very thick or not very warm; but
under ordinary circumstances it does away en-
tirely with this ver.v annoying feature.

SMOKER FUEL.

I have used planer shavings in the Clark smoker
very successfiill.V- In the spring, and fall too, I
have used with great satisfaction a fuel that I
have never seen mentioned by any one else. This
consists of the dry leaves of the soft maple.
These arc very soft and fine, and I use them largely
for packing hives. Hcing always handy, it is very
convenient to use Ihem as fuel. With a little care
t^ey iuiswer the iiurpose excellently, and last
much longer than one would suppose Avho had
nev.r used them. To kec]) such light fuel from
going out in the Clark smoker, it is necessary to
use an admixture of something more solid. When
using leaves, 1 start the Are with rotten wood and
then use alternate fillings of leaves and wood.
When using shavings in the Clark smoker I njix
them halt and hfllf with good rotten wood. This

r2i

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

mixtui'c burns well, and holds Are well, although
it. docs not do as well as the shavings alone in the
" Doctor." W. Z. Hutchinson, in telling how to
light the smoker, just misses a convenience which
1 would not think of doing without. This is the
use of kerosene in kindling the fire in smokers.
Have a zinc oiler full of kerosene, handy to the
I)lace where you light your smoker, and squirt a
little of it on that handful of shavings: light your
match, drop it in— no need to " carefully set it on
end "—and puff away. If you have no oil-can, use
a small bottle with a quill through the cork. A
very little oil is enough.

Mr. Heddon tells us to use wet shavings as a
spark-arrester. V'lstead of these I prefer to use a
handful of stiff wiry grass or weeds— not too
coarse nor too succulent, coiled in the cap of the
smoker. Knot-grass is best. This coil of weeds
completely prevents the throwing of sparks, and
you can tell by the smell when your smoker needs
filling. I used to try to get along with as little
smoke as possible. Now, I want a smoker that
will throw smoke enough in two or three puffs to
take the flght out of the worst hybrids. It the
bees are willing to be handled without smoke, all
right; but if they show fight I make them behave,
and waste no time about it. A good smoker is one
of the best time-savers a bee-keeper can use, to
say nothing of the e.x'tra comfort over a poor one.

Dayton, 111., Sept. 10, 1886. J. A. Green.

Thanks, friend Green, for the improve-
ment you suggest for the solar wax-ex-
Iractors. We liave found the granulated
wax H very serious trouble, and we have
never succeeded in doing any thing with it
except by mixing it witli a considerable
(juanlity of good wax, and stirring it until
it behaves itself, as you express it. If the
solar wax-extraclor will restore it, it is in-
deed a great fact. — No doubt your suggestion
of dry leaves t\>r fuel for smokers is a good
one : l)ut, my dear sir, the idea of tilling a
small oil-can with kerosene, for kindling
fnes of any kind, it seems to me, is some-
thing of wonderful value. Wliy, you can
give the hired girl, or the cook, even if the
latter be fresh from foreign shores, stich an
aiTHngement to light her lires with, and she
ctin't do any harm. Why has no one ever
thought of it l)efore V Our live or ten cent
fulers will do it exactly. On some accoiints
1 should ])refer the live-cent one. because
the (pumtity of oil would n^t lie sutlicient to
set any tiling alire, if left on the stove, or
dropped into the stov(^ Your idea of stiff
wiry grass for a si^ark-arrester is also a val-
uable suggestion. See Our Own .Vpiary, this
issue.

INTRODUCING QUEENS.

A DRO.XE-TU.VP NEAUIvY EQUAL TO ALLEY'S.

T HAVE had quite a time introducing queens.
Ill' I have introduced four the past month. One
]ll of these the colony rejected five times. I
then formed a nucleus of j ouiig bees, and they
took her without a momcnt'sparlcying<»Anoth-
er one was refused by another colony four times,
whereupon I introduced her to the coloijy that
had so cordially rejected the first-mentioned queen,
^nd all was us pvn^cful a§ 3. sunjraej- ijjoj-oiog", and

I was relieved, for she was a fine one. The in-
structions for introducing accompanying Peet's
cage would be quite incomplete were it not for
your added note. Had 1 not followed it I should
have lost, no doubt; for at the expiration of 3 days
I found her balled, and a moi'e persistent cluster
I never had to dissolve. I dehiged them with to-
bacco smoke, and finally had to rake them apart
with a twig, and then they seemed loth to yield.
I have found Alley's plan as successful as any.
The queen to be superseded is remcjved from the
colony; when the bees are back and quieted, the
cage containing the new queen is placed on the
combs under the mat, in such away that the bees
may have access to the food. Then a small
amount of tobacco is blown into the hive, thus
scenting the bees and queen alike. In the course
of two hours he says (though not in a single in-
stance have mine been liberated under 24, and I
used his prepared cage), the queen is released;
and as the colony has not had time to miss their
old queen, the new one is successfully introduced.
I would add, that where there is delay in her re-
lease, as has been true in my case, an hour or two
before she emerges I would fumigate them again,
as the first smoking will have entirely lost its
virtue. Of course, a portion of the food could be
removed, and a more speedy release effected.
Last year all my queens were purely mated. This
year there is a new comer, a few blocks away, who
keeps blacks, and in almost every case this year
the queens have been impurely mated. He has
but a few colonies, and I purpose queening them
for him with pure Italians. I thiak this would
obviate the difficulty.

And now about ray drone-trap. It is hardly
equal to Alley's, but good, nevertheless. It is in
the shape of a brood of quarter-grown Leghorns.
1 noticed they frequented the bee-yard, and my
suspicion was aroused, so I watched them. 1 was
soon struck v/ith dismay at seeing them pluck up
bee after bee with a dexterity that was surprising.
1 disliked to dispose of them, for they were fine
ones, well marked. The thought struck me, "Per-
haps they are taking only the drones," for I
noticed they received no stings, and, sure enough,
after long and close watching I found they did
not molest, or even notice the workers; so in
place of a pest I had a prize. How remarkable!
and none but the Leghorns would be up to it. It
seemed strange that they had learmed so readily
to distinguish between the " lancers " and the
civilians; and now a question: Can a chicken
swallow workei"-bees without imperiling its life?
I have heard that they do; but is such a thing pos-
iti\-ely known?

Gleanings grows in favor with me. It is sec-
ond to none. Frank C. Blount.

Lawndalc, 111., Aug. 19, 1886.

Friend B., if 1 am not mistaken, common
fowls may learn to catch and kill worker-
bees ; at least, such facts have been furnish-
ed, supposing they were worker-bees. As
many of tlie feathered tribes catch and kill
worker-bees when the bees are gorged with
honey, why may not common fowls V My
idea has been, tiiat the fowls mash the bees
with their bills until the bees are unable to
stjng. Of course, it requires pretty thorough
mashing to prevent the sting from working
of itself, after the bee is dead, if, however,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

IJ.O

it should be proven that it is only' ihoncs
they take, we can well afford to encourage
fowls about the apiary.

FOUL BROOD.

SOME BOLD SUGOESTIONS IN RE(iAI!I) TO ITS
CAUSE AND CUKE.

R. EDITOR:— You so frciiuciitly ix'ceivc
communications sug-gcoting such wild
ideas and new ideas— wliich are not new—
that it is very probable you will regard
what 1 have to say as simply an addition
to the wild ideas before mentioned. This subject,
I'oul brood, is, without a doubt, the greatest bug-
aboo to the bee-keeping fraternity; but Wiien bee-
keepers become thoroughly aware of its nature,
and the causes which bring it on, then will it
dwindle into insignificance, and will be of less
importance to the bee-keeper than the marketing
of his honey.

Last year 1 had the disease among my bees in its
very worst form. I could smell the odor given off
by the hives, thirty yards from the apiary. I tried
both iihenol and the starvation method of cure;
but it secmetl the more 1 did for them, the worse
they got. 1 tried the phenol cure until I had used
'Z lbs. with a very discouraging result. I tried the
starvation plan on thirty, but did not cure any
—except two that I starved to death.

While I was trying to cure some by the remedies
above mentioned, a period of about tea weeks, I
not onlj' kept a record of tho.sc which I tried to
cure, but of those that I did nothing for. An}' one
who has read a great deal on the subject can
judge of my perplexity when I discovered that the
colonies affected that 1 did nothing for Avere in a
better condition than those I doctored. Since 1
made the discovery above mentioned, 1 have had
a new idea as to the nature of the disease. This
idea has been so confirmed by what I have read,
and by later experience, that 1 am now confident
I can state some new and valuable facts on the
subject.

Foul brood is caused, chiefly, by an inferior
quality of honey or honey-dew; but it is some-
times caused by physical defects in the queen, from
which the larva? inherit a constitutional weakness.
The former kind, or class, I should say, breaks
out in several colonies, and sometimes every col-
ony in an apiary at once (which accouiUs for IMr.
D. A. Jones's belief in spontaneous generation).
Of the latter class, you will find only one or two in
an apiary at one time. Jt is cured by simply re-
placing the queen. When the disease is caused
from bad honey, the best thing to do, in nineteen
cases out of twenty, is to let it alone. But if you
want to cure it, take the honey from them, boil it,
and give it back; or, better still, give them nice
honey from flowers, or sugar syrup.

8ome might say that I ignore the fact that
learned scientists have traced the cause of the
disease to bacteria; but I do not. We all know,
who read the bee-inipers, that the disease is accom-
panied by bacteria; but who can say that bacteria
is the prime cause of the disease? No one. To
say that it would give a hardy frontiersman the
consumption if he were inoculated with the bac-
teria that accompanies that disease, would be
about as reasonable ns to say thivt one spore liom

the foul -brood bacteria would affect a healthy
larva.

Can any reader of Gi-eaninos think of any
hypothesis, outside of the facts I mention, with
which the different methods of cure can be rec-
onciled? D. A. Jones cures by after-feeding, and
not by starvation. Frank Cheshire effects a cure
by feeding and not by phenol. Those who think
they cure the disease by thyme, camphor, or salt,
sim|,ly let it get well itself. Then there is N. W.
McLain's method— a sure one; and C. F. Muth's
mcthoil, another sure one; either one of which
would be sutlicient without the medicine. 1 could
fill a book with i)r( of of the assertions I have
made; but I have said enough now to r.aise the ire
of a great many, who, once getting an idea in
their head, can never get it out. However, I am
going to hazard jut-t one more, and here it is:
When there is a good flow of honey from the
flowers, you can not hurt a i)opulous colony of
bees if you were to give them fen coinlis of the
most malignant type of foul brood, in addition, of
course, to the combs th<^y have already.

Mobile, Ala., Sept. 4, 188(5. Geo. H. Hovle.

Friend II., you almost startle me by yoiu*
reasoning ; and it' you are not exactly on the
right track, I feel sure you are pretty close
to it. For years back, the conviction has
again and again been forcing itself upon my
mind that tlie reinedies prescribed and used
for different diseases of the human family,
in a great majority of cases liave nothing to
do whatever with the recovery of the pa-
tient. (Sonu'times some trilling thing, in
some remote way connected with the treat-
ment, has been tlie cause of the cure, in a
way something like what you suggest in re-
gard to foul brood. Lei us go slowly, and
let us have much charity while we push our
investigations. I believe it is one of the
hopeful signs of the present age. that we are
more and more using reason and common
sense, and are discarding blind hits in the
dark, — guessing that a certain medicine v^k;//
hit the spot.— I know you are right in one
of your propositions ; namely, that some-
thing strikingly like foul brood may exist in
the hive because of a physical defect in the
queen ; and that changing the queen fur-
nishes the cure. We have htid such ca.ses in
our own apiary; but when shown to me I have
at once decided where the trouble was, and ef-
fected a complete cure l)y giving the colony
a good queen. — In regard to the second case,
that it is produced by some kind of lioney
that kills the brood at such a stiige, it seems
to me this may be partly true, but not al-
ways the trouble; for instance, how can it
spread from one apiary to another by a pur-
chase of stocks. ol(i hives, or tixtiu-es? (Scald-
ing the food, whatever it is, would probal)ly
prevent it from going fiu'ther. — l^ight here I
want to tell you some of the diiliculties we
met at this ])oint in our ai)iary in stopping
it after tlie ])lan we liave been working on.
We at lir.it coiKiliided it was unsafe to open
the liive in the day time, because the robbers
miglit slip in ami (;arry off some of the in-
fected honey : therefore we decided to use
a tent. JJut our apiarist soon declared the
tent was even worse than no tent, because
bees, retui'ning from the iields, on finding
the!;- Uiye covered with a tent, would, c\,

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Sept.

gie:it many of them, carry their loads of
honey into the hives adjoiuiiig- on all sides.
This, 1 have known for many years, was
true. It requires the utmost caution and
care to prevent the disease from spreading
to hives adjoining the infected one, and 1
begin to think, of late, that perhaps the
only really safe way for a person of average
skill and intelligence is to take the hive aft-
er dark, when every straggling bee is at
home, and burn up all the l)ees, combs, and
stores, unless, indeed, we adopt your plan,
and let it die out of itself. i3ut, my good
friend, please consider that hundreds of bee-
keepers have been already adopting this lat-
ter plan, and it did not ''die out,"' either —
no, indeed. It sjiread until it ruined not
onlv every colony in that apiary, but, when
robbeis set in, almost every colony in ad-
joining apiaries, in spite of every tiling the
owners could do. By all means,'let us have
reason and common sense applied to the
matter, but don't let us get reckless.

PROFIT IN BEES.

HOW TO C(JMl»UTE IT.

|!^ NE is apt to conclude, from a superficial ob-
1 51 servation without experience, that all the
l?5j honey that can hv secured from a number of
*^ hives is clear profit. If there were no work
attached, and no investment necessary, this
conclusion might be correct. While taking- these
into consideration we find that some years we are
able to secure a much laiger pi-ofit than others,
while occasionally the bees i)rove an actual loss.
Junuikingup the amount of profit and loss we
must keep an account, first, of the money invested
in hives, bees, and such other necessary appliances
as we find necessary. We must allow a per cent
lor iiUerest on the money Invested, as well as a
sinking: fund for the wear and tear. Then our
time must be worth something-. True, we may be
able to do the greater i)urt of the work at odd times,
so that some often conclude that this should not be
counted; but this time is certainly worth some-
thing-. If we were not attending- to the bees we
could be doing- something- else, so that the only cor-
rect way is to charge the proflt-and-loss account
with whatever the time required is worth. If you
are required to feed them at any time, this also
should be charged for what it is*actually worth. In
this way we know what the honey we secure costs
us If a patch of buckwheat, clover, or other plant,
is sown for the express purpose of feed, this also
should be chai-ged.

Whatever honey is taken, whether used in the
f.imily or sold in nuuket, should be credited at
whatever it is worth. If some of the bees are sold,
this also should be credited. Any e.\pense incurred
should be charged; and whatever is received for
any thing- should be credited; and the difference
between the two will show the amount of profit se-
cured or loss sustained.

With good management, bees, of course, can be
made profitable; but a little e.vperience will soon
convince any one that it is not all profit; while if
properly managed, with any thing like a fair sea-
son, bees may bo made to yield a very large profit
on the money invested. N. .J. SHpPHEnD,

Eldon, Mo., Sept. 1, 13*).

POLLEN FROM COTTONWOOD-
LEAVES.

ALSO MORK ABOUT OPEN-.SIDE SECTIONS, AND NO
SEPAKATORS.

C?*EAR EDITOR AND GLEANEKS:-For sever-
,A| cl al days past I have heard during the fore-
"|>i| noon a loud roaring of bees in a small cot-
-*^ tonwood-trec near my apiary. I at first
thought they were gathering honey-dew, as
I have noticed a slight sprinkling of this substance
in a few hives. Upon closer examination I found
that they were scraping a yellow substance from
the surface of the leaves, and packing it in their
pollen-baskets. The leaves of this tree are al-
most yellow with this substance, while those of
1-rirger cottonwoods near by show no traces of it,
and I saw no bees on them. There are, of course,
no blossoms on the trees at this season. I inclose
a few of the jellow-coated leaves. An explana-
tion will be appreciated.

SECTIONS OPEN ON ALL SIDES.

On page (iSS), after speaking of my new open-side
section, friend Greer says: "It seemed to be in-
tended to be used without separators, and, in con-
sequence, with sections both wide and narrow. I
had bulged combs, so I have attempted to devise a
separator that could used with open-end sections."

Friend G. seems to have overlooked the fact, as
explained in my pamphlet, that, in the section
referred to, special provision is made for the use
o£ ordinary separators, which renders his improve-
ment in separators unnecessary. The only differ-
ence is, that the slots all around are a little shorter
and deeper. They arc 3 Inches long, and scant
i.i inch deep, which enables the bees to pass freely'
not only on both sides of the separator from one
section to the other, but also between the outside
row of sections and the side of the case. The wide
openings also seem to serve as a more perfect
guide to the bees, causing them to build straighter
combs, and with less bulging. In fact, after learn-
ing how to use these sections, I have abandoned
all separators in my own apiaries, as I find I can
secure as i)erfect combs with far less labor and
expense than with separators. I find that sections
half full of fdn. produce more perfect combs than
filled ones. Oliver Foster, 296— 32.5.

Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., la., Sept. 7, 1886.

Friend F., the yellow substance which
you iind on the leaves, and which the bees
are using as a substitute for pollen, is a sort
of fungoid growth, similar to the reddish
substance often found on the leaves of rasp-
berries, and wliich the bees have repeatedly
gathered as a substitute for pollen. It would
seem from this and other similar reports
that bees can use ;i wide range of animal
and vegetable secretions in the way of pol-
len, or as a substitute for pollen from natiu'al
llowers. Our older readers will remember
thtit our bees were at one time gathering
dust from the shelves of a cheese-factory,
and that this dust, under the microscope,
proved to be microscopic forms of animal
life.— If your arrangement will enable your-
self and others to get nice comb honey with-
out the use of separators, it is something of
more moment than we at first supposed.
We should be very glad to have further re-
ports from you.

188(5

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

727

f'OUL BROOD.

THE DESTRUCTION PLAN VEKSUS THE OTHER
REMEDIES.

T|p T the close of the honey season last year I
2J*^ discovered that every colony in lay apiary
^^ was more or 'ess affected with foul brood.
■*'"*• I had never seen the disease, and, of course,
had no knowledge of it except what I had
obtained from rcadinn', and what I had heard in
the discussion of the subject at the National Bee-
Keepers' Convention in Cincinnati, Oct., 1883. It
seemed to be the prevailing- opinion of the mem-
bers of the convention, that the surest remedj' for
the disea:e is to kill the bees and burn the hives and
combs. 1 admit, that Mr. Jones, who was present,
said that he could cure it by the so-called •' starva-
tion plan;" and Mr. Muth also asserted his confi-
dence in the efficacy of salicylic acid; but
the destruction method seemed to be the most
popular with the bee-keepers present. I ac-
cordingly followed the destruction plan, with
the exception of two that were very strong- in bees,
and had not a very g-reat extent of foul brood. 1
had not time to try the starvation plan, so 1 put
them in the cellar, with the intention of trying: it
this summer, if they were alive in the spring.
They wintered well. During the winter I heard of
Cheshire's pamphlet on foul brood. After reading
it I concluded to try his remedy, phenol, on my
affected colonies, when I should set them out in the
spring. Afterward I read in the Birnrn Zcituug,
a German bee-journal, that powdered brown coffee
is a powerful, antiseptic, and a destroyer of foul
brood. I now had two remedies, phenol and
coffee, and I determined to try phenol on one
colony and powdered brown coffee on the other.
Accordingly I gave phenolated syrup (1 part to .500
parts), with a feeder placed over the cluster, and
covered with a cushion. I did it as soon as I set
them out in April.

I applied the coffee finely ground, by removing
the combs one at a time and taking the powdered
coffee in my hand, sprinkling it over the combs,
bees and all, and into the cells and all the crevices
and cracks, and over the tops of the combs when
replaced. I treated the colony in this manner
three times, at intervals of about a week.

The colony treated with phenol took about half
a gallon of the medicated syrup. The last of last
month I examined both colonies, aided by my
friend, an experienced bee keeper, C. Spangenberg,
of this citj% who has had some experience with the
disease, and we found not only no trace of the dis-
ease, but both were in a healthy and flourishing-
condition.

From these tests it seems that each remedy is
equally efficacious. Coffee is to bo found in every
house, but phenol is not so easily obtained, and
coffee can not possibly injure the honey or the
bees. I think the bee-keeping world is to be con-
gratulated in having- so pleasant a remedy, so
easily applied, and so efficacious. I hope all who
have the disease will at once try coffee. Grind or
powder it very fine. J. W. Vance, M. D.

Madison, Wis., Aug. Zi, 188(J.

Friend V., before you read what I liave to
say in regard to the above, please remem-
ber that I have very little faith in remedies,
unless I can see some consistent renson for
applying such remedies, And now excuse

me for saying that I can not believe your
finely ground coffee had any effect What-
ever over the foul brood. The i)henoI may
have had some effect— I do not know ; but
as a good many have reported that they
could not see that it made any difference,
excuse me for being somewhat skeptical in
regard to phenol also. Do you ask, how,
then, the disease came to "disappear? I
think it disappeared of its own accord. A
friend has written us, that, in order to test
a remedy for foul brood, he used it on a
part of his colonies, and used nothing on
the rest. After some time, on finding the
disease had disappeared on the treated col-
onies, he was ready to shout eureka, but
concluded to examine those not treated be-
fore doing so. To his astonishment he
found the disease had disappeared from
all— those treated, and those not treated.
Now, a great many experiments are made
like the one you note above. The disease
is gone, it is true; but how can you be sure
the coffee or i)henol either had any thing to
do with its disappearance V See also last
paragraph of article from E. C. Long, on
13age 701, last issue.

BKUSHING BEES OFF THE COMBS,
VERSUS SHAKING.

CONTRACTING lUiOOD-CHAMBERS NOT SUCCESSFUL
WITH MRS. AXTELL.

TN last Gleanings it was remarked, it did not so
ijf anger bees to shake them off the combs as it
^[ did to brush them oft'. True, it does not; but is
there not danger of injuring the brood to shake
it too hard? We know that queens' wings may
be thus injured, and why not worker-bees? I gen-
erally shake them enough to shake the clusters off,
and then stand to one side, or, rather, corner, of the
hive, generally the southeast corner, of hives facing
the south. Hold the comb in the left hand, and,
with a soft grass l)rush (never a feather brush, if
grass or weeds can be had), brush the rest of the
bees off, being careful not to stand in the bees' way,
so they can not alight in front of hive. Getting in
their way also angers them.

This spring we thought we would try small brood-
nests after swarming, so as to get most of the honey
In the surplus-cases, as'.some are advocating. We
had tried it before, but thought we would try it
again, as it is claimed we did get most of the honey
in such hives in the surplus-cases; but those colo-
nies did not equal those hives that had their full
number of combs. Peforo the spring harvest had
closed, those colonics were smaller, consequently
they gathered less honey. If a colony gets run
down in numbers in mid-summer, with us, it does
not of itself build up in time for the fail crop, gen-
erally commencing the last of August. Mr. Axtell
and I conclude that seven Quinby brood-frames arc
none too many for this 1( cality, except in the win-
ter and early spring; ihcn lour or five are better;
but seven and (nght full of sealed stores are pone
too many to bring them in the best of condition
througli "inter and spring, taking away empty ones
in the spring and giving full ones, or adding a full
one if those in the hives arc full of brood. In or-
der to have large colonies ready for harvests (largo
colonies are the paying ones for comb honcj'), we
oeed in this locftJity to keep them built up, accord-

728

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

iiig- to uuf opinion. Different localities need diflfer-
ent niatiaji-sincnt, no doubt. Mrs. L. C. Axtell.
Koseville, 111., Auk-, 1S^6.

Thanks, Mrs. A. No doubt you are right
in regard to the danger of contracting the
brood-nest too mucli. We believe in large
colonies, and I have never yet seen them too
large, pi'oviding the bees were all the proge-
ny of a single queen.

FLAT-BOTTOMED FOUNDATION VER-
SUS OTHER MAKES.

THE ECONOMY OF THE LATTER OVER THE FORMER,
PROVEN BV CAUEFUIi EXPERIMENTS.

"1^ AST season I used flat-bottomed foundation
1^ lor surplus honey. The bees, in trying- to
tl^ turn the flat bottoms into the natural form,
■^^ spoiled some and neglected others. Having-
seen that, I looked up what you say on page
56 of your A B C, and, consequently, I made up my
mind to get a foundation mill which 1 could use for
foundation for brood-ncst and for surplus honey,
as I had suspected the purity of the wax of some
foundation for brood-nest, which I had received
from Bng-land. I ordered a machine with ten-inch
rollers, from you; and when I received it, in Janu-
ary last, I bought some pure wa.v and tried to make
foundation for brood-nest. My first trial failed, as
the wa,\ sheets were so hardened by the cold weath-
er that they generally broke. 1 read over the in-
structions given In the ABC book, and decided on
shutting the windows and doors, and to place a big
fire in the room. This, however, made but little
difference; and so after a while 1 thought of dip-
ping the wax sheets in warm water, about IW^ F.,
just before passing them through the rollers. I
tried this plan and the result was perfectly satisfac-
tory, so that the sheets came out from the rollers
very easily, and the foundation was perfectly even
and nice.

In the latfer part of February I gave to each one
of my eight strongest stocks of bees two full sheets
of comb foundation, the one being of mj' own make,
and the other of the lot I had received from En-
gland, I placed the one at one side, and the other
at the other side in the brood-nest of each hive.
About ten days after, on examining I found that
the foundation I had made was all accepted by
the bees, colls having been drawn out nicely, and
filled in with eggs, etc., and thatmthe foundation I
had received from England was all sagged, and
only the cells at the lower part were half worked
out. These 1 left in the hives for about two months,
and by so doing I have been able to ascertain that
the boos had been obliged to use them by thick-
ening the tipper parts of the foundation with their
own new wa.x in order to prevent the falling-down
of the above-mentioned combs, of which only the
lower parts were occupied, and the upper parts
were out of shape.

In March last I bleached some pure wax in the
wanner explained on page '2i^H of tlje ABC book,
of which I made some foundation for the section
boxes just in the same manner as 1 had made those
for the brood nest. This foundation was of medium
thickness, and its color was as white as snow; and
having still on hand about three pounds of the
Hat-bottotTjed foundation I fixed full sheets of both
in tljo sectioij boxes, aucj in Api'il I supplied the

bees with both kinds mixed together in the crates
for perfect trial.

Abf)Utaweek after, oil examining the same, I
saw that some of the flat-bottomed foundation was
untouched, and some, especially that in the center
of the crates, was in a bad state, so that the bees,
in trying to turn the bottoms into the natural shape,
had partly spoiled them. While all those made by
me were accepted, and their cells or Avails were
beautifully drawn out, which looked very pleasant
to the eye, and the bottoms of the cells were so
thinned out that I could hardly see any difference be-
tween mine and the natural comb, except that mine
were less transparent, owing only to the air, or to
the imperceptibly flne spaces created in the body of
the wax by its swelling when dipped in warm wafer,
which air, on account of the warm and soft state of
the wax, did not escape by the pressure of the rol-
lers of the machine, and it caused the wax to re-
main in such a condition that the bees would hardly
And any difficulty in scratching the thick parts of
the foundation and using the shavings for the
building of the walls. When I was rolling, Mr. F.
Benton was present, and he told me that I was go-
ing- to have a flshbone in my surplus comb honej',
and so [ thought that would have been the case;
but after it was worked out by the bees 1 was very
glad to see the unexpectedly excellent results.

Herewith 1 send you samplesof the flat bottomed,
and also of my own make of foundation, as worked
up by the bees, that, in the event of any progressive
bee-keeper wishing- to ascertain the truth of what I.
have stated, he may be able to see the results with
his own eyes, and thus he will be better able to
judge than by explaining the matter scicntiflcally. I
would also beg all bee-keepers who love progress to
try my system of rolllHg the wax, and discuss the
method for the benefit of all, by taking under their
careful consideration the state or shape of the wax
scales secreted by the bees, and the manner in
which they are worked for the comb.

M. G. Dervishian.

Larnaca, (lyprus, August 10, 1886.

Friend 1) , your experiments have resulted
just about the same as our own. The sam-
ples you send us are beautifully thinned at
their "bases; and 1 believe no one has yet
tried to explain why bees sometimes scrape
down the base so tliin, and at other times do
not. The specimens you send make it very
plain indeed tliat extra labor is required
wliere the bees have starters of flat-bottom
foundation.

COLOR AND QUALITY OF QUEENS.

FRIEND DOOMTTLE'S EXPERIENCE IN TESTING THE
DIFFERENT RACES.

tONTINUING the subject of my article on page
6t:5 of Gleaninos for Aug. 15th, we have next
in order the color of the queens of the difl'er-
ent races of bees. The queen-bee of the Ger-
man race seems to be the most constant in
color of any of the bees which have come under my
notice, all of which are of a very dark brown upon
the upper side of the abdomen, while the under side
of the same is of a yellowish brown. Right here I
would say, that, in speaking of markings, 1 shall no-
tice only those which are flxed, or permanant, as
are those colors on the horny scales, or segments of
tbc abdomen; tor nearly all other markings are of

18SG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

729

hair or fuzz, and are soon worn oil', so that an old
bee does not look nearly as showy as a young: one,
when the color ol' said fuzz is new and brig-ht. The
head and thorax of all the races of bees are very
much alike, except as the color ol' this fuzz gives
then a lighter or darker apijcarancc. Tol)esnre,
the Cyprians have a bright spot, or shield, as it is
called, at the back of the thorax between the wings;
but as I find this same spot on the best-marked
Syrian and Italians, 1 do not sec how it can be used
as a test for purity of the Cyprian race, as some
claim for it. Hence the abdomen of the bee is the
place we are to look for the markings of the differ-
ent races. With me, the markings of the Cyprian
and Syrian queens are very much alike, except that
the strips or rings on the Cyprian queen have more
yellow on them than do the Syrians; and said yel-
low is of a bright orange color, while that on the
Syrians is less bright, and often dusky. Every seg-
ment to the abdomen has both yellow and black
upon it, unless it be the last one at the tip, which
generally is nearly or quite all black, or very dark
brown. The <iueens to these two races of bees are
next in constancy of color to the German queens.
The few Carniolan queens which I have reared run
from a jet black to a light brown, one of which was
fairly a blue-black, like a crow, or a crow blackbird,
as we call them here. However, I did not keep this
variety of bees long enough to give a decided opin-
ion of the color of either bees or queen.

We next come to the Italians; and, without wish-
ing to injure anybody's feelings or business, I am
compelled to say that I can consider them as only a
hybrid or mongrel race. There is no constancy of
color, either in the queens or bees. Furthermore,
I believe that it is this mongrel (luality which gives
them their good qualities as honey-gatherers. Sure-
ly no race of bees can be said to be pure whose
queens vary in color from that of a German queen
to a bright golden-orange color the whole length of
the abdomen, some of the best specimens not even
having a particle of black on the extreme tip, or
point. Again, the workers vary from a dark chest-
nut color, so nearly like Iho German bees that only
an expert can tell the difference, to those showing
the fourth and a few even the fifth band of golden
yellow. I used to think that (jueei's of the Italian
variety could be found that would dujjlicate them-
selves; but 1 have long ago given that up. However,
the queen which I prefer for a breeder is one which
will give the larger share of her young queens of a
bright orange color. Such queens, mated with
drones from a like mother as to markings, though
in no way related as to blood, give me the best re-
sults in honey f)f any bees I have evei- tried. Jn
fact, I believe they have no etpial as honey-gathci-
ers; and with our present mode of management,
together with comb foundation in our sections, they
are all I could desire as comb-builders. I again re-
peat what I said In the A B C, several years ago,
that $500 would not tempt me to exchange my i)rcs-
ent stock of home-bred Italians for those impoi'ted,
or for any other bee which I am accjuainted with.

(/UALITV OF IJUEENS.

Next comes (lUality of queens reared by natural
swarming as compared with those reared " artifi-
cially" at it is termed. All, without doubt, know
that I pvefer (jueens reared under the swarming
impulse: and about the only reason I can give for
such a iirefcrcnce is, that such qu'cns prnviv on an
average, to be of opcthirc) more value to mo Ihm

do those not so reared, with the excei)tion of such
((ueens as are reared to supersede an old, queen, if
reared while the old queen is still in the hive. In
both of these eases the bees are not compelled to
rear a (jueen in haste for fear that they will not
have brooil of the right age to rear another for any
length of time, as is the case when the queen is tak-
en away, but, on the contrary, they take all the
time needed, knowing that they still have a queen
to fall back on should they fail from any cause in
their first attempt. Now, when a colony swarms,
as the Italians frc(]uently do liefore queen-cells are
started,! do not like queens reared in such a case
any better than I do when the apiarist takes the
queen away. It is the presence of the queen in the
hive at the time the young queens are being reared
that causes the bees to give the best of a cradle,
care, and food, to the royal occupant. This cradle,
care, and food, make all the difference in the world
in the future usefulness of a queen, the same as
does a mother's nursing, teaching, and love, to the
child over that of a stranger who cares naught for
it except that, in some way. It lives till it can help
itself.

I could go on at length and tell of the food left in
the cell after the queen hatched; of how all the
requisites are jiresent to rear good queens, etc.;
but that would not help any. It is sufficient for me
to know that, on an average, queens reared while
the old queen is in the hive prove to live one-third
longer and do one-third more work than do those
not so reared. G. M. Doolittle.

Borodino, N. Y., Aug. 31, 1886.

Friend 1)., I do not know whether it
makes any dilferenoe whether \\e call our
Italians hybrids or something else, so long
as we all agree that they are, all things con-
sidered, the best bees to be found ; but I do
not quite see the force of your reasoning,
that they can not be a pure race because the
queens vary so greatly in color. We have
plants and animals of all colors, unless we
take pains by careful selection to fix the
colors.— Now, in regard to cells made under
the impulse of natural swarming, do not
Italians, as a rule, or, at least, a greater part
of the time, send out a swarm before they
start queen - cells? I have, a good many
times, tried to prove by experiment, that
queens reared while the old queen was in the
hive, were superior ; but so far it has not
seemed to turn out that way. My experi-
ments, however, in that direction, have
been somewhat limited.

HONEY NOT SUITABLE FOR COOKERY.

.Mils. CHADDOCK'S IDEAS IN ISEGAHD TO IT.

[tiTcTE were not to thrash till next Saturday; but

j-esterday Mr. Chaddock came in and asked

me if I could get ready for them to thcash

to-day. I said, " No."

" Well," said he, " Mr. EUisoii is here, and

they have no other job; and if you can get ready I

guess I will try to thrash to-morrow."

"But we have not a spoonful of sugar in the
house," 1 demurred, "and thrashers always, expept
gooil things— cakes ami puddings and pies."
But Mr. Chaddock kept on.
"Couldn't you stai-t a new fashion," said hg -^

"get up uU tUe ptbt'f gopi] things that j-ou can

7::o

GLEANINGS IN BKE CULTURE.

Sept,

Ibink of aud leave out the sweet things— you have
plenty of honey, you know?"

Then a thought flashed all over me, "I'll do it!
Bring on your thrashers, and I'll sweeten everj'
thing with honey."

We live four miles from towi;; and in this jam-up
hurrying, no man, woman, nor child could be spared
to go after sugar; and if we had them at all for
weeks, we must have them now. I had several Ma-
son jars full of honey that was left on the plates
after we had eaten the comb honey off; and with
this honey I made grape pics— green-grape pies;
put in a layer of grapes, and half a layer more;
sprinkle in a small handful of flour, then four table-
spoonfuls of strained honey; put on top crust, and
bake; also Dutch pies. Put a handful of Hour in
the bottom crust, and even it around; lay thin
slices of good ripe apple closely over the bottom ;
put in a lump of butter as large as a hickory-nut;
three table-spoonfuls of honey; grate a Httle nut-
meg on top, and fill up with hoiling water; it has no
top crust. This is the famous Dutch pie that the
belles of Illinois bake to hand out to their beaux on
Sunday night when they come home from buggy-
riding, only they make it with sugar instead of hon-
ey. I made some blackberry pies too, and sweeten-
ed them with honey; and wo made cakes, and
coDked apple sauce. As Josiah Allen's wife says,
"Every thing went off well"— victuals all eaten up
slick and clean, a compliment to the cook. But I
don't like to use honey for cooking-purposes. In
the first place, it is not cheaper than sugar; and in
the second place, it doesn't make things taste quite
right; and in the third place it is smeary.

THRASHING-MACHINES AND THEIR IMPROVEMENT.

Thirty years ago or so I used to help my father
thrash. He used a flail, and we children gathered
up and carried out the straw after the grain was
beaten out. AVe had a smooth mud-flooi'ed thrash-
ing-floor between the hay end and the horse end of
our barn, and there we toiled day after day. As I
sit here writing I see the steam-thrasher at work.
They began at eleven o'clock, and in one half-hour
more they will have thrashed twenty acres of
heavy oats. They can thrash 2000 bushels in a day
as easily as any thing. The little black engine, puff-
ing its black smoke all day long, does the work of
twelve horses, and it eats only coal and water. I
like to see a steam-thrasher at work. It just about
comes up t6 mj' idea of business. I like to see four
men on the rick when one used to be enough, and a
whole string of men on the straAvetack handing the
straw to each other. I like to see three teams hur-
rying away with side-boards on, level full; I like to
see the sooty engineer raking the tire and throwing
in coal; I like to pee the boys hurrying with the
water for the thirsty men, and all the rush and roar
of it. I think if I lived in Paris I should be a Com-
munist; if in Chicago or St. Louis, I'd be an An-
archist and shoot policemen. As it is, I take a wild
delight in having thrashers, harvesters, or any
thing to break this everlasting monotony. They
have finished thrashing now. Itis seven o'clock;
and since eleven this morning they have thrashed
1037 bushels of oats, machine measure. It will
weigh out eleven or twelve hundred. They could
have thrashed more, but they br.ikc a rod or spring
or something, and had to send a man four miles to
a blacksmith to get it mended. That took about an
hour and a half. ^f ah \i,a B CT AddOCK.

Vermoat, lUIuois,

My good friend Mrs. C, the reason why
honey will not answer as well f'oi- sweeten-
ing pies, and other things of a like nature,
is because there is too much fruit-juice al-
ready ; and while sugar would take up this
fruit-juice, honey siini)ly becomes diluted by
being added to it. Honey is not good to
l)ut on apple-pudding, for the same reason.
It tastes watery, and somewhat insipid,
while even brown sugar, with a little butter,
is delicious. You can remedy the matter
somewhat, by using candied honey from
which the liquid portion has been thorough-
ly drained. If honey is not cheaper than
sugar now, it bids fair to be very soon.— I
agree with you in liking to see business go-
ing on ; but I do not believe I should ever
want to see the monotony of life broken by
becoming an Atiardiist. — At our recent
State Fair I saw arrangements that do away
with the hard labor of the t<tackers, to a great
extent, and I presume that a few years more
will show far grcaicr improvements in this
branch of farm "industry.

AN A B C'S OBSERVATIONS.

WHAT KIND OF A BRUSH SHALL WE USE IN GET-
TING BEES OF THE COMBS?

OTICINQ in a late Gleanings an article from
"Josepho," something about brushing vs.
shaking bees from tlie comb, I feel like add-
ing my experience, which may be useful to
some. I think "Josepho" must work with
black bees only; for while I have found them easily
shaken ofiF, I And it very difl5cult to shake Italians
from the combs; besides, sometimes I wish to get
bees from combs containing more or less unsealed
hipney, and the honey shakes out. I have used the
Davis and other similar brushes, and been provoked
by the bees attacking the brush, struggling frantic-
ally into the bristles, and calling for help until the
thing was full of angry bees, and the air too, for
that matter, for anger is contagious, especially in a
bee hive. I felt like throwing the thing away, and
did sometimes, when the bees mistook my hand for
the brush.

One day, after I got a comb in hand I found I had
left the brush at the house; so I pulled some green
timothy straws and used them. I noticed at once
that the bees did not return to fight. Afterward I
made brushes by cutting the straw about 14 in. long,
about 20 of them, binding about 4 inches from one
end for a hand-hold. I laid them lengthwise on the
comb, brushing the bees quite as reacjily as with
any brush ; and after a month's use in the apiary 1
did not notice a single instance where the bees
seemed angered at the brush. I suppose, having
been accustomed to being brushed from flowers by
the waving blades of grass, they took it as a matter
of course. Now, I suggest that brushes be made
with long- splints of buckeye or rattan, stainecl
green, to resemble grass-blades, and see how the
bees seem disposed toward them. The grass itself
is not durable enough to be satisfactory. Now, Mr.
Editor, I think I see you scratching down at the end
of this, that old bce-kcepers knew all about this
long ago, and had discarded it, or that you had de-
cided that bees were color-blind, and that color
could make no difference.

DO BEES distinguish COLORS?

Speaking of color, bees, as well as every thing

1886

GLEANIKGS IX BEE CULTURE.

731

else, seem to accept red as the gage of battle. One
day, having torn tlie wristband of my under-shirt
(red fiannel) so that a small portion was exposed to
View, the bees attacked it vigorously, and to the ex-
clusion of every place else where they might have
stung.

COMB-BUCKET, HOW TO IMPROVE.

I want you, friend Root, to improve your comb-
bucket in two respects. I want you to put legs to
it, to extend down and biit two or three inches, so
that it may be set down on the grass without tip-
ping over of its own weight ; and instead of two
wooden handles, make one a kind of sheet hook, to
hook over the otlicr, making only one in the hand.
It is very difficult to hold the two when cari'ying
the bucket full of combs. Bke-Kkepeij.

Charleston, III.

No, friend Bee-Keeper, I am not going to
say tluit grass was discarded long ago, and I
very mncli dotibt if a brush can be invented
tliat will work as well as a fresh Inmch of
grass, or a bunch of clover. — Legs on a comb-
bucket would cost money, and would also be
unwieldy to ship. Have a lawn-mower, and
keep the grass shaved off close.

FUN WITH THE BEES.

HOW MY BEES HAVE GONE WILD— THE OTHEK SIDE
OP BEE-KEEPING.

T TELL you, I have had fun with the bees this
(^ year, or else the bees have had fun with me.
^l The"fun"maj' be said to have comnieuced
■*■ May 18th, when a swarm issued alioiit three
weeks earlier than ever before. .(\t that time
the meads were growing white with clover, and I
went to clapping on surplus arrangements, and di-
viding. But owing to an accident which had crip
pled me for several weeks in the spring, and the
fact that the season had set in so mueli earlier than
usual, I was not prepared for it. 1 had a plan 1 had
resolved to try. I wanted, and still want, us it hap-
pens, to control the wild, everlasting swarming in-
stincts of my bees. I did with a dozen or Hftoen ac-
cording to my notion, but T could not get around
fast enough. I had to (juit dividing, prepare the
section cases, and put them on. I could not do that
in a daj'. In the mean time the bees were sending
off their skirmishing parties, and ere long the great
swarming armies were upon me. Among them
were some from those I had swarmed myself. I
grinned a "just as I expected," and let them
swarm. It was fun to see the bees go to work so
heavily in the boxes, and how I laughed to take off
some fine white sections about the day in the year
that I had formerly seen bees first go lightly to
workinthemi About the same time I laughingly
shouted, " Well, they are enterprising," when 1
beheld ray 18th-of-May queen lead off a second
swarm, one day earlier than I had ever had a swarm
before. The season was now nyjon me. You all
know what that means. I had little time to swarm
artificially. I could only put together frames and
sections, take off honey, hive swarms, and do the
making and mending 1 found necessary. Soon one
after another of those that had swarmed and been
hived on the old stand followed the example of the
first, and swarmed again; also several of those!
had divided. Thus far all these unwelcome swarms.

I found had been hived partly on frames wholly or
partly filled with old comb. I smilingly decided
that I would know how to fix them next year!

" Bees," said I, " when they swarm, want to sot up
housekeeping anew." I had long thbught it, and
now I was sure of it. Ves, I laughed in joy at the
discovery. But the laugh turned against me, as
you will soon find. Just about now so many things
happened that I can not keep up in the telling. 1
had started into the season with .57 stands of bees
and a queenlcss one, and about .3.5 empty hives
available. I was going to keep down swarming,
and bend all our resources and powers to the pro-
duction of honey, that I was as sure of as the world,
etc. Thus far 1 had controlled it in such a manner
that, at the l-ate they were going, three days bade
fair to utterly exhaust my stock of hives. No frame
hives to be obtained, except two L. hives, about as
much like mine as black is like green; no lumber
to make any box hives, which I did not want any
way; no time to make them or get anybody else to
make them; no time, in fact, to do any thing but
what was before me. Every one else was as busy
as the bees were, and, as crowded as I was, what
should I do? Well, it was part of my plan to set two
old colonies side by side after swarming, and, after
the queens had hatched, to unite them. I put the
extra frames in the upper story, and ran for ex-
tracted honey. The frames of some colony that re-
cently swarmed I would distribute among the col-
onies thus formed. These young queens, contrary
to all precedent and all reason, went to swarm-
ing pretty soon after they got to laying. Also some
weak colonies that I had utilized some of these old
colonies to strengthen, swarmed as soon as they
felt big enough. Also, if 1 chanced to put a frame
containing unsealed larva' into a hive with a cell
nearly ready to hatch, they would start a new set
of cells, and swarm ; then again two or three weeks
after I thought it was all over, here would come
another puny swarm. All these things happened a
number of times. Of course, these proceedings
filled up my hives all the faster.

Every day for nearly two weeks, except a couple
of very rainy ones (and I tell you I smiled broadly
at the chance they gave me to get a little ahead), I
would run down to al)out two hives to none availa-
l)le. So about six o'clock p. M. 1 would start to
empty some hives for— to-morrow. I usually hived
mj' swarms on six frames. Now I would take oft'
supers, remove dummies, and poke a frame any
where I could Bnd to poke it. Colonies of today's
swarming that I had set off' from the old stand I
would tear to pieces, or perhaps carry them mostly
to the upper story of some hive that ought not to
swarm. Peveral hives now held 13 to 30 frames. I
had to put my swarms on emiity fi'ames. Accord-
inglj- 1 had to tuiil a lot of new ones that I had not
expected to want, and fix fdn. in them. No time
for enmii. 1 was kept on a hop, skip, and jump
all the time. But, not content with contrariness,
those crazy bugs nuist add to it capi'iciousness.
I hived a big swarm one Sunday. The next day it
arose and left. The new disease caught and ran
like wild-fire. 1 would hive sw'arm numl)er 40 as
near as they would hive. Perhaps they would near-
ly all go in. If they did they would crawl out and
cluster in front, on top and all around, more or less.
All the way from half an hour to 24 hours they
would swarm out and settle, to lie hived again or go
oft', or simply adjourn to the front part of another

732

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

hive— sometimes all three or less. It did beat all
how they would cluster in front of another hive,
and then, like the dog in the manger, neither do
any thing themselves nor let anybody else do.
" Well, that is fiinnj'," was my e.xasperated e.xcla-
mation, a dozen or so times during the progress of
these proceedings. Now I found out that many of
uiy absconders were hived on empty frames. In-
deed, I had ceased to put any old comb into the
hives, before the swarming and absconding fever
had reached its height. My bubble theory had
burst. Several of my baby-swarms 1 put back, and
half of them stayed. Of course, two or more swarms
often went together. I would hive them together—
it was the best I could do. Several times such a
colony became queenless. I think this was because
one queen was a layer and the other a virgin, and
the bees of each swarm balled the queen pf the oth-
er.

One of the hottest days— hot in more ways than
one— a swarm settled high up and far out on a hick-
ory limb out in the pasture. Soon another clustered
on a young apple-tree. I was preparing to hive the
one I could get at easiest, when another started to
settle with it. I wrapped my sheet around it and
held it there awhile, sweating at the same time.
But I suppose the queen got ahead of me, for those
bees would not stop any whei-e else. I had no time
to waste, so I gave it up. After they had settled, I
shook them down on to the sheet. In the meantime
my high-minded swarm had adjourned to the end of
a lofty limb of another hickory in the other pasture
on the opposite side of the apiary (some time after-
ward I saw another swarm make a similar change
of lodgings). I was lugging my step-ladder, hive,
sheet, and long - handled pruning - knife to their
settlement, when 1 beheld them all at once move
down to the front of another hive, the occupants of
which did not know what to do with them.eelves. I
thought that was as funny doings as bees could do.
But the two swarms down by the apple-sprout did
funnier still. When I came back to them they had
blackened that big ten-frame two story hive. I did
not move them— it was not worth while, even if I
could.

The next morning 1 walked down the path just in
time to see a swarm rise and start off. But in a min-
ute another swarm issued from the hive, and anoth-
er swarm sailed oft' about twenty paces behind the
flr.:jt, and the two moved like a funeraT procession
down the fence-row. As I stoo^ and watched this
proceeding I thought, "Surely not many an old
apiarist has seen such a show as that." It was the
funniest caper I had beheld them cut. I had to run
in and tell mother.

Do folks ask, "Why did you not hunt out the
queen, divide the swarm, clip her wings, cut out
cells? or do this or that or the other, or something
else?" Now, I do not want to take six sheets, in
addition to what I have written, to tell why. But
imagine, if you will, a little, nervous, dyspeptic fel-
low, with back and limbs perpetually getting the
aches, muscles as soft as those of a sweet-sixteen so-
ciety girl, joints so stiff and sore that, after sitting
.at the dinner-table twenty minutes when he meant
to take only ten, he would get up and start off like a
buck-kneed string-halt colt; supers getting full,
weeds and sour docks growing that he did want so
much to get shut oft'; letters lying unanswered, etc.,
and it may be not as much senxe as Heddon or Root.
I tell .you, it was easier to .sfl.y than do. Vou see, a

weakling can nc-t do as well, even at bee-keeping,
as a stout healthy man. Geo. F. Bobbins, .57—93.
Mechanicsburg, III., Aug. 20, 188C.

Why, friend R., yoii did have " business "
in real earnest, did you not? What queer
opinions we often ^tt from reading tlie let-
ters of our correspondents! Somehow I had
got tlie idea that you were a great big man.
like Doolittle and some of the others. One
of my besetting sins is to make great prep-
arations, in the way of business, for booms
that never come to pass ; but once in a while
I happen to hit it, and then you do not
know how I enjoy having plenty of every
thing ready to take care of the business when
it does come. I, too, am small, and not very
strong, and quite often nervous and dyspep-
tic ; but the stout, healthy men do not al-
ways move things very much further or very
much faster than I do ; so take heart, friend
R.; the victory is not always to the strong. —
By the way, you did not tell us how much
money you made, after all your trials and
tribulations had been passed through. I
think you have learned something by expe-
rience, and next time you will probably find
youiself a little cooler, and a little more
master of the situation.

FOUL BROOD.

does it ever ofitoinate j^'rom overheating
thh; brood?

ilfCTHEN a bee-keeper finds foul brood among
''' his bees, about the first thing he thinks of
is. How did it come there? About the
first of June, 1874, I bought of N. N. Bet-
singer, then at Marcellus Falls, four
swarms of bees. The frames of brood and bees
were put into boxes, which were prepared for that
purpose by making a snuiU hole in each end, with
wire screen over them. The day we went after
them we had to wear our overcoats, it was so cold
riding. We stayed over night. Next morning we
put the bees in the boxes early in the morning,
and started for home, about 30 miles. The sun
came up bright and clear, and proved as much too
warm for comfort as the day before had been too
cool. With our calls and journey, the bees were
shut in the boxes all day, and let out after sun
down; with the warm weather outside, and the
closeness of the boxes, a few of the combs (which
were old ones, with very little honey in them)
broke from the frames. In about 30 days I found
foul brood in all of the four swarms. Later on 1
saw Mr. Betsinger. He said the bees were all
right when we left his place; I also saw the bees
and brood when Mr. Betsinger put them in the
boxes, and saw nothing wrong about them then.
Evidently the foul brood was caused by the great
heat in the boxes, together with the neglect of the
bees, through the day, to care for the xuisealed
bi-ood.

Two of- the young queens that were in other
swarms, an<l mated that summer in my apiary, had
this peculiarity about them. Some of the larva?,
when about ready for the bees to seal over, died
in the cells: also some that ivere sealed over, and
were formed bees with legs on them, died; but,
unlike foul brood, this dead brood was only where
the two queens were, and was not contagious.

1886

GLEANINGS IN Bee CULTUHE.

m

I i-emoved those two queens, and put others in
their places, and the whole cause was removed.

As a proof that it waS the heat in the boxes that
caused the foul brood in the first instance, I will
g'ive my experience again, as late as 188").

A very warm day, my Ix'os were swarming- at a
tremendous rate. I had tlnee swarms then in the
air, when another swarm started to come out. I
wished them to wait a few minutes, that I might
care for the first three, and 1 put a board partly
covered with wire screen ovtrahole as large as a
man's hand with fingers and thumb straiglitencd
out, over the portico, fastening the bees in.
While caring- lor the swarms that were out, I was
detained longtr than I rxpccttd; and when I
returned to the hive where I had shut the bees in,
I found the honey riiiiniiig- out at tlie bottom on to
the ground. I removed the screen-board, took the
hive into the shade, opened the whole hive to the
air, but it was too late; part of the bees were then
dead; the others, though they eould move a little,
died very soon.

Within the hour I put bees (no queen) on to these
frames of brood, as a test whether this state of
things would produce foul brood or not, within
five days all the unsealeil and part of the scaled
brood was a putrid mass, which the bees could
never remove.

Now, from mj' past experience T think it safe to
say that foul brood often originates in the apiai-y
where it is discovered, by the careless operator,
who leaves the brood from hives exposed to the
scorching rays of the sun,' thereby scalding the
larvae in such numbers that the bees can not re-
move them in time to escape the dreaded disease,
foul brood, by the brood becoming a putrid mass.
After a time the dead larvie dry down, and the
bees remove a part of it, then the queen lays in the
same cells, and surely the larvie will die and lo
come a putrid mass, the same as the tirigt. Usually,
before the operat<ir discovers that he has foul
brood, he has changed combs, or in some other
way has got into other hives; then the qiir^liint.
How did I get foul broodV H. D. Mason.

Fabius, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1886.

Friend M., your sujj;Q,esLi( ns would be
good had it not been well proven tiiat I'oiil
brood is a plant, and can no more start spon-
taneously—/, t'., without seed— than can a
hill of corn. Dead brood may start putrefac-
tion, and this may i)resent niucli the api»ear-
ance of foul brood, but the seeds of foul
brood must be i)rtsent or it will never be
foul brood at all. I scanned your communi-
cation with much interest to see if you did
not, somewhere, mention whether or not
friend Betsinger has recently had foul brood
in his apiary.

CELLAR WINTERING AND SUB-EARTH
VENTILATOR-PIPES.

DISCUSSED BY Ml{. HUTCHINSON AND DR. M[M,EH.

fRIEND MILLER:— I was very much interested
in your articles on cellar wintering.
1. Let me ask you if two or more small sizes
of tile laid in the same trench would not be
better than one large tile, simply for this rea-
son: There would be greater opportunity for the
influence of the earth's warmth upon the air. The
distance around a four-inch tile, where it comes in

contact with the earth, is about one foot, while its
carrying capacity is represented by 163 gallons per
minute. An eight-inch tile has a surface of about
twenty-four inches, only twice that of a fourinchi
yet its carrying capacity is represented by 923 gal-
lons per minute, or nearly six times as great. Do
you see? Of course, the expense would be greater
in using several small tile.

3. In your experiment in stopping hp your fout'-
iuch tile, how far in from the innel- mouth cf the
tile did you put your thermometer, far enough sd
that the warmth from the cellar would not affect iti*

3. Have you ever noticed how miiny degrees the
air is warmed in passing through your tile. Of does
it differ'?

4. How did you learn that 100 ft. was long enough
for your foui- Inch tile':'

5. Your stoves are not in the same apartments as
are the bees, are they?

6. Do you use them to cause ventilation or to
warm the cellar, or both?

1. Why isn't your cellar warm enough Without
them?
8. At what temperature do you keep it?
I presume I have asked enough for one time.

Fraternally yours, W. Z. HutchinsoNi

Rogersvillc, Mich.

Dr. Miller replies to the above ;

1. Two or more tile of a given capacity will warm
the air more than a single tile of the same capacitj',
as explained in the question, provided that length
of pipe has not been reached where the tempera-
ture of the air in each case has become that of the
surrounding earth. In this case, of course, the
smaller tile would have no advantage.

I had at one time decided to lay two tiles in the
same trench, to have the advantage of raising the
air to a higher temperature; but upon further
thought and experiment I concluded 1 could more
satisfactorily and cheaply aceomplish the same
thing another way. An eight-inch tile will cost less
than two four-inch tiles; and to make it bring the
air to the same temperature, all that is necessary is
to partly close the aperture where it enters the cel-
lar, so as to make the air flow in at the same rate of
speed at which it flows in the smaller tiles. In this
case you would have the advantage of being able at
any time, if you so desired, to open up the pipe to
its full capacity and flush out all the air of the cel-
lar. I think now of putting a ten-inch tile in the
drain for my shop cellar; for, no matter how large,
it can at any time be closed down to the capacity of
a small tile; but if a smaller tile is laid it can not
be enlarged.

3. The thermomf ter was thrust into the pipe as
far as possible without putting it beyond reach to
draw it out again. I hardly think the warmth of
the cellar would have much efl'ect upon it, as the
contents of the whole tube would freely mi.x.

3. The number of degrees the air is warmed in
jjassing through the tile depends mainl3' on the out-
side temperature. One day the air may be warmed
five degrees in passing through, and the next day
twenty degrees. The air enters the cellar, say
at 38°; if the outer air is 3;,°, the air is warmed
5°. If the outer air the next day is lb° it must, of
course, be warmed 30° to enter at 38°. In other
words, the air enters the cellar at about the same
temperature from day to day, no nuUter what the
weather, and there is no perceptible change with

734

GL7i:/VNmGS TN JBEE CULTURE.

Sept.

the chang'o of weather, only aS it ehanjjes very
slowly in the course of the winter, and that through
but a small number of degrees, growing a little
colder as the winter advances.

4. I put the thermometer in the tube and then
closed the tube. After remaining closed several
hours, the thermometer showed the same tempera-
ture, substantially, as when entirely open. Of
course, a longer tube could raise the air no higher
than it would be when standing still in the pipe;
and as 100 ft. raised it to that temperature, a longer
tube could raise it no higher.

5. My stoves are in the same apartment as the
bees, the nearest hives being about four feet from
the stoves. When I used wood-stoves I put a board
covered with zinc between the stove and the hives.
Since using coal-stoves I use no such precaution,
and I think the colonies nearest the stoves winter
as well as others.

6. I just used flres occasionally to warm the cellar
when the bees began to be uneasy in a cold spell,
but concluded aftei'ward that they did more good
by increasing ventilation. I am now uncertain
whether the heating or ventilating is more impor-
tant, but believe both essential to best results.

7. Because, without stoves, the best cellars in this
locality hardly keep above the freezing-point in the
coldest spells. Possibly, some time I may succeed
in warming by a sub-earth tube.

8. 1 try to keep it from 43° to 45°.

I shall be thankful for the severest criticism from
friend Hutchinson, or some of our sharp-eyed Can-
adian friends; in fact, from any one; for in the
matter of warming and ventilating 1 am as yet a
novice. C.C.Miller.

Marengo, 111., Sept., 18SG.

NOTES FROM THE BANNER APIARY.

THE LAST NUMBER OF GLE.ANINGS.

TT seems to me that it was an especially ijixxl
|nP number. I should like to notice a few points.

^l THE WAX QUESTION, AGAIN.

"*■ Is not the only way in which this question can
be settled— i. e., so as to be of anj' practical
benefit to bee-keepers— to do as I have been doing
the past four years; viz., hive part of the swarms
on fdn., and part on empty frames? What do we
care how many pourula of honey^re consumed in
the production of a pound of wa.x, if we do know
that it is profitable to allow the bees to build their
combs at certain times and in certain places, and
at others it is better to furnish them fdn.? I feel
that we have been using fdn. too indiscriminately;
that to know exactly when and where, to me is a
great question. I know that for mc to use it in the
brood-chamber when hiving swarms, is to lose
money, and I see by this last issue of Gleanings
that others are arriving at the same conclusion.

implements AND LABOR.

It is a pleasure to see an article once more in
Gleanings, signed "J. M. Shuck." His articles
are always timely, valuable, and well written.
When he says, "The time required to manipulate
the invertible hive for the production of honey is
not one-fourth the time required for a non-inverti-
ble hive. Tlicir is the (jaije, come who may," he
very tersolj- covers nearly the whole question.

This question of iniplcments and labor is an im-
portant one, and I feel that Bro. Doolittle does not
take the correct view of it. The quotation that he
gives from somebody's letter; viz., " The use of my
hives and surplus-cases will give you more honey
than you now produce, with one-half the labor,"
ought not to be construed to mean that the use of
certain hives would enable the bees to gather any
more hones', any more than the use of the mow-
ing-machine, horse rake and fork, would enable us
to secure more 7iay per acre; but the use of these
improved implements enables us to secure the
same results with (ess labor.

black bees; are they equal to or better
than italians for comb honey?

The point that you make, Mr. Editor, in your
foot-note to Mr. Coleman's article, in regard to his
having all black bees, hence could not make a just
comparison, is a reasonable one. 1 think, too,
that the majority of bee-keepers favor the Italians;
but for the production of comhltoticy I doubt if
there is a better bee than the black bee; possibly
a cross between them and the Italian is better;
but were I to choose a pure variety 1 would un-
hesitatingly choose the blacks. When handling
combs, looking for queens, and the like, Italians are
more pleasant to handle; but in raising comb honey
thi.^ is something- we seldom have to do. Ever
since I began the pi'oduction of comb honey I have
had from five to twenty colonies of blacks (con-
tiolling, of course, the production of drones), and
these black colonies have stored as m\ich honey up-
on an ai^craye as hai^e the Italians, while the honey
is of finer appearance. This very propensity of
the Vilacks, to run off the combs when being han-
dled, is really valuable when we manage bees by
handling hives instead of combs, as the hive is
more easily cleared of bees, just the same as I
can clear a case of sections from black bees twice
as quickly as I can when the bees are Italians.
I (til think the blacks are more inclined to rob and
to suffer from the attacks of the moth; but as 1
have yet to lose my first dollar from either source,
1 consider these minor points.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

Kogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., Sept., 1880.

FOUL BROOD.

"ALMOST SCARED."

fRIEND KOOT:-^I can not but feel sorry for
you when I think of "the dire calamity"
which has befallen you; but, are you sure you
liave foul brood/ I consider myself an old
veteran in the foul-brood business, and you
just look on page 388 of the Canadian Bee Journal,
and see how near I came to being "almost scared"
about foul brood here in our apiary, where every
thing is nice and new, and every precaution had
been taken to not have the disease in our new apia-
ry. If you have the "real stuff," then you are do-
ing right to burn up the combs. But, be it whatev-
er it may, turn on the steam and give it a warming-
up, anyhow. A. W. Osburn.
Havana, Cuba, W. I., Aug. 35, 1888.

Yes, t'liend O., we feel sure we have the
" real stuff." In spite of all we can do, it
continues to exist in our apiary. See Our
Own Apiary, this issue.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUJ/PURE.

735

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT,

Onitiimcd from Aug. l'>.
CHAPTER XXIII.

and the Ici'ks

We remeniher . . . the eueumbers, iiinl the melon
which we did eat in E^yi>t freely.— Num. 11: .5.

and the onions, and the f>arlic,

Continuing tlie conversiition which was
interrupted by our last cliapter, 1 letnaiked:

'' Then, my friend, this wonderful corn has
been brought up to its present perfection by
your own efforts, has it V "

"■ Well, somewhat ; but it was a very good
corn when 1 lirst began growing it."

'■'• What do you call it V "

'■• It is the Crosby Early sugar corn.''

We talked about a good many other
things; and as I bade him good-day I
thanked him for the important facts he
had furnished me. He in turn thanked me
for the pleasant chat I had given him. I
started off at a rapid rate, for my time in
Arlington was worth to me— how much '?
Well, something like five or ten dollars an
hour ; that is, I had paid out an amount of
cash to come so far that would make every
hour of my stay cost me something like live
or ten dollars, and therefore even the min-
utes were precious. I had not gone far,
however, before I thought I heard some-
body behind me. It was our old friend. As
he came up he remarked, '' If you will write
your name and address on a paper I will send
you some of the seed of that corn by mail
when it gets ripe."

" Why, my good friend, I am much oblig-
ed to ijou; and if you will give me your
name also. I will with pleasure send you our
bee-journal for a year, that 1 was talking to
you about."

He said he was getting to be so old he
could not read very much ; but he said he
would be very glad to look at it, especially
since I told him it contained more or less
pictures every month. AVhen I came to
write his name in my memorandum -bock,
what do you think it was V Why, this : Jo-
duh Crod){j. I looked up in astonishment as
I put out my hand again to him.

"Why, my friend, is it true that 1 have
been talking this morning with the origina-
tor of the Crosby Early sugar corn V " He
bowed and smiled.

Now, dear friends, I warn you, l)efore you
send to friend Crosby for some of his sweet
com to plant, that unless you have the Ar-
lington soil, or soil as they manure it, your
corn will turn out like that which we have
already, pretty much-
I noticed on friend Crosby's plaeu they

wt're pidling up cabl)age-stiunps, and draw-
ing them off ill carts to a compost heap. I
noticed afterward, also, that, when com-
posted Willi manure, they gave a decidedly
rich smell. I asked Mr. Crosby if they nev-
er fed them to stock ; but he said there was
not stock euougli to consume the hundredth
part of them. They are composted, and
worked back into the ground again. I ask-
ed him if he had ever been able to make
any estimate^ of tlieir pro])able value for
compost. He said lie tliought a ton of cab-
bage-stumps was worth pretty nearly if not
quite as much as a ton of night-soil, which
is largely used in the gardens of Arlington.
Their plan of using night-soil is to make
heaps of stable manure in the fields, and
then hollow out the center so as to make a
cavity. The night-soil is now drawn in
carts and dumped into this cavity. The
manure is now thrown over it, and the whole
heap is forked over from time to time until
it becomes a dark homogeneous mass, ready
to be spread and plowed under.

Dandelions are a favorite crop in Arling-
ton. Sometimes we found half an acre of
them, and they told me that they found
them to be a veiy profitable crop. In early
spring the dandelions bring ijU.OO a barrel,
for early greens. It takes two years to get
a crop; that is, the seed is sown in the
spring, and the plants are cut for market
the next spring. These cultivated dande-
lions are very much larger than our wild
ones growing in the fields. The plant is cut
for market just before it begins to blossom.

ItAISING tUCUMUEUS IN GUEENIKJUSES, FOR
THE 150ST0N MARKET.

Mr. W. AV. Rawsou is the great cucum-
ber-man of Arlington. He has seven green-
houses devoted exclusively to raising cu-
cumbers. These seven greenhouses contain
over 1000 hills. The vines are trained on a
trellis running about a foot below the sash-
es. .My attendant told me they picked one
day 2000 cucumbers which were sold in the
winter at SO cts. each, or ^VM) for (me day's
picking. They warm the houses by steam.
It has generally been thought a ditficult mat-
ter to raise cucumbers under glass ; but my
attendant said there was not any trouble
■At all. I suppose there is no trouble, because

GLEANIJS^GS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Sept.

lie has learned just how to do it, and so it
becomes as simple as many other things
which we do daily, and think nothing about
it whatever.

"My friend, how about fertilizing the
blossoms y Where you raise cucumbers or
melons under glass, you are obliged to carry
the pollen from one flower to another, are
you not V "

" Why, bless your heart, Mr. Root, we
don't carry the pollen — the bees do that."

I was all attention all at once, you may be
sure ; but he seemed to take it so much as a
matter of course that 1 began wondering
whether he really knew what he was saying,
so I ventured — but while I spoke, my mind
ran vividly over my experiments with bees
in a greenhouse years ago, and this is what I
said :

" But do you keep bees all winter long in
these greenhouses V "

"• Why, yes ; to be sure, we do."

"• But where are they now V I don't see
any."

" Oh ! we take them outdoors as soon as it
is safe to have all the doors and windows
open."

Perhaps he thought it took a good deal to
satisfy my curiosity, so I ventured to ask if
1 might see the bees where they were now.
Sure enough, there were seven hives of bees.
They were in old-fashioned tall box hives,
and set on a bench side by side. They did
not get any honey from them ; in fact, he
said they did not pay any attention to that
part. All they keep them for is to make the
cucumbers bear, and I tell you they do bear,
judging from the specimens I saw hanging
on the trellis, even as late as the 28th of
July. I walked up to the extrance, scanned
the bees closely to see if there was any Ital-
ian blood ; but they were just common black
bees — nothing more. He said they bought
them for Italians, and I promised to send
him our bee-journal, to post him on bees in
return for the way he had posted me on cu-
cumbers.

" But, my friend, do the bees not die some-
times? Don't they fly up against the glass,
and worry themselves to death, and then
fall on the ground V"

" Oh! they do to some extent when we
first bring them into the house ; and some-
times a colony does not seem to work well
on the cucumber-blossoms. In that case we
try another. The price of a colony of bees
is not much compared with the product of
our greenhouses. As a general thing, after
the little fellows get to work ojj the blossoms

they find their way back to the hive as well
as if they were out of doors. And what a
humming they do make, some of the coldest
winter days, when the sun comes down so
as to brighten up every thing !"

I asked him if the cucumbers did not re-
quire a very high temperature. He said
they did better with a temperature between
70 and 80 degrees ; but he did not think it
was a matter of so very much importance
after all. Of course, they grew faster when
the temperature was just right.

While my friend was talking I could not
help smiling at the recollection of an inci-
dent related by Mr. L. C. Root at our little
bee - convention at Versailles, N. Y. He
said, during his speech, that a lady living
near him complained about his keeping so
many bees ; but when asked to tell just
where they inconvenienced her, her princi-
pal grievance was that she was unable to
raise a single cucumber in her garden since
he ha<l been keeping so many bees in the
neighborhood. Just think of it, friends ! I
do not mean to be hard on the poor lady ;
but it is well worth our while to stop a min-
ute and consider how much foolish super-
stition is passing current among people, in
place of real science. As I stood in front of
that row of seven box hives of black bees, I
stood for a moment in silent wonder, to
think how two such great industries were
moving along in our nation, and yet the
busy brains of the one industry knew hardly
any thing about the busy brains of the oth-
er. My friend by my side knev/ all about
cucumbers, but he did not know a thing
about bees. I am not sure he knew there
was such a thing as a movable-comb hive in
existence, and yet he was a bee-Aeeper. He
could not raise cucumbers without being a
bee-keeper. I knew all about bees, and
could have pulled all his old box hives to
pieces— could have shown him the queen,
and talked for days to him without having
exhausted the subject of bee culture, and yet
I knew comparatively nothing in regard to
his industry.

Now, another point comes in right here :
On one of the benches I saw about a dozen
of the most beautiful cucumbers, it seems to
me, that were ever produced since the world
began. May be the ancient Egyptians used
to have some that would compare with this
lot, but I hardly think they did. They were
not only larger than any thing I ever saw
before, but they were beautifully symmetri-
cal in shape, and of a pearly whiteness that
made them wonderfully attractive to the eye.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

73?

My guide seemed inclined to pass along ; but
I called to him to hold on a bit.

" My friend, what kind of cucumbers are
thoseV and how in the world does it come
that such a beautiful lot of them should be
left here in this out-of-tlie-way placeV"

" Why, Mr. Root, those extra - fine cu-
cumbers are saved for the seeds, and tliese
seeds are to be planted in the greenhouses
next year. They are the most perfect and
finest specimens we can select from our
whole crop."

"But will you sell me some seed from
these? I would give their weight in gold,
almost, for a few of them to get a start of
that variety."

" Why. the variety is the ' VYhite Spine'
which we advertise; but I don't know
whether the boss would let you have any
seeds from those specimens or not. You will
have to write to him about it."

I did write to him, you may be sure, just
as soon as I got home, and here is his reply :

Mr. A. I. Root:— Your Qslcomed lavor is at liand.
Your order will be mailed to-daj% except the Raw-
son's White Spine cucumber. This stock we at
present have not got, but later on will send you
some seed taken from Mr. Rawson's own stock, the
same stock as " those cucumbers " were from. Mr.
K. regrets that he was out West Avhen you were at
his place, as he might have helped Po show you
round. W. W. Rawson & Co.

Boston, Mass., Aug-. .5, 188C.

Now, then, no doubt all of our readers are
just like myself, and want a few c f those
choice seeds. I suppose they are really stock
seeds, such as friend (Jreen alluded to on
page GOT of (Cleanings; and you know
stock seed is not often for sale. I would
gladly divide with you, but the few seeds I
am to get would not begin to go around
among so many friends. You can buy the
seed of the Arlington " White Spine "cu-
cumber by sending to Mr. W. W. Rawson,
Arlington, Mass. But the great point for
us is right here: Just think of the wonder-
ful importance of having the very best seed
that can be procured, when the crop of cu-
cumbers is to amount to several thousand
dollars ! Those who have sold cucumbers in
the market very well know how much more
they can get for a nice, handsome-sluiped
cucumber, compared with a crooked, un-
gainly one; and, without question, choice

seeds from the finest specimens will be more
apt to give us a handsome crop of cucumbers
than seed collected from refuse, crooked
ones. And what is true of cucumbers is
true of every thing else. It is of as much
importance to please the eye of customers as
to please the palate ; and God has placed it
within our reach to please both in a way we
perhaps little know of now. Now, then, in
saving your seeds for next year, or next
summer's planting, remember, "Whatso-
ever a man soweth, that shall he also reap."
I will try to save a lot of seed from the stock
seed I am to have, and then I will gladly
furnish you all, if you prefer to buy of me.

Some of the friends have written to me,
making inquiries in regard to the culture of
cucumbers under glass, but I suspect it will
be almost impossible to lay down, in books,
rules that will enable you to succeed with-
out a good deal of " catting and trying," as
it were. Try one or two hills at first, in a
small greenhouse ; and when you succeed
wuth a few, try it on a larger scale. But be-
fore you go into it very much, be sure you
have a market for them, after you get them
raised. We purchased some cucumbers ear-
ly in April, and tried them on our wagon.
But nobody had been used to seeing cucum-
bers at that season of the year, and they
treated them about as they did our lettuce
in January. We tried at first to get 10 cts.
apiece for them ; then we tried to close them
out at 5 cts., and finally at 3 cts. But it was
not the time of year for cucumbers in Medi-
na, and folks would not pay as much for them
then as they afterward paid in the latter
part of June. In fact, just a little before
the usual time for raising cucumbers in Me-
dina, we got 5 cts. apiece for a dozen or
more every day, and could not supply the de-
mand. So you see you will have to work up
a market at the same time you learn how to
raise cucumbers. May be you will wonder
why I chose this singular text. Well, it
seemed to me a little funny that the ancient
Egyptians used to relish garden vegetables
just as we do— cucumbers, melons, leeks,
onions, and garlic. Somehow my heart
warms toward them in reading this little
verse, for it brings me nearer to them. They
were human, just as we are, with human
wants and longings.

^38

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sep*.

Seest thou a man <lilij;i'iit in his lii:s'.nrf:s
men.— Pitov. U'i:'!U.

On the opposite page you will find a sketch
of friend Rawson's ten acres under glass.
AVhen I first came on the grounds T turned
up by the building in the foreground whicli
you see surmounted by a windmill. I passed
along by the alley on the left-hand side of
the picture until I found a boy hoeing let-
tuce. I inquired for Mr. Rawson, and the
boy told nie Mr. R. was absent on a vacation.
But he further remarked, that the best man
to sliow me around would be Ihe foreman of
the greenhouses, whom I would find at work
in the building mentioned. I have for-
gotten the young man's name, but he was
very obliging and communicative. lie went
all over the grounds with me you see in the
picture. The four large greenhouses in the
foreground are those used for raising cucum-
bers. The three long ones on the left-hand
side of the picture have movable sash, and
these sasli are taken clear off in the summer
time. This latter plan of greenhouses has
some very great advantages, especially the
one permitting the sash to be removed, so we
can reap the benefit of summer sliowers.
These greenliouses are all warmed by steam,
as I have before remarked, and my attendant
informed me they had no trouble whatever
in using steam in place of hot water. You
can run your pipes up and down anywhere
you wisli, providing you remember to put
a drip-pipe wherever there is a low point
or depression in the steam-pipes. Tliis drip-
pipe is to have a valve, which is kept open
just enough to let the condensed water get
out of the way. The back part of the
grounds is covered with hot-beds and cold
frames. During severe weather they use
large mats made of very tall rye straw. In
fact, they raise a patch of rye every year in
this wonderfully rich ground, in order to
get straws six or more feet in length for
making mats. The mats are woven by the
watchman in the night time. When these
mats are removed from the glass, as they al-
ways are vvlien the sun shines, they must be
placed somewheie. Now, even a simple
matter .'like this is sometimes quite a prob-
lem. If you lay them on tlie ground they
will get wet, and rot; if you lean them
against the fence the wind will blow them
down, and the most convenient way Mr.
Rawson finds to be a tight board fence set
on a slant You will notice such fences at

CHAPTER XXIV.

lie shall stand before kings; ho shall not stand before mean

intervals among the hot - beds and cold
frames. These fences also serve as wind-
breaks.

At the left of tlie picture you will notice a
six-sided inclosure, with one side left open.
This is for composting manure. It keeps
the manure from getting scattered about in
the dirt, and is easy of access from the open
side. My attendant, though a young man,
has entire charge of the heating arrange-
ments, and he told me that, instead of em-
ploying expensive city plumbers, they cut
their own pipes and put in their lieating ar-
rangements, according to their needs and re-
quirements.

The building surmounted by the wind-
mill contains tlie steam-engine used in pump-
ing water when the wind does not blow.
They always use wind in preference to steam
when the wind blows. I believe that the
boiler for heating the greenhouses is also in
this building.

When I spoke of looking over the hundred-
acre farm which also belongs to Mr. Rawson,
my guide very obligingly asked me to take a
seat in one of tlie market-wagons that was
standing near the building, right where you
see a wagon in the picture. The horse that
drew the wagon was so well accustomed to
his business that he took us wherever we
wanted to go, almost without being told. I
presume I asked more questions than some
of the newly fledged scholars in A B C of
bee culture.

I was particularly taken up with a field of
Boston marrow squashes. The vines were
so large for the time of year, and so exceed-
ingly thrifty, I burst into exclamations of
surprise.

" Why, my friend, were these not raised
in a greenhouse, and planted out here?"

'' No, sir ; the seeds were planted, and the
vines grew right where you see fhem.
Aren't they handsomeV"

I admitted that they were handsome, but
I didn't feel quite sat-
isfied with his answer.
Why, some of the
squashes were almost
ready to send to mar-
ket, and it was not
even the first of Aug-
ust yet. Before we got
around, howevei, my greedy eyes caught

RAWSON'S BOX FOB STARTING
SQUASHES, ETC.

\rwm

740

GLEANrNC4S IK BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

sight of a heap of boxes like the one shown
on the preceding page.

As he was driving past tlie lieap of boxes,
I asked Lim to hold on a bit.

" Will you please tell me what those boxes
with sloping sides are for?"

" Why, that is a secret ; but as you have
got hold of it, I suppose I shall have to ad-
mit that they are what we use over those
squashes you saw. You seemed surprised
to see them so much in advance of the sea-
son. Well, those boxes are the things that
did it."

These boxes are made of half-inch lumber,
and of such size that a pane of glass 8x10
slides easily in grooves, as shown in the cut.
The squash-ground is prepared in the best
manner, the seeds planted, then these boxes
are placed over the hills, banking the earth
around to make it tight. The sun shines
through the pane of glass, warms up the
earth, and starts the seeds two or three weeks
sooner than they would start without this
protection. When the vines get large
enough tlie lights of glass are slipped out,
and the box serves as u protection from the
bugs, as well as from the cold winds. Now,
the great improvement in these boxes is, as
yon will notice, that they pack one within
the other, so they can be nested and carried
about, or stored away in a small compass.
In fact, they are almost like solid lumber.

Of course, their use is not restricted to
squashes alone. They can be used for cu-
cumbers, melons, cauliflower, or any thing
else that you discover by experience will
bring a good price in your market a little in
advance of the regular season. My opiniem
is, that they would pay well for forwarding
early potatoes. Our town of Medina won't
pay very much money for fancy vegetables
at high prices ; but they will pay from 40 to
50 cents a peck for early potivtoes, and they
will take a good mahy of them too. We are
planning now to use 400 or 500 such boxes,
to give our Early Ohio potatoes a big start
next spring. I have ascertained by careful
figuring, tiiat these boxes can be furnished
for 10 cents apiece, or 100 for about ,fs.50.
(ilass, 8 X 10, will cost you by the box not to
exceed ;5 cents per light. If you are careful
not to break the glass, it is worth all it costs,
almost any time. We have been using hand-
glasses with a gable end of clotli ; but they
are unwieldy, and ricketty to handle. The
boxes shown above can be moved about in a
wagon, to put in place, and the lights of
glass slipped in afterward, so as to avoid

breakage ; that is, the glass can be liandled
by itself, antl the boxes by themselves.

Of course, the matter of finding a market
for the stuff we raise is always before us,
and is always one of the great important
problems. While traveling, I took particu-
lar pains to see how largely vegetables and
garden-produce entered into the bill of fare
of our different places of refreshment. I
was so absorbed with what I saw and learn-
ed at Arlington that I could hardly take
time for my meals ; but I knew that it was
impossible for me to do good solid work
during the few hours I was to stay, in hunt-
ing up valuable facts for you, my friends,
without my regular meals ; and when I
waited in a restaurant for my dinner I
began wondering whether the Arlington
eating-houses would show on their tables
the good things I saw abroad in the fields.
Well, this first dinner consisted principally
of rolls bought from the baker's wagon.
The lady who kept the place went out to
the wagon and purchased them while I was
sitting at the table. Not a vegetable greet-
ed me. For supper I stopped at the only
hotel in Arlington. To get to the dining-
room I was obliged to pass through a whis-
ky-shop. The landlord explained that they
had just finished supper, but he guessed the
girl could And something for me. What she
" found " was bread and butter— botii bad ;
some greasy boiled ham — very bad ; not a
potato, not a vegetable of any kind. I con-
cluded 1 should have to make up for the lack
of other things l)y a piece of berry pie which
she shoved at me toward the close of my
meal. The berry pie was bad too, as well as
the coffee. The girl acted as if she felt in-
jured because I came in to supper after the
rest had supped. There v\'as one consola-
tion, however : It did not take me long to
finish my supper, and so I had the more
time for the gardens. I thought that per-
haps the landlord would name a moderate
sum, in consideration that there was not
much left after their regular meal : it was,
however, "A half-elollar, sir." I presume
likely his interest centered more on the con-
tents of the bottles behind him than in giv-
ing a customer a '• comfortable " meal. I
wonder if the Arlington people have not got
something like our Ohio Dow law by this
time. If they have, mine host has probably
gone out of the business, for he certainly
could not make a living furnishing such
suppers for half a dollar, for his. patronage
would soon be lost.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

741

Now a word in regard to the girl who wait-
ed on me. Had this woman had tlie Savior's
love in her heart, it would have been a plea-
sure for her to wait on a stranger, and hunt
up the best that could l)e found for him un-
der the circumstances. She knew, or might
have known, tliat her employer received
half a dollar for the supper she was to fur-
nish, and it was her duty to I'eason some-
thing like this : '" If we get half a dollar, we
can well afford to give this stranger the best
the house affords." One who is building up
a business, or assisting to build up a busi-
ness, feels thankful for patronage, and I
do love to see people show their thanks in
looks and actions, under such circumstances.
A pleasant, cheerful willingness to wait on
the great traveling public, is worth more
than money in the bank to any man or woman
who wants to succeed, whether such persons
be gardeners or hotel-keepers.

Well. I did not succeed in finding any tine
vegetables on the tables at Arlington, so 1
thought 1 would try the great city of Boston.
I was told that tlie farming and gardening
community generally stopped at th^ New-
England Hotel, as it is quite near Boston's
greatest market. I was disappointed in one
thing at the outset — I could not have any
breakfast before 6 o'clock, and (5 o'clock in
Boston is about 7 o'clock in Ohio ; therefore
I walked over miles of the city, before break-
fast was ready. Now for the vegetables
seen displayed i]i such wonderful profusion,
right close by this large hotel. Well, for
breakfast I had just two baked iwtatoes — not
another thing in the vegetable line.

At one of the railroad eating-houses on
the way home I was served with a dinner
comprising almost all vegetables grown in
gardening. It cost 7-5 cents. I took break-
fast on the dining-cars, for which I paid one
dollar. I hope you will excuse me for saying
that it seems almost wicked to pay a dollar
for a breakfast, especially Avhere one's wants
are few and simple. One reason why I de-
cided to have a dollar breakfast was, that 1
wanted to see if I should find the products
of the garden as well as of the apiary here.
I was abundantly satisfied. The dining-car
proprietors not only provided almost every
vegetable in their bill of fare, known to the
garden, but the dishes were cooked with
wonderful culinary skill. The waiters were
pleasant and courteous, and the whole para-
phernalia of the dining-tal)le is like a beau-
tiful picture. Fruits are served from almost
every clime, and these, too, are the best and
Jiundsonictit that can be Juought for mon-

ey. I confess that I greatly enjoyed such a
breakfast, for the proprietors evidently
spared no pains to make it worth a whole
dollar; and the thought that you were
sweeping over the landscape at the rate of
forty miles an hour while you sipped most
excellent coffee, and tasted of the viands
prepared with the best skill that the present
age affords, helped to make one feel that a
dollar invested occasionally in this way was
not so very bad an investment after all.
The market-gardener who supplies the din-
ing-room cars ought to be one of the most
progressive ones of the present age.

Now, then, is it advisable to let vegetables
and garden-stufts have a place on our tables
every dayV and should they enter largely in-
to what goes to make up our " daily bread"?
*I think that, in a sanitary point of view, the
question has been fully decided. It is true,
people sometimes get into summer ditlicul-
ties by eating fresh fruits and vegetables ;
but I believe such troubles are brought
about of tener by a scarcity of fruits and veg-
etables than by a surfeit ; that is, on tables
where fruits and vegetables are seldom seen,
everybody is so ravenous for them when
they make their appearance, nature is upset
by too large a dose on too short notice ;
whereas, had there been fruits and vegeta-
bles at each meal, more or less, the year round,
nature would suffer no such shock, and no
bad results would follow.

The appointments of the meal I mention-
ed, in the dining-room car, were such as to
make one feel pleasant and happy ; now, of
course, I would not recommend that every
day laborer or farmer should deck his break-
fast-table with cut glass and silver ; but I
do think there might be a very great im-
provement, and with no great outlay either.
The women- folks (if not overworked) are
ready and willing, and will gladly do their
part. A few flowers put in some pretty lit-
tle vase might prove one of the best invest-
ments ever made for the breakfast-table, just
because the sight of them calls out our bet-
ter feelings. Now, a surprise in the way of
new vegetables nicely prepared may accom-
plish the same object ; and suppose they
should divert conversation during the meal
to the discussion of new fruits and vegeta-
bles, seed catalogues, etc.; suppose, when
the radishes are passed. Johnnie proudly
announces that lie raised them in /(/,s garden ;
or suppose that papa announces that the
peas we have for dinner are the celebrated
Stratagems, advertised through the papers
so much, HuU through the seed catalogues,

742

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

and so oil ; who can estimate the effect on
these little characters just forming, gathered
ai"Ound the family board, in contrast with
having the talk during the meal occupied by
scandal or neighborhood quarrels, lawsuits,
and such like? I need not tell you how hard
the mother toils to provide food that she
knows the little ones like. AVho has not
noticed her smile of pleasure when some
little chick announces, " O mother ! where
did you get such nice squash V I like squash,
/do.''

Now, my friends, we can not all of us be
engaged in agriculture as faimeis, but we
can be gardeners, at least to the extent I
have described on some of the earlier pages
of this book ; and whatever our calling or
profession, we must certainly meet together,
to take some food of some kind , at least
two or three times a day— three times, I be-
lieve, as a rule. What can we do to make
these meetings profitable, and to strive to
have them lead toward righteousness and
godliness? I feel sure that one great means
of leading our little tlocks heavenward is by
the associations of these daily meals ; and
when the head of the family bows his head
to give thanks to the all-wise and kind Crea-
tor, is it not his duty to see that the table is
well supplied with something to make the
simple prayer consistent? Let there be
something placed before the little ones to
lead them to feel thankful to the great Giver
of all good. What shall it be but the prod-
ucts of the soil, largely, even if such prod-
ucts must come from the market-wagon V

Fruits and vegetables are already largely
used for presents to the sick, presents to
friends, and for presents to the loved ones
at home. Some years ago I happened to be
in the large city of Cleveland, in company
with my old pastor. Rev. A. T. Reed. A lit-
tle before train time he ftiade the remark
that he never liked to go home from the city
without taking some sort of a little present
for the children. What should it be? and
who has not had similar feelings? Great
shops and stores were all about us, holding
out inducements to purchasers, and many of
these shops and stores were kept to supply
this very want. AVhat sort of a present
should a minister of the gospel carry to his
children? I watched him with much inter-
est. He went to a green-grocer's, and pur-
chased a little basket— one that held about a
peck, for instance. The basket cost only a
nickel, but it was new and clean. This
made it proper for the occasion and circum-

To be continued Oct, 15

stances. Now, then, for the contents. I be-
lieve it was mostly if not all vegetables from
the garden. As it was early in the spring,
no such things had at that time appeared in
our Medina market, and I especially re-
marked how handsome a bunch of beets
looked. They were grown rapidly under
glass, and were some of the choice varieties
advertised in our seed catalogues, that look
so very tempting when first taken from the
soil. The tops looked fresh and green also.
Well, the siglit of the contents of that bas-
ket had something to do with giving me the
"garden fever." The basket and contents
cost some SO or 40 cents ; but as I glanced
at them repeatedly I could not help but
think I agreed with him that there was
nothing in that whole great city so pleasing
and appropriate for the loved ones at home
as this little simple token of his love and re-
membrance of them— a little basket of gar-
den vegetables. I have always had a par-
ticvilar fancy for beets and radishes tied up
in neat little bunches ever since that time ;
and while I think of it, early beets are one
of the "things with which the market has
never been overstocked, to my knowledge.
For many months during this season just
passed, early beets retailed in Cleveland at
10 cts. per bunch, or 80 or 90 cts. per dozen
bunches. At the same time, fine large
bunches of radishes and onions were selling
for 15 to 20 cts. per dozen bunches. Some
way it seemed as if the great vegetable-lov-
ing public could never get beets enough.

Early beets were the second crop on our
" New Agriculture " grounds; that is, they
were planted between the lettuce ; and when
the lettuce was all sold off, the beets came
on. The boys on the wagon reported every
day, right along, " Beets sold out, and more
wanted." And so the demand kept up until
I began to be greatly astonished. After
people began to have plenty of them in their
gardens, however, the demand dropped olf.
They are hardy, and easy to raise. Thou-
sands of plants can be easily secured in box-
es in the greenhouse, or in boxes in the win-
dows I have described ; and just as soon as
the weather will permit any thing to grow at
all outdoors, with the right kind of soil and
a protected situation the beets will take
right hold and thrive. I think it would be
an excellent investment to build cheap hot-
beds or greenhouses expressly for early beets
and nothing else. I think a good demand
for them ^yo^ld spring up in almost a-ny
locality.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTmE.

743

FROM DIFFEHEKT FIELDS.

THAT NEWLY DISCOVERED, NAMELESS BEE-
DISEASE.

aON'T call it a new disease, for it may prove to
be an old one. I first noticed it some three
or four years ago in the summer time,
among some bees T had recently purchased.
I had lost most of my bees one cold winter,
and bought 1^ two-frame nucleus colonies, and
used my old combs. I paid but little attention to it
at first, thinking it was something temporary, and
perhaps similar to what I had often noticed
among bees late in autumn. It did not disappear;
but the nc.\t spring and summer, and even since,
that same kind ol' used-up fellows are to be found
in front of a few his'es. Perhaps the old combs
had something to do with it. I have thought the
trouble might be caused by some vegetable or ani-
mal parasite. Something has made the fur fly on
them. I suppose a parasite might do this, or could'
not the bee get rid of the fur itself while scratch-
ing around to get relieved of the difficulty? The
other bees also might have something to do about
it, as they often drive them out as they do drones,
only I never saw them trying to sting one. It
does not spread very fast. I think it is slightly
contagions, but not at all infectious. None of my
swarms have been ruined by it, but it must be in-
jurious to have a few dropping prematurely out
of the ranks every day. I prefer to see them all
wearing themselves out by gathering honey all
the day long from " every opening flower."

Walpole, N. H., Aug. 23, 1886. J. L. Hubbakd.

I should judge from your description tliat
you have something very near akin to the
nameless bee-disease. We have generally
cured that phase of the nameless disease
which has visited our apiary by the intro-
duction of a new queen. It would seem,
however, that yours originattd with the
combs or brood.

RETURNING SWARMS.

On p. 633, Gleanings for Aug. 1, Mr. J. E. Pond,
Jr., comments upon my article in regard to return-
ing swarms. He does not seem to understand
whether my plan is to be used only in "accidental
cases" or otherwise. I would suggest, that my plan
be used only when swarms issue, no matter wheth-
er swarming be the general nilc or the exception.
Of course, my plan would not work very well if no
swarms issued; and if swurming he entinh/ prevent-
ed, there would be no swarms to return. Now, I
do not claim that returning swarms will give the
largest yield of honey, or that the bees will do bet-
ter otherwise by being returned. It is simi)ly a
plan to return swarms to the parent stock. I think,
though, they will do as well returned as when drone
and queen traps are used to prevent swarming. Mr.
Pond has not read the article correctly. He speaks
about the trouble of watching to sec which hive the
bees issued from. The beauty of my plan is, that it
is not necessary to know which hive the swarm
came from. The (pieens being removed, the bees
will return to their own hive, even if swarms unite,
as they generally will when they issue at the same
time, and you do not have to watch your apiary any
more than usual. 1 have returned swarms all sum-
mer, and no not know of an instance where they
went into any other hive than their own.

duon e-excluders.

Queen and drone traps can not always be used.
Young queens and drones must Hy out. They can
not be confined to the hives. It will not do to de-
pend too much on drone - traps, and I will suggest
how they might fail to prevent swarming. They
will keep in the queen, but not the bees. We will
suppose the swarming fe\'er has broken out in
a colony, and that a swarm from a neighboring-
apiary should come by. The bees would probably
unite with this swarm, leaving their queen in the
trap. Uhas. a. Wood.

Tarrytowii, N. Y., Sept., ISMi.

We agree with you in regard to the queen-
trap, it is not calctdated to yiercnt swarm-
ing, strictly speaking, though it may dis-
courage it," but to automatically viai-h the
queen when the swarm does ii-siu"'. This ac-
complishes the same result as clipping the
queen's wing ; but with the trap the apiarist
is saved the trouble of catching the (jueen.
Moreover, all her fair proportions are pre-
served.—It is true, if tlie tiap is allowed to
remain attached to the hive, the bees, after
making several attempts to swarm, taking
with them the queen, will by and by become
disgusted with her majesty." The probable
outcome will then result in her death. In
the A Ij C of Bee Culture, now under revi-
sion, I caution beginners in regard to this
very p:irticular.

KEEPING HONEV.

Now that the season is about over for producing,
how to keep it is next in order. Sulphur fumes
have been relied on, but it does not destroy the e^s
of the moth; besides, it renders the honey unsala-
ble for several days on account of the disagreeable
odor. I5ut to look the honey over every week,
waiting for cold weather to kill the moth, is a tedi-
ous job, if you have a ton or two. Please tell ua
the latest new idea on the subject. Is tiering up
and leaving it on the hive till October a got)d planV
or will the bees uncap and carry it down stairs to
feed the kids? W. H. Kittek.

North Springfield. Mo., Aug. 1, 18S6.

The latest idea on the subject, friend R.,
is. so far as 1 know, keeping Italian bees.
With these we have not seen a moth-worm
in our honey for the last two or three years.
You may remember that Doolittle gives a
similar experience. I certaiidy would not
go to the trouble of fumigating comb honey
until I saw traces of the moth-worm in the
comb. Where comb honey contains pollen
I believe there is a much greater tendency
to moth-worms. I would not leave honey on
the hives at all until October, because it is
certain to darken it so as to injure the sale
of it more or less^^

EXCHANGING COI,ONIES TO STOP HOBIUNO, A3

RECOMMENDED IN THE A B C OK BEE

CULTURE,

In lSSr> I had a swaiin come otf on the 4th of
July. It was a small one, but I fed it and brought
it through the winter; and after I got the ABC
I determined to do awaj-with all my old hives, or
boxes, and use only Simplicity and chatf, after
j'our pattern. I transferred about the first of
Maj' into mj- hives. Well, I found that my July
swarm had lost its queen, and the other bees were
rol)l)ing it in the l)argain. I ordered an albino

?44

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUHE.

Sept.

queen; and on May Uth, after trying- every thing-
else, I could not get ahead of the robbers; so I
tried dealing on the rog-nc plan. I moved the col-
ony, that was doing- the most robbing-, from its
stand, fin '1 j)laecd the July swarm in ils (jlace; and
I found that it was not long- until 1 had a g-ood
working- colony, and they filled the first story of
the Simplicity ; and on the 11th of this month they
threw out a very large swarm. I then examined
the albinos, and found that they had 5 queen-cells
on hand. Now, what 1 want to know is. How am I
to deal with those 5 cells? as I shall like to save the
queens if i can, and introduce them into some
black colonies that I have; and I know that, if left
to themselves, they will be destroyed, or possibly
swarm out, as it is too late for that kind of busi-
ness. J think that, by feeding- the swarm that
came off on the 11th, I may Ije able to carry it over
the winter; they are doing good work, i i)ut them
on fdn., and they are drawing- it out very fast, and
g-athering- very fast.

I am clerking- in a store in this place; and at
night, after working-hours, I have made 5 chatl'
hives and 4 Simplicities; and this winter I e.vpect to
make more of the chafl' for next season.

A. Ti. Lane.

Duncannon, Perry Co., Pa., Aug-, is, iSi-ii.

Friend L., there is no way yon can utilize
queen-cells vmless yon have qneenless colo-
nies to receive them. A lamp nursery would
receive them, it is true ; but you would be
in just as much need of (jueens to receive
the hatched queens as you were before. It
does not need, liowever, a whole colony of
bees to take care of a queen-cell until the
queen begins to lay, and lierein is tlie saving
of utilizing nuclei. One of your black col-
onies should have been divided into two or
more parts a few days before queen-cells
were ready to be removed.

BKES VERSUS FRUIT.

Mr. A. Cameron, on page 019, has suggested a
g-i-and idea. In his defence of bees. No. ;J, it should
say, " Without bees or <ither hixectf^, many kinds of
bloom would not bear," etc.

In No. 3, he cays they do suck the juice from iiU
broken fruit. The word all should not be used, as
there are nianj' kinds of fruits they do not work
on.

There is some ignoramous prejudice working- up
against me, that my bees work (Ki apple-bloom so
that our trees do not bear enough apjiles. Never-
theless I have nearly 0.1 acres of standard orchard,
and a general nursery stock for sale, besides the
orchard. How jnconsistant, that I would go to the
expense of raising- a large apple-orchard, then keep
a lot of bees to hinder it from producing me an
income! Send me a sample of Mr. Cameron's
hints, as soon as printed. E. Liston.

Virgil City, Cedar Co., Mo., Aug. r,, 1880.

FEEDING MILK DUUINO A DROUGHT; UOVf BEES
I, IKE IT.

You wish to know if any one has tried feeding-
milk during- a drought. Yes; and I will give you
my method of doing- so. I take new milk, direct
from the cows, boil it a little, which makes the clot
rise to the toj). I skim this olf and add a teacupful
of sugar to a quart of milk; V)ut sometimes I do not
put in any sugar at all, and the bees seem to take
it " straight," just as well after once getting- started.

Boiling- prevents souring, and coag-ulates the ex-
cess of fatty mattei'S, which are indigestible, and are
best removed.

HOW TO FEED.

I nuidc some boai'ds, as described in the ABC, for
giving- water to bees, and inverted glass fruit-jars
of milk on them. Is it a success? Yes. I have a
lot of young- Yorkshire pigs, and it is bard to tell
which acts most like a hog-, the bees ov the pigs.

The drought continues, and for severity it has
not been equaled for 35 years, says the " oldest in-
habitant." During- the early spring, honej' was
abundant; but making swarms and nuclei it was
speedily used up, and I have been feeding- since
•July 1st, and 1 have not taken a pound of honey
this season. The honey-<lew never failed us before
in a dry season; Vmt this yeai- it is a total failure
with everj' thing. H. W. Pai.I-,ies.

Meharaa, Marion Co., Oregon, Aug 10, 1886.

UEES going down A STOVE-PIPE FROM WHICH
SMOKE WAS ISSUING.

A few days ago I was baking- a pic which I had
sweetened wilh honey. Our oven was defective,
so that a draft went directly through it. In a little
time I saw bees coming- down the pipe and escap-
ing halt' dead, through a little opening on top of
the oven. I went out and found that a lot of bees
were darting into the smoke, while now and then
one found its way into the pipe. That pie was e.\-
Ijensive, as 1 think iJ.iO bees perished before it was
baked. As soon as I took the pie out of the oven
the bees ceased " lighting with the pipe," Per-
haps you would do well to ask some of your read-
ers if the above is not the real secret of bees fight-
ing with stove-pipes. Mrs. Jas. Fennell.

Shelburne, Ont , Canada, Aug. 18, 1886.

HONEY TO be named.

I send you this day a stnali liottleof something my
bees have been gathering, principally through July.
I think it will kill the bees nextwinter. Is it honey-
dew? 47— E. B. Smith, 70.

New Milford, Susq. Co., Pa., Aug. 30, 1886.

Friend S., I do not think the sample you
send is honey-dew, nor do I think it will "kill
the bees. The color is pretty fair, and the
flavor comes, it seems to me, the nearest to
the wild snntlower, growing in swamps, of
any thing I know of. Have you not a swamp,
within a radius of a mile or so of your apia-
ry, that was covered with yellow blossoms
when the bees were gathering this honey V

IS HONRY-DEW the CAUSE OF THE NAMELESS BEE-
DISEASE?

In Gleanings, August 15, page 644, H. D. Mason
mentions that new bee-disease. I think it is cer-
tainly caused by honeydew. By removing combs
containing said honey, I can see lio trace of it. I
have one frame of honey I think would start it in
any colony that it was given to. You can have it to
experiment with, if you wish. Samuel Heath.

Uimer, Pa., August 24, 1880.

No doubt, friend II., the honey you have
affects the bees so as to make them resemble
those having the nameless bee-disease ; but
as we have seen it so many times when no
honey-dew was being gathered, I am quite
sure that honey-dew is not always the cause
of the trouble. AV^e do not care for any sam-
ples that will make bees sick. Thanks for
your kind offer, however.

He that is faithful in that wliich is least, is faithful also in much.— LuK2 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

THE OHIO STATE F.AIll AT COI.UMBU!
DISPLAY OF HONEY, ETC.

TT seemed almost impossible this year that
M I conld visit tiie state Fair at all; but
^i perhaps it may be worth something to
^ you to know how much can be done in a
short time. The tinishing of our new
factory, putting in the new machinery, etc.,
requires my presence almost constantly ;
but the workmen finally concluded I could
be away one day, without making very much
trouble. Accordingly. Neighbor II. and I
figured up that, Viy making a very early start
in the morning, we could strike "the train at
a station about Iti miles distant, so we could
reach Columbus about one o'clock in the aft-
ernoon. To get home that same night, we
Avere obliged to take the train again at 5
P.M., and make another buggy-ride across
the country, between the small hours of 11
and 1 o'clock at night, giving us just four
hours on the fairgrounds. Well, we planned
every thing so that nothing should interrupt
us during these four hours. We took a
lunch on the cars, so as to Ije ready to go
through the grounds with a rush ; and I
confess I rather enjoyed my hasty visit.
Our new fairgrounds, near the Experimental
Farm, are a wonder. Forty-one beautiful
spacious buildings contain the exhibits,
farm stock, etc., and the architectural beau-
ty of these buildings was, to me, simply a
wonder. They cost a pile of money, it is
true : but I think the State of Ohio can well
afford such an investment for the encourage-

ment of her rural industries. Of course,
they don't have any beer on the Ohio Fair-
grounds, and the railroad companies have
helped to manage the thing so that the beer-
men have not been able to get a saloon very
near the entrance. The saloons were fewer
in number, and smaller in dimensions, than
they were a year ago, and it really looks as if
they were going to get ashamed of them-
selves, and vanish from the presence and
sight of an intelligent Christian people.

The honey display was finer than any
thing I had ever before seen in the State of
Ohio. I would call especial attention to the
display of both comb and extracted honey
by Mr. ^V . S. (ioodrich, of Worthington,
Franklin C-o., Ohio. The display was very
large, and the honey had a crystal clearness
that astonished everybody.

'' Friend (t.," said I, " I suppose this is, of
course, clover honey ; but how do you ac-
count for its beautiful light color and trans-
parency V "

" Why, Mr. Hoot," replied he, " if I have
made no mistake, this wliole crop of honey is
from ((hike chircr. The drought was so bad
tliat white clover was almost used u]), and 1
am afraid I should have had no honey-crop
at all iiad it not been for my eight acres of
alsike."

1 give this for the encouragement of those
who are thinking of raising alsike as a for-
age and honey ))lant. We have had abun-
dant evidence of its worth tor hay for milch
cows, and now it seems as if it would really
pay to raise it for honey alone.

Our good friend Mrs. Jennie Culp was

74G

GLEAKiKGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

moving about among tlie bee-men and bee-
women, and she laughingly told me she had
200 gaUonfi of beautiful clover honey this
season. She had it stored in stone crocks,
and til? (M'ocks were making her a deal of
trouble by bursting open as the honey begins
to candy. Did youever hear of such a thing?

Mr. Earl Flickinger also made a very fine
display ; and one thing that pleased me
about" his exhibit was. that his good wife
stayed behind the railing, and answered
(luestions and explained things.

Our old friend Aaron Benedict was a little
in the background, talking bees to people
who were carious, while a swarm of nicely
marked Italians hung from his whiskers.

One pleasant part of it to me was, tliat the
comb honey was stored in sections of our
make, and the sections were mostly neatly
incased in briglit new cases of our make.
Much of tlie liquid honey also was exhibited
in jars, pails, and tumblers bought from our
establishment.

I have not space here to tell of the many
khid friends whom I met, and who seemed
rejoiced to see me, even for only four hours.
Have I any riyht to let business keep mc
away from seeing these nciuhbors at least
once a year — these Ohio neighbors of mine V
A bevy of ladies expressed a desire to shake
liands"with the editor of Glkanixos; and
after we had had a pleasant talk, one of
them made a remark that carries witli it
something of a moral. Siie said, in sub-
stance, " Mr. Hoot, much as we prize (i lean-
ings, I am ashamed to tell you that we care-
lessly omitted to renew our subscription,
and we are not having it this year at all. It
was allowed to stop through pure neglect.''

In the last Prairie Former, (Jrange Judd
speaks of meeting old friends in the Far
West, during his travels, and lie .says he
met hundreds of people who said the same
thing about letting the American Agricultu-
rist drop when he was editor. They really
valued the paper, and had no idea of letting
it stop coming ; but it was put off, month
after month, and finally they didn't have it
'•at all anymore.'' Wow, I didn't feel like
urging tliese good friends of mine to hand
me a dollar just then and there, under the
circumstances, that I might send them our
journal again ; but it occurr^l to me that
the proper way was to have some friend of
(}lp:anin(js go over every neighborhood,
take the money and forward the names ;
and, of course, the one who does thi.s ought
to have pay for it. Accordingly, we furnish
(J LEANINGS to such an agent for only 75
cents each ; that is, for collecting the names
of all those who would be likely to subscribe
at i/our postoffice. The supply-dealer of the
neighborhood would be, obviously, the party
lo do tills. How shall we get this started V
Well, now, dear friends, I do not know any
better way than to ask you to agree among
yourselves who shall be the agent at your
postotlice, and let him look up all the parties
who really want Gleanings, but don't like
to write "a letter, etc. One-fourth of the
amount of money received would, I think,
pay well for the trouble of visiting them in
their homes, and making a neighborly call.

At our Abbey ville Sunday-school, a few

weeks ago, the j'lttendance during the hot
weather got down to as low as 17, I think. I
gave the children a little talk, and asked
them how many would really try to bring
somebody else to Sunday-school the next
Sabbath, in order to keep our school from
'' dwindling" — not from sjhing dwindling,
but from mid-sumnter dwindling. Up went
a lot of hands, and I knew by the smiling
faces that the work would be done. Next
Sunday our seventeen had increased to forty.
No\\\ friends, I do not often urge you to
help to inciease the subscription - list of
Gleanin(4s; but the larger the list, the
more money can we afford to expend in en-
gravings, and in traveling to hunt up valua-
ble facts for you. ]5esides helping your pa-
per, you will get liettcr acquainted with
your '•'neighbors" by going round among
them in the way I suggest ; and what is
there more more important in this world
than i>leasant relations between "ourselves
and our neiglihors " /

FULL SHEETS OF FOUNDATION, VER-
SUS STARTERS, FOR BROOD-COMBS.

EXPERIMENTS IN REGAKD TO THE SAME, AS RE-
POHTEU «Y A JUVENILE.

E got only 303 lbs. of comb honey, and in-
creased from 34 to ,53. We followed Mr.
Hutchinson's plan in hiving 16 swarms;
viz., on five empty frames with narrow
starters, a queenoxelnding honey-board,
and a case of 28 sections filled with foundation.
We should have had better results if the season
had been good. All the swarms went at once to
work ill the sections, and the combs in the brood-
chambc;:; are nice and straight. Nos. 7, 11, 14, and
16, had no drone-comb. Nos. 2, .5, 10, 13, 13, and 15,
had each from three to si.\ inclics square of drone-
comb. No. 3 had nearly all drone-comb; lost their
guecn, and had fertile workers. Nos. 4 and 8 had
each about one-half of drone. Nos. 1, 6, and 0, had
each nearly one whole frame of drone-comb. We
don't know the age of the queens. Papsi wishes
some way could be found out to prevent the bees
from building so much drone comb. Would drone-
fdn. in the sections prevent it? Coka Major.

Cokcvillc, Pa., Sept., 188G.

The report of your experiments is valu-
able indeed, as it is just the point at this
time we are all eager to know. Your ex-
periments seem quite favorable lo friend
Ilutchinson's position of the limited or non-
use of fouiulation in the brood-chamber.
Still, from I'esults as above recorded, 1
think i should prefer full sheets of founda-
tion, unless something can be done to ex-
clude, or at least more nearly exclude, the
drone-comb. Perhaps the difference in
tieatment of the several colonies might ob-
viate, the (lilliculty. Well, supposing we
can obviate saitl dilliculty, how are we to
prove that the exclusion or partial exclu-
sion of foundation in the brood- chamber
will be any cheaper than full sheets of
foundation, since al»le experimenters dis-
agree so widely as to the original cost of
wax, as adduced from the consumption
of honey. The result of your experiments is
socarefullv given, friend Cora, that we will

18S6

GLEAN1]>JGS IN iJEE CULTUllE.

747

send you any thing you may choose, from
the :i>-cent counter. It' any of the other
juveniles can report upon tlie al)ove ques-
tion, we will do as well by them. In re-
f;'ard to your last (piestion, 1 should be
inclined to believe that the use of chone-
fdn. in tiie super would make little if any
difference in the amount of drone-comb
built below, though I can not say from ex-
periment. Perhaps friend Hutchinson can
clear up some of these things. P^unes-t.

immm

I^V'

Every boy or Rirl, undtr 1')

years of ape. who writes a

letter for this departiiient, containing

SOMK VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
KNOWN. ON BEES OR OTHER MATTEli.S,

will reeivelone of David Cook's e.Kcel-
leiit tive-eent Sunday-school books.
IJX' Many of these boolrs contain the same niat-
> ter that you liiul in Siindavschool I'ooks
costinirfronrSl.OOto SL.'iO. U' yon have had
one or more books, pive ns the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six ditt'erent books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off. The Giant - Killer, The Roby
Family, Kesriied from Eprvpt.and Ten Niprhtsln
aBar-Room. We hav<' .ilso ( »nr Homes, Part I., and
Our Homes, Part U. Hi-siiies the above ho(.ks, yon may have a
photograph of our old bouse apiarv. taken a yreat m.-iiiy years
aqro. In it is a picture of myself. ISIni' Eyes, anil I'addy.'anda
Riinipse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc.. suit.ible for framing.
You can h.ave .your choice of an.y one of the above pictures
or books for ever.y letter tfiat gives us some valuable piece of
information.

"A chiel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prent it."

THE LANGUAGE OF BEES; A TALK TO THE LITTLE

FOLKS ON BEE-TALKS AND "OLD HEN"

TALKS.

J HAVE been telling you something of
the way in which liees talk ; but bees
are not the only dumb friends (if. in-
deed. I may call tliem dumb) that have
their way of talking. Did you ever hear
your old biddy sing? It is true, she does not
inake very much music, but she is happy —
yes, happy as a bee when he sings forth his
notes of rejoicing while in the clover-tields.
Old biddies not only sing, but scold. 1 dare
say you liave tried to ])ut your hand under
an old sitting hen. What does .she say?
Something to this effect: "If you don't get
away right off I will — well, peck." How her
eyes do snap, and her cluck, cluck, has no
uncertain sound. That big old rooster, so
V)ig and so proud, how he does strut, worse
than Johnnie when in his first pair of pants !
and as he mounts the fence he crows forth
his challenge to all the other roosters, '' 1 am
monarch of all I survey.'' When one of
your nice biddies comes oif tlu^ nest just aft-
er laying an egg, what does she say? " Cut.
rut, cut. cHf, k<(-d(ti\ cut ; " or, in our kind of
talk, "Look, look, look, look what / did."
Anotlier hen. a little jealous, perhaps, le-
plies, " Cut, cut, ka-Oar, cut.,'" oj.'. *' Well, well,

what of it?'' The old rooster, if he feels like
it, thereupon claj^s his \nii,gs and—" Cork-a-
don-dlc-do!^^ or, "AVliat .great things vv can
do-o-oo!" Perhaps your nuunma may think
I am a little fanciful. Well, perhaps 1 am
in this last: lint I tliink we will all agree
that our old biddies can talk, and that ri.glit
plain. Por instance, the mother of a lirood
of chickens, on seein,g a large bird or hawk
lly over, utters a shrill cr.y, at which the
ciiicks may be seen to skulk off. When the
old hen esjiies a mouse or snake in the .grass,
she will utter a different note. The chicks,
instead of hiding in the grass, will stretch
their little necks to see where the danger is.
When the (»1(1 biddy Ihids a choice morsel of
food, she calls the chicks to her. It has been
estimated by a prominent writer on poultry,
that chickens have as many as twenty
different signals, or ways of talkin.g to
each other. Little folks, can you under-
stand all these si.gnals? Did you ever see
how an old rooster talks to his hens? It is
real funny. As I have told you, bees have
tlieir signs — or, if you please, their lan.guage,
by which they can express all their little
wants, needful for their purpose. The roos-
ter crows, the hen cackles, the (lueen-bee
zeeps ; the bee, by the peculiar behavior of
his wings and body, gives si.gnals, each of
which is intended for a purpose, and which
is understood by his kind. God has kindly
made all his creatures to know and under-
stand each other.

Now^ little folks, I want you to watch and
study the actions of bees and chickens, or of
any of God's creatures. Jjearn how they
talk to each other, and tell us about it in
Gleanings. You will then see how well
God has done his work. Ernest.

HOW A HOKSE WAS SAVED FKOM BEING STUNG TO
DEATH.

Liist spriiifi- pu liiid a liorso plowing- in the fiardcii,
near a hive of bees on t!ie opposite side of the
fence, and all at once thc.y almost covered the
horse, Charlej', and nearly stung- hira to death. Pa
took one iioniid of soda and dissolved it in water
and rubbed him well with it, and in a short time he
seemed to be easy. The horse is well uow, and as
fat as a butter-ball. Pa has ™6 colonies of bees and
17 Simplicity hives. This has been a bad season for
honc.v, as it has rained nearly all summer.

Shubuta, Miss. Bell Lockett.

A friend two miles distant had his horses
stung so badly that he feared they wotild
die. lie did nothing for the horses and they
got well. Eknest.

MAKING A I5EE-HOCSE BEE-PROOF.

Pa has 150 colonies. He had but one swarm this
year. The bees did not do as well in the spring-.
When the peach-bloom was .just opening- there
came a snow and killed the l)lossoms. IJut the.v
are gathering- honey off the cotton bloom. Pa has
a bee-house, on the inside of which he has i)asted
paper all over to make it bee-proof. He has a
wire door that shuts on the inside, and a wooden
one on the outside. When he wants to extract his
honey he gets inside and opens the wooden door
and shuts the wire door. Pa likes your journal. I
like to read it too. Eliza Martin, ajje 10.

Mark, Sebastian Co., Ark-, Aug-. IS, 1886.

748

GLEANINGS IN 15EE CULTURE.

Sept.

THOMAS HOKN.

Pa had fig'ht colonies of black bees, and lie did
not winter them. He lost them all, so my three
brothers sent lor a colony of Italian bees to
Thomas Horn. They say they are better ^vorkers
than the blacks. Pa says it is the best colony we
ever had, and he thinks Thomas Horn is an honest
man. Pa never heard of such a thing as horn< d
toads, and he would like to know what they are.
He says he thinks they are not the kind that we
have around here, lor he thinks Mr. Koot would
not keep them in his apiary, for they eat bees.

• IjKNA Zkhk, age I'o.

Indian Kiver, Lewis Co., N. Y., Aug. 8, 188ti.

Thank you. We are very ^^lad to hear a
good word for Thomas Horn ; but so inauy
complain of him as disliouest that we warii
our friends against purchasing of him.
Your logical connection, as the big folks say,
between Thomas Horn and '• horned toads"
is rather abrupt, is it not V However, we
have had only one horned tond iu our api-
ary, and that simply as a ciiiiosity. I can
not say as to whether liiey would do much
if any harm in larger numbers.

ONIi QUEKN SW.VKMING Si:VKN TIMES.

Papa has a queen that has swarmed seven
times this summer. He has 3^ hives. My brotiier
has a hive of bees, and ho likes to go out and look
iu the hive. Sometimes I go out and help papa
when he has a swarm. Papa bought a dollar
queen of you last year, and it swarmed and went
to the woods 18 days after, lie bought another
this spring, and it swarmed thrci: times, but died
in Iront of the hive the last time. The kind of
shade-boards we like best are made out of old
barrel-staves. Wo use two pickets to rest on the
hives, and nail the staves on tlieiii. We make two
out of one barrel. Mamik (i. Stow, iige IU.

South Evanston, Cook Co., Ill , At;g. »!l, 1886.

Well, Mamie, if I had a queen that had
swarmed seven times, and sliould give
promise of doing as ))ad or worse next sea-
son, I would— well, kill her and put one in
her place that would " stay at home '" better.
It doesn't pay to fuss with such (jueens, if
their everlasting inclination to swarm can
not be stopped by some reasonable means,
such as more room, more shade, or better
ventilation. ^_^ Ei^nest.

WHEN A SWAIIRI ISSUES, DOES THE QUEEN
ALIGHT I'lRST V

When a swarm issues, does the queen generally
alight first, or the bees? You will notice on page
303, May Gleanings, Mr. Brayman said he lay by
the hive watching for the queen, while his wife
watched where they were going to cluster; so 1
take it from that, that the bees commence to clu s
ter before the queen.

G UAH AM S. Dewitt, age 11.

Homowaek, Ulster Co., N. Y.

My young friend, I think that the bees, as
a rule, alight hrst, and the queen when a
part of them have commenced to cluster — at
least I have watched (piite a luimber of
sw^arms while clustering ; and when 1 liave
been able to get my eye on a queen it is, as a
rule, when they are about half clustered.
Young queens are especially apt to be run-

ning out of and in the cluster, taking wing,
and then coming back again.

13,0U0 LBS. OV HONEY FHO.M 200 COLONIES; HOW
TO MAKE A HARVEST DRINK OF HONEY.

Pa has over »0J colonies of bees. He has extract-
ed over 13,000 pounds from them this season. It has
been very dry weather here for quite a while, and
the white clover has nearly all dried up. I will tell
you a wiiy of maki.ig a di'ink that is better than
to drink so much col'I water on these warm days.
Take 1!2 teacupfuls of honey; -3 of a cup of vine-
gar, and one heaping teaspoonful of ginger, to a
gallon of water. We call it " ginger ale." Pa's
bees are not gathering much honey now.

Grace Popi'leton, iigo 14.

Williamstown, Iowa, July, 18r6.

Well dotie, Grace. Your liome-made gin-
ger ale, I should think, would be tiptop ;
but isn't half a teacupful of honey to a gal-
lon of water making it pretty sweet V Wlien
one is tired and thirsty, some sort of a drink
with sweetening in it will give strength and
energy almost inmiediately. as I know by
abundant experience ; and the ginger seems
to have the effect of making the drink " set
well," to use a common expression. If our
summer beverages never have any thing in
them more dangerous than vinegar and gin-
ger, I think we sliall all be on pretty safe
ground.

lookout mountain, ag.mn; the effect of the

illffeuenck in ki/kvation upon the

j,ength ok the honey-flow.

You ask in Gleanings if the honey season was
prolonged on account of the elevation. Our experi-
ence is the same as the writer who mentioned that
subject before. The clover and other honey-plants
come in 14 days Ciirlier in Chattanooga Vsille.N' than
up here. This mountain is 1800 fee t above the
valley. Our bees have swarmed three times since
1 wrote to . you .luno 3:llh, and ^» e have now 14
swarms of pure Ilalim bees. Thej- have taken a
great deal of honey from the soiirwoorl, and are
now very l)usy on the wild-!lowers. There have
been two great battles fought on this mountain-
one on the 38th day of October, 1803, in which
action Gen. Joseph Hooker gained the mountain;
and on the 2od day of Noveml er, !8to, the Union
troops under Generals Hooker, Thomas, and
Sherman, drove the Confederate troops under
Gen. Bragg off the mountain. The hist action was
the fierce "Battle above the Clouds." Many
marks of this liattle remain in the shape efforts,
camp - chimneys, rifle-pits, and breastworks. A
line of breastworks extends along the northern
side of our apiary, and form a windbreak for it. I
live at Point Lookout. There are hundreds of
people visiting it every month. There are many
points of interest on Iho mountain, among which
are Lookout Cave, Point Lookout, Natural Bridge,
Rock City, Lake Seclusion, Lulu Falls, and Eagle
Rock. The air is very light and healthful.

GEOHGE LAWSt)N.

Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., Tenn.

Thanks for your description of liOokout
Mountain, so famed in the history of the
late civil war. The natural scenery, togeth-
er with the remnants of that remarkable
conflict, fills me with a desire to visit that
place ut i^ome future time. J:!}knest,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

749

MAKING PRESEIJVES WITH HONEV; HOW A SEVEN-
VEAK-OLD HEM'S PA.

Pa has taken Gleanings lor years, and 1 like to
read the little children's letters. Pa has 40 hives of
bees. I help extract. I carry the honey to and
from the extractor. Ma uncaps, and pa takes the
frames out and brushes otf the bees. Pa made a
solar wax-extractor, and it works well. Ma made
blackberry and apple preserves with honey, and
we like them. We like the apple preserves better
than if they had been made with honey, and it is
good cnou}>h for a weddiny-cake. We can not tell
it from sugar-cake. Allie Shumaud, age 7.

Panacea, Mo., Aug. 4, 1880.

Thank you, little Allie. Wi- like to hear
of all the different uses to which lioney can
be put. — When 1 was seven years old I Avas
"afraid of bees,"' and my pa could hardly
persuade me to help liim to extract. What
a coward 1 was, wasn't 1 ? Eknest.

HOW TO .MAKE A QUEEN-CAGE, AS DESClilBED BY
A .JUVENILE.

This is my first letter. 1 caught a bee and pulled
its sting out. It lived 2S hours and 33 minutes. To
make a cheap queen-cage, take a block of wood 1';
inches high, l^.i inches wide, and 'Z inches long.
With an inch auger, bore a hole close to one end
(on the P4 side of the block) I'a inches deep. Take a
Vi-inch auger, bore I'rom the other end until you
strike the other hole. Tack a jiiece of wire cloth
over the large hole. Take a thin piece of wood,
bore a small hole in it, place it on top of the wire;
fill the '2-inch hole up with candy, and place a plug
at the end. Vihgil H. Moats, :'ge 13.

The Bend, Defiance Co,, Ohio.
Your description of how to make a queen-
cage is pretty well done, Virgil, and I think
we can "catch on." Tlie cage is sometiiing
on the plan of the Benton cage. Ernest.

THE FRUITS OE THE TOBACCO COLUMN.

'ELL, Brother Hoot, I have not forgotten
you, although I have not thanked you for
the smoker you sent me last year. 1 am
very much obliged. I have kept my resolu-
tion so far. It has been over a year since I
quit the use of tobacco, and I have had no appetite
for it; and by the help of my Lord and Master I
never shall use the vile stuff again.

We have had a very dry season— the dry est 1 ever
saw. Every thing is dried u\). We shall have but
little hay and oats. Bees have done poorly. They
have swarmed but very little. If we do not have
rain soon I shall have to feed for winter. Buck-
wheat that was sown 3 weeks ago is not up yet. We
had a little shower to-day that may bring it up.
Basswood did not bloom at all this year. I feel al-
most discouraged, but I put my trust in Him who is
able to help us in every time of need.
Orono, Mich., July 13, ]886. L. Reed.

Seeing your generous ofl'er in Gleanings to
those who give up the use of tobacco, I have joined
the throng that claim the reward (the smoker). If
I ever resume, 1 agree to pay doul)lo price for the
smoker. I used the weed for over si.x years.

Levi R, M-Vi/LKUNmi.-

fScnv Gordo, ULs.. July 5, 18^0. .

Please send to Elmer Divens, Good Hope, Fayette
Co., O., one bee-smoker, for quitting the use of to-
bacco. He agrees to pay cash if he fails.

Good Hope, O.. June 33, 1886. B. R. Paxson.

A broken pledge, but pays up.
Charge me with .50 cents for a smoker on tobacco
pledge for my brother, as he has broken his pledge.
Arcadia, Kan., July 8, 1886. S. C. Frederick.

I have quit the use of tobacco. If you will send
me a smoker, and I ever use tobacco again, I will
pay you for the smoker. Bees are doing better than
ever before. W. J. Hester.

Eureka Springs, Ark., July 3, 1886.

I am an old tobacco-user, and by reading the To-
bacco Colunni I have resolved to quit; and as sure
as ever I resume, which 1 pray I never shall, I will
send the price of the smoker. J. C. Slocum.

French Grove, III., June 3.5, 1886.

Some neighbors of mine to whom 1 read Glean-
ings regularly, and who feel great interest in bees,
and who are bee-men in the old-fashioned way,
have, by my wish, and through my persuasion, for-
saken the use ot tobacco for more than one year
now. They have given me their word never to
smoke or chew again. Please send them a smoker
each ; and if they break faith I will pay for them.
Felix W. O. Schmidel.

Fort Ogdcn, Fla., June 1.5, 1886.

induces a friend to quit; also a kind word.

I received the goods the 35th of May in good order.
I am well pleased with my frames. I have the 300
frames nearly full of comb and honey. I never saw
such a honey season as this, in all of the 1" years of
my bee-keeping. There is a young bee-keeper here
whom I induced to stop using tobacco. I told him
if he ^-ould never use it again you would send him
a smoker. Will you please send him one? I will
pay for it if he uses tobacco again.

Gleanings is the best of all the papers 1 am tak-
ing, and I take eight different ones. Our Homes is
my best reading. I hope, friend Root, you will
have a long and happy life. May God bless all your
teachings. Joseph Soph.

New Haven, Mo., June 36, 1886.

health improved.

I have used tobacco since I was five years old,
and I don't know when 1 did commence the use of
the we?d. I used it the day I started to school, and,
feeling it to be a sin against God, and knowing it in
no way prepared me to live a holy life, or to serve
God in any way, by his grace I have quit it, and am
in better health than I have been in for twenty
years, and I enjoy more of the presence and full-
ness of our blessed Lord; so if you have determined
to contribute a smoker to every one who quits, you
can sell the smoker and invest the amount in reli-
gious tracts, and distribute them for the good of
humanity and glory of (iod; and should I use it
again I will let you know, and pay you double price
for the smoker. L. W. Milam.

Prescott, Ark., June l^', 1886.

Friend M-, I htive heard it said, that in
the Soiitiiern States it was customary for
school children to use tobacco ; l)iit 1 did
not know bc^fore tliat they ever commenced
it at so early an age as live years. Tlianlt
jou for your kind and encouraging woj.ds.

750

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

I understand you will give a smoker to all who
will quit the use of tobacco. I will abandon the use
of it if you will send me one. I give you my prom ise
to pay for the smoker if 1 ever use the weed again.

Lonegum, Va. T. A. Wood.

I see you give a smoker to ail who will give up
tobacco. I promise to stop; and if you send me
one, and 1 should break my promise, I will send
you the money for it. Vischer Whipi-le.

Porter's Corners, Saratoga Co., N. Y., July, 18^6.

My brother says you give any one who quits to-
bacco a smoker. I used it fourteen years. ]f you
think I am entitled to a smoker, send it; and if I
ever commence I will own up and pay for smoker.

Oak Bower, Ga., June 29, 18815. A. H. Vickkky.

1 used tobacco a great while, but have stopped it.
A friend told me that you would send a smoker
free to any one who would give up the use of to-
bacco. If you will send rae one 1 will never use
another speck; but if I do 1 will pay the full price
of the smoker. Frank A. Padgktt.

Jacksonville, 111.

HAS USED TOBACCO 5.5 YEARS, AND NOW QUITS.

I see much in Gleaninos about your giving a
smoker to those who quit the use ot tobacco; but
as I do uot use nor ever have used it, 1 can not
stop the use of it. But my grandfather, who be-
gan its use when four years old, and has kept it up
for .5.5 years, has at last quit, and he is now fairly
angry whenever he sees anybody using it. He
said that I should ask you for a smoker; and if he
ever uses the vile stuff again, and does not pay for
It, I will. A. H. Abel.

Ironia, N. J.

I found a notice, stating that you would give a
smoker to any one who had (juit the use of tobacco.
I think that I am entitled to the smoker, for I have
been a habitual chewer and smoker. I us^ one
pound of the best flne-cut in 15 days, and smoked
about the same amount of smoking-tobacco, and oc-
casionally a cigar. It has been some time since I
quit; and if you see fit to send the smoker to my
address, I agree to give you f 1.00 for it if I ever use
tobacco again. I have 18 swarms of bees, and they
are doing quite well, although it has been very dry
here this summer. I am much interested in bee
culture. I handle ray bees without any protection
whatever. R. H. Peet.

Hebron, Pa.

My brother-in-law does not thint you are reliable;
and when I told him what was oh the card I had just
received, and asked for the promise in his own hand-
writing, as you asked for, he said something about
like this: "He will never send it; you and he will
keep writing to one another until you pay out more
than it is worth. You are out 20 cents now, and I
don't believe you can get hira to send it, if I were
to write the promise to him. I wouldn't fool about
it any it any longer. I should like to have the smo-
ker, and would consider it as a reward, but you'll
never get it for me in that way" (this last rather
positively). "If he sends it, thaugh, I will stick to
my promise. There has been a month's delay, and
I believe I will buy one." And off he went about
his work. Now, Mr. Root, 1 don't blame you for
wanting things fi.xed exactly, " so there is no creep-
ing-hole;" and if you are minded to publish this,
and send him a gmoker, you can do so.
Clear Creek, lud. A, H. Tehing, Jk,

You say, if I quit on account of .your offer, etc. I
was persuaded through Gleanings to quit. I quit
because it was right, and tobacco is injurious to my
health, and not for money; but I was influenced by
you to quit. H. S. Collins.

Mayville, Mich.

A friend of mine quit the use of tobacco in order
to get a smoker. He has not used it for 3 months,
and says if he uses it he will pay you $1.00 for the
smoker, and I will give him the extra one I got of
you if you will give me a new one. A. L. Light.

Grove Land, Ark.

1 received the queen all right. 1 did not know
there was any such i)romise required for the smo-
ker; but I will promise to pay for it if father begins
the use of tobacco again. I also indorse the prom-
ise. C. M. Kellogg.

Dallas, Vv'Isconsin.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

I received the ABC book all right, and like it. I
don't see how you can sell such a book so cheap as
you do. ■ H. S. PAYNE.

Richmond Corner, Me.

THAT FOUNDATION.

The comb foundation was received all right.
Thanks for prompt shipment. It is nice founda-
tion. The cells are deep, and it is altogether good,
better by far than that I used before (flat-bottom).

Carlstadt, N. J., Aug. 20, 1886. F. Holtke.

[See article on p. 728 in regard to flat-bottomed fdn.]

.\ DOLLAR WELL INVESTED.

The ABC book T got of you is a handsome prize,
and I think it is just " immense " pleasure to pe-
ruse its well-printed pages. One of my friends
said that the dollar I paid for it was the best in-
vested that he ever knew a dollar to be in printed
matter. A. H. Abel.

Ironia, Morris Co., N. J., June 16, 1886.

OUR WHEELBARROW FOR BEE-KEEPERS, AND WHAT
A PRACTICAL BEE-KEEPER THINKS OF IT.

The wheelbarrow ordered from you on the 1st ar-
rived on the 4th, and I must say that it is far ahead
of any thing 1 have ever seen in the shape of a light
wheelbarrow, even at a much higher price. It is
both strong and light, and I should say durable, and
just what a bee-keeper needs. I have thought for
some time that I would have a light spring wheel-
barrow made, but could not get one up for much
less than $10.00, while this one at $4. .50 entirely fills
the bill. You are certainly to be commended for
placing such a convenient article within such easy
reach of bee-keepers and the public generally.

Wyoming, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1886. G. W. Stanley.

[Many thanks, friend S. We feel assured that the
bee-keeper's wheelbarrow will stand all you say.]

HOW GLEANINGS PLEASES.

Inclosed find $1.00 in payment of renewal of my
subscription to your valuable and by me much-
prized Gleanings for the ensuing year. It has
been an ever-repeated pleasure to me, and I have
profited greatly by its plain and comprehensive ar-
ticles, and always waited for the arrival of each
successive number with almost impatient interest
to see what treat you would give us in the next. and
it never tailed to satisfy my expectations. It is
really one of the pleasures and delicacies of bee-
keeping, if I may so express myself, having- so
many different subjects on occurrences in life, and
how'totake and overcome them, as well as talks
and suggestions regarding neighbors, household,
and family, blended together in so pleasing a man-
ner that I'like it all the more. And now wishing
Gleanings and its staff of editors and co-workers
success in their noble work, I am your friend,

Newark, N. J. Chas. H. Theberath.

[Many thanks for your very, very kind words,
friend Theberath. It does us a "heap of good "to
feel that our efforts iirr not only appreciated, bUt
uvc bearing a little fruit for the Master.]

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

7ol

0ui^ JiepE^.

Have the g^ates of death been opened unto thee ?
or liast thou secMi the doors of the shadow of
death ?— Job 38: 17.

T PRESUME most of tlie friends liave
M gone over the accounts of the events
l|r of the recent eaitliquake, and doul)tless
■*■ quite a few of the readers of (J lean-
ings have had more or less personal ex-
perience of this event that has aroused the
attention of everv thinking man and woman
of our land. Perhaps more tlian one earnest
Christian has felt troubled, at times almost
lost, in the effort of trying to comprehend
why the loving heavenly Fatliei- should per-
mit such disasteis to occur; and [ may as
well (ionfess to you frankly, dear readers,
that I feel at the outset that it is a task far
beyond my capacity or capabilities, to even
((Itonpt to handle the subject. May God in
his infinite love and wisdom bless ami direct
my feeble words.

In considering the matter, and in reading
it up that I might be able to talk to you in
regard to it, I have felt my comparative in-
significance as I perhaj)s never felt it be-
fore. A few days ago Ilnber and I were
sitting hand in hand, watching the setting
sun. He turned to mo and asked in his
childish way :

" Where does the sun <jo, papa ? ''

Now, do you wonder that [ did not answer
him immediately V I do not know but that
he repeated his question two or three times
l)efore I felt able to give him any kind of a
rational or consistent answer. Sliould [ tell
him the sun didn't go at all, but that the
world on which we live turns around toward
it ? This would be the only really trutJiful
answer, in one sense ; l)ut it was beyond his
comprehension ; and, furthermore, do we
really knoir that the great sun is standing
still V The intelligence of the world made
a great stride when it decided that it is the
earth that is constantly moving, and not the
sun ; but who shall say what the next great
stride may unfold V The opportunity was
an excellent one for teaching my boy,' and I
would by no means pass by sucha query un-
answered ; but I felt as many a parent has
felt before, that my answer must be suited
to the capacity of my pupil.

Did it ever strike you, my friend, how
many times Jesus, in teaching his disciples,
told them kindly and lovingly that they
were not yet able to understand the things
of which he spoke ? Toward his approach-
ing death he tried to teach them self-sacri-
Hce, and that it were better for them that
lie should die the death of a malefactor.
They seemed, however, so utterly incapable
of grasping the great thought of atonement,
that he stopped or decided not to go any fur-
ther just tlten. He says, " Ye can not bear
them now,'' giving them to understand, evi-
dently, that the time would come when they
could not only bear but understand these
great truths. How true it was in the case
of Peter ! Contrast the man as he was dur-
ing his evangelistic work, with wJiat he was
before he denied his Master, when he so
§!toijll^ insistpd, that, though all men should

turn away, he woidd not. AV^ell, Huber will
doubtless be able, some time, to be taught
astronomy ; but it would be folly to think of
trying to explain much of it to him now. I
spoke to him something like this: "• My boy,
the sun goes dowii behind the trees, clear
out of sight ; then in the morning this same
old sun comes up back of the trees away
ovei' th.ere. Don't you remember ?"

"Oh I yes, papa; I know how it is now."
And then he was full of childish prattle and
other things. By and by I can teach him
more of the movements of God's great limii-
naries, but not now.

Is it not so, my friends, in regard to earth-
(luakesV God is teaching us l)y great les-
sons, sometimes by terrible lessons, and
oftentimes we come to the boundary of hu-
man capacity and intelligence. AVe not
only can not understand, but, what is of
much greater moment, we can not bmr to be
t(Ad the things he wotild tell us. W^e look
aghast at the thought of sudden death ; and
even some who profess to put their whole
trust in Him who has but to speak, and the
winds and the waves obey him, stand terri-
fied with trembling faith as they behold the
apparent confusion of the elements. Does
God really have any thing to do with earth-
(piakesV Most surely he do^s. They are
part of his plans from the beginning; and
before we reject the teachings of his holy
word, and rebel against the laws of the all-
wise Creator, suppose we consider a little
this matter of life and death— that is, so far
as we are able to consider it.

In our opening text, Ciod reproves the
m.u'murings and complaints of Job and his
friends. '-Have the gates of death been
opened unto thee? or hast thou seen the
doors of the shadow of death?" It seems
hard to see men, women, and children, per-
ish by earth(iiuxkes. l)y storm, by cyclone, or
by flood. AVe have become somewhat ac-
customed to the storm and to the flood, so
that they do not strike its with the great
horror tliat we feel when the solid earth un-
der our feet seems to be solid earth no long-
er. I have been told, that it is impossible
for human tongue to describe the awful sen-
sations awakened when one realizes that the
very earth itself is rolling and shaking be-
neath our feet. Once when seasick on board
of a steamer, I so longed for the solid ground
that I made up my mind that I M'ould get
off at the first opportunity, no matter where
I was, nor what solid ground I found. With
pallid .cheeks, and tear-stains down my face,
I pushed my way along the plank. One of
the offlcei's of the boat called after me, and
told me that I was getting off at the wrong
point. I told him I cotdd not help it; I was
going to get oif, right or wrong.

" But," said he, '" you can never get any-
where if you stop here. There are no rail-
roads nor any thing else."

I told him in that case I should stay there
always, and be hapi)y ; and when I felt sta-
tionary ground under my feet it seemed to
metlien that I coidd ask for nothing more,
providing I could feel this solid ground al-
ways. Perhaps I can realize a little what it
would be to find even this old earth an un-
certain foothold; and may (yod help me to

752

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

sympathize with the brothers who liave re-
cently suffered. Death seems to us terrible
ill this shape, because it is comparatively
new to us. We have been coiisratulatiiiR
ourselves during all these years, that eartli-
(piakes did not visit our locality, or, at least,
that the visitations are so far between, and
so feeble when they do come, we might con-
sider ourselves coniparatively exempt. The
events of the past few days teach us
differently, (ireat forces are at work under
our feet, that we dreamed not of, and our
whole continent is liable at any moment, or
at any hour, to be rolled and tumbled about
like the waves of the sea. After the great
Chicago lire, men talked of building houses
that W'ould withstand the devouring ele-
ments ; but wiiat architect or mechanic shall
think of planning a Iniilding that will be se-
cure against earthquakesV The idea is fol-
ly. The conviction forces itself upon us,
that there is no place exem]>t from devasta-
tion and death and ruin. No placeV Yes,
thank God, there is a place of refuge. We
are told in the Holy Scriptures, that, al-
though heaven and earth should pass away,
tiod's words shall not pass away. I do not
mean, mind you, that the Christian shall be
spared the pangs of death, or that he shall
be passed by when the devouring elements
come; but 1 do mean, that grace and
strength will be given the one who puts his
whole trust in God, so that he may bid defi-
ance even to calamity and death. " My
grace is sufficient for thee," is what the Ho-
ly Spirit told I'aul when he besought God to
take away the thorn in the tlesli. But the
thorn remained there still, and to the end
of his life, to buffet him.

The question has sometimes been asked,
why God should permit innocent, helpless
women and children to thus suffer and die.
My friend, the helpless and the innocent
suffer and die by disease, and have suft'ered
and died since time began. I presume the
sufferings and death caused by an earth-
quake are not to be compared with the suf-
ferings caused by disease. Disease is all
round about us; we are familiar with it;
and for some reason, perhaps not quite ex-
plained, most of us would prefer to die a
slow and lingering death by disease, rather
than a sudden death by accident; this feel-
ing is perhaps largely caused jjy weakness-
more largely by want of faith. It is true,
that a faithful, trusting folloAver of the Sav-
ior is sustained by a Savior's love, and en-
abled to bear the pains and sufferings of
disease; but is it not true, too, dear friends,
that the faithful Christian has grace and
fortitude given liim to face death and tor-
ture unflinchingly, even though it comes by
iiccident, or in the discharge of regular
duties ? I think he has, and yet I have
asked myself the (]uestion over and over
again, whether vui faith in God's loving care
is such that I should not get demoralized
and frightened, and behave myself in a
manner unworthy of a follower of the
Lamb. May (Jod help me to endure trial
when the trial comes !

We are told by the papers that meetings
were held in Charleston, and that groans
and prayers were sent up to the Father, be-

seeching him to spare them from further
shocks of the earthquakes. But still the
shocks went on. Shall we not bear in mind
that even the prayers of the Son of God for
deliverance from the cup that stood liefore
him were not granted V It is true, he ended
with ''Nevertheless, not my will, but thine,
be done." But what mortal is there among
us who could have the grace to say, when
death faces him, "Tliy Will, n<it mine, be
done " V And were tiiese prayers that were
offered iq) then in accordance with tiiat
spirit? When in sore ti'ouble, or amid in-
tense pain, it is human and natural to ask
simply for deliverance — nothing more. My
friend, did you ever tliink of it, that, when
you ask God t;) d(Miver you fioin the pain
and trials that fall to the lot of average
mankind, you are asking to be an exception
to the general rule of humanity ? In that
light, is it not a selfisli one V Can you be a
consistent follower of Christ, and ask that
your path may be easy and smooth while
your fellows are suffering all round about
you V In our little home circle, the younger
ones are prone to drift into selfish ways if
they are not carefully taught and guarded.
Sometimes Iluber, in the exuberance of his
spirits, sings out as soon as we get to the
table, ■' Give me some strawberries. I want
some strawberries. Mother ! mother ! give
me some strawberries !" And this request is
often made before any one .at the table has
been served at all. Sometimes I try to show
him his selfishness by a reply something like
this : '' Why, my boy, do you want some
strawberries when neither cousin Mabel nor
any of the rest have had any at allV"
Now. even though Iluber can' not under-
stand the truths of astronomy very well, he
can be taught the beauty of a self-sacrificing
and Christian spirit; and he usually hangs
his head with a look on his face that indi-
cates that he feels ashamed. When pressed
for an answer, he speaks up like a man. and
says, " Wait on cousin Mabel first." Now,
then, dear friends, are not our prayers for
deliverance too apt to be like the request of
the little one for strawberries V We want to
be waited on first ; we want the best of ev-
ery thing ourselves when there is a choice
of best.

One of the daily papers, a few days ago,
was commenting on the dittei"ent people
who travel in our railway cars. The paper
spoke of the fidgetty, nervous people who
are unused to travel, and have to be making
constant inquiries as to what to do and how
to act. Then they contrasted them with the
class who make a regular business of travel-
ing— the commercial class, for instance.
Well, they said this latter class would be off'
the train "almost before it had stopppd. If
there were to be tvv'enty minutes for dinner,
they were first to the dining-table, and got
the best places and secured' the ])est viands
before the former class had found out where
the dining-room was. If tickets were to be
secured for a sleeping-car, they secured all
the best berths first, and left the others to
do as they could. Now, I hope I am telling
the exact truth when I say I don't w^ant the
best places when I travel. I hope I should
feel i^sh^u^iecl of mj'sejf , even if I w^ere smart

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

?5o

enough to succeed in setting the best of ev-
eiy thing, and the easiest places. I am sure
1 am, because in so saying I want to take
my chance among the people. It' somebody
lias got to take a poor place, let me be one
of them. If I don't realize to the full extent
what I am saying while I dictate these
words, may God help me to come so near to
him that i can say, '' Give me not the best
of every thing in life, but help me, and give
me grace and strength to take some of the
hardest places. If pain is the lot of human-
ity, help me, O Lord, to take my share of
the pain and snffering; and when death
shall come, whether it be by earthquake, by
cyclone, by storm, or by Hood, or by slow
lingering sickness, help me. Lord Jesus,
that through it all I may be able to say, ' Thy
will, not mine, be done.' And if death
should come with sudden horror, help me
that I may be found ready to deport myself
as becometh every follower of Ilim whodied
for us all.''

I presume it is no doubt true, that only a
few of ns have any real comprehension of
the amount of suffering poor humanity is
sometimes called upon to bear.

As a general thing, no one thinks of mur-
muring against God when he dies in a natu-
ral way on a sick-bed ; but, if I am correct,
death by accident or great catastrophes, like
earthquakes, floods, and tornadoes, does not
compare in suffering with natural sickness.
In speaking of some cases of intense suffer-
ing, please bear in mind that I do it solely
that you may take a fair view of what doubt-
less lies before many of us. A Christian
needs to be brave. lie needs to be able to
take pain and suffering in a manly, heroic
way, and to take it, too, when none are near
to look on and sympathize, if need be. Two
cases have come to my knowledge, of such
excruciating pain from prolonged suffering
that the sufferers begged their friends to
take their lives, to put an end to their mis-
ery. No doubt tlu' poor sufferers had be-
come so exhausted and worn out that they
did not comprehend fnlly what they were
saying, and perhaps delirium had something
to do with it. it is true, I believe, that it is
the lot of some to die comparatively with-
out pain ; but as Me read that God sends the
rain upon the jnst and upon the unjust, I
believe it is also true tiiat he sends terrible
and agonizing pain upon the just and upon
the unjust. I have not been able to learn
that the most sincere and devoted Christian
is, as a rule, spare.d from suffering, because
of his devotion to the Savior. In fact, it
has sometimes seemed otherwise, verifying
the text, " Whom he loveth he chasteneth."

It was my privilege to be near a dear
friend and relative a good deal of the time
during her last sickness and death. For
years before her death she had expressed
herself as willing to go when tJod should
call her. Tier decline was slow and very
j)ainful. For some weeks before she died
she would ask wearily what time it was, be-
cause the time passed so slowly. She longed
for the niglit, and she longed for the morn-
ing; but amid it all. nothing seemed to give
her SD mucli comfort as to hnve somebody
.read to her from the Lible. I came in one

day to read to her, but found the family
physician there. Like too many physicians,
he was an ungodly man. He stood by the
bedside, apparently in no hurry, laughing
and joking ; but when she asked me to read
to her, and desired him to sit down a mo-
ment, he excused himself by saying he
hadn't time. Now, although she was suffer-
ing at the time the most intense agony, she
plead with him to listen to a few words from
the Holy Scriptures. She did not Joiyet her
pain and suffering, but she iynorcd it as be-
ing of little consequence compared with the
wish to do something for his soul's salva-
tion. As the family physician, it was to
be expected that he could do something to
alleviate her intense suffering ; but although
he seemed to treat it as a light matter, she
overlooked it all, and seemed only anxious
that he should be healed. Now, Ckxl sus-
tained her amid these sufferings, and helped
her to bear them, but she felt the anguish
none the less. She never complained nor
murmured, although she w^as one of those
organizations that feel pain most keenly.
When she was so near her end that she was
unable to speak to us, or even to give any
sign, it was evident that the poor tortured
body was suffering still ; and when the last
breath was drawn, and exhausted and worn-
out nature refused to move any further, it
was evident from the expression on her face
that the last pang of death was the utmost
agony. I knew her so well that I coidd tell
by the movement of her face and mouth
when she was suffering, and 1 think it quite
probable (although some physicians may say
she was not then conscious of pain) that the
suffering of that last brief moment surpassed
any thing she had ever known before. When
it was over, a placid, peaceful expression
settled over the features. She had foiight
the good tight through intense pain and suf-
fering. Slie had finished the faith, like
Paul of old, and the crown of righteousness
was hers.

Now, my frienils, far be it from me to
frighten any one by the thought of death ;
on the contrary, I would bid you be l)rave,
and strive to say with the Master, " Thy will,
not mine, be done." We are himian, and
a kind heavenly Father will, without (jues-
tion, make due "allowance for human weak-
ness, even should we be tempted to feel, for
the time being, that he has forsaken us. It
will be no more than what the Master did.
Whether it shall come by slow and torturing
sickness, or by the swift elements over
which we have no control, let us be ready to
die as men, and as becometh Christian men
and women.

The progress which science seems to be
now making would indicate that we are, at
least in a measure, at fault for the sufferings
of sickness and disease, It may also l)e true
that we are remotely responsible for Hoods
and cyclones ; but what scientist dare have
the boldness to say lliat we are in any senst;
or measure jcsponsible for the dire conse-
(piences of the eaithquakeV It is a matter
that is in (iod's hands entirely. In that
case, why sliould we worry or be afraidV
The si>irit that promjited the patriarch Job,
when lie said, '• Though lie slay me, yet will

7o4

GLExVNINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Sept.

I trust him," is what we need; and tlie
chapter from which our opening text is tak-
en will help us toward it. Some of us are
naturally timid and cowardly. I have some-
times been afraid that I should fail misera-
bly in living np to my own teachings were
I suddenly called npon to pass through such
a disaster as many of the friends and neigh-
bors have been called upon to pass through
in and around poor Charleston. In a recent
number of the tSundajj- School Times we lind
the following :

"It is recorded of John Bunyan, that, once when
he was in prison, and uncertain whether he niig'ht
not soon be condemned to die, the thong-ht entered
his mind: 'Suppose God should withdraw himself at
the very last moment, fail to support me at tlie
Rallows, abandon me! ' Then ho says he resolved
thus: ']f God do not come in, I will leap off the lad-
der even blindfold into eternity, sink or swim, come
heaven, come hell! For it is my duty to stand to
his word whether he ever looks upon me or saves
me at the last, or not! ' "

One is almost inclined to smile at the
above; and yet, my friends, does it not em-
body a wonderful truth V God has placed
ns here in this world, and paid us a great
compliment in making ns free— free to step
toward heaven or to step down to ruin.
Now, shall we not use this freedom to be
bold and brave for the right, no matter
what the consequences are V We are not
responsible for earthquakes; but we avc re-
sponsible for our behavior when God sees
lit in his infinite love and mercy to call us
to face death and the great unknown be-
yond .

In conclusion, how much does it matter
whether we die now or die ten years later ?
I once visited a sick man, near to his death,
with my old pastor, whom I have before
mentioned. The man had (since his sick-
ness) made some i)rofession of religion, al-
though his whole life had been very intem-
perate and bad. The minister asked him if
he would like to have ns pray for him.
"Yes," he said, "and please pray that I
may get well." Now, then, suppose we had
so prayed, and that he had recovered, what
Avouldhe probably have done with ten years
more of life V Why, from the talk I liad
with him, and froiin what I knew of the
man, I felt sure it woidd have been ten
years more of drinking and wickedness ; at
least, I am safe in saying that the ten years
would have been of no sort of'benefit to him
or to anybody else. In such cases what are
a few years of life worth, or what does it
amount to V

In a recent Sunday-school lesson we lind
the text, "If ye abide in me, and my words
abide in you, "ye shall ask what ye will, and
it shall be done unto you." No doubt a
great deal of discussion has arisen in regard
to this verse. May be I am not equal to the
task of liandling it; but, dear friends and
fellow -Christians, I feel sure of this, at
lenst : That those who are abiding in Christ
will never be found begging sitnply for an
easy life, or one of freedom from pain. I do
not mean to say that it is wrong to pray
that your life rnay be spared, or that (4od
may ease the pains that rack your body ;
l)ut is not such a prayer better when put
something like this? "Help me. O Lord,
to better understand the laws of health and

the laws of life, that I may be able to see
wherein I have transgressed these laws,
that I be thus afflicted. And if my labors in
thy vineyards have heretofore been pleasing
in thy sight, and if it is consistent with thy
holy will that my life should be spared. I
pray thee to help me to arise from this bed
of suffering. Nevertheless, not my will, but
thiue, be done." When we ask God for any
of these things, we ought to be in such an
attitude of heart that we can sny, " Thine
be the praise iuid the glory "for ever.
Amen." Jf we are abiding in" Clirist, our
prMyer.s are not likely to be selfish or incon-
sistent; and if they are in the spirit of
Chi-ist, God will surely answer.

While speaking of this sidiject of dreading
deatli.and longing f(n- lougi-r life, permit nie
to refer to an incideiit I may have men-.
tione<l before. I wish to speak of it be-
cause it contrasts so powerfully with what
the life of a Christian shoidd be": During a
steamboat accident on the Ohio River, great
numbers of people were throwa into the
water, and many were drowned. Bystand-
ers on the shore gave what aid they could ;
still many lives were lost in spite of them.
Well, during this scene of excitement big
strong men were seen to hurl or strike weak
women to get them off the planks where-
on they had a promise of being rescued,
in order that they might save their own
lives. Of course, it would not have been safe
for those men to land where the people could
get hold of them. They accordingly made for
the opposite shore, and escaped on planks and
ran off into the woods. 1 can readily imagine
that they were intemperate men— gamblers,
possibly, maybe highway robbers by profes-
sion. They did not propose to die, even
though a few helpless women did have have
to be murdered in order to save thaiv miser-
able lives. Contrast sucli a spirit witli that
of the self-sacrificing spirit of a Christian.
And beware, my friend, that nothing in
your life or actions should ever come, even
remotely, near to such a spirit. Our lives
belong to God. They are his to give and his
to take away.

I must not omit mentioning a feature con-
nected with these losses of property and life
that seems to have something encouraging
in it. At the time of the great Chicago lire,
almost everybody was astonished to see the
alacrity with people north, south, east, and
west, rushed forward to aid the sufferers.
Chicago had but to make her wants known,
and food and clothing, as well as money,
poured in from all sides, until that great city
of destitute ones was obliged to say, " It is
enough." And this one thing, I am sure,
did more to bring about friendly feeling.s
and friendly relations among the people of
tlie different cities of the different States
than almost any other thing that could have
happened. So far as I have learned, the
same thing will be found true for the suffer-
ers at Cliarleston. Already the mayors of
the different cities, and the officers of the
government, who have it in their power to
send relief, are doing all that rapid com-
munication and quick transit can do. Who
l^nows but that this event may do more to-
ward restoring and establishing on a perma'^

18S6

GLEAKIKGS IN BEE CULTURE.

755

nent basis fiieiully relations between Uie
Nortli and the Soiitli llian any tiling else
that has happened for many a long day V In
tlie languaj2,e ot our text, the gates of deatli
liave not been opened unto us. neither have
we seen the doors of the shadow of death.
We know but little of the machinery that
governs the universe in this life, and we
know even less of tlie great unknown eterni-
ty beyond it. IJut Ave do know that a kind
loving Father in heaven looks down upon
us, and that in his own good time his king-
dom shall come, and his will be done on
earth as it is done in heaven. May he give
us graee to say, under all eircumstances and
conditions, '• Blessed l)e his holy name."

Gleanincs in Bee Culture.

Tuhllshrd Si-ini-JfoiitJih/.

.£^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBIilSHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID

For Clotting Rates, Oco First Page of Ecadic:: Matter.

DISCOUNT ON OUUEHS IIKCKIVED THIS FAT^T^ FOR
(JOOUS TO BE trSKD NKXT SKASON.

We will, diiriiij,'' the month ol' October, allow a
discount of ll) pei-coiit oti g-oods ordered now, strictly
for ne.\t season's iii-c: that is, we allow the above
discount for j4'oods ordeied now that you will not
need to use before next spiing-. This will include
Simplicity hives, sections, frames, honey-extract-
ors, etc.; but it does not include chalf hives, glass
and tin receptacles for honey, and, with some ex-
ceptions, tools and machinery. We make the above
discount that we may have something- to do during-
the dull fall months, and to allow you somethin;j-
for furnishing- the money now, instead of six months
hence.

OUIl C.\UP-POND.

WF.r.f., alter all this long- time I am glad to he
able to say that we liave young carp in oin- pond,
so plentiful they look like swarms of bees. They
are now from luilf an inch to an inch in length. I
do not know why we have not been able to see the
little " people " before, unless it Avas on account of
musk-rats and mud-turtles. Ernest killed the tur-
tles with his gun, and one of our boys wlioni we
call Fred happened to be expert witli steel traps. I
offered him 'i:> cts. for all the musk-rats he would
catch. It turned out bad for the musk-rats, but it
came pretty near filling Fred's pockets with silver
quarters.

TEllKY'S SVSTKM OV POTATO CUI.TlIlir..

We are just now rejoicing over great large fine
potatoes, and almost no small ones in a hill. Tliey
are the result of the teachings of the Potato Hook.
If you should plant a dozen stalks of corn in a hill.

you would get a great quantity of nubbins and no
corn. Well, my friend, if you put a great many
potato-eyes in a hill you usually succeed in getting
a large lot of " small potatoes:" whereas by Terry's
system you have one large stalk and no more; at
the proper distance, another large stalk, and so on,
and the result is as j-ou might expect-— large fine
potatoes, and i)robably more bushels to the acre
than you could possibly get in the old-fasliioned
way.

OIIIl NEW nuii.uiNG.

It is now roofed and inclosed. The engine is in
place, set on a bod of masonry that seems as if it
nught stand the shock of an earth(iuake— that is,
if any thing could withstand such a catastrophe.
The shafting and pulleys are ready for their
places, and everything about the whole establish-
ment is to be the best of its kind that tlie present
age atl'ords. Special machinery, built expressly for
the ditl'erent processes of bee-hi\e making, the re-
sults of the experience of many busy years in the
work, are to take the place of our old machines
wherever they can be bettered. The combined area
of the lloor room in all the three buildings now
measures nearly a whole acre. Counting the barn,
toolhouses, and warehouses, it would nuike fully
an acre and a quarter of covered lloor room for oin-
hands to work on during stormy weather.

MOHE SWAIiMINC. OUT.

It did not happen in December this time, but it
happened to be exactly Sept. 1. It was not the
queen-clerk this time, and Ernest had nothing to do
with it. It was our daugliter Maud. The last we
saw of her she was going northward, and by and by
we heard of her over in Canada. You know, I have
always had a warm place in my heart for the Cana-
dians, and now I don't mintl telling you why. When
Maud started on her trip, one of our Canadian
boys, John T. Calvert, whom you have heard me
mention, went with lier, I suppose for safe keeping.
Years ago, wlien ores pressed, I prayed, as I had
often prayed before, for elHcient helpers ; and by
one of these wonderful providences a Christian
boy away oH' in Canada was praying too, for a place
to work where he need not hear God's holy name
taken in vain day liy day. T'hrough GIjEAninos he
heard of us and our work, and John has proved
himself a blessing indeed in more ways than one.
If he is a fair sample of Queen V^ictoria's subjects,
we can in real truth say from our heart, "God save
the queen." Ernest and John have been awaj' to-
gether at school. When my health threatened to
give way, Ernest took holdof Gr>EANiN(is, and John
rolled u]) his sleeves and took one of the next most
important i)ositions in our establishment — in fact,
the position which for several years I had feared
none lint myself could ever till — the jiosition of di-
recting the purchases. John has tilled the position
for the greater part of the present year in such a
way that I begin to luive more faith, pei'hai)S. in the
younger ones in general; more faith in Queen Vic-
toria's subjects, and, I ti-ust, more faitii in God.
May he grant that this union between one of the
subjects of the stars and stripes and one of Queen
Victoria's domain may l)e typii-al of the Iriendly
relations that seem fast growing up between the
two nations. Now, then, Hro. Jones of tlie C. D. J.,
we extend again to you tlie rigiit liand of brother-
hood, and feel that we luive an additional reason to
claim relationship.

756

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

8ept.

0ai^ 0WN J^pi^^Y.

WEBSTER'S FUMIGATOU. OR SMOKING IlEES WITH-
OUT SMOKE.

fHE above lumi^ator has arrived, and lias been
tried in "Our Own Apiary." It has the ap-
pearance of any ordinary smoker. The bar-
rel, however, is made of zinc, I suppose, to
resist the action of the chemical agent used,
and is so fastened to the bellows that it can be
quickly removed at pleasure. To facilitate han-
dling-, the b-"rrel is also fastened a little to one side.
Tn order that you may more clearly understand, 1
submit a diagram of the Webster fumigator.

At the lower end, you observe,
is a cap. The same detached is
shown at the upper left-hand
corner. To the rim of the cap
are soldered four wires, hooked
at their ends. In tliese Avires is
secured a sponge. This sponge
is moistened with 50 or fiO drops
I of the ag-ent, and on being slip-
jied into the barrel of the fumi-
gator the apiarist is ready for
work. Accompanying- each
Avnt^TKit's I TMioATOR. smoker is a bottle of the ,ag-ent,
which, I should say, ought to last a season.

WIM, TriE WEBSTER FlTMKiATOIt WORK AS SATIS-
FACTORILY AS THE OUDINARV SMOKER?

After having prepared the fumigator as given in
the directions, I first tried it on mjself, inhaling as
much of the odor as I could. Did I experience any
disagreeable etlects? Not at all, nor was it even
unpleasant to me. " Well," said I to the apiarist,
"that wouldn't drive even a fiy, let alone vicious
bees." We selected a cross colony, opened it, and
gave then a few whilfs. Yes, it did drive them
down some, but not like smoke. We then tried the
fumigator upon gentle Italians. The etlect was the
same as before. For vicious bees, the directions
saj', " Add four or five drops of ammonia to the
sponge." On the following day I added the am-
monia as directed, and the results were much more
satisfactory, and I then opened and examined with
it .50 or fiO colonies very successfully. Once or twice,
from force of habit, I found my hand jerking back
involuntarily when my hand came in contact with
the barrel of the fumigator, that member not clear-
ly recognizing the difference betw,fen a hot smoker
and a cold fumigator. No, it does not have to
be handled like hot cakes. It can be picked up
without fear of being burned; there is no danger
of its setting anything on fire by contact or sparks;
neither does it go out. It is always ready, and re-
quires neither matches nor a dusty litter. I have
briefly summed Its good features, now let us con-
sider its bad points: The fumigator drives bees to
some little extent, and many of the operations con-
necteil with bees are assisted by it; but for real
conquering .and quickness of effect, smoke is far
superior. Why? Because smoke is much more se-
vere, and one good puff from the Clark, to my no-
tion, is equal to half a dozen whitfs from the fumi-
gator. The odor from the latter is not pungent
enough, even with the ammonia, .and fdid not suc-
ceed in making it conquer vicious bees. I recollect
in opening one hive of hybrids I had to lay aside
my fumigator and bring to bear the smoker. I
need hardly say that two or three putfs of the latter

made the little rascals succumb. Again, the agent
used in the fumigator is a liquid of the consistency
of ihin syrup, and is very "sticky stuff." Of course,
1 got my fingers all daubed, and to get it off seemed
to baffle even soap and water. Now, I have found
from my observation that luit all men are neat; and
if my memory serves me rightly, Mrs. Root, in my
hearing, has expressed a similar opinion. I con-
clude, Ihei-efore, in the light of this fact, that ire
must have nothing stii:ky about a smoker.

THE ODOR FROM THE FUMIGATOR.

There is a \'ery strong odor about the agent used
in the fumigator (not pungent, mind you), and the
scent has a way of clinging to the clothing-, like to-
bacco from a smoking-car. During one forenoon
that I used the fumigator, my clothing had acquir-
ed this scent, which smells, as neaily as I can de-
scribe, like carbolic acid !ind tar, of which, indeed,
I believe it is made. Yes, my clothing, hives, and,
I was about to say, that portion of the apiary where
T worked, smelled of fhat stuff. It so thoroughly de-
stroyed my sense of smell for foul brood, fhat, in
fhe afternoon, I used fhe Clark. When I arrived
home that noon, Mrs. Koot exclaimed, "Why, where
have you been? you smell of creosote." Yes, it is
true, my clothing did carry the odor of far and car-
bolic acid, ihough I would say fhat was not at all of-
fensive.

Now, I have endeavored to state candidly the
good and bad points with fhe fumigator invented
and sold by W. n. Webster, of Workingham, Eng. I
can not say fhat I think it will fake fhe idace of
smoke as yet, but I think our English friend has
taken a stride in the right direction.

FITEI, FOR THE CLAIiK SMOKER.

In anolher column our friend .1. A. Green tells
what and how he prepares fuel for smokei's. I see
be uses successfully planer shavings in fhe Clark
smoker. Our experience has been much more fa-
vorable so far with the basswood snwrlust. men-
tioned on page .Vil. With the latter it is a common
thing for us to make the smoker last fr.r half a day
without refilling. To do this wo prepare the fuel as
follows, for since our last report we have learned
some new kinks in fllling: Invert the smoker (if
you are using- a Clark) and drop upon the grate
some light rotten elm; next dro]) a lighted match
upon fhis wood;* work the bellows until the rotten
wood is all ablaze, and then drop over fhisafhin
layer of finely broken rotten wood. Work the bel-
lows meantime, and fill with basswood sawdust
mixed with a few pieces of rotten wood. There,
now, just see what a volume of blue smoke you
have! When not in use during Ihe half-day or so,
the Clark as thus prepared will die down, but not
go out; for yo\i know sawdust will smoulder for a
great length f)f time. A few vigorous puffs will
quickly develop a large quanfify of smoke. With
this sawdust smoke I think T should not be afraid
to "tackle" the most vicious Eastern bees, without
veil or ofher protection. Tn fact, neither has the
apiarist noi- myself when at work in fhe npiary had
occasion, with one or two exceptions this summer,
to resort to the veil; but we have smoke, mind you
— (nough to make you cry.

BEES ROARING ON RED CLOVER.

While working among fhe bees the ofher day, I

saw that they were bringing in a large quantity of

light-colored honey. Tasting it I detected the un-

*1 tliink that I should prefer to liglit the snioker as lecoiii-
luendetl by J. A. Green; see page 723.

1S8G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

757

mistakable bumble-bee honey Ihivor, tor which we
boys used to pay so dearly. So much of this red-
clover honey has coiuc in of late that we shall not
be obliged to feed nearly the (juantity of sugar
syrup wo hail anticipated. Neighbor Chase, wiio
furnishes us such nice comb honey, says that his
50 colonics have gathered ;.'{I00 lbs. of this same red-
clover honey within the last few days. Our bees
have all been roaring, and as hard at work, appar-
entlj-, as if on white clover. I have marked two of
the colonies whose bees have especially distinguish-
ed themselves. One was an imported, and the oth-
er a daughter of an impoi'ted. We propose to
breed from these next season, if all goes well.

WINTF.UlNCi, AND MOW WE PKOPOSR PUTTING THE
liKKS UP FO!l TIM.S WINTEK.

I will say lit the outset, that our colonies will be
put into winter quarters, essentially the same as
last year; that is, in ehatf hives on their summer
stands. As red-clover honey has been coming in
very freely of late, some colonies will be given nat-
ural stores; l)ut a large number will have to be fed
granulated-sugar syrup. Having met with gocd
success in outdoor wintei-ing for the past few j'ears,
doubtless many of the AUG scholars would be
pleased to know that we are still using the plan
recommended in the A H C of Bee Culture. In or-
der that T may give more definite information as to
some of the miiuitiif. I insert below the following
letter, « hieh will doubtless cover many of the que-
ries in the minds of the ABC Fcholars:

Gr.EANiNGS of Sept. 1st came to hand in due time,
and 1 was in hopes I should see something from
you or Ernest, under the head of " Our Own Apia-
ry," as to how you intend to iirepare your bees for
wintering.

1. Have you changed anj' from the rules you gave
in the A B C book of two years ago?

'Z. How much opening do you leave at the en-
tranee?

;! Do you use the Hill device now?

4. When the lii\e is full of stores and bees, very
heavy, do you remove anj' of the frames and jnit in
ehatf division-boards?

:"). When a hive is rather short of stores, when and
how do you feed, and how fast?

When you introduce a queen by hanging the cage
with queen and escorts between the combs, do you
spread the combs so the bees can pass between the
cage and the opposite comb, or do you put the
combs tight up to tlie cage o7i both sides? Some ad-
vise never to use a ijueen with her own workers or
escorts.

If you will give this information I think you will
oblige nuiny, as rules coming from the "Boss "of
the •• Home of the Honey-Bees." J. H. Smith.

Stowe. \'erniont, Sei)t. 0, 11S8U.

Your first question I have already answered.

;J. With chatt' hives Ave always leave a full-width
entrance.

3. We have used, and still purpose to use, tlie Hill
device. We i)lace it over tlie center of the brood-
nest, with the backbone |>arallel to the frames.

4. 1 think r.ot, if I understand the condition of the
colony you have in mind. We have sometimes had
colonies so strong and well supi)lie(l with stores
that we have givi-n them the full capacity of the
lirood-ehamber. They were placed on eight frames,
spaced out so as to fill the lower story. During win-
ter, combs need to be spread a little further apart
than at other times. Whether the colony be sti'ong
or weak, it should be cmwdeil on us few frames as
possible. When the cold weather comes, their con-
tracted apartment, if sutficient stores are pro\ ided,
will be none too small for them. I would say, that
most of our colonies are put on from five to si.x
frames, with a division-board on each side.

.5. When short of stores we feed sugar, as recom-
mended in the AB C of Bee Culture; namely, 35 lbs.
of sugar to a gallon of water. Perhaps the easiest
way, when steam is not to be had, is to pour the
water at a boiling temperature upon the sugar;
then stir vigorously for a short time. Of all the
feeders ever invented, we use and prefer the bread-
pan feeder, holding about a pint of syrup. To pre-
vent the bi'es from drowning, the ordinary cheese-
cloth is spread over the pan of syrup. This pan is
placed directly over the cluster, the enameled cloth
or covering being rolled back. At this time of the
year we raise the cover and pour in ab(U]t a pint
every evening. If late in the fall, and the colony is
short of stores, wo use a milk -pan, prepared as
above, filled with syrup. We can thus feed from
ten to fifteen pounds in an evening.

In regard to introducing a queen, her escorts will,
as a rule, occasion no trouble. I think, however,
with a valuable queen I would remove the atteti-
dant bees bel'ore caging her majesty. We space
the two combs, between which the queen is caged,
a little further ajjart, so as to permit the bees of
the hive to become "acquainted " with her.

E UN E.ST.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Essays l>y .Tames Heddon, Prof. Cook. G. M. Doo-
little, A. E. Manum, C. W. Demaree, J. E. Pond. .Jr.,
.1. H. Martin, C. W. Dayton, and P. H. Hussell, all
will appear in the Oetolier luunber of the American
Apiculturist. Send IDc iti stamps for copy.

Address AMEKICAN APICULTURIST,

18tf Wenham, Mass.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another <!olumn.

A BARGAIN IN HONEY-TUMBLERS.

Among the nnxny cheap jjackages for retailing
extracted honey, the 'c-lb. and 1-1 b. tin-top glass
honey - tumblers hold a prominent place. Though
not quite as handy to carry as the glass honcy-pails.
they are nuich cheaper, and will be preferred by
some. We have at last succeeded in obtaining these
direct from the manufacturers, and get jobbers'
prices instead of buying them from jobbers, as we
have had to do in the past. We can thus ofter them
to you at the following reduced prices:

I'j-lb., ;3c each; 3.')c for Hi; •><;.'. -fi per box of 100;
$5.35 per bbl. of 350. or $31.(10 per Kino.

Mb.. ;5c each; 38c per 10; «3.75 per box of 100;
.¥5.30 per bbl. of 30O. or $34.00 per 1000.

Orders for 1000 will be filled direct from the fac-
tory in Pittsburgh. Yo\i will notice that the tum-
blei's are nuich cheaper in barrels, as a barrel costs
us 3.5c, and a box of half its size costs 50c.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

Kov the benellt of friends who h.ave l)lai-k or hybrid uueens
wliich they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
cliartre, as belnw. We do tliis l)ee»use there is tiai-dly value
enoutfh to these riiieens to jiav f"r Ijuvint? them up and keep-
intrlheni iTi stock; and vet if is olti-ntiincs (|iiite an aeeommo-
datioii to those wliu can not atloid liitrher-priced ones.

My queens are all gone. T have been overrun
will) oi'ders for black and hytirid (pieons.
lO-lT-lS J. A. BucKi.EW, Clarks, Coshocton Co., O.

Good hybrid queens, 35 cts. each. Some 1 year
old, some a month oi- two old.

.1. H. JonNSDN, Middaghs, Noi-thamp. Co., Pa.

Foi- side, 10 hybrid queens, i)rolJlic, the l)ees being
aliout one-eighth dark, or gray, fiom them; excel-
lent honey-gatherers, easy to handle. Price, one,
40 cents; two or more, HO cts. apiece.

Chas. L. Hill, Dennison, Ohio.

7o8

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTUKE.

Sept.

SELLING HONEY TOO LOW.

MRS. CHADDOCK'S VIEWS.

U. TTKDDOV says, page C94, "I am sorry to
read the low prices Mrs. C. tells lis site is
stalling- honey lor. I think such low prices
for comb honey are entirely unnecessary^
and would, if lonff continued, drive ns all
out of the business. She is selling- at a price below
the cost of production, according to Mr. Doolittle,
and I think his flgui'es are about right." Well, Mi-s.
Chaddoek feels sorry too; she has several dollars'
worth of sorrow on liand. I always feel a sort of
llustration when the time comes to begin selling-
honey. T love the almighty dollar, and I want all of
them that I can get; and at the same time I have a
conscience that is always pricking- and prodding
me, and telling- nic that I am trying to sell things
for more than they are worth; and the only way
that I know of to do is to strike a kind of general
average between my conscience and my desires,
and then go ahead. He says such low prices are
unnecessary. Well, that is so for this year; but it
is not so every year. If there is a big honey-yield,
and half the farmers have a little honey to sell,
then low prices are a neceMity to mc. I am not go-
ing to ship a pound of honey if 1 can help it. I do
not want the bother of it, nor the loss; and If I can,
by any thing short of a miracle, tell what honey
ought to sell for here, I intend to sell for that.

Last spring- opened up with a grand flourish.
Everybody's bees wintered well, and there was hon-
ey in the willows and maples, the apple-blossoms,
plant lice, and raspljerries. The bees bred right up
to the white-clover harvest, and were the strongest
that I ever saw them so early. The white-clover
yield was a ])i-incely one, and, right in the middle of
it, I began selling honey. In riding about the coun-
ty I took pains to inquire about other people's bees,
and they were all in good condition. Then T read
the honey markets as given in the American Bee
Jimrnal and Gleanings. Chicago market, for June
flth and 16th, was U to 1.5 cts., and selliuij slowly. St.
Louis market for the same dates read, "Choice
comb, 10 to 12 cents; extra fancy, of bright color,
and in No. I packages, ^i advance on above prices."
I looked at the matter from all directions. I knew
that sugar was selling at five cents, and butter at
six; eggs at seven, and strawberries that I used al-
waj'S to sell at 40 and 50 cts. were selling at 20 cts.
right along; and I could buy just as good lawn for
7 cts. as we paid 12J4 for ten years ago; and taking
all things together with the big honey-yield that
we were (joimj to have, I set the price at 10 and 12»4.
The cost of producing- a commodity does not fix the
price at which it ((iK.sf sell. A gi-eat plenty of any
thing brings down the price. But the great plenty
did not come. The white clover yielded splendidlj';
but when it was gone, every thing stopped short.
Then I stopped selling at 10 cts., and I now sell only
at retail. 1 am going to let the farmers supply the
town markets with their flve-cent comb honej' for
awhile. I'm awfully scared, I tell you. May bo I've
injured the honey - l>usincss all over the United
States and Europe. I promise Mr. Heddon never to
do the like again unless I do not know any better.
Vermont, 111. Mahala B. Chaddock.

You are touching quite an important mat-
ter, my good friend. Few things require
more wisdom in business than in deciding

just when to drop prices. The merchant
wlio purchases goods that are not perisliable
has no trouble at all in deciding that, if he
buys an article for .S or 9 cts., and sells it for
10, he is all right •, but the bee-keeper or the
farmer who i)roduces his goods by tilling
the soil rarely knows exactly what they cost,
and it would not matter much if lie did.
Every thing is so uncertain in his business
that it is liis duty to lind the best market
he can. If he can get more money for his
produce by going to a large city— that is,
after all expenses are paid — by all means
let him do so; or if he (;;in get more mon-
t'.V by putting up his crop "in small neat
packages, and taking it fresh to people's
homes, by all means do that way ; but when
he is satished iieople won't pay what he
thinks he ought to have for his product,
then he must either improve the iippearance
and style of his packages, or drop the price.
I would not droj) the price until it seemed
to be the last resort, liaise the quality if
possible, so as to keeji the price uniform.
Where the prices have been established, and
the goods aie going off freely, I would pre-
fer to buy out some small producer lather
than let iiim injure the market; a.nd some-
times it pays better to buy out such produc-
er, even if you can't sell the stuff for what
yoii paid for it. But this would refer to
small lots, of course. If the farmers round
you have small lots of honey that they seem
disposed to run off at 5 cts. because they
don't care to bother with it, I would try to
Hnd out about it beforehand, and take it olf
from their hands. Perhaps you may be
obliged to sell it for 5 cts. per lb. yourself;
but it will hurt your trade very much less in
that way, because you can explain to your
customers the difference in quality, style of
package, etc.

CHEAPEST OFFER EVER MADE,

In order to introduce my stock more extensively
I will sell pedigreed Polaiid-China pigs, from prize-
winning stock, at only 6 cts. per pound, spring pigs.
Small pigs, not akin. $5 00 per pair. Sent at reduced
rates by American Express. Safe arrival and en-
tire satisfaction in every case guaranteed. Full
colonies of Italian bees in A. I. Root's Simplicity
hive, $4.50. Address N. A. KNAPP,

18d Rochester, Lorain Co., Ohio.

LARGEST BEE-HIVE AND SECTION FAC-
TORY IN THE WORLD.

GREAT REDUCTION!

T'litil Jtinuny!/ 1st, ire will st'll uf a discount.
Jf'ritc for rt'diircti jirlcrs.

G. B. LEW^IS & CO.,

IStfdb "Waterto-wii, 'Wisconsin.

XJiTnYxfati A partner to take a half-interest in
VV dllLcU.* a nice little apiary, and help me in-
troduce one of the best bee-hives ever invented.
Must be /io?if.s-f. industrious, and a good mechanic,
or a good apiarist. M. J. HARRIS,

18d Clay City, Clay Co., Illlinois.

ITALIAN QUEENS

Of the best strains, warranted
purely mated, $1.00 each; 6, $5.00.
Satisfaction guaranteed. Circular and price list free.

(HAS. D. DIITAL.L.
IStfdb Speiioerville, Mont. Co., Md.

(jDEENS

l8S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

7();{

Contents of this Number.

Bees in Chambei' 787

Bees ill Towns 7B5

Bees by Pound 7Hi

Bees and Neighbors 776, 78t

Bees, Drinnniing 785

Bees, Wlio sliall Keep ' 780

Bee-Sting Remedies 77S

Bee-Keepers' Union 766

Bellrtower 767

Blacks on Red Clover 783

Brood- Frames 782

Brood-Nest, Empty 769

Bumble-bees .' 791

( 'anipanula 767

(.'arniolans and Surplus 185

Carniolans, Imported 786

C'haddoek's Problem 772

Convention, N. A 766

Costellow's Loss 78.')

Uoolittle's Report 777

Drought and Bug-juiee 791

Editorials 79S

Florida 781

Foul Brood 769, 787

Frames, Spacing Right 779

Gasoline-Stoves 774

Class, Substitute for 78.')

Heads of C rain 783

Honey Column 764

Honey in Florida 7^2

Honey, milkweed 786

Honey, Cost of 770

Honey, Orange-Bloom 781

Honev-Boards 781

Honey-Plant, New 78(J

Horn, Thomas 77.1

Hoyle on Foul Brood 768

It I'lians vs. Hybrids 791

Italians vs. Blaeks 782, 784

.laniaica 78;<

Jane Meek & Brother 771

Mammoth Red Clover 777

Moths 791

Notes and Queries 790

No va Scotia 791

Our Own Apiary 791

P"ppl(tiiii in Florida 785

yueens riuler.Sw'g Impul.se786

Queens, Zeip of 718

Queens, r.alling ■;84

Halibits in Apiary 7X4

Reports Kneouraging ^90

Stinging, Severe 784

Sunshine in Hotnts 774

Swarms in Fall 783

System, Intensive 791

Tobacco 789

Vincent's Report 780

Winger's Success 783

West Indies 783

What Ails the Bees' 770

Wintering, Hints on 776

N THE ONE HAND

m

V ^ It treats pleasingly of flowers, pot-plants
^■^ in the window and under glass; fine lawns,
trees, shrubs, and the beautiful of Gardening-; on
the other, taking up the matter of better fruit and
vegetables for our tables every day, and the largest
profit for market-growers in all bianclies of Hor-
ticulture. We are speaking of our journal,

POPULAR GARDENING, AND THE FRUIT RECORDER.

Tt is a most useful and readable paper. Its style
is plain, sensible, and practical; no
waste of words, no long dry articles.
Finer engravings and printing than
its columns show can nowhere l)e
met.

This paper every American family
should see, so we will send a sample
copy to any address for ti cents.

Popular Gardening Pub. Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

BEE -KEEPER'S GUIDE;

Or, MANUAL OF THE APIARY.

13,000 SOLD SINCE 1876.

14th THOUSAND JUST OUT!

10th THOUSAND SOLD IN JUST FOUR MONTHS !
5000 Sold Since May, 1883.

More than .50 pages, and more than M fine illus-
trations were added in the 8th edition. The whole
work has been thoroughlj' revised, and contains the
very latest in respect to bee-keeping. It is certuini.v
the fullest and most scientific work treating of
bees in the World. Price, by mail, iSl. 25. Liberal
discount to dealers and to clubs.

A. J. COOK, Author and Publisher.
13-23 Agricultural College, Mich.

^SOUTHERN HEADQUARTERS-^-

r'OR EARl-V QX7EE1TS,

Nuclei, and full colonies. The manufacture of
hives, sections, frames, feeders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Superior work and best material at " let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fully equipped, with
the latest and most approved machinery. Send fo"
my illustrated catalogue. Address
5tfd J. P. H. BROVinV, Augusta, Oa.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any of the following departments, at a uniform
price of 20 cents each insertion, or *:J.(W per annum,
when given once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Nameit iui^ertediii tliij^driMrtment the first lime wiUt-
out charge. After, 2()c each ituseition, i>r $2.oo per yen r.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnisli
Italian queens for *1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatientof such delay as maybe uiui\ uidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sends the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will iiroliiiMv
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probatily none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa. Itf
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. IHtfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. 19tfd

*D. G. Bdmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. 19tf'd

*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Aia. 19tfd

*E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., fowa. lOtfd

Ira D. Alderman, Taylor's Bridge, Samp, Co., N.C.

littfd
*Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

19tfd Par., La.
J. W. Winder, Carrollton, Jefi'. Par.,

Now Orleans, La. 3tfd
*E. Burke, Vineennes, Knox Co., Ind. HI

C. C. Vaughn, Columbia, Tenn. I'ltfd

Bloomington, 111. IHtld

D. A. McCord, Oxford, Butler Co.. O. 9-IHd
J. B. Hains, Bedford, Cu.vahoga Co., O. l.'itfd

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.
A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. 1.5tfd
C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. l-2;i
R. B. Leahy, Higginsville,Laf. Co., Mo. l;-,ifd

E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. IStfd
C. P. Bish, Petrolia, Pa. " 19-:i;}

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

Read what .1. I. Parent, of
CHAKi/roN, N. Y., says — "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last w-inter 50 chart'
hives with 7 inch cap, 100 hone>-
racks, .500 broad frames, :i.O(i(i
honey-boxes and a great deal of
other work. This winter we
have double the amount of bee
hives, etc., to make and we ex-
pect to do it all with this Saw.
I will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List Free. Address W. F. &
JOHN BARNES, 68 Ruby St., Rockford, III.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.
23tfd

IN order to reduce m.v stock I will sell ™0 colonies
of hybrid bees at $5. IK). They are in Simplicity
hives oh wired frames, have plenty of stores for
winter, and before shipi)ing will be i>acked ready
for winter, including ~ clijilf cushions and Hill's de-
vice. l!id QUSTAVE OEOSS, Oreenville, EondGo., 111.

764

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

pejMEY (jeiiUMN.

CITY MARKETS.

New York.— Iloncu —New comb lioney is coming'
in qiiito lively, and we liiul it to be of very nice
quality. VVeijuote:
Fancy white, 1-lb. sections, - - . - I4f/>,16

'• ' " aih. •• ... - y^Ca.U
Mb. " l^iCmU

2-ib. " .... wm-z

]-lb. " IW'VZ

3 1b. " ... - miO

California e.\tracted 5(5i5(2

We find a good demand lor lioney, and expect to
handle large quantities.
Sept. 22, l)^8fi. Thukber, Whyi.and & Co.,

Read and Hudson Sts., New I'orlc.

Fair
Buckwheat

Kansas Ci'iy.— Honey.— Thv market is good
grades, and sales are larg-e, while the supply
same. Prices are uncbang-ed.
White clover, 1-lb. sections . . . -

2-lb. " ....
Dark 1-lb. " ....

3-lb. " ....

Light '2 lb. " ....

Extracted, white clovei

" dark

'* white sage ....

Beexwax, - -

Sept. 24, 1886. Cr.EMONS, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. 4th and Walnut St's, Kansas City,

for all
is the

13(«]4
llgil2
11@,12
9@M
14(0.15

f;@,7

4(5i5

r,@.hy<,

2uC'2i
Mo.

St. Louis.— /Jonfj/.— Honey is still dull. Califor-
nia is offering white sage, extracted, put up in two
5-gallon cans in case, at $i.>'!'>, Jaid down hei-e i 1 cur-
load lots. Amber, same packages, $'4 Til). For white
clover comb sections we are getting- IKSiI^iliC'A; ex-
tracted, in cans, lots, t/o^ijc; single; cans, 6('ai7c.
Southern honey, in bbis , 'i^iOt.w, us to qualiiy.
There is a good demand tor uoinn honey. BeeKWiix,
21@:i.5c. \V KSTCi ) I T Hi Mali,,

Sept. 23, 18i^6. I(;8 and IIU Market Street.

DETHOiT.—/7o)te}/.— Honey is I.eing shijiped in
more freely of late, and prices are lo" er. All sizes
larger than one pound are selling at 12 cts. Found
size. 12i4@13c for best white. lierswax. 23c.

Sept. 23, 1886. M. H. Hunt, Uell Branch, Mich.

CiiiCAOO.-Hoiitjy.— There is nioro demand for
comb honey, and prices are firmer -U'';2<''rUJc Ipeing
at-ked for best grades of white eonih honey; e.v-
tractc d, 5@7c. Beeswax, 'Z3e, R. A. Buknett,

Se|)t. 21, 1886. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Ceeveeanu.— 77o)i('f/.— The market has not im-
proved of late, but [iiices' are steady at 14 cts. lor
best white 1-lb. unglassed sections; 12 cts. for 2 lbs ,
best white; 8(a9c lor 2 lbs. and 1 lb. old. Extracted,
6@7c. Beeswax, 'iac. A. C. Kenuei..

Sept. 22, 1886. 115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Boston.— Ho?ief/-— We note no change in prices,
but an improved demand. Blake & Ripi.ev,

Sept. 23, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Fo« Sale.— 13,000 lbs. clover honey, first class,
and well ripened before extracting. Delivered at
depot in barrel lots at 7 cts. II. W. Funk,

Box 11.56. Bloomington, III.

Foil Sale —3000 lbs. extracted hone.v, in ten-gal-
lon kegs, 117 lbs. net; 7 cts. for white clover; 652
for rasi)berry. M. Isbell, Norwich, N. Y.

Cheap IIo.ney. — 1 have about 3500 lbs. of honey
in nice 22 gallon kegs. It is dark, but very thick,
and is splendid bee-feed, or good for factory-men.
1 have to mn\e soon, and must sell it. You may
have it for 3 cts. jier pound, liy the keg of 250 lbs.,
at depot here. M. J. H aukis,

(lav Cilv. Clny Co., HI.

Foundation - Mill For Sale.

One ten-inch Root c(;mb-mill, second hand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, e(jual to a new one.
Price $15.00. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $20.00. A. I. ROOT, irfediiin, 4».

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For 'he benefit of friends who have blafk or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose ot, we will inseit notices free of
charge, as below. We do this becuse there is ha'-dly value
enough to these queens to pay f'T buying them up and keep-
ing 1 hem in stock; and yet If. is oftentimes quite an accommo-
dation to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

I still have a goodly number of black and hybiid
queens for sale. Black, 18 cts ; hjbrid, 25cts.

W. G. Haven, Plessant Mound, 111.

Do not by any means insert hybrid queen adver-
tisement again. I am returning money evey day,
but have to withhold some, from the iact that [
can't make out where in the U. S. to return if, no
definite address accompan\ ing it. V. L. Hill.

Dcnnison, O., Sept. 21, isyc.

4 H.-P. ENGINE FOR SALE.

A liiirifiii II for the mail irlut i.v ('*( tieil of a
I'' ii;<it~Clti .<>,•< I'Jiif/liii- aiifl l!<;iJcr.

This is one of B. W. Payne & Son's Eureka en-
gines, the same that we advertise in our catalogue.
It has run 3 months since it was new; has had a 10-
foot galvanized-iron smoke-stack added, and is in
perfect i-unning order. The man who is holding it
had to put in a larger one to meet the demands of
his trade. The price of a new engine and boiler
complete, no stack, is $275. OJ; but to make a quick
sale w<! will sell this one with the stack for $2.'5.( 0,
free on board cars at HigginsviUe, Mo.

A. 1. KOOT, ITIcdliia, Oliio.

T

HREE untested Italian queens at 50 cents each.
M. Isbell, Norwich, N. Y

CONVENTION NOTICES.

The Sheboygan Co. Bee Keepers' Association will hold its
next meei ing at Chandler's Hall, at the village of Sheboygan
Falls, on S iturd ly . Oct. 16, at 10 A. M. Mrs. H. Hn.i.s.

Shebi.ygan Falls, Wis^

The Southern 111. Boe-Keepers' Association wUl hold its ne.\t
meeting at Benton, Franklin Co., III., Thursday, Oct. 21, 1880,
at 10 A. M. F. H. Ke.-Tnedy, Sec.

The annual meeting of the Western Bee-keepers' As'^ociation
"ill be hi-ld in Pythian Hall, coiner of Main and 1Hh Streets,
Kansas City , Mo.', Oct. z7, 28, 29, 1886. P. BALDWIN, Sec.

The Illinois Central Bee-keepers' Association will hold its
next ni' eting at Mt. Sterling, 111., on Tues-day and Wednesday,
Oct. 19 and 20. J. M. Hambavhh, Sec.

The 4th annual meeting uf the Progresflve Hee-K-ccpers' As-
sociation will be held in the Town Halt at Bainbiidge Center,
O., on Thursday. Oct. 7, 1880. Parties wishing cnivi-v.incc! fruin
(Jeanga Lake fetation, 3 miles distant, on tt.c N Y..P. & O
K. R., will please notify me so that aiiangenients can be
made for the same. All interested are invited to come and
bring their lunch-basket. Miss Dljia Dennett, Sec

Bedford, Cuyahoga Co., O.

There will be a bee-keepers' convention in K. fif P. Hall. No.
lli>8 Main St., north of 12 St , Wheeling, W. Va., on Oit. 1.'). 1880.
Bring samples of honey and other thingt. Henry I.ewedau.

Wheeling, W. Va.

The semiannual meeting of the Centr.1l Michigran Bee Keep-
ers' Association will convene in Pioneer H ill, .'it the Capitol
Building, in Lansing, on the third T.iesd ly of October, at 10
o'clock A. M. J. ASHWO.i.Tii, Pros.

Lansing, Mich.

THE No«TlI AMERICAV BnE-KERrElW' aOClETY.

The sdiiftv will hold its 17ili annual convention, Oct. 13, 13,
and U. l.'-Ki'i, lit liiili:iiiapolis, Ind.

The iHiM.iing will lie h' Id in rfiirin's Mu.sie Hall, 82 and f*
North i'eniisylv;uii:i St.. (iiii- i.l Oie most pleasantly situated
halls in the city. (Imal ventilation and pleniy of light.

The socicly In-ailiiiuiriers will lie at the Occidental Hotel,
comer of VViishinglon ami Illinois Sts, in the heart of the city,
ami but a short distance 1 loni the hall. The regular rates at
this hotel are S:! 00 a day. Siiecial rites for those in altcn-
d:iiiee at the convention will be Sl.'iO per day.

The North-Western Bee Keepers' Society, The Indiana State,
The K.-istcni liiiliana, with vai imis ci unity and .joint sueieties,
will inret in union with I lie N. A ., making it oiie of the most
fonniclalile meeting's of be., kiepi-rs ever lield in this ciuiiitiy.
ICvery thing |iMS>.ible will U- done to make the meeting pleat-
ant ;ind i iilei tainiiig. .\ conli;il iiivitf.tit.n is extended to all.

Vol. XIV.

OCT. 1, 188G.

No. 19.

TEKMS:S1.00PBRANNUM, IN AdVANCB;! T? ,,+ r^l^l 4 oirt r, rl i'ti 7 O O' "> f Clubs to different postcttlces, NOT I,P^ s^
2Oopie8for$1.90-,3for$2.7S;5for94.00, I LjSL LtUl Lb IVCLl' I IV ± O / C> . | than 90cts. oai h. Sinl poBtjv

lOor more, 75cts. each. Single Number,
5 cts. A<l'litlon8 to clubs maybe made

PUBLISHKD SKMI-MONTIILY BY

, U. S. and t'aniidas
1 tries of the Univr

. aid, in tl.e
To all other coiin-
al Postal Ui.ion. IRo

atclubrates. Above are all to be sent « y T>/^/^T< AiCTiTVTA f\^ftr\ I per venr extra To all countiiesNOT of

J A.i.±l(JUi, JVlJliUIJN A,U111(J. itheU.P U.. 420 peryear extra.

To ONE POSTOFFICB.

EXPELLING BEES ' ' FROM J. INCORPO-
RATED TOWNS.

PROF. COOK CONSIDERS THE MATTER.

Bull city council is about passing an ordinance
c.xcluding- all l)ccs from the eoi-poralion.
We have perhaps' l.">7persons who keep bees,
and they do not have over 101 stands, all
told; but owins- to ig-jiorance and prejudice
they are about to banish all bees. We do not
want any trouble, and shall do all we can to keep
peace; but if worse jshould come^to worst, 'can you
frive us any lig-ht as to the leji-al points in the case ?
Barry, III., Sept. 14, 18Ht). ^ • H. CIFihst.

The above was forwarded to Prof. Cook,
requesting that he would give us his opin-
ion, and especially that lie would advise in
regard to the matter. Below is his reyily:

This matter of antagonism between bee-keepers
and those of other occnpations is surely becoming-
a serious one. Truly, if bet>s are a nuisance— and
on no other ground can they be forced [from vil-
lage or city— it is strange, passing strange, that we
—aye, the world— ha<l not found it out before.'

We now have nearly 50 colonies of bees h(rc at
the college, and, as you know, Mr. Editor, we are a
little hamlet, and these. bees are within three rods
of I)r. Beal's Ijarn, andjonly two or three rods fur-
ther from his house; yet I^have never heard Dr.
Beal complain a word. Several people in Lansing
have bees, and I have never heard a word of com-
plaint. I^know.of a cityjn Michigan where two or
three quite large apiaries have been kept right
within the corporation, and yet no complaint, so
far as I know, has been nuide.

We all know, that, in spring, bees may soil clothes

hung near by an apiai-y, and we know that bees
may become very cross in autumn, and maj' thus
greatly disturb those who may either V)y chance or
necessity come near the bee-yard. We also know,
that, in times when no honey is being gathered
fi'om the flowers, bees may attack fruit or exposed
sweets in houses and stores, and tlius become
sometimes almost an insufl'erable annojance, es-
pecially to those who are unused to bees, and so
have a terrible dread— and .iust as terrible, even if
groundless— of being stung.

I do not believe any town council will unite
against the bee-interest unless there is some cause.
Almost all our people respect any honest, legiti-
mate industry; and surely ours must be respected,
not only from its merits but from its verj' age.

THE BEE-KEEPER'.S DUTY.

Now it occurs to me, that each bee-keeper ought
to reduce these disturbing elements to the very
lowest minimum. In spring, why not shut the bef s
in on wash-days, if a near neighbor is to bo annoy-
ed? I know wash-day is hard enough for my wife,
even at best, and it would be a sore vexation to
her and me (for what hurts the " gude wife " hurts
me more), if that ring of imniaoulale white which
adorns our clothes-reel each Monday were to be
flecked with the dirty yellow which oft< n marks
the first flight of bees. How easy to pre\ent tl.is
on the pait of the bee-keepei-! Duty demands tliat
neglect in this shall never break the friendship of
neighbors.

But how about the troubles iu fall? We all know,
that, if we work late in the season with hybrids,
or bees disposed to lie cross, in the usual way,
when there is no honey to gather, especially if it is
cold, we incite such angei- that the bei'S may not

766

gleaninCtS In bee cuLtuiiJ:.

Oct.

be approached, even from quite a distance, with-
out danger of stings. In such cases, if we have
near neighbors we must not work with the bees;
or if necessity compels such work, never worV; with-
out a hee-Unt . Then we do not cause the bees to
become irascible; we get no stings ourselves when
at work, and we run much less danger of inciting
the bees to rob. Just this one precaution may
save a neighborhood quarrel. If in September
we find our bees are greatly troubling our neigh-
bor with hi.s fruit, can't we shut the bees up, put
them in the cellar, or even remove them a mile or
two, rather than awaken the displeasure of our
neighbors?

Again, if we find our neighbors are troubled,
why not go to them with a heart full of love and
our hands full of nice honey, and say we regret
this annoyance, and talk over the matter, asking
for forbearance, and promising all possible cau-
tion? Such a course will win our neighbor, and
what more glorious than that? When the grand
apostle Paul said, "As much as lieth in you, live
peaceably with all men," he was simply urging
against quarrels, for a quarrel is very difficult
when one of the parties has only love in his heart.
Next to a perfectly harmonious home is a per-
fectly united neighborhood. Let each of us bee-
keepersdo our part to secure just such a one at our
place, and I believe there will be few occasions to
invoke the aid of law, and few to c;ill for the aid of
" the Union."

THE L.\W, AND BKE-KEEPEKS' UNION.

No doubt some have feared that the "Union"
might become a sort of heartless monopoly, a
huge sort of "boycotter," whose tendency would
be to stir up broils. Very likely there will arise
cases like that in Wisconsin, when, with even the
greatest care, litigation can not be avoided. In
places like California, where the fruit-interest is
of such magnitude, it ms(,y be almost impossible to
avoid pi-osecution at the hands of the law. Good
men may possibly feel th-t bees and bee keepers
are really a nuisance, and call upon legal author-
ities to settle the matter. In all such cases the
case of each bee-keeper is that of all, and I see no
justice in making the one unfortunate bear all
of what might have come to any one of us; hence
I believe in the " Union," and feel glad to support
it. But I also feel that the " Union" must be very
wary. It must see that in all casea the bee-keeper
has done all in Mk p >wer to preserve peace, be-
fore it lend its aid. If a bee-keeper is "cranky"
and irritable, and tries to provoke, rather than
allay strife, then he should be forced to bear his
own burdens. It is to be hoped that the " Union "
will, in every case, fully investigate, and never
come to the rescue unless it find that the bee-
keeper has done all in his power to make all sat-
isfactory without appeal to law. What a grand
lesson our ".'Alabama-claims arbitration " gave to
the world! Let us all profit by it. If, however, we
find that circumstances make it imperative that
the law settle some of the equities which bear up-
on bees and their relations to fruit, then let us all
help bear the burden; for we all share the benefits
of a verdict which we need not fear.

A. J. Cook.

Agricultural CoMBge, Mich., Sept. 32, 1886.

Friend Cook, I loi^w we should get some-
thing good and substantial from yoti in re-
gard to this matter. I had not thought of

shutting the bees in their hives at the time
they soil clothes, but I think it can be done
with plenty of wire cloth, without harming
the bees ; and after tlte bee-keeper has done
that, it may transpire that the bees that do
the mischief come from somewhere else.
This happened at one time when we had
our troubles with the " eider-mill man.''
We watched the Italians that were working
on the sweet cider, and then showed him
that the greater part of them went oft' in an-
other direction, and obliged him to admit
it. A great many times innocent bee-men
are blamed, when the bees that are doing
the mischief come from the woods or from
some other apiary. If it is found to be im-
practicable to shut up the hives. I would
move the bees away temporarily. I am sure
this would be better in the end than law-
suits and hard feelings.— In regard to the
Bee-keepers' Union, I hope and pray that
those who have the matter in charge riiay be
very careful that it never show its power
unless it is absolutely necessary. — Now in
reply to our good friend F., who "opens this
article, can't he profit by some of Prof.
(-ook's advice, and so present the matter to
the council that the banishment may be un-
necessary? Let us all remember Paul's
wonderful text, "■ If meat make my brother
to ott'end, I will eat no flesh while the world
standeth."

THE NORTH-AMIJRICAN CONVENTION.

IS IT THE DUTV OF BEE-KEEPERS TO MAKE SOME
EXERTION TO ATTEND IT?

1^ RE another number of Gleanings is printed,
N3) ^'^^ North-American Bee-keepers' Associa-
1^ f tion, the Northwestern Bee-Keepers' Asso-
■*" elation, the Indiana State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation, and I don't know how many other
district and county associations, will have met in p
grand convention at Indianapolis. Association is a
great thing; it fosters, encourages, brings out, and
makes known individual efforts, plans, and inven-
tions; not only this, but the friction of mind
against mind seems to bring about a polish and
sharpness that can be secured in no other manner.
We think better of our fellows by coming in con-
tact with them. The corners are thereby knocked
ofl'. We learn to measure ourseJcett; to see our
faults and failings; possibly to discover some hid-
den excellencies that we knew not before that we
possessed.

The social feature of these meetings is the grand-
est of all; it does one good to grasp the hand of an
old friend, look in his face, and listen to his words,
or to meet some one whose writings we have fol-
lowed for years, and whom we have often wished to
see. Then there are the little chats in by-places, at
the table, and ttie long-continued, half-coufldential
talks indulged in long after Morpheus has beckon-
ed with outstretched arms. But why say more?
Those who have attended a good bee-convention
know exactly what a "flow of soul " there is, and
that all go home greatly encouraged, feeling more
than ever that they can and iviU make a success of
bee-keeping.

I think that we as a people go too little for plea-
sure or leoration. Where had a bee-keeper rather
go, even for pleaaure, than to a grand national con-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

7fi7

vention of bee-keepers? I have met many of my
brother bee-keepers at conveutions, but I hope to
meet still more of them at the coming meeting at
Indianapolis.

By the way, it may be cheaper for many to go
via Chieago, as we can secure very low excursion
rates to that city, and reduced rates from Chicago
to Indianapolis. I think \ shall go that way myself.
There is only one objection to raj- going via Chica-
go; and that is, that I can buy an excursion ticket
upon Tuesday on/j/, hence I can not reach Indian-
apolis until Wednesday morning.

Kogersville, Mich. W. z. Hutchinson.

Friend H., I believe I entirely aj?ree with
you here in regard to the benefit of conven-
tions. I suppose each bee-keeper, however,
knows best whether he can afford it or not.
So far as I am concerned, I feel now that I
have no right to be absent, and I expect to
attend every vKtioiwl convention held, so
long as I live and God gives me health and
means to be on hand.

CAMPANEA, OB BELLFLOWER.

THE CHEAT HONEV-PLANT OF THE WEST INDIES.

fHE campanea (better known as belltlower) is
indigenous to all the West India Islands.
There are at least four varieties, two of
which are known to yield honey. One of
these blooms from about the middle of Sep-
tember till March, but yields very moderately. The
other blooms from November till March, and
is at its best from December to about February
1.5th, when it gradually declines and finallj' ceases
altogether by the 1st of March. This last variety is
far more numerous than all the others combined,
covering the hedges, small branching trees, and
bushes, throughout the length and breadth of
Cuba, scenting the air with its sweet and delicate
perfume — not unlike that of the pink during the
period of its bloom.

In describing the appearance of this trailing vine
in full bloom, friend Osborn aptly compares the
sight to " long windrows of drifted snow seen at a
distance." When in the vicinity of large apiaries,
1 he volume of sound occasioned by the mingled
hum of millions of contented bees and other in-
sects, all busy in gathering the delicious nectar, re-
minds one of the music of ocL-an waves breaking
on a distant rock-bound coast. Strike from the list
t)f honey-producing flora this (lucen of Howers, and
you diminish by more than one-half the entire hon-
ey production of the West Indies.

In appearance, bellHowcr much resembles the
niorningglory, the bloom being about the same
size and shape, but i)erfectly circular and more
flaring. In color it is lyhjte, except about one-
fourth of its lower and inner concave surface,
which Is a dark purplish yellow. The nectar is as
white as that obtained from the basswood — very
thick, averaging 12 lbs. to the gallon. It has a deli-
cate aroma, and is the most delicious and palatable
pf any variety of honey we ever tasted, anc) is
destitute of that " stinging " sensation in the
throat, so common to most of the honey pro-
duced in this country, particularly that gathered
Irom white clover. As the Cuban wintgrs ■— when
campanea is in full bloom — are not unlike our
summer.*, it occurred to me that this plant, by the
peculiar process knpAvn to botanists. mJgljMJti the

course of time, be so acclimated as to prove a boon
to our honey-producers. With this end in view I
send you some of the seeds of this best variety,
gathered by myself, requesting you to send a little
to friends Newman and Prof. Cook, and to any oth-
ers you think possess the patience and facilities for
giving the plant a fair chance. Of course, you will
be expected to be chairman of that " committee,"
and be the chief experimenter, reporting progress
from time to time through ths columns of Glean-
ings. A. J. King.
New York, N. Y., Sept., 188B.

Many thanks,
friend King,
for your con-
sideration,
and especial-
ly for the
seeds of this
b e a u t i f u 1
West - India
b e 1 1 tl o w e r.
AVe will ft)r-
\\ a r d the
seeds with
pleasure, and
take pains to
see what they
will do in our
climate. And,
by the way,
in tlie
tember
ber of
bright
c h e e
monthly, /^/p-
ular G<irdrn-
imf, we lind a
pictin-e of one
of the bell-
flowers, Cam-
p anul a ra-
puncicloicles.
Through the

Sep

luim-

that

and

r f u 1

OMMBINO BELIjFLOWBU,

7(5S

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

kiiKliiess of the editors, we are able to give
it iieie. The writer in Pfrpular Gardening
states that therd are 280 distinct species.
Roots of tliis phiut can be obtained, of El-
wan j^er & Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., and
others. It is certainly a very handsome
vine ; and even should it not yield honey
like the one mentioned by friend King, it
would not be a very great disappointment to
tlie purchaser. As some varieties of the
plant seem to be found in almost every part
of the world, it would be nothing strange at
all if the honey-producing bellllower could
be acclimated, as friend King suggests. We
will take good care to plant the seeds at the
proper time, and report through Glean-
ings.

WHA.T IT COSTS TO PRODUCE A
POUND OF HONEY.

CAN THE QUESTION BE ANSWEKED SO AS TO
APPLY TO ALL LOCALITIES V

J HAVE read with interest what has b 'en said in
Gleanings with reference to the cost of pro-
duction of a pound of honey. Mr. Doolittle
and Mr. Heddon appear to agree as to the cost
of production, while I see it in a far ditJcrcut
light. It does not cost the same to produce a pound
of honey in Illinois that it docs in Vermont, as the
cost of living is much cheaper here than there. I
bought a large watermelon last evening for five
cents; and wlien I was in Vermont, five years ago,
they were sold there by the pound, and many gar-
den vegetables were shipped there and sold at high
rates. In Illinois, good corn lands are worth from
sixty to sixty-five dollars per acre: and shelled
corn at railway stations sold for 28 cents per bushel
this summer. Mrs. Chaddoclt says, " Butter sold in
my locality for six cents per pound," and 1 was
there several years since, and bought, late in No-
vember, fine gilt-edge butter ft>r ten cents per
pound. Farm products are not worth the same all
over the United States, and why should honey beV

A German grocery-woman yesterday said to me:
"Some farmers brought in honey, and took about
what they could get for it: you will never see them
around with anymore." I'coria has a population
of 40,000. Many railroads center here, and bee-
keepers think that is the place to sell honey. So
they come from every point of the compass, driving-
many miles in light spring w'^gons, and could have
sold honey faster and for more money, all the way,
but they never tried to. They are like the man who
went hunting rabbits, and saw plenty of deer, but
would not shoot them, for he was not hunting deer
but rabbits. They sold their honey for 8, 9, or 10
cents per pound, and took their pay in trade, or in
part that way. Dealers say they tried to hold honey
at 1.5 cents, but they could not do it, for many others
were selling at 13'/4 cents. Every groccryman who
handles it has a supply, and has bought choice
white clover in one pound sections at 10 cents per
pound. We are not pushing our honey on the
market, and are selling only to old customers in ex-
change for needed supplies. It appears to me to
be folly to do otherwise; that is, to be paying out
money for such things as honey ought to buy.

Mr. Harrison says when honey will not bring V2'A
cents pel* pound, a mail liad better engage in some
Other busijiesg. If he has ability to produce honey

he can make more in some other way. I consider
this crop of honey that we now have, to have cost
the most of any wo have had, for this reason: 1
was sick during the busy season. I have not put
on nor taken olf a surplus bo.v. Mr. Harrison has
done the work, and his time is worth in the world's
maiket more than mine. I know a bee-keeper who
has a wife, two daughters, and a little boy eight
years old. They all work in the apiary during the
busy season. If he worked at his trade, which is
shoemaking, the rest of the family would be con-
sumers, wlien now they are producers. One of the
brightest features in Leo-keeping is this: It can be
done at home, and members of the family can be
helpers who could not earn a dollar in any other
way. What can Mrs. Chaddock or Mrs. A.\tell do at
home on a farm, that will pay any better?
Peoria, 111., Sept., 18S6. Mus. L. Hahiuson.

I think your point is a good one, Mrs.
11.; and is it not also true that one can pro-
duce honey at a less price than another can V
Friend Terry estimates that he can raise
potatoes at a cost of 20 cts. per bushel, and
allow reasonable pay to all hands employed
in the work, and six per cent interest on the
value of the land. He says, however, he
thinks that the way many farmers work,
and the inimber of bushels they get per
acre, makes them cost fully 40 cts. In your
closing remarks you touch on another point.
Many people can keep bees and produce
honey, who can not very well do much of
any thing else. One of our agricultural
papers said tlie same thing in regard to
raising wheat. Suppose a farmer decides
tliat he can not raise wheat for 70 cts. per
busliel without losing money, what then
shall he do— let his team stand in the stable,
let the land lie idle, and sit around and talk
over the discouragements of farm life ?
Why, it seems to me he had better keep at
wcrk — keep his teams at work and use his
land, even if he gets but 50 cts. a bushel.
Of course, he might raise something else in
place of the wheat; but with bee-keepers, as
you very fairly put it, are there not a good
many who can not very well do much of any
thing else V The remedy for breaking down
prices, as it seems to me, is for some one
to establish himself as a buyer, just as we
have wheat-buyers and wool-buyers. Every-
body in Medina knows that I am a honey-
buyer ; and if there is any honey to be
''fooled" away, it generally gets into my
hands.

EMPTY BROOD-NESTS.

I

FOrtMlNG NUCLEI, A LA DOOLITTLE.

N Gleanings for July 15, page 563, in the clos-
ing of friend Hutchinson's letter he said:
W "Just stop and think a moment, friend R.,
and see if you can't " catch on." Now, friend
R., it has been easy for me to " catch on " to
the honey part, but nice worker-comb I can't
"catch on" to. To try friend H.'s plan, I hived,
about the first of June, 5 first swarms in as many
hives having the brood-chambers contracted by
division-boards, giving each swarm .5 frames hav-
ing fdn. starters about one inch wide. Upon 3 of
those colonies I placed ci'ates whose sections were
filled with fdn.; upon the other two I placed the

1S8G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CUJ/rUHE.

769

queen-excluding- boards, and upper stories fliled
witb empty combs. From tliose colonies I got
almost every drop of hone3' stored ab;)ve, leaving
the brood-chambers destitute of honey, but filled
with brood, and that the finest lot of drone-brood
j'du ever saw; but it was drones that 1 did not
want, as they were not choice (jueens. I give the
result of each individual colony:

Hive No. 1 contained a queen one jcar old; one
frame was filled with worker-comb; one was two-
thirds full of worker-comb, and the rest was
drone. The other three frames were full of drone-
comb from top to bottom.

No. 3 had no frame that was fliled with all work-
or-comb; about worker-comb enough to fill three
frames, queen one year old.

No. 3 contained a queen two years old, and not
worker comb enough to All two fr.une.s; two frames
were entirely full of drone-comh.

Nos. 4 and .5 were run for extracted honey.

No. 4, queen one 5'ear old; ~ frames full of
worker-comb; one, half full of worker-comb and
one a third full; two frames of coml s, full of
drone-comb.

No. .5, the queen was two years old; about work-
ex--comb enough to till three frames; no frame en-
tirely full of drone comb; seclions were placed up-
on those hives before the bees were run in. Ex-
tracting-siipers were put on as soon as the bees
wei-e run in.

DOOLITTLE\S PLAN OF FOnMlNG NUCLEI.

This plan, from the pen of friend Doolittle, has
been worth more to me than Gleaninrs has cost
me in the last five years. I never take any i-isk in
placing cells in queenless colonies. I place cells
in the queen-nursery, and when queens ai-e 3, 4,
or !i days old I make nuclei for them and intro-
duce without the loss of a single queen. When I
want to introduce a queen to a colony of bees, I
take a nucleus from the old colony, introduce my
queen, and wben she has commenced laying I
make the old colony queenless; and at the end of
'.H or 48 hours 1 unite the two in a new hive. Yes,
friend Doolittle, it is easy to tell when they fairly
" cry " for and will accept any kind of a queen.

J. A. BUCKLEW.

Clarks, Coshocton Co., O., Aug. h, 18.'.6.

MI-

TEASEL AS A HONEY-PLANT.

A HEPORT FROM ONE WHO UAtSKS TEASEf.S AND
KEEPS liEES AS A BUSINESS.

fRlEND ROOT:— Why do you allow such an en-
graving of a teasel to appear as you have in
your A B C, and as has appeared in the^4. B. J.
I have been in the teasel-lnisiness for the last
ten years, and now have twenty acres occu-
pied with them. As you all know, I am a bee-keeper
too, and it makes me just crawl to see such a botch
of a. job come from one of our leading periodicals.
Inclosed find a medium teasel, ready for market.
If you will have an engraving made riglit, I wiU
gladly send a specimen. I am just harvesting my
crop, and you will sec some are not yet dry. I
claim to be the only bee-keeper and teasel-grower
to any extent. I tried one stock this season, and it
piade 48 lbs. of exclusively teasel honey.

C. M. GOODSPEED.

Thorn Hill, Onopdaga Co., N. Y.

Good friend G., we are exceedingly obliged

to you. The reason why you are so disgust-
ed with the cut in tlie A ii C book is, 1 pre-
sume, because it was made from one of the
wild teasels growing in our vicinity. At the
time it wiis made, I was in the habit of hav-
ing engravings drawn from real specimens
as far as possible, and I did not know there
was so much difference in the appearance
of tlie two varieties, especially as I saw the
bees working on the wild ones. We now-
take pleasure in submilting to our readers a
cut made from one of the heads you sent us.

We are espe-
cially glad of
the report you
make,of 48ibs.
from a single
colony. If this
could" be de-
pended on ev-
ery year, I pre-
sume some
m ore o f u s
cotUd well af-
foi-d to have«20
acres. W e
should be very
glad indeed of
full particulars
in regard to
the cultivation
of teasel, mar-

keting the honev- bearing teasel.
crop, etc.; and Dipmcus fullonum.

as you seem to be especially well pre-
pared to give us the facts, we will gladly pay
you for such an article. Very likely, how-
ever, the vicinity of large woolen - mills
w^ould be the most advisable locality for
starting an apiary in connection with a
teasel and honev farm.

FOUL BROOD.

SOJILTHING FURTHER IN REGARD TO THE HOYLK
THEOIiY OP THE DISEASE.

fUIEND BOOT:— I thank you for your remarks
on a recent article of mine on this subject,
which 1 regard as very favorable, consider-
ing the brief period you had in which to view
the question from my standpoint. The more
you look at the subject from my position, the near-
er will our ideas about it agree. I may be wrong in
some particulars; but, 1 hold, I am correct in the
main; and if any think that, after viewing the sub-
ject from my present position fourteen months,
I am now ofl'ering a theory that is easily broken
down, why. they are '.velcome to try their hand
in i)ulling it to pieces. I do not say that bacteria
has nothing to do with the disease, but that it at-
tacks only the 'a^v^e when the larvie are weakened,
or ill from some other cause. In my first article on
this suliject 1 mentioned two causes from which
larvtp become ill. I will now tell you of a third,
which is, insullicicnt attention from the bees. It is
nothing serious, though, if one does not mistake
th? cause, and kill a valuable queen. This state is
brought on by the bees trying to care for more
larvic than they are able to pare fof. And some-
times it scenifi to be caused by stinginess in the bees
during a honey-dcarlh.
Jt is my flrpi belipf, th.at this game bacteria Is

770

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

everywhere, and that it wants only a favorable op-
portunity to break out in any apiary. Friend R., if
the people were to stick to the old idea about this
disease, you would be sure to suffer, and unjustly
too. How? Why. in this way: Say you effectually
rid your apiary of the disease, and sold some bees
to a party who had never had or seen any of the
disease in his locality; and in that year there is a
honey-dearth, and only a little inferior honey-dew
is to be had in his neighborhood, in which case he
is apt to have the disease, as anybody is with such
a honey resource; nevertheless, he would blame
you for it, and so would all others who hold a like
view of tlie disease.

I can not afford the time it takes to write up this
subject, and I would not have commenced it yet
awhile, but 1 thought it might benefit you, and no
doubt it would if you would only believe in it.
There is one thing- of which I am certain; and that
is, that it will benefit you in the future.

Mobile, Ala., Sept. 33, 18^6. Geo. H. Hovle.

Friend II., although I can not entirely
iisree with yon in regard to the origin of
this disease,^ it occ\u-s to me to mention a
few facts favoring your position. You know
we have for some time been searching to
find whether blight and similar troubles in
the vegetable world are caused by disease or
by an insect-enemy. Well, for some time it
has been supposed that blight in celery
was produced by an insect, because this in-
sect was found on the plant when the blight
appeared; but Mr. Ravvson, in his recent
work (jn celery culture, says he can not agree
that the insect is the cause. lie says the
cause is mainly want of watei', as the celery
is a water-plaiit, and many others have de-
cided the same way. The blight may, how-
ever, be produced by an cxress of water, and
the cause he gives is, lack of vitality in the
plant caused by either extreme— too much or
too little water. Now, the reason why cer-
tain parties think the insect is the cause, is
because it is a fact that the insect makes its
appearance about as soon as the blight
starts ; but he says the insect simply fol-
lows, and has notliing to do with the origin
of the trouble. You know this has been
decided to be the case with the moth-miller ;
and even now, where modern bee culture
has not shed its light, there are people to be
found who think that the moth killed their
bees. Refer Henderson recommends, as the
best remedy against the attack of all insect
enemies, making the plant push ahead with
such vigor that it lives in spite of the in-
sects. Who has not noticed how the bugs
will pitch into a feeble squash-vine, letting
the rank, strong - growing plants almost
alone ? And so it is with most of the in-
sect-enemies of the vegetable kingdom. Now,
then, can it be true that the spores of this
disease, foul brood, get a foothold oidy
where the l)rood is in a favorable state, froni
some of the causes you mention V In that
case, powerful colonies would be found less
affected than the others, would they not V
J Jut, if I am correct, facts do not corroborate
this. Am I not right V It is possible, how-
ever, that all the colonies in the apiary,
strong and weak alike, gather something
that is injurious to the brood, or enfeebles
it, and, as a consequence, foul brood gets a

foothold ; but the facts, so far as I am ac-
quainted with the disease, are, that certain
localities are absolutely free from it; but
when it once gets established in these locali-
ties, it seems to l)e hanging about almost
ever afterward.

AATHAT AlliS THE BEES?

I.S IT A POISON, OR IS IT A DISEASE ?

fRlEND ROOT:— With your permission I will
tell my tale of woe. I had fifteen good strong-
colonies when swarming- time was over. They
did very badly as to honey-gathering. It
rained all the spring-. They could gather only
enough honey to raise brood. Out of the 14 colonies,
I have not taken 10 lbs. of honey About three
weeks sine?, my bees began to die. I could find a
few dead bees around the entrance for several days,
then they began to die by the thousands. In the
morning I could scrape up a pint on the alighting-
boards. I had only two colonies affected bt^dly. I
sulphured them, and the rest have nearly or quite
quit dying. When they were at their worst they
would come out of the hive pellmell, sputter around
on the ground, and "pass in their checks." Well,
I will tell you I was in trouble. I read my ABC,
got an armful of Gleanings, and read nearly all
night, trying to make it out foul brood, but gave up
in despair and did not make it out at all. Can it be
something that they get that poisons them, or is it
some disease ? It is not foul brood, as it is the old
bees that die, and not the brood, as the combs are
clean and nice; but the quantity of dead bees cre-
ated such a horrid stench I was sure it was foul
brood for a while. Well, it is not on account of
ijuecns, as some die at all the hives, and I have
several (juecns I bought this year, some from Lou-
isiana and Noi-th Carolina, and one from Thomas
Horn; and a few die at all of these, but not many.
You can put me in Blasted Hopes if you please, but
I am sure it is all for the best, though I can't see
where it comes in. I am discouraged, but will keep
on trying another year, if the Lord wills it.
Loudon, Tenn., Sept. 33, 1886. W. K. James.

To be sure, it is not foul brood, friend .J.,
and I am inclined to think that, from your
description, it is no disease at all, but that
tliey have found something that poisons
them. I judge so, from the sudden way in
which they began to die in such numbers,
and from the fact that it is mostly contined
to 2 colonies. Hasn't some one near you left
Paris green about where it might get mixed
with something sweet ? Or, has not some
V)oison, witli an admixture of sweet, beei)
left around where the bees can get at it V
We have had a few such reports before, but
I believe we never found out just how it
came about. I would by no means sulphur
the bees under such circumstances, for thi^
can accomplish no more than killing the
queen. Jf I had such a case I would confine
the bees to their hive, and feed them on su-
gar syrup. If that stopped it, I should be
sure that it was caused by something they
gathered. Under some circumstances it
might be well to take all other combs and
give them new combs, and feed as above. I
think this would surely stop it. and you
would save your bees,

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

771

THE FIRM OF JANE MEEK&BROTHER.

A Serial Story in Ten Chapters.

BV REV. W. D. RALSTON.

CHAPTER X.

EXCELSIOR.

TN recording the events ol' tlic summer it was
||f said that one swarm had gone to the woods.
^r It was not one of the first swarms, still it was
-*• a fine large swarm. It came off, was liived as
the others had been, and all appeared to be
going nicely; but the next morning the children
were surprised to see the swarm come out. They
called 1 heir father from his study, but he reached
the yard merely in time to say good-by to the
departing swarm as it started for the woods.
Tommy ran beneath It for half a mile or so; but
when it got fnirly under way it left him. Mr. Meek
stood at the front gate and watched Tommy as he
ran. He thus formed a pretty correct idea of the
direction the bees had taken. Almost one and
a half miles distant, in that direction, a neighbor
was building a new barn. The men were now at
work upon its roof. Mr. Meek saw that, if the bees
continued on in the course they had taken, they
would pass directly over that barn. He and
Tommy drove over to the barn and inquired of the
workmen, who told them it did pass directly over
the barn.

They then concluded to examine a piece of
woods that lay in its course only a little further on.
They were going through the woods in the line
tiie bees were on, examining every tree, when they
found them in the hollow of an old snag of a tree,
not very far from the ground. They spoke to the
owner of the woods, who said they were welcome to
cut it. They returned home, and, after dinner,
took the ax and a new hive, and proceeded to the
woods. The farmer who owned the timber came to
their help, ax in hand. Soon the tree was cut, and
the bees successfully hived again. They expected
to let them remain until dark, when all that were
out would have returned and found the hive, when
they intended to return and move them to their
apiary. The owner of the farm ottered Tommy
four dollars for it if it remained in the hive; but
if it should go away, he would give up the hive
and pay nothing. Tommy accepted his offer, and
Mr. Meek directed the farmer how to remove the
hive to his house, which was not far distant. He
also gave him advice in regard to caring for them.

As the honey season was now ended, the firm
looked around for a market in which to sell their
prop. Mr. Shaw, the grocer who purchased last
year's crop, was ready to take all the comb honey
at the price paid last year, fifteen cents a pound.
Extracted honey was something new to him, and
he did not know what success he would have sell-
ing it. He gave the children two dozen glass jars,
holding three pounds each, telling them to fill these
and he would try what success he could have sell-
ing them. He paid them ten cents a jiound for
>vhat he received.

One day Jane and Tommy took a quantity of
extracted honey in their father's buggy, and drove
around among their friends and neighbors, offering
it for sale. They succeeded so well that they
■went out for several day§. As they were intro-
ducing a new article they offered it ihoap, tisking

only ten cents a pound for it. In a little time they
had sold all their exti-actod, except fifty pounds,
reserved for home use. They also reserved forty
pounds of comb honey. The rest was sold to Mr.
Shaw. Their Ixwiks were then posted, and showed
as follow^:
Bought for the apiary:

10 hives in the flat, 85 cents each $8.50

1000 sections. . . .* .5.50

U lbs. of found.>tion 6 00

Paint, oil, and luiils 2 00

Freight 1.25

Honey-e.\ tractor and knife 3.00

*2«.25
Cash on hand f rouj the sales of last year 29.40

Taking from this the expenses noted above, there
was left f;i.l5 in the hands of the firm. Their casli
account for this year shows as follows:

One colony sold .$4.08

450 lbs. of extracted sold 45.00

510 lbs. of comb honey sold 70.50

Beeswax sold 1J>0

$127.00

Add to this the f;i.l5 in the hands of the firm, we
see that, at the close of the year, the firm had
fl39.15, and 13 colonies of bees.

On looking over the supplies on hand it was felt
that $30 15 would provide all needed supplies for
the coming year, and that the firm might with-
draw the $100 and apply it to something else. The
great question now witli the firm was. What shall
we do with this money'? Sometimes it was pro-
posed to loan it, or to place it in the bank; other
times they were thinking of investing it in a pony;
at other times they thought they would buy an
organ with it; but at length, by the counsel of
their father and mother, they madg a very good
and sure investment of it.

The congregation Mr. Meek served esteemed
him very highly, and contributed liberally toward
his support; but they were few in numbers and
limited in means, and therefore the salary paid
him was no more than sufficient for his support.
As his children grew up he felt that soon tliey
must go from home to school, or else be satisfied
with the education obtained in the common-school.
Having received a thorough education himself,
he was anxious that they should enjoy as good
opportunities as he had. But he failed to «ec
from whence the money would come to pay board
and tuition when they should leave home.

Alter they engaged in keeping bees, and their
efforts seemed likely to prove successful, both he
and his wife had hopes that the money soon to be
needed might come from this source: so when the
firm had $100 to spend, the parents proposed that it
be spent in sending .lane to the school in the neigh-
boring town. Tommy readily agreed to this; and
as the school had opened, no time was to be lost.
That very afternoon the whole family drove to
town and came back without Jane, who immediate-
ly entered upon her duties as a pupil in the schoql.
She had diligently improved her advantages in
the public school, and at home; and after being
examined by the teachers in town she was placed
in a class which would finish the course of study
prescribed in that school in two years. A board-
ing-place was found for her in the family of a
friend; and as she remained only from Monday
morning until Friday night, said friend charged
but $1.50 a wc<>k. The bill for tuition was $0.00 a
term, so it seemed probable that tljc money earned

772

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

Iiy llie tjiipybccs would pay all her school-bills for
a year, ami there would still be some of it left.

Tommy entered the public school at home, and
pursued his studies diligently. Still he was lonely
without his sister, and it was always with a g-lad
heart that he left scliool at recess on Friday cve-
nlnp-s, and hastened home to bring his sister from
town. Those drives home were very pleasant,
and each longed for Friday to come. Tommy
told Jane the news of his school; she listened with
pleasure to him as he related all the little school
incidents which had occurred among the boys and
j:irls she knew fo well; and in return she gave
I'ommy the news about the town school, which
interested him, especially in view of the fact that
he intended to go there himself, if spared.

Monday morning Mr. Meek usually took Jane
back to town, while Tommy went to his own
school; or, if he could not, this work also devolved
upon Tommy. It would be dilhcult to find two
happier children than they during that winter;
and one source of their happiness was the thought,
" Jane is being educated at our expense."

Their attention to business had made them
thoughtful beyond their years. Of Tommy, peo-
ple often said, "What a manly little fellow he is!
and what an idea of doing business he has for one
so young!" Jane was often called a thoughtful
child, and was commended for her (juiet, ladylike
ways. It is not known how much their doing
business for themselves contributed to make them
the children they were. It is very probable that,
without their father's aid and counsel, their bee-
keeping would have proved a failure. But still
that aid and counsel was given in such a way
that Jane and Tommy felt they, and not their
father, were the real owners of the apiary.

Kecently the firm had subscribed for a period-
ical devoted exclusively to bee keeping. They
felt sorry they had not done so sooner, as in it they
found so much instruction in the art. Through it
they learned of books which they felt certain
would well repay them if they should study them,
and they determined to purchase them as soon as
they were likely to have the time to read them.
Jane's school would be in session eight months,
and then there would be a long vacation;, and, for-
tunately, that would come in the season of hurry
in the apiary. After she had spent two years in
that school the children would change places
—Tommy would go to school, and Jane Avould tend
to the apiary. After both had finished the pre-
scribed course in the town school, if more instruc-
tions were desired they must attend a college. For
years their parents had been hoarding a little sum
of money, and adding to it from time to time in
hopes that they might give their children the ad-
vantages of a collegiate education; but until this
business of keeping bees seemed to prosper, they
could see no prospects of their hopes ever being
realized. Hope had now sprung up in their breasts,
that one day their children might be eni-oUed
among the graduates of some good college. If
their bees should increase steadily for the four
years the children would be in the town school,
they would have quite an apiary; and could not
the children then attend college, while a man hired
for that purpose would care for the apiary under
the direction of Mr. Meek, and the honey-crop be
sufficient to pay the expenses of the apiary, and
also do something toward paying the goUege ex-

penses of the owners? It seemed probable to Mr.
Meek that such a result might be attained, espe-
cially as the long college vacation would come at a
time when the children's help would be very use-
ful in the ai)iary.

Will the hopes of these parents ever be realized?
We can not tell. Will their children ever receive
the expected and desired education? We see
no reason why they should not. So far their apia-
ry has made a steady growth, and has been remu-
nerative. This may continue, or a disastrous
winter may kave them only empty hives. When
we look <at what has come outcf that old nail-keg,
it is difficult to tell what might still come from the
same source. Here, then, we will take our leave
of the firm of Jane Meek & Brother.

AVe feel almost sad to think of for ever
bidding adieu to Jane and Tommy ; yet with
tlie correct principles they have so far re-
ceived in life, we feel sure they will not only
succeed in bee culture, but that they will
succeed in being ornaments to their home, to
their neighborhood, and to their country.
Some may object to this little story, becaixse
it gives too bright a view of bee culture as a
business; that is, the progress seems to be
more steady and sure than we find it in real
life. To which I would answer, that the
writer has taken a couple of good children
to start with ; and a couple of good children,
carefully instructed ancl directed by Chris-
tian parents, do almost invariably succeed
in whatever they undertake. Note, also,
that the end and object of their prosperity
was not line clothes ; it was not a pony and
carriage— not even an organ ; but tlie funds
were to be used to complete an education so
well begun, (-ould it well be otherwise than
that (iod should smile on such an undertak-
ing, and bless those young lives? In fact, is
it any thing more than working out the
promise given in the first Psalm? May God
grant that many homes in our land may have
just such young people as Jane and Tommy!
And may such men and women as they make
when grown up be found ready, when the
times demand them for the safety of our
nation.

THE GKEAT MOBAL PROBLEM.

MRS. CHADDOCK TELLS US OF SOME OF HEK LONQ-.
INGS AND ASPIRATIONS.

T WANT a boy; I want two boys; I want three
(mF boys; I want four boys; I want five boys; I
^t want si.x boys: I want a dozen boys. 1 want to
■^ take them when they are si.x years old, anci
keep them till they are fourteen or fifteen. I
want to take a new one every year, so that, when
they begin to graduate— i. e , leave me and go out
into the world, they won't all go at once. I want
these boys to work for me, and for their work 1
want to give them their board and clothes. I know
that there are thousands of boys who do not have
good clothes— not regular food nor decent clothes—
and they would be much better off out hero on the
farm than they are in the large cities.

" But, why dont you get them then?" you ask. Be-
cause I have a conscience a mile long, and it won't
stretch nor bend for any thing. Now, if I take
these boys to raise, my conscience will force me to
send them to school every day as long as school

1S86

GLEA:NmGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(73

lasts, and I can't afford to board and clothe and edu-
cate other people's children, in return for what
work they can do for me " between whiles." I can
hardly afford to send my own children to school all
the time. But if 1 have one hobby that I think
more of than any other, it is that all children should
be educated. When mothers talk to me with tears
in their eyes, and say they can't send their girls to
school, I tell them they can if Ihey really want to.
I tell them they can do without tea and coffee, lace
and ribbons, and (luit trying- to put on style till aft-
er the children get their education. I want people
to work and earn money, but 1 hate to see people
looking through colored glasses all thetr lives; and
uneducated people wear colored glasses as long as
they live. And with this conscience of mine, and
these educational views, you will see why it is that
1 can not have my twelve boys, but must go on tak-
ing all my own stejis till 1 almost drop with weari-
ness, while in all great cities are those very bojs
going to waste for want of the food and clothes and
right principles that I could give them just as easi-
ly as not. M.iHALA B. Chaddock.
Vermont, 111.

Whj', my good friend Mrs. C, it surprises
me somewhat to hear that you have been
studying on this same problem that has lain
so near to my heart all the years of my life ;
and of late, "boys liave been c-nning to me,
begging for something to do ; yes, and guar-
dians have been bringing them to me, and
beseeching me to take them under my care
and tutelage. I, too, like yourself, love to
make every thing pay ; but we might as well
give up at the outset in tliinking of making
a boy pay his way when six years old, and go
to school. lie might pay liis way at home
with his father and mother, but he caji not
with anybody else ; or even if he could, who
would want a boy six years old to pay his
way V May God help us when we get tempt-
ed to bend every thing to money-making to
such an extent as this. It is true, however,
that a boy might earn enough from 1") to IH
years of age to make up for what he did not
earn when from 6 to 10 years of age ; and
tliis is often done by adopting boys. But
there seems to be a good deal uf unpleasant-
ness on both sides, so I don't see how it can
be done on a large scale. There is no good
substitute for tlesh-and-blood fathers and
mothers. Boys of 12 to 15 may be found who
can earn enough nights and mornings, by
saving steps and otherwise, to pay for their
board. I say they C(Oi earn enough nights
and mornings to pay for their board ; but
the sad part of it is, that a good many of
them wont. Others will for a time, but aft-
er a while they get tired of it. We pay such
boys from 6 to 71 cts. per hour, according to
their value ; and by getting up early they
can work three hours in the morning, and
jierhaps two at night. This would give them
from oO to 37^ cents per day, and such boys
can generally find board and lodging for tliis
sum. During a vacation, however, by put-
ting in ten or twelve hours a day, instead
of five, our young friend may be able to earn
enough, after paying for liis board and lodg-
ing, to clothe himself decently for the year.
But this gives the boy no time for phvy
or amusements, and little or none for read-
ing, aside from what lie gets iu st.hool ; and

with some boys this seems pretty hard. Oth-
ers, however, who regard their choring and
other kinds of work during the five hours as
recreation and amusement, will get along
very well, and this latter class as a rule are
the boys who make our great men. Almost
every boy we get, sooner or later wearies of
being messenger-boy for the establishment.
I did find one boy, however, who said he en-
joyed the posilioli, because it gave him exer-
cise, both of body and mind ; of body, by
seeing how quickly he could execute commis-
sions off a mile away or such a matter ; of
mind, by cultivating his memory by making
it a study to remember eveiy word that was
tolil him, and to di.'-cliai'ge every commission
faithfully. Tiiat boy is climbing the ladder,
and I expect to sen the day wlien ho is anxn/
up. I hardly need tell you that he is a faith-
ful, earnest Christian, and when he works to
please others he works with the tliouglit in
liis heart thtit it is a!l for the Master's sake.

REMEDIES FOR BEE STINGS, ETC.

ALSO SOMETUINC IN HKGAKD TO DOSINO WITH
PLANTS AND IlEIiBS IN OENKKAL.

§N page 667 and 668, Gleanings for Aug. 15, the
rcqu' St is made for a temperance remedy to
remove the serious effects of bee stings. I
have heard the common plantain-leaf highly
recommended. The juice, or warm tea, is to
betaken internally, and the affected part maybe
bathed with it, or bruised leaves applied. A tem-
perance friend told us of a lady whom he found in
bed, very sick from the effects of a sting (I think it
was a bumble bee sting). lie gave her a tablespoon-
ful of the juice, obtained by pressing the biiiised
leaves, and in a short time she was better, and able
to get uj) and get dinner. 1 do not think any bad
effects could come from its use, as it is common
to cook it for greens.

We have three stands of bees— two black and one
Italian. Wc got the queen from you in June, lf^85.
Our main honey-crop generally comes from white
clover; and as it was mostly over they did not gath-
er enough for winter, and we had to feed them. Wc
did not get much surplus honey this season, and no
swarms till Aug. ^'6, and then the Italians casta
swarm when we thought it was entirely too late in
the season for bees to swarm. My husband gave
them brood frames with fdn. starters, as he did not
have any frame of brood handy to get. The next
morning they came out and went to the woods in a
hurry. They did not build a bit of comb. The old
stand is in a chaff hive. The bees are gathering
some pollen, but that seems to be all they can get
now. M. E.

Boonville, Ind., Sept. 11, 1886.

I have given the above to illustrate what
seems to me to ba a very common fallacy,
not only in regard to bee-stings, but for dis-
eases in general. The afflicted person in this
case took a table-spoonful of the juice of
plantain leaves, and soon got up and went
to her work. Now, I am well satisfied that
she would (or, at least, could) have arisen
and got dinner, without any juice from the
plantain-leaves at all. A table-spoonful of
the juice would not affect a well person one
way OY the other. The proof is already giV'

774

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

en ill Llie fact mentioned, that plantain-
leaves arri often nsed for greens. The great-
er part of all these plants and herbs are
harmle-ss. A person might drink the jnice
or eat the leaves in almost any quantity,
without j)eiceiving any effect whatever ; aiid
I am inclined to tliink the different kinds of
herbs used in medicine— at least tiie greater
l)art of them — produce absolutely no effect
whatever. It is true, w^e have some plants
that are poisonous. In that case a small
do-ie ijroduces some effect on tlie system;
but how often does it happen that the effect
l)ro(hiced has any thing to do in making the
d sease better or worse V A dose of lobelia
te;i given to a person with a b:id cough may
]ir.idu(e a sickness at the stomacli, enough
t)s(tii) the cougli. There is sense and rea-
son in tliis ; that is, tiie cough is diverted, or
stopped for the time being. I do not think
the poisDuous ])lant accomplishes any thing
further than this. You may say the cough
does not commence again after the influence
lias passed off. To which 1 reply, that if you
by a powerful mental effort keep back the
cough — that is, do not yield to the inclination
to cougli, the inclination will, after say fif-
teen or twenty minutts, cease of itself. The
le.sult accomplished is. as I understand it, the
same in both cases. May be I am wrong in
doubting whetlier catnip tea has any influ-
ence whatever in easing tlie pains of the lit-
tle one ; but I should like to see the matter
tlKHOughly investigated by competent medi-
cal authority. Very likely the dose gave re-
lief ; but may it not be that it was the sugar
and milk and water, instead of the catnip V
I should like to see the whole matter of doc-
toring witli herbs and plants sifted to the
bottom. No doubt they are harmless ; but
is there any virtue in them at all V We ten-
der you our thanks all the same, good friend
E., for suggesting a temperance remedy for
bee-stings ; and while I am about it, permit
me to seriously doubt that even the whisky
liad much if any thing to do with the recov-
ery. People have serious times with bee-
stings every little while ; but they almost in-
variably recover after a little, and the recov-
ery is, as a matter of course, almost as sud-
den as the approach of the disagreeable
symptoms.

SUNSHINE ]N OUR HOMES.

ALSO SOME SUGGESTIONS FHOM FRIEND TERKY IN
UEGARD TO GASOLINE-STOVES.

fKIEND ROOT:-In my last letter I spoke of
pure air in the working- part of the house,
where our wives and daughters spend much
of their time. Of course, it is needed in the
rest of the house also, particularly in the
sleeping-rooms. We should take pains to have
every part of the house well ventilated at all times.
Like you, I Mnll have fresh air. Jtistoo blessed a
gift to be despised because it costs so little. Many a
time have I come in from active work outdoors, in
the winter, feeling vig-orous and clear-lieaded. Very
soon I would feel right the reverse. Then open go
all the doors and windows, so the wind can sweep
through for a few minutes, changing the air almost
entirely. My wife and daughters being in the

house all the time hardly notice that the air is be-
coming impure, it comes on so gradually.

But there is one point I wish to bring out at this
time whicli is fully as important as good ventilation;
and thtit is, plenty of sunlight in our homes. It is
time more were written on this subject, as it is get-
ting to be so fashionable to shut out every ray of
sunshine from our dwellings, with blinds and thick
curtains and shades. Blinds are nice, and so are
shades, if rightly used, which would be to shut out
the sunshine during the middle of the day, or when
the direct rays shining on us would be unpleasant.
When they are used to keej) rooms almost as dark
as night, for fear of fading the carpets or furniture,
or for fear the young ladies may get a little color
on their hands and faces, then their use becomes an
abuse. Is a little color in the carpet of more ac-
count than rosy good health? The exact reason
for it, and the c.\act way in which sunlight has a
sanitary influence, is not known yet; but the fact
is acknowledged. Dio Lewis once wrote, that at the
rear end of his parlor it was not so dark but that
one could easily see to read fine i)rint. At that
)ioint he put a bracket on the wall and transferred
to it a ))lant from the window. In four days it look-
ed sickly; in two weeks it was yellow; in five weeks
it was apparently dead. Another plant was placed
on the center-table, about in the middle of the room,
and at the end of five weeks that had lost its healthy
color, and was evidently failing. "The girls in our
parlors," he says, " who were not out more than
an hour or two a day, on the average, when the
sun shone, were as pale, yellow, and sickly as the
plants, and we think for the same reason— a lack of
full strong light." Ths same writer also says that
he has cured many cases of rheumatism by advising
patients to leave bed-rooms shaded by trees or pi-
azzas, and sleep in rooms constantly dried and pu-
rified by the direct rays of the sun. Doubtless
shaded houses are responsible for much of the pale,
feeble, nervous, and neuralgic condition of wives
and daughters. I once heard a celebrated lecturer
on home surrouudings say in substanpe that our
homes should be hid among trees, so as to be
scarcely discernible to the passer-by; ' that the
home should be a nest, so to speak, and hid away as
the bird hides hers; that nothing is more unhome-
like than a fine building standing out in full view of
every one. This is all very nice; but the bird stays
hid away in her nest for only a short time. The
most of her life is spent in the broad sunlight. Our
homes where we spend so much time can not be
perfectly healthy, and be hidden away from the
great source of all life and heat. Trees should
ncv'cr stand so near our dwellings that the sun can
not shine for a part of the day into every window
that it can reach. If we allow them to we must not
be surprised if we are troubled with inflammatory
and nervous diseases. And it will be the same, of
course, if the sun is kept out with blinds and shades
at all times. Such is the great law of health; an(^
if we violate it, sooner or later the penalty wilj
have to be paid.

Your home, like mine, friend Root, stands out
where the health-giving sun can shine in at every
window, and 1 have no doubt your wife lets it in, iu
liberal doses, just ag mine does. As for the carpets,
I tell her to let them fade; that it is better than
faded children. In the morning tny wife throws
open the bed in our room, and the blinds and cur-
tains on each of the four large windows, and lets

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

the sunlig-ht stream in. I can hardly get her to
open up the pai-lor as much, in the summer time;
but then we do not sit in there a great deal. If I
remember rightly, your house is built on something-
the plan of mine, so as to give as great a chance as
possible for light in each rot)m. ]f I count correct-
ly, the carpenter had IS corners to tuin in boarding
around the outside of the lower stoi'y of our house.
This costs more than a more square style; but it
can be made more healthj- and pleasant. We like
shrubs and flowers in abundance, but will have no
trees where they will keep the sun from any win-
dow. We have blinds on them all, but we try not to
make a bad use of them. One need not live directly
in the rays of the sun. It is enough if the sunlight
comes into the room freely during at least a part
of every pleasant day.

Seeing you pi'css me, friend Root, for my opinion
about gasoline-stoves for kitchen use, I must say
that I think there is some risk in their use; very
little, perhaps, if they are always properly used;
but there is the rub. "To err is human." A good
lady living in my town wrote to her insurance com-
pany once for permission to use gasoline in her
house. The reply was, "If you wish to take the
chances of becoming an angel suddenly, we do not
object." One thing is certain: There are accidents
from their use almost daily, while such an oil-stove
as the Monitor I believe to be perfectly safe in any
hands, if a high grade of oil is used. The manufac-
turers assured me they had never known of a single
explosion, although they have sold hundreds of thou-
sands during the last 13 years. From the make-up
of the stove one can readily believe this. There-
fore I bought a Monitor oil-stove instead of a gaso-
line. It is a very little more trouble, as one has
wicks to see to; but it docs its work well. And then
we all want oil in the house any way, to burn in
lamps, and it's an unnecessary trouble and expense
to have two kinds of bnrning fluid. I presume you
keep them to sell, friend K., and so would not think
of this. With me it would make quite a dllference.
In all probability you will never have any acci-
dent from the use of gasoline; but you mny have,
and I think you are more likely to have than from
the use of oil. But perhaps I am over careful.

Hudson, Ohio, Sept., 1886. T. B. Tkiirv.

Friend T., your suggestions in regard to
sunlight bring to lifind my recent hobby of
greenhouses, cold frames, etc. For several
years back, for .some reason unknown to
myself, I have craved sunshine. When I
am reading or writing 1 am never so iiappy
us when the sini happens tt) strike on my
bald head; and ^^hen 1 felt so strongly
drawn toward the sid)ject of greenliouses a
year or two ago I could not explain it, only 1
knew that I felt happy on a winter's day to
get right under the full blaze of God's great
luminary. Is it not true, that Nature her-
self often prompts us to tliese queer likes
and dislike.sV I want to l)e in the sunshine
witli my coat off — yes, hat olf too ; and if it
were not for the appearance I shoulil make
in public I do not know but that I would go
bareheaded a great part of the time in sum-
mer when outdoors.— In regard to the many
angles which yon speak of in our houses, I
used to object to it, often quite vehemently ;
but since your suggestion, that these angles
give us more windows ior each room, and
windows facing toward the dillerent points

of the compass, that we may liave more air
and more sunlight, I begin to feel quite rec-
onciled to the idea. There are live differ-
ent openings in our bed-room, for Ihetn-
tranceof fresh air ; and air is i)assiiig in and
out of all these openings the greater part of
the year. My wife, like your wife, throws
the bed-clothing open totlie breeze and sun-
light every morning of the year; and the
unusually good health enjoyed by tlie liouse-
hold demonstrates that tlie practice is cer-
tainly not an injurious one. — In regard to
coal oil and gasoline, I thank you tor having
presented the subject to us. With my
wife's management I have no fear at all of
any explosion ; but Iluber lias ventured to
undeitake to inanii)ulate our gasoline-stove
a good many times. Once lie turned tlie
faucet of the large can that holds our supply
of gasoline ; but it was kept in a small stone
room on purpose to avoid accidents, so of
cotirse he did not do much harm. lie has,
however, once or twice turned the gasoline
on when the stove was not lighted ; and had
we not opened the doors and windows of the
room where the machine is placed, until the
fluid could evaporate and blow out, we
might liave liad a serious explosion. I begin
to tliink. from what you say we had Itetter
make a change at once in our household.

MR. THOMAS HOKN.

WHAT HE IS DOINO, AND A WORD OF ENCOUnAOE-
MKNT rOK niS CREDITORS.

T PRESUME most of the sufferers by the
M above-named gentleman are aware tliat
W he does not answer letters, make any
'*' r( ply, nor do any thing, unless he is ab-
solutely obliged to. Well, the friend
who writes below suggests a means of mak-
ing him (and not only ]Mr. Horn but every-
one else who goes into a like " speculatitsn")
attend to business.

Fn'oui Roo(:— As I wrote you some time since in
regard to my transactions with Thomas Horn, I
will now finish it after receiving so manj- promises
but no bees. I made a sight draft on Mr. Horn, and
inclosed the same with all of his letters to nie, and
sent them to an attorney in Sherburne. I also
wrote Mr. II., that, if he did not pay my draft or
send the bees, I woukl report him to the postofflce
authorities. He at once sent 6 frames of empty
comb. Thej'may have had some brood in when he
started them, but none when I received them.
There were about two pounds of live bees when
they arrived, and one pound of dead ones. He sent
one queen and four queen cells about ready to
hatch. T put them in two hives and gave a frame of
brood and honey to each, and have fed ever since.
That was August 1st. Now I have two fair swarms
that I think I can winter; they are finely marked
Italians. If Mr. Horn had sent in May, when he
cojitracted to, I think all would have been satisfac-
tory. M. McD.uNiKi..

Ft. Recovery, ()., Sept. ai, 1880.

I did know tliat, under certain ciiciira-
stances, the U. S. postal authorities would
refuse to deliver mail to ])arties when en-
gaged in swindling (operations : but it didiTt
occur to me until ju.st now tliat we could

776

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULtURE.

Oct.

oblige such men as Mr. IIoiii to give some
kind of a civil reply to complaints by the
above process. Perhaps some of you may
think I am hard and severe ; but we have
waited patiently for Mr. Horn, and have
published his promises and kept back com-
plaints by suggesting that he would tix every
thing in time, until we have received the
censure of many good men. I may add, that
Mr. Horn has secured the claim we have on
him personally, to be paid some time hence.
Now let him make arrangements so as to se-
cure the rest who have sent him money and
don't get any leply, or take the risk of hav-
ing his work during the past season submit-
ted to the postal authorities. I am inclined
to think that the amount he is now owing is
not very much, and that he could, if he
would, fix it all in the way I have suggested.
Some of the friends may think, as I have al-
ready suggested, that I am getting to be ter-
ribly severe ; but, my friends, we wish to
have every bee-man who reads the journals
understand that lie had better have a severe
attack of the yellow fever or Asiatic cholera
than to go deliberately into another Eurch
or Ilorn operation and hope to get through it
" scot free." " The way of the transgressor
is hard," and it is our duty to see tluit it re-
mains hard— so hard, in fact, that tliose who
are tempted may conclude it will not p;iy,
and give it up, even before they start out.

OUR BEES AND OUR NEIGHBORS.

SOME SUGGESTIONS KUOM FIJIENP HKIIDON IN I!E-

GAKD TO THE PHINTEI) IjEAEhEl'S TO BE SENT

TO OUK NEIGHIJOHS WHO AltE NOT UKK-

KEEPEUS.

j^^ EADER. please turn to paj^efJin ol' tliisvohiine,
O5 and read in numbered ])ar:ij;raplis friend
"^Pk Cameron's address to his iK'iglil)ors—an ap-
^f- peal intended to enlij^hten, and make peace
and friends. Also please read friend Root's
foot-notes to the paragraphs in (piestion. Now turn
to page 695, and read what I have to say near the
bottom of left-hand column; also the editor's foot-
notes again, and you will then understand the mo-
tive which inspires these remarks.

I will now endeavor to pick out and comment
upon the sections that 1 believe will harm any bee-
keeper who presents them to his neighbors. If all
" neighbors " were like unto the spirit of the origi-
nator of the paragraphs in question, the case would
be far different; but wise men lake the world as it
is; and while doing their part to reform the bad,
and to bring the morally blind up out of darkness,
they yet see the necessity tor firmly and rigidly,
though kindly, demandina all that belongs to them.

THE OVEKTUUE.

As it is so very rare that bees enter houses and
" sting the baby," or any one else, unless pinched,
I would have omitted this needless scare.

Section 1 suits me.

Section 2, 1 would have omitted the last line, as
the one preceding it is true, and covers all the
ground in this case, and this last line is needlessly
prejudicing against the character of our business.

Section 3 is good.

Section 4 might have begun with, " ]f, by negli-
gence, the bees have once gotten into your kitch-
en," etc. Let the neighbor understand that the

fault is 7iis, not our.s-. We can't control the where-
abouts of our workers, and yet we consider our bus-
iness legitimate.

SECTIONS OF DEFENSE.

Section 1, good.

Section 3, tiptop.

Section 3. Never use this section, unless some
one in your vicinity has made such a charge. Nev-
er put yourself on the defensive until you are at-
tacked. This is a characteristic of the sheep, and is
the cause of so many " sheep-dogs."

Section 4. Don't use the word " nuisance;" sa3',
" an annoyance." When an annoyance reaches the
" nuisance " point, it becomes removable by law,
and I claim that bees never are a nuisance, and
never will be, e.vcept where they are kept so close
to the rightful passageway of others that they use
their stings in defense of their homes.

Don't say a word about " poison." This puts the
public— the good, the bad, the jealous, the revenge-
ful, and the half insane, all in mind of a secret way
to injure, to get up a commotion, and to see what
they can do. The neighbor who would lay out
poison for bees should be imprisoned; and when
you suspect such action, you should spare not
money, time, nor energy, to detect and pvmish the
hpinoi;s crime; and one of the strong points in de-
tection is not to have j'our suspicions detected by
the villian.

1 may be in error; but I firmly believe that cir-
culars printed verbatim from friend Cameron's sec-
tions on page 619 will work an injury in any neigh-
bor hood where distributed. I further believe, that,
with a proper correction, such circulars would do
much good in communities where trouble is brew-
ing. James Heddon.

Dowagiac, Mich., Sept., 1886.

Friend II.,yoin' points are well made; and
when we print a new lot of these leaflets we
will modify them as you suggest. I think,
however, you exaggerate the evil you seek to
remedy. Occasionally there are people who
will, perhaps, be led to do these very things
because our friend has suggested them. It
is like the lady who told her children, on go-
ing away, not to put jjcas in their cars; and
v,'hen she got home, evei'y one of the lot had
gone and done the very thing she forbade.
I do not think, however, there are very
many people who would be led to poison
bees because they are reminded that such a
thing is possible.

HINTS TO A B C SCHOLARS ON WIN-
TERING.

THE IMPOUTANCE OP FEEDING, IN ORDER TO GET
YOUNG BEES.

"TT is probably
lit ^''^'^ been goi
W has become 1

^^ o I iir «i 1' c xxT i n f

T is probably true, that the wintering problem
one over so often that the subject
stale— at least to the apiarist who
always winters successfully; but to a large
number of A B C scholars who have not learn-
ed how to winter their bees every time, there is one
thing they ought to know that has been left untold.
On page 373 of the A B C book, friend Root says,
in speaking of the wintering problem: "The main
points are, a brood-apartment closely packed with
bees, and plenty of good sealed stores. With these
two conditions alone, the bees will generally winter
all right, even in a hive made of inch boards." Now

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

remember, there is not a word said about the ago
of these bees. Friend Doolittle says, in his com-
ments on the ABC book, in speaking- of the win-
tering- of bees: "Why not feed the whole 3J Its. in
one or two nights, if they have plenty of comb
room and plenty of hrnod and u<nmo 'x'cs!'" Friend
D. hit the nail on the head that time, but he did not
hit hard enough. If friend K<iot had said, "A
brood-apartment closely ]iacked with young bees,
and plenty of good seak'(l stores," then he would
have hit the nail fairly and squarely on the head,
but he left out the one essential woid.

Now, I do not pretend to understand I ee-kecping
as well as some bee keepers do, neither do I wisli to
find fault witli my teachers; yet there is one of my
teachers called Experience who charged me at
least $300 for her trouble; yet I suppose her teacli-
ing is the cheapest, after all. What I am trying to
get at is this: In many localities, on account of
drouglit or grasshoppers, t ho bees do not gather
anj' honey after the first of August; conse(iuently
the queen soon stops hiding, and at the beginning
of winter there may be a hive full of bees; but
they are old, and their span of life is nearly run.
Some of them, probably tlio larger portion of them,
will live through the winter; but, mark my words,
they will dwindle to nothing in the spring. In or-
der to show the point clearly, I will give you my
experience with si.v colonies during the past win-
ter. I have chosen this num^er ior the reason that
they were apparently goo J strong colonies on the
first of September, cnch one having a good queen
as near like the other as two peas.

For convenience we will number them 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6. About Sept. 1st I began feeding Nos. 1, 3,
and 3, about one pint of granulated sugar syrup to
each colony every night, and kept it up for about
three weeks. After feeding a few days, the queens
began laying; the old bees went to work gathering
pollen (of which there was an abundance); and
when winter came these old bees were mostly woi-n
out and gone; but I had three hives full of ymnig
and healthy bees that were able to and did stand
the rigors of winter; and when spring catne there
was hardly a dead bee in the hives. Of these three
colonies, Nos. 1 and 3 were well protected. No. 3
was in a single-walled hive with chaff cushion in
the upper story, yet I could see very little dilfer-
ence in the wintering of the three colonies. N( s. 4
and 5 were prepared just like Nos. 1 and 3, with the
exception of the feeding; No. 4 was protected,
while No. 5 had no protection whatever. Tliese
two colonies lived until spring, when they com-
menced to dwindle— the one that was protected dy-
ing first, yet they left in each hive at least 30 lbs. of
beautiful thick honey.

No. 6 was in one of A.I. Root's chalf hives; and
in fouu weeks' time, beginning about Sept. 15, they
were hauled a distance of 130 miles, attending the
fairs; and during 8 days of that time they had all
the work they wanted to do; and as they had done
nothing for six weeks past, they worked with a will ;
the queen laid with a will, and they came Ihi-ough
the winter with a will to go to work again. This
colony was the only one that showed any signs of
dysentery, caused, 1 think, by the honey they gath-
ered at the fairs.

Now, friends, do you see the point that I am try-
ing to show you? With us last season, the grass-
hoppers were so thick after the middle of July that
they nipped every bud and blossom as st)on as it

appeared, so there was no honey for them to gath-
er at any time in the fall; and, no difference how
much honey the bees had on hand, the queens
stopped laying soon after the honey stopp[>d com-
ing in.

You see, from what 1 have said about these sii
colonies, that protection seemed of little account,
and you might think that I do not recommend it.
It will certainli' pay to protect the bees well, iffoi-
no other reason than that the piotected ones will
not consume as nuich honey as the ones that are
not protected. Sometimes we see that neiifly all
the colonies in a lai-ge apiary will dwindle to noth-
ing in the spring, and yet there will be from one td
a dcizen that will come through good and strong.
What is the cause if it? Hero is my reason; and
if you have a I etter one I should like to hear it:
There is in i'\'ery apiary a cci-tain numler of colo-
nics that nnike a business of bringing in a little
honey every day, and they get it either by robbing
or by some hciok or crook; the queen keeps on laj'-
ing, and they generally wintc r \\e!l too.

The Dend. O., Sept. 1, 1880. F. W. Mo.vts.

I want to tliaiik yon, fi-ieu(_l M.,foryoiu'
concluding reniaik ; iiiid it is sometliins" I
have often tlioit^iit of; namely, that certain
colonies in almost every ai)ijiry ai-e to be
found tiiat always getalitlle honey, even
during the most severe droughts. Tliey are
like some business men who manage, by
hook or by crook, to take in a little money
every d;iy ; tiiat is, they will accomplish
something e;ich diiy, when tlie great multi-
tudes around tiiein seem ti> settle down to
the coiu-iusion that every thing is;ita stnnd-
Siill ; and I believe as yc u sav, thiit colonies
with extia eneigy geiieially winter well.
Several ye;ir-! ;igo there w:is so much tiilk of
gettijig tiie bees to rear lirood just bel'ure
winter set in, so as to liav.^ plenty of yoitiig
bees for wintering, that a good deal <>f at:-
tention wiis turned toward this one point.
Finally, however, seve]-;il of our velertins
gave insliinces of where bees wintered well
when they were qurenless during the fall
months, aiid we had one such result. Now,
suppose yon iibsolutely prevent all brood-
rearing, Siiy iif ler Sept. 1 ; have a fnir quiin-
tity of bees, and make all conditions light,
are you sure they would not winter as well
as those that reared brood during Septem-
ber and October? May be you are right ; but
we have all of us almost iiished to conclu-
sions when a little more time seemed to
show the solution of the great problem was
not exactly there after all.

DOOLITTLE S REPORT.

A GOOD WCUID FOU THE MAMMOTH RED CLOVER
AS A H()NEY-PL.\NT.

HOBABLY in no year within the last quarter

fof ft century have we had so peculiar a sea-
son for honey pi-oduction in this locality as
has been the one just passed. I never have
realized so fully as T do now, that success-
ful beekeeping is wholly dependent upon the
weather; for if the weather is unpropitious during
a honey-liow, all our etforts in preparing for that
How count for naught. Take it as a whole, we
have had cold, cloudy, lainy weather jimt when the
bees needed pleasant weather, and pleasant

778

GLEAKIKGS m BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

weather when there was little or nothing' for the
bees to do; so that, hu<] it not been i'or the seed
crop of the Mammoth red clover, I should have
had to record a failure as to a honey-crop. But,
thanks to this source, which came in just in time
to save that failure, and cnabl? nie to report 33-:i
lbj3. of comb honey as an average yield from each
colony, spring- count.

Spring- opened very propitiously, the first ;?4 days
after the bees beg-an to fly being- pleasant, beauti-
ful days. This caused the bees to rear brood rap-
idly, so that most of them wei-e in splendid condi-
tion to gather from the fruit-bloom, as their num-
bers were fully as great as is usually the case at
the time white clover opens. But, alas! our hopes
were blig-htcd by cool and rainy weather setting:
in three days before this bloom opened, and con-
tinuing- till the bloom was past, so that the large
force of bees proved only consumers instead of
producers, causing me to feed for nearly three
weeks to keep them from starving. This unpro-
pitious weather also caused brood-rearing nearly
to cease, so that the brood which should have been
the best for active work during- the basswood
bloom was miaius; and, feed as much as I would,
I could not coax the bees to hatch the eggs the
queen laid.

flight liere is a mystery to me: How do the bees
keep the eggs, laid by the queen, from hatching
at one lime, and again hatch them sd that a hive
will be well filled with little larvie in three daj's
time? I have neticed this singular fact for jears,
and have also noticed that feeding bees (.at such
times as they do not so desire larva?) to keep up
brood-rearing has little if any effect in accomplish-
ing the desired end. Hence 1 again repeat what I
have said elsewhere, tliat "two or three pleasant
days, with plent3' of pollen, has more to do with
stimulating brood-rearing than weeks of feeding."

Well, when I saw that I could get but little brood
in my hives the last half of May, I knew that my
crop of basswood honey must he short at best, and
especially as we had pi-omise of only about one-
sixth the usual bloom; but I was not prepared for
such a wholesale loss of bees as I experienced
about the 20th of June. Colonies which had started
to work nicel5' in sections during the week of good
weather we had the fore part of white-clover
bloom were so depopulated that they could scarce-
ly care for their brood; while the ground in and
about the apiary was literally covered with dead
and dying bees, so that alraV)st every step one
must tread on these old worn-out bees, dying of
©Id age. As brood-rearing was now going on rap-
idly, I expected that again this brood, when hatch-
ed into bees, would turn into consumers, as had
the brood in the early part of the season; but, as
was said before, red clover came to our rescue,
which, together with the little gathered from white
clover, basswood, and teasel, gave me 3023 lbs. of
comb honey from the 60 colonies I had left after
my sales during the spring. Out of my 95 last
fall I lost 3 during the winter and spring, and two
Avere queenless, whicli were united with others.
Prom the 60, only 40 swarms issued, so that my
numbers to go into winter with will not be greater
than a year ago, for I shall unite Ihem down till
all have sufficient natural stores for winter. My
past experience proves natural stores to be the
best for bees to winter upon in this hicality, there-
fore I prefer to use them instead of going through

the (to me) tedious operation of making and feed-
ing a large amount of sugar syrup.
Borodino, N. Y., Sept., 1886. G. M. Doolittle.

Friend D., in regard to this matter of get-
ting brood and not getting brood when the
brood-nest is well supplied with eggs, I
should say the trouble is a lack of pollen. I
have succeeded in getting great quantities
of brood by feeding flour candy ; that is,
candy made with a proper admixture of
wheat or rye flour. It is astonishing to see
the amount of brood that even a moderate-
sized colony may produce, when all the con-
ditions are favorable; and it is sometimes
perplexing as well as astonishing to see how
the bees absolutely refuse to raise brood at
times, even though it seems as if we had
given them every thing needful.

THE "ZEEP, ZEEP," OF QUEENS.

AND C.\N SHE PRODUCE IT WHILE IN THE CELL?

T SEE on page 69.5, Gleanings for Sept. 1, an
lit ^'^'ticle from J. C. Gilliland, in which he says:
«i " I have found no queens hatched, even when
"^ the queens had been calling one or two days,
but with the cap of the cell cut nearly off;
and as soon as they were taken out of the hive the
young queens would come out." Now, what I
wish to say is this: I do not believe a queen in cell
ever made a particle of noise; and all talk of the
bees keeping the queen in until she squeals is utter
nonsense. Now for my reasons:

1 have kept bees for 30 years for — well, we will
say fun, certainly not profit. I have soen a queen
pipe with only a clear glass between us and my
face, not more than 6 inches from her, in good
light, and she on a clear (almost white) comb. She
just stopped, humped herself, and acted mad;
vibrated her wings until you could scarcely see
them, and " peep, peep," from 3 to 5 times, sound-
ed out loudly. This I saw several times, and at
the same time heard others doing the same. The
noise is made with the wings; for as the wings
ceased to vibrate, the noise stopped; and as the
vibrations grew less frequent, the sound was less
sharp. Now for another reason : A friend wanted
a queen. I went to a Holy-Land swarm where
queens were calling. On raising- 3 combs I caught
and caged 3 queens; and on closing the hive I
heard queens still calling. . The next day I took
out 3 queens, and still heard them calling. Next
day they swarmed, and the next morning I found
several dead queens in front of the hive. Some
seemed to be two or three days old; one, at least,
immature, and was undoubtedly taken from the
cell. My experience with Holy-Land bees, (7o( of
you, is that they are remarkably prolific in queens,
say from 20 to 30 in a hive. 1 forgot to say, that,
wheu I saw these queens piping, the bees about
them paid not the slightest attention, but just
kept at their work as though they did not hear it.
Will you, friend Root, or some other person, tell
us how the queen makes the noise called " piping "?
If, as I believe, with the wings, like the katydid
and other insects, then certainly it can not be
done in the cell. E. S. Miner.

Neeedah, Wis., Sept. 8, 1886.
Friend M., we are glad to receive the
facts you furnish ; but we want to chide you

isse

GLEANINGS In ^EE CtJLTURE.

779

a little for being inicliiiiitiible. I suppose
you mean that you will not believe a queen
ever made a noise wliile in tlie cell until it
is clearly proven to be a fact. I do not know
that I am just now prepared to give posi-
tive proof ; but am abundantly satisfied that
queens do produce the '' zeep, zeep,'' while
in the cell. The squealing may be another
matter. I have never watched closely
enough to decide on that point. I think
I have heard thein utter their peculiar
note when tlie capping is loose, so they can
push their heads out and draw them back
again ; and if so, I do not see why they may
not do it before the cell is opened at all. I
believe most cells would afford the queen
room enough to move lier wings in the way
you mention, and I have supposed this was
the way they did it. In fact, I do not know
tluit bees have any other method of uttering
their different calls. Worker-bees, you know,
express their feelings by the hum of their
wings and while on thewing.

THE POSSIBILITIES OF FRAMES.

THE IJirOHTANCE OF SPACING THEM JUST THE
HIGHT DISTANCE APAHT.

/ / Fin^^ invention and introduction of frames
^ (f|§) formed an era in bee-keeping-." Many
ll^ times lias this sentence been written and
'^ read; but how many of its writers and
readers fully comprehend all it implies?
If the boos themselves, and their convenience
alone, were considered, it would be found that
frames are a disadvantage rather than an advan-
tage. It is to the pi-ogressivo bee-keeper alone that
they are of any value; and to him, that value is in-
comparable. Frames were originated for the pur-
pose of giving- greater control of the bees, and of
allowing- greater freedom in manipulating for ex-
amination and observation. If their value ended
with this, I question whether the gain would pay
for the actual loss to the producer of honey, occa-
sioned by their use; or whether the discoveries
made through their aid would overbalance the actu-
al destruction brought about in the hands of the in-
experienced by too frequent examination, and the
passion aroused to increase by division till such di-
vision ruins their apiaries. But, thanks to the Rev.
L. L. Langstroth, his invention of hanging- movable
frames has been the means in the past of doing
more than any other thing to put the occupation of
apiculture on, a sound and solid basis, and will in
the future be the means of giving us full, thorough,
and complete control, not only of the bees and hive
as a colony, but of causing or preventing increase
by allowing or preventing- swarming; and also, by
the aid of sections and the extractor, of guiding the
production of honey in such form and shape as maj-
be most desirable or advisable.

It is a wclliinderstood matter, that the frame hive
is a compromise between the natural habits of the
bee and the desire of man to control its operations
to his best advantage; and for the furthering- of
this compromise, the only thought /(a.s been to pro-
duce a frame of such form and size as would pro-
duce the best yield of honey, and at the same time
prove the safest as a winter habitation. To this
end discussions have been fre(i\ient— as to the rela-
tive value of deep and shallow frames. These dis-

cussions have at times been warm, and, perhaps as
much as aHy other, have aroused the ire of the vari-
ous disputants. All of these disputants have, in
their desire to prove their particular points, seemed
to lose sight of the most important feature of the
case, and have been satisfied in fighting o\er a
shadow; namely, an extra inch, more or less, in
length or depth. The point they have lost sight of
is the space to be allowed between the frames; a
mutual agreement seeming to have been arrived at,
that ahdut VA inches, or from l^s to I'a, is olxiut
right.

In this discussion another element has at times
been a source of contention; namely, as to whether
frames should be fixed or not; and closed - end
frames have been used and advised, among which
are the Quinby and the Hofi'man. One of the chief
opponents of closed-end frames, or, in fact, of any
frame that is not absolutely movable laterally as
well as otherwise, is the editor of Gi.eaninos. The
position he has taken in this matter is, to my mind,
correct, but he has not gone quite far enough. To
judge of the future possibilities of frames, we must
take into consideration the use that is to be made of
them, and work them in accordance with such use.
Probably the best results will be attained by using
the bi-ood chamber for brood alone, or at least by
doing as the bees do— devoting- the center of the
brood- chamber to brood, if we use a hive-bodj"
large enough for both brood and stores. It matters
little what size or form of frame is used, so far as
the brood-chamber itself is concerned. It is only
when we desire to have our surplus deposited in
sections that any question arises; and each one will
adopt such size and fom of frame as suits himself.
The real question is. How can wo get the greatest
yield of honey in the most desirable form, in the
most economical manner, and at the same time
bring al)Out the greatest possible increase the most
desirably? My answer is. By using care and judg-
ment in spacing our frames. There is no difficulty
in getting, by the use of foundation, all combs luiilt
true, and, if we space such frames at just the right
distance apart, there is no difficulty in having such
combs built as fiat as a board. Bees will, under no
circumstances, seal up brood in cells more than
seven-sixteenths of an inch deep. What I mean is,
that if deeper cells aie given them the.y will cut
them down to that depth l)efore they will seal up
brood in them. This l)eing the case, the production
of brood is in our own hands; and if we can control
the production of brood, swarming is practically
within our control. It is not a matter of hives at
all. Invention and ingenuity may be taxed to the
utmost in producing this, that, or the other style:
none of them will be more acceptable to the bees
than a hollow log, and none of them will be fully
controllable that do not allow of spacing frames as
closely together or as far apart as it may be chosen
so to do.

To the i)rejudiced mind, the idea I am endeavor-
ing to inculcate nmy be deemed "all bosh;" but the
thinking mind, who is investigating solely to find
the best ways and means, will see that we can ac-
complish the greatest amount of good only by work-
ing in harmony with nature. Many of our humble
servants of (he lower orders can be trained against
their imtural instincts, but th(i honey-bee can not.
We can guide or lead it to a certain extent, but we
can't dri\'e it an inch. If it has any i)cculiarities,
we can take ad\antage of them; but we must be

780

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

sure to do so in the i-iglit way. I have already, in a
former number, outlined my method of working lor
honey and increase; and in the above I desire sim-
ply to call attention to what I deem a point of im-
portanjj. J. E. Pond, Jif.

Foxboro, Mass., Sept., 1886.

Thanks, frieud P., for tlie points you
make ; but I confess I do not see how the pro-
duction of brood is in our own hands by means
of spacing the frames just right. I agree
with you, that the thickness of a comb with
capped brood in each side is always exact ;
and it lias been suggested that we could
make the bees use the combs for brood and
nothing else by spacing them just the right
distance for the production of brood. Now,
wliile I grant that they are more apt to put
brood instead of honey in worker-combs so
spaced, it is not by any means certain that
they will use these combs for brood only,
for I have seen brood-frames completely
liiled with honey, capped over on both sides,
when spaced as you recommend. Very like-
ly, however, they did not have room for
their honey in deeper combs at one side or
over the brood-nest. If the latter arrange-
ment is to be used in connection with the
proper spacing of the brood-combs, may be
you are right. I should like to liave the
matter investigated. We notice that friend
Ileddon has made the end-pieces of his new
hive just If inches. This is done, probably,
with the view of accomplishing the object
we are discussing.

FROM REPORTS DISCOURAGING TO
REPORTS ENCOURAGING.

now HE AT T.AST SUCCEEDED IN SECUItlNO 500
I.US. OF HONEY PEIl COLONY, SrilING COUNT.

T N giving in my report for the season I might as
|lp well commence with the fall of 1881, when I
^r went into winter quarters with 28 strong
"*■ swarms, 23 arranged along side by side, packed
in dry leaves, 6 buried in a clamp- The win-
ter was one of the most severe ever known, and
their stores were composed of buckwheat honey
and honey-dew. By Februarj', all those packed on
their summer stands died of djscntery ; the six in
the clamp were taken out in April. Four of them
were alive, though weak. They commenced rear-
ing brood ; but the weather came off cold, and most
of their brood was killed, and, of c'ourse, the bees
were dwindling away until they all lost their queens
(1 presume they killed them). I united them all,
making one weak swarm. I now gave up in disgust,
caring little whether they lived or died. I put all
the combs away, with the intention of melting them
into wax; but the one swarm rallied, raised a queen,
and by the commencement of bass wood bloom they
were in fair condition.

About this time I bought, for $3. 50, a swarm hang-
ing on a tree. They proved to be tine Italians— the
kind, you know, that drop several feet away from
their hives, and, ai'ter getting their wind, go into
the hive with that peculiar twist. The queen prov-
ed very prolific, and by the commencement of
buckwheat-bloom i bought 3 queens and divided
my two swarms; and before cold weather they were
strong, and had made me 1.50 lbs. of goldenrod and
aster honey, mostly aster, which I think is the fin-
est honey I ever saw. I wintered the four. One

was weak, three were strong; they built up very
rapidly, and by the 1.5th of May I commenced to di-
vide, but not to weaken them. By the commence-
ment of clover they were strong enough to work
on 20 frames; in about ten days I commenced to
extract, and have taken, up to date, 1993 lbs. from
four swarms, spring count; and as 1 have given all
the boys and girls all the honey they wanted in ex-
tracting days, I call it 3000 lbs., or 500 lbs. per col-
ony. 1 have increased to 31 strong swarms, and if
frost holds off two weeks longer T shall get consid-
erably more j'et. M. Vincent.
Milan, Mich., Sept. 13, ISi-O.

ANOTHER HONEY-PLANT.

ARE THE BEES ATTKACTED BY THE COI.OIl AND
BEAUTY OF PLANTS?

K. S. F. NEWMAN, (f Norwalk, O., sends
nie a plant for name which he says is an
excellent honey-plant. It proves to be Po-
lymnia Canadensis, or leaf-cup. This adds
another to the valuable list of the composite
honey-plants. It is a near relative of Coreopsis, or
tick-seed, and of the thoroughworts and golden-
rods.

By the way, Mr. Editor, I observe this autumn,
that, while our majshes have been resplendent with
boneset, tick-seed, goldenrod, asters, etc , the bees
have beenquite partial to thegoldeni-ods; and if they
are governed at all by beauty, why not? I think we
have no handsomer llowers in all the tioral wealth
of nature than these graceful gold-bedecked solida-
gos. In several walks of late, in a lai'ge marsh
hard by tlie college, I have iiaid special attention to
this mattei-; and while I have seen bees in limited
numbc^rs on all the well-known honey-plants, I have
seen them Mi'(U»ii}ij/ on the goldenrod. Her.cc our
autumn honey, and we have secured no little cf it,
is the rich amber color, and most excellent flavor,
of the goldenrod honey. Tell me such honey is not
good for winter stores! I would as soon have it for
my own table, or for the bees, as to have the nicast
and purest whito-i;lover honej'.

I fully believe now that no subject connected
with apiculture is so worthy of attention and de-
velopment as this very one of honey-planls. Next
to that I would i)lace the matter of races of bees. I
believe careful breeding may give us a much bet-
ter bee than we now have. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Sept. 1, 18^'G.

"WHO SHALL KEEP BEES ?

AND HOW CAN THE WORLD IN OENERAL BE MOST
BENEFITED BY BEE CULTURE?

fHIS subject has been considerably discussed,
and I have no intention to take sides for or
against invalids and women. The business
of laising honey is assinning proportions of
considerable magnitude, and it is time to
consider it as a matter of public interest, and not
merely with reference to the individual bee-keeper.
Here is a source of wealth to the nation, not to be
despised; a good wholesome food, for home eon-
sumption and for export, to be had for the gather-
ing. The public, or, if you please, the state, has a
right to consider the best means to secure this com-
modity in the best shape and at least expense. It

1S86

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

(81

is true, that bce-kccpiiig' may also be considcrccl as
a source cf ploi'.sant exercise and relaxation from
mental pursuits; but this view is far overshadowed
in importance by the other.

As at present conducted, tlicrc is a kind of hap-
hazard character about tlie busincssot' bee keeping.
A man keeps a number of bees for a time, and
then gives up the business cnliroly. Tlie same may
be said of farming; but in the latter case it is only a
change of farmers. In some shape or other the
land is all occupied for agricultural purposes.

The public good will be best subserved by having
the field regularly occupied; and to this end it
seems necessary that the one who engages in the
business, be it man, woman, invalid, or servant-girl,
shall devote a principal ]iart of, if not his entire
time and energies, to beekeeping as a business. It
is a business ih it i-eq;iii-es not only certain natural
qualifieations, but also thought, st\idy, and experi-
ence. One can lianllj' afford to give these without
the expectation of engaging in the bnsiness to a
sullicient extent to reap a pecuniary reward. Right
hei-o I shall be met by some who will say that I
must not fail to recognize the right of individuals
to engage in bee-keeping, not for the money there
is in it, but for i)astJine and healthful recreation.
I do recognize this fully, just as I recognize the
right of every merchant, mechanic, or professional
man, to have hi- patch of ground to cultivate pota-
toes, coi-n, or strawberries; but the fact remains,
that, to make agriculture a sourc:> of wealth to the
nation, thcie must be farmers who devote their en-
tire time to the business. Others, again, will think
that it is to the interest of certain clas.^cs, as pub-
lishers and supply-dealers, that bee-keeping should
be largely if not entirely in the hands of amateurs.
Let us look at this In a given area of, say, 1000
square miles, there might be established profitably
perhaps IJO apiaries of 100 colonies each if conducted
by 30 specialists. If no specialists were on the
ground Iher,' might be an^ where from ;?0 to 200 or
more places where from one to a dozen colonies are
kept. In the latter case, does any one suppose
there would be as many books and periodicals de-
voted to bee culture taken as among the oO special-
ists? And as to supplies, there would be something
like a steady trade among the 30 specialists, and
among the others the trade would be worth very
little. As to the bee-keepers themselves, the sooner
the business gets down to an established basig, pur-
sued as a principal if not an entire means of ob-
taining a livelihood, the better. Those of us who
now get our bread and butter by bee-keeping know
only too well how the market is annually demoral-
ized by the owner of a few colonics who considers
the amount of surplus obtained as so much luck,
puts it on the market in any kind of shape, and at
any price, doing just so much towai-d preventing
honey from becoming a staple conimG<lity.

I am a little afraid that some of those whoso at-
tention I am anxious to secure stojiped reading
before reaching this point, saying, " I don't see that
there is any thing of interest to me in this. What
is there practical about iti-" It is of practical im-
portance, if my position is correct, to be able to in-
vest time and money in this business, and have
some feeling of security that there is some perma-
nence about it; that no mere whim of some envious
neighbor may drive me f)ut of the business next
year; that, after making inxestment in buildings
an 1 fixtures, and perhaps special pasturage. I may

feel secure that no one else may be able, by over-
stocking, to drive me from the field. In plain words,
I take the radical ground that legislation is needed,
whereby in some way, under jiroper limitations and
restrictions, by paying for it, I may have the con-
trol of a certain number of acres or square miles
as a range for my bees. I sincerely believe that
somothieg of this kind would best serve the inter-
ests of all, and I may have a word to say upon it
hereafter. In the meantime I shall be glad if others
may consider it of sutticicnt moment to give their
views, even if nothing but objections are given.

Marengo, III., Sept., 18t6. C. C. Miller.

Friend M., your ideas are good and sound,
but I am afraid it will take a good while to
get things into shape as they tire in agricul-
ture and some other inirsuits. You say,
that in farming the ground is all occupied
by somebody. It is true, it is occupied aft-
er a fashion, but it is not all occupied in the
way we market-gardeners sometimes occupy
a few acres, 1 tell you. It is a misfortune
all aroinid, to have so many wh.o are dab-
bling at all kinds of industries in this hap-
hazard way— benefiting neither themselves
nor the pti'Mic at large. But so long as this
is a free country, it seems hard to prescribe
a remedy. By the way, aren't you a little
uncharitable toward supply-dealers? I liope
that there are few if any supply-dealers (or
publishers) who are pleased at the prospect
of selling supplies which will probably never
permanently benelit tlie purchaser nor his
neighl)ors. I do not mean to say that we
are any more conscientious as a class than
otlier business men ; but I do think we are
about as good as the average.

REPORT FROM FLORIDA.

FRIEND fiUAY TELt^S US SOME OF HIS EXPEKI-

ENCIC WITH I'EHFOUATED honey-boauus,

IllVINO IlKES ON EMPTY FRAME.S, ETC.

|n,DlTOK GLEANINGS:— Although my specialty
W^ is queen-rearing, yet a report from ten hives
Ip f set apart for comb honey may be of interest
■^^ to some one. This is an " off " year, and, like
Mr. Hart on page 645, 1886, 1 would rather not
give figures. Our honey season began with the
oi*ange-bloom in March; but this year it seems that
the orange trees produced enough blossoms only to
make oranges, and no surplus; and there was not
more than one-tenth the bloom we generally have.
Besides a great deal of unfavoi-ablc weather, high
winds prevailed; consequently the surplus honey
from orange was next to nothing. Saw-palmetto
did better, and the ten hives spoken of averaged
'M lbs. and increased to 20. This is all the honey we
get till fall.

OltANGE-ULOOM IIONEV.

During the orange-bloom, when honey was com-
ing in slowli", my bees got the swarming mania bad-
ly, I thought; but the reading of Mrs. Chaddock's,
Hutchinson's, and Hart's letters consoled me. I
adopted the Hutchinson plan of hiving swarms on
five L. frames with starters only; sections with fdn.
above, and at side also on a few. I believe four
swarms out of ten hived this way swarmed again
about one month or less afterward, and T must say
the drone-comb built bothered me. I had all the
drones reared from choice (jueens that I wanted;

t82

GLEANiKGS iN B£E CUtTUtlE.

Oct.

aud I should like to know how much droiiecoinl) in
the flvcframc brood-chamber it taltcs to bother
friend Hutchinson. I believe lie has never been
explicit in stating this matter. Some of mitie built
two lr.ai.es cacli, half full of drone-comb; others
one frame half full. HoAvever, I thiuli the plan a
good one; and perhaps another year, if bees do not
g'et the swarming' fever, it may worli to our satis-
faction—anyhow, I shall try it (about 'alf and 'alf).

PEKFOIIATED ZINC, liNOLISIi AND AMEUICAN MAKE.

I used your zinc honey-boards. Ten of thcni were
American perforated, and ten I cut from a sheet of
the English, I suppose, which you sent me. No
queens went above either; but I had a queen to
pass through the English when I used it as a guard
at the entrance. I noticed where I put wide frames
with sections and fdn. below, and sections with fdu.
above with honey-board between, that they worked
best in the wide frames below; but in one instance,
where I forgot to put fdn. and sections in the wide
frames below, they worked best in sections con-
taining fdn. above the honey-board. Again, one
hive was arranged with strips of perforated metal
between the brood-chamber and wide frames at the
side containing sections with fdn.; also a honey-
board sepai-ating the brood-cliamber from sections
above. In this case the bees worked best above. I
am well aware, that not much valuable infei-cnce
can be drawn from experiments with a few hives;
but T thought it well to let this be taken for what it
is worth.

BliOOD-FRAMES II4 INCHES APAUT, FROM CENTER
TO CENTER.

I made use of some of the " cream " given us by
Mr. Hutchinson from the Detroit Convention last
winter by spacing brood-frames only \U inches
from center to center. I see Mr. Pond is an ex-
treme advocate of this theory. It worked well with
me; it forced the bees out of the brood-chamber;
and although honey yielded scantily, I saw no dis-
position not to work in sections, and I watched
closely.

CARE OF COMB HONEY IN FLORIDA.

Nice 1-lb. sections i-etail at 20 cents. I peddled
mine for awhile at 3.5 cents, but it was slow sale at
this price. In this warm climate, in the rainy sea-
son the best way I know to keep comb honey is to
leave it on the hive above the honey-board, with
only five frames below, until you want it. If you
take it off and attempt to keep it in a " warm dry
room " to keep it from sweating or oozing out, 1
think you will fail to have a salable article. This is
why I have just taken otf my last section, although
our honey-yi^ld was almost over before it began
with a good many. I am now feeding a little to be
in good shape for the October and November honey-
flow.

Mr. Hart has made a valuable discovery concern-
ing cabbage jialmetto, which he refers to on page
Ct6. Any one thinking of locating an apiary in
Florida should consider this piece of news he gives
us. Luther W. Guav.

Orlando, Fla., Sept. 14, 1880.

We are always glad of facts, friend G.,
even though from the experience of a few
hives. If I am correct, your experiments
with side and top storing would seem to in-
dicate that tlie bees prefer to store in sec-
tions placed above tlie brood (but I suppose
this, of coiuse, would depend much on the
size and shape of the frame). But where

perforated zinc is used above, and not at the
sides, they prefer side storing. It would
follow, then, that, if tlie queen were kupt
with perforated zinc from sections at the
side and above the brood, the bees would
give the preference to that placed above, the
same as with no zinc ; therefore if our
frames are made shallow, we may safely
conclude that top storing is sufficient; that
is, that very little more honey will be stored
by having sections at the side of the brood
as well as above it.

ITALIANS VERSUS BLACKS.

SELLING BEES BV THE POUND.

T WANT to say a few words to day about some of
Ml til" different kinds of bees— which are the most
^l profitable to keep. My husband has kept

'*' black, Italian, and hybrid bees.

The Italians will fly swifter to gather honey
than either one of the others; but if tliere is plenty
of honey near by, or so they will not have to go a
great distance after it, wc think the black bees will
gather the most honey.

The hybrids come next. Some years the Italians
do the best. Last year we were living in Vermont,
and we kept but a few swarms. The Italians seem-
ed to do better there than cither of the others
—black or hybrid. This summer my liusband work-
ed in a large apiarj-, where there were liept both
blacks and Italians. The black bees have gone far
ahead of the other bees, and liave made much more
honey. I think very likelj' it would depend much
on the locality, and what kind of a season it was for
bees.

HOW SHALL WE ESTIMATE THE HONEY WHEN
SELLINO BEES BY THE POUND?

I want to ask a qucstioiL Is it right to sell bees
by the pound, and kcll part honey with them? Sup-
pose Mr. C wants to buy a few pounds of bees. He
sends to A or U, who live at quite a distance. Mr.
A gets the order, aud that daj', or perhaps the next,
goes to his apiary. Those bees must be got ready
to send off; but he doesn't think of that smoker be-
ing left behind. No, he docs not wish to get stung,
if he can avoid it. He gives the bees a good smok-
irg, then waits a minute or so, and nearly if not all
of those bees will fill themselves with honey. Mr.
A then proceeds to take out the frames, shakes the
bees from them into a box; then v/hen thej' are
nicely packed and weighed they are sent off". Mr.
C is charged so much for so many pounds of bees,
honei' and all. What I wish to know is, how many
more bees should be put in to make up for the
honey? Perhaps this would be called a small thing
in the sight of some peoiilo in this world, but not in
the sight of God, who knows and sees all things.
God looks at the little things we do, let them be
good or bad, as well as the great.

Mrs. Jennie M. Johnson.

Ur.vCord Flats, N. Y., Sept. 20, 18SC.

hike a gieat many other thitigs in bee-
keeping, no definite rule can be laid down.
Bees will gorge themselves very much in
proportion as you smoke them. It is a great
mistake — in fact, an act of cruelty — to smoke
gentle bees like Italians until they all gorge
themselves with honey. In the majority of
cases a couple of puffs over the top of the
frames will be found amply sufficient. Sliake

1SS6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

783

the bees into a pound cage, and then allow
about one-fourth to the actual weight of the
bees for the honey they may have in their
sacks; that is, if your order calls for a pound
of bees, make the scales turn to a pound and
a quarter. If you propose to cage and ship
vicious bees, it may be necessary to smoke
them so severely as to cause them to gorge
themselves. I would then allow one-half for
the honey. Again, in tlie lieiglit of the hon-
ey season, smoke or no smoke, gentle l)ees
will be tilled with honey. A liberal allow-
ance should then be given as before ; at any
rate, do not be afrnid to give good measure.
An interesting point comes in here : AVe
liave, in former seasons, bought swarms in
the cluster just as the farmers brought them
in. We paid so much a pound for the bees,
and therefore knew the exact weight of the
bees at the time of clustering. On weighing
them the next day, to ascertain the amount
of honey the bees carried with them, we
found that they lost nearly one-half. Of
course, the beeshad gorged themselves with
honey just prior to the exodus of the swarm.
The shipper must therefore use judgment.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS,

BEE-KEEPINO IN THE AVEST INDIES.

T HAVE justrcceivcd your A B C book, and " How
(d? the Farm Pa3's." I shovikl like a little advice
^[ from you with regard to bee culture. I may
'*' say I'm a beginner, and then, again, I'm not. I
have 58 colonies of bees in all sorts of boxes,
and two hives with bees. The hives were imported
from England. With America so near, it is any
thing but a paying concern to send to England for
bee-appliances.

This is a glorious country for bee culture, there
being no winter and only two months in the year
wlicn bees have to be fed— August and September.
One great drawback is, that the Aveather is very se-
vere sometimes; consequently the little fellows, not
being waterproof, have to stay at home. Among
the negroes, bees arc kept largely, and they make a
good living by it — soms of them. One man I must
tell you of— a blacksmith -worth 2s. (ii/. per day, re-
fuses to work, because his bees give him such a
good income. He has 1000 boxes; and — would you
believe it? — sometimes his swarms go away simply
because he won't pay 3 pence for a box to put them
in. He is " penny wise and pound foolish." 1 have
known his bees to remain three and four days on
trees in his yard, and not go away. I have seen the
bees working on comb, hanging where they swarm-
ed. To return to myself, I have 60 boxes, and I
mean to keep them on an improved scale. In Octo-
ber I expect those 60 to increase to 100. January,
when they start fair play, I exjiect them to be 300
before I take any honey; and by .luly, the end of
the honey and swarming season, if all goes well I
expect quite KKW boxes. I think my best plan
would be to start fi fresh apiary, letting this one go
on the same way. C. E. Scuuamohe.

Morant Bay, .lamaic.i, .July :Jf<, IH'^6.

Friend 8., we are very glad indeed to
hear of so good a report from Jamaica, and
X am particularly inlereblcd in that colored

blacksmith who has 1000 colonies, for I sup-
pose you mean by the term " boxes," liives
of bees. If our colored friend has got up to
this number of colonies, it seems to m(^ he
ought to have intelligence enough to take
hold of the A B C book, and I do not know
how to give any better advice than for you
both to follow its teachings. It is being re-
vised constantly: in fact, we are at work
every day in tiie year, to keep it. fully
abreast with the times in all late improve-
ments.— If I were you I should not be am-
bitious to become master of a thousand col-
onies. Ten colonies, so managed as to give
you lOUU lbs. of honey each season, will l)e
better than a large niunber with little or
no honey. Your success depends greatly on
your market. What does nice comb honey
in one-pound sections sell for in your prin-
cipal cities?

WHAT TO DO WHEN BEES SWARM IN THE I'AI.L.

Brother Roo^:— Inclosed find one dollar for
Gleanings. I really feel ashamed to send so
small an amount of cash for so lai'ge an amount of
instruction. My bees have made but little honey,
and have swarmed all the fall. What shall I do
with them? I hate to cut out the cells. I had one
swarm come out last Saturday, and I let them go
off because I did not want them. J. B. Pike.

Marshfleld, Vt., Sept. .5, 1886.

Thanks, friend P., for your kind words.
Before we can direct what you should do
with swarms that come out in the fall, we
should have to know whether you want an
increase of stocks or honey. In any case,
unless you are already overstocked I think it
will pay well to feed them. Late swarms,
when properly fed up, winter beautifully,
for the queen almost always raises a nice lot
of brood before winter sets in.

NOT VERY FLATTERING SUCCESS.

In the fall of 188;? I bought two hives of bees for
f^lO.OO. They wintered well on their stands. In
the spring of 1884 one of them swarmed once and
the other twice, making me in all five good swarms.
The same spring I traded a cow, valued at $10.00,
on Ave more young swarms, having then iu all
ten swarms; but there followed a dry fall, when
they did not do very well. In the spring of 1885
six of them were dead, with honey enough in their
hives, and the four alive. They dwindled away
until they were all gone. That ended my bee-
business. In April last I bought a hive again for
SS6.50, and from that one I now have five good
swarms, which have all been doing finely until
Avithin about four weeks, when the dry Aveather
came upon us, and Avhich is still reigning, since
Avhich time they huve gradually been doing less
and less, until now they are having actually nothing
to do, almost every thing being dried up. Now, what
can I do for my bees? Feed them? 1 f so, how?

Elkhart, Ipd., Aug. Vi, 1886. M. D. Wenger.

I would feed ; see Onr Own Apiary, last
issue.

BLACK UKES AVORliING ON RED CLOVER.

I have black bees tlijit Avork on rod clover ex-
tensiA'ely. One colony lias made 7.) lbs. of surplus,
and swarmed .June 3Hth. One young swarm that I
hived .lune 5th made 50 lbs. by June 2Tth. This
was surplus. Others have done as well. How is

781

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUEE.

Oct.

that for bla(-k bees? I have owuod bees 31 years,
and since June 12th is ray first experience with
Italians. In the ABC book I saw your statement
that you did not know what propolis wax is gather-
ed from. It is gathered from the quaking aspen,
poplar-buds, and balm in-Gilead. Drops of wax
can be seen at any season of the year. The bees
bite it off with their mandibles, and lay it in the
pollen sack. James P. Keynoi.ds.

Hydetown, Pa., July :{, 1880.

WII.\T SII.\I.F. WE DO IN A CASE Of SEVEItE
STINGING?

In your issue of Aug. l.'ith, page eor, you tell of a
ease of severe bee-stinging, where whisky was given
the credit of saving a child's life. I am willing to
give "honor to Avhom honor is due;" but as my
youngest child (30 months old) passed through a
similar experience one day last week, and recover-
ed without the use of any thing intoxicating, I
think it doubtful If it is necessary in such cases.
My baby was not unfrcquently stung last year, and
this without any unusual result; but on the day in
question ho trod on a rotten apple, and a bee stung
him under the foot. In two minutes he was swol-
len all over his body in an alarming maniior. White
blotches came out, accompanied by great itching;
he had also a difliculty in breathing. We laid him
on a lounge in as cool a room as we had, and fanned
him, applying hartshorn freely to the foot stung,
and in less than an hour the alarming symptoms
had subsided, leaving him intensely red all that day.
Now, why did it affect him so on that occasion?
Was it the extreme heat of the weather, or the con-
dition of the child's blood? or was the bee particu-
larly poisonous? Saaiuel U. Neave.

Hughesvillo, Md., Aug. 31, 1886.
Very true, friend N.; but wlien ;i cliild or
a horse has received 50 or ](J0 stings on vari-
ous parts of the body, are yon sure your mild
treatment would have auswercdV I am free
to confess, that I am very much averse to
the use of whisky, or, in fact, drugs in gen-
eral, in cases of severe stinging' ; but if whis-
ky loill save a chiUrs life, theii we ought not
to hesitate about administering it. 1 would,
however, resort to other means lirst ; and if
life still seems to be threatened. I would
give the Avhisky. Perhaps Prof. Cook can
advise us.

BEES and NEIGHBOUS, AGAIN.

Barry bee-keepers are in trouble again. Tliey
sued my husband in June, about the bees, claiming
they are a nuisance; but when they found the bees
belonged to me we settled without any suit by
agreeing to either move the bees or put up a fence
or screen. We put up a screen of muslin and can-
vas. There is a large cider-house in town where
they make a great deal of cider, and also buy apples.
They have no screens to the windows, and lately the
bees have been pretty thick in the cider house; as
it was extremely dry, there was no honey in the
fields. This cider-man and others drew up a petition
to have all the bees moved out of town, asking the
city council to pass an ordinance to that effect.
Now, what had the bee-keepers better do? I un-
derstand they have about 200 signers already to the
petition. It was circulated lively on Sunday. We
have no saloons in town, but this man sells hard
cider, and has been tried more than once. There
were nien io town yesterday whg ^vpvp drunk on

his cider. I should lik^e a hundred of your new
tracts, but they arc not broad enough to cover
nearly all the ground in our case.

Barry, III. Mrs. M. A. Shepherd.

My friend, you are striking on a great
problem. How shall we meet these great
things? If you should start out with a pe-
tition against cider-mills, and in favor of
bees, perhaps you could easily get more than
200 signers in a town that has no saloons.
In that case, I do not know how the council
could pass the ordinance you refer to; but
is that tiie best way to meet such questions V
You know the IJible says, "Not by might
nor by power, l)ut by my .Spirit." Can you
not put up screens of cliecse-cloth or mos-
quito-netting around the cider -mill? It
seems to me, my good friend, you liave
nearly the right spirit ; and with GocVs help,
even one intlividual is a majority. Is it not
so?

THE SUPEUIOUITV OF ITALIANS AGAIN, OVER
BLACK BEES.

The honey crop is almost a failui-c here. Good
colonies of Italians, however, have gathered about
45 lbs. on an average; but black bees have hardly
made enough to winter on.

RABBITS FOR KEEPING DOWN THE WEEDS AND
GRASS IN THE APIARY.

I have found the rabbits sold by Fradenburg to
be a valuable acijuisition to the apiary. Last year
I kept from 6 to 12 in an apiary of 25 colonies, and
they devoured grass and weeds as fast as they
appeared. This year I discarded them, and that
to my sorrow; for I have been annoyed not a little
with a rank growth of vegetation. Methinks I
hear you say, " Why did you not hoe up the
weeds?" Well, the bees seemed to prefer weeds
to slashing around with a hoe. I shall restock my
apiary next year with said rabbits. D. W. Moss.

San Augustine, Texas, Sept. 4, 1880.

BALLING QUEENS.

I should like if yourself, Ernest, or some of the
many writers in Gleanings, would give the cause
and remedy of the above trouble. In my ten years'
experience with brown bees I never heard of or
experienced any thing of the kind; but since I got
all Italians, it has got to be almost a common oc-
currence. I have lost a good many fine queens by
balling, and, it may be, through my manipulations
—not by introducing queens, understand, but from
working with the bees. Give me the cause, and
how to prevent it. Are the Italians subject to it?
John H. Mullin.

Oakland, Col. Co., Texas, Aug. 26, 1886.

Bees ball queens for the simple reason
that they do not wish to accept them, and
by that means they propose to sting or
smother them to death. Wlien a queen is
found to be balled, remove the li;-.me to
which is attached tlie ball. With the
smoker in one hand send a few piifl's upon
the ball until you can seethe queen. Con-
tinue puffing smoke upon the bees so tena-
ciously clinging to the queen, until you can
pick her up by the wings. In doing this, in
all probability two or three bees will still
adhere to the queen. These you must pick
off one by one. In taking a queen out of
a ball of bees, a smoker is almost indispen-
sil'le, though I )iave done it without one.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

785

DKUMMINO UEKS.

I am an A 15 C scholar; and if you will allow ine
a little space in Gleanings I should like to ask
you to explain a point in reference to transferring
bees from boxes to tno\'ablc-franie hives, which I,
for one, do not understand. On page 300 (A B C
book) j-ou say (allow nio to quote it word for word,
so as to make no mistake) ;

"A little before swarming: time, pry the top from
your box hive and set a singrle-story Simplicity
over it, making all the joints bee-tight. Now hang
frames tilled with fdn. in this new hi\'e, and the
bees will soon work up into it. After the queen
g-els to laying in these combs the bees will soon
all move up into it and .you can lift it otf and trans-
fer, or do what you please with the old hive and
combs. When you are hurried, this plan gets your
stock gradually into improve<i hives, without very
much trouble, and no mussing with dripping
honey."

Mr. Doollttle, in his review of the book, advances
just my idea exactly (No. K!). He says:

"Why don't you drum out those bees to start
with, and have them out of the way? "

You answer, "Because 1 like the way I have
given, best." Now, Mr. Hoot, will you kindly give
3-our reason for not driimming thoi^e bees out at
once?

I fear the honey-crop is not coming up to the
average, this year, in this locality. I tried sowing
buckwheat in front of the hives, but I have never
yet seen a bee at woik at it, although they go in
multitudes to a field of l.uck\\ lie.it from a quarter
to half a mile away. W. M. B.viiNU.M.

Angelica, N. Y., Aug. 35, 1880.

Friend B., I would not waste time in
drumaaing bees out, for I can transfer a
hive and have it all linished during the time
ordinarily occupied by tlie drumming pro-
cess. I have tliorouglily tried both ways.
Tlie passage you quote" was only a sugges-
tion to those who prefer to transfer in that
manner. Our regtUnr way of transferring
is given just before the above, as you may
recollect. I should think it probable that,
for some reason or other, tiiere was no hon-
ey secretion in your own iield of buckwheat.

IIENDEUSON'S substitute FOIt GL..VSS S.iSHES.

In Feb. No. of Gleanings, page 143, you quote
from Henderson's price list a substitute for glass
sashes for protecting and forwarding plants. Are
they safe to use all winter, or only in spring, after
glass has been kept over the plants during winter?
Did you try stout cotton cloth instead of cheese-
cloth, as you had intended? If you did, how did it
work? J. M. Keiires.

Dornsife, Pa., Aug. 3."), 1886.

Friend K., we did try the substitute for
glass a good deal. Stout cotton cloth, well
painted with lin.^eed oil, Avas a good deal
more protection than Henderson's thin
cloth ; but the great trouble with both of
them was, tliat tliey were blown about by
the wind so as to make them practically use-
less. If they were not blown clear otf, the
cloth would hop up and down, so as to act
like a bellows, expelling the warm air and
drawing in the cold air, until the tempera-
ture was about the same outside as inside.
Stretching it out on a frame, something as
we do a sasli. would doul)t!ess answer a good
deal better ; but even then we should have
the bellows motion about tlie same. I have

about decided in favor of glass ; and early
in the fall, or toward spring, as the season
grows warmer I would alternate the glass
sash with shutters made of light pine. In
extremely cold weather these sash will an-
swer to cover the glass for an additional [)ro-
tection, the shutters being used, of course,
nights and during cloudy days.

REPOKT FROM FLORIDA; O. O. POPI'LETON, AND
HIS CHANGE OF LOCATION.

Bees are gathering more from the golden rod
this season than 1 have ever known them to do be-
fore. They are also working freely on the cow-
pea and some small white wild flowers, but are
breeding heavily for this time of year, and re-
ducing their store of honey as a rule. The man-
grove put on (]uitc a quantity of late bloom, but I
do not think the bees got much if any hocey from
it this year.

Mr. O. O. I'oiipleton and family have sold out
their place in Iowa, and will remove to their
property here next month. He intends to bring-
about 100 colonies of bees with him from the North.
He and his wife have spent three winters in this
State, and, finding it agrees with their tastes, and
promises well for their chosen pursuit, besides
greatly improving their health, they now come to
remain permanently. W. S. Haiit.

Hawks Park, Fla., S?pt. I'J, 1886.

Friend 11., our best wishes go with our
good friend Poppleton and his family; and
we trust he will hold out as faithful and en-
ergetic in his work there as he has in the
Northern States. We shall perhaps miss
him to some extent from our conventions
here in the North ; but what is our loss, we
trust will prove to be your gain.

ANOTHER BEE-KEEPER SUFFERS LOSS FRO.M
FIRE.

This morning, just before daybreak, our little
village was aroused by cries of flre; and on looking
out we saw the large lumber-mill of C. W. Smith
completely involved in lli.nj. Nothing could be
done to save the mill— the efforts of the villagers
being directed to saving surrounding property.
Every thing in the mill was destroyed, including
the most of my hive-making machinery, a small
quantity of lumber, etc., on which there was no
insurance. I shall immediately replace the ma-
chinery; and as my storehouse was unharmed, I
think I shall be able to fill all orders from that
until 1 get to running again. C. W. Costellow.

Waterboro, York Co., Me., Sept. 9, 1886.

Friend C, I think I shall say again, as I
have said before, that, if I could not have
my business insured, I would not liave the
business, unless, indeed, it were a business
of such a nature tliat,wiiile insurance would
hi exceedingly high, the profits would be
very large, and the amount of capital invest-
ed comparatively small.

CARNIOLANS NOT STORING MUCH SURPLUS.

My experience with Carniolans is somewhat
similar to j-ours and friend Swinson's. I obtained
from Charles D. Duvall two fine queens in June,
raised from an imported queen from Frank Ben-
ton. One of them proved to be mated with an
Italian, and her progeny proved to bo very yellow;
the other was i)urely mated, her progeny being a
gj-ay ill color, sonicAyhfvt Jike our old uative gray

786

GLEANII^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

bee, and yet a practiced eye can detect a differ-
ence. They both proved exceedingly prolific; bees
arc good workers, but make very little surplus
honey. They seem to consume all extra honey in
brood-raising, and I'or fertile workers they sur-
pass any thing I have ever seen. Iha\c seen as
many as one dozen depositing eggs at one time.
I, like friend Doolittlc, find home-raised Italians
the best. T. Guaiiam Ashmead.

Williamson, N. Y.

QUEENS UAISED UNDER THE SWARMING IM-
PULSE—ARE THEY PREFERABLE?

I have read several times in Gleanings con-
cerning queens raised under the swarming im-
pulse, and those raised in strong nuclei. 1 have
experimented largely on that point, and I prefer
those not raised under the swarming impulse, as
they do not swarm so much, which is a benefit to
the honey-producer. Now for facts concerning
the matter:

In the spring of 1884 I had a very strong colony
of Italians, which superseded their queen and
swarmed with virgins, three in number. I caged
the three virgin queens and returntd the swaruL
I then turned those three virgin queens in three
ditferent colonies, where there was nothing but
cells— no queen. They wore accepted at once, and
the cells torn down; and those colonies, and those
where I introduced those queens, swarmed more or
less all through the season. In ISSo I tried the
same with the same result; also the same result
this year, Mhile those raised in strong nuclei
swarmed but once, and then came down to solid
work. I received more honey from the bees raised
from queens reared in strong nuclei or colonics
after the swarming season was over than I did
from those raised under the swarming impulse.

JoSIAII EA.STBUHN.

Fallsingtou, Bucks Co., Pa., Sept. 20, 1836.

MILKWEED HONEY.

I mail you to-day a sample of n) llaveed honey.
My bees have made about a ton of it this year. I
do not like its flavor, but think it has a beautiful
color. In a larger package it has a very bright
golden color. It is, as you see, very thick, but I
allowed it to be entirely capped over befoi-e ex-
tracting. 1 have never seen mention made of
milkweed as a honey-plant, and therefore send
you this sample, believing it will be something
new to you. Now, don't say I am mistaken, and it
is not from milkweed, for 1 know itts. I never knew
bees to work faster, or store honey more rapidly,
even from basswcod. This ton of honey was all
gathered in about a week, by sixty colonics. I nev-
er noticed this honey until a year ago, when 1 had
a small quantity- two or three hutidred pounds—
1 thought then it was "bug-juice," but know better
now. Please pass your judgment on it, and report.
I do not think it will be generally liked, for our
neighbors nearly all condemn it. Willis Early.

Sherman. Pa , Sept. 3;i, 1886.

Thciiiks, friend E. Its color and transpar-
ency are beautiful, and I think the flavor is
beautiful, though many may not agree with
me. It seems to me that your neighbors
are hard to please, if tliey dislike honey like
the sample sent. I thought at lirst I had
seen samples of honey from the milkweed ;
but come to think of it, I guess it was fire-
weed. i3ut how about the little appendages

that tangle the bees' feet? In reading your
letter, I was surprised that you did not men-
tion them. Didn't your bees get clogged,
and fall down to the bottom of the hive, as
so many have complained, where milkweed
was plentifulV The fact you furnish us is
another evidence of what I have often
said, that almost every plant that grows is
liable to furnish honey whenever we have a
year when the conditions happen to be just
right for its secretion.

C.4N FOUNDATION BE SO MADE THAT THE BEES
WILL NOT USE IT EOll BUOOD-IiBARING?

Ha;; the experiment ever been tried, of making
foundation of such shape that it will not be used
for brood? It seems to mo that it can be done. If
such could be done, it would be of great practical
value. If it has not been tried, it seems to me that,
with the means you have, and facilities for experi-
menting, it would be a profitable field to work in.

Sergeant's Bluff, Iowa. L. M. Brown.

Friend B., if you consult the back pages
of Gleanings you will find pages devoted
to the discussion of the best size of cell ; and
for a year c r two we even sent out fdn. with
the cells made between the size of worlcer
and drone. It answered for comb honey in
sections, for the bees rarely if ever tried to
put brood in it when used for that purpose ;
but when used for brood-combs, every little
while there would be a cell containing no
brood, and on this account the use of it was
abandoned.

IMPORTED CARNIOLAN BEES.

I will comply with your request in your foot-notes
to J. B. Mason, page 616, 18b'6, by sending in my re-
port, or experience, of an imported Carniolan queen
from last summer, a report of which was given on
pages 529 and .596. The queen proved a remarkably
good layer, so that, at the time of going into winter
quarters, the colony was one of my strongest ones.
1 fed them about half their winter stores. They
were wintered successfully in a Koot chaff hive
and came out strong. They swarmed June Tth,
were hived on empty combs, and soon had eight
frames with brood, but almost no honey. They
swarmed again Julj- 31st, and were hived this time
on frames with foundation. They were examined
this morning, Aug. 5, and I found them drawn out
about I4 of an inch, with eggs in two frames, and a
little honey in one frame only. Upon e.vamining
the hive from which they issued July ;Jlst, I found
brood in ten frames, and I don't believe there was a
cupful of honey, even if all were extracted. The
workers are all of a uniform color, no yellow in the
least, and the very gentlest nature. I can open the
hive during any part of the day, and remove all
frames, without any smoke or veil. They remain
quiet, and evenly divided over the combs. The
daughters raised from this queen prove equally
fertile, and the workers are much better honey-
gatherers. 1 did not get this queen to raise queens
for sale, but merely for my own satisfaction.

1 think it a very difficult matter to keep this race
pure— much more so than the Italian race. 1 have
now in my yard about 1.5 Carniolan colonies, all
raised from this imported queen, and all but a few
have yellow bands, and some of these are the pret-
tiest bees I ever saw. Those that have no yellow
bands have more the resemblance of our common
UJack bees by lacking- the steel-coloied appearance,

1886

gleajSIngs in uee culture.

7S7

and more or less the bands ol' down. I have only
two strains of bees, Carniolans and Italians. 1
think they are a hearty and prolific race; and if
nii.xed with Italians they will, pcrhaiis, be an ini-
jiroveinent. K. K. Bi.amk, M. D.

Hatfield, Pa., Aug. 5, 1886.

Thanks for your candid opinion of the
Carniolans. Your experience ^Yith this new
race is about the same as ours. We can not,
therefore, think we have been impartial in
the statement of their good and bad (luali-
ties.

WINTEKING BEES IN THE UPPEK CHAMBEU OE A
HOUSE.

I have great faith in your opinion on the general
j)rineiplcs of bec-kceping-, from the long- and exten-
sive practice and eA'perience you have had, and
the many methods that have been represented to
jou of wintering- bees. I have had bees more or
less for 40 years; but at the time I first kept bees
there was no trouble in Avintcring' them. They then
took care pretty much of themselves; but for some
ten years, or thereabouts, back, I have lost about
as many every winter as I gain ahead every sum-
mer. 1 have tried a g-ood many ways that I have
heard recommended, and the best luck I have had
was something- of a chatt' or straw protection, or
simpi.\- a larg-e box put over the hive and stuffed
Avith dry hay between, leaving- the entrance open
all winter, so that the bees can lly when thej' wish
to. Hut my success has not been up to the stand-
ard I should like. I want to begin in time this sea-
son, and try to get what light I can get on the sub-
ject. 1 have been proposing- to try the ehaniber of
my dwelling-house. It is the third-story from where
we live, a good lath-and-plastered room, some 14
feet scfuarc. It can be darkened, and made close.
The pipe from two stoves enters the chimney in
said room. There is no chance of their being dis-
turbed by jarring or noise. I should like to hear
your opinion on wintering- in that loeatioji. I have
al:o thought of trying- some in my hay-barn, jiaek-
ing in hay away up above my horses.

Romance, Wis., Aug. :i8, 188H. Wii,i,ia.m Hall.

Friend II., putting Uie Ijees in an upper
room is pretty miicli discarded. Although
they »)(/(// he wintered nicely in a bain, the
conditions are so seldom just rigid for it I
would not recommend it. The wliole sii))-
ject is thoroughly gone over in the A IJ C
book; and to put it briefly, uidess you put
your bees in a perfectly frost-proof reposit-
ory they had much better be in the open air,
wliere the stni can strike the hives as nnicii
as possible. Protection from prevailing
winds is also an advantage, and this is l)est
done by buildings and higli l)oard fences ;
but don't cut off tlie stin unless you can
give them something better. 1 fear the
stovepipe would at times make the room too
warm, and thus cause trouble.

EOIM. BIJOOn I.\ A S.MALL .\P1AKY, AMt A Sl'lilO AS
WELL AS SENSIBLE CUKE.

I notice in Gleanings for Aug. 1 that you have
foul brood in your apiary, and that you ai-e desti-<)>--
ing- all combs affected with it, which I think is the
shortest and surest cure you can practice. In my
experience, one year ago. with the same trouble, I
succeeded in curing it with but little time or ex-
pense. I will tell the experience I had with it. I
will first state, that I was taken sick about the first

of February, 1885, and was not able to attend to or
look after my 1.5 colonies of bees till about the
middle of June. By this time I had lost 8 of them
with foul brood, and the other seven were in a hor-
rible condition when I first looked them over in
June, when I was not able to do much work; but
by a strong- determination I prepared 7 hives with
full sheets of fdn.. and then I built a small fire by
piling- old i-ails and brush together, and then I com-
menced operations. I went to my first hive and
found the queen and caged her; then I removed
the old hive from the stand, bottom-board and all,
and replaced one of the clean ones, filled with fdn.,
and laid the caged queen on the top-bars of the
frames, and put on my quilt. Then I went to my
affected hi\e and took out a frame and shook oft'
the bees and then pitched it on my fire, and so oi:
until 1 had the whole 7 treated in the same way,
burning up combs and frames, hives, bottom-board,
and all. "At night I closed in the bees for 48 hours,
with a wire screen, and then I let them out and
liberated the (jueens, and that was the last of foul
brood I saw among- my bees, and I think 1 am en-
tirely rid of it, as there has none appeared up to
date.

Bees are doing fairly in this section. My best col-
ony will make over 100 lbs.; I think they will aver-
age 75 lbs. i)er colony. P. D. Millek.

Grapevine, Pa., Aug. 7, 188v5.

You did exactly right in treating your col-
onies in the way you did ; but with our large
number of colonies it would be rather ex-
pensive business. We hope to ciu'e it by the
treatment we have been giving. Shoidd we
fail, however, we may burn every thing ex-
cept the bees.

NOVA SCOTIA, .\Ni) ITS HONEY KESOUHCES.

I am a native of the U. S. I came here from Al-
liance, ()., last fall. 1 have found two kinds of clo-
\er which I think bees can worli on. The clovers
grow very tall -as iall as the large red; the blos-
som of one is white, the other red. Are these al-
sikc clovers? This is a great country for the honey-
bees, but the industry is in its infancy. Wild flow-
ers and white clover are abundant, 'i'he main
trouble is in wintering bees. I have begun with a
new swarm, and the hive— old upright— has in it al-
ready at least a bushel of brood and honey.

Hev. G. L. Kankin.

Lunenburg, No\a Scotia, July 13, 1886.

Friend K., we are glad of your report, and
trust you may be successful in introducing
bee culture into yoiu' far-away home. Some
years ago we had a correspondent who gave
us some very fair reports from Nova Scotia,
but we have not heard from him of late. —
Alsike clover is much like white clover in
appearance, only tlie leaves and blossoms
are larger, and the petals, instead of being
white, arc tipped v.ith pink. In fact, the ap-
pearance indicates just what the plant is—
a cross between the white and red clover.

THE VALUE OE A gUEEN NOT DEPENDENT UPON
lIEIt SIZE OK LOOKS.

.luiie II you mailed me an Italian queen, nntrstnt:
and as you particularly state in j-our catalogue
that you nuike no choice in sending dollar <jueens,
I mentione<l nothing about wanting one of partic-
ular tieauty, etc. When she arrived, whjeh she did
in good time, I must confess I Avas greatly disap-

788

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

pointed, for she could hardly be distinguished from
her attendants. Nevertheless I put her with the
hive, and the bees having- accepted her I watched
and waited for developments. She has proved hei--
self a very treasure, having- filled every thing with
brood, and keeps it up. Now, if she were only a lit-
tle different from the rest in size, 1 would not part
with her for considerable; but as my frames lit the
hives too closely I am almost afraid to open them,
fearing that I may kill her majesty while putting
the frames back in place. If I could tell her I could
guard against any such catastrophe.

A. R. CO.MSTOCK.

Sayville, Suffolk Co., N. Y., July 19, 1886.

AN .\ B C SCHOLAR S EXPERIENCE IN DIVIDING.

I have your ABC book, and have gained a large
amount of information from it, but am now in a
puzzle.

A few days ago I divided a verj^ strong colony,
and made two of it. I put h frames in the new
hive, about one-half of which was brood, the other
half honey. Last night when I opened it to. see
how they were coming on I was astonished to find
the honey entirely gone, no sign of any, and a large
amount of young bees hatched out, and some
dead ones in the bottom of the hive. Now, -what
became of the honey, and how shall I operate ?

Philadelphia, Pa. F. W. Taylor.

Your nucleus luis been robbed, friend T.
When you make an artiticial colony, you
must be sure that the bees have learned to
defend themselves. If you will make the
entrance small, the young bees just hatched
out will very soon keep out robl)ers. The
best way to" feed them to keep them from
starving will be by means of a comb of
brood, bees, and honey, from the parent
hive. Sometimes the bees that are old
enough to fly will go back to the parent col-
ony, taking all the honey with them. This
may be the case with your bees.

AN UNUSUAL, EFFECT OF ATTACHIXO \ Dl{ONE-E.\.-
CLUDER TO THE ENTRANCE.

Will you kindly give your opinion on the follow-
ing case, through Gle.\nings ? Last Sunday, Mr.
John Oliver, a neighbor of mine, had a swarm come
off. He hived them, but they almost immediately
left the new hive and returned to their old home.
He then put on a drone-e.xcluder in front of the old
hive, and went to church, satisfied in his own mind
that he had fixed them this time. In the evening,
on examining them, ho found the combs all down
and the bees either dead or dying; but there was
(luite a lot of bees clustering outside. The hive
was under a shade-tree. It had not much honey in-
side, but combs were well filled with brood. The
frames are 13 inches wide by I.') deep, and not wired.

Friend Oliver's theory is, that when, finding the
drone-excluder on, they became so exasperated
that they ripped every thing to bits, and so brought
the misfortune on themselves. My oi>inion is, that
the hive had become overheated, and that the
combs, having no wire to supjiort them, had melted
down.

We have had a very flno show of white clover this
season; but owing to the extreme heat and want of
rain it did not last long.

I met with a curiosity a few days ago while driv-
ing through the country. I met with a man who
has kept bees lor over M years, and had never seen

a queen until I opened one of his hives and pointed
her majesty out to him. J. N. Kendall.

Ilderton, Ont., Can.

Friend K., your drone-excluder is what
made the trouble. The colony was probably
a very strong one, and the drone-excluder
so hindered them fro.ni getting out and in
that the entrance became blocked, and a
stampede ensued, leading tlie bees to so cover
every crevice that afforded air that the in-
mates of the hive were smothered. In such
a case the heat of the hive will nm up uu-
til the bees, brood, etc., get almost scalding
hot, melting the combs, and letting every
thing fall to the bottom in a sticky mush.
Where you lind such a condition of affairs
in time, you may save the bees by rinsing
them in water not too cold, and then drying
them in tiie sun, placed on a coarse cloth or
sieve, so the water will run off and allow
them to get dry. Wlien bees get smothered
in this way they disgorge the honey in their
sacks, and this is sufficient to make the
whole mass about as wet as if thev were
drowned in honey. Sometimes a portion of
the b(es will escape, and cluster on the out-
side of the hive, as you suggest. We have
sometimes saved these daubed bees by put-
ting them in the upper story of a chaff hive,
allowing the inmates to lick them off. By
the time they get down to the entrance they
will be all right ; but if you let them loose
when thus daubed they will crawl out in the
dirt and die by the thousands.

cement FOR BOTTOMS OF HIVES.

On page .WS, June Gleanings, it is asked, "Will
stone do for bottoms?" i'es, but cement ones are
cheaper and better. Take cement, same as for
cistern work. Make a mold of a size and shape
that will take a wood bottom for Simplicity hive;
fill with mortar and strike it off. This sets in a few
minutes, and can be removed. I .make the most
of mine where I want them to i-cmain. I make a
little mound of dirt, sand, or sawdust, the height I
desire my hive; level off the top a little larger than
the bottom; have a frame about one inch thick,
and the size I want my bottom inside. Set this on
the mound, and fill with mortar, and press in the
front, where you desire the entrance, with a suit-
able thin board; level with the top of the frame,
then strike off' and liftoff your frame. It is cheap
and durable— no rot, cracks, nor warp. No patent.
They do well here. John Cravcraft.

Altoona, Orange Co., Fla.

5^6B^CC0 (30MMN.

AT work on COTTONWOOD.

T HAVE been reading in Gleanings where any
1^ one who would quit the use of tobacco you
^l would send him a smoker. I have been using
"■^ the filthy weed for 14 years, and I determine
to quit it. I quit it May 15; and if I ever use
the weed agflin I will send you one dollar for your
trouble. I have 10 hivos of bees, all in movable
comb-frames, and they are at work on the cotton-
bloopig. I don't know whether cotton produces
much honey or not. The honey-Crop has been
very poor iu this section this jcar, but I tbinlc-tbe

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

789

prospect is ^ood lor a lull crop of honey. Crops
arc fine in this lo!_".ility. Mollie A. Taylok.

Ozen, Ark., Aug. 2, 1886.

HAS USED IT FOR 18 YEAHS

I hcreb}' say that I have quit the use of tobacco,
after making myself a slave to it lor 18 years.
You will please send me a smoker, according- to
your agreement; and I pledge myself that, when I
shall commence the use of tobacco I will forward
the price of smoker to you. R. J. West.

Verona, Mo., Aug-. 10, 1886.

I received the smoker all rig-ht, and am well
fileased with it. I w.ll endeavor to fulfill my con-
tract with you. R. J. We.st.

Verona, Mo., Aug-. 31, 1886.

1 see that you give a smoker to all who will leave
off using tobacco. If you will send me a smoker
I agree to let tobacco alone; and if I take it up
again I agree to send the pay for it. E. Ladd.

Meredith Village, N. H., Aug. 11, 1886.

QUITS IT AT 45 YEARS OF AGE.

C. C. Lee requested me to say to you that he
learned to use tobacco before he can remember,
and has used it all his life. He is 4.") years old. He
says if jou will send him a smoker (he has quit),
if he ever uses any more tobacco he will pay you

lor it. W. D. TiTCHENELL.

Pleasant Hill, West Va., Sept. 9, 1886.

I presumed that Ihe promise to pay fcr the smo-
ker upon becoming a smoker was implicit; in lact,
a necessary inference, at all events. 1 consider
myself bound in honor to pay for the same, ac-
cordingly to conditions named by you.

Woodstock, III., Aug. 8, 1S86. A. W. Cummins.

don't CRAVE IT NOW.

You sent me a smoker when I quit the use of
tobacco. 1 have never used it since, and I don't
crave it now. It has been a great hel[) to me. I
have not been sick a minute since I quit the use of
it. Rousseau Hukd.

Mt. Eric, 111., July 30, 1886.

I have not used any tobacco since May 31, and
have determined never to use any more. You may
send me one of your smokers, it you tey fit to do
so; and should I ever use tobacco again I will send
you the price of the smoker. Myi{<jn I. Nouth.

Novesta, Mich., Aug. 18, 1886.

My neighbor has been induced to give up the
use of tobacco, and requests me to ask you to send
him a smoker. He promises to pay for the same
if he ever uses tobacco again in any form.

San Augustine, Tex., July 30, 1886. D. W. Moss.

A betteh substitute for quietinci bees.

I see in your Tobacco Column you are giving
smokers to encourage men to quit using tobacco.
Now, I am a beginner in keeping bees, also in
smoking. I am 36 years old, and never kept a pipe
in my house until I thought I had to in order to
sicken my bees; but it sickens me sometimes
worse than it does tlie bees. If you send me a
smoker I shall not be obliged to smoke with a pipe.
T am well pleased with Gleanings and with the
ABC book you sent mc. I think no one keeping-
bees can afford to be without either. 1 would not
take many times their cost and bo without them.

Sandusky, N. Y., Aug, 21, 183fi. U. G. LEWts.

has gone to stay.

I have given up tobacco, and it has gone to stay.
Although 1 have never been a habitual user of the
weed, 1 found that it was beginning to get the
better of me, and, not desiring- to become a slave
to the vile stuff, I made up my mind that I would
quit; and so, throwing away that filthy cigar, I
.said, "That's the last tobacco that shall go into my
mouth, and I will keep my promise." Now, I don't
want a smoker, but I should like to have the book
entitled, "A Dose of Truth," which perhaps may
help me along in this one good act of my life.

E.MERY E. Benders.

Aspers, Adams Co., Pa., July, 1886.

Frieiul I?., we notice you fought the battle
with tobacco near the place where the battle
of Gettysburg was fought.

FRIEND ERWIN TAKES THE PLEDGE, AND MORAL-
IZES ON TOB.ICCO IN POETICAL MEASURE.

I just received your postal, requesting me to
pay for the smoker if I ever use tobacco again. I
promise to pay you for two smokers if 1 ever use
tobacco again in my life. I took a pledge when I
was a little boy about 8 years old, never to use in-
to.xicating- licjuors as a beverage, and I have kept
that pledge 43 years, and feel sure I can the rest of
my days. I know I can do the same with tobacco.

That i)ei-nicious weed, whose scent the fail- annoys,

Unfriendly to our highest joys;

Its worst effeet is banishing for hours

The ?ex wliose presence civilizes ours.

It is, indeed, the drufr the pardener wants.

To poison vevinin that infest his plants;

Are we to wit ;ind lieauty ciuite so blind

As to ilespise the tflory of our kind,

.\nd show the softest minds and fairest forms

.\s little mercy as the gr)ibs and worms »

F. M. Erwin.

Newhal!, Los Angeles Co., Cal., Aug. 6, 1886.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

THE A B C.

The A B C of Bee Culture is at hand. I am de-
lighted with it. It is rich with illustrations, and
replete with interest. Every page is ablaze with
inspiring thought. G. A. Farrand.

Rockport, O., Sept. 18, 1886.

HOW OUR IIIVE MATERIAL FITS.

If ever I had fun it was in putting those queen-
hives together, which you made to order for me;
every thing fits nicely. I believe I now have the
very' best queen-rearing hives in use.

Grocsbcck, O. W. S. Pouder.

THE GRAMMAR CLASS IN BEE CULTURE.

I am very much pleased with Ei-ncst. I believe
if he lives he will be to the " grammar class " what
his father has been to the A B C— viz.. an honest,
earnest guide. I like especially his style of drop-
ping- a word occasionally for his Master, and wish
him the heartiest success. Geo. W. Blake.

Cape May City, N. J., Sept. 8, 1886.

[Thanks, friend B. Your kind words are not with-
out encouragement. Yes, dear friend. I hope I
shall ever try to droj) a word for the Master.]

OUR UNTESTED QUEENS.

The tested queen you sent to mc in June last is a
prize to me. I would not take $2:5 for Ijer and her
colony. Her workers are of a beautiful bright yel-
low, vorv gentle, and as smart workers as I ever
had in my apiary. They all show three bands dis-
tinctly, an'd that when they are entirely empty. I
do not think thev can be excelled by any.

J/Onoke, Ark., Aug. 16, 1836. A. J. UL.VCKFOaD.

790

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

PROM 10 TO 19, AND 330 LBS. OF HONEY.

I UR bees have done well this summer. We in-
I creased from 10 to 19, and have taken nearly
I 300 lbs. of section honey, mostly white clover.
' and expect moi-e. Franklin Fickes.

Blackleysville, Ohio. Sept. 6, 188ti.

My bees have been swarming- all summer, and
now honey is coming in with a rush.

J. C. Mehiui\ian.
Deckersville, Mich., Aug-. 7, 1886.

HONEY-CROP LIGHT.

The honey-crop is lig-ht in this section. I shall
have only about six tons; ordinarily I should have
fifteen. I am holding it for better prices, which
are sure to come. S. Z. Mill.\ku.

Banning, Cal., Aug. ^8, 1886.

I have 30 swarms of bees, mostly black bees, a
few hybrids; some of my swarms have given me
80 lbs. of fine box honey to a colony, and two new
swanns. Ben.i. Ollei«en.siiaw.

Lima, N. Y., Sept. -', 1886.

A GOOD SEASON.

We have had a very good season so far— plenty
of rain all summer, and bees have done well on
white clo\er and blue thistle. If they had all been
in good shape in the spring avc could easily have
made 103 lbs. of comb honey per colony; but as it
is, some will exceed 100 lbs., while all will average
over 50 lbs., spring count. The honey is of nice
(|uality. H. W. Bass.

Happy Creek, Warren Co., Va. .. Aug. !», 1886.

FROM 81; TO l:i"), ANO 5t,'00 LUS. OF HONEV.

We are having a terrible drought here at present,
not having had sufficient rain to do much good
since the fore ])art of Miiy. However, the bees
have done remarkably well, and bee men have no
reason to complain, except at the low price of hon-
ey, which is retailing at l^'j els. for comb in 1-lb.
sections, and 8i., for extracted. My report is as
follows: 81 colonies, spring count; increased by
natural swarming and building up nuclei, to 12.5;
took 30C0 lbs. of extracted, and 2000 lbs. of comb
honey in sections. Bees are in good condition now.

Oskaloosa, la., Aug. 37, 1886. S. L. Sherman.

FROM 24 TO 40, .\NI) 3700 LBS. OF HONEY; FIRST
premium on honey, a IjA .V B c.

1 began the season with 24 stands, about 20 of
(hem strong. I increased by natural swarming to
40 stands, and took 2.00 lbs. of honey, 1700 lbs. of
which was comb honey, mostly in lib. sections. I
use the " Langstroth-Simplicity" hive, and think it
can't be surpassed for taking comb honey in 1-lb.
sections. This has been a splendid season, both for
(juality and quantity of the honey-croi). The bees
had a long run on white clover and a short but
heavy run on basswood. Since basgwood ceased,
my bees have gathered enough fall honey to put
them in splendid shape for winter. 1 got the first
premium on both comb and extracted honey at our
county fair this fall, the result of knowing how to
take comb honey in nice shape, which I learned
from the ABC book and Gleanings.
Browntown, Wig., Sept. 16,1886. H.\RKV Lathrop,

]\[0¥Eg )q[]\[D QOE^IEg.

hearing queens in greenhouses.

Up bout those bees in greenhouses, to make cu-
gflg, cumbers bear, don't you think that is the

j^lf place to breed queens and mate them ';"
-*^^ A. W. Dennison.
Sherburne, N. Y., Sept. 24, ICee.
[Friend D., the idea was talked about a good
many j ears ago, and considerable experimenting
was done in trying to get queens fertilized in wire-
cloth houses and in greenhouses; but it all resulted
in failure, although a great deal of money was ex-
pended in the matter. With the bees working as
naturally as they do in friend Rawson's cucumber
greenhouses, very likely it might be done, but I
hardly think it would succeed, even then, enough to
make it practicable. If the colonies in the green-
house are fed up to the swarming-point, so as to
make the hive pi'oduce drones, perhaps it could be
managed ]

GROWING sweet CLOVER SUCCESSFULLY.

1 sowed five acres more of sweet clover this year.
I was surprised to hear that Dr. Miller could not
get a stand of it. I have no trouble at all in getting
it to grow. In the fall is the best time to sow it.

Hillsdale, la. E. W. Pitzer.

HONEY SEASON ABOUT OVER.

Coreopsis, Spanish needle, did not yield abund-
antly, on account of dry weather. I realized about
50 lbs. per colony, and have a little to extract yet.
There will probably be 8 or 10 lbs. more.

lola. Ills., Sept. 18, 18?6. Geo. Wiseheart.

HONEY ICE-CREAM.

1 made it last year for the State Fair, and it took
well. Now I regularly keep it in my store, and it is
much liked, and sells. It is simply using the finest
white-clover honey for tlavoring, and not getting it
too sweet. This is another avenue to dispose of
honey; it is only a little, but the little helps.

Arthur Todd.

Germantown Ave.. Philadelphia, Pa.

A POOR SEASON.

The hone.y season has been a poor one in this
locality this year. I commenced the season with
86 good strong colonies, and have taken lOCO lbs. of
comb honey and 000 lbs. of extracted, and increas-
ed to 125 colonics. I .shall have to feed some, as
the bees did not fill up from basswood. This is not
a very good report, but it is the best I can do this
year. B. B. Wesley.

La Grange, Lorain Co., O., Sept. 14, J885.

eggs failing to hatch.

We have in appearance a very fine queciL a
daughter of the one we purchased of you. She was
reared in a two-frame nucleus, July 12 being the
day of her birth. She now has five frames, mostly
filled with eggs; some were laid fourteen days ago,
and we have failed yet to see the first egg hatch.
Will ytu kindly inlorni us wluit (he lrouL!c is ?

A. E. Harkek & Bros.

Ilorncrstown, N. J., Aug. 4, 1886.

[l can not tell you what the trouble is, friend H.,
but I can explain that the phenomenon is not new.
Perhaps one queen in five or ten thousand will lay
eggs that never produce larvte, like the one you
ha\e. It is simply an accidental physical defect. |

C.iNAD.V TH1ST[.ES, AND HOW ERADICATED.

In regard to Canada thistles, I got the best of a
patch about 10 by 13 feet by pulling them up just
after a rain. It wug rough on the thumb and flng-er,

188(5

gleanikctS in i^EE CULTUiiE.

T91

but I clealied them, and th<rc has not one shown
itself for two years now. 1 pulled some with roots
two feet long-. Ed. tt. HAcnvi-EV, 1:5-39.

Weston, O., .Tnly 19, 1.S86.

[Friend B., T am pleased to tell yon that I have
also g-ot ahead of the Canada tliistles on our little
patch; at least, they are getting- to be scarcer and
scarcer, and now tliej- have almost ceased to sprout.
.My plan is to dig- the ground over with my fingers
about once in three days. From this repeated dig-
glng, it has now become so fine that it is .just fun
to hunt it over for the smallest sprout. I hardly
think it will manifest itself at all another season.
On a large scale, I would use an Acme harrow]

CAS WE PKF.SEKVK. THE .<IlOM.V OF NEW FIONEY?

Is there any method by which the aroma of fresh-
ly extracted hone.v can be secured to the honey
during- the year? Will fruit-Jars scaled do ity

St. Paul, Minn. Wm. WAKEKiEF.n.

[Ves, my friend, sealing- it up as soon as it is
gathered will do it, providing- the honey is not so
thin that it soon sours; liut, by the way. I think T
would rather have it after tin.' a;-oma had some of
it departed— basswood honey, for instance; or, if
you please, licuiey from seed onions.]

NOT A S.MEI.L OF BASSWOOD.

There was not basswood honey enough this year
to give me a smell of it. Last year it seemed to be as
abundant as white clover. Bees have gathered more
than usual from buckwheat, and will get some from
goldenrod; but we do not count much on this for
surplus. .7. L. Hubbard.

Walpole, N. II., Aug. 2!}, 188ti.

naOUGHT AND BITG-.TUICE.

Inclosed find one dollar, to i)ay for Gi-eaninos
another year. I did not make this dollar from the
bees. Drought and bug-juice are responsible for it.
T increased by natural and artificial swarming from
four to twelve. All are very strong- Init three. I
have taken but about 50 lbs. of comb honey.

Blooraingburg, O., Aug. U, 1886. David Long.

PURE IT.\T.IANS AHEAD OF HYBRID.'? AND
Bl.ACKS.

My report for this year is, with the ma.ioritj',
very short. Spring count, 2.1; one weak; increased
naturally to 38. I have taken about 30O lbs., mostly
extracted. It has been a very poor year for honey,
and a large number have lost all or nearly all their
bees. I had to double back to 33 stands, which I
hope to winter without feeding. My pure Italians
beat both hybrids and blacks, they having gather-
ed all the surplus I had. C. E. .Tenkins, 20—33.

Brj an, Te.xas, Aug. 23, 1886.

THE INTENSIVE SYSTEM.

Nine years ago I started in the bee-business;
those nine years have been years of pleasantness,
and I think I have succeeded nicely. I have ,50
strong colonies and 60 nuclei, and that is as many
as I care to keep, as I run them on the "Intensive
System;" that is, the greatest possible gains with
the facilities afforded. The phrase, "Intensive Sys-
tem," I learned from Rev. Sam .lones, but I be-
lieve it is orignal with me when applied to bee-
keeping. Walter S. Pouder.

Groesbeck, Ham. Co., O., Sept. 13, 1836.

moth, and how to get rid of the.m.
The best moth-trap that T have ever heard of is
this: Take the refuse, after rendering combs, and
keep in a box or bee-hive in the apiar.v, and the
millers will congregate on the chunks of refuse and
deposit their eggs; and by looking over the refuse
every morning the bee-keeper can destroy lots of

millers. Of course, the best protection to combs is
a strong- colony of bees: but nuclei have to be
protected, and I find it pflj's to destroy all the
millers I can. ,7. B. Kapp.

Owensville, O., Sept. 1, 1886.

[The Italians are the best moth-traps we know
of. In our apiary, e.\clusively Italians, we ha\e
never been troubled with luoth.]

a CORRECTION.

I notice just one typographical error in my arti-
cle of the 15th of Aug. The word "boiled," 2d
line, 2d column, page 644, should be " bolted."

London, England, Sept. 6, 1886. S. Corneii,.

Qm 0WN ^pi^i^Y.

DO.MESTICATING BUMBl.E-BEES.

X^ AST week, as I was passing through the apiary
t!^ my attention was arreste<l by the apiarist
'1^^ calling to me something in thiswise: " Er-
■*" nesti Ernest! hello there!"

" Well," said I, " what'll you haveV"

So saying I peered this way and that through the
long j'ows of grapevines shading- the hives. Finall.\-,
through the leaty avenues I espied a hat whose
owner, as he neared me, called out, ".lust come
here a minute." T followed, morall.v certain that
he had found a hive badly infected, or that a col-
ony -was doing some unaccountable thing- which he
could not explain. We halted in front of a Sim-
plicity bottom-board, from which the hive-body had
been removed. Nothing very peculiar about that
bottom-board, thought I, while with the smokei', in
the meantime, the apiarist gave a few puffs under
it. This done he slowly lifted one edge of the board.

^' Apis Anirrif ana (.'), and successfully domesticat-
ed too," said I, as the apiarist pulled the straw over
and handed me a few- cells of honey.

Perhaps from an enumeration of some of the
characteristic qualities of these bees, some of our
hay-making juvenile friends may recognize the
species. They are a large bee, as large as acorns,
and in color not unlike Carniolans— distant cousins,
may be, though I will not say positively. Their
numbers vary from one to three dozen. Strangest
of all, their surplus honey is stored below, and their
brood is above. They are very peaceable when han-
dled with smoke, as we had no trouble with them;
but when handled with paddles in youthful hands,
small boys are loth to call them any thing else than
terrors— at least, that was formerly my verdict
against them. Their honey is delicious— at least, so
says the editor of Gleanings. I have often heard
my schoolboy friends pronounce bumble-bee honey
superior to any thing else. These bumble-bees can
be handled with smoke as readily as the Italians.
In fact, we take pleasure in showing them to vis-
itors and others. They neither have stung nor have
offered to sting; in fact, I think if the juveniles
manage it rightly they can handle them like kittens.

I mention these facts to show what may be done
with these clum.sy lovers of sweets, and perhaps
our juvenile friends and others may be interested
enough in their peculiar habits to give them a trial
—not that they will yield any large returns in honey,
forthecompai-ati\c amount of honey stored by them
is very small. Our bumble-bees havestored, I should
think, a little over a pound of honey, all told. As
the bees themselves die off on the approach of win-

792

GLEAKINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

ter, and their queen " hibernates, " they gather only
enoiig-li to supply present needs.

IGNITING FUEL IN SMOKEKS.

On page 72.S oiif friend J. A. Green tells how to
light the fuel in smokers by means of a common
oiler tilled with kerosene. Of course, I knew it
would work, but I always like to try a thing, never-
theless. I took one of our oilers from the ten-
cent counter and filled it as directed. I then pre-
pared my Clark smoker, as described in (his de-
partment of the previous issue. This done I sent a
couple of squirts from the oiler on the fuel, and
dropped in a lighted match. I hardly need tell you
that I had some hot coals in a twinkling; and what
a smudge when I filled the fire-bo.x level full with
sawdust! How simple! and why did we never think
of it before? No, brother bee-keepers, if you once
light your smoker in this way 1 think you will nev-
er have occasion again to fuss with your wife's
kitchen stove for a " few coals." Although T have
had good success igniting the fuel in my smoker
with a match and fine fuel as I have before describ-
ed, I think I shall hereafter use the oiler. Why?
Because it is much the quickest way I know of;
and, second, it is a matter of little consequence
whether the rotten wood be dry, finelj' pulverized,
or coarse, the oil will quickly convert them into hot
coals. The sawdust or shavings can then be dump-
ed in without fear of putting out the fire.

THE IMPORTANCE OF GIVING YOUR OWN PERSON-
AL ATTENTION TO YOUR APIARY.

1 have been waiting for two or three days for an
opportunity of carefully examining personally the
colonies in the apiary, but it has rained and still
rains (the equinox is at hand). In regard to per-
sonally examing the hives, I would say that you
may have an apiarist ever so careful, yet, as I have
learned from experience, it is well to review his
work. One or two instances will illustrate:

The last time going through the apiary I discover-
ed that the frames were spaced too far apart in an-
ticipation of winter; but at this particular time red-
clover honey was coming in quite freely. The con-
sequence was, many of the combs were bulged out
of proportion; brace-combs were built in between,
and in one or two instances there were newly built
pieces of comb with brood in. As the apiarist had
not anticipated such a heavy liow of honey at that
time (about Sept. 12th), he had so spaced the combs.
He should have waited until he was ready to pack
the colonies in chaff. Again, in going about half
way through the apiary I had found five or six
cases of foul brood, when the apiarist had, only a
day or so before, discovered but one in the whole
apiary. I do not attribute this difference to any
skill of my own, but I did feel as if the whole trade
in bees and queens during the next and following
seasons depended upon how thoroxiyhly I did my
work, and that if a single case of foul brood escaped
my notice there would be no use trying. Realizing
this I not only examined one frame but every frame.
If T could not detect the familiar odor cf foul brood
I did not then feel salisflcd of its absence, but open-
ed any cells of doubtful api^earancc, and in this way
in two or three instances I found diseased cells.
Had I depended upon the odor or the general ap-
pearance of the combs, I should have pronounced a
few colonics perfectly healthy when they were in
reality actually diseased.

I do not wish it understood, in going thus into de-
tails, that I take this opportunity to criticise the

manner in which our apiarist has done his work,
for in many things he has shown himself very care-
ful, but to illustrate the importance of going over
the work yourself. The trouble was, the apiarist
did not realize, and. indeed, perhaps could not feel,
the supreme importance oC handling foul bi-ood
thoroughly, as I did. I well recollect, when I first
began handling bees, some eight or ten years ago,
how father used to " lecture" me on doing things
in the apiarj' just, so. He would review my work,
and, if carelessly done, I hcird from him. Although
I sometimes felt discouraged, that sort of rigid tu-
torship did me good, and made me to feel that han-
dling bees is not i)lay, but that it is a trade, and as
such it should be thoroughly learned. Eknest.

Gleanincs in Bee Cdlture,

J'ubllslwd St'tni-^foiitlilt/.

JL.. X. I^OOT,

EDITOB AND PUBLISHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clulibisg Eates, See First Page cf Beidicj Matter.

iL^EnDinsr^?^^, oct. i, lese.

Hold thou me up, and I shall be safe.— Ps. 119: 117.

Wk are pleased to inform our friends that our
subscription-list is still running up. Up to date we
have .wot, nearly GOOO. Many thanks for your pa-
tronage.

new garden seeds.
Several of the friends have been wanting to
know when we should have new seeds to send out.
Well, we have already new seed of Boston market
lettuce from selected head.s, and Chartier radish.

FOUL RKOOD AND CANADA THISTLES.

Both are killed out, so far as we can discover at
the present wi-iting. We are, however, on the alert;
and just the minute we can detect the presence of
either we are going to stamp every trace of it out
of existence.

CU [{TAILING CONTRIBUTIONS.

As a rule, we prefer to put in every article aS it
is received, entire; but where a contributor gets
into a habit of being too lengthj-, or, in fact, where
he seems to threaten to take so much space that
other good men can not be heard from, we have
no other way to do than to cut his article down;
and we shall do this, even if he be the best writer
we have.

TO I'RrSF.RVE GRAPHS WITH HONEY.

Our friend Mrs. Axtell, of Roseville, Ills., sends
us the following clipping from the Iowa Ilomrntead
in regard to the subject:

Take seven pounds of snuiid grapes on the stems, the branch-
es as perfect ns possible, and pack them snugly, without break-
ing, in n stone jar. Make a syrup of four pounds of honey and
one pint of vinegar, with cloves and cinnamon to suit (about 3
oimces of each is the rule). Boil them well together for twen-
ty minutes; skim well, then turn, l)oiling hut, over the grapes,
and seal immediately. They will keep for years, if j'ou wish,
and are exeeedinprly nice. Apples, peaches, and plums maj' btr
dune in this way.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

793

PEACE AND PLUNTV.

As a i-ulc, I believe we arc as a nation blessed
with an abundance of almost every thing'; and
whatever you need to buy can g'eneralli' be pro-
cured in good quality and quantitj- for a small
amount of money. While this is a little hard on
producers, it is, on the other hand, a blessing- to the
purchaser. Please let us remember this when we
are inclined to think \vc have to work hai-d for tol-
erably small pay.

A ■k)-ll()RSE-POWKK ENOINK EOK SALE CHE.\P.

Sept. Sit. —Our new auloniatiu eut-otf IWhoisc-
power engino has just been stiirted today, and is
ready to drise the machinery in all our buildings.
This is the Buckeye engine, built at Salem, O., the
engine which won gold medals at tlie Centennial,
the New Orleans, and the Cincinnati E.xposilions.
Now, wc want to dispose of our 4J-ho.-se-power en-
gine wliich has done such faithful work for us for
the last eight years. It is a standard plain engine.
Lord & Bowler make, 12X^0, with a !Moot balance-
wheel and a C foot lly-wluel. We will offer it, put
in good repairs, for *H.")0.0;I. We will throw in the
stone upon which the bedplate is bolted, free of
charge. For further particulars, write us. Whom
shall we hear from first?

TIt.VlNISG GIt.A.PEVINES OVEll BEEHIVES.

Our .500 Concords that shade our bee hives are
just now giving the finest and largest ci'op of
grapes they over produced. Many single vines fill a
ten-pound basket of great heavy handgome clus-
ters. As there arc about .500 vines, you can believe
the apiary presents a beautiful appearance. I tell
you, it is real fun to go out and show folks the bee-
hives and then pass around tlie fruit. Almost ev-
ery visitor exclaims, "Why, how is it that jour
bees do not eat the grapes? " Well, it is a little fun-
ny, but not a bee is to be seen on any one of the
thousand bunches of fruit that hang right over
their hives. But when we gather baskets of
grapes, and put them out in front of the store,
waiting for customers, the bees just make a regu-
lar raid on them. Do you see whj'? Why, it is very
simple. The grapes are so ripe that it is almost
impossible to pick them and lay them in baskets
without bruising or bursting more or less of the
berries. The bees then have a regular picnic suck-
ing out the juices. If youlhink the plan of train-
ing Concord grapevines in front of bee-hives, as
laid down in the A B C book, is all "on paper," as
one or two friends have expressed it, just pay us a
visit now. We are getting 3 cts. per lb., or 2'2 cts.
for 10 lbs. or over; 100 lbs. or over, 2 cts. per lb.

DIGGING POTATOES AT THE ;.RATE OF A BUSHEL
IN SIX MINUTES.

1 HAPPENED to be down at the creek bottom
where one of our men was digging " Dakota Red "
potatoes. The crop was raised according to Terry's
instructions. A man was throwing them out with a
potato-fork, and a small l)oy was throwing them
into one (jf our bushel boxes. 1 thoughtthey were
making pretty good progress, so 1 glanced at my
Waterbury watch, and, to my astonishment, a good
plump bushel was thrown out and picked up in just
six minutes. The man's wages is 15 cts. per hour,
and the boy's 5 cts., so you can see it cost me just
two cents a bushel to dig the potatoes and put them
in the boxes. 1 do not know what the cultivation
cost, but the ground is so nice and mellow that it
did not cost very much. Now, there are other

places on our ground where the man and boy would
do well If they got a bushel in a whole hour. Do
you see the point'? Poor ground can be made, by
proper care, to do as well as the best; and you have
to go through all the motions with a poor crop, al-
most, that you do with a good one.

THE HEN THAT ALWAYS LAYS EGGS.

It is the same hen I have told you about, friends
—the cross between the Plj mouth Keck and Brown
Leghorn. She commenced to lay in Februaiy, and
is still laying during these last days of September.
Now, I want to ask the poultry-fi lends. Why not
breed from such fowls as these, rather than from
those that show more or less of the " 100 points " as
a standard of excellence? I have looked the poul-
try-journals over, to see if I could find any one who
has bred for eggs, without regard to any other
qualities. Why, it seems to me I could almost atloid
to give a thousand dollars for a thousand hens that
would do as well as this one. You maj' ask, Why
not do the same thing with bees? That is it, exact-
ly. Why not give our strength and energies to the
production of hecH that gather huncy, and fowls
that lay eiigti'/

LETTUCE FOR POULTRY.

It seems to me a little singular that our poultry-
journals do not have more to saj' on the above sub-
ject. AVe had just started a fine plat of lettuce,
which we expected to head up about Thanksgiving
time; but that brood of thirteen Brahmas we told
you about went for it with such greed there would
hardly have been a leaf left in 24 hours. Wt tried
giving them corn, wheat, mashed potatoes, and
other things; but, no, they considered thrifty rank-
growing lettuct leaves a good deal better than any
of it. Finally we transported the brood down to the
carp-pond; but they found another lot of lettuce
down near the creek bottom, and began paying their
respects to that. This latter patch was, however,
so large and thrifty we thought it would grow as
fast as they could consume it; but I tell you, 15 or
20 half-grown Brahmas will consume a pile of let-
tuce. Now, then, why not let them have it ? Let-
tuce-seed scattered where we have dug potatoes, or
taken up some other crop, will make an amazingly
rapid growth in the fall, and it does not cost any
thing of any account, except the seed. Some good
old stable nmnure raked in with the soil will help
the lettuce amazingly. Cabbage and lettuce will
often start hens to laying when they will not lay
otherwise. We have quite a quantity of Hanson
lettuce-seed that we will send by mail at 10 cts. per
ounce, for the above purpose, if you don't happen
to have seed of your own. The seed is three or
four years old, but it germinates beautifullj-, and
pleases the Bi-ahmas, I tell you.

DAIRYMEN! T

For only $1 and this adv't we
will send the Dairy World, best
and largest dairy journal publish-
ed, (price $i) one year; one Sum-
ner Cream Tester, price $1, for
testing milk of 6 cows at onemilk-
ng; one Perfect Milking Tube,
^price tOc, for cows with sore or
obstructed teats; one Hazard's
Butter Making, a guide to good dairying, price
2.5i — all for $1. AiUlress TuF. D.mrv \\'()Ri.d,
til I.a.S;ille St., Chi<at,M), III. Samples free.

704

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUHE.

Oci'.

CARNIOLAN

QUEENS & BEES A SPECIALTY.

St'}i(l for Df fieri lit ii'r Pricr Liiit (unl Chvithtr.
OUa H. F. SHANNON, Clarksburg',

(Formerly of Spring Hilh) Dc«-atur €o., Iiul.

BEE-HIVES,

One-Piece Sections, Section Cases, Frames, &c.,

OF SlTPERIOlt WORKMANSHIP, FROM

S(1V[X1*XZ vSe C^<30X3Z3XjXj,

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL.
ntfd Send for Price List.

WE have for sale 6 verv good tested Italian
queens (1 hybrid) at *1.00 each, or ffi.OO for the
7. Hybrids, '.V>c. Send ifl.O^J to return your money
if queens ai-e sold before your order comes.
ITtfdb MODEL B. HIVE CO.. W. Phil'a, Pa.

PURE ITALIAN QUEENS.

Tested queens, $l..')fl each; unteste<l, TOceaeh:.*)
for f:i.(i(); r, for *:UK1. All lired from a select im-
ported mother. Bj' return mail,
l.'itfdb D. G. EDMISTOH, ADRIAN, LEN. CO., MIOH

2 H. P. ENGINE FOR SALE

We have at the factor.v in Elmira. N. V., a 'i H. P.
eng-ine and boiler that has been rigged up exactly
as g-ood as new in every respect. It ought to bring-
full price of a new one, but in order to get it off our
hands we offer it for iPl.'iO.OO.

A. I. ROOT, medina, O.

379

VVRIETiES

{FRUITTRE

.^„=„ ^Vines, Plants, etc.

.\l)ple, Pear, Peacti,Clierry, Plu:n,

, (tuiiice, Strawberry, liaspberry,

t I BlackbJ'rry, ("iirrriiUs, <;rapes,

' gooseberries, Ac. Send tor Catalogue

J. S. COL.LINS, Moorestonu, N. J.

The whole or part of a No. 1 farm, consisting- of
400 acres, ;3 miles from R. K. station and county
seat, .50 miles from St. Louis. Would prefer to sell
one-half only, as my brother who owns it jointlj-
with me has gone back to Europe to stay, and we
want to divide the property. Might exchange for
a smaller place. For fuller particulars, address
19d GUSTAVE GROSS, Greenville, Bond Co., 111.

PENS

ITALIAN QUEENS

Of the best strains, warranted
purely mated, fl.OO each; 6, $5.00.
Satisfaction g-uaranteed. Circularand price lis tfree.

<fIAS. D. DUVALL,
IStfdh Speiicervllle, Mont. Co., Md.

LARGEST BEE-HIVE AND SECTION FAC
TORY IN THE WORLD.

GREAT REDUCTION!

I'Htll flitniinry 1st, iri' irill sell at a (liscoii nt.
Write for rediivpd />riccs.

G. B. LEV^IS & CO.,

IStfdb Waterto-wn, 'Wisconsin.

■pi^-D C fl T IT 6^ '''WO - STORY SIM-
r x^ ^v *3-*»-l^-»— ^" plicity hives of mixed
bees, complete, for partly comb and extracted hon-
ey. Combs built mostlj'^ on fdn. in metal-cornered
wired frames; honey-house IC by 24, new, and 10
acres of land. Also one acre of land as building-lot.
Price fOOO. ITlOd AUG. LEYVKAZ, Francis, Fla.

Headquarters in the South.

FACTORY OF BEE-HIVES, ETC.

EARLY NUCLEI, ITALIAN QUEENS.

ITtfd

P. L. VIALL.ON, Bayou ftoiila, La.

;r)ll aci-es good table land, Y^ cleared and in a good
state of cultivation; (he rest tolerably well timber-
ed; flnelj' situated for stock, fruit, or grain farming;
an aliundanee of fruit and good spring water; good
house with 9 rooms, garret and cellar, a large ban',
and other necessary buildings. Price J^TOOO.

Also .500 acres adjoining the above, .50 acres clear-
ed, a log- house and stable, some fruit, 200 acres of
mountain land; the rest nice for farming. Price
$3000. Either farm will divide well, and is a good
site for an apiarv. For particulars address
17-2Id H. ,T. STKEBY, Paw Paw, W. Va.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACT OEY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. IJtfbd

BEES. QUEENS.

SOUTH FLORIDA.

Carefully reared from BEST li^POBTED.

Italian queens (purely mated) - - - - $1 00

" " (crossed or hybrid) - - - 411

Nuclei, one L.orS. frame. $1.00. Add above price

of (lueen. Also nice large yellow home bi-ed queens,

$1.00. Discdiint oil Jaryer 'orders. l9-fidb

lilTHEB ORAY, Orlando, Fla.

-j f\ rOTTON HIVES OF BLACK BEES

M 1 f in frame hives, with their winter stores, for
sale. ]9d W. H. Thompson, East Haddom, Ct.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates.

WANTED.— To exchange 10,000 Cuthbert ra.^pber-
ry roots, for beeswax, or L. foundation.
17-19db M. ISBEi.L, Norwich, Chenango Co., N.Y.

117ANTED.— Beeswax. Any amount of average
\t beeswax, at 22 cts., cash on delivery.

E. T. Lewis & Co., Toledo, O.
ITtfdb Apiarian Supply Dealers.

ITALIAN QUEENS.— Select tested. $1.00; second
I grade, 90c; third grade, 80c; untested and unwar-
ranted, 60c, or $6.00 per dozen. 17-18-19d
Dr. John M. Price, Tampa, Hillsboro Co., Fla.

THOROUGHBRED fowls, Brown Leghorns, S. 8.
Hamburgs, W. C. B. Polish, P. Rocks and Wyan-
dottes, Bonney's, Forbes', Hawkins', Wilcox &FultZ'
strains. We will sell for cash, or exchange for fdn.
and beeswax. Price list free.

18 mfd A. H. Dl'ff, Creighton, Ohio.

/ \ REAT BARGAIN.— 2 printing-presses, 50 fonts of
\\ type, cases, rules, leads, etc. Cost about fSCO;
will sell for $12.5. But little used.

19 20d W. Eaiu.e Cass, Roseland, Essex Co., N. J.

Ij^OR SALE.— I have an imported Clydesdale stal-
lion and a good jack that I will sell low for cash,
or will exchange for good land, improved or unim-
proved; land in South-Central Missouri or North
Georgia or South-Western North-Carolina prefer-
red. H. C. KiRSCHBAlTM.

Tolona, Lewis Co., Mo.

TTALIAN QUEENS, tested, $1; hybrid, ;i for $1.
I lK-2(ldb N. Adams, Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla.

1S86

GLEAXIXGS IN IIEE CULTUilK.

Contents of this Number.

Alsike for Bees 829

Bee, The Coining SOS

Bees Tiilkiuu: S29

Bees, Blaek SI.)

Bee- Pasturage S(il

Bee-Tents SU

Biimble-Bees SJS

California SKt

Catnip ,SiiT

Chicks and Drones .Mf

Drone Assemblies »X

Droue-Traiis SU

Editorials S:i(i

Foul Br 1 li.H.liltle Still

Foul Bio. ..I, lis N;ilinv Sill

Foul Bro.i.l, Kirsh Air ,S-j:i

(ioal. Where is OUrf .SIIS

Heads of Urain Si<

Hives, Bottomless - Sl'J

Honey for Krysipwlas. . . .. . .si:i

Honey from s'ilverhull SVf

Honey Column Sim

Honey, Low I'riee Slu'

Honey, Fruit-Bloom SU

Kind Words 8"0

I.etrislation on Bees 811

Matches, Danger from 828

Medicine > s. Hygiene 8(12

Milkweed " 82t>

My Ncijihhors 82.')

Our ouii Apiiuy 834

(iver|iro<luciioii 80:!

ijiiiccii. Cariiiolan 823

(.lueciis. Early, from South. 8lU

uueciis, Imiiortcd 8(19

lii'poi t from A l; C Scholar. 805

Heport from Ueginner 80()

Kcports Discouraging 824

Kejiorts Encouraging S3f

Uohbins' Report 803

S.ilooiis 803

Strawberries in Barrel 828

St udcut Business 801

Swarm in Rain 823

Swarm on I'lairre 808

Tobaccv. Column 830

Wintering, Talk on 827

Zinc, Perforated 814

STANLEY'S

AUTOMATIC - EXTRACTOR

AT 10 PER CENT DISCOUNT UNTIL NOV. 15TH.
Address ii. W. STA1NL.FV,

30d AVjomiii«5, N. V.

The whole or part of a No. 1 farm, coiisistins' of
400 acres, !! miles from K. K. station and county
seat, 50 miles from St. Lonis. Would prefer to sell
one-half only, as my brother who owns It jointly
with me has gone back to Europe to sta.v, and we
want to divide the property. Might exchange for
a smaller place. For fuller particulars, address
liM GUSTAVE GROSS, Greenville, Bond Co., 111.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

wkhkijI, $i.oo ri<:it ykai:.

JONES, McFHERSOlT & CO., Publishers, Bcston, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
ceipt of address. Printed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape for binding, making in one year a
volume of 833 pages. 9tf b

DADANT'S FOUNDATION PACTOEY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. otfbd

BEES. QUErNS.

SOUTH FLORBDA.

Carefully reared from BEST IxtlPORTED.

Italian queens (purely mated) - - - - Sfl 00

" " (crossed or hybrid) - - - 40

Nuclei, one L. or S. frame, $1.00. Add above price

of queen. Also nice large yellow home-bred quepns,

^1.00. Discimnt on laiyer nrders. 19 6db

LiUTHKR «;RAY, Orlando, Fla.

PTT"R"RF"R FOR MENDING RUBBER BOOTS,
nVTI/rXW'T KUBBER SHOES, and all kinds of
L>XjjyLJliJN J. , rubber goods. An article worth its
weight in gold, for the saving of health, annoj-ance,
and trouble. Printed directions for use accompany
each bottle. Ten cents per bottle; ten bottles, 8.")c;
100, $8.00. Not mailable.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

PREPARE FOR WINTER,

We have unetjualed facilities for manufacturing
the Root chaff hive at a great reduction from ruling
prices. Mr. Zeno Doty, Grafton, Neb., writes July
9th, "Your material, make, and price is far better
than I can get any where else." Send for price list
and special prices for this fall. Ititfdb

A. F. STAUFFER & CO., Sterling, Ills.

GOODS NEAR YOUR HOME, AT A REDUC-
TION FROM REGULAR PRICE.

We liave the following lot of goods at the plnecs
named, for which we want customers. Now, it is
altogether likely that there is some one located not
very far from where these goods are who will be
needing just such articles, especiallj' if he can
get them a little lower than the regular price, and
doesn't have to pay much freight chargt s on them.
In hopes that there are such persons, we ajiiiend a
list of the articles for sale, giving the present valuH
of the goods and the amount we will take for each
lot entire. Wo give a number to each lot, and the
name of the place where they are being held, sub-
ject to our order. Remember they are all per-
fect goods, just as fresh and new as if shipped
from here. Rememtier, also, that at the price we
otfer them we can not break lots; each lot must go
entire. In making your orders, please give the
number of the lot as'well as the articles contained
in it, and thus help us to avoid mistakes.

No. 1. Aplinprton, low.a.

Ten Z-^^tol■y portico hives, complete, 'n Hat, for comb
boiiey, including in. c. fiames, wide frames, sec-
tions, feparafors, thin fdn. for sec, 7 lbs. brood fdn.,
and eii.iniel sheets. The lot foots up to S25.30. We
will sell it complete for 822.00

No. 2. Union City, Ihd.

13 combined shipping and honey crates flat: 90 tin
separators for auove crates; 26 pieces p;lass for
above crates; 40 inetnlcornered brood-frauies in
Hat. Pre.-ent value, Sl.50; will sell for 4.00

No. 7. Nassau, N. Y.

200 wide frames, for 8 1-lb. sections, in flat. Worth
$4.00; will sell for li-75

No. 8. Kiverside, N .1.

500 Mb. 7-to-foot sections. Worth 82 00; will sell for .. 1 75

No. a. North Walton, N. Y.

100 metal. cornered frames, in flat. Present value,
$2.50; will sell for 2 50

No. 12. Caiibou. Maine.

900 sections, 4!^ x 5 x 1 7 16 w de. open on all four
sides, rresent'value, 84.50; will sell for 3.50

No. 14. Delaware, Ohio.

.■?5 hottom-hoards lor Simp. hiveS; 210 tin separators
for combined crates. Present value, 88 75; will tell
for 7.50

No. ir. Foster Brook. Pa.

100 wired m. c. hrood-fr.iines. in flat, includinp; wire
and tin bars. Present value, 8;i 00; will sell for 2.75

No. in. Johnson Ci(v, Tciin.

one No 7 honev-extim;l<)r, with I askf t, only 15 in.
dee]). Pl■e^enl■price,S8 00; will sell for 0 00

No. 17. Cairo, W. Va.

One 2 story Simp, liive. ripijed complete for ccn.b
honey, and' 5 lbs. fdn.. y. tliiii, for sections, and )^
for L. frames. Present value, 85.25; will sell for 4.76

No. IR. Elmira.N. Y.

One 2-H. P. engine and boiler complete. This has
been used some, but has been put in as good shai>e
as when new. Price of a new one, 8175.00; will tell
this for 8150.C0

No. 19. La Rnlle, 111.

«-in. foundation mill. Present value S13..50; will sell

fur 11.50

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

LARGEST BEE-HIVE AND SECTION FAC-
TORY IN THE WORLD.

GREAT REDUCTION!

I'ufil iJanKfiri/ l.st, ice ivill scil at ii tlisvoiuit.
Write for rvdiicrd jivices.

G. B. LEWIS & CO ,
IStfdb 'Waterto-wrn, Wisconsini

2 H. P. ENGINE FOR SALE

We have at the factory in Elmira. N. Y., a 2 H. P.
engine and boiler that has been rigged up exactly
as good as new in every resjiect. It ought to bring
full price of a new one, but in order to get it off our
hands we otter it for *1.50.00.

A. I. ROOT, lUedina, O.

WE have for sale 6 very good tested Italian
queens (1 hybrid) at $1.00 each, or $6.00 for the
7. Hybrids, 3.5c. Send $1.02 to return your money
if q ueens are sold before your order comes.
ITtfdb MODEL B. HIVE CO.. W. Pliira, Pa.

m

GLEAKIKGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

JI0]\IEY GeMMN.

CITY MARKETS.

Cincinnati.— Ho/iej/.— There is a fair demand for
Choice comb honey in 1 and ,'i lb. sections, which
brings 13@15c a lb. in a jobbing- way, according' to
qualit.v and neatness of package. There is also a
fair retail and jobbing demand for extracted honey
in square glass jars for table use, while the order
trade for dark grades from manufacturers is im-
proving. We quote extracted honey at Si^fS'Tc on
arrival, according to quality. Beeswax is in good
demand, and good yellow brings readily 20c on ar-
rival. CuAS. F. MuTH & Son,

Oct. 9, 1886. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Milwaukee.— Hojiey.— The market for choice
comb and extracted honey is firmer, and I am try-
ing to establish a little higher range of values. I
will quote 1-lb. sections, white, 13^4@13c; 31b. sec-
tions, white, ll@13c. Dark, not wanted. Extracted,
white, in kegs and i4 bbls., 6'/4@7; same, in tin,
l&i'Vk: same in bbls., as to quality, .'j(§*5i4-

Beeswax, quiet. A. V. Bishop.

Oct. 2, 1886. 143 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Boston.— Ho?i6j/.— We report good sales at 14(§il6c
for fancy 1-lb. comb; 13'o@Uc for fancv 3-lb. comb.
Oct. 13, 1886. Blake &"RiPLEY,

57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Chicago.— Honey.— The demand for honey is bet-
ter, with prices unchanged from last quotations.
Receipts are quite large, both of comb and extract-
ed. Beeswax, '23(w2ac. A majority of all consign-
ments of comb honey is of excellent quality.

Oct. 7, 1886. R. A. BUKNETT.

161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

Cleveland.— Honcjy— There is no change in price;
let former quotations remain. A. C. Kkndel,
Oct. 7, 1886. U5 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Detroit.— Hone;/.— There is a good supply of
comb honey in the commission houses, put up in
every conceivable shape, a large proportion just as
it came from the hives. Buyers soi-t it over and
take the most attractive first. Pi-ices remain the
same; viz., from 12(£iil3c for the best. Dark. 10@llc.
Beesivax, 33c. M. H. Hunt.

Oct. 10, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale.— 1300 lbs. of basswood and aster honey
for sale at ."j^c per lb., i)ut up in 15-gallon kegs.
Sample sent on application. W. A. Comp'ion,

Ljnn\ille, Tenn.

1880.— Notes from the Beicibt-Eand Apiaey.— 1886.

ITO FOI7I- BROOD.

Friends:— I want your patronage. 1 can ship
pure Italian queens by return fliail; my stock can
not be excelled, and 1 devote my whole time to
rearing queens, and will fill your orders with my
own hands. Satisfaction guaranteed. One untest-
ed queen for 80 cts.; two, 5B1..5G: or any larger num-
ber at 70 cts. each. Send for circular on the "Com-
ing Bee."

HERE IS YOUR CHANCE!

Will deliver on board car.s at Shreveport, La., full
colonics of bets with untested queen, for $3.3,5 each
(9 frames). Make P.O. orders payable at Shreve-
port, La., and address your orders to

CHAS. KINCSLEY,
Benton, Bossier Parish, La.

C'AY, LOOK HERE ! if you want something that
i\ will hold all sorts of small things, as papers, al-
J^"^ manacs, letters, magazines, curds, etc., and do it
quick, before it gets lost or blown away, or the baby
tears it, send IOe. for an Aeiiie Paper-Holder;
two, |5c.; five. 2.'^c.; twelve. 50e. Asrents wanted.
Address N. E. JOHNSON, Medina, O.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3bt(d

-«iieduced!
BeeKeepemMagazine

TO

25 Gents Per year.

From January First, 1887.

SAMPLE COPY FREE.

20-ldb

BARRYTOWN, N. Y.

The Chapman Honey-Plant.

I n accordance
with a previous no-
tice! in bee-periodi-
cals. I am now pre-
pared to fill orders
for the seed of the
above plant at the
following prices :
'i oz., Sl;'l oz., $3;
3oz., f3; 4 oz., $5;
1/2 lb., $S. One oz.
contains from 1600
to 1800 seeds. On
account of extreme
drought my stock
of seed is limited,
and persons order-
ing will be served
in rotation. '.The
seed should be
sown in the early
spring, and general
directions for cul-
tivation will be giv-
en on each pack-
age.

r This plant is not
an obnoxious weed,
and is as easily
eradicated i as clo-
ver. Having care-
fully watched its
habits of growth,
and its honey-pro-
ducing qualities for the past six years, I believe
those who connnence its cultivation in a liberal
way will be better pleased than by commencing
with a small quantity of seed. It has been tested
by prominent bee-keepers all the way from V^er-
mont to Nebraska and Ontario. We refer to the
report of the committee appointed by the North-
American Bee-Keepers' Association held at De-
troit in 1886. The committee reported at the Indian-
apolis, Ind., convention held Oct. 13th to llth, and
their report will be found in all bee-periodicals pub-
lishing the report of that convention.

Write all orders plainly, and give your postoffice
address in full.

Versailles, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.

40-Horse-Power Engine for Sale.

Our new automatic cut oil' 00 hoi-se-power"engine
is now drivingthe machinery in all our buildings.
Now, we want to dispose of our old 40horse-power en-
gine which has done such faithful work for us for
the last eight years. It is a standard plain engine.
Lord & Bowler make, 13x30, with a 9-foot balance-
wheel and a u-foot fly-wheel. We will otfer It, put
in good repairs, for $3.50.00. We will throw in the
stone upon which the bed-platf is bolted, free of
charge. For further particulars, write us. Whom
shall we hear from first?

A. I. ROOT, WTcdina, Oliio.

Vol. XIY.

OCT. 15, 1886.

No. 20.

TERMS:S1.00PbrAnkum, IN ADVANCB;! 7? o ■/• /T» 7» 7 V o 7i A> /-7 -!-ii 1 Q ly ^ r Clubs to different postfttices, NOT LKtS
2Copiesfor81.90;3forS2.75;5for84.00; I JliCitUjUiib lL(yUj lib ±0 i O . | than90ct«. eaih. Syit postpaid, In th&

10 or more, 75et3. each. Single Number,
5 et3. Additions to clubs maybe made
at club rates. Above are all to be sent

TO O.VKPOSTOITFICK.

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

j A.I. BOOT, MEDmA,OIIIO. |^ruT.^u.!4tcpI?>"^'are"xTr'^

J U. S. and Canarias To all o'l her coun-
tries of the Universal Postal Union. I8f
To all countries NOT of

MRS.

CHADDOCK'S VIEWS ON BEE-
PASTURAGE.

THE STUDENT BUSINESS.

'HEN I began to keep bees I did it with the

digtinct understanding- with myself that T
would never sow a seed of any kind to
raise pasturage for bees. I said, "If bees
don't pay with what nature furnishes
them, then I won't keep bees." So in reading
Gleanings and the other journals, when I come to
an article about any kind of bee-pasture I skip it.
When I received the ABC book I read almost eve-
ry thing in it. I do not remember now, but I sup-
pose I skipped all the bee-pasture in that too.

Last week I took a notion to raise some alsike
clover, if I can be convinced that it is as good a
hay crop as red clover. Mr. Chaddock is willing to
sow an acre; but what is one arre! I want "0 acres,
and I am trying to persuade the farmers near me
to sow some of it. I will give them the seed. If it
only blooms at the same time that the white clover
docs, it will be hardly worth while to sow it, for there
are not half bees enough around here to gather
the white-clover honey. If the first crop is cut
while in blossom, what is to hinder the second
crop from bearing seed? If alsike is no better for
honey tlian buckwheat is here, then it is useless
to sow it for the bees. Th(>re has been no honey,
to amount to anything, in the buckwheat around
here, more than once in ten years.

HOW MRS. CHAUUOCK OOT INTO THE STUDENT
BUSINESS.

You ask how I came to go into the "student liusi-
ness." I did notao into it; it came upon me, .just
as other people are titHicted with boils and car-

buncles. You know— or, rather, you don't know,
that I have a few dozen nieces and a few score of
cousins, and several hundred young woman-friends,
besides my own daughters, who are always coming
to me for advice and help. They all learned, a
good while ago, that I was fond of giving advice,
and I think they come to me a good many times to
tell their troubles when they care not a whit about
the advice. They want some one to talk it over
with, and so they come to me. They are nearly
all "school-marms;" a few are dressmakers, and
one or two (if them work out. One of the fairest
and best of them all is " my student." She is a
"school-marm," and a good one. She can earn
from .?25 to $40 a month teaching, and she likes it.
But every once in a while (generally during vaca-
tion), she takes a notion to clerk in a store, or be
a milliner, a farmer, or something. This vacation
she is going to be a beekeeper. She wears long
dresses that touch the ground all around, and has
her bangs done up most of the time. She has
white dresses to wash everj' week, and six white
skirts. I do not believe she is in earnest; and if
she were she has no time for it. That is the rea-
son I do not want to bother with her. But over
yonder at the back of our fields lives Mollyony
Jolmson. She is a Swede gii-l, 18 years old. She
is a little round-shouldered, has red hair, and great
big freckles. She is a good girl, and I like her;
and if she wanted to stay with me and learn bee-
keeping I would take her gladly. She is always
laughing; and when she goes to wash the windows
she says, " I don't think so I can do it good," but
she always d(*C8 do it "good." She doesn't scream
when a bee stings her, nor run from snakes, nor
wear bangs. I like Mollyony for everyday wear

802

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

better than I do the " School marm;" Ihong-h the
"school-marm " is bright and smart, and I like her
too.

As to hiring- out to drive that mule team, I nev-
er offered to work for my board in warm weather;
I think I am worth more than that. But every
winter I am frozen up, and as soon as I beg-in to
house up I get sick and stay sick till warm weath-
er comes. Last fall I made up my mind to go to
Florida to spend the winter, if T could find some-
thing to do to pay mj' board while there. I want
to be outdoors, and I want to be doing something.
Mahala B. Chaddock.

Vermont, 111., Aug. 4, 1886.

Mrs. C, I was a little afraid you were a
little inclined to be uncharitable toward the
"school-marm;" therefore I was very glad
to hear you say, toward the conclusion, that
you liked her too. These friends of ours
have different talents, different capabilities,
different missions in life, and very likely
they are all lovable, if we come to under-
stand them ; and this we can do only by be-
coming intimately acquainted. Aiid this
brings me to my "latest hobby, of making it
a point to, get acquainted with people; then
you know we shall come nearest to that hap-
py state of loving everybody. Is it not soV

1^ I ^ —

MEDICINE VERSUS HYGIENE.

SOME SENSIBLE IDEAS EKOM FItlEND TEltHV.

fRTEND ROOT:— On page TT:! of Gi.eaninos
you give us a very interesting talk in re-
gard to dosing with plants and herbs. I
agree with j-ou fully; and if we could get
every one else to agree with us. we might
do much good. The quantities of medicine given
in many families is appalling. Surely a magazine
devoted in part to "home interests" can not do
better than to protest against this but too com-
mon practice of dosing ourselves, or the children,
for every little ailment, even with home-made
remedies. Then look at the thousands of tons of
patent medicines that are sold every j'ear, and, of
course, swallowed by some one. Why, only the
other day T called on one of the most intelligent
men in our town, and found him opening a bottle
of patent medicine. His e.vcuse was, "I have
been rather out of sorts for some days, and need
something to tone me up."

Ever since the writer was old enough to know
any thing he has been down on this dosing busi-
ness, although every rafter in the old garret used
to be hung full of dried herbs of every description,
decoctions from which were often put on, or into,
the other children. Once when I was quite poorly
father called in a celebrated physician, author of
a work on family dosing. He said 1 was " bilious,"
and left a box of pills for me. I was only eight
years old; butl had a great horror of pills. Moth-
er fixed one up in a spoonful of sauce and brought
it to me. I couldn't and wouldn't take it. Then
they dissolved it in water, and tried to make me
drink it. At last they ottered me a S.5.00 gold-piece
if I would take it, but I wouldn't. Worried out I
finally told them to put it in a raisin and I would
try it. I took it in my mouth ; and as mother
turned to put the spoon on the table the pill went
out the open window. Next morning the doctor

called. " Whj%" he says. " he is much better.
How beautifully these pills do work! Give anoth-
er to night, and he will be all right in a day or
two." The second one followed the first, and I got
well rapidly. It was ten years before I dared tell
the story; but meanwhile no pills went down my
throat.

Our best physicians now give but little medicine.
They know that pure air and sunshine, proper
food and exercise, are the best medicines, as a rule.
It was a wise man, but rather ahead of the times,
who wrote some 30 years ago, that " doctors do
precious little when they don't do harm."

Some years ago the writer was laid up by a very
badly injured foot. He even got so low that there
was a slim chance of his ever being any better.
People would come in and say, " Why don't you
try this or that? The doctor isn't doing anything
for j'ou." So I asked him one morning if there
wasn't something known to science that would
help my foot to heal up? He replied, " I am sorry
to say that there is not. We can only keep it wet
with carbolic acid, and let nature work." I knew
he told the truth, and was satisfied. With some
natures, pei'haps, a harmless substance, put on
with strong assurance that it would surely cui-e,
would have been best, so strong an influence has
the mind on the body, hence our often wonderful
so-called "faith cures." Mj' doctor knew me,
and knew that the exact truth was what I wanted,
ah hough it was a sad admission for science to
make, in view of all the healing (?) salves and
ointments that our mothers used to have.

I remember once taking- a very hard cold. It
made me very sick, and wife sent for the same
physician. He came and looked me over and
said, " Keep covered up warm in bed, so warm as to
be rather uncomfortable, and you will be all right
in a day or two." Not much medicine for $3.00,
surely; but it proved to be all I needed. In some
places, I presume, he would have given some
bread pills or sweetened water, "a teaspoonful
every other hour." Now, this man is thoroughly
posted, and up to the times; and what docs he do
when ?(6 feels "bilious"? Take medicine? Yes,
the very best kind. He gets out his horse and
buggy and drives down to my place. Then he puts
on an old suit of clothes, and, with dog and gun,
takes a long rapid tramp through the woods and
fields, until the sweat runs from every pore of his
bodj'. When tired out he comes back, puts on his
dry clothes, and goes home all right. This has
been his practice for years. How foolish, then, for
lis to dose ourselves with injurious medicines,
which the most intelligent physicians, who know
all that science has yet taught, cm this point,
wouldn't think of touching! And how much more
foolish, and even wicked, to stuff the same down
the throats of the little innocents, every time they
cry or are fretful! There isn't a single drop of
medicine in our house, ol' any kind, nor a single
herb to make any of. We have always let nature
take care of all little ailments, doing what we
could to assist her by good care, and for larger
ones celled an intelligent physician, and I am sure
our babies gav'e less trouble than mother's used to.

I know it is hard to sit idly by and see loved
ones suffer, hence we try to prevent it by giving
them pure air, sunshine, keeping them clean (of
that in my next), feeding them properly', and see-
ing that they take plenty of exercise. Sickness

1886

GLEANIJNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

808

usually conies as the result of violating- the plain
laws of health. It is Nature's protest against ill
treatment, and Nature is the g'reatcst phj-sician on
earth, and seldom loses a patient if given a fair
chance. T. B. Tehhy.

Hudson, Ohio.

HOW MUCH MONEY CAN I MAKE
FKOM THIS YEAR'S CROP?

THE riU)FIT IN BEE-KEEPING AS COMPARED
WITH OTHEll OCCUPATIONS.

fOU ask me, on page 733, how much money I
made after my tribulations. Really, I do
not know, for I have not made it yet. I got,
iu round numbers, 3000 lbs. of comb honey
and 1.500 lbs. extracted, with enough to
winter on. If 1 could have kept swarming within
any bounds I should have had 1000 lbs. more. Ot
those 4500 lbs. I have about 4400 lbs. yet. 1 can
scarcely sell a bit of it at any fair price. Last year
I put my honey in stores in the villages around,
at such a rate as to net me 1.5 cts. per lb., and it
sold pretty well. This year I have put the price
down about 2 cts. per lb., and there it is. Why?
Simply because all who want it can get it from 8
to 11 cents. I have made efforts to sell some in
Springfield, but have found the market completely
stocked. I could have sold some at 10 cts., but
—I would not— not yet awhile! I must have $400
out of my crop if I can get it, and not till I find
I can not will I take any less. For t-he capital and
work invested, that is not a high figure. As I do
not expect to average over 8^^ cts., if that, for my
extracted, I must have more than 10 cts. for comb
honey. Every farmer with a few bees had some
surplus honey this year, and they have been run-
ning into market and lumping it off to get rid of it.
They have it in pound sections too. In respect to
the shape in which honey is put up, modern bee-
keeping has made a wonderful stride in the last
three years.

SOMETHING ABOUT OVERPRODUCTION.

I am convinced, however, that there is no use in
trying to keep up the price of honey very much or
very long. We must simply bend our energies to
lessen the cost of production. It is folly to talk
about quitting the business. If wo do, what shall
we go into? Shall we take up farming? For sever-
al years the wheat has turned out poorly in this
region. This year there was a fair crop, but it is
a fact that farmei-s are scarcely any better off,
because of low prices. Last winter the live-stock
markets were perpetually glutted, and prices dis-
astrous. During the last two seasons we have
had magnificent yields of dairy and poultry prod-
ucts, with consequent overstocked markets, and
prices that at times scarcely gave back the cost
of production. Shall we try mercantile business?
One evening last summer a stove and tinware
dealer told me, as an example of the business he
was doing, that he had that day taken in 60 cts.,
while his expenses were $5.00 per day. He was
in the business only because another man had
failed, and he was on his bond for about $0030.
He bought the stock to save himself.

A grocer in the same city, Springfield, of 20 years'
standing, told me that the grocery business had
ceased to be profitable, largely because there were
too many in it. During that 20 years, Springfield
bas been more and more absorbing- the busiijcsg of

the smaller towns around it. Yet there are too
many groceries for that business. Always and
everywhere we hear the same cry of overproduc-
tion or overstocking-. I feel that 1 have quite a
burden in the stock of honey on hand, with no
demand for it; but I do not appear to be much
worse off than most of the others.
There does appear to be

ONE PROFITABLE BUSINESS.

In my conversation with this same grocer I made
observations similar to the above, when the
gentleman admitted that no business seemed
thriving- except the saloons. Thei-e is a point for
us all. This traffic in vicious indulgence lives and
grows at the expense of the more legitimate and
beneficial pursuits. How many pounds of "honey,
and how many bushels of wheat or potatoes, might
be readily sold that are now glutting the markets,
were it not for the millions wasted thus! And,
by the way, that same stove-dealer, in our conver-
sation, remarked that business lots on his side
of the street were worth only half as much as
those on the opposite side, because " the saloons
along here " make them so undesirable for busi-
ness purposes. Amazing fact! Who ever heard
of any other profitable business but would en-
hance, not depress, the value of real estate in con-
tact with it. Bee-keepers, in common with men
in other occupations, can none too diligently
inquire how best to get rid of this parasite that
lives and feeds upon the very life of the business
world. Friend Root, you may regard this as a
digression, but I do not. I have, however, long
been wishing for a chance to drive a wedge in
here.

QUEER IMPRESSIONS.

I, too, get mistaken impressions concerning con-
tributors to bee-journals. I was never more sur-
prised than I was to learn that Mr. Heddon is a
"little nervous fellow," instead of a burly, solid
250-pounder. A. I. Root, I have always taken to be
a short, but thick-set, broad-shouldered, broad-
chinned, short-necked man, a little inclined to
corpulency as he grew older, with more of the
sanguine than the nervous in his make-up. Am I
right? Geo. F. Robbins.

Mechanicsburg, III., Sept. 24, 1886.

Many thanks, friend Eobbins. In yonr
remarks upon overstocking you touch indi-
rectly upon the same point brought out by
Dr. C. C. Miller— see page 811. You say,
last year you sold your honey for 15 cents
without much trouble. This year the farm-
ers about you, perhaps incited by your suc-
cess, have taken up the bee-business. Two
results have followed : Your locality has be-
come overstocked, and the price of honey re-
duced. If you were first in the field, is the
honey in the locality over which your bees fly
yours, or the property of every' one else? —
Our country is large, and there is an abund-
ance of room for us all.— I believe it is a
fact, that the returns from the honey-busi-
ness average as well as those of other legiti-
mate trades or professions, and I see no rea-
son why we should Ijecome dincouraged, even
if our liees do not pay well some years.— It is
true, there is one profitable business, and
that it is damaging to every other legitimate
business : but we hope this state of affairs
won't exist many years longer, in our fair

luud. — your impression of A- I- Root is

11

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

queer, indeed. He is small, medium build,
not tliick-ser. nor broad-shouldered, and,
least of all, inclined to corpulency. He is
of a nervous make-up, impatient to liave
tilings move, and is never at rest during the
hours of daylight. Ernest.

I will add to what Ernest has said, that,
as so many friends at the convention asked
wiiat I weighed. I have just ascertained. It
is 13U, and I believe I never weighed any
more. For several years I have been averse
to getting weighed, because it seems to me
too many people waste valuable time in get-
ting weighed .every day or two. Now, all
this is of but little moment compared with
tlie point you toucli upon, that all our indus-
tries are overdone. Intemperance is, with-
o!it doubt, the yreate'^? cause of this state of
affairs.

NORTH - AMEKICAN BEE - KEEPERS'
SOCIETY AT INDIANAPOLIS.

XT was my good fortune (as you may guess
M from Ernest's talk, under the head of
ijt Our Own Apiary) to have Dr. Miller for
v*" a traveling companion. Indianapolis is
a beautiful city. The streets are broad,
and, compared with New York and Boston,
it is a wonderful relief to see plenty of room
for vehicles, pedestrians, and all the busi-
ness that is to be done. Of course, there is
no such amount of business done in Indian-
apolis as in the eastern cities mentioned ;
but I think they have done a very wise thing
in laying out the city and distributing the
buildings, even with the business they do
have. Over and over again I was reminded
of our old apiary and old home, contrasted
with our new apiary and our new home here
in Medina. When we commenced here I
feared I was spreading every thing over too
much ground; but the lapse of half a dozen
years has shown the wisdom of having plen-
ty of room, plenty of air, and plenty of sun-
shine. It seems to me that one of the great-
est obstacles in the way of doing business
accurately and rapidly, that we have to en-
counter, is getting things in a heap and dis-
order, sometimes wasting more time than it
takes to do the work, because of having our
business all in a heap.

The people of Indianapij^lis seemed to be
very pleasant indeed. As soon as we got
into the convention and paid our dues we
were furnished with a plain neat little badge
by Mrs. Bobbins, who contributed very
niuch to the success and pleasantness of the
whole convention. Where we went through
the city we were recognized by these badges
as the " bee-men," and it was veiy pleasimt
for me to find myself already introduced,
wherever I went.

I found that the convention did not open
till 9 o'clock on tlie second day, therefore I
had four good houi's to "have fun'' before the
convention opened. My usual hour for ris-
ing is ."i o'clock ; but at the Occidental Hot( 1
they did not allow anybody to have break-
fast until 6, so that blocked my way some.
I Wiiut to say a word rigiit here about our
large hotels— thpy do not seem to be calcu-
lated for busv iri]patient men like myself.
After wc sat d'nvn to breakfast it was tvyen-

ty minutes before the waiter brought our
viands ; and at dinner-time, after we had
finished our dinner we had to wait fifteen or
twenty minutes more for dessert. May be
there is no remedy for this state of affairs ;
but I would have a remedy in some way or
otlier, at all hazards. The above hotel is a
beautiful one, and built exactly as I would
have it, in the way of plenty of room and
plenty of air. Tlie bill of fare is excellent,
especially in the way of fruits and vegeta-
bles. Very nice green peas were on the ta-
ble in October. In the market we saw beau-
tiful strawberries at r,() cents a quart. The
vender said they came from the city of New
York, but he did not know' how nor where
they were raised. If any one who reads this
can enlighten me on the point, I shall be
glad to hear from him. Does any one know
what would be the result of cutting oft' the
strawberry-buds in the spring? Would it
not make them blossom later? You know
that, by pasturing or cutting off alsike clo-
ver, we induce it to give a yield of honey
after white clover is gone.

Well, after I got my breakfast I started
for the market-gardens of Indianapolis. I
was abundantly satisfied with my search, and
gathered ma.iy new ideas. Perhaps I was
fortunate enough to give a few ideas to the
boys I found on the ground at that early
hour. They plant their celery in a double
row. the rows being six or eight inches apart,
and the plants are set so as to " break joints,"
as we term it. By this means two rows are
banked with the same labor required for one
row. As the ground was very rich they se-
cured a fine crop in this way. By the way,
they get stable manure in Indianapolis for
hauling it away. The boys said the owners
of the manure sometimes paid them for go-
ing after it, when they wanted it removed.
They were astonished when I told them that
we pay from fifty cents to a dollar a load,
according to quality, and can not get enough
at tliat. It seems to me that farmers and
gardeners ought not to grumble while this
state of affairs exists in tlie West. Nothing
is sold by the pound, or. at least, few things.
They sell lettuce in Febiuary for $H.OU a
bushel ; but in October they get only -50 cts.
a bushel. I saw a b?autifui patch of" mid-
tiplier '' onions that are to remain out all
winter. They say they i>ull them for market
in February. Sometimes they winter-kill
badly ; but as a i-ule, enougli are left to make
the crop a very profitable one. Manure be-
ing so clieap, they raise almost every thing
in hot-beds, and these cover an immense
area of ground. The frames that hold the
sash are movable. xVfter they are taken
away, manure covers the whole plot of
ground from one to two feet. It is now be-
ing called over the ground, preparatory to
getting fresh manure from the city for the
hot-beds for the coming winter and spring.

I enjoyed my visit exceedingly, and came
into the'hall at ten minutes after nine, feel-
ing that, with the exercise of the morning,
I could easily stand it to sit still indoors
from nine o'clock until noon. X)octor Mil-
ler, who has been for some time the president
of the Chicago Convention, and who is, by
the way, to b3 president of tlie N, A. Con-

1886

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

&0o

vention, to be held next year in Chicago, re-
marked to me, while we were traveling;: in
the cars, that it seemed to him that the time
of a convention onght to be occupied main-
ly in getting the opinions of those present —
hearing from each one in the room as far as
possible. lie said that in Chicago they had
tor many years ruled out essays and ad-
dresses. These can be given through the
pages of our bee-journals, while a single
subject can not be considered by a hundred
bee-keepers all at once, except at a conven-
tion. It seems to me there is much wisdom
in this, although it is true, many times, that
it seems to be desirable to discuss essays
which have been read.

Discussion on wax - extractors, and the
hints communicated by a great number of
dilferent jieople, were very valuable. For
instance, friend Dadant said that where
wax is extracted by steam, by no means let
the jet of steam strike the wax. Run the
steam-pipes down into the water contained
in the tub or cask. When it gets the water
boiling hot, throw in the pieces of comb.
Direct steam has a tendency to get the wax
into the well-known granular state, from
which it is very difficult, many times, to re-
store it. Many reported having used the
sun wax-extractor, and all declared them-
selves highly pleased with its use. It is
practical, however, for oidy small quantities
of wax. Steam is best for a large lot. Put
only as much comb into the solar wax-ex-
tractor as will be melted quickly, and take
away the wax often— each day if convenient.
Cappings are rendered nicely with the sun
extractor, and the honey that comes from
them will be found under the cake of wax,
good enough to put on the table. In fact,
the honey adhering to the cappings is of the
very best quality, although it is sometimes
darkened by bits of pollen, etc., that get into
it. Friend Dadant says they let their cap-
pings drain a great deal longer than most
people. Sometimes they put them on the
sieve of the uucapping-can, and let them
stand three or four weeks. When all the
honey has run out that will run out, put on
another lot, and so on. He says they some-
times have several barrels waiting to be thus
drained out in the uncapping-can.

The subject of foul bioodwas discussed at
considerable length. Members who had had
experience with it gave reports that seemed
to indicate to me that the course we have
taken is about the best one, all things con-
sidered. At the present writing, the disease
has not appeared in any case in any of the
fifty colonies where the combs were de-
stroyed ; and nearly, if not all of them, have
been raising brood right along ever since
they lost their original set of combs.

The Chapman honey-plant was presented
by two of the committee who were appoint-
ed a year ago to examine it and report,
L. C. Root being absent. All who have
tested the plant seem inclined to give it a
front place with plants cultivated for honey
alone.

Spreading brood to induce the queen to
occupy more combs, and to put the brood in
a more compact shape, was discussed at con-
siderftble length by many very uljle bee-

keepers. I believe the general opinion is,
that judicious spreading, in the hands of an
expert, may greatly increase the amount of
brood on hand at the time when honey be-
gins to coniP in; but it is also true, that
mixing up the combs, before the colony is
strong enougli to be able to bear it, may be
a very great hindrance in getting a colony
ready for the honey-harvest.

It is considered quite advisable to con-
tract the colony, duiiiig winter and early
spring, on to as few combs as will hold the
stores and accommodate the cpieen ; and
this is best done by movable division-boards.
Now, when the (piecn and bees both need
room, without any niistdhr, move the division-
boards so as t<) make room for one more
empty worker - comb. Make this empty
space pretty near the middle of the combs,
and put in here your frame of empty comb.
The worker-bees will almost at once prepare
these empty cells for the reception of eggs.
Very often the (pieen will have the comb
partly tilled with eggs before night. As
these eggs are deposited all about one time,
they require the attention of the nurse-bees
almost at one time, and hatch almost at one
timp.

Whenever I attend one of these national
conventions I am powerfully impressed with
the advantage it is to any one to meet with
the progressive and thinking minds of our
age. To look into the faces of these men,
and get intimately acquainted witli them, is
a powerful exhortation of itself. We some-
times get an idea that we are working alone
in some of these miexplored fields; but to
see some good brother get up and tell how
he has gone away beyond us, oftentimes,
shows us little conceits that we did not be-
fore suspect in our own heaits.

Of course, to get the full benefit of tlie
purpose of the convention, we want every
one to give some of his experience, or, at
least, as many as possible; and when a single
thought is held up so that one after another
can give his experience in years past, it re-
minds me of concentrating the rays of the sun
upon a single point by means of a powerful
burning-glass.

■ ■■■ — ^ ■

A REPORT FROM AN ABC SCHOLAR

WHO FUUNISHED US THAT NICK SECTION HONEY.

K. ROOT:— In commeucing- to give in my re-
port I will begin with the fall of 1884, when
1 went into winter quarters with 45 colonies
packed in sawdust on their summer stands.
1 lost five colonies in wintering, on ac-
count of the severe winter. Over one-half came
through weak. They increased from 40 to 67 by
natural swarming. They gathered 1850 lbs. of white
clovei- and linden honey, which I sold on an aver-
age of 15 cts. per lb. I packed my bees the same as
the fall of 1884; lost two in wintering, which left me
65 to commence the season. I sold two swarms for
SI". 00, used three lor (juetn rearing. This left 60,
which I ran for comb honey, giving me ^100 lbs. —
an a\erage of ;i5 lbs. to the colony. I kept 100 lbs.
for home use; for the rest 1 received 14 cts. per lb.
They increased by natural swarming to 98 colonies.
IJasswood was an entire failure. The drought de-
strojed the white clover the first week in July. A.

803

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

flelfi of iilsike clover helped me in securing the
quantity as well as the superior quality. After us-
ing- 2000 of the 4^4X4i4Xl''8 sections with separators,
and 4000 of the i%X4:'\/iXl% without separators in
the last two seasons, 1 am so well pleased with the
1% section I shall use rhem in the future.

By working hard I have made a home market for
all my honcj-. The secret is, I think, to be found in
putting- it up in the most neat and attractive shape
jiossible. This report is from an A B C scholar who
commenced four years ago, with bees in box hives,
which 1 transferied to the Langstroth hives.

M. G. Chase, 1.5— 6.')— 98.

Lafayette. O., Oct. 5, ISSO.

Our I'lidid Mr. Chase has furnished us,
for uvo or three seasons back, tlie nicest
section honey it has been onr lot to handle.
Ill evi ry inshuice. wlu rever his iioney has
come in coni|)etition witli otlier honey, his
lias commanded a higher pi ice. We sell his
honey at IS cts. per lb. on the market-wagon,
while our other comb honey commands but
12 and ITi cts. Why is this ditterence? Be-
cause the Chase honey-comb is always pearly
Avhite,and the sections are never soiled with
propolis or dirt. He packs his section honey
in the 24-lb. single-tier shipping-case, and
tliese in a light spring wagon which lie takes
wherever, he can get the best price. Brother
bee-keepers, are we all as careful to have
our honey in as nice marketable shape as we
can put it? In securing this honey he prac-
tices contraction, and uses tlie Heddon crate.

A GOOD REPORT FROM A BEGINNER.

ALSO A FEW KIND WOK^JS.

TTp S the honey season is over, I feel as though I
^iJbii should like to say a few words in regard to
jN|? the season, and other subjects of interest.
•*^^ I began last spring with si.v colonics, three
Italian, one hybrid, and two black. Two of
the Italians had about a pint of bees in each. I
built them up, and they gave me one swarm late,
but no honey. The other four I have increased to
twelve, and taken 230 lbs. of honey— 7.5 lbs. extract-
ed, the rest in 1-lb. section boxes. The best
Italian colony gave me three natural swarms and
two artificial ones, and have given me 100 lbs. of
honey. The season began early here, but there
was hardly any honey in fruit-blossoms, rasp-
berry, or dwarf maple— just the reverse of last
year, when every thing was full of honey. The
first of the season the bees got just enough to
carry from one day to another, until clover, which
also yielded sparingly, but lasted longer than
usual, with just enough linden and buckwheat to
keep them breeding well until goldenrod and asters
opened about the first of August. Th -sb have
given me all the honey I have taken, exceijt 20 lbs.
of clover in July, and from 20 to iJO lbs. in each
hive to winter on. in nice heavy combs; they
weigh from 5 to 8 lbs. each, capped, most of them
clear to the bottom-bar. The honey is so thick that
T could hardly throw it out with the extractor, and
it weighs plump 13 lbs. to the gallon. It doesn't
seem as though they would have raucli disease on
such food. 1 don't think they have much pollen.
I have sold 16J lbs., almost all at 25 cts. There is
another bee keeper about three miles from me who
- has itbout 5fj colonics, He sold his honey lagt

year, what little he had, at 2.5 cts.; and when I be-
gan selling at 25 he did not like it so very well.
He siiid I should keep the price up to 30 cts. for
comb, for he was selling extracted at 25. There
are few places where honey sells as high as here;
but the town is small, and the people don't eat
much honey, so it is rather hard work to sell at
that price. I know that it is a good price for hon-
ey. I suppose 20 cts. is about right for it here; but
if I should drop to 23 cts. this friend of mine would
be very much offended, and give me another
lecture on underselling. He said he could sell all
the honey he could raise, at that price, and mine
too, but I don't think he could. Some will buy hon-
ey at any price, and there are a lot more who Avill
not unless they can get it cheaper. I took about
40 lbs. to Plymouth, quite a large town twelve miles
away. I sold it after a while, a little in a place,
but the most of them said they could send off and
get it and then sell it for less than I ottered it to
them. I have pint li4-lb. jars at 45 cts. ; how do
you suppose it would work for me to fill all the
stores with them at 30 or 35 cts.? Could I make
more in the long run by so doing? 1 want to sell
a lot of honey, but I want to do right, and use
everybody well. Of course, it would not do to sell
for less in one town than another. I should like
a little of your advice on this subject, if you
would be so kind as to give it.

How the bees did work for four or five weeks!
If they had done as well the first of the season,
I might have had quite a little report; but five
good swarms and 100 lbs. of honey from a colony is
not very bad. I am well satisfied with my work
this season, and I owe most of my success to what
I have learned from Gleanings. How any one
can find fault with the contents of Gleanings is
more than I can conceive. Every word of it is
interesting to mo, and instructive. Your talks
about gardening, carp, poultry, and every thing
else, is, to my mind, good enough. I wish it came
every week.

I am sorry you have foul brood, and hope you
will soon get rid of it. The smoker you sent me
last year, for quitting the use of tobacco, has done
me good service this season. I liave not tasted
the weed since, and don't intend to again. I am
very much obliged to you. I have thought, this
summer, if the men of this town would use the
money to buy honey with that they pay for tobac-
co, 1 could sell Iioney enough; but they think
tobacco is more of a necessity. C. E. Watts.

Rumney, N. H., Sept. 23, 1886.

As a general rule we should get as good a
price as our honey will bring, and I hardly
think 2) cts. per pound is too mucli if our
patrons ;ire willing to pay that for every
pound we can raise. On the contrary, if
customers will not buy at this figure, then
v/e must sell for less. Your neighbor and
yourself, I think, can come to some amicable
agreement as to the price per pound you can
dispose of your whole crop of honey. In re-
gard to the U-lb. jars, if tliey will sell so as
to in time close out the whole lot at 45 cts.,
I do not think I sliould drop the price.
Questions of this nature, each one must de-
cide for himself to a greater or less extent ;
and while we should command, as high a
price as we can get. we should a-so remem-
ber the " Golden Rule."

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

:^07

CATNIP.

Its Value for Medicine as well as for Bees.

ALSO SOME GENERAL THOUOHTS IN REGARD TO
THE MEDICAL PROPERTIES Of" PLANTS.

fHIS very common plant grows all over our
country, yet very little is known about its
real value, because it g-rows at almost every
^ man's doorstep. Somethinj^ far fetched and

dear bought is considered to bo very valua-
ble, while we have as good, and perhaps better, all
about us; and if the one at home were carofullj-
studied, our introduction would lead us to say,
"We wish a better acquaintance." The medical
properties of this plant arc anodyne, carminative,
diaphoi'etic, anti-spasmodic, and nervine. The in-
fusion given cold is a mild tonic; so also is the fluid
extract. It has been used in febrile diseases as a
diaphoretic, and to promote the action of other
remedies; also to allay spasmodic action, and pro-
duce sleep; and right here its value has beei; tested
thousands of times, when the fever has run high,
and the poor sulfercr has rolled from side to side,
wild from feverish mania, the eyes glaring and
bloodshot, pulse 133 per minute, temperatme 104,
respiration 30. Now, here is a case that any physi-
cian would regard with alarm, and well he might,
for danger is near if this condition is allowed to re-
main, or can not be removed. With (he danger-
signals all up, give four ounces of a fresh infusion
of catnip, warm as can be drank com fort abli', every
hour, for (5, 8, or 10 hours, and, lo! your signals
are all down, or, at least, at half-mast. Every indi-
cation is chanurd fur onod. It has been given as a
carminative .-ind anti-spasmodic in the flatulent
colic of little children. Many times I have seen the
little sufferer soothed down to rest and a long sweet
sleep, by the use of a few teaspoonfuKs of catnip
tea; a gentle moisture would spread o\er the whole
system; the irritation or cold, as the case might be,
would fly out of the windows (the rela.xcd pores),
and the little one would be well.

It is of great value as a iitcri)H' tonic, and has
proved very beneficial in amenorrhea and dysmen-
orrhea, and has been employed in nervous head-
ache, hysteria, and nervous irritability. The proof
can be furnished, if the proof of the action of any
medicine can be furnished, that it has restored the
menstrual secretion after other means have failed.

As a convenient domestic remedy it has no supe-
rior in recent colds, coughs, febrile and eruptive
forms of diseases, which infants and young chil-
dren are subject to. The leaves and flowers are the
most valuable part of the plant, and the virtues
thereof are set free by boiling water, except the
essential oil, which can be procured only by distilla-
tion. It contains that variety of tannic acid which
strikes a green color with the ferruginous salts that
are set free by heat. Restlessness, arising from
overwork, anxiety of mind, and many other nerv-
ous conditions, are soon improved by the use of
this remedy. The fluid extract of catnip, ladies'-
plipper, and skullcap, equal parts, forms a splendid
remedy for chronic nervous headache.

But with all the other good qualities, it is a splen-
did honey-plant, supplying a large secretion of
nectar for the busy bees every year, and sometimes
the amount of honey gathered from it is astonish-
ing. And while it is good for the bipeds and good
jfor the bees it is also good for Tftbby. A few year?

ago I had a very fine puss that began to be stupid,
and dumped about for several days, refusing all
food, even milk. One day she had a terrible fit,
frothed at the mouth, jerked, and convulsed terri-
bly for a few minutes, and then a faint moan es-
caped the poor creature, and my sympathy was
stirred beyond further endurance. I got some cat-
nip, made some tea, and gave it immediately; and
as soon as it touched her mouth, the greatest plea-
sure was manifest, working her mouth and trying
to get every drop. In a few moments she revived,
and lay quiet and resting. After a little while she
moaned again and I gave some more tea, when she
took greedily all I gave her. She took several
drinks of it during the day, with the greatest possi-
ble relish; and the day after, she began to take a
little food, and recovered rapidly, without having
any more convulsions. If my horse had been sick,
and recovered as nicely and speedilj- as did 1133' pet
Tabby, I should have regarded the remedy used,
whatever it was, as vei-y wisely applied.

The physician who does not deal truthfully with
suffering humanity, especially when he knows that
death is but a step before them, is very unkind and
cruel. Ignorance or dishonesty onli' can be attrib-
uted to such conduct. If ignorant, he is unfit lor a
professional position; if dishonest, he is just as un-
fit. N. L. HIGBIE, M. D.

Elsie, Mich.

I presume, doctor, the above was called
forth liy my questioning whether catnip
really possesses the medical value that it
usually has credit for. No doubt you are
right, and I thank you for the information
you have given us in the matter ; but please,
doctor, excuse me, and 1 would also ask the
rest of the brethren who belong to the med-
ical profession to bear with me a little, if I
ask for a little more light on the subject.
Suppose I should drink a gallon of the strong-
I est catnip tea that could be made, inside of
! 2-1 hours, would it do me any harm V I pre-
\ sume that all would agree that it would not.
! Now, is it not possible that the warm drink,
many times, does the work, when the catnip
has 'the credit ? A good big dose of hot
water, just as hot as you can possibly swal-
I low it, will, many times, do wonders. " When
I am out in the rain, and get chilled, and I
can feel the premonitions of a tremendous
cold coming on, I have often rushed for the
kitchen stove. If nothing else is handy,
I get a good dipperful of hot water from
the reservoir, then I get my feet in the
oven, and drink and drink. Now, it
may be that an infusion of catnip in this
hot water would help it, but I can't feel
qnite sure of it, unless the matter has been
carefully tested by earnest searchers after
the truth. 1 did not think of (luestioning
the truthfulness of our medical men, nor
have I been so uncharitable as to suppose
that any reliable physician would fail to do
his honest duty whenever his services were
called for, unless, indeed, it were one of the
kind of doctors who sometimes get intoxi-
cated; and if I were taken sick when none
but the liitter kind could be obtained, I
think I should feel safer with the dipperful of
hot water. — In regard to catnip as a honey-
plant, we raised it on our grounds quite ex-
tensively ; but the cultivated plants, for
gome reason pj- otjier, died aiul went to seed

SOS

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Oct.

so soon after they had given a good crop of
honey that I decided they were too short-
lived to b3 allowed to occnpy very much
space where land is as expensive as our own.

WHERE IS OUR GOAL?

THE COMING BEF.

I OR the last few daj's I have been thinking
over and over again of a wonderful sermon
that T heard from the pulpit a short time ago.
The preacher— a very earnest man— tried to
impress as forcibly as possible this thought
upon his audience: That all people, in order to
grow, to unfold, to ripen into perfect characters,
must have a model— one that they must reach up
to, and that a perfect one— even Christ Jesus.
Ah, how true this is! Just show me the man or
woman who is content to let things slip along in
the same old rut, year after year, and I will show
you a person whose growth can not be seen.
Why? Because such persons have no model.
These people have no ambition— no goal. If they
had a goal which they were aiming to reach, then,
when they compai-ed their progress side by side
with this sample, they could see their gain, or loss
and profit thereby.

I do not wonder that you or Ernest exclaimed, in
Our Homes of Aug. 15, relative to the indolent
shop-keepers, "Why can't they jump up and push
something?" But, again, the pastor said we
should be acquainted, or familiar, with our model
or sample, that we might compare or measure
ourselves and our woi'k by it, and thus see when
we have attained perfection, or how near we have
come to it. It was this phrase that led me to see
how well the sermon could be applied to our voca-
tion—bee culture— as well as to our lives, and in
this manner:

Have we a goal? If so, what is it? We talk and
write of the coming bee— what is it? Who can de-
scribe it? If we do not know exactly what we
want in our ideal bee, or if we are not familiar,
either through writings or our thoughts and ideas
respecting it, then how can we tell when we have
procured a perfect bee? and would any two bee-
keepers agree as to its worth?

Map out the bee we all want; discuss each peculi-
arity, each merit that it must possess, then let us
compare each race or strain by this model and see
just what is now lacking. Let bee-keepers work
together for this end. " United we stand, divided
we fall." Combine traits that we think will im-
prove our existing races, and how long would it be
before we should see a wonderful improvement?

And how is it with hives and fixtures? See the
variety of hives, etc, in use to-day; their names
are legion, and the evil seems to grow instead of
diminishing. Is this the way in which we are to
gain rapidly in apicultural science? No. As with
bees, we must find what wc need; what ends are
to bo accomplished, then all work for them.
Have our energies concentrated; oup ideas culled,
and then just imagine the progression we should
make, and see if all this could come to pass.

To be sure, we are progressing rapidly, even
now; but each of us seems to be struggling on for
some tmknown or indefinite end. If I should ask
such men as Messrs. Doojittle, Cook, Root, Hutch-
inson, Heddon, and a host of other leading men

of the science, to just what height apiculture is
tending, what means are being used to get there;
and if they are familiar with the goal we are striv-
ing to roach, so that they could tell when it was
gained, or compare our yearlj' progi-ess by this
perfect sample, what would be their answer?
I certainij' could not begin to answer the questions,
but probably thej' could.

I have always been eager to adopt new ideas
or inventions, and have prided myself on my
progression; yet I realize that I am at a loss to
know just v.'hat I really want. Of course, I can
see, as can all bee-keepers, wherein gain could
have been made in certain points; but one or two,
or even a score of men and women, are not to ac-
complish, though they may work hard, what will
require the combined cfi'orts of the whole bee-
keeping fraternity.

It has always seemed to me, that if Heddon,
Langrtroth, Quinby, and Root, or all of our prom-
inent inventors, could have come together and
worked together on things needed, that more
could have been accomplished than is now on rec-
ord; although, mark you, I would not in the least
underrate the immense knowledge they have al-
ready given us. C. H. Smith.

Pittsfleld, Mass.

Friend S., I agree with you in regard to
having a goal and a model ; and I think,
also, that it would be a very excellent idea
to map out, as far as we can, just what we
do want. I should like bees that gather
honey when ordinary stocks such as we
now have get nothing. But perhaps when
we get this we may tind that we have got,
along with it, a great propensity to rob; so
the matter is going to be somewhat com-
plicated before we get through. The
thought expressed in your last paragraph is
what we propose to accomplish by bee-keep-
ers' conventions.

LETTER FROM INDIAN TERRITORY.

A SWAHM OF BEES FOUND FIVE MILES FROM
ANY TIMBER, ON THE OPEN PRAIRIE.

HILE driving in an adjoining country,
some 33 miles from home, I captured a
runaway swarm on a large prairie, five
miles from the nearest timber in the di-
rection from which it came. I chased
them nearly a mile, and succeeded in getting them
into a flour - sack, and brought them home the
same day and hived them in a new hive, as de-:
scribed by Dr. Tinker, and illustrated in Gleant
INGS for Mar. 15. They have done well, and are
now storing honey rapidly from Spanish needle.

A FAVORABLE REPORT FROM HIVES USED
HEDDON FASHION.

In regard to the hive recommended by Dr.
Tinker, I will say that I made half a dozen, and
hived prime swarms in them, using two sectional
parts for brooding and alternating, placing sec-
tions in the case on top of same, with no kind of
honey-board between. In each case, where I used
the 4}% x 414 sections they were nicely filled and
sealed. Upon one where I used sections i^^, x 8'/2,
the queen went above. For comb honey I very
mucli like said hive; but from the description, I
am of the opinion that the new Heddon hive is
superior.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

809

LONGEVITY OF IMPORTED QUEENS.

My imported queen, purchased of you late in the
season of 1883, died the following- winter, without
leaving- me a single one of her daughters. 1 won-
der how many of your ABC class have done the
same or nearly the same thing. Of course, if I
had succeeded in getting a large number of extra
good queens, noted for usefulness, you would
have had my report sooner. I resolved to tell you
this, even if it is seemingly adverse; but such ad-
versity only makes mo the more careful, and
appreciate success more when it does come.

Mr REPORT.

From 8 colonies I have 403 lbs. of extracted hon-
ey, 100 lbs. comb. My best colony has given me
lU gallons, and I shall probably get li» gallons
more. Tlie q-ieen was purchased of G. A. Beech,
Quitman, Mo., and is extra prolific.

4-W. H. Lxws,li--2->.

Pocola, Ind. Tor., Sept. 22, 1886.

Thanks, friend L., for the vahiablc fact
you give in regard to the distance a swarm
of bees may travel. — I am glad to hear that
you succeeded so well with the hive made as
mentioned.— Where we sell imported queens
late in the fall, we presume they will, of
course, live long enough to be of some use
next season. Queens,' however, like other
farm stock, are liable to die at any time, and
without any apparent reason. In considei'a-
tion, however, that you secured no young
queens from her at all, we will f urnisli you
another at half price, any time when you
feel inclined to order. I' believe that im-
ported queens have not, as a rule, proved to
be shorter-lived than other queens; and in
some cases they have done good service for
two and even three seasons.

FOUL BKOOD.

FRIEND DOOLITTLE TALKS TO US ABOUT IT.

TT seems to be a way we bee-keepers have, of dis-
1^ cussing a subject "to death" when onc3 we
]|f begin on it, and for this reason I had thought
■*■ I would not say a word regarding foul brood;
but as some errors have crept into this foul-
brood discussion, as I view them, I can not well
hold my peace, for 1 deem it wrong to allow an er-
ror to pass unnoticed. First, 1 wish to call to no-
tice that the phenol cure was brought forward to
cure Bacillus nlvci, which, in my opinion, is not our
foul brood at all, if we take Mr. Chcsbire's descrip-
tion of it, found on pages tj41 and TfO of A. B. J. for
a truthful outline of said disease. He then says the
disease is not carried in the honey, while our hon-
ored M. Quinby said that it is, and hundreds cf
bee-keepers can testify to the truth of Quinby's
words. He further says, "There is not a single old
idea about this disease (foul brood) which is not
incorrect, e.xcept that it is contagious." Again, ho
tells us it is a disease of the mature bees, and that
even the eggs of the queen contain bacilli, he hav-
ing counted " no less than nine" in an egg. All
this yjroves to my mind that Bacillus alcci is not
our foul brood, even although Mr. Cheshire says it
is, and that phenol is a remedy for only the lirst,
and not the last. I always prize scientific research-
es highly; yet, to be valuable to me such research
must not run squarely against I'apts kncwp to exist

from practical experience. Hence 1 think there
is an error somewhere, so I am, like friend Root,
skeptica' regarding the phenol cure.

Again, Mr. Hoyle is putting forth the idea that the
disease is caused by inferior honey, and that it can
be cured by feeding " nice honey from flowers or
sugar syrup," all of which convinces me that he
never had the genuine foul brood as it existed from
1855 to 1875 here in New York.

Malignant foul brood is always aggi-essive, never
retrograding; and although there are times during
a heavy honey-tlow when the bees make a desper-
ate effort to clean it all out, yet, as soon as that
flow ceases, even an inexperienced eye can tell that
the disease is surely and steadily advancing, so that
in less than one year from the time many cells of
foul brood are seen, the colony must succumb to
the inevitable; for by that time the combs have be-
come literally a putrid mass. All other diseases of
the brood will get well, as Mr. Hoylc speaks of, and
would succumb to the mild treatment of coffee,
as Mr. Vance tells us about; but the genuine is not
gotten rid of so easily. 1 have not seen a genuine
case of foul brood in ten years, and I very much
doubt if friend Root has had real foul brood in his
apiary. At any rate, I think he has been a little
hasty in destroying those affected colonics by fire;
for if it were not foul brood, bees by the colony
make rather expensive fuel. Just what I should
do in a like case would be, when 1 found a colony
which gave appearance of foul brood, I would
carefully note the number of diseased cells it
contained, and the strength of colony, after which
I would close the hive and let it alone for two
months, when, just at night, when there "was no
danger of robbing, I would again examine it and
compare notes. If not materially worse, I would
again wait another two months, knowing, of course,
that there was no danger of its getting so weak
that it would be robbed out. If at the end of four
months it should be no worse, or had got better,
I would call it all right; for by this time the genu-
ine foul brood would have so spread that at least
half the brood would be dead, especially in the sum-
mer months. If it proved aggressive, I would take
the course friend Root has, providing only a few
had the disease. If many had it I would treat them
on the Jones plan, only I would not starve them as
he does; for from my experience with it in 1872 and
'73 I can see no need of this starving process; for if
swarms from a foul-broody colony, placed in an
empty hive, do not have any of the disease, driven
colonies will not. Colonies so hived in 1872 did not
again have the disease, while driven colonies were
left in an empty hive till larviv began to hatch,
when combs and frames of brood were given them,
and no signs of the disease appeared afterward.
By this plan I secured six frames, partly filled with
nice worker-combs, which were afterward complet-
ed with nuclei, which I should have lost had I used
the plan as Mr. Jones uses it. If not wanted as
above, these combs are splendid to use in sections,
a la Walter House, so in this way those six days of
fasting are made to be of value to the unlucky api-
arist. Having once " been through the mill" with
the genuine, 1 know whereof 1 speak.

Borodino, N. Y. G. M. Doolittle.

Since our last report I (Ernest) have been
through the apiary personally, and now,
having examined lialf the colonies, I have
foujid five of the very icontt forms of foul

810

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

brood I have yet seen. I was scarcely able
to tiud a healthy cell, in said cases, but, on
the contrary, the brood was fairly rotten
with the disease. The cells were sunken,
and in many cases the characteristic small
hole in the cappings was seen. The young
diseased larva^ have that brown, maturated,
sticky appearance. If a toothpick be dipped
into such a eel!, the matter will adhere to
the point when withdrawn, forming a tine
thread. The older larvae shrivel into a
brown color. The disease certainly has a
hold of us, is contagious, and is spreading.
So far, we have had fifty cases of foul
brood. I have found all stages of it in the
apiary, from one hive with oniy an occasion-
al diseased cell, to one having Ihe combs
fairly rotten. No, friend Doolittle, were you
here to take a look into our colonies, you
would be no longer in doubt. We should
like "awful well"' if we could believe that we
didn't have foul brood, and I do think 1
should throw up my hat and yell if such
were the case. Now, perhaps you will ask,
" How is it that we reported no foul brood
in the last issue, and have it so badly now?"
For some reason our apiarist has not caught
on to the knack of finding it ; and as he
stated that he had found no foul brood, it
was so reported in Gleanings. Feeling a
little doubtful that such crndd be the case, 1
went at it myself and arrived at the results
as above recorded. See reply to the follow-
ing article. Ernest.

FOUL BROOD.

ITS NATURE ILLUSTRATED BY EXPERIMENTS.

XN writing this article I believe I ain prompted by
lH notliing but a real sj'mpathy for you in your
^[ misfortune— foul brood in your apiary. On
"*■ page 734, ill one of your foot-notes you make this
unqualified assertion: "In spite of all we can
do, it continues to exist in our apiary." Now, it
does seem tome that, if this assertion is to be taken
with all the force that the auxiliary verb "can "
gives it, that it would be inconsistent to contend
any longer with the disease; but as I think it con-
tinues to exist in spite of all you liave done, rather
than in spite of all you crt/t do, I shall offer you a
bit of experience in connection with some experi-
ments with foul brood in m3' :y)iary. But let me
first remark, that, as foul brood is caused by a mi-
croscopic vegetable growth, I would proceed upon
exactlj' the same principle to get rid of it that I
would to get rid of Canada thistles or any other
vegetable growth; namely, destroy every living-
plant and every existing germ. Then, and not till
then, have you conquered. But, to proceed:

A few years since, 1 had in mj' apiary one colony
afifected with foul brood. Just what I did was this:
I exchanged the cover for a new one. I caged
about a pound of the affected bees, took one comb
containing honey and pollen, without brood or bees.
I then smoked the colony at short intervals for
several hours, until every bee was in. I then smok-
ed them with sulphur until every bee was dead. I
then carried the hive some rods from the apiary,
where I dug a pit, in the bottom of which I burned
the hive with all its contents. The affected cover
of comb card and caged bees T placed beyond the
possible reach of beCtS. I then formed nuclcu.s col-

onies, and waited twenty days, that I might have
plentj' of brood in my nuclei.

Now I will here remark, that up to this time no
trace of the disease was discoverable in the apiary.
Now for the experiment: In nucleus number one I
dropped down, between two of the frames, a small
section of the affected cover, and burned the re-
mainder of it. In number two, upon the top of the
frames I ]>laeed a small piece of enameled cloth,
upon which I emptied my cage of bees, which by
this time were not only dead, but so decomposed
that they had ceased to throw off any unpleasant
odor. In number three I i)laced a small quantity
of the affected comb, from which I had carefully
washed all the honey. To number four I fed a
quantity of sugar syrup, made with the water that
I had used in cleansing the above-mentioned piece
of comb. In number five I placed a sheet of foun-
dation suspended in the aforesaid affected frame.
After carefully scalding, I scraped it in such a
manner as, if it wei"e possible, to destroy every
germ of foul brood. The result was, in a short
while every colony thus experimentally treated had
foul brood. This drove me to the conclusion that
the only true remedy is to burn the affected hive
with all its contents, and every thing else, indeed,
however valuable, with which any foul brood had
come in contact.

Just here I will remark, that I plowed the apiary
ground; burned the saw, hatchet, smoker, and oth-
er things that had been used in the above experi-
ments, together with the five affected colonies in
the bottom of the above-mentioned pit. 1 then
filled the pit with dirt, burying the ashes some two
feet beneath the surface. I had one case after this,
to which I gave the double rite of cremation and
burial, and thus ended my experience with foul
brood.

Now, Mr. Editor, it seems to me to be the plainest
of propositions, that if foul brood depends upon a
vegetable })roduet for its origin— and I suppose that
no well-read bee-man would deny this pi'oposition—
that the method indicated in the above experiments
is the only one left us with which to conquer this
terrible disease.

As I am conducting a poulti-y-yard in connection
with my apiary, I will give you an item from it.
Last July I set eleven hens on 143 eggs. They did
not hatch very well, as only 101 chicks were brought
off. I caged ten of the hens and gave the 101 chicks
to one heu. Our three-year-old boj' stepped on and
killed one; two I killed, burned, and buried, be-
cause thej' showed symptoms of gapes; the othei'
died from an unknown cause. The remaining 97,
at this writing, I see all in perfect health upon the
lawn; and I assure you, to me this is one of the
most pleasurable sights I ever beheld. Now, as
this, at least in this section of the country, is uuusut
al success, and depends upon a great deal of detail
in the matter of handling, feeding, pasturing, and
cooping, I will refrain from giving it unless it
should be wanted.

The honey season continues to be a very poor one,

W^ords would certainly fail me were I to attempt
to tell you of our appreciation of Gleanings.
"Sweet "and I have been seriously thinking of
sending for an additional Gleanings, so that nei-
ther will be compelled to read stale news.

Hearn, Ark., Sept £9, 1886. P. H. Marbuby, Jr.

I grant, friend M., that complete extermi-
nation of hives, bees, frames— i:i fact, every

isse

GLllANiKGS IX iJEE CULTURE.

811

thing connected with them, is a sure cure ;
but if a milder treatment will accomplish
just as good results, wliy not use it V We
have 5'et to find a single colony of tlie lifty,
treated in the manner we have before de-
scribed, that was not cured. We destroy
the brood-combs and honey only. We put
the bees into a clean hive on frames of fdn.,
and close them up for 24 hours, after which
time we feed them. The hives and appurte-
nances are thoroughly scalded out with
steam. I think it is true, that live bees will
not give tlu- disease, where, if they had been
sulphured to death with the diseased honey
still in their sacks, they would spread it, for
this reason : The live bees will consume the
honey in their sacks, containing the germs
of foul brood, when the same honey in the
sacks of dead bees will remain unchanged
and consequently be contagious.

Once more: Your nuclei were together by
themselves, and, in consequence, the bees of
said nuclei probably did and must have in-
termingled to a greater or less extent. Then
if one of the nuclei had foul brood, all would
have it. It is this very same thing which
we think is spreading foul brood at the
Home of the IIoney-Bees ; so your experi-
ments, although carefully conducted, it
seems to me do not prove any thing. As a
moral, then, I think it behooves us to have
our colonies located pretty well apart.

Ekxest.

LEGISLATION NECESSARY.

DR. C. C. MILLER GIVES US SOME THOUGHTS ON
OVERSTOCKING.

T N my last article I ti-ied to show that the interests
(^ of ali would be best subserved by having bee-
^l keeping mainly in the hands of those who
^ make of it a principal if not an exclusive busi-
ness, and took the ground that legislation is
needed to encourage the movement in that direc-
tion. At first thought, the necessity for this may
not appear. Some may think the matter will regu-
late itself, and that, as a matter of honor, no one
will encroach upon ground already occupied. Un-
fortunatelj% cases enough have already occurred to
disprove this. I recall the case of G. M. Dooliltle,
reported by him incidentally as bearing upon some
other pointy with no thought, apparently, of finding
fault with the existing state of things. I do not re-
member exactly, but I think that, by means of oth-
ers in his field going into the business, his av-
erage yield was reduced about one-half. Mr. Doo-
little's plan of dealing with these men who lessen
his profits is to give them advice and assistance.
Under the circumstances this may be the best way,
for they have just as good legal right on the ground
as he; but unless Mr. Doolittle is made of different
material from myself, lie would be glad to have
them out of the waj', and would be willing to pay a
fair price for their permanent withdrawal. Sup-
pose the same state of things existed in farming, so
that a man with fifty head of cattle finds the ground
for their grazing beyond control, and subject to the
whim of every interlopoi". How long would he con-
tinue the business? Just so long as the present un-
certainty exists it will be a serious hindrance. Even
supposing that no investment whatever were need-
ed in the business, the fact remains that any year a

man may be compelled to seek a new field, possibl!^
at a great distance, and at some expense in the
search, and the expense of removal is a serious mat-
ter, to say nothing of the breaking-up of old ties.
But as the business becomes more settled in its
character there will be few without more or less of
permanent investment that would be a dead loss
upon removal. Buildings are put up, specially
adapted to the business. Winter repositories are
built in some localities, which are of little or no
value for any other purpose. The matter of artifi-
cial pasturage would receive a strong impetus if d
bee-keeper could feel sufe of himself reaping the
harvest of his own sowing. I am notover-sanguind
as to artificial pasttirage; still it is among thepossi-
bilities, that, not so very far in the future, there
may be l)ee-farms of 10, .50, or even 1(10 acres, princi-
pally or wholly devoted to honey plants, making-
a continuous harvest from May to November. But
what encouragement have I to invest in such an en-
terprise, with the probability that, as soon as fairly
under way, the proceeds must be divided with oth-
ers who have borne no part in the expense?

What kind of legislation is needed? I don't know.
I liave studied very little upon this part of the
problem; but whenever bee-keepers afe agreed
that legislation is needed, some one will suggest a
good plan. One way would be to dispose of territo-
ry in the same way that the soil was disposed of by
government, giving one a deed of so many square
miles, or of a township. But it Is premature to dis-
cuss the kind of legislation needed, unless bee-
keepers first agree that any legislation is needed.

A WHEELBARROW.

After greatly delighting my wife with a carpet-
sweeper, and nearly as nuich with a lawn-mower
from A. I. Root, I meditated sending to him for a
wheelbarrow, as my old one was pretty well used
up. It occurred to me, however, that 1 could so
modify a common railroad wheelbarrow, for which
I had but very little use, as to answer the purpose.
It was very strong, but an awkward, heavy affair.
I knocked oft' the boards that formed the body, or
box, and sawed oft' the upper part of the standards
nearest the handles, leaving a light and very strong
barrow. Taking off the boards took away the stiff-
ness, so I had two iron rods put on as braces. The
load coming close to the wheel makes it much easi-
er handled; and although costing only two or three
dollars, I would not exchange it for any $.5.00wheel-
barrow I ever saw. Railroad wheelbarrows may be
found at almost any hardware store; and although
made in different ways, I think any of them can be
easily modified to suit a bee-keeper.

Marengo, III., Sept., 1886. C. C. Miller.

Friend M., I have many times thought of
what you say ; and, in fact, when planting
our bassvvood orchard it occurred to me quite
often, that, should it ever prove a success,
somebody woidd be almost certain to begin
bee-keeping in the vicinity, and thus take
advantage of om- crop of honey which took
us tifteen or twenty years to raise. In fact,
a good many asked me w hat I should do if
such a thing should happen. I told them
this : That I should expect to keep enough
bees to overstock the locality. In fact, I
proposed to keep such a number of stocks at
all times that it would be a very poor invest-
ment for a bee-keeper to locate very near
me, and some have already found it so by

8i2

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Oct.

laying. Another thing : Is not the competi-
non in any kind of business something in
the same line V When one gets a big trade
started in the clothing business, for instance,
somebody else takes a big part of it by run-
ning opposition. Jf the second man who
comes in is a keen, go-ahead Inisiness man,
clothier No. 1 frequently buys him out, with
a written agreement not to go into business
again for a'term of years. Why should not
a bee-man do tlie same thing ? In defense
of your position, however, I have very often
thought I should like to pnrchase the privi-
lege of keeping all the bees within, say, a
radius of three miles in every direction. I
should theia have control of foul brood in a
way that I have not got it just now. —Thanks
for your suggestions in regard to remodeling
the common cheap wheelbarrow. I am in-
clined to think, however, that w^hen you
come to see our $4.00 wheelbarrow you will
relent a little— see if you don't, friend M.

THE LOW PRICE OF HONEY.

WFIAT ARE WE TO DO TO STIMULATE THE TRADE '?

T NOTICE in the bee-jouinals that honey quo-
§^ tations all say they have more than they can
^l sell, and tell us not to ship just now, as it is
'*' slow sale. So it continues all the year, and
from year to year. It won't bear shipping-,
the sales are too slow and' too low. I shipped four
barrels of extracted honey to Galveston a year
ago. The merchant to whom I shipped it saj's
that he has not sold an ounce of it yet. I see by
the reports that the honey crop is large in the
North this season, more people going into the
business every year, doubling yearly or more. The
fact is, people don't eat honey. They are very
fond of it if it is given to them; but if they have to
buy it, it gives them the. toothache— makes them
sick; in short, they don't like it. Well, we are in
the business very extensively, and the question is,
how to get out of it or get our money back. I
have 400 colonies of bees in the Langstroth hive,
and have extracted 600 gallons— a very light crop.
I have to keep from three to four men nearly all
the time to help me. I pay them 75 cents per day,
they boarding themselves. That is very low pay
for work among bees, yet I»can't sell honey
enough to pay the hands, not counting my time as
anything. There is no "letup" in the business.
Bees don't care for Sunday. I can handle any bee
that I ever saw, with a smoker, without gloves or
veil, with my sleeves rolled up, yet it doesn't pay.
The more honey I have, the less it pays. If I
could get along without barrels to put it ia, it
would pay a little better. We shall have to put it in
some other shape to sell. Can't it be made into
candy? Can it be made so as not to run tog'ether
like stick candy ?

I have thought, that if we could get the news-
papers to talk honey it would do much in aiding iis
In selling honey; there is not one man in ten thou-
sand who ever reads a bee journal, yet all read the
common papers. I notice some bee-brother says
that no bad reports of bees and honey are ever
published. This will satisfy him that 1 am badly
in the ditch, and I suppose that I am not alone, by
many hundreds. You will have to put me low down

in Ulasted Hopes if some brother can't help me
out in disposing of my hor.oy. We all want help.

J. W. Park.
Columbia, Brazoria Co., Texas, Aug. 17, 1886.

Friend P., I am inclined to think your
honey is not tirst quality ; that is, it proba-
bly does not commanit first price in the
market. When we get a real nice article of
either clover or linden honey, we seldom
have it remain very long on our hands ; but
a lot that is a little off in color, or off in
taste, goes off at a very low price, i am
afraid, also, the merchant to whom you
shipped it does not make much of an effort
to sell it in the way of getting it before the
people in attractive shapes. I do not believe
much can be done in the way of making-
honey into confectionery. The honey-jum-
bles I have mentioned on former pages seem
to be the best outlet for honey to be used in
the way of refreshment. We are just iinish-
ing the ten-barrel lot we mentioned a few
months ago, and the whole ten barrels have
been sold in our own town. They will keep
months, or even years, and are just as nice a
cake when a year oltl as when first made.
People don't seem to tire of them. Tlie fla-
vor of honey is very perceptible in these
jumbles; but even a poor quality of honey
seems to go off well when worked up this
way ; that is, I mean such honey as golden-
rod, Spanish needle, or even buckwheat,
when it is in the form of a cake, is not objec-
tionable. Friend P., if you will send a sam-
ple of your honey to friend Muth, of Cincin-
nati, I think he can take it off your hands at
a pretty fair price ; that is, if the quality is
fair. Your suggestion is a good one, about
getting the newspapers to talk about honey.
They are getting to, to some extent, but not
very much as yet. Now, then, brethren and
neighbors, can't some of us help friend Park
out of his dilemma ? It seems to be too bad
to hear him say, that the more honey he
gets, the less the business pays. That is
certainly a queer turn of affairs in the bee-
business.

BOTTOMLESS HIVES.

HOW THEY ARE USED BY M. BROERS.

■JIp S I wrote you some time ago that I was exper-
gfl^ Imenting on a hive without a bottom, and

J^' promised you I would report later, I will
"''^^ now give you the result of mj' experiments,
and the advantages to be derived from the
use of a hive without a bottom. In the tirst place
(and I consider it of the greatest importance), there
is no possibility of losing the queen when hiving
a swarm by her getting under the bottom-board;
and in the next place, I can put in a swarm in
about half the time it takes to put them in a hive
any other way, as the hive can be left open all
around, so they can get in from all sides. I have
not put in a single swarm from the top of the hive
this season, and have not had one swarm to leave
me, which, I think, is often caused by being com-
pelled to go into the hive after the swarm is all in,
to straighten things up.

Another advantage is, that you can give a new
swarm all the air they need, and you know they
need a great deal. Where the yard is located on a

1886

(^Leanings In bee cultuue.

si:

slope, as it should be, every shower we have washes
out the bottom of the hive, carrj'ing- ott' all filth
which may have accumulated uuderneath, aud
which, at the same time, makes it very unhealthy
for the larvte of the bee-moth, which, by the way,
can find no lodg-ing-phice inside the hive.

Another item is the saving- of lumber; and I
think, taking all things into consideration, I shall
never use another hive in my yard, with a bottom-
board.

HONEY AS A CURE i'OR ERYSIPELAS.

A neighbor lady tells me that she completely
cured a case of this disease with honey, after the
doctors had g-iven her child up and said it could not
possibly get well. The way she applied the honey
was by saturating a sheet with honey and wrapping
the patient in it; but it was a very bad case, and
the disease had spread all over the child's body. I
suppose all that would be necessary would be to
cover with a cloth the parts affected, saturating it
with honej'. The above may prove of value to
some of jour readers, as erysipelas is sometimes
very hard to control. M. Broers.

Gonzales, Te.x., Sept. 20. 1886.

riieiicl B., this subject is not new, and a
good many have used hives without bottoms
to a considerable extent, myself among the
number ; but when your bees unexpectedly
get on to a robbing raid you may wish pret-
ty vehemently you had got tight bottoms to
all of your hives, and entrances that could
be closed safe and tight. Perhaps in your
warm climate there is not as much need of
bottom-boards in general as there is here.

SOME EXPERIENCE ■WITH THE
BLACK BEE.

FROM AN ABC SCHOLAR.

T3FOU say in Gleanings you are not bothered
I^Qm^ much with moths or worms. Well, I have
^^ had a great deal of trouble, and can hardly
-*■ keep them from destroying my strongest
colonies. I have one especiallj' that has
been losing the young bees for about two months
past. I went a month ago to see friends Nehel
& Son, of High Hill, Mo. I asked them why
I was losing so many young bees, and they could
not account for it. I guess from the questions I
asked them about bees they thought I was too
good an A B C scholar to let moth get in my hives;
so after coming back home, and still continuing to
study the ABC book, I at last found out by it
that it was moths. Well, I went to that hive yes-
terday and just tore the combs apart. I found
some moths, to be sure. I tore out combs with
moth-worms in them to the amount of a gallon.
I am having trouble this morning with robbers.
I have four out of the si.x now that I can go
through and take the moth-worms out.

The season started in well for honey, but it was
very dry the latter part of summer, so that now
my bees are not making any more honey than
they are consuming, so I have to feed three of
them for winter. Since starting in with bees I
have become enthusiastic in bee culture; and to
say I like the ABC book and Gleanings is
putting it very mildly indeed. There are some
writers I have learned to especially like alreadj',
such as the writers of Our Own Apiary and Banner
Apiary, and Doolittle and others. I expect to build

hives this winter, and think I shall adopt the chaff
hive for lower story, and Simplicity above. There
are a great many people here who have bees, but
they get very little honey from them, because they
keep them the old way; but I think a great many
of them will soon adopt the modern plan. I am
trying to work up an interest, and to get them
to take Gleanings and get them an ABC book.
I think they will come around after awhile. You
can consider me your agent here at this place.
The future will have to tell how good an agent
I am. J. W. KousE.

Santa Fe, Monroe Co., Mo., Sept. 3, 1886.

Accept our thanks, friend Rouse, for
your kind words, and also for your kindly
interest in our behalf. In regard to moths,
you have doubtless learned ere this, from
the reading of your A B C book, that
Italians are a sure preventive of their rav-
ages. We have only one colony in our api-
ary where there are moth, and this is a col-
ony of black bees wliich we recently pur-
chased of a neighbor. What shall we do
about it y We will give them an Italian
queen and a frame of young Italians.

CALIFORNIA.

NOT " A BEE KEEPERS PARADISE.''

Tjp FTER being in Southern California for three
sJoIl^i nionths, and without seeing Gleanings, I
j^l? feel as though I had lost my best friend, and
"*^^ art losing all track of what our eastern bee-
keeping friends are doing. Southern Cali-
fornia is supposed to be the "bee-keeper's para-
dise;" but it is far from it in many respects. I
have not yet visited any of the large bee-ranches ;
but from observation, and conversation with expe-
i-ienced bee-keeperS, I have concluded that a good
location in the East is preferable to this country.

First, though they can probably get twice as large
a yield as we can east, yet I think that, with less
work, I can make a colony pay better east than
here; for here they consider 3 to3!2 cts per lb. a
fair price for good extracted honey, while really
for the same grade of honey we can usually treble
that price.

Second, while California white sage has had a
good deal said as to its excellent quality, I have
not yet tasted of California honey that beat oUr
pure white clover, extracted, either in taste or beau-
ty. Again, the bee-keepers of this county have had
a lawsuit with the fruit-men (especially the grape-
men), in which the latter Claimed and proved that
the bees injured their fruit, and came out victori-
ous. It is said here that the bee punctures the skin
of the fruit, without any aid from other insects. If
I am not mistaken, most of our leading authorities
say the skin is first punctured by other insects.

What do the latest e.xperiments prove ? Do they,
or do thej' not puncture the fruit ?

The fruit-crop in this part of California is very
light this year. Peaches and nectarines were not
more than a fourth of a crop, while the orange
crop is light. Apricots and grapes are about the
only good crops. The people here now are very
busy picking their raisin grapes. A. M. Patten.

San Bernardino, Cal., Sept. 28, 1886.

Friend P., there is still a good deal of con-
troversy in regard to bees puncturing grapes;

814

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

and although they liave left our large crop of
Concords entirely iniharmed, I am satisfied
that they have annoyed, and perhaps dam-
aged grapes belonging to our neighbors,
when the grapes were left on tlie vines un-
til after frost, or until they got very rip^. I
think the fruit-grower vvlio is also a bee-
keeper can so manage the gathering of liis
grapes as to be but little annoyed by the
bees; but where people are not ready to
gather their fruit when it is dead ripe, and
large apiaries are in their vicinity, tliere is
quite a chance of trouble between neighbors.

PEUIT-BLOOM HONEY.

BEE-TENTS, PERFORATED ZINC, ETC.

T SENDyou by this mail a sample of fruit-bloom
^ honey. The fruit-bloom honey we get here is
^t good. This year it seems to be better than
■*■ Usual. It is the thickest honey I have ever
handled, and it will granulate during the hot-
test weather. The honey-crop in this section is
light, and it may be lighter still before the bees ai-e
prepared for winter. This has been a remarkable
season. We had much rainy and cloudy weather,
but the bees got enough to keep themselves, with
some to spare, ever since the first of May. Fall
flowers are abundant, and of vigorous growth.
My bees, like a great many others reported, seem-
ed to have a swarming fit; but although they near-
ly all swarmed in less than 21 days, 1 had no more
colonies than before.

[using bee-tents.

We all know how it goes to open hives during a
scarcity of nectar. All may go very well if we
have nothing more to do than to peep into a col-
ony now and then; but if we have extracting to do,
colonies to unite, old queens to be found, and new
ones introduced in full colonies, it is altogether
another thing. I often use a tent; but when I
take the tent away to commence on the ne.xt col-
ony, the robbers go for the entrance in a body.
Well, I have tried several plans. Last season 1
struck on a plan that I can depend on. I took an
Alley drone and queen trap, and put wire cloth
in place of the zinc at the entrance, being sure that
it was secure against the combined strength of
the robbers. I removed the zmc, or tin slide,
from the top. I have used this with complete
success during the past two seasons. I find that
the robber-bees that get into the hive before the
hive is closed come out at the wire-cloth funnels
unless the bees kill them; also the bees of the hive
can come out if they want to. Of course, this trap
is to be removed as soon as the bees are ready to
defend themselves.

perforated zinc.

Last April I got of you two full sheets of your
perforated zinc; also a tin-bound perforated zinc
honey-board (I would take this tin binding off if
I knew the honey-board would be large enough
afterward). I cut the two sheets of zinc into hon-
ey-boards, and make also 13 Heddon and one Tin-
ker honey-boards to lit the Simplicity hive. They
are beveled the same as a Simplicity hive: and when
in place they show on the outside and have a bee-
space above and below, the same as the Heddon.
I like the Tinker, or strips of zinc between slats.

best. 1 should not like to do without these honey-
boards, and have to pry and pull to get the frame
apart, as I did before this season. I have a simple
arrangement to get the honey-board loose from the
lower frames very quickly.

Some time ago (.Tuly 15th or Aug. 1st) Mr. Mutli
mentioned something in OIjEANinos about some
of his honey having an appearance as though
soot were mixed with it. Now, I must always take
my surplus honey away from the bees before
July 10 or they will mix with it more or less juice
from decaying cherries, a small quantity of which
will give the honey this sooty appearance when
extracted and placed in glass receptacles. Prob-
ably this is what is the matter with Muth's honey.
I evaporate all honey not ripe bj' the 10th of July,
by running over an arrangement at a temperature
of over 100°. .5— W. E. Peterman.

Trappe, Montg, Co., Pa., Aug. 19, 1880.

It is true, robbers will sometimes pounce
down upon the entrance immediately after
the tent is removed. To prevent this would-
be pilfering we contract the entrance for the
time being so that one or two bees caii easi-
ly stand guard. Indeed, it is well to keep
the entrances of all weak colonies thus con-
tracted during a dearth of honey.— The slat-
ted honey-boards, we should judge from re-
ports received, have doubtless come to stay ;
in fact, Dr. C. C. Miller, who has just been
with us. says he would not now do without
them. AVith the perforated zinc between
the slats they will be doubly valuable.— I
hardly think the smoky appearance of Mr.
Muth's melilot honey was caused from the
juice of decaying cherries, and I should be a
little skeptical about its coloring your honey
in the way you describe.

SOMETHING IN REGARD TO DRONE-
TRAPS.

enterprising chicks, and how expert they
become in catching drones.

fHE best drone-trap ever invented is not equal
to a dozen half-grown chickens. We feed
the chickens in the apiary, and there are
about a dozen that never leave it. They eat
drones fi'om the time they commence com-
ing out in the morning until they stop in the even-
ing, and some hot days they eat so many drones we
don't have them to feed. They became so expert
they could catch them on the wing every time, and
sometimes two chickens would be jumping up after
the same bee. When drones got scarce they began
to try a few workers, but didn't relish them, for the
workers would sting, even after they were picked to
pieces and swallowed. I saw one chicken swallow a
dozen drones in five minutes, and then look for
more. They also ate a few clipped queens, and
seemed to relish them as well as they did drones.
They kept the apiary stripped of drones, except in
two hives, which were so high from the ground they
could not reach them. The chickens were White
Leghorns and Plymouth Rocks.

Bees did poorly until morning-glories commenced
blooming. The honey-crop is poor in quantity as
well as in qualitj' in this county.

W. W. SOiMERFOKD.

Navasota, Grimes Co., Texas, Sept. 27, 1886.

ISSB

GLEA:^iNGS In bee cuttuttti.

815

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOINC IT,

Continued from Sept. 15.
CHAPTER XXV:

By this shall all men know that ye are my disci

111 tliis chapter I am going to say some-
thing about attending fairs— county faii-s
and State fairs, and 1 am going to take the
position, also, that we ought to go. The
friends who liave followed me thus far sure-
ly know, without my telling them, that I do
not approve of horse -racing, games of
chance, or gambling of any kind; or betting ;
neither do 1 approve of throwing balls at
dolls, and getting a cigar every time you
throw straight. I am sorry to see these in-
stitutions still kept on many of our fair-
grounds. I am very glad to note, however,
that in many of our State and county fairs—
in fact, I think I may say in the most of
them— very grejlt improvements are being
made in the way of encouraging better mor-
als. The State or county fair now that al-
lows Intoxicating beverages to be sold on its
grounds is behind the times, and I think a
progressive people will very soon give them
to understand that such management will
not long be countenanced, and that they
can not long prosper.

Well, what shall we do at our county fairs,
you may ask V My reply is, that we should
make them the means of receiving and giv-
ing knowledge. Let every tradesman and ev-
ery producer of any crop of any kind go and
exhibit his wares; let him stand by them and
explain to people all about them. Let us all
endeavor to get acquainted with each other,
and in this way I think we f ulHll tlie spirit
of the little text at the head of this chapter,
inasmuch as we can not love people very
much without knowing them, at least to
some extent. One of the grand things to be
done in this world is to get acquainted.
Staying at home and attending to your own
business is all right, if not carried too far.
No doubt there are people in every neighbor-
hood who go visiting too much ; but I think it
is equally true that there are almost as many
who do not go visiting enough ; that is, peo-
ple v.'ho do not meet their fellow-men so as
to exchange ideas, and keep posted in regard
to the events of the day.

I have, at different times in my life, felt
and said that I was tired of fairs ; that they
were pretty much the same thing every
year; that I had no objections to offer, if
people wanted to go and enjoy such things,
but that I would not go across the street to

pies, If ye have love one to another.— -John 13:3r>.

see all they had to show. Did you eVei- feel
that way, my friend ? Well, How, if yotl
have any confidence in my ability to advise,
let me tell you that such thoughts are
wrohg. I believe they are Satan's prortipt-
Ings. You have no right to stay away front
all kinds of gatherings, even if you do feel
like it. There are duties aiid resiJonsibilities
that fail upon you naturally, and which yoil
can not discharge unless you are among the
people and acqhainted ■^vith thfe lieDl;)le. If
thihgs are managed badly at our fairs, gd
with the spirit of Christ in yout heai't and
cheerfully take hold of the task of making
them better. I am sure the same is trufe in
regard to bee-conventions and class conven-
tions of every description. Besides, in the
end it will pay you to go. You may not re-
alize at once that you have been benefited ;
but, go to your State and county fair ; look
at every thing that is to be seen ; endeavor
to understand how different industries are
carried on ; ask the purpose arid use of every
thing you see, with which you are unac-
qttainted, and you Avill, even if you do not
realize it at the time, find out afterward
that you have acquired valuable knowledge
—yes, very valuable. A great many times I
see people wasting time enough in accom-
plishing some desired end to have done it a
dozen times over had they known of cheap
little implements already in the market for
doing this same thing. Many times you pay
a hired man money enough for a single
week's work to have paid for a tool with
which he could have done the same M'ork in
one day. Go to your county fair ; take along
the produce of your farm or the product of
your workshop. Explain to the crowds you
will meet there how your work is dont', and
why it is worth the money you ask for it.
Let your light shine.

Only a single roadway sepaiates our m;ir-
ket-garden grounds from our county fair-
grounds, and therefore it is an easy matt( r
forme to exhibit any thing 1 may have for
sale. Last year we made a display of hon-
ey; and for the purpose of sliowing it to
good advantage we had a little building put
up, which our artist has shown you on p. 81(5.

You will notice, friends, that there does
not seem to be a very large crowd around
the building. Well, when the artist came

816

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

around to take it, there did not happen to be
many people around at the lime. I guess it
was just about time for the horseraces, and
so it is mostly women and children who re-
main around tlie stand. In the center of
the building is a pyramid of shelves. This
was mostly tilled with cabbages, large ones
at the bottom and smaller ones at the top,
until the top shelves had some that weighed
only a pound apiece. These we offered for
a penny. Many of them were the product
of the shoots that put out from the
stumps after cutting our early Jersey Wake-
fields. A basket of them was kept on the

board was put up on another corner of the
building, reading as follows : " Some of the
products of our Medina clay soil." This
was for the encouragement of those who
were in the habit of saying that certain
things could not be raised in Medina clay.

The individual behind the counter, with a
package in his hand, is supposed to be your
humble servant, and I stayed there the great-
er part of the three days the fair was in ses-
sion. I formed, during these three days,
many new acquaintances, exchanged new
ideas with hundreds of people, and learned
some very important and valuable facts by

A GLIMPSE FROM OlIU COUNTY FAIKGROUNDS, WITH OUK BUILDIKCf FOR THE FALE
OF GARDEN VEGETABLES AND HONEY.

talking with old farmers. At first it seemed
rather dull, but I had made up my mind
that it was my duty, and I determined to
carry it out. I have already told you of the
difficulty of selling the products of our mod-
ern agriculture. Our ground is now getting
in such a state [ot cultivation that we raise
more on a little plot than our whole town
can consume; in fact, it begins to be quite
plainly apparent, that, on the ten acres we
now have under cultivation, enough garden-
stuff can be raised to sell in our town of less
than 2000 inhabitants so as to amount to be-

counter, with a neatly printed card, reading,
" Only 1 cent each, or 10 cents per dozen.-'
The counter, clear around the outside, was
covered with beets, squashes, potatoes, cu-
cumbers, tomatoes, baskets of peppers, etc.
But the particular vegetable on exhibition
was " White Plume " celery. This was ar-
ranged in celery-glasses, clear around the
building. We soon discovered that people
were at a loss to understand whether these
vegetables w'ere simply for exhibition or for
sale, so we put up little boards, saying,
" These vegetables are for sale." Another

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

817

tween two and three thousand dollars yearly,
in cash. The principal difficulty that meets
me now, however, is, that it costs almost as
much to raise and sell the stuff as we get for
it ; therefore we must reduce expenses by
making horseAvork take the place of liand-
work ; and we must also learn to raise tine
products that will command high prices,
without very much labor in getting rid of
them. Well, the comity fair promised to as-
sist greatly in all these points ; and by the
close of the third day I was very much
pleased to find that my plans had been real-
ized. The principal crop sold was the cele-
ry, and the " White Plume''' celery is just
the thing for such an undertaking. When
you get any sort of commodity started on the
fairground, it sells itself. If a man or wo-
man is seen with a nice bunch of celery in
her hand, everybody she meets wants to
know where she got it — price, etc. ; and l)y
and by, if you do ijour part faithfully, you
will soon have everybody on the fairground
wanting a bundle of celery. We sold 75 lbs.
to the dining-room people, and we retailed
enough more to make it toward 500 lbs.
Our retail price is 5 cts. per lb. ; but to the
dining-room people, or anybody else who
buys 100 lbs. or more, we sell it for 3 cts. per
lb. Cabbages sold pretty well, but the cele-
ry was the great staple of our vegetable and
honey-stand. Honey is now so staple an ar-
ticle of diet almost every day in the year in
Medina that we sold but comparatively little
this season.

You will notice baskets hung around over-
head. These are a great convenience in any
such business. The baskets can be furnish-
ed for 5 cts., at a small profit, and a great
many times people will buy things if they
can get a basket to carry them in, when they
would not take them otherwise. Have your
baskets handy, and have every thing handy.

We kept paper bags right under the coun-
ter, on a shelf prepared on purpose. I learn-
ed a great many things in selling before a
crowd like the crowd you meet on fair-
grounds. One important thing is to be al-
ways busy. There were three of us taking
care of the stand. The man who had charge
of the honey kept busy most of the time in
filling little glass pails with honey. The
woman who assisted employed her spare
moments in shelling lima beans. The beans
were retailed at 10 cts. per half-pint berry-
box full. I was kept busy most of the time
in weighing the celery, clipping off dark or
discolored leaves, and filling up the celery-
glasses, When the contents of a gujfis '<\ev(^

sold, it was slipped into a paper bag ; then
some more celery was weighed out and put
in its place. Many customers came up with
a rush, and were in a hurry, therefore I had
my paper bags already open, the bottoms
pressed out, and every thing in readiness so
I could do up the package in a twinkling.
You may ask, '■ AVhy not have them wrap-
ped up beforehand V My friends, that
does not work well. Customers want to see
things, and examine them before the articles
are wrapped up. Now. this one thing of be-
ing busy is very important. A man who sits
down and smokes until purchasers come will
not sell half as much as the one who has his
coat off and is busy. Somebody says,
'' What are they at work at down there?''

" Why, they are selling celery like every
thing. Just see. They are taking it off
just as fast as that fellow can wrap it up.
Let us go and look at it."

When they come up to the stand, some-
body says, " Where did this celery grow?"

I reply, that it was raised right over the
fence, and show them where they can see
the white tops of it glistening through the
trees. Then come a good many questions ;
and when people find it can be raised on our
soil they naturally inquire if plants will be
ready for sale the next spring. I tell them
that we always keep strong transplanted
plants ready for customers, from the first of
April to the first of September. Thus you
see our plant-business is advertised.

Tlien somebody wants to know about Ter-
ry's system of raising potatoes. My reply is,
"■• Friends, you can see the potatoes growing
right over the fence there, and here is Ter-
ry's book, that tells all about just how to do
it; and here are some of the potatoes, just
as they were dug— no small ones tlirown
out at all. They come out of the ground just
like this.''

Now, almost every farmer's boy is inter-
ested in nice fruits and in nice vegetables ;
and especially is he interested when he sees
the man behind the counter " just taking in
the nickels like every thing," for something
that he can raise on his own grounds. All
parties are benefited. The talk in regard to
the things is a means of educating the peo-
ple, and the result is a developing of the re-
sources of our nation, the encouragement of
agriculture right around our homes, and es-
pecially the encouragement of getting large
crops on small areas of ground, thus bring-
ing the whole matter within the scope of
people of humble means, and those wlio
\m\c only small Jiomes.

818

GLEANI2^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

CHAPTER XXVI.

Bo ye therefore peileet, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.— Matt. 5: 48.

Some of the friends may wonder what the
above text lias to do with raising garden-
stuff. Well, I hope I may be able to make
it plain that it has a great deal to do with it.
At onr teachers' meeting recently, the ques-
tion was asked whether it is indeed possible
for erf ry one to attain to the high graces of
Christian life. Is it within the powers of
ordinary individuals to lead sanctified, holy
lives? I asked the chairman of the meeting
to let me talk a little ; and when permission
was given me to '■' talk," I told the friends
that I felt sure that it i.s within the power of
every one to lead a life of purity, but that,
like almost every thing else in this world, it
needed watchfulness as well as prayerful-
ness. It is as snrely possible as it is for one
to be proficient, and to excel in business mat-
ters. And then I told of some of our trials
in getting clerks who could do business
without committing annoying and expensive
blunders. Our book-keeping, perhaps, re-
quires the most care and precision of almost
any one department. When lielji is needed
on the books, we try first one and then an-
other; and may be we get discouraged, and
aick of thinking of bringing any nav help at
all, it is so rarely we find somebody who can
be trusted. In using the word " trusted " I
do not mean that it is dlrticult to find those
who are honest ; but the great difliculty is to
find some one who is careful — always careful.
The clerk who credits a man when she ought
to debit him can not hold her place very long.
She may explain that it was an accident,
and nothing intentional ; but the world at
large nowadays demands Accuracy ; it re-
fuses to be satisfied without it. Well, at one
time I decided that such positions must be
given to none but elderly people, say those
toward forty years of age. Pretty soon,
however, a girl in her teens upset all this
philosophy by showing more care and preci-
sion than any one who had had any thing to do
with the books for a long while, and she did
this, too, with only nfew ■h(oh^/(.s'' experience.
I was astonished to see her go along day aft-
er day, doing every thing just right, and do-
ing it in so quiet and still a way that one
would hardly know that she was in the rcom.
I began to make it a study to see where the
secret lay. For the help of others who had
failed I wanted to discovev some great truth

that might be helpful to the rest. I found
it. A great part of her success was because,
while at work, she did not take her mind
nor scarcely her eyes off from her task. She
never spoke to any one unless business de-
manded it ; and it seemed surprising that
she could keep the run of things, to the ex-
tent she did, and yet ask so few questions.
No matter who came into the room, or what
was going on, she never looked or seemed to
notice. Had an earthquake occurred here,
such as the friends had in Charleston, prob-
ably she wonld have looked up and inquir-
ed what the matter was ; but I rather think,
my friends, she would have been one of the
last to stop her work. You see, she was in
the habit of letting nothing divert her from
the work in question ; and I believe the
greater part of the mistakes that are made
in this world are because the one who does
it was looking at something else, or thinking
of something else besides the wprk in hand.
Now, I do not mean to be partial to the
other sex, and I am happy to state that we
have boys in our establishment who do just
about as well. While age is an advantage,
it is only one of the elements of success.
You may say it is natural for some people to
be careful and accurate, while it is not nat-
ural for others, and that you have no right
to expect it. I admit this ; but for all that,
the same rules will apply in any kind
of life— making garden or driving team.
Have your thoughts about you, and bend
your whole energies to the work about you ;
and if you succeed, you must do this.
AVhether you are hired to drive horses, or
whether the team is your own you are driv-
ing, to make a success of your business
your heart and soul must be in it. I think
our text touches the spirit of the matter.
Never stop short of absolute perfection ;
that is, so far as it lies in you. In spiritual
things I think the same rule applies. The
question comes up constantly. Which shall
it be— self or the honor and glory of Christ
JesusV You are perfectly free to decide
which. If you let se?/ rule, you may obtain
a momentary gratification many times ; but
if you let the teachings of Christ take the
place of selfish feelings, the result will be a
full and glorious character. A self-sacrific-
ing spirit will ultimately make your life a

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

S19

blessing to iiour><elf and a blessing to those
around you : and, if I am correct, most of
our troubles come from letting self rale, in-
stead of Christ's si)irit. Sometimes it seems
very, very hard to i)ut down self and exalt
the Master ; but it can be done, and must be
done. In business matters, also, it is hard,
many times, to succeed in making your bus-
iness pay expenses, especially with the
sharp, keen competition that is round about
you.

And now I want to point out one more
difficulty in making business a success.
You will have to strive and work hard, just
as you strive and work hard to liave a clear
conscience, and to be at all times pure in
heart. You must not let expenses exceed
your income ; that is, you must not pay out
more money than you take in. You may
feel like complaining that your lot in life is
hard. Satan will tempt you to feel that
you are working like a slave, and he may
tempt you to revolt, and declare you won't
do it, and that you are going to take things
easy, as others do. Beware of such thoughts.
The ea.se that he holds up to you temptingly
is not ease— it is bondage. Very likely other
folks around you seem to succeed without
half the exertion you are making. That
has nothing to do with it. I do not mean
that you must overtask your strength, for
that would be folly. Take such strength
as God gives you, and make the most of it
you can. But have your wits about you,
and keep watch of things. Suppose, for
instance, you are obliged to hire a man to
plow your ground. Be sure that, when he
makes his appearance at 7 o'clock in the
morning, every thing is in peil'ect readiness
for him. And, by the way, before hiring a
man with a team I would have an under-
standing as to how many hours he is to
work for you ; in fact, the better plan is to
have him w^ork by the hour. If he comes at 7
and works till noon, call it five hours. A
man with a good team should be worth 80
cts. an hour, or may be 8.5. If he is half an
hour late, 15 cts. or more is out of his pocket
and not i/ours; and if there has been an
agreement beforehand, there need be no dif-
ferences in regard to the matter. If he is
going to plow, l)e sure that the plow is in
good order, and see to it the night before-
hand if possible. You can not afford to pay
a man three or four dollars a day to work
with poor tools, nor can you afford to have
the team stand still while you have him fuss
with the tools. Have a good sharp point
on the plow, before 7 o'clock. If you are to

furnish him his breakfast, be sure that is
disposed of before the time to commence.
(I believe the women-folks usually do see to
that part.) Have the plow on the spot also ;
have the doubletrees attached ; see that the
clevises are stout ; that the pins that go
through them are fastened by leathers, or in
some other way. I have seen two men and
a team stand still a good many times while
they hunted and fretted, may be, for a pin
that came out of a clevis. If there are any
bolts on the plow, see that the nuts are
turned up tight. The plow should also be
bright. Perhaps the quickest way to brighten
it, if it is not kept bright, is to run it through
a bed of gravel ; and when it is once nice
and bright I would give it a thorough greas-
ing with the good cheap lubricating oils we
have nowadays. A good big jugful or a
canful should be always near at hand. A^ery
often the 1 ime of a team can be saved by a
little forethought. If you are going to plow,
and then draw manure awhile, push the
wagon up to the manure-heap by hand, if
you can not do any better, and load it while
the team is plowing. Keep in mind, that,
while a man and team is worth 30 cts. or
more an hour, the time of one man is worth
only from 10 to 1-5 cts. an hour; and this one
man can very often save the time of two
horses and two men. For the same reason,
a boy and a man work profitably together.
It always makes me feel guilty when I man-
age in such a way that an expensive man
is seen going across the lots after a jug of
water. After it happened once or twice, I
provided three or four water-jugs. Each
jug had a cork in it to keep out insects. I
prefer corks to corncobs or any such like
substitutes. I also want smooth clean jugs.
The hands are carefully instructed to take
a jug of water along when they are going
some distance away to work. A boy at
work witli a man will do such errands, and,
a great deal of the time, find work that he
can do as fast a man could do it. When the
boy is not wanted for any thing else, he can
busy himself in picking up stones and roots
on almost any piece of ground. Whoever
manages the work needs to be constantly
looking foiward to the next job, and to
make it his business to see that every thing
is in readiness for it. The boy can bring the
necessary implements, and have them in
place. If manure is to be hauled, the ma-
nure-forks can be right at the spot when
wanted. Sometimes a teamster will be all
hitched up, ready to start, and then have to
cluise about to find liis whip. I find it

820

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

cheaper to have three or four whips than to
waste the time of a man and team in looking
after one that may be mislaid. Manage so
that the team may never have to stand still
M'hile a wagon is being greased. Grease the
wagon nights and mornings, or on rainy
days. It has been urged, that the team
ought to rest occasionally, any way. Very
well; rest them by all means when they
need rest ; but if a team is in proper order,
and of the proper heft and strength for the
work to be done, they rarely need more rest
than they ordinarily get. Another thing :
The rest that usually comes when hunting
for a whip, or fixing a broken tool, may
come when the horses need it, and it may
not come when they need it. If a proper
system is observed in regard to the work, the
rest can be given just when they need it,
and at no other time.

My friends, did you never feel like saying
that some days were lucky daysV Some-
times every thing goes right straight along,
and you accomplish a great deal more in a
day than you expected ; and how pleasantly
you feel at night, to think that the tasks and
biu-dens that lay before you have all been
properly finished ! At other limes, every
thing seems to go wrong— tools break, get
lost, things do not come out right, night
comes, and almost nothing is accomplished.
The latter are the " unlucky " days. Now,
the real secret of it is, good management
and bad management. Sometimes things
come out right by accident, as it were ;
again, by accident every thing comes out
wrong. The intelligent and successful man-
ager must take advantage of accidents or un-
foreseen circumstances ; he must also look
ahead and be prepared for unforeseen emer-
gences. I presume likely, that, if I excel in
any one thing, it is in being able to manage
a good many helpers, and have them all pay
expenses. I believe the first person I ever
employed was my brother ; afterward a
neighbor's boy, and I enjoyed my first teach-
ing, watching and planning the work for
them. I used to enjoy measuring their capa-
bilities. When I could make them profit-
able, more help was employed. Finally I
discovered that girls and women could do
many things as well, or better, than boys
and men, and so I commenced employing
and teaching them. One who lias hands at
work for him must be constantly using his
brains in devising plans for shortening the
work. In my daily or almost hourly visits
through our rooms and over the grounds, I
am continually inventing shorter and better

methods. In reading agricultural books and
agricultural papers I catch hold of many im-
portant hints. Terry's potato-boxes, pic-
tured on page 408, have been a great help ;
and now I make it a point to insist that
every thing that is to be picked up, whether
sticks, stones, pieces of bee-hives, or roots
and stones in the field, shall be put into bas-
kets or these boxes. We keep a lot of them
in the tool-house, and a lot of them scattered
over the grounds in different places. If left
upside down, the A\eather does not affect the
boxes very much. A few days ago one of
the men suggested, while he was digging
out stumps, that the piles of roots and rotten
wood would make good firewood, and ^le vol-
unteered to pay the cost of drawing a load
of them up to his house, if I thought best. I
caught the idea at once, for it is some labor
to pile these up and burn them. Well, I dis-
covered that it was (luite a little task, even
"with our small boys to help, to pick up a
wagon-load of them, therefore the potato-
boxes were brought out ; and as the roots
were dug from the soil they were tossed into
these boxes. When the wagon came around,
before I knew it they emptied the boxes into
the wagon, thinking they were making a
great saving then. But I suggested, " Why,
look here, my friends, just set the boxes
right into the wagon, and don't pour the
roots out until you get to the woodliouse
where they are to be stored."

" But we can't get as many into a load,"
suggested some one.

" But, my friends, you can get on even tnore
at a load," and I showed them how to put
the boxes on top of each other, so that they
rode safely.

Many farmers dig their potatoes and throw
them in a heap in the fall, and the same
with corn ; and I have seen them dig bas-
ketsful, and pour them down in heaps in the
field; then they are picked up, put into the
baskets, and poured into the wagon. When
the wagon gets to the cellar they are picked
up again, and then poured into the bin in
the cellar. When they are sold they are
picked up another time, poured into the
wagon, possibly, picked iip */(7^ again, and
poured into the bin or on the cellar bottom
of the purchaser. Our potatoes are dug and
put into boxes, and we have boxes enough
so they stand there in those same boxes un-
til they are to be used, or until they are
planted the next April. The boxes are of
such a size that they can be set in a wagon
without much waste room ; in fact, we can
easily put on an ordin?iry wagon ^11 the

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

821

team can draw of boxes. We draw ours to
the tool-lions?, and place them overhead on
boards, separated so the air can pass freely
up between the boxes. The boxes, as you
know, have openings in the sides and bot-
tom, so that the potatoes are thoroughly
aired, while they are kept out of the sun.
There they are to remain until the weather
is so cold there will be danger of freezing,
then they go into the cellar, with the boxes
placed far enough apart so they still have
air. Last year, our potatoes were put into
barrels and taken into the cellar at once ;
but I soon found they were rotting in the
middle cf the barrels, while they were all
right near the outside and near the top and
bottom. Think of the amount of slow, ex-
pensive, back-breaking work that can be
saved in picking up potatoes by using boxes !
Well, the saving of labor is not all. Think
of the injury that is done to fruit — yes, and

to potatoes too — by pouring them out so
many times, and picking them up. Some
farmers use scoop - shovels, and there is a
scoop-shovel made on purpose to use for po-
tatoes ; but isn't it a great deal better to
pick them up just once, and not have them
handled any more until they are in the hands
of the consumer? I would do the same
thing with fruits and vegetables of every
kind, as far as possible— have them handled
only once. I would put strawberries and
raspberries into fruit-boxes, and have those
boxes put right into the hands- of the con-
sumer, without any pouring or scooping up.
Now, then, in concluding my chapter,
which started out with a text enjoining per-
fection, I exhort you never to stop short of
the betit way of doing things. Don't toler-
ate imperfect and slipshod ways. Try to do
in the best possible way, every tiling that is
to be done.

CHAPTER XXril.

A false balance is an abomination to the Lord: but a just Weigtit is his delight.— Phov. 11: 1.

The men who go with our market-wagon
are Christians, and I do not know but that
I might say they are young Christians. And
let me tell you, my friends, if you have never
tried it, there are few better places to test
Christian endurance than in going from
house to house to sell stulT. Sometimes the
best of them complain that it. is a wearying
and trying business to one's patience. My
reply is, " Vevy likely, boys ; but did you
never think it is a grand place to show forth
the spirit of Christ, and to work for liim V ''
One who can go from place to place, and
meet people at all hours of the day, some-
times, as a matter of course, when he is un-
welcome, needs to lie fortified with a Chris-
tian spirit, it seems to me, if any one does.
The tradesman who stands behind the coun-
ter, needs Christ's spirit too ; but he is, in a
sense, more independent, because people
come to him ; but in selling garden-produce,
on account of the perishable nature of the
commodity you are almost obliged to go
after your customers.

There are, perhaps, few things in this
world that stir up more ill feeling than mis-
imderstandings or dissatisfaction arising
from short weights and measures. Our
text strikes right at the root of the matter;

therefore it behooves the one who sells gar-
den-stuff, to be Just in his weights and
measures. And this calls to mind what 1
have spoken of before— the very uncertain
way in which stuff is sold. Perhaps the
most common way with the greater part of
the stuff is to sell it by the quart, peck, or
bushel ; but if you set about it you will lind
that it is a very hard matter indeed to de-
termine what is a quart, peck, or bushel.
When friend Terry started his potato-boxes,
column after column was occupied in the
Ohio Fanner in telling just how large the
box should be to hold an exact bushel. If I
am correct, it was not settled even then to
the satisfaction of all parties. Of course,
we know how much a bushel of potatoes
weighs, for the law fixes the weight, and so
it does that of almost all other produce.
But it is not always convenient to take the
weight. Potatoes, corn, and apples, are usu-
ally heaped up on the half-bushel. Some,
in fact, go so far as to say you must put on
all you can make stay on. This will do for
apples ; but when it comes to peaches worth
two or three dollars a bushel, most dealers
claim that the measure shoul^l be only fairly
rounded ; so you see the quantity purchased
or sold is very uncertain indeed. If you buy

822

gLeaningIs in bee cul/ruliE.

UCt.

half a bushel of peaches they are generally
rounded up just a little. In transportation
they get shaken down so the basket is hard-
ly level full. Now, if you sell them out and
heap up your measure there is great danger
that you do not get cost for them, let alone
the expense of doing business— that is, if
you want to sell things on a small margin,
and small margins are the rule nowadays— 1
mean, of course, where you buy the fruit to
sell again. We sell fruit on our wagon
along with vegetables, to help pay traveling
expenses. By the time our wagon had been
running about six months, we discovered
that by far the better way is to sell things
by weight. Look at the market reports in
any of your papers, M'ill you ? Cabbages are
quoted at from three to four dollars per 100
heads. Now, the heads in our field weigh
from one to ten pounds. Beets, onions, rad-
ishes, asparagus, pie-plant, etc., are usually
sold by the bunch. Well, what does a
bunch weigh V Sometimes more and some-
times less ; and this leaves it for the gar-
dener to give just as small bunches for a
nickel or a dime as his customers will stand.
Worse still, the bunches are not all alike.
Now, we make our bunches by weight. We
weigh them up, just so much in each bunch.
Our cabbages are put on the scales, and sold
for so much a pound ; the same with celery,
squashes, etc. The nicest thing fcr weigh-
ing small quantities is the little scale below.

THE " FAVORITE " FA^MILY SCALE.

The scale stands in a convenient corner of
the wagon. Wheii the purchaser picks out
just the article wanted, it is dropped on the
scale, and both parties can see at a glance
just what the article weighs. There has
been one objection made to this — that a cer-
tain squash or melon may Ije more desirable
than the others. Well, our plan is to fix the
price at so much for first-quality goods. An
indifferent specimen is sold at a less price
per pound. Celery is sold the world over, I
believe, at so much a root or dozen roots.
In our grounds we have a good many roots
that weigh a pound each ; but by far the
larger part of them do not weigh half a
pound each. Is not so much a pound by
much the fairest way ?

Since school lias commenced, the small
boy we had on our wagon is obliged to at-
tend school, and two men now take charge
of the wagon. We have the lines lengthen-
ed out so the driver can stand on the step at
the back end of the wagon. See cut oppo-
site Chapter XXL While the driver stands
on the seat, his scales are on the low shelf
at his right hand, ready to drop any article
on them that needs to be weighed. Two
men manage the wagon entirely. A trusty
horse is used, and a couple of hooks are fixed
to hold the lines right at hand on the back
end of wagon. Whoever gets through with
his customer first, takes the lines and drives
along to the next stopping-place. The wag-
on seldom fails to make a trip on account of
the weather. A rubber blanket is carried
along to cover the horse when it is rainy.
Pieces of enamel cloth of suitable sizes are
in readiness to cover articles that may be in-
jured by rain— honey -jumbles, some kinds
of fruit, etc. The receipts from the wagon
average, in cash, from 20 to BO dollars per
week, going every forenoon. The expense
of the trip— men, horse, and wagon, is about
$2.00 for each forenoon. Thus you see it
costs 20 per cent, or one-fifth of the value
of the articles, to sell them ; therefore
if any one will come and take our stutf
from the grounds, in quantities sufficient to
gather the crop to order, we can afford to
let him have it for one fifth less. We esti-
mate, also, that we can not afford to carry
any article on the wagon unless we can
make a clean profit of at least 2.5 per cent ;
and sometimes even this is too close a mar-
gin. Peaches that cost a dollar a basket
can not well be sold for less than $1.50 on
the wagon.

To he continued Nov. 15^1SS6.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

823

FROM DIFFEHENT FIELDS.

AN INCUEASE FIIOM 4 TO 26 COLONIES.

Tip BOUT two years ago I bought two colonies of
qflk bees, and bad one left in the spring. I also
^^m bought one of your ABC books and com-
■^^^ raenced to study it. That summer I got a
queen and M lb. of bees of you, and let them
out in mj' empty hive, with one frame of brood
taken out of my other hive. They went to work
immediately, and did first rate; so by fall T had Ave
colonics, but I got only a little surplus honey. Last
spring I had four good strong colonics left, one
weak. One died in June. 1 divided them, and made
eight colonics of them; then in about two weeks
they commenced swarming. Oh my! how they did
act! 1 had no hives on hand, and had to make them
by hand. You can i-cst assured I was busy. They
kept it up until I had :"C colonies before I could
stop them. I put three back in the hive they came
out of, and tore down the queen-cells, and had two
swarms go oil'. When they stopjjed swarming they
commenced storing hone.v.

I had about 500 lbs. of surplus comb honey, and
have 26 good strong colonics with plentj- of
stores for wintei-. E. R. Fosmire.

Cromwell, Union Co., Towa.

CilVING FRESH AIR TO CITRE FOUL BROOD.

About June 10th 1 bought 7 colonies of bees for
$1.00 each. They each had foul brood in them in
all stages, from larvic 3 days old to workers nearly
ready to hatch. I moved them 9 miles to a new lo-
cality, and for 2 weeks the odor from them scented
up my whole apiary of 28 colonies. All I did was to
go out every night and lift the covers off and pull
the cloths from off the fi-ames to give them fresh
air. As soon as I commenced uncovering them at
night, so the dew could fall on them, they com-
menced improving, and now there is not a sign of
foul brood among them. Two of them superseded
their old queens. The two young queens are e.xtra
prolific, and all 7 of them are doing well.

The honey ci-op in this part of the State is ex-
tremely small and poor in quality, there being but
little basswood bloom. W. W. Somerford.

Navasota, Texas, Aug. 15, 1886.

Friend S., I should be almost inclined to
believe that you did not have the real foul
brood if you cured them by giving them
fresh air only. Perhaps the change of local-
ity had something to do with it. If such
were ttie case, they may have been gather-
ing something in tlieir old locality which
brought on and sustained foul brood, and
the change removed them from the cause.
Or, possibly, as some claim, they got well
themselves.

SWARMING again; AN EXPERIENCE SI.MILAR TO
O. F. ROBBINS'.

I will now make my report for 1886. I com-
menced the season with 80 stands, and bought 8
more in box hives for *10.00. I increased to 120,
but have doubled back to 112. I took 8000 Ujs. of
comb and 1000 lbs. of extracted honey. I have
sold most of my comb honey at 12^2 to grocers, and
15 cts. retail; extracted, 8 and 10 cts. respectively.

The season here opened splendidly with maple
and willow, cottonwood, fruit-bloom, locust, and
raspberry. All came in in their turn, so that but

few of the bees needed stimulating. I have never
been able to get the bees to take artificial pollen,
probably on account of the abundance of early
flowering trees, mai)lc, willow, elm, cottonwood,
etc. White clover came on about ten days earlier
than usual; and as I was engaged in other business,
it found me unprepared fcr it; but having plenty of
materials I soon had surplus arrangements on all,
and all went nicely till the first of June, when they
took the swarming fever. I shaded the hives and
tried to give plenty of room, but swarm they
would — first swarms, second swarms, and re-
swarras, or those that came out after hiving. One
hot Sunday there were 14 of them in all. Often
two or three would go together. I would generally
hive them together, as I had no time to look up
queens, and could find but little hel]). Well, if you
want to know any more, re-read G. F. Kobbins'
"Fun among the Bees" in Gle.\nings of Sept. l.")th.
The excessive heat and abundant flow of honey was
the cause, I think. The weather turned dry the
last of June, and closed the honej' season. Spanish
needle, though full of bloom, was an entire failure.

T have tried Heddon's plan for preventing sec-
ond swarms, and have generallj' succeeded.

Chillicothc, Mo., Sept. 3J, 1S86. Ben A. Rapp.

THAT CARNIOLAN QUEEN.

I have seven colonics now. I started with two in
the spring. They are all in good condition, and
are gathering considerable honey, which I will be-
gin to extract in a few days. I have increased
two by natural swarming, and three by nuclevis.

I bought a Carniolan queen (so called, though she
resembled a hybrid) last month, and, observing
queen-cells in the hive recentlj', I put a drone-
trap (Alley's) in the entrance, as I am much away
from home. The swarm came out a week ago,
and clustered in an apple-tree a few feet away.

A boy of 15, who had no experience, managed to
get them into a hive after much work, and had
them to swarm out once or twice. When I got
home I gave them some young brood, foundation,
etc.; and though puzzled about the drone-trap and
queen, I decided they must have a queen or they
would not have swarmed. The queen was not in
the drone-tra]) nor in the parent colony either,
so I gave the hived swarm a couple of queen-cells
to see if they had a queen or not, for I could not
find her. Tliey accepted the cells, proving, I sup-
pose, that the Carniolan queen was lost.

One cell hatched the day following the swarm,
while I was looking at it, and the young queen
was received. They swarmed out ag'ain, however,
that day; and as it was a big one I his'ed it also,
making two colonies of the fli-st swarm. Every
thing seems to be going on light now, after a week,
both swarms having young queens, one of them
now laying.

A SWAR.M COMING OUT IN THE R.\IN.

I am quite puzzled how my Carniolan queen
could have left the hive with the ti-ap in the en-
trance, and in what way she got lost. I can not
understand wiiy the first swarm sent out another
on the following da3-, and a rainy one at that.
They had a clean hive, lots of room, young brood
and two cells, yet they came out in the rain at 10
o'clock, and hung on the tree until I got home at
5:30 p. M., when I easily hived them.

It seems to me that after-swarms are always
liable to issue if you leave a number of cells in

8^1

GLEAKOGS IN BEE CULtUItE.

Oc-t.

the hive. <>ne of the smallest colonies in which
I had been rearing- queens swarmed out as soon as
the cells beg-ah to hatch. I (iut the swarm from a
tree and let thcni run into the hive from which
they cumc, and they accepted the situation, and
are working contentedly. The first queen can not
be depended on to destroy the remaining- cells,
even when the colony is small. F. M. Potts.

Media, Del. Co., Pa.

INTERESTING FACTS IN REGARD TO SILVERHULL

BUCKWHEAT ; THE HONEY NOT DARK BUT

LIGHT COLORED.

When I bought those 5-cent packages of Europe-
an silverhull buckwheat I intended to report
whether it turned out well or poorly. Well, for
honey the bees work on it the same as on the
common. 1 caught and dissected a bee, and found
light-colored honey that she had gathered from it.
This made me feel hurrah like; but in a few days
after, when passing through a buckwheat-field
(I had thought the thing over before, whether any
buckwheat honey is dark inside of a bee). I open-
ed one, and found the same light-colored honey.
Now, why is it dark inside of the hive after they
have finished if?

T counted the seed on one stalk, and found 1293,
which is near enough to 1300 to call it that; 1300
fold— how is that? If you sow at the usual rate of
one bushel per acre you would have 13(10 bushels
per acre; but these grains are so small that one-
half of this amount would be as thick as one bush-
el of the large would make it ; then if you want the
yield to be 1300 or even 1000 per stalk, you would
have to sow, I should think, about 4 qts. per acre,
and take care of it the same as you do corn, which
would be— let's see— 1300 divided by 8 equals 163!4,
per acre, which might be done- on paper, at any
rate, and could be sold, if sold at Henderson's
prices, $'>M per bushel, for— my! I won't tell, for
some one will buy up all the buckwheat and mo-
nopolize the whole thing so I shall be left. Now
raise your buckwheat on land, and it will be 20
bushels per acre, at 40 cts. per bushel, as this is
called a very good yield for this locality; or if you
intend to raise 40 bushels per acre you will have to
take as good care of it as Henderson does with his,
which few do. J. L. Hvde.

Pomfret Landing, Conn., Sept. 27, 1886.

Friend II., I think the% reason why the
lioney was light-colored was because the
quantity was too small to show the coloring
matter in it. Venders of syrups put their
samples in thin glass bottles, and by this
means they make a very dark syrup appear
very light colored.— I think it would be pos-
sible to get an immense crop on a single
acre of ground, if the soil were prepared so
that it would be exactly suited for buck-
wlieat, and the proper number of plants,
and no more, were on each square foot of
ground. We are, however, far from such an
attainment as you mention. The number of
seeds you mention on a stalk must have
been an enormous product. I do not tliink
I have ever seen any thing like it. We have
about two aci'es of the European silverhull
buckwheat, and we propose to offer it for
sale at the same price as the ordinary silver-
hull ; or, if you choose, let it take the place
of the ordinary silverhull. Forty cents a
bushel is lower than I have ever known buck-

wheat to be sold for in our vicinity. We pay
from 75 cts. to $1.0(J a bushel, even where we
buy 100 bushels at a time.

^EP0^3Fg ENcea^^GiNG.

REPORT ENCOURAGING, IN POETRY; FROM 14

COLONIES TO 63, and 1700 lbs. of honey.
^pjriLL you permit me to give you the present
year's report from 14 colonies, two of which
were qucenlcss in April, and had to wait
till they raised one, neither of which
swarmed nor gave any surplus, except a
few lbs. from the brood-chamber? Two others had
drone laying queens, which 1 did not discover for
more than a mouth, from one of which I got no sur-
plus, but had to stimulate till they raised a queen.

1 bold my bees this .year,

I kept but just a tew;
But fourteen stands and little care,

Increased to sixtj-two.
The surplus, too, would seem,

When added up, was founil.
Though weighed with care, it kicked the beam

At seventeen hundred pound.
They're ready now for winter, too.

For j'esterday I found
Each hiv*' weighs now from sixty two

To sixty-seven pound.
Of stores, an average

Of one and thirty pound.
Exclusive of the hive or cage

Tliat does the bees surround.
And yt I tliink they may,

While rcNtiiigon their'oars.
Have tiftccii luinilrcd pounds to-day.

Laid up foi- winter stores.
One colony alone

Gave me three hundred pounds.
And you can choose it when you come,

If better can't be found.
And one, with extra queen.

Two hundred eiifhty pound;
And biggest swarm I've ever seen.

That weighed about ten pouhd.
I have no more to feed ;

Each hive has now its store.
And .six pounds more than e-ch will need.

Or ever had before.

Henry Large, per daughter.

Whig-villo, Ohio, Sept. 38, 1886.

A BAD YEAR IN TEXAS; SAVAGE CYPRIANS.

WENTY-ONE years ago I began bee-keeping,
and never saw in all this time so disastrous
a year as this. I Went into winter with
.56 colonies of Cyprians in my home j'ard,
and 30 colonies of Italians in my Dres-
den yard, three miles off. I now have the same
number, and not 3 lbs. of honey per colony yet. It
has been almost impossible to raise queens, and my
queens behave so badly away from home that I
am afraid I shall have to quit the Cyprians, in
self-defense. Bro. Bcomhower stung almost to
death, and Bro. Doolittle had to hunt the wood-shed
on account of my stinging Cyprians. The April and
May drought did the work. In parts of the State,
Hock-masters (sheep) had to kill the lambs to save
the ewes, and some of the flock-masters paid off
their shepherds and turned their flocks loose to
starve, or be killed by ravenous wolves. In many
places in our State, no rains have fallen in from 7
to 14 months. We are not quite that dry here. I
have made half a crop of wheat, atad one-fourth
crop of oats and rye; corn is fair and cotton good,
and we may yet get honey.
Dresden, Texas. 81— B. F. Carroll, 76—76.

He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— Luke 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

Blessotl are the pui
God.— Matt. 5:S.

c ill heart, for thej- shall see

DO not believe it is, as a general thing,
a good plan to visit our neigVibors on
Sunday ; but there is one kind of Sun-
day visiting tliat I have been doing for
ten years or more, and I have been so
greatly blessed in this kind of Sunday visit-
ing that I like to talk about it. It is visiting
the inmates of our county jail. A few days
ago I was told that a young man had got in-
to our jail, perhaps to stay many months. I
found him in his cell, lying on his bed, sick.
1 at once thought of the text, '• I was sick,
and ye visited me ; I was in prison, and ye
came unto me.'' As soon as he put out his
hand to me and smiled, something flashed
across my mind that I had seen him before,
lie was quite a good-looking young man,
dark eyes, and pearly -white teeth that
showed plainly when he laughed. Where
had I seen him ? Years ago he used to
come to our Abi)yville Sabbath-school, so he
told me. He was then but a boy, but now
he was a man— sick, and in prison, llis
temperament was one of those pecidiarly
happy ones : it is natural for him to be
pleased at all times with every thing. He
seems to be one of those individuals who see
something to be laughed at in almost every
feature of human life. Poor Henry ! I am
afraid, although he did not tell me so direct-
ly, that this boiling-over good nature of his
— this exuberance of fun, had something to
do with his getting into prison. Do you
think it strange that a happy disposition can

be dangerous ? Well.' it ;> a little strange,
my young friends, but I am afraid it is nev-
ertheless true. Henry's pleasing ways, to-
gether with his good looks, I am inclined to
think, made him a general favorite; and as
he grew toward manhood he got to be a fa-
vorite with women-kind as well as men, and
this brought him to prison. I can not well
explain tlie details before our juvenile read-
ers here, but I may say this : He had just got

I married to one woman, when, according to
the laws of our land, and the laws of God,
he should have been married to another
woman. I can easily imagine that a dispo-
sition like his might lead him into such
troubles. I presume likely. he was'easily^in-
tluenced, and may. be he was coaxed into
something he knew he ought not to do. He
was tempted, and gave way to temptation.
Had he held fast to the little text at the
head of our chapter, and declared in his in-
most heart that he would be honest in his
heai-t toward God and his fellow-man, no
matter what sacrifice he was called upon to
make to keep this i)urity, he would liave

I been spared this trouble. His natural dis-
position is to be pleasant and good natured,
and he would do almost any thing for the
sake of pleasantness and peace— at least,
this is my impression of fhim. But on my
second visit, he seemed cast down and dis-
couraged, and in much of a fault-thiding
frame of mind. He had sent for'a doctor,
but the doctor did not come, and he was
sulfering, no doubt, severely. The doctor
did not come— nobody came. He even be-
gan to complain of his own brothei", and of
his nearest friends. He felt much inclined

826

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

Oct.

to think that the whole world had turned
against him and deserted him, and it made
7rte feel glad to think that I had remember-
ed him ; and although I could not lake the
place (if a docU)i-, he told me of his mistakes
and misfortunes ; and although he did not
then declare he would choose Christ and his
righteousness, I felt that his attitude of
heart, when I left him, was something
near it.

Now, my friends and neighbors, wherever
you are and whoever you are, remember that
good looks— yes, even a sunny disposition —
may lead you into trouble if you are not
careful how you use the ,God-given gift. I
am older than many of you, and I have been
saddened by these troubles that have come
upon a good many ; and let me now, in a
closing word of these neighborly talks to-
day, bid you beware how you trifle with
these holy relations that ought to exist be-
tween man and wife. And let me suggest
to our younger readers who have not yet
thought much about these holy relations, to
beware how they trifle with them in any
way. When tempted, just breathe the little
text, " Blessed are the pure in heart,'' and it
will carry you' safely through all such trou-
bles.

A JUVENILE'S EXPERIENCE WITH
SWARMING.

ALSO SOiME OTHER MATTERS.

tASSWOOD ended with June; and as it was so
rainy during its blooming', it did not pro-
duce much honey. The rains kept the white
clover going-, which is still in full bloom,
July 18. Sweet clover, or melilot, grows in
acres along the creek bottoms, and it seems to
thrive best in gravel and sand banks. The bees
fairly roared on it.

Our first swarm came out May 13. It clustered
on a bush, was hived on the spot, and immediately
moved away, a good piece off, but not far from
the old hive. Ne.xt morning it came out and be-
gan to move off, going slowly and near the ground,
ill a very straight line, for over a mile. On Bear-
ing the woods it raised above the tree-tops, and, aft-
er going a short distance, entered a hollow tree
that had been before occupied by bees. We then
cut the tree, brought them back, gave them a
frame of unsealed brood, and they went to work
all right. After tilling their hive and making .30
lbs. of surplus, they cast a heavy swarm July 1,
which now has its hive well filled. Now, do you
think the swarm of May 13 sent o\it a second party
of scouts, or did the first party, on returning, find it?
May 2U, we had a second swarm come off. It was
early in the morning, and the thermometer stood
but 60° in the shade. While coming out, thousands
of bees fell down in front of the hive. They raised
up, and some of them tried to go back, but got- in-
to another hive near by. The occupants of the
latter rushed out, gave battle, and in a few min-
utes hundreds were slain. The rest of the swarm
scattered out badly, and finally clustered, and was
hived on a frame of brood. The next three or
four days they fought among themselves and
many were killed. Then they wont to work. Aft-
er a while they were discovered to have been
queenless, and that they had raised a queen. Do

you suppose their quccnlcssucss caused the fight-
ing among thethselvcs?

We had a large first swarm June 23, and it v.as
hived on a frame of brood. It built a considerable
amount of cf)mb and honey, and appeared to be all
right. The ne.xt day it slowly swarmed out, and
after a few minutes it began to go into a box-hive
swarm. This box hive had got thi-ough swarming,
and had a young queen at the time, about the
age for a wedding-flight. Half an hour before, a
young queen was found in front.of this hive balled
up, and we put her back into the hive. A little
later the swarm first mentioned began to move in.
Their hive was brought, and as many of the bees
as possible were got back by brushing them from
off the box hive. l$ut thousands went in, which
we never got. Next morning two dead queens
wei-e found in front of the new hive, one a virgin
and the other apparently a laying queen. The
young queen in the bo.x hive must have run out
during the excitement the day previous, and was
brushed into the new swarm. Both were now
queenless. The new hive raised a queen from the
frame of brood. A piece of eggs and larva' was
placed in the top bo.x of the box hive, with which
they raised queens. Now the question is. Why did
the bees swarm out and act so? (.'ould it be that
the new swarm had a virgin queen, which, while
taking her wedding-flight, fell down in front of the
box hive, and that her bees, after finding where
she was, swarmed out and followed her?

DRONE ASSEMBLIES.

Last year the drones assembled within half a
mile of us. The assembly spread over several
acres. I could hear their loud roaring, but could
not see them. This year I again found where they
assembled, but there seemed to be several assem-
blies. Two were a quarter of a mile apart.

MILKWEED.

There is a good deal of milkweed near us, and
the bees work considerably on it. During its
blooming I noticed what I thought to be fighting
going on among the bees; but on closely examin-
ing them I found out that, instead of fighting,
some of the bees were pulling away at the wing-
like milkweed pollen on the others' feet; and as
thousands of these wings were in front of every
hive, I suppose they succeeded in getting them
torn off'. If this is the case, old as well as young
bees can be freed from this wing-like pollen.

A FEW QUESTIONS.

Do bees, when they gorge themselves with hon-
ey, while being smoked, ever put it back into the
cells again? Does melilot bloom every year? Will
swarms that have not quite filled the brood-cham-
ber with comb in the honej'-season finish it during
fall blooming? Chahlie L. Greenfield.

Somerville, Butler Co , O.

In answer to your first question, I think,
Cliarlie, the scoiits that went off while the
swarm was hanging on the bush found the
hive where you had placed it, and led off the
swarm next morning. In answer to your
second (piestion, I do not think the fighting
was caused by queenlessness, but I do think
the qiaenkssness was caused by fighting. I
think the suggestion at the close of your
third query is the right one.— The facts you
give in regard to the drone assemblies are
valuable. ' I think drones do congregate
thus, and I have no doubt that they some-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

827

times go several miles to form these assem-
blies.— Bees do put the honey back in the
hive after they have gorged themselves on
account of smoking; but every time they
put it back, there is less of it ; therefore eve-
ry time you smoke a colony of hybrids so as
to induce them to uncap their sealed honey,
you cause them to lose a certain (luantity of
their winter stores. — Melilot blooms every
year, so far as 1 know ; in fact, I never
heard of a plant that was not covered with
bloom.— Bees will often tinish out untinish-
ed combs during fall blooming.

Every boy or girl, under 15

years of age. who writes a

letter for this department, containing

SOMK VALUABLE FACT, NOT GKNERALLT
KNOWN. ON BEES OR OTHER MATTERS,
will reoive one ot Uavid Cook's excel-
lent five -cent Sunday - school books.
Many of these books contain tlie same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school hooks
costing f rom'Sl.OO to $1.50. If you have had
one or more books, give us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six rtitfeient books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
■I • Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in

aBar-Room. We have also Our Homes, Part I., and
Our Homes, Part II. P.csidcs the aVmvi' lioi.ks, you ni:iy have a
photograph of our old Imuse ajiiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself. Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, (lowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of any one of the above pictures
or books for ever.y letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

" A chiel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prent it."

A T.iLK TO THE LITTI..E FOLKS ON PREP.\IilNG
BEES FOR WINTER.

OW are those hives getting along, in
the back yard? Have they enough
stores for winter? If so, are they pre-
pared for the cold with chaff packing?
Very likely, many of you have pre-
pared your bees for the cold which is soon to
follow; but I fear that (r?Z of yoii have not
been thus careful, and that you have found
it convenient to put it off a little longer. It
is to this class of juvenile " putters off '"that
I am now about to talk. In tlie first place,
I am going to ask. What did you put it off
for? One little boy clear over in Wisconsin
yells out, " "Cause we don't know how to
iix "em for winter."" Anotlier little ten-year-
old red-head, with great big freckles on his
nose, screams out way down in Texas, " We
hain't got no sugar, an" dad says lie can't af-
ford t() V)uy none, "cause bees didn't pay
right smart this year, it was so dry."' A lit-
tle girl in the northern part of Elaine cries
out, ■• riease, sir, and will you tell us how to
winter liees? '"

Well, my dear little folks, I do not lielieve
I can ; but 1 will tell you how Sammy and
his father in the State of (Miio are i)reparing

their bees. The circumstances run some-
tliing in this wise :

now SAM'S FATHER PKEl'AKED IIIS IJEES
FOR AVINTER.

"Say, Sam. what"s yer dad doin" with
them bees of his?'' said Sam's playmate,
who lived over across the way.

*■ Doing with them ! '" rejoined his com-
panion ; " why, he's fixing them for winter."

" Wliat, as early as this, and only— le' me
see— the lUth of October ? By cracky I 1
hain"t done nuthin' with mine yet."

•'A'ou should say, 'I haven't done noth-
ing,' "' said Sam, with an air of superiority,
evidently shocked at his playmate's gram-
mar, ami not knowing that there was still a
•■ mote "' in his own eye.

" (Jh I nonsense. Sam ; you"re always taunt-
ing me about my grammar and slang.
Come ! if yer dad is fixing them bees up fer
winter, I want to learn how to fix mine."
So saying, the boys clambered over the
fence into the yard wliere Sam"s father was
at work, though Sam stood at a safe dis-
tance.

" What yer standing way off fer ? These
bees won"t hurt you,'" said Jimmy, for that
was the name of Sam's playmate.

" No." said Ins father, when Jimmy e.x-
plained that he wanted to learn how to win-
ter bees. '-Besides," liis father continued,
addressing his son, " I should like to have
you learn too.'"

Sam's father, after closiirg the hive upon
which he was at work, opened another.
'■ This colony,"" said he, " as they have been
breeding, needs considerable feeding. They
have emptied the bread-pan of feed which I
had given them, all in one night."' So say-
ing, he lifted off the empty pan. Witli tlie
smoker in his right hand he gave a few light
puffs of smoke, while he slowly pulled off
the enameled cloth with his left hand. He
next lifted out one of the outside frames.

" Pretty light, and not much honey there,"
said Sam's father.

The next frame contained still less: the
frames in the center of the hive had no hon-
ey, but a little sealed brood.

" Sara," said his father, " will you run in-
to the house, and fill this coffee-pot with the
sugar syrup I made last evening ? ""

Sam obeyed, and started for the house.

"Now, don"t spill any of it, nor daub the
coffee-pot, as you did the other day, when
the bees got to robbing so badly."' called his
father, as Sam neared the house- The bees
had got to robbing on that day, and Sam, as
a consequence of his carelessness, was stung
two or three times; hence his fear on ap-
proaching the apiary, for which his play-
mate taunted him.

Sam quickly returned, and, more than all,
the cofTee-pot was nice and clean.

" Well done,'" said his father; "yo'.i didn"t
daub this time."'

" N-n-no," said Sam, hesitating; " why,—
why, ma poured it for me." His father
smiled a little.

'' What harm does daubin' the coffee-pot
with syrup do ? " said Jimmy.

" It is almost sure to start robbing," re-
tui-ned Sam"s father; "and wherever the cof-
fee-pot sits, the bees will lick up the syrup,

828

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

The result is, we have to quit work for tlie
time being."

" Oh ! " said Jimmy, " that maizes 'em rob
and sting. I see. Now I want to ask some
more things. How do you feed that stuff to
'em ? "

" You will see presently," rejoined Sam's
father. So saying, he spaced back the
frames and covered them with an enameled
cloth, near the center of which the bees had
gnawed a hole. The bread-pan was placed
alongside of it, and was then filled from the
coffee-pot. This done, a cheese-cloth was
spread over.

" Wliat's that cloth fer V " said Jimmy.

•' That is to prevent the bees from being
drowned while taking up the feed," re-
plied Sam's father.

"O-o-oh," said Jimmy. •' IIow muclrll
you feed that hive— I mean, how can yer tell
when they've got "nuff ?"

" I shall feed in this way about 2U lbs. of
syrup; or, in other words, until the bees
have five or six frames of stores nicely cap-
ped over,'' returned Sam's father.

•'I3ut, pa, you won't have to feed all that
way,'' said Sam, who had just now begun to
take an interest.

"' Oh, no ! " replied his father ; '■ a few of
my colonies I shall not feed at all, as they
have a sufficient amount of natural stores,
but a large majority will i-ecpiire a consid-
erable amount of feeding."

"IIow do you make the syrup?" said
Jimmy.

" To 20 lbs. of sugar, add a gallon of boil-
ing water from a tea-kettle."

" That's easy," said Jimmy. " By cracky !
if them bees o' yours need feedin'. mine do.
I must feed 'em to-night." And off he
started for home.

"But you won't have time," called out
Sam.

" Well, I'll feed 'em to-morrow night, and
get the syrup ready to - night,'' replied
Jimmy.

In the next juvenile I will tell you how
Jimmy succeeded, or, rather, how he didn't
succeed. Eknkst.

CHILDREN HANDLING MATCHES.

We give place to the following in this de-
partment, hoping that our young friends
may read and profit from the i;esults of care-
less handling of matches.

I hart my bai-n burned, and about 35 tons of nice
hay. I had just started my team to hauUng the
bay to market, and had 4 loads out of the barn. It
was a nice new barn, with which I was very well
pleased, and every one admired it. The loss will
not exceed $600, but it is my whole year's crop, be-
sides the barn, $300.

The way the barn was set on Are is this: We have
two little children, and they were playing in the
barn, and the little boy found a match somewhere,
and the little girl took it and scratched it on the
manger. The match broke and Hew into the dry
hay, and all was ablaze in a twinkle. She tried to
carry the Are out, but the wind blew it all back.
She then screamed for mamma, but mamma could
do nothing then— it was too late. I was away on
business. It had not been insured when I left.

Ft. Wayne, Ind. Roland Holmes,

A KIND LETTER FROM A " LITTLE STRANGER."

Mr. A. I. Root:— I am a little stranger, but I don't
wish to be one any longer. I would have written
before now, but I had nothing to tell you that I
thought would be of any interest. Papa is a bee-
man. There are but few bee-men in our commu-
nity. Papa has more boos than any one else I
know of in our vicinity.

As every little fellow who writes to you has so
much to say about bees, I have coiieluded to talk
on some other subject. I am a little girl, and I
love my Sunday-school. I go to Sunday-school
regularly, and to prayer-meeting in the evening.
I want to so live and act while I am young, that,
when ] grow old, I may be a useful Christian.
I have oftcu said I wished I were as good as you.
I am a young member of the church. I intended
to read the Bible through this year, but I am
afraid I cau not do it. Belle Hall.

Sparta, Miss.

ROIUUNG BUMBLE-BEES.

Mj' brother and I were plowing, and we found lots of
bumble-bees, which we kill by taking a little straw,
and burning it, and then put it on them and stir
them up. One day a little one was hidden in the
grass, and he bit me in the foot. When I stepped
on him he made me jump. E. Youer, age St.

Morton, 111.

It is just " piles of fun '' to fight bumble-
bees, I know, little friend, and I used to en-
joy it. I presume it is the excitement con-
nected with it which makes it sucli a favor-
ite pastime among boys. It is just " piles of
fun " to tease cats and dogs as well as the
poor bumble-bees. But there is a better
and less cruel, though, I must acknowledge,
less exciting way. to handle bumble-bees.
See department of Our Own Apiary, last
issue, page 7!)1. I want the boys— yes, and
girls too— to report on their success in hand-
ling biunble-bees by the plan there pre-
scribed. That is, I want you to show what
skill can do. See if you can't astonisli your
school-friends. Every boy or girl who suc-
ceeds by this plan, and promises to fight or
tease no more bumble-bees, I will send any
thiug that may be chosen from the ten-cent
counter. Ernest.

HOW a juvenile raises strawberries.

I took a barrel and sawed it in two in the middle.
It waiUs a barrel with two heads. Commence six
inches from the bottom to bore holes round the
barrel. I bored 1" holes in the first row; 7 inches
above that, bore 30 holes. Now put in dirt up to
the first holes, then take the strawberry-plants and
put the roots in the holes. Take pains to put them
in well. Now fill up to the next tier of holes, and
put in the plants. Now fill up with dirt, and set the
top with plants. It will be best to make one or two
holes in the bottom, so that you can not drown
them. We have one in our front j'ard, and it has
been a beauty. In the first place, it was full of
blossoms, and then full of large strawberries. I
should think that two barrels would give one fami-
ly all the berries they would M'ant. My plants
looked nice. Folks stopped and looked at them
almost every day. I have orders to make the same.
They furnish barrels, and I furnish plants and
charge $1..50. G. S. Brown,

Salisbury, Vt,

1SS6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

829

didn't do any thing but swarm.

1 am a little boy. We live 60 miles northeast of
Peterborough. My pa keeps bees. He commenced
with one colony 4 years ago hvit spring. This fall
we had ^0. Last year was a very bad one, and they
didn't do any thing but swarm. They tilled their
hives from the maple in spring, but didn't do any
thing with basswood or raspberries. They made
some from buclcwhcat. They did well until last
year. Elgie E. Ives.

Cardiff. Can.

ALSIKE, AND HOW THE BEES AVOKK ON IT; TAK-
ING DOWN SWARMS.

Papa got an Italian queen one year ago last June,
and now he has five colonies from natural swarm-
ing. He sowed that peck of alsike clover seed last
March that he got of you. The bees were just
swarming on it when it was in full bloom. I was
afraid to walk through it. He got a tine lot of seed
from it too. Papa sa3S that the Italian bee is more
industrious than the black bee. Papa values his
Italian bees very highly. One swarm went off ; and
as they were Italians, brother Joe and a neighbor's
boy followed them. The bees alighted on a limb bO
feet high. Brother Joe climbed up and tied a rope
around the limb, and then cut it off and lowered it
to the ground. Then they left that limb and
went to another tree. I think Ihey got them
down again, but I am not sure; any way, they had
to take them three times before they got them to
stay down; but they got them hived, and the bees
are doing well. Clara Strebv.

Paw Paw, W. Va , Sept. 16, 1886.

HOW A SWARM ABSCONDED, AND WAS AT L,.\ST
RECOVERED.

I am a little boy just nine years old. My papa is
a harness-maker by trade. He started in the bee-
business two years ago. He commenced with one
swarm and increased to ™3.

I will tell you about a swarm of bees that went off
last summer. When they were swarming, mamma
happened to be alone. She ran after them half a
mile or more, then she lost sight of them. The
swarm was gone two days, then a gentleman of the
same town stopped at the shop and told my pa
there was a swarm of bees on a small ai>plc-tree in
his orchard, and said, "If you go after them you
can have them." So pa took his swarming-
box on his shoulder, and went where the swarm of
bees was. It was about two miles from home,
so he shook the bees in his swarming-bo.\, and
covered them up with a wet cloth; then he picked
them up and put them on his shoulder, and carried
them home and put them in a Simplicity hive; and
when he examined the bees he found they were
his own, that had left. How he could tell that they
were his bees was because there were no drones
with them. My pa cuts all the drone-cells out in
summer. W.vrren J. Seitz.

Clarence, N. Y.

DO bees talk?
The following incident Avas related to me by my
neighbor: While examining his bees last winter he
found one colony in a starving condition. There
was a small cluster of bees in the center of the hive,
yet living, but the queen was in one corner of the
hive, as far away from the cluster as she could get
without leaving the hive. On seeing their condition
he gave them sugai', which made them wild with
excitement. One bee in particular drew his atten-
tion. As soon as it tasted the sugar it ran with

great speed to the queen, and, as my neighbor ex-
pressed it, bumped its head against the queen's
head and immediately started back to the sugar.
The queen followed till she reached the sugar, when
she gorged herself to such an extent that she died
next morning. .5— G. L. Janney, 22—38.

New Corner, Ind., Sept. 6, 1S86.

The foregoing was not written by a juve-
nile liand, but I believe friend J. will con-
sider it no disgrace to see his communica-
tion among the writings of the little folks,
because it bears upon a point we were dis-
cussing. AV'e are much obliged for the fact.
Is it possible that the little bee, recognizing
the starving condition of the colony, knew
that, as soon as syrup should be given them,
the queen must be fed? And what a queer
way of telling her! But she understood it,
and it was the bee's way of talking to the
queen. I have never yet seen bees signal
quite in this way to the queen, or. in fact, to
each other. Ernest.

THE UPS AND DOWNS OJ>' A BOY BEE-KEEPER; HOW
HE SUCCEEDS IN SPITE OF REVERSES AT KIRST.

My eldest brother and sister having taken the
bee-fever, I took it also. I bought two colonies and
an empty hive for four dollars. One of the colonies
was in a tree, and the other in a box hive. One day
T got my sister to help me, and we went over there,
cut the tree, transferred the bees to a frame hive,
and got about 15 lbs. of honey, which brought me
10 cts. per lb. I brought both hives home in the fall,
and put them where I wanted my apiary.

The next Sunday, Walter's bees discovered the
new comers, and turned in and ate up all the hon-
ey they had. The Sunday after that, they ran away.
I transferred my box hive then ; and the Sunday aft-
er, they ran away. I was flat in the bee-business
then, but still the fever hadn't cooled much. I
bought a box hive from Walter for two dollars, and
another bee-tree. I cut my tree early in the spring;
it had no honey. I transferred into a frame hive,
and brought them home, and I also transferred my
box hive I got from Walter.

It was a poor spring, and bees ate up all they had,
and it looked as if they were going to starve in
spite of all I could do. Two or three times 1 went
out there and found them so weak they could hard-
ly fan; but I poured some honey and water on them,
and that brought them all right. They managed to
live aijd build up.

Then I thought I must have clipped queens. So
one Saturday one of my neighbor's boys was down
to see me. I took him out to see my bees, and
showed him how I could clipaqueen; but she floun-
dered so I couldn't manage her. He then agreed
to hold her while I did the clipping. He held her as
though he were holding a chicken, and the ne.xt
morning I went around to look at them and found
her on the liottom-board, dead. Well, the bees
raised them another queen, and are doing finely.
This summer I bought a swarm on a limb. I
brought them home in my coat sleeve. They also
are doing well. I have taken al)out 30 lbs. of honey,
extracted. Don't you think this is pretty good for
a boy of U? . F. O. Somerford.

Navasota, Texas.

Yes, I think you have done well, consid-
ering the '' bad luck'' you had at first. If
you push on in this way you dpserve to suc-
ceed and will succeed. Ernest.

830

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

SENRY POWELL has quit the use of tobacco,
and requests you to send him a smoker.
You can publish his name in Gleanings,
and I will see that you get your pay for the
smoker if he uses tobacco again.
Mineral Point. \Vi^^ Keese Powell.

I will promise to quit using tobacco in any form.
Please send me a smoker. If I ever use it again, in
any shape, the man I am at work for will report
and I will pay for the smoker, as he is a very tem-
perate man. HAnuv Caur.

Goodrich, Mich., Aug. 10, 1886.

I have in ray employ a young man 19 years old
who has been a constant tobacco-chewer for three
years. Lender my influence he has been persuaded
to stop. It is now nearly a month since, and the
hardest of it is over. I told him that, if he persever-
ed, and would promise never to use it again, you
would send him a smoker. If he ever does use it
! will vouch for the price of the smoker. His name
is John GoodhuU. C. S. Adams.

Williamson, N. Y., Aug. 23, 1886.

BHEAKS HIS PLEDGE, BUT HONOKAIJLY PAYS
FOR THE SMOKER.

I thought I would write to let you know that I
didn't ()uit chewing tol)acco, and I inclose you 70
cts. worth of stamps for that smoker that B. K.
Pa.\son sent for. Elmer Devens.

Good Hope, O., Aug. liT, 18:-'6.

We are very sorry to see that you have
gone back to tobacco, but we thank you for
the honorable act of paying up. We hope
you may yet see the error, and i)le(lge your-
self never to go back to tobacco again.

the fiR.ATITUDE .AN OLD TOBACCO-USEK FEELS
TOWARD THIS UEPART.MENT.

I received a smoker from you, willi the under-
standing that I was to refrain from the use of to-
bacco—a habit which I indulged in for ten years;
but I have now decidedly abstained from it, and
hope that I shall never feel a desire for it again.
I am well aware that my thanks are due to you,
and would express them here a thousand times. I
am convinced, that if every real Christian would
do as much as you to abolish such sinful fllthiness,
in a few years the weed would be raised no more.
I therefore thought to give a mite, and ask you to
please send me, for the inclosed, a Dose of Truth.
I should like to state to you yet, that I am very
well pleased with the smoker; it can't be beat.

New Haven, Mo. Traugott Herzog.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

PROMPTLY TO HAND.

The sections came promptly to hand and are very
nice, and I am very glad that you did not have the
dovetailed ones to send, as these are certainly very
much preferable. Albert Williams.

Sharon, Pa.

ONE trip to the EXPRESS OFFICE.

The smokers came through all right, both lots of
them. They are nice, and 1 think that the founda-
tion is very nice. It pleases me to have orders
filled right off, so that one trip to the express office
will do. .1. C. McGrew.

Mjlnersville, Ohio.

the bee-tent INDISPENSABLE.

Send me one of your latest improved bee-tents. I
have used them for two years, and find them indis-
pensable. W.D. Wright.

Knowersville, 'N.Y.

TERRY'S POTATO CULTURE.

Please find inclosed 45 cents, for which send me
Terry's last book. 1 have his book on potatoes. 1
am raising some according to his instructions, and
it works tinely. though we are having a drought. I
am pleased with your talks on tlie " New Agricul-
ture " and gardening. Wm. Cox.

Vinxjua, \Vis.

OUR WHEELBARROW.

I 1-cccived the goods you shipped me last month,
and have examined the packages, and find them to
be quite correct and very satisfactory. The wheel-
barrow is nicer in api)earance than any I ever
saw, and it will doubtless prove quite serviceable.
Its lightness is a great advantage to those who
have not a great reserve of physical strength.

The brood-frames and other things in Hat are as
accurate in lit as could be desired, and the 1-lb.
sections are the best 1 have ever seen.

Media, Del. Co., Pa^^ F. M. Potts.

CAN not DO WITHOUT IT.

As I am a novice in bee-keeping, I have thought
I could not afford to subscribe for more than one
bee-paper, and have been and am still taking the
A. li. J., and could not do without it, and so, friend
Koot (as all bee keepers should be friends), I have
come to the same conclusion as to Gleanings — I
can not do without it. I have only a few colonies—
:iO in number— at this time; 10 last spring, and .5 the
spring before, and I am succeeding so far (thanks
to bee-publications and good friends, and especially
my best friend, Dr. G. L. Tinker), beyond my great-
est expectations. I have taken this year 700 lbs. of
comb honey from 10, spring count, and 3 of them
were weak. W. S. Taggart.

Barton, Ohio.

"IN all thy ways acknowledge him."
1 have been lent some numbers of Gleanings,
and desire to express my gratitude to God for the
Christian tone and for the witness to the truth it
contains. May the good Lord bless you in your
testimony to him, and may you ever continue a
faithful witness for the truth as it i? in .Jesus. I
fail to see that, in business transactions, all allu-
sions to the truth should be eliminated; for does
not the word of God say, " In all thy ways ac-
knowledge him"? and in these dark, dark days it is
especially needful that our light should " so shine
before men that they may see our good works and
glorify our Father which is in heaven." I have
only lately come here from England with my wife
and four sons, and have settled in this country,
and I am indeed thankful to know that there is at
least one public paper whose editoris dot ashamed
to confess Christ. None of my sons or myself drink
intoxicants of any kind, nor do v/e use tobacco in
any form. W. Beers.

Fayetteville, Wash. Co., Ark., June 1, 1886.

NOT A MISTAKE OF OUR SHIPPING-CLERK.

I appear before .vou this morning with hat in hand.
Your faithful packing man was correct about the
missing nails, hence I beg pardon of all concerned.
I found them snugly hidden in the sections where
I did not look, as 1 took the sections out only as I
put them in the frames; and as the rest of the nails
were all together in another box, I did not sup-
pose they would be with the separators. I do not
count the small pieces, only as I put them together,
as I believe you to be strictln reliahlr .-nid correct in
your dealings. 1 will be more particular hereafter.
At first I did not like the tin covers; but after put-
ting together and trying them I think them splen-
did. I wish I had more of them.

Cifax, Bedford Co., Va. E. H. Hatcher.

LMany thanks, friend, for your frank acknowl-
edgment that you were mistaken, and not our
shipping clerk." AVe hope our friends, on reading
this, will take note. When they receive shipments
of goods from us, and, upon unpacking, think they
have found something missing, will they kindly
continue the search, unpack every, thing, and. if
the articles are still missing, write us, and we will
Bet the matter right '!]

18S6

GLEAXINGS IX BEE CULTURE.

831

0aR pepEg.

Tho cup which my Father hath given me, shall I
not drink it?— John 18: 11.

'Pi^YERY human being, at some time in
'L'^) ]iis life, is compelled to recognize that
1^ there is a great unknown world, some-
-^^ where behind the scenes, as it were — a
world of wliich we know comparative-
ly notliing. Some unknown power presides
in this world, not only calling into existence
])huit and animal life, but liolding in his
liand a system of worlds like ours, and
wielding them for some purpose of his own.
This uiikiiown power has called «.<; into ex-
istence, for, as it would seem, some all-wise
purpose of his own. I believe that most
earnest, candid thinkers, also believe that, at
death, we are ushered into the presence of
this great Ueing ; but it is indeed true, that
no one has yet come back from the confines
of the grave to tell us what is beyond. We
may sometimes catch glimpses of it from
the testimony of loved "ones when on the
borders of the unknown land. 15ut all we
get is indeed only a glimpse. I presume
many of my readers have often expressed in
their hearts a wish that (tod would speak to
us and tell us plainly what are his wishes in
certain matters. "" Oh that I knew exactly
what (;od the Father would have me do in
this emergency!" is a prayer that has often
welled up from my heart, and 1 presume
ffom the hearts of others. 1 ha^e been told
that a young man once wrote a letter to
Darwin, asking him if he believed that God
had ever made any revelation to the chil-
dren of men; and, "if I remember correctly,
Darwin's reply was to the effect that he
could not discover that any such revelation
liad ever been made. I presume likely Dar-
Avin meant that there was nothing in the
realm of science or natural history to indi-
cate that God had thought fit to break down
the barrier that separates us from tliis un-
known world, and stand face to face Avith
the objects of liis own creation. AV4iether
or not Darwin meant to ignore the testimo-
ny of the Holy Scriptures, 1 do not know,
and I do not projjose to discuss the point:
just here.

Well, now, my friends, should God see fit
in this present nineteenth century to send a
message or a messenger to earth, how would
he do it? And if a' messenger were sent,
how would he make his appearance, and
what sort of appearance would he present?
Queen Victoria often sends messages to the
President of the United States, and may be
she sometimes sends messengers. If so, I
suppose thev come with much pomp and
ceremony. They are introduced by digni-
taries, and accompanied, probably, "by evi-
dences of wealth, refinement, and ciilttue.
I believe, however, that the world is not so
much given to goi-geous display now as it
used to be hundreds of years ago. Kings
and queens are human — exceedingly human,
sometimes. They are weak and faulty and
erring; they make mistakes; they show
fortli lumiaii passions, likes and dislikes. If
God should send a message to this world, he
would make no mistake. Ilis jnessoigei-

would probably be without fault or blemish.
The question might come up, then. To whom
would he probably appear? We here in
America would think it proper and fitting
that he should first pay his attention to the
President, or to the chief rulers of our land.
Perhaps, however, some would think it fitting
to come first before tiod's ministering serv-
ants, the clergy, and make known to them
his wishes in "regard to his people. If so.
what ministers oV what denomination would
be first honored by his great presence? Per-
haps I am handlirig this subject awkwardly.
I should not l)e a bit surprised if you
thought so. for it is a subject too greatfor
me. It is a subject too great for anybody.
The mere attempt makes me feel my utter
nothingness. Hut I do feel as if I had a
right, however, to feel satisfied of this: That
he would come ov send his messenger in
such a way as to do the most good to the
greatest number. How would he manage to
obtain a hearing in this l)usy world of ours?
He might arrest the attention of the peojile
by a series of earthquakes, or mighty tluin-
derings. liut after having arrested their at-
tention, would he do most good in that way?
If we are going to win our children to right-
eousness we must come to them with gentle
words of love, or we shall be in danger of
driving them away and utterly failing in what
we wisli to do. A father might appall and
terrify a child by exhibitions of his enormous
strengtli ; Init some of us know by experi-
ence that "■ enormous strength '' often
amounts to but little with a child. Some
quite small children will assert their rights,
and give exhibitions of a free will. Their
disposition is to do as they please, in spite
of all the strengtli that can be brought for-
ward. JNIany a parent who is not a Chris-
tian has perhaps decided in his own heart
that it is not by might nor l»y jiower, but by
a gentle and loving si)irit, that he brings his
child up in the ways of wisdom and paths of
truth.

In the above I have been speaking as a
people might speak who have had no knowl-
edge nor conception of the IJible: or, if you
chbo.se. a people who itpwre the l^ible. t^ut
you will notice that the deduction seems to
be that, even if tiod himself should send a
messenger to us, very likely the wisest course
would be to adopt very much the plan that
we are told he did follow, in the New Testa-
ment. The one whom he sent, and whom
he saw fit to clothe with power, came into
the world as you and I did. He lived the
life of a little child ; he grew up as a tender
plant ; we are nowhere told that there was
any thing particularly comely in his appear-
ance ; nobody praised liis l)eauty, so far as I
know. As lie grew older he was despised
and rejected of men. His own l)rothers, in
fact, disliked him. Finally he was a man of
sorrows and acquainted witli grief. One of
the infidel writers says he went through the
world a disappointed man. succeeding in
gathering only a small handful of humble
followers. He did not go near kings nor
princes ; he made no display, except the
miracles which he performed to prove to
mankind that he was sent by God the Father.
Thf3c minu'les tlu'mselyes, however, were

832

GLEA:NmGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

of a liumble kind. Although the power was
vested in liim of i)iodncing earthtinalces, be-
yond any thing tlie world has ever yet seen,
he never used that power. Only once or
twice did lie command the elements, and
even then it was simply to say to the winds
and waves, " Peace he still." He might
have chosen an occasion for this great won-
der, when kings aud princes, aud multitudes
cf learned men were present. He did not
see lit, however, to do so, but chose the
night time, when he was alone in the mid-
dle of the sea, with only a few humble lish-
ermen near him. Instead of doing grand
and startling things, he confined his works
mostly to the healing of the sick. It seemed,
however, to be God's purpose to give a suc-
cession of miracles, each one a little more
vv'onderfnl and startling than those that pre-
ceded it. It has sometimes seemed to me
as if the chiss of unbelievers who followed
Jiim around had been saying, '' Oh, there is
not any thing so wonderful about this, after
all. The storm may have Ijeen ready to stop
at just about tlie time he si)oke, and these
sick i)eople may liave been already mending.
Who knows but that they would have got
well themselves?'' If such were tlie case,
however, God's plan seemed to meet ;dl such
skepticism, for pretty soon he raised to life
one who was dead. It was only a widow's
son. however, and only a comparatively
small circle of mourners were ])resent, for it
was near a small town or hamlet. He might
have brought to life the son of a king or
queen ; but God, in his infinite wisdom, seem-
ed to feel that, if he came to the lowly and
humble, the great could easily sloop "down
and meet him, or avail themselves of liis
teachings, if they chose. Had it been the
other way, and his work been directed to the
great and mighty, liow ready the liumbler
class would have been to say'that it was all
very well, but that it was not for ihcm!

Well, now, if God had planned a succes-
sion of miracles, what one should be the
great masterpiece or culminating wonder of
that whole life ? We, in our feeble human
knowledge, might have thought there would
be wisdom displayed in stepping, from such
a lowly and humble life, up and up toward
grander things, until the finishing touch
should be something that would rend the
vei\y hejivens, and unveil \^o mortal gaze the
dazzling splendor of the gates to the eternal
city. 1 mean to suggest, that men of the
Avorld might liave planned it something that
Avay. Please excuse me if I seem to be ir-
reverent. I mean simply to contrast human
wisdom with God's wisdom. After that
wonderful miracle of raising? the widow's
son, it is true, a greater one followed in the
same line. Lazarus, after having lain four
days in the grave, until even his sister feared
that his body might not be fit to look upon,
or be near, was bidden to come forth ; and
we afterward read of Lazarus being present
at a dinner where the Savior was. After
this, can we wonder that his disciples looked
expectant toward some greater and grander
display of his power ? So certain were they
that it was going to happen ere long, that
they quarreled among themselves as to
which one should be entitled to the highest

rank when these things should come to pass.
It is true, this quiet humble messenger of
God told them repeatedly they were mistak-
en, and that no such grand tilings were go-
ing to happen ; but, human-like, they would
have it that he should be made king. Who
else in this wide earth was in any respect
qualified to be such a king as he might be V
He was the one whom God intended to be
king, without question, and they reasoned
much as we would, that the world would
soon see it, and they would make him
their king any way. Tlie world did catch a
glimpse of liis kingly attributes, and at one
time they followed liim, throwing down
branches Of trees, and spreading tluar gar-
ments in the way, and shouting, '• Blessed
is he that cometh in the name of the Lord !
Hosaiina in the highest ! " But it did not
last long. Jesus was not stirred nor puffed
up by these demonstrations. He felt more
like weeping; and, in fact, he had wept over
the folly and wickedness of humanity. God
revealed to him that he was marching to a
cruel death, and that this death was to be
the final triumph of his ministry here on
earth. Noiu^ of them could comprehend the
wisdom and loving kindness of this, God's
plan for the redemption of the human fami-
ly. Jesus seemed to be alone, and deserted
by all the world. His most faithful and
earnest followers were not only making a
sad blunder, l)ut they rejected the very idea
that he should die, the victim of the hatred
of evil men. When he tried to tell Peter
that it was best that he should thus die,
Peter vehemently declared that it should not
be so. I can imagine how sad and disap-
pointed Jesus felt to see that his most earn-
est and vehement friend and follower utter-
ly rejected God's plan. When lie again and
again tried to tell this little band of follow-
ers of the beauty of such a life of sacrifice,
they either were utterly unable to compre-
hend it, or they entiiely rejected it. When
they were disi)uting as to who should be
greatest, lie askeil them if they were able to
drink of the cup that he should drink of.
They promptly replied, with awful and al-
most brazen confidence, that they were able ;
and one of these two was the " beloved dis-
ciple." AVhen the time came, however, they
were appalled at the thought of this terrible
sacrifice, and all, or nearly all, fied in dis-
may. It was beyond the comprehension of
humanity. It has sometimes seemed to me,
that, if Jesus could have had the sympathy
and consolation ot one single friend and
follower at this time, his task might have
been by far an easier one. At the mount
of transfiguration he was cheered and en-
couraged by the presence of Moses and
Elijah, and "we .".re told that they crnversed
with him in regard to this very matter.
AVho knows but that they weie strengthen-
ing Jiim for this very ordeal V He was not
only human in suffering, as we are, but he
was tempted by Satan as we are. Satan
tempted him in the wilderness forty days,
but Jesus came out triumphant. He bade
Satan get behind him. It seems, however,
that Satan still hung around, and probably
all through Christ's life on earth, or until
veiy neavly tlie close of it, It >vas jn'obably

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTLTRE.

838

8atan who wliispeied to liim that it was a
piece of folly, and quite uiiiit'cessary, when
he prayed in" the garden that the cup might
pass from hira ; but when the prayer was
not granted, Jesus w;is able to say, " Never-
theless, not my will, l)ut thine, be done/'
After this struggle with temptation, I can
imagine that S:ilan left liim; but I am
inclined to think, liowever, that he came
back during these last agonies. Perhaps
tlie liery hend was near with his taunting
suggestions when Jesus breatlied tliose last
words, "'My (iod. my (tOd, why hast thou
forsaken me V "

Now. I have reason to think, dear friends,
that it is (piite likely Satan will try to tempt
and torment us, evtin up to our very last
moments. If tiie Savior was called upon to
battle with him, wliy sliouldii't we V This
is true, however, and may (iod have the
praise for it, that the same grace that car-
ried Jesus through will carry ui^ through.
For a long time it has seemed beyond my
comprehension wliy (Jod's plan must in-
clude this terrible" and agonizing torture.
Why should God plan for his only son a
death by human hands that strikes us with
horror V Again I feel my weakness, and
again 1 feel how utterly unfit I am to try to
grapple with this irreat subject; and yet, as
I study these closing words of our Savior, a
grandeur and glory begin to unfold them-
selves to my comprehension, sucli as I have
never seen' before. (Jod wants us to be
strong and brave ; therefore, in giving us
a model life to pattern ours by, it must
necessarily include a life of courage and
bravery and self-sacrifice amid awful suffer-
ing. We are called upon to endure hard-
ship in suffering here in this world. Yes,
for some reason that we can not understand
or comprehend, it seems to be necessary for
us to learn to endure suffering; and the
question that confronts us is. Shall we shirk
it and evade responsibilities and trials, or
shall we face tlif^ni and learn to take them
with Christian-like fortitude and courage V

We are tinally getting close to our text.
dear friends. IVter was going to deliver the
Master by fighting. He was acting out just
what he said sometime before, that these
things should not be ; and even if all the rest
of the disciples had lied, frightened by the
mob and soldiers, he was going to give them
to understand tliat Jic was ready to fight,
even if he had to tight alone. lie could not
get the idea out of his head but that the
Master needed fighters. Jesus seemed In-
clined to let them go on, without any effort
whatever to escape the impending violence
— ''As a sheep l)efore lier shearers is dumb.""
Peter deemed it a good deal easier to fight
than to be trodden upon. He was one of
those people who vehemently declare they
are not going to be run over and trampled
in the mvid by any man. After all Christ's
teachings, after all his examples, Peter had
no glimpse of a Cluist-like spirit. Jesus
said, ''The cup which my Father hath giv-
en me. shall I not di-iiik it ?' Peter said, by
his actions, "' No, we are not going to submit
to any thing of that sort." Poor Peter !
what a breaking-down and humbling of that
iiau.'^lity spirit tlie;-3 came a few hours later !

Peter"s fault, however, was more of the
head than of the heart. He had no deliber-
ate purpose of doing wrong. There was no
cup tor I til) I, to drink which he was rejecting.
He seemed unconscious of the fact that
there was a good deal of wicked pride in his
heart, and that he lu^eded some great lessons
in humility. The cup was a hard one for
the Savior to drink, just as many of our
cups are hard for us. For a time he felt as
if lie could not go through with it. Hut the
better spirit at length ti-iumplied ; and aft-
er the triumph he speaks of it as his glory.
'"Now is the Son of man glorified.'' Arid
the glory that lie alludes to is the ignomini-
ous (leath on the cross.

I presume, dear friends, that you and 1
will be called upon to pass tlirough terrible
trials — trials that will make our tlesli creep.
and perhaps our beating hearts stand still.
Then comes the awful (luestion before us,
"The cup which my Father hath given me,
shall I not drink it V " Some of us will per-
haps say, " I can not, I can not." And per-
haps we shall turn away and give it up.
AVliat then? Why, if we liave let inclina-
tion rule instead of a sense of duty, we have
started in tlie Devil's service, and the end
will be the bottomless pit. I do not know
what these trials will be, nor in what shape
they may come ; but I believe they come to
all of us. May be the ajipetite for strong
drink comes over you as it never came over
you before. Perhaps you lie awake, tossing
in torture because of Satan's promptings
and suggestions. It may be teri-ibly hard to
bear; but, my fi'iend, "you will simply be
tried as the Master was tried. "The cui>
which my Father hath given m;*. shall I not
drink it V "

My recent visit to the jail, mentioned in
Our Neighliors, suggests anotJier form of
temptation. Suppose you know it to be
your duty, before (iod and before man, to
take one of the opposite sex to be your com-
panion for life ; but over and against this
duty, suppose circumstances are such that
you love another, and that the way is open
before you to do as you choose. I know it is a
terrible thing to be united for life to some
one you do not love. Satan whispers to you.
that you had better die first than make such
a sacrifice. The recording angel suggests
that (lutu is the path of peace, even tliough
it should include death in reality. The one
course may seem to you to be a- whole life of
self-sacrifice; but through this life of self-
sacrifice, Christ the Savior may be by your
side. The other course seems to offer you
tlie greatest hajipiness you can conceive of.
for personal inclination can appeal tremen-
dously hard, as I liapi)en to know. liut
there" can be no Christ with it— no IJibie, no
religion, no (iod. Well, it is a, sad fact, my
friend, that there are thousands who do
choose to follow inclination, even tliough it
cutoff (iod and heaven, and the peace that
the Savior can give. Now, when you com(^
to such a crisis as this, just read over this
text — " Tlie cuj) wliich my Father hath giv-
en me, shall 1 not drink itV Go down on
your knees, ask (iod to help you do your
iluty, and go forward. Take u'p the cross,
ilin] follow him ; and let me wdusi)ev to you,

834

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

by way of encouragement, tliat by and by
that cross will be found easy to bear. Per-
haps some of you may think, that, because I
am getting old and well along in years, I am
forgetting how hard it is to give up some
earthly idol. No, I am not forgetting, but I
am glad of an opportunity to tell you that
these things are, many of them, but fancies
—fancies pictured by Satan, most probably.
You may imagine you really Jove some one
of the opposite sex who is untrue, and even
impure. My friend, believe me when I tell
you that itis only a foolish, silly notion. The
truest, holiest, purest, and happiest love
that ever blest man or woman, was a love
governed l)y reason and common sense, and
sanctified by the spirit of Christ. This false
fabric, built up by the Devil himself, can be
brushed away almost as easily as you could
brush dovvii cobwebs. All that is needed is
the spirit that the Savior l)reathed in our
little text—'" The cup wliich my Father hath
given me, shall I not drink it?"

You may be in anger ; you may feel for
days and even weeks as if revenge would be
the sweetest morsel that the world has to
offer ; l)ut duty says, " Never mind ; let it
go.'' And Jesus says, "" Do good to those
who hate you.'' An opportunity comes for
doing good to this person who has persecut-
ed you. You stand undecided. The old
struggle comes up, and yon wonder whether
it is right for you to do iiny thing so revolt-
ing to'your feelings and incliiuilion. lle-
memlier how the Savior bade I'eter put up
liis sword, and stood silent and still while
they put upon him the crown of thorns and
the purple robe. '' The cup which my Father
hath given me, shall I not drink itV" None
present could see or realize that his glory
was approaching, save (iod the Father.
And, my dear friend, the glory of your life
is waiting for you wlien you light these bat-
tles and go through these struggles, provid-
ing the prayer of your heart is, "The cup
which my Father hatli given me, shall I not
drink itV

Perhaps you feel glad, or have felt glad, to
labor for Christ in foreign lands. Your edu-
cation has prepared you foi- it. You stei)
forth in the vigor of manhood, fresh from
college. Opportunites are offered you for a
brilliant career in business or among the
professions. The companicHiship of cultur-
ed and intelligent people is dear to yon.
The luxuries of wealth are very dazzling and
enticing. Your taste for tlie things you
liave prepared yourself for through the labor
of years may seem, for the time being, to
have gone; and again comes the question,
"Shall we follow taste and inclination, or
shall we follow duty V " It seems hard to
bid adieu to loved ones, to forego the plea-
sures that seem to fall naturally to the lot of
your friends and associates. What would
Jesus say, under the circumstances, were he
in your place ? '■'■ The cup which my Father
hath given me, shall I not drink it V " Y'our
life, perhaps, may bid fair to be a life of toil
and privation, or of hardship ; perhaps you
lack sympathy, and may be you do not even
receive kind words ; but your duty demands
that you stand where you are, and try to
brighten the life of gome relative, may be,

Perhaps that relative is unthankful— may be
bitter and sarcastic. May be yovu- whole
soul revolts at the imposed bondage, and
yet your duty lies there. May be the very
ease which you coveted— things which you
have prayed f(n', are before you, and you
have but to say the word anil all is yours ;
but tlie probabilities are, that Christ must
be left behind if you accept. What encour-
agement is there for you to waste your life
in this way? The encouragement of the ex-
ample set' us by the Master. ^ The cuj)
which my Father hath given me. shall I not
drink it'?'' Suppose you take these words
with you ; suppose you say them over and
over again to yourselif, as you go through the
busy cares of life. Do you think it beyond
possibility that just these words alone "may
make tliese duties joyous? I tell you, tny
friend, they are the words of life. If you
cling to those words, and rejoice at the op-
portunity of sacrificing for his dear name's
sake, your battles are mostly over. Satan
flees in dismay ; and even though your lot is
a humble one here on earth, aiid among
things earthly, glimpses of that great un-
known beyond, and of the glory that awaits
all wlio delight to obey and love his holy
name, shall be your portion. These words
have brought me so much happiness of late
that I have learned to associate them with a
beautiful little hymn, a verse of which I
wish to give you iii closing :

SitiK' them (>vor iiRaiu to me,

Wonderlul words of life,
Let me more of their beauty see.

Wonderful words of life.
Words of life and beauty,

Teaeh me faith and duty;
Beautiful words, wonderful words,

Wonderful words of life.

dim 0WN 7i?inw

OR, KATHEn, A TALK WITH DR. C. C. MILLER IN
UEGAKl) TO TOPICS CONNECTED AVITIl THE SAME.

"ITp CARD from Dr. Miller announced the pleas-
^Vx ing' intelligence that he would stop off at
jNr' Medina on his way to the convention at In-
"^^ dianapolis. On the evening of the 9tli ho
arrived at the Home of the Honey-Recs.
The Monday following 1 seized the opportunity to
learn from him many of the little " kinks of the
trade," as well as his opinion on the more impor-
tant issues connected with beekeeping. While we
were standing- in the office I remarked to Dr. Miller
something in this wise:

"Let's proceed at once to the apiarj, where we
can there witness the operation of the various de-
vices as well as discuss them. Besides," I contin-
ued, " T wish to learn from you a grent mniiy things
whil'e you are here."

A moment more and we were on our way to the
apiary, when, opposite the engine-house, the doc-
tor said:

" I should like to see j'our new engine."

In a moment more we were looking at it.

" A fine one indeed," said the doctor, as I proceed-
ed to e.Tplain the principle of the new automatic
cut-otr.

" You see," said T, "this engine is quite diflorent
in appearance. The governor is located on the

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

835

main shaft, and is connected witli these two eccen-
tric-rods, one of which works inside the otlier, ac-
complishing' what is called the untoniatic cut-otJ',
and the steam-chest—"

" Yes, that is very nice," said my friend, abruptly,
with a twinlile in liis pleasant eye, as I proceeded
with an elaborate exphination; "but," he continu-
ed, " time is very precious."

" Certainlj'," said I; "it is lires wt' were to talk
about," and glancing' iit my Watorbury, which I
had forgotten to wind, 1 intimated mechanically that
time was tiying.

A moment more, and we were walking down one
of the aisles.

"By the way," said friend M , "I did not succeed
in milking that sawdust fuel you spoke of in Glean-
ings work in my Clark smoker."

'' Is that so?" I renuirked, a little surprised.
" Wc have no trouble with it whatever. I will light
my smoker now, that yon may see just how we
manage to make it run half a day."

By this time we had arrived at the honseapiary
door. When inside I showed him the keg contain-
ing the sawdust.

"Ah! I see," said my friend " I'oi/r sawdust is
very diflerent from mine."

" How soV" 1 queried.

" Your sawdust," he continued, " is more like my
shavings, which I use in my smoker. That is, it is
stringy— nioi-e of a spongy character, and will not
pack so solid as mine."

While he was speaking I jn-oceeded to fdl and
light my smoker. Having dropped in a few pieces
of rotten wood, I sent several squirts from the oil-
er, and in a twinkling had the wood ablaze. I ex-
plained that it was necessary to convert these few
chunks of rotten wood into coals. I then dumped
in u few handfuls of sa^vdust. "Now," said T,
" this smoker ought to run for half a day." I work-
ed the bellows, meantime, vigorously, but no
smoke. I continued, but no smoke. Dr. Miller
first looked amused, and then laughed in his quiet
way. On the contrary, I grew a little nervous, and
explained that "I had never had it do that way be-
fore." The doctor then told a little story illustrat-
ing my case, but I'll not tell it here. I found that,
in talking, 1 had omitted to work the bellows while
dumping in the sawdust. I emptied out the con-
tents of the smoker on the ground. I then filled as
before, but was more careful to keep the bellows
working while I dumped in the sawdust. The re-
sult was, I had a good volume of smoke. "Now,"
said I, "that ought to last four or five hours,"
which it did, giving a good volume of smoke.

Dr. Miller then explained that he thought he had
something superior to the kerosene and the little
oiler. To about a gallon of water he adds a pound
of saltpeter. Into this mixture ho throws his rot-
ten wood. The wood absorbs the liquid, and on
drying it holds the saltpeter in its fibers. This, he
explained, pushed into the shavings which he uses,
will light and hold fire.

" How long do you nuike your smoker run with-
out refilling, when charged with shavings, and the
little piece of prepared wood for holding the flreV"
I asked.

" That depends— about an hour generally," was his
response. " But," he continued, " it is no trouble
to recharge at the expiration of the time. I keep a
suppl3-of shavings in a covered box near the center
of my apiarj; and whenever I happen to go by said

box, and my smoker needs filling, I dump in a few
handfuls, and go on about mj^ work."

DRONE-TR.\PS.

Just at this time the apiarist came into the apiary
to commence work. When he came u\t where we
were talking I handed him the smoker I had just
filled.

" By the way," said the doctor, when the apiarist
had left us, " I should like to see one of the Alley
drone-traps."

"Oh ! yes, sir," said 1. " Here is one on the shelf,
and also one of the Batchelder."

The doctor then explained that he had apiaries
located out from his home, and that it sometimes
happened, during the swarming season, that it was
three or four days before he and his assistants
could get to them.

"Now," said he, "do you think the Alley trap,
from your expei'icnce, would catch a queen when
the swarm issued, and keep her alive three or
four days ?"

" I think not, as the trap is now constructed. Four
or five hours, possibly a day, would be as long as
she would live," 1 replied.

I then explained that there was a little device for
letting the queen go back into the hive, when the
bees, discovering her absence, had returned.

"But that is not what I wafit," said my friend.
" The queen for me must be kept alive in the cage
for three or four days." After discussing it for
awhile, and referring the matter to "A. I.," it
seemed at least feasible that the queen might be
thus kept after the swarm had issued.

I then attached one of the Alley traps to a cliatf
hive, that the doctor might see how the bees be-
haved. As I have, in a former issue, explained, the
bees on returning seemed a little confused. While
we were watching, a number of said bees passed
the trap without any apparent difficulty, and with
pollen adhering to their legs too.

About this stage of proceedings father came out
and announced that Barney (the boss printer) said
they were "all out of copy," and that I must pro-
ceed forthwith to my desk in the corner. I left the
doctor to take care of himself, and did not see
him again till noon.

At the noon service friend Miller gave us a few
choice selections of his songs, rendering them in
his own good way. I will say, for the benefit of a
few of our readers who may not know, our machin-
ery stops promptly at ll.r)0 A. m., and the hands as-
semble in the large office. During the ten minutes
we have a brief noon-service, at which time the
hands join in singing, after which the editor of.
Gleanings reads and talks, ending in a short
prayer. For Dr. Miller we had the nmchinery stop
five minutes earlier — something we do not do very
often. The doctor threw his whole soul into his
music, and I think I never heard such an appeal for
Christ through the medium of song as our friend
gave us in those 15 minutes.

CELLAIt VERSUS OUTDOOR WINTERINCJ.

In the afternoon, when friend Miller and I were
together again, the subject of wintering came up.

"I wish," said the doctor, "that yon were going
to winter a few colonics in the cellar."

"But why winter in the cellar, when avc have
been obtaining such good results on the summer
stands? Besides, it takes more brains to winter in-
doors. The nnitter of cellar temperature and ven-

8S(5

GLEANINGS IN i3EE CULTUilE.

OOT.

tiliition is a picblein in itself. Then there is the
lugging- in and out."

In reply to this, friend M. said that those wintered
in the cellar did not as a rule require half the stores
of thf sc wintered on their summer stands, and that
as regards the lugging- back and forth, to and from
the eellar, it cost him for hired help about one cent
per colonj-. On a moment's reflection, 1 saw that
cellar wintering woulil save about 50 cts. per colony
on the supposition that it would save about ten
pounds of syrup; the syrup I called worth about ic.
Rut friend Miller, in order to secure proper ventila-
tion, as well as temperature, heats his cellar with a
hard-coal stove. I forgot to ask him what part this
played in the expense, but I presume that he would
say that would be overbalanced by the expense of
chaff hives in out-door wintering.

"But," said I at length, " I don't believe we have
suitable accommodations, as the cellar which we
built for the purpose under our new house has
steam-pipes connecting radiators in the room above.
At any rate, suppose, friend Miller, you take a look
at the cellar, and as you have had experience in
this matter, you can advise us."

We went together in company with the apiarist to
look at the cellar— a large spacious one with heavy
stone walls supporting the brick building above.

" Why," said the doctor, on carefully surveying it,
" this would be a capital place."

" But the steam-pipes ? " I interposed.

" I think they will cause no trouble," he replied;
"besides, with the exception of one or two, they
are covered up. A little heat from the pipes will be
an advantage. You know I heat my cellar with
a stove to bring about proper ventilation. Why,
yes, you ought to try a few here for the sake
of Gleanings."

" Do you really, then, think they would winter
here?" said 1, brightening at the thought.

" I don't hnou\ of course, but I thinli they would;
at any rate, you can try," he answered.

"But there are no sub-earth ventilators, such as
you have described in Gleanings," said I.

"You won't need them, if you put only a few col-
onies in the cellar by way of experiment," said he.

" I believe, then, if nothing prevents I will try
four or five colonies, and report in Gleanings," I
replied.

On our way back to the factory we began to dis-
cuss supers, hives, reversing, etc., but I shall
hardly have space to go into detTiils here, though I
may occasionally refer to them in future issues.

In justice to Dr. Miller, I will state that the cou-
,versation related is not strictly verbatim, yet suf-
ficiently accurate, I hope, to preserve the true
shade of ideas.

In conclusion I desire to say, if Dr. Miller will
pardon the familiarity of his junior in age and ex-
perience, that he is a "grand good fellow," and,
betlerthan all, a true follower of Christ. He did
not make me to feel at all that he was one of the
"big guns" on bees, and for that reason my con-
versation with him was more free. 1 believe 1
never yet fully realized the benefit derived from
the interchange of ideas in regard to the subject of
bees with a brother bee-keeper. I gleaned many a
little fact from our friend, which I could not have
obtained from conventions or bee-journals, though
I do not in the least depreciate the value of either.
These " (Oteonventional conventions," as W. Z.
Hutchinson has fitly i)ut it, are just what bee-keep-

ers need. In fact, my friend W. Z. will remember
that I had with him one such a visit some three or
four years ago. I would say, tlien, brother bee-
keepers, get together more; and while you recog-
nize the value of these large convention?, do not
ignore the little ones where " two is company and
three is none." Ernest.

Gleanings in Bee Cclture,

Published Scnii-Monthly .

.^. X. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: SI.OO PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clublisg Bates, See first Page of Eeading Uatter.

I pray not that thou shouklest take them out of the workl,
but that thou shouldest keep theui from the evil.— John 17 : 15.

HONEY-JUMBLES.

We are now able to furnish you a barrel of those
nice honey-jumbles for an even $.5.00. There are
from 45 to .50 pounds in a barrel, and a dozen and a
half cakes make a pound, as a rule.

NO MORE QUEENS.

From J. P. Moore we have received the following
card :

Please tell the brethren in your Opt. 15 issue not to send me
any more orders for queens until next spring, as my season's
stock of queens is exhausted, and lam still receivinpr orders
whieh I can not till. J. P. MooRR.

Morg-an, Ky., Oct. 11, 1886^

A CORRECTION.

On page T81 of our last issue, 1 was in error in
supposing that our friend C. C. Miller reflected on
publishers and supply-dealers, as our readers will
notice by a careful reading of his article. If the
doctor will accept my apology, I will try to be more
careful hereafter.

A BOOK ON CELERY CULTURE.

The best thing we have been able to get hold of
is a little book of 15 pages, by W. W. Rawson, Ar-
lington, Mass. The book is advertised at :i5 cts.; but
by purchasing- 100 copies, we are enabled to furnish
them for 15 cts. If wanted by mail, add one cent
extra for postage. It gives full particulars in re-
gard to storing for winter, as Avell as cultivation.

THE AMERICAN APICULTIIRIST.

I BELIEVE we have omitted to notice that this
journal is noAv in the hands of our old friend Henrj-
Alley, and so far it seems to be managed with much
credit to him. The October number contains arti-
cles from Prof. Cook, G. M. Doolittle, Charles Muth,
Heddon, and others. As these all write on the sub-
ject of wintering, it makes this one number of con-
siderable value.

THE SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOR.

In our recent articles on the above, we have
omitted to mention that the credit of the invention
belongs to O. O. Poppleton, formerly of Williams-
town, la., who recently moved to Florida. Friend
P.'s description and illustrations will be found in
Gleanings for September, 188:5. From the descrip-
tion there given, it seems likely that friend P. used
it. even before any of the friends who have men-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE Cl'LTURE.

8:57

tioned it in Calil'oriiia. \Vc luive also oniittod to
sivc credit in our A li C book, but it will bf credit-
ed in the new edition, now on the press.

DISCOUNT ON GOODS OUDERED KOK NEXT SEASON S
USE.

During the mouth of Noveuibei-, the discount
mentioned on page 755, Sept. 15th issue, will be
changed to 8 per cent instead of 10 per cent. Re-
member, if you want the to per coit discount, get in
j'our orders before November 1.

BUCKWHEAT, ANOTHER USE FOR IT.

About the time our European silvcrhull buck-
wheat began to fill out with grain, one of our hens
which had stolen a nest brought out a large brood
of chickens. In a few days more another did the
same, and then a third. Now, these three broods of
chickens have not had a bit of care or attention.
We should think they would average ten or a dozen
chicks each; but they arc so spry in the buckwheat
that I have never been able to count them. Here
we have three broods of blooded stock that cost ab-
solutely nothing in the way of expense for food, or
time and attention, and yet I think not a chick has
been lost. Now, why will not those who make a
business of raising poultry sow patches of buck-
wheat at intervals, expressly for the fowls and
chicks? If the poultry-raiser be a bee-keeper also,
he can raise a crop for his bees and poultry, and
tlie one does not conflict with the other at all,
neither is there any expense in harvesting the hon-
ey or the grain, providing just about enough be
sowed for the fowls and no more.

CONVENTION" NOTICES.

Nebraska bec-U-eppers will meet for their next annual ses-
sion in Lincoln, Neb., on the second Wednesd<»y in Jan., 18S7.
H. N. Pattp;rson, Sec.

The .Southern 111. Boe-Keepers' Association will hold its next
nieetint; at Uenton, Franklin Co., 111., Thursday, Oct. 21,1886,
at 10 A. M. F. H. Kennedy, Sec.

The annual meeting: of the Western Bee-keepers' Association
will be held in Pythian Hall, corner of Main and Uth Streets,
Kansas City , Mo., Oct. z7, 2X, 29, 1886. P. Baldwin, Sec.

The semiannual meeting of the Central Michigan Bee Keep-
ers' Association will convene in Pioneer Hull, at the Capitol
Building, in Lansing, on the third Tuesday of October, at ID
o'clock A. M. J. AsiiwouTH, Pres.

Lansing, Mich.

ILLINOIS CENTRAL BEEKEEPER.S.
In consideration of the tneeting at Quincy, 111 , on the 19th,
20th, and 21st of Oct., at the laying of the cornerstone of the
Soldiers' Home, the Executive Committee of the Illinois Cen-
tral Bee Keepers' Society have postponed the yearly meeting
at Mt. Sterling, 111., from Oct. 19th and 20th, to Nov. 2Ith and
25th. The in'ospects for a grand success are certainly good.
as many active and prominent apiarists and specialists have
signified their intention to be iireseiit. The mceling will lie
held at the Coutt-Hou^e. and hotel accommodations are good.
We are negotiating with tile landlord tor rates at the City Ho-
tel, which we think will not e.^ceed 81. Oi) per day.

J. M. HajibauuH, Sec

Black and Hybrid Queens For Sale.

For the benefit of friends who have black or hybrid queens
which they want to dispose of, we will insert notices free of
charge, as below. We do this becouse there is ha»^dly value
enough to these queens to pay f^r buying them up and keep-
ing them in stock; and yet if. is often'imes quite an aceommo-
dution to those who can not afford higher-priced ones.

Six hybrid queens at 25 cts. apiece, or the lot for
«1.25. C. F. Uhl, Miller.sburg, Ohio.

Two mismated Italian queens to spai-e at -tO cents
each. ("HAS. McClave, New London, ().

I have a few fine hybrid queens at 30 cts. each, by
return mail.

W. A. SANDERS, Oak Bower, Hart Co., (ia.

DADANT'S rOTODATION PACTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not lie responsible for any error. You
can have the notice as man.y lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates.

llfANTED.— Beeswax. Any amount of average
Vt beeswax, at 22 cts., cash on delivery.

ITtfdb

E. T. Lewis & Co., Toledo, O.

Apiarian Supply Dealers.

/I RE AT BARGAIN.— 2 printing-presses, 50 fonts of
\J type, cases, rules, leads, etc. Cost about #300;
will sell for $12.5. But little used.
lfl-20d W. Earle Cass, Roseland, Essex Co., N. J.

or STANDS of Italian bees for sale in new chaff
-if) hives at $7.00.

2u-2Id

John C. Stewart, Hopkins, Mo.

A GRAND OFFER. Pure Italian bees in new two-
story L. hives, only $5.00. I guarantee safe ar-
rival, and 311 lbs. of honey. For particulars, address
20d S. F. REED, N. Dorchester, N. H.

WANTED.— To exchange my Given fdn. mill, good
as new. 1 will take honey, or good winter ap-
ples for it. L. Beckwith, Berlin, Wis.

TESTED Italian and Carniolan queens at $1.00
each, to close out m.v surplus stock. Italians
crossed with Carniolans, 2 for f I.OO. Or I will ex-
change for high-class W. Leghorn chickens.
30d Chas. D. Duvall, Spencerville, Mont. Co., Md.

WANTED.— To exchange strawberry-plants, si-x
varieties, for untested queens.
20-21d J. A. Green, Dayton, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted honey, 5
chaff Eclectic hives, .just as good as new, or tor
each, at !S2.U0 each— a bargain.
20-21a F. HoLTKE, Carlstadt, N. J.

ITALIAN QUEENS, tested, U; hybrid, 3 for $1.
1 18-20db N. Adams, Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla.

WANTED.— To exchange pant cloth and black
waterproof cloth, for pure Italian bees. Sam-
ples will be sont to an.y address for offei-s.
20d T. Drew, So. Hanover, Mass.

THOROUGHBRED FOWLS, 14 different and dis-
tinct varieties— will exchange chicks for full
colonies of Italians— must have sufficient honey to
winter. XLCR Poultry Yards, Mt. Vernon, O.

11' ANTED.— Honey, extracted preferred, in ex-
VV change for hives, frames, section boxes, saw-
mandrels, and bee-hive machinery. What have you
got, and what do you want for if:'
20tfdb D. S. Hall, So. Cabot, Vt.

WANTED.— To exchange 17 acres of good laud,
Lewis Co., Ky., for Italian bees in Simplicity
hives. Forty good colonies take the land if in 30
days. Address L. U. Polk, Selden, Fayette Co., O.

117 ANTED.— To exchange for cash, or good horses
VV and mules, 200 colonies of bees In Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
20tfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

r^OR SALE or exchange.— One French buhr raill-
r stone for grinding feed, 18 inches in diameter; as
good as new ; will sell for half price.
20d H. L. UiCHMOND, St. Johns, Mich.

IjiIRE! Fire! Fire! Brother bee-keepers, .you all
^ want my LKJHTNING FIRE-KINDLER, cost-
ing about the same, almost as necessary, and but
little more trouble, than matches. Perfectly safe.
No litter. Time, temper, and match saving; house-
hold convenience, it makes a tire immediately.
Lasts a lifetime. Sent by mail for 20 cts.
20tfdb S. S. Butler, Los (iatos, California.

838

GLEANINGS IK BEE CULTURE.

Oct.

DAD ANT'S

is asserted by hvindrcds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brij^htest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag-, most regular
in color, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, III. ; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Hoddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind. ; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Chas. Hertel,
Jr., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong, Jerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretehmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, III.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; J.W.Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va. ; E. K. Neweomb,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co.. N.Y.; J. A. Hiima-
son, Vienna, ().; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, ().,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall cV Tread-
well, Barrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgurd cV' Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co., Te.xas, W. E. Chirk, Oriskany,
N. Y., and numerous other dealers.

Write for samples free, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Coinpllnieutary and %mso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
. 1883. We guarantee every inch of nurfoxindation equal
lo sample in evei-y respect.

CHAS. UADANT &: SON,
Sbtfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., Illinois.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Catalogues Free. Address

J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, Iowa.

4-3db

Foundation -Mill Vor Sale.

One ten-inch Root comb-mill, second hand. The
mill has, however, been completely fitted up, paint-
ed, and varnished, and is, to all appearances, both
in looks and quality of work, equal to a new one.
Price *1.5.00. The list price of a new mill of this
kind is $30.00. A. I. ROOT, ITIedina, O.

4 H.-P. ENGINE FOR SALE.

A Jidfijahi, for the iti<ni irlio i.s hi nccil of a
I'"ir.it-Clti.ss JCnt/ini' iDiil JSoiler.

This is one of B. W. Payne & Son's Eureka en-
Kines, the same that we advertise in our catalogue.
It has run 3 months since it was new; has had a 10-
foot g'alvanized-iron smoke-stack added, and is in
perfect running- order. The man who is holding- it
had to put in a larger one to meet the demands of
his trade. The price of a new engine and boilei-
complete, no stack, is $2T5.O0; but to make a quick
sale we will sell this one with the stack for $3i5.00,
free on board cars at Higginsville, Mo.

A.I. ROOT, Medina, Oliio.

MUTH'S

HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

xU<i' ^'2K: t'I'ASS HONIilY-JAKS,

TIN BS5ICKETS, BEE-Ill VEM,
HONEV-SECTIOINS, A;c., A:c.
PERFECTION COLO- BLAST SITIOKERS.

Apply to CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Bce-Keei)crs." Itfdb

100 FINE PRINTED ENVELOPES,

white, or assorted colors, with name, liusiness, and
address on. all for 40 c. ; .")0 for 35 cts. By mail post-
paid. Cards and letter-heads at same prices.
17 33db Address G. F. ROBB, Oilman, Iowa.

VANDERVORT

COMB FOUUDATIOIT MILLS.

Send for samples and reduced price list.
3tfdb JNO. VANDERVORT, Laceyville. Pa.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Se€tion»«, Extractors, Smokers, Separators,

Arc, of Root's IHaniifacture, SUipped

Irom liere at ROOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price List Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

:J-34db

BE SURE

To send aiiostal card for our illustrated catalogue of

APIARIAN

Before purchasing

SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing-
new and desirable in an apiary,

AT THE liOU^EST PRICES.

3 tfd

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford, 'Washington Co., AVis.

Western headquarters for bee-men's supplies.
Four-piece sections, and hives of every kind, a
specialty. Flory's corner-clamps, etc. Orders for
sections and clamps filled in a few hours' notice.
Send for samiile and prices.

M. R. MADARY,
33 3ldb Box 172. Fresno City, Cai.

HOW TO RAISE^OMrHONEY.

Price .5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supply circular. istfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. I?btfd

sue

TO SEND

FOE MY NEW

PRICE LIST FOR 1886,

Before pui-chasing- your Bee -Sup-
plies. Cash paid for Beeswax. Vtfdb

A. B. HOWE, Council Bluffs, la.

Ma

(iLlilANlNGS In iJEE Cl'LTlIliE.

s-i:;

Contents of this Number.

Air, Damp 805

Australia 8(i7

Bees Shedding' 8B3

Bees Packing 86!)

Bees ami (Jrapes 8ril

Blaiiti IMS Heport 851

r.ilifoniia 816

Chlonitorin for Bees 8Wi

('I'liventioii Notes 815

Kdllcirials 87.i

Florida ami its Resources.... 81)6

Floiidn S.5:l

Frame befoie LaiifjTftroth's 8B6

Fumiiiator, Wehster .'•ri'.l

I Jould's .Sei-ti,>n Case 858

Hive. Heddou 865

Hives of Master of Paris. . . .864

Hoiiev ill Soda-water 866

Honey Ciluinii 844

Hnnfs .\piar,- 865

Kites 819

Leave.s for PaekiuM: 863

Melilot 863

Notes and Queries 870

Our Own Apiarv S71

Piopolis. SlealiiiK 86!

Queens I'ipiinr 855

Queens B:illiiiy 852

Vmiii s 1,1. »(■ lor noMie.
Qui cas \ olc-e ;

....847

Qn ■elis.l'.lark

....864

(.meen-catrlie s

....867

Kent tor .\piar.v

... 866

Keooits Discourajrinu'. ••

.. .S6!l

Reports KniMUrat-int;....

Mil

Selling hv W'eiarhr

....8i7

Te.x.is. I nta\oral)!e

...816

ToUa.-.'o (' .Uuiii

8711

VeiitUation, I pw.ird ..

...854

Windbreaks

. ..8(5

CONVENTION" NOTICES.

Nebraska bee-keepers will meet for their iie.xt annual ses-
sion in Lincoln, Neb., on the second Wednesday in Jan., 1887.
H. N. P.VTTEKSON, Sec.

The Bee-keepers' Association of Hamilton and Tipton I'.iiin-
ties, Indiana, will be held at Wcsttield. S.ilui'Oay, Nov. 6, |S86.

All interested in bee-kcepiii;.; are mvitcil to c ic. IJrintc vour

baskets well tilled, and stay all day, and help nrike this one of
the most interesting ses.sions the A.^soeialion ever held.

ILLINOIS CENTRAL HEE-KEKPERS.

In consideration of the ineetin;,' at Quim-y. Ill , on the I'.lth,
•2(lth. and -ilst of Oct.. at the lavim: of the corner stone of the
Soldiers' Home, the K.xciiit] ve ( 'oniniit tec of the llliiiois Cen-
tral Bee Keepers' Society have postponed the ve.-ulv meeting
at Mt. Sterling, 111., from Oct. I'.lth and '.JOth. to Nov. •.24th and
'Stli. The prospects for a grand ^nci-e~s are certainly good,
as many active and prominent aiiiarists and specialists have
signiHed their intention to liei'iesent. The meeting: yvil' be
held at the Court-Hotise, and hotel a<'cominodations are good.
We are negotiating \yith the landloid lor rates at the City Ho-
tel, which we think will not c.v;cjed SI fl) jier d-xy.

.1. M. H.VMBAUUII, Sec

CARNIOLAN

QUEENS & BEES A SPECIALTY.

Send for Descriptive Price List and Ci)-ctdar.
Utfd H. F. SHANNON, Clarksbiirii',

(Formerlj' of Spring Hill.) Uecatiir c;o., Iiid.

Headquarters in the South.

FACTORY OF BEE-H8VES, ETC.
EARLY NUCLEI, ITALIAN QUEENS.

ITtfd P. I.. VI-VLLON, Bayou lioiila, La.

iiT !

Little -r Detective"

SCALE FOR $2.00.

This is the .same scale that we liavc sdkl Cor years
at $2.50. It weighs trom 'i o/. to '^r> ll)s., and does
it so accurately that they are used largely hy post-
masters in weighing letters. Wiiat can lie handier
tor weighing out small lots of honey than one of
these? They weigh 10 Uis., boxed ready to shii), and
we can sell them for $2.00; with a tin scoop, .')0 ets.
more; with double beam, if;).00; tin scoop added, 50
cts. more. If sent alone, they will probably go
cheaper by express.

A. I. ROOT, ITIedina, O.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any of the following departments, at a uniform
price of ai cents each insertion, or *:i.OU per annum,
when given once a month, or $4.00 per year if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names insertedin thisdepai-tment the first time with-
out charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian (jiieens for .*1.00 each, under the following
condition.s: No guarantee is to be assumed of i)urity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, i)ure mother, and had coiimienccd
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come imiiatientof such delay as may be unavoidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sends the best queens,
put up most neatly and most securely, will iirobably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested (|iieens, furnished on aiJ]>lieation to
any of the jjarties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify ua
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for *1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. T. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. JJrown, Light Street. Columbia Co., Ta. Itf
*Paul L. Viallon, iJayou Goula, La. IHtfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. ]9tfd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. lUtfd

*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Aia. liitfd

*E. Kretehmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. 19tfd
*Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

liltfd Par., La.
J. W. Winder, Carrolllon, Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La. 3tfd

*E. Burke, Vincennes, Knox Co., Ind. 3-1

C. C. Vaughn, Columbia, Tenn. 1.5tfd

Bloomington, 111. l.'itfd

J. B. Hains, Bedford, Cuyahoga Co., O. lotfd

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.
A. I. Root, ]Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. 1.5tfd
C. W. Costidlow, Waterboro, York Co., Me. 1-23
R. B. Leahy, Higginsville, Laf. Co., Mo. l,5tfd

E. Kretehmer, Coburg, Montgomery Co., la. 1.5tfd
C. P. Bish, Petrolia, Pa. 19-33

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Essays liy James Heddon, Prof. Cook, G. M. Doo'
little, A. E. Manum, G. \V. Demaree, J. E. Pond. Jr.,
J. II. Martin, C. W. Dayton, and P. R. Russell, all
appear in the October number of the American
.\piculturist. Send KIc in stamps for a copv.

Address .VMERICAN APICULTURIST,

21tf Wenham, Mass.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

350 acres good table land, '/i cleared and in a good
state of cultl\ation; the rest tolerably well timber-
ed; finely situated for stock, fruit, or grain farming;
an abundance of I'niit and good sjiring water; good
house with 9 rooms, garret and cellar, a large barn,
and other necessar.y buildings. Price fTOOO.

Also .500 acres ad,joining the above, 50 acres clear-
ed, a log liouse and stable, some fruit, 200 acres of
mountain land; the rest nice for farming. Pi-iee
f30(Ml. Either larin will divide well, and is a good
site for an apiary. For ))articulars address
17-21d H. J. STKEBY, Paw Paw, W. Va.

844

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

pe^EY GdmW'

CITY MARKETS.

Kansas City.— jF/o?jey.— The market is good
grades, and sales are large, receipts are very
and prices are steady with a tirm leeling.
White clover, 1-lb. sections ....
2-lb. •' ....

" u-lb. " ....

Mb. " ....

li-lb. " ....

California, ~-lb. " . . . -
Extracted, white clover ....

" dark

" white sage, California

" amber "

Beeswax, - - - ....
Oct. 33, 1886. Cr.EMONS, Cloon & Co.,

Cor. 4th and Walnut St's, Kansas City

Dark

for all
good,

IWU
lir(/iu'

U((3\o

lil(5>12
f)®li)
9(511

i(<l 5
Mo.

Boston.— Honey.— Honey is selling well, but would
sell better if weather were colder. No change in
prices. Blake & Riplev,

Oct. 22, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

MiLWAtTKBE.— Honey.— The market here is firm
on choice quality of comb honey in sections, also
on extracted. Choice white 1-lb. sections. 12'2@13;
choice white in 2-lb. sections, 12f5i2'/4. Dark, not
>vanted. E.vtracted in bbls. or ia-bbls, choice, 6!2<5'
7; extracted in tin, TS'TVi; dark, in bbls. and i^bbls.,
5@.5!i. Bee8t{;aa;. nominal, 25c. A. V. Bishop.

Oct. 22, 1886. 142 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

New York.— Honey.— There is a first -class de-
mand for comb honey, especial!}' lor the tiuer
grades. We are almost daily receiving shipments
of various discriptions and quality. We make no
change in our quotations. We have no demand
whatever for extracted buckwheat honey owing to
the fact that California extracted white and amber
honey is selling at ver}' low figures.

Oct. 22, 1886. Thuruer, Whvland & Co.,

Read and Hudson Sts., New Vork.

Cincinnati. — Honey.— There is no change in the
market, worthy of note. A fair trade is done in
comb honey, and small packages of extracted hon-
ey for table use, while the demand is slow from
manufacturers. No change in quotations. Ex-
tracted honey brings 3;4((i7c on arrival, and 12in 15c
is paid for nice comb honey in a jobbing way. There
is a good demand for beeswax. We pay 22c per lb.
for good yellow. Chas. F. Muth & Son,

Oct. 21, 1886. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Cleveland.— Ho)iey.—The market has not im-
proved in the past few weeks; sales are very slow
at IStilL'ic for best 1-lb. sections of white; other
grades almost unsalable at any price. Extracted
dull at 6 cts. Beeswax, scarce at 2.5c.

Oct. 20, 1886. A. C. Kendel,

115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

St. Louis.— Honey.— We note a better demand for
choice white-clover honey in l-ib. sections. It sold
readily to-day at 13Crtl4c. Good honey, Spanish
needle, etc., 12(a;12',4 in lib. sections. Extracted
and strained hone.v, no change. California holds us
down. We are offering white sage at ■5c, and am-
ber at 4 c in cans, by carload lots.

Westcott & H.\LL,

Oct. 22, 1886. 108 and 110 Market Street.

For Sale.— White clover and basswood honey.
Extracted, at 7c in barrels holding about .370 lbs.
each, on cars here, and no charge for the barrels.
In 5 and 10 barrel lots, will pay freight to any place
under 300 miles. Also several barrels of a darker
grade that we will sell at 6c. Our honey is thick
and nice. E. France & Son, Platteville, Wis.

For Sale.— .5000 lbs. of extracted white clover
and basswood honey, in oak iron-bound barrels,
holding about 370 lbs. each, delivered on board of
cars. Price 7c. Also a few barrels of dark at 6c.
No charge for the barrels.

Philip H. Fellows, Brodhead, Wis.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FAOTOEY, WHOLESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

-^

ATTENTION ! <

Dealers and Manufacturers

We are prepared to supply you with sections for
the coming season at bed-rock prices. Write us.
21tfdb G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

AVATERTOWN, WIS.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

40-Horse-Power Engine for Sale.

Our new automatic cut-off iio horse-power engine
is now driving the machinery in all our buildings.
Now, we want to dispose of oiir old 41) horse-power en-
gine which has done such faithful work for us for
the last eight years. It is a standard i)lain engine.
Lord & Bowler make, 12x20, with a 9-foot balance-
wheel and a 0-foot fly-wheel. We will offer it. put
in good repairs, for $350.00. We will throw in the
stone upon which the bed-plate is bolted, free of
charge. For further particulars, write us. Whom
shall we hear from first?

A. I. KOOT, rriedlna, Oliio.

Recent Additions to tfie Counter Store.

THUEE-CENT COUNTER.

1 I SAFETY PINS, per doz., 1 inch long, and

little beauties | 28 | 2 53

FIVE - CENT COUNTER.

1 I MAEKING-CRAYONS. BLACE, KED, or BLUE, | 40 I 3 50
Four iiichi's liin^r. These are iiivaluaole foi- markinjf pack-
ages; and for bee-keepers it is .iust the thing for marking your
hives. You can rub the )iiarks from a painted or glazed sur-
face but not from a I'ough one.

1 I NEEDLES, either SHARPS or BETWEENS. | 30 | 3 50

Any of the following numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1-6, 4-8, .W. or 3-
10; 25 helix needles, cloth-stuek, in a paper; 3 papers for a dime.

3 I POCKET-MIEEOE, zinc, 3 in. diameter . . . . | 40 | 3 .50

The eover is so arranged that it can be hinged back as a stand
for the mirror.

1 I SAFETY PINS, per doz., 1% in. long.

Same as the 3c ones, but larger.

35 I 3 ro

13 I ENIFE-TEAY, 7x12 | 90 | 8 50

a beautiful ash tray with 2 compartments and a walimt han-
dle. It is glued and nailed, is very neat, strong and useful.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

Inclosed And $1.00, for which please send Glean-
ings. It is like doing without tobacco to do with-
out Gleanings. Allkn Bkvan.

New Sharon, la., Sept. 30, 1886.

The goods shipped by you on the Sth came to hand
all right. I am delighted with the v heelbariow.
It is a "daisy," and no mistake. I tell .\ou. it as-
tonishes the natives. S. A. Sthikeh.

Manchester, Va., Sept. 30, 1886.

Goods arrived. Every thing is ?atisfactorj', es-
pecially the lawn-mower. 1 could not have l)ought
one of that size here for less than .'f 10.00. It works
very well. J. A. Green.

Dayton, La Salle Co., 111.

A schoolteacher's opinion of gleanings.

I am glad, indeed, that you are in the supply-
business, for 1 am certain that, in no other way,
could you afford to give so much reading-matter
for a dollar. I have been a printer, and know
about what so much matter costs. May success
continue with you. I wish to express my sympa-
thy, too, for your troubles with foul brood. May it
never return to your apiary, is undoubtedly the
earnest wish of your 6000 readers. With a school of
400 scholars to look after, I still find time to man-
age my little apiary of 26 colonies. Z. T. Hawk.

Denison, la., Oct. 1.5, 1886.

Vol. XIV.

NOV. 1, 1886.

No. 21.

TERMS:$1.00PbbAnnum, IN ADVAN-CR;'! TT'o-A/ti 7» 7-i' o 7i ^ /^ -i'-f/i 1 Q 'V Q f Clubs to different postofflces, NOT LBPf
2Cople8for$1.90-.3for82.75;5for$4.00, I JldO HJiULLb rLC-LV ilV jL O I O . | than 90cte. eac h. Sent postpaid, in the

10 or more, 75 ets. each. Single Number,
Sets. Additions to clubs maybe made j

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

atclubrates. Above are all to be sent « t -o/^r^Ti TVTT^-rvTXT A rw:irr\ I peryearextra. To all countrit
TO 0NKP08T0FFICB. J -A., i. -tHJvJ i. , l\lJliJJli> iV, UxllU. | the U. P. U.,4Zo per year extra.

U. S. and Canadas. To aJI other coun-

1 tries of the Universal Postal Union. Idc

To all countries NOT of

NOKTH-AMERICAN CONVENTION".

A Few " Pointers."

RENDERING BEESWAX.

■ ANY pei'sons spoil wax by melting- it in dirty
iron kettles; also by overheatinjr it, or,
when using steam, by adiuitting- the steam
into direct contact with the wax. Wax
may be rendered in an ordinary boiler upon
a stove, by using plenty of water. A sack of wire
cloth sunk in the boiler will enable any one to dip
the melted wax from the inside of the sack in a tol-
erably fair state of purity. The solar wax-extractor
is destined to take the place of other wax extract-
ors. There is no expense for fuel, the wax is of
superior quality, and the honey in cappings is saved.
A small solar wax-extractor is preferable to a large
one. It should be of such size that the wax placed
in it will all melt in a day. The dish containing the
melted wax that has run from the extractor ought
to stand in the sun, in order that the wax may re-
main in a melted state, allowing the impurities to
settle. The heat of the sun is never sufficient to in-
.1ure the wa.\, but the honey has a flavor of pollen.

SEPARATORS.

Mr. N. N. Betsinger, of New York, has, for four
years, been using wire cloth for separators. The
mesh is four to the inch, and the cloth is dipped in
molten metal, which fixes the wires solidly in their
places. The bees can pass very freely, while the
wire acts perfectly as a separator. Mr. B. uses a
case for holding the sections in such a position that
the separators remain a bee-space from the sides of
the sections. Mr. Betsinger has patented his in-
vention.

FOUTi BROOD.

This subject was quite largely discussed. Good
evidence was introduced, showing that the disease
may be spread by means of honej'. It was also
thought that many people did not correctly inter-
pret the published descriptions of foul brood. The
descriptions given are applicable to the advanced
stages of the disease; but when it first starts, only
a few diseased cells will be seen, and there will be
no noticeable odor unless the nose Is brought near
the foul brood. When a larva is diseased, its color
changes to that of coffee with milk in it, and it will
stretch out (if a pin be thrust into it and an attempt
made to remove the larva) to the length of an inch.
It finally assumes a darker hue, shrinks and dries
up, and remains upon the lower side of the cell,
where it resembles a speck of tar. Several had
cured foul brood by the starvation plan.

HONEY-PLANTS.

The advice at present is to raise such plants for
honey as will yield something besides honey. For
this purpose, alsike clover stands at the head; next
comes buckwheat, then rape and raspberries. The
most promising plants to raise for honey alone are
sweet clover, flgwort, spider plant, and tlie so-called
Chapman honey-plant. The latter is a biennial, re-
sembling a thistle. The seed is sown in the spring,
and, after the plant is fully established, it requires
no further attention. It yields honey in very large
quantities, has a fibrous stalk that some one
thought might be utilized in making straw paper,
and 2i4 lbs. of ground seed has furnished 0 ounces
of fine clear oil.

DRONES AND DRONE-COMB.

Drones serve no purpose except the fecundation
of (jueens, and bees build drone-comb only when

846

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov

they wish to rear drones for the fertilization of
queens, or are building- combs for storing honey
during- a good honey-flow. The majority of those
who had tried hiving swaj-ms upon empty frames
did not favor the practice; they did not secure so
much honey, but dirt secure too much drone-comb.
A few had succeeded to their entire satisfaction.
Rogersville, JMich. W. Z. Hutchinson, Sec.

QUEENS' VOICES.

CALLING IN THE CELLS.

T N Oct. 1st No., page 778, E. S. Miner takes issue
wMp with me in regard to queens calling while in
]lr the cell. Prof. A. J. Cook said, some years
■^ ago, that, when the first young queen hatches,
if the hecs intend to send out a second swarm
we hear this peculiar note of the queen, and she
is annwered hy the other queeiis still in the cells
(italics mine).

i have heard them calling when I knew there was
no queen in the hive outside of a cell, and when
the cell-cap was not cut loose so the queen could
push her head out, as suggested by Bro. Root. I
cut a queen-cell out of a hive where five or six
were calling, and heard the yoving queen call in
the cell while I held it on my knife, and the cap
was not cut partly off. I laid the cell down to take
out some frames, and in about five minutes she
came out. I cut out all but one cell, and at night
the queen had quit calling, but still the bees
swarmed next day, leaving the old colonj' queen-
less. „ I used the cells and queen that hatched,
to form nuclei. I ask Bro. Root to say whether
young queens ever call in the queen-nursery. 1
never used one. Why does the first young queen
begin to call before leaving the cell, onl)i when the
bees intend to swarm, if not because she is kept in
by the bees? When one calls, the others answer.
At other times the oldest queen hatches, and the
other cells are destroyed without any quarreling
among the queens.

I ask Bro. Miner to examine caret ullj' a cricket,
grasshopper, or other insect that makes a similar
noise, and he will find it is made by the covering
of the wings, provided with a special apparatus
for that purpose. And no insect that I know of
makes a similar sound with the true wings, or
without this special provisiwi. The worker-bees
make several variations of a buzzing, or humming
sound, with their wings; but it is very different
from this piping of the queen. There is no way
of proving positively that the queens do this call-
ing, because kept in by the bees; but it is a fair
inference, when at such times the queen will stay
in the cell until old enough to fly, unless taken out
of the hive, when she will come out at oiice, and
at other tijnes come out without calling, looking-
like a worker just hatched, and unable to fly. This
is my conclusion after three years' investigation
to find the cause. 9— John C. Gilliland, 15—35.

Bloomfleld, Ind., Oct., 1886.

Friend G., I can not remember that I ever
heard a queen call while in a cell in the nur-
sery. I am glad you suggest the matter, for
I do not remember to have ever thought of
it before. I should like to hear from friend
Hayhurst and others who have used the nur-
sery a good many years.

CALIFORNIA.

BEES IN AN OLD DUNGEON.

TjFOU may remember me as a former resident of
^J^ El Dara, III., and, while there, a bee-keeper.
^4(? ^ came to this country a year ago this fall,

'*' partly for health, and also to escape the hard
winters. 1 find it a delightful change, and an
improvement in both health and climate. I intend-
ed to go into the bee-business here, but instead I
have been buying and selling. This is the most
wonderful country for bees I ever saw. They
never winter-kill; spring dwindling is unknown.
Bees work the year round. Honey is very cheap.
I got the finest extracted I ever saw, almost trans-
parent, and of good body, for 3 cts. per lb., and
retailed it for five; beautiful comb honey in 2-lb.
sections, at 6 cts. per lb., and sold it for 8 and 10 cts.
My zeal for handling bees has rather oozed out
since finding honey so low and abundant.

Wild bees can be found among the rocks and in
caves in the canyons here, some having been there
for years, with immense quantities of honey. And,
by the way, I want to mention one little fact that
is wonderful. I went out with a party the other
day to the old Jesuit Mission, about 4 miles from
here. It's an old adobe and brick structure, over
100 years old. The main building, bull-pens, arches,
and wings, cover several acres, or did. Much is
in ruin now. Well, in one wing, running out from
the main building, there has evidently been a
dungeon; but above this room there seems to be
space for another room, though I could find no en-
trance, nor any sign of there ever having been;
but there are three different sides where bees are
passing out and in; two entrances are ver.y strong.
The air seemed to be full of bees, and thej- keep
up such a roaring you can hear them for rods
away. In looking- over this old pile, viewing its
rude but grand architecture, its ornamental work,
images, etc., now fast crumbling away, I was
filled with wonder and delight; but when I came
to the department of bees I was moved within me
as never before. There must be within that wall
quite a large i-oom. The guide tells of their having
bees there for 20 years.

Now, Bro. Root, come out and visit this wonder-
ful State. We will go up to the old Mission, get per-
mission from the authorities, dig a hole into that
wall, and just take out that honey, bees and all.
You can load a car and take it right home.

Gleanings comes, a welcome visitor. I like to
keep watch of the progress made by our old friends
in managing bees. Extracted honey here is put
up in square tin cans holding 5 gallons each, and
two cans in a case, the two just sliding in nicely;
then they are nailed up.

The weather here by the coast is wonderfully
cool — mercury standing at about 8v1. sometimes
dropping to 70. T. C. Bunker.

Oceanside, Cal.

Well done, old friend ; but why don't you
dig a hole into that unexplored room, without
waiting for me to come and help? I think
my brother at San Diego will be the man
for the undertaking. lie is always ready
for adventures. But I can not understand
how it is possible that this room should
have remained all these years without being
explored. It seems to me something like
the age of the world when people lived so

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

847

many centuries on one side of a vast ocean,
without enterprise enough to get across and
see what was on the other side. No disre-
spect intended to you, friend B.

SELLING THINGS BY AATEIGHT IN-
STEAD OF BY THE BUSHEL.

"W. J. Green, of the Experimental College
(Columbus, O.), Gives us some Valu-
able Facts in the Matter.

ALS(J SOMETHING ABOUT KAISING STRAWBEK-
lUES IN THE FALL.

Irish potatoes.
Sweet "
Beans, shelled.
Peas,

Dried apples,
" peaches.

Onions, - .50 lbs.
Tomatoes, 56 "
Turnips, 60 "
Apples, 48 "
Peaches, 48 "

TTj; EARLY all vegetables and fruits vary great-
ly! b' in weight at different times of the year.
r^ The size of individual specimens that make
^T up a given bulk affects the weight consid-
erably. There is also much more difference
in varieties than is commonly supposed. A bush-
el of " Peck's Pleasant " apples weighs about 55
lbs.; but the same bulk of some sorts weighs not
more than 45 lbs. Peerless potatoes weigh more
than most other sorts. White onions are usually
not so heavy as red or yellow.

I give you below the legal weight per bushel of
vegetables, fruits, etc.

60 lbs,

50 "

60 "

60 "

23 "

33 "

A bushel, as applied to fruits and vegetables, is
a very indefinite quantity, and ought to be nban-
doned as a standard. There is no possibility of set-
tling upon a given bulk or weight for a bushel that
will be satisfactorj' and fair at all times. If we agree
upon the weight of a bushel, and establish it by law,
as has been done, then there will be a variation of
from 5 to 20 per cent in the cubic contents. If the
other course were taken, and we agree upon the
cubic contents of a bushel, then there will be the
same variation in the weight.

The best thing that our legislators could do for us
in this matter would be to repeal the law, and thus
leave us without a legal bushel for fruits and veg-
etables. We should then take the only course left,
and sell by weight. This would do away with "false
bottoms" and man}- other easy ways of cheating.
If it did not make people honest, it would at least
make dishonesty more difficult. The only class that
are now benefited by the legalized bushel are the
dealers. They buy by weight when they find it to
their advantage to do so, and it often is, but to the
groat disadvantage of the grower. These same
dealers retail, not by weight, but by measure,
which often gives them a fine profit, even at the
same price per bushel at which they buy. The con-
sumer might, of course, demand a legal bushel, but
he seldom does so. In cities, a large share of the
fruits and vegetables are sold by hucksters, and
nothing better for their purpose could possibly be
invented than the bushel measure and its fractional
parts. They can make a bushel and a half out of CO
lbs. of potatoes, without the least difficulty, and
with little fear of detection.

STKAWBEKRIES IfJ THE FALL.

The strawberries that j'ou saw in Indianapolis
were probably grown near that city, although they
might have come from New York, or, more likely,

fi'om Tennessee or some other part of the South,
where it is not uncommon to grow a second' crop.
We have here at Columbus a small second crop al-
most every year, of some varieties. Occasionally
the product is sufficient to pay for picking and
marketing; at least, such a thing has been done
near here. The Cumberland Triumph is the variety
for the purpose, as it is almost the only one that
gives us any quantity of fruit in the fall. The es-
sential condition to produce a second crop is, that
the plants shall have almost a complete rest after
fruiting, for a month or more, and then be brought
into vigorous growth. When a drought occui'S dur-
ing July or August, succeeded by a warm wet Sep-
tember, we may expect plenty of Cumberlands in
September or October

If you do not wish to trust to nature to give you
a second crop you may get one in a small way by
artificial means. If you should force any straw-
berry-plants in the greenhouse for early beri-ies you
can use those same plants for a fall crop by simply
keeping them dry for a few weeks during the sum-
mer, and then force them into growth again.
Doubtless other ways might be devised to accom-
plish the same ends, but I will trust you, Mr. Root,
to find out ways and means, if you want the hcrrics.

Columbus, O. W. J. Green.

Friend G., I am very much obliged indeed
for tlie facts furnished. I notice tliat tlie
matter has been pondered by wiser and more
experienced lieads than my own ; but I do
thinlc we shouhi do every thing in our pow-
er to liave our weights and measures so tliey
will discourage attempts at fraud. I hope
it is not true that all hucksters are as unprin-
cipled as you mention, but I very well know
that many of them are. It seems to me the
adoption of weights, instead of bushels, will
be a very great advance, and I do wish it
were possible to adopt the decimal system
of weights and measures, when we once get
about it. When I adopted the plan of sell-
ing celery by the pound, I supposed we had
got at something definite, so as to make it
fair for all parties; but during a drought our
White Plume became so destitute of sap that
it took a great deal more in bulk to malve a
poiuid than it did of the Golden Dwarf and
some other varieties. I also found that dip-
ping it in water not only improved its ap-
pearance when it was a little inclined to
wilt, but that the adhering water added
much to its weight. In fact, we told a pur-
chaser who had bought quite a lot, w^e
would cheerfully wash it all for him for noth-
ing if he preferred. He caught at the idea
at once, and said he preferred the " un-
washed.'' This same thing holds true of let-
tuce and a great many other things. I do
not see any real substantial remedy except
the golden rule.— I know there are occasion-
ally a few berries in the fall, but those that
I saw at Indianapolis were extremely large ;
in fact, they were larger than berries often
seen on the market in regular strawberry
time. Had it not ))een for their great size
they would hardly have sold at 50 cents a
(luart, when tine peaches and other fruits
could be had at moderate prices. One thing
that struck me in their appearance was
their light color. They were large, and of
pretty fair shape, but very light colored for
strawberries.

848

gleani:ngs in bee culture.

Nov

ARTIFICIAL PASTURAGE.

SCATTERING SEED BY THE WAYSIDE.

T WAS very deeplj' interested in the bee-pastur-
M[ age question of Mi-s. Chaddock's, especially al-
^[ sike clover, in Gleanings for Oct. 1.5th, and I
"*• had decided to g'ive my views upon the ques-
tions taken up in her article (not the latter part,
of course). The question of bee-pasturag-e may be
taken up in a practical and an impractical manner;
and it is perhaps oftener the latter than the for-
mer. I will give my views, based largely upon prac-
tical experience and observation, and a little on
theory.

It will not pay to cultivate plants for honey alone
—that is, to take land fit for cultivation and sow or
plant it with honey-producing plants which are of
no other value. But if we can cultivate plants, etc.,
the llciwers of which will produce honey, and at the
same time you can secure from them an otherwise
fairly remunerative crop, then you ai'e all right.
Or if you can scatter honey-plant seeds in places
where they do not take up space which otherwise
would be under cultivation, I consider such an in-
vestment remunerative. We should always, how-
ever, be very careful as to what we sow, that it be
not a plant which will become a noxious weed. For
instance, I could never permit myself to scatter one
seed of " Viper's bugloss " {Echiurn vulgare); it is a
pest in some parts of Ontario, where a few years
ago it was almost unknown, and still a growing one,
and no conscientious or right thinking man should
scatter another seed of it until he finds out what Its
nature is. As to the Chapman honey-plant, I have
seen it in bloom, have questioned closely Mr. Goldie,
of Guelph, who had 50 plants on his grounds to ex-
periment with, and who is an able botanist. Mr.
Goldie stated that the plant is a biennial, does not
Increase from the root, is extremely hardy {extreme-
ly hardy, mark you), and, in his estimation, might
easily prove to be a noxious weed. Now, are we
justified in assisting to spread a plant broadcast
over America which maj' prove to be another pest
to those who cultivate the soil? If we assist and
countcnane? actions which at least are a risk to
our neighbors, have we a right to expect the fellow-
ship and good feeling of such from a natural stand-
point? No. We are a hel p and a profit to the horticul-
turist and agriculturist; do not let us run the risk
of more than counterbalancing the benefit we con-
fer.

Then we can profitably strive to have our neigh-
bors, citizens, etc., plant such trees as we know
are productive of honej-. Much can be done in this
direction, at a very small outlay. The linden, soft
and hard maple, and, in places, willow, are excellent
and beautiful shade-trees. And then we must be
guarded in not overestimating- the benefits derived
from a Hower. We stroll about after linden-bloom,
and possibly near frost, and see bees working con-
stantly upon sweet clover; are their frequent and
continuous visits an indication of the quantity of
honey obtained? By no means; it may simjily be,
and, I believe, fre<iuently is, only an indication that
there is a little honey there. There are no other
honey-producing fiowers about, and the bee, unlike
some individuals when out of work, thinks half a
loaf— yes, far less— is better than no loaf at all. Of
course, a careful, observing, and experienced bee-
keeper can readjly see if guch be the case or pot.
Next, as to <;lover, and Mrs, Chaddock's argujpptit,

that alsike clover would not pay, as there is more
honey in white than the bees can gather, I find
that bees never touch the white after the alsike is
in bloom. They commence blooming within a few
days of one another. Bees will, in fact, leave white
in the more immediate vicinity, and take alsike. As a
honey-plant, my observations of five years prove
to me that, during that time, it has not failed to se-
crete nectar which is slightly superior to the aver-
age white-clover honey. We all know white does
fail. As to a remunerative hay and seed crop for
the farm, it is decidedly that, and very much on the
increase through our part and the most of On-
tario. You, as a beekeeper, can make no mistake
by encouraging its cultivation, praising it, and
giving away seed, to induce its cultivation. As a
farmer, you can make no mistake if the soil is at all
adapted to it— an inclination to a low soil, or, at
least, not high, and not too light. As to buckwheat,
it fails hero at times. I do not think it would pay
to cultivate it apart from its utility in plowing un-
der for a crop of wheat. R. F. Holtermann.
Brantford, Canada.

j Friend II., there are extremes in both
ways in this matter of troublesome weeds.
Even buckwheat is an extremely trouble-
some weed if the seed is allowed to scatter
itself ; and it will oome up year after year
where a crop has been raised, and the seed
allowed to shell. Friend Chapman is an ex-
perienced market-gardener, and knows all
about weeds, about as well as any of us, and
I think we can safely abide by his statements.

PERFORATED ZINC.

THE SIZE OF OUR PERFORATIONS .JUST RIGHT; NO
QUEEN CAN GET THROUGH.

AM getting veil stai-ted in the hive and queen-
f bee trade, and am doing better than I bad
I reason to expect. My hive takes well, though
some find fault wiih it. lam ti-ansferrlng and
Italianizing every day. Your perforated zinc
is exactly right. I would not have it changed a
fraction. I believe it will hold the smallest queen,
as I have daily trials of it in my s warming-box. I
spend no time hunting queens. I rush all into
the swarming-box, then draw the slide over the per-
forated side, and Bingham's " Doctor" soon emp-
ties the box of all except the queen and drones.

Some one said, in your journal, " Leave the old
queen in till the new queen is ready to liberate." I
tried it, at a loss of two queens — the first I ever
lost in my life in introducing. Now I fall on the
old way, and take out one when I put in the other.
Scaly, Texas, Oct. 19, 1886. J. L. Dewey.

The result.s of your experiments with onr
make oi zinc contirm exactly the results we
arrived at as recorded on page 424, May loth
issue. We were very particular to have our
machinist make the dies of just such a size
as are the perforations of the zinc we send
out. In the new edition of the A B C book
now in preparation, we have carefully con-
sidered the proper size of perforation to be
both drone and queen excluding, and yet
permit the easy passage of workers. Your
method of finding the queen by means of
the zinc is good, and I should think it would
answer an excellent purpose when it is de=-

1886

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

849

sired to get a black queen out of a colony.
We like the Feet process of introducing
queens. By it we can take out one queen
from a colony, and replace her by another at
the same operation. Tlie Peet process very
rarely fails with us when tlie cage is proper-
ly fastened to the comb ; and Neighbor II.
says he can not remember that it ever failed
with him.

PACKING BEES IN LONG BOXES FOR
WINTER.

FEEDING, ETC.

■ Y lather purchased a swarm of bees about
five years ago, and three years later he
gave me a swarm. We sell no bees, but
keep them for their honey. Wp generally
winter from 1.") to 20. Some winters are
unfavorable for bees— the winter of ]88f, for ex-
ample. Last winter we did not lose a sing-le swarm.
I will give you a brief description of the way I
manage mine in winter. W^hen cold weather
sets in for earnest, I take the bees from their sum-
mer stands and place them in long boxes which
will hold about Ave swarms each, placing the
hives far enough apart in the boxes to pack dry
straw and chaff around them, constructing a pass-
age by means of two cleats nailed to a board, and
placed at the mouth of the hive. This allows the
bees to pass back and forth whenever the weather
is suitable, and you think best. I always select a
dry place, and have the bo.xes at least 30 inches
from the ground. If it is where winter is severe, it
is well to place a few cornstalks about them, as
this protects them from piercing winds and frost.
To make sure that they have enough honey, I lay
two or three small sticks across the brood-frames,
and place a card of honey upon them. This allows
them to pass over the frames; and if they are
short of honey they will have this card to fall back
on. If there happen to be a bright sunshiny day
during winter, it is well to let them take a tly; and
then is a good time to see if they have honey
enough to last them till spring. By the way, I
generally change the cloth which is in the sur-
plus-chamber, and give them a dry one, as the oth-
er will be frozen if there is any moisture to freeze.
They are always damp or musty, and it is a good
plan to give them an airing. If I don't have honey
to feed them I make a thick syrup and turn it into
some empty comb and place it over, just the same
as I would the honey. When spring comes I place
the hives back on their sunnner stands, and give
them a clean bottom-board, as this saves the bees
from carrying out the dead bees.

When it is time for them to begin hatching
Drood I give them some salt and water to work
on, and also some stimulative substance, such
as rye dour and oatmeal. I hardly ever make an
artificial swarm. I always 'ct them swarm natu-
rally. If I want them to make honej' instead of
swarming, I look them over and kill all the queens
but one; also give them more room to work in.

We use sections placed in a crate on top of the
hive. This crate holds 24 1-lb. sections. A good
strong swarm of bees will fill from two to three
of these crates during the summer. Some do
even better than that, but the ayei-age swarm fills
about two. Arthur W. Jkwett,

Mason, Mich,

KITES.

A LITTIiE TALK TO THE .JUVENILES.

no has not enjoyed the sport of flying
a kite? Did you never have a string
broken, or have the kite come down
in a tree-top, or across some building?
Did you never get tired out in try-
ing to make a kite tly, when there was not
wind enough? and then some other day, don't
you remember that the wind blew too hard
and broke the string, or made the kite dive,
in spite of various nondescript articles tied
to its tail? Well, I have for many years
wondered why somebody did not start to
making kites by machinery — kites made
of such carefully selected, light, strong,
straight-grained wood that they would fly,
almost without any wind. Sometimes I
have threatened to start a kite-factory my-
self, but I never got around to it.

Only a few days ago some of the clerks
said there was a man hunting for me, who
had a patent kite. I found liim, and we
soon made a trade. They used to sell their
patent kites for 2.5 cents ; but when 1 spoke
about buying a thousand, he got so excited
about it he coitid not talk straight ; but I
bought the thousand kites, and paid him the
money ; and instead of selling them for 2.5
cents," I am going to sell them for an even
10 cents. May be you would like to see what
they are like. Well, over the leaf is a pic-
ture of the institution, tail and all.

This kite is made portable. The sticks
that compose it can be folded up just as you
would fold up a fan, and then they can be
straightened out again. The paper is gum-
med around the edges, like an envelope, so
all you have to do is to spread out the sticks,
lick the edges of the paper, and paste it up,
then hitch on the tail and string, according
to the printed instructions, and there you
are, all ready to fly it.

Yesterday there was a pretty good breeze,
and so Iluber and I started out to try one of
the new kites. It shot right up out of my
hands, and Huber just laughed and danced,
and bubbled over with enjoyment while I let
out the string, so it could go away up high.
He said it was surely going to run against
the clouds. But what do you think it did
do? Why, I was getting ready to let him
hold it, and was giving him a great amount
of caution about not letting the string slip
through his fingers; and to make doubly
sure. I told him I would tie it around his
waist. He said he would not let it go, but I
thought I would not trust him. Now, then,
what do you suppose papa did? AVhy, he let
it slip through his fingers ; and instead of
running against the clouds, it just toppled
over and sailed away over across the railroad
track, and the string got tangled in an en-
gine. Well, papa got tlie kite down from
off the building, untangled the string and
straightened it out, and spent more than ten
cents' wortli of time in getting every thing
all right. But I thought it was better to
teach Iluber to take care of property, even
if it did sometimes take more time tlian it
was worth, than to teach him another lesson
by going into the counter store and getting
a ncAv one. Well, we took the string over to

850

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

Uncle lien's and let Aunt Mate and Glacl-
dis Maud (she is the six-months-old baby
that lias come to live with Uncle lien's folks)
see the kite. Then we took it over and
showed it to mamma, and sent messengers
np on the string'. The messenger was just
a little piece of pa])er with a hoie through it.
The end of the string is put through the hole,
and the wind spins the pai)er clear up to the
kite. Then we tied the kite-string to Iluber's
cart, and, sure enough, off started the cart
as if it were alive, and trundled away just
about as fast as Iluber could run, like a
thing of life. When the wind veered around,
the cart would run olf to one side of the
road, and run into the ditch, and upset ; and
then you should have heard him laugh
and " holler "' as he pulled it out. He got
so excited with the fun he was having that
I began to think he had better put the kite
away until some other day, and then a team
came along and was going to run over the

whenever the kite seems to l)e getting too

low. If that does not bring it up, pull

your wagon backward until it comes up to

a good height again. Now it will draw the

wagon a good way before it gets down.

if the wind is strong and steady, however,

the kite will pull a cart or wagon at a pretty

! good speed, and not come down at all. The

; worst trouble about it is, if you want your

I wagon to run on a traveled road the chang-

I ing of the wind will pull it from one side to

another. Perhaps a steering apparatus, such

as they have on traction-engines, might iix

this all right.

While we were having our fun with it, a
man stopped and inquired how long before
I was going to have a kite hitched to our
market- wagon, so as to dispense with
horses.

Well, we can send you a kite, all com-
plete, in a pasteboard tube, for just 10 cts.;
1 and if you want it by mail you will need to

(•nUTKN-CEXT KITE FOJt TlIK -irXEXLLES.

string, and then he was in about as much
trouble as a child often gets into. Why, he
cried as if that kite-string were worth a
hundred dollars, when a whole ball of it
costs only five cents at the counter store.
I wonder if older people don't sometimes
make a greater fuss about the loss of a small
amount of pi-operty. W^ell, before that
naughty team had run against the kite and
pulled it down, mamma came and showed
him that, by going backward, he could
raise the string out of their way. Is not
this another lesson to poor shortsighted,
worrying humanity V Mamma wound the
string up on a piece of stick, and the kite
came down careening and nodding, and
cutting up all sorts of antics, as if it were
a playful kitten instead of a few bits of in-
animate wood and paper and string.

Now, whenever you want to make the
kite draw n cart, repieraber to stop the cart

send .J cts. more for postage. We can send
them by freight or express, with other goods,
for 10 cts. And this reminds me, that three
more numbers of Gleaxings will finish the
year l.SK(>. As is customary, we will send it
the remainder of the year free to all those
who remit now for 1887. And as we don't
want to show any favors to neir subscribers
that we do not to old ones, we will send a
kite to every old subscriber who sends us
$1.00 for Gleanings for 1887, before Dec. 1,
always remembering that, if you want a
kite by mail, you must be sure to include
5 cts. to pay the postage. If new subscrib-
ers want a kite, they can get it by sending
us one more subscription instead of their
own. "We can furnish the kites at whole-
sale, 2") in a box, including one sample, aJI
finished and trimmed, ready for flight, for
8 cts. each, or an even S2.00 for the whole,
box and all,

isse

GLEANINGS iN JBEE CULTURE.

85i

BEPORT PHOM O. M. BLANTON.

From 425 to 475, and 31,000 Lbs. of Honey.

HIS OPINIONS ON SOME OK THE NEW DEVEIiOP-
MENTS.

fHE honey season just closed has never, since
I have been in the business, been more dis-
couragiug-. My entire crop is un.sold, and,
with the prospect of bavins' to put it on the
market at 3 to 3'a cents per pound, leads me
to wish I had never engaged in bee-keeping on a
large scale. I shall try it one more year before I
determine to abandon my favorite pursuit.

The season just past has been by no means the
best. With a very wet cold spring which retarded
the secretion of nectar, and, in addition, a severe
drought in the month of Maj% extending into the
middle of June, caused but a moderate yield. July
and August were far better, and from late corn and
cow-peas the bees recovered much of their lost
ground.

I closed my apiaries on the 5th of September, de-
termined to leave my bees an abundance of winter
stores, knowing that, as it was of but little Value to
me, it would be of great benefit to them. I com-
menced the season with 425 colonies, spring count,
and closed with 475. My yield was 60 barrels, or
about 31,000 pound?, of e.Ytracted honey, and 600
pounds of comb. This is about as poor a yield as I
have had since being engaged in bee-keeping. I
must admit, that if I could have been able to give
my personal supervision to my apiaries, the yield
would have been greater; but circumstances be-
yond my control prevented.

I have read, in the different journals, many
causes for the low price of honey. There are three,
beyond a doubt: Overproduction, general depres-
sion of trade, and adulteration. The two first, in
time, will rectify themselves; but the great evil in
the last-named cause will always, in my opinion, be
a bar to the prosperity of the bee-keeper. The low
price of glucose, and the new discovery of saccha-
rine, will stretch " imitation honey " to an indefinite
extent.

I have been engaged in bee-keeping for fourteen
years, and look back with surprise at the many
trials and losses I have sustained in my experi-
ments with varieties of hives and apparatus. How
fewlnowusel The LangStroth hive (although not
the only good one) I adopt, and most of them of 20
frames and one story. I find them more convenient
and rapid of manipulation, which is of great con-
sideration when working for extracted honey. I
never use more than one inch in width of comb
foundation as a guide for the bees on the top-bars
of the Langstroth frames, or the one and two pound
sections. 1 have abandoned full sheets of founda-
tion with wire. Honey-boards, bee-feeders, queen
and drone excluders, I find of no practical benefit.
As for moth-traps, I am astonished that any sensible
bee-keeper would use them. Kcversible hives and
frames, I will leave others to thoroughly test their
value before I use them.

A wa.x-extractor I would not have; for with the
old process of melting in boiling water, especially
when two or three pure rain waters are used, there
will be very few impurities left; and more so, if the
flre is removed from the vessel containing the
melted max and allowed to cool extremely Mow in the
wafer in which it is melted. The impurities should

be scraped from the bottom of the cold wax before
being melted again in another pu/r water. Many
things that I have discarded may be of value to oth-
er bee-keepers in their localities.

As for packages, I find of value for me, for the
home market, one and two pound sections of comb
honey; and for extracted, one and two pound glass
jars and one-gallon tin cans.

P'or shipment, I have, after many experiments,
found that cypress barrels, fresh from the cooper,
and made to order, containing from 525 to 550
pounds net, and with 16 hoops, are only to be re-
lied on. These are my convictions, after so many
yeai-s of experience.

I hope a silver lining may yet appear on the
clouds now threatening our future prosperity, and
that we may be encouraged to continue in one of
the most agreeable ahd healthful occupations for
the lover of country pursuits. O. M. Blanton.

Greenville, Miss., Oct. 12, 1886.

Friend B., I am sorry to see you getting
"blue" over the prospect. I supposed the
low price of honey had about put an end
to adulteration. You speak of honey being
3 to Si cts. per lb. ; but glucose is quoted in
New York at 4i. Now, they might adulter-
ate the glucose with honey, but they could
not adulterate the honey with glucose, at
the above prices. If you sell your honey,
even as low as 5 cts. per lb., is it not at this
price going to compete with cane sugar ?
Eriend Dadant said, at the convention, that
he was not frightened at the prospect of only
5 cts. per lb. for his honey in quantities. It
is, indeed, true, that where one numbers his
colonies by the hundreds, he soon feels
obliged to dispense with many of the fix-
tures which the bee-keeper of a dozen colo-
nies thinks a necessity. We do not want
you to desert our ranks yet a while.

BEES AND GKAPES.

A REMEDY SUGGESTED THAT IS AT I,EAST SOMR-
TIMES PKACTICABLE.

N your editorial notes on page 798 you mention
the wonder of visitors that the bees do not eat
your grapes. I have about thirty bearing vines
in my apiary, and visitors often ask me the
same question: "How is it that the bees do
not eat the grapes?"

Some even suppose that the grapes are raised for
food for the bees. They are apt to look surprised,
perhaps a little incredulous, when I tell them that I
have never yet seen a bee eating a gi-ape, though
this is perfectly true. The reason for this is, no
doubt, that there is almost always honey to be gath-
ered here at the time when grapes are ripe. Bees
care nothing for grape-juice when they can get
honey. The chickens often eat our grapes, and
bruise and mangle them so that the bees are not
hindered from sucking the juice if they felt so in-
clined; but here they never have the inclination.
No doubt, though, there are places where bees at-
tack and at least partially destroy grapes that have
been injured by birds or other insects, or that have
cracked on the vines from overripeness or other
causes.

It is superfluous to tell a person who has investi-
gated the subject carefully, that bees can not in-
jure sound fruit; but it is useless to deny that bees

852

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

can and do injure frrapos or other fruit, the outer
'skin of which has been broken in any way. Is it
•tibt best for Us to meet this fact squarely and hon-
estly? Should we meet damaging' truth, or even
mistaken prejudice and misrepresentation, with
subterfuge and evasion'? Is it not ourwisc^st and
safest course to recognize the fact that bees may
and do cause pecuniary loss to fruit-raisers? Let
us admit all that is true, and then do all we can to
rerriedy the evil.

Your position in reg'ard to screens for cider-mills
is well known. A little trouble and expense will
prevent a great deal of trouble, loss, and bad feel-
ing. Let us see how far we can apply this principle
to the protection of fruit from bees.

As I ssid before, the chickens eat m.y grapes. To
prevent this I have been obliged to protect them in
a way I am surprised never to have seen mentioned
in the bee-journals. This plan is to place a paper
sack over each bunch of grapes. Those to whom
the plan is new, may laugh at it; but It is nothing
new to grape-raisers. Many, who raise grapes by
the ton, sack all of their grapes and find it profita-
ble to do so. The advantages are, that the sacks
protect the grapes from birds and insects, prevent
mildew and rot, produce firmer bunches, which
can be picked and handled without breaking off the
grapes or destroying the bloom, and also protect the
grapes from frost.

The method of using is to pin a one or two pound
paper sack over each bunch, pinning the mouth
closely around the stem with a cheap piii or wire
nail. I have never seen the last recommended, but
I find that a ^i-inch wire nail is just as good as a
pin, and cheaper. The sacks used are the ordinary
raanilla sacks, and cost about 80 cents per 11)00. Be-
fore using, the bottom should be perforated, else
the sack will catch and hold water. Sacks arc now
manufactured expressly for this purpose, and may
prove to be cheaper and better adapted. The best
time to put sacks on is when the grapes are small, say
the size of No. 6 shot. It can readily be seen, that if
grape-raisers would sack their grapes a large part
of the trouble connected with" bees vs. grapes"
would be avoided. I think that, in a majority of
cases, the vineyardist would readily adopt this plan
if it were properly brought to his notice, and he
could be induced to try it once. In some cases the
bee-keeper could better affoi-d to furnish the sacks
free than to have bis bees destroy his neighbors'
grapes. *

While we should alwaj^s be read^' to protect our
rights when assailed, we should remember that oth-
ers have rights too, and " as much as lieth in us,
live peaceably with all men."

Perhaps this is a little out of season; but coming
to him who has had trouble with his bees destroy-
ing fruit, it will be more apt to prove impressive
than at the time for putting it in action.

Dayton, 111., Oct. 12, 1886. J. A. G^een.

Friend G., we are very much obliged in-
deed for the suggestions you give us. I
was aware that many growers of choice
grapes have been for some time in tlie habit
of bagging them, but it did not occur to me
before that it forms a perfect and complete
remedy for the trouble between bee-keepers
and grape-growers. The only difiiculty is
the expense,, and trouble of putting on the
bags. The way our grapes grow— tied to a
stake, a good many of the bunches are so

intertwined with the leaves and twigs it
will be difficult to get a ba<i over them at all.
Perhaps the usual system of training on hor-
izontal wires woidd allow a bunch to hang
down so as to make it much more feasible.

I should be vei'y glad indeed to get the ad-
dress of the manufacturers of bags for bag-
ging grapes. — In regard to wire nails being
cheaper than common pins, I think we have
a kind of pins on our three-cent counter that
is even cheaper than wire nails. There are.
on a three-cent paper, 280 pins. I think this
is a matter of very great moment indeed,
and it behooves us to do all in our power to-
ward encouraging grape - growers to use
bags. I have found out this season that the
baskets of grapes go (]uickerwhen the bunch
is entire and tlie bloom on the grape is per-
fect; but I find it pretty difficult to pick
grapes rapidly and not break and tear the
berries. From what you say, I am quite
satisfied we should make money to have our
grapes all grown in bags, unless, indeed, we
except a few bunches not worth bagging, or
some that are twined in the branches so a
bag will not easily go over them.

BALLING QUEENS.

WHV DO BEES BALT. QUEENS THAT HAVE BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY INTRODUCED?

0N page 784, Oct. 1, 1886, Mr. John H. Mullin asks
for information on the question of bees ball-
ing queens, and says it is not queens that are
being introduced. Your answer applies only
to queens which the bees have not accepted.
You say, "Bees ball queens for the simple reason
that they do not wish to accept them, and by that
means they propose to sting or smother them to
death." This answer fails to meet the question, as
I understand it. His question refers to queens that
are fully accepted— those that may have been bred
in the colony (balling them) and laying for one or
twelve months. In the past four years I have lost
some of my most valuable breeding queens, just in
the same way that he mentions— their own work-
ers balling them, and in some instances stinging
them to death. They do not always smother
queens to death; for when very angry they often
sting the queen to death. 1 have seen a bee, among
the first to attack a queen, pop his sting into her
abdomen under the segment band, and kill her al-
most instantly, after which they would ball her for
a time.

Among the number of queens that I have lost in
the way that Mr. Mullin states, were queens that
had been bred and laying for one year and more;
in some instances, in the same colony in which they
were balled and killed. I have even had them killed
the past season in three L. frame nuclei, after lay-
ing for 10 or 12 days, by simply opening the hive
when honey was coming in very slowly. It is to
this cause I have always attributed the balling of
queens by their own bees. They are more apt to
do it in early spring or midsummer, when a dearth
of honey happens, if disturbed by being opened up
and smoked, than they are in the fall. I have nev-
er had it occur with me in fall or winter, and I have
repeatedly opened my colonies and taken out frames
of bees when they were clustered, and could not fly
off the combs. You do not do that up north, friend

GLEANIKGS IK BEE CULTURE.

85;^

Root, do you? The only i-emedy for the evil I have
found is not to open hives except when bees are
gathering honey; for in a honey dearth, any bees
are likely to ball and kill their queens, if disturbed
much at such times, unless in fall or winter, and
then they are not apt to do it.

QUEENS REARED UNDER THE SWARMING IMPX'USE
—ARE THEY PREFER ABLE?

Such is the "heading of Mr. J. Eastburn's letter.
page 786, Oct. 1, 1886. If I wanted more increase by
natural swarming out, from queens which are not
any more prolific than others which are not bred
under the swarming impulse, I would take those
that are bred under the swarming impulse; but for
work, and best qualities combined, I always choose
(jueens bred after the natural swarming impulse of
bees has passed off. My experience has been, that
the latter class of queens are fully as prolific,
though less inclined to swarm, than those bred un-
der the swarming impulse.

I have queens in my apiaries to-day that are three
years old, and never offered to lead out, or swarm
during that time. They were bred under the non-
swarming impulse. If we desire bees that won't
swarm, we must get them by breeding queens out
of the swarming season, and contriving to select
the most non-swarming of these to breed our drones
and queens from. I will define. In part, what I con-
sider the term "swarming impulse" implies; or,
rather, the sense in which I apply it. That is the
season of the year and the time when bees are
swarming naturally, by Nature's own impulses,
when they mostly all have the swarming fever in-
bred. Cells built at that time, and by such bees,
are built under the natural "swarming impulse."
Those built out of that season, either with or with-
out stimulative feeding (to get them built perfectly,
well fed, and as near the quality of those built un-
der Nature's 'own impulse and desires), are built
and bred on the non-swarming impulse. Queens
from such cells as are built where stimulative feed-
ing is followed, till cells are completed, out of
swarming season, are such as I always select. But
be it remembered, I have them built in full colo-
nies ,'and from freshly laid eggs. When honey is
coming in plentifully from natural sources, stimu-
lative feeding to get cells built is not desirable.

4— Abbot L. Swinson, 66—74.

Goldsboro, N. C, Oct. 11, 1886.

Thanks, friend S.. for your correction.
Since you speak of it, I see tliat tlie ■■• foot-
note " does not cover the whole question
asked by friend M. I liave noticed that
queens have been balled even after they
have been in the hive for a year or so.
Opening a hive during a dearth of honey, or
just after a honey-fiow, sometimes causes
the bees to ball their queen, as you say.
Bees are also apt to ball their queen a day
or so after she has been successfully intro-
duced, wlien a novice has a curiosity to look
in and ''see if she is all right.'' This is
one reason why we use and prefer the Peet
cage. It is so constructed that the (lueen
can be liberated by the bees without the
usual disturbance, noise, and jar. That is,
every thing progresses naturally.

The balling of queens is sometimes caused
by placing the hives too near together, or by
having them too nearly of the same appear-
ance. In that case, enough bees will get
into the wrong colony to pitch into the

queen because she is a strange one to them.
I think a great many losses have occurred in
this May because the hives were exactly
alike, and closer to each other than they
ought to have been.

FLORIDA.

GI^EANINGS ADAPTED TO ALI, LATITUDES.

T was three years ago to day that I came to
Florida. I like it, its climate suits me, and
will euit any person who adapts his desires to
it. This is the secret of making any location
agreeable to you— content yourself. You can
not bring Ohio, Indiana, or Kansas here. If you
so desire, you had better stay where you are. I
you have no object in coming to Florida but to
make money, please stay where you are, for that
Is the best place for you; for if you are making
money, and that is your chief desire, you will be
worth more to Florida where you are; but if your
health is delicate, and of a pulmonary nature,
there is little doubt but that you might be benefit-
ed by the change, unless you are gi-eatly prostrat-
ed. In that case, die among your friends; but
never— no, never, break up your home and move
to any country until you have first seen it, con-
sidered all of its advantages and disadvantages
pertaining to you and your avocation, and studied
well all you expected to gain by the change. If
you do not do this you will almost certainly be
disappointed, and will bean injury to the country
you may chance to drift into. All I shall say in
])raise of Florida is, that there is a great future
in store for it. Those who come here and adapt
themselves to the country and its climate, and di-
rect their energies in unison with the facilities of
the countr.v, will do well here. The man who has
done well before coming to Florida will usually do
so here. " Nothing succeeds so well as success."

GLEANINGS AND ITS CONTENTS.

Gleanings has been with me for three years
here, and seven years in Indiana. It was a good
guide while in my Indiana home. Its teachings
■were closely watched; for then all the theories
of the "wintering problem," " spi'ing dwindling,"
chaff hives, cellars, clamp, packings, Hill's device,
and a thousand other things that were then
applicable to my profession as a bee-keeper, are of
but little interest now, more than to see the differ-
ent troubles that follow bee-keeping. We have
our troubles here as well, but not as yet so great
as you have. We meet with no loss from winter-
ing, if we use auj' care. Birds, mosquito-hawks,
and ants, are our worst enemies. Robbing must be
guarded against; and, as Ernest says, you must
see to it youi-self, for there Is no great excellence
without great labor.

The scientifl and working principles of bee-
keeping, as taught by the different authorities, are
applicable to us in Florida as well as with j'ou.
This makes Gleanings very dear to us here. The
Heads of Grain are closely winnowed, and much
good seed has been garnered. The Tobacco Col-
umn has been chewed and smoked by the lovers of
the weed, and many " smokers " changed hands.

The Reports Encouraging and Discouraging
show the ups and downs of life as returned by the
different members of your family of bee-keepers.
Those discouraged, they bid "Hold the fort; "and

854

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

those who rejoice in their prosperity, they bid be
charitable, and give m it is given unto you.
" Notes and Queries, " and your replies, have been
closely scrutinized. Humbugs and Swindles have
been exposed, and no reader of Gr.EANiNOS need
lose by them. Our Own Apiary has been closely
watched, and from its uuvnagcment have been
gathered many lessons of profit. " What to Do, and
How to be Happy While Doing It," gives us in
Florida more interesting reading than " How to
Winter Our Bees" does. How to grow good veg-
etables is now to us a question of very great im-
portance; for on that, to a great measure, depends
the prosperity of Florida. Myself and My Neigh-
bors—we are all neighbors, and I did hope that I
could meet them at the convention this week in
my native State, at Indianapolis, but I can not.
This brings me to Our Homes. " God Bless Our
Homes!" should be over every man's door, and
should be engraved on every man's heart; but,
alas! the "Blasted Hopes" that are in many
blasted homes, caused by intemperance. May God
so open the eyes of every praying Christian in this
land, so that he may see to vote as he prays, that
the cause of the curse may be removed from our
land. " Woe unto them that are mighty to drink
wine, and men of strength to mingle strong drink;
which justify the wicked for a reward, and take
away the righteousness of the righteous from
bin."— ISA. .5: 23, 28. John Cuaycraft.

Altoona, Orange Co., Florida.

I am sure, friend C, we are very much
obliged to you for your kind and encourag-
ing words ; and "we can say amen most
heartily to your closing text.

UPWARD HIVE VENTILATION.

CAN BEES WINTER IN HIVES ABSOLUTELY
ABOVE? ETC.

ip LTHOUGH it has been stated so, yet I should
k be glad to know to a certainty whether a
K colony ever passed a confineriient of 9.1 days
^ on natural stores, and without a particle of
upward ventilation to the hive, and came
out undiseased. Less than a week ago I chanced
to meet one of those cranks who always cling to
natui-e's methods, and winters his bees with (sup-
posed to be) tightly sealed brood chambers. He
said his method was the correct one, and that his
success attested the truth. I began to feel elated
at the ijrospects of learning something of this
vexatious method of wintering. But, lo! it was
found that his hives did have real upward ventila-
tion, as, when they were inverted, water went out
of them faster than it could be put in with a pint
cup. Then and there his cherished old-fogy notion
was shaken. It needs only a small amount of
ventilation for a colony of bees. About such a cir-
culation as would pass through 2 inches of loose
chaff is sufficient in a temperature of 45°. If the
temperature is above that point there shoiild be
less chaff, and a lower temperature would necessi-
tate more chaff. A very few open cracks in a hive
would provide that amount of ventilation, which
would be likely to be a sufficiency. It seems to
many, that a cluster of bees causes considerable
warmth and circulation; but the fact is, in the case
of a well-wintered colony, that there is as little
draft as possible, and yet be worthy of the name
of a draft.

One would be led to believe that a '2-inch hole
above the cluster would admit sufficient draft to
carry off the overplus of moisture. The amount
of moisture generated by a cluster of bees is in-
considerable, with the outside temperature at 4.5°,
as the average temperature at the center of a
cluster is about 70°, which decreases until an inch
outside of the cluster finds it at .55^. So little
difference in temperature could not produce much
circulation; and without circulation, moisture will
not accumulate. Still, a certainty i-emains that
there is and must be some draft which must con-
dense its moisture either inside or outside of the
hive. Many apiarists know, and all observing
ones ought lo know, that when a colony clusters in
the top of the hives the lower parts of the combs
become covered with mold or moisture. Some-
times the moisture is of sufficient quantity to run
out at the entrance. This moisture never would
have accumulated there had there not been gusts
of air warmer than the outside air forced in that di-
rection.

There is, it appears, a small amount of warm air
thrown off from a cluster of hibernating bees.
This warm air, if it can not proceed upward, will
go downward. A comparatively !ai"ge share of it
penetrates the solid board composing the side and
cover of the hive, but still there is room left for
disposal. What we need to provide is an arrange-
ment of the hive that shall allow the upward
movement of this surplus warm air. I call it sur-
plus, as that is what I consider all drafts that pro-
ceed in a downward course in the brood-chamber,
and do not pour out at the entrance. I feel safe to
say, that not one colony in 10), when they are in
the quiet state, will produce enough heat to fill an
ordinary hive and pour out at the entrance; so if I
am right we might as well give up ventilation at
the bottom of the hive. All the advantage there is
in leaving the bottom-board bff the hive is to let
out the foul air (which always sinks), and thereby
prevent molding of the combs; but mold does not
hurt bees, as thej' never consume it or attempt to
move it until a flight. What is needed is an
amount of ventilation at the top of the hive that
will cause all drafts of the hive to move in an
upward direction. Then there will be a constant
movement upward through the brood-chamber;
and if condensation takes place it will be above
the cluster; and if the cluster is situated just be-
low some loose chaff or forest leaves, the moisture
will be out of the reach of the bees. It is not the
results of cold air coming in contact with warm
air that condense moisture, but the coming of the
warm air in contact with the cold. When cold air
comes in at the bottom of the hive, and condensa-
tion does not take place until it goes out at the top,
if the outside air is not already saturated its
tendency would be to absorb rather than discharge
moisture.

Some may be of the opinion, that the circula-
tion about the cluster would continually force the
condensed moisture beyond the reach of the bees.
This is partly the case. The heat and circulation of
the cluster of bees do render the combs dry for
some distance around the cluster; but, as I inti-
mated before, there is not enough of this circula-
tion of air, nor the force to drive it to all parts of
the brood-chamber; and a part, and often it is a
very large part, of the combs that is occupied by
inoistui'e, sometimes extending up at the side

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

855

of the cluster to the top-bars. Now, the presence
of this moisture is nothing: detrimental; but as
time and days roll on. some of it, g'ctting- into hon-
ey-cells, ferments. In fact, I do not know but
there is some other ingredient drawn in, or the
pollen exerts some wonderful power, as it hardly
seems possible for a mixture of honey and water to
form so sour and stick}' a mess as is often found.

From this foul accumulation proceeds an acrid
fume which (unlike the gas spoken of before) rises
to the top of the brood-chamber and there con-
tinues to accumulate, making the bees uneasy,
and they beg-in to move about; some of them at-
tempt to move the moisture, others sip sour honey;
but generally the bees exercise violently, and con-
sequently die of early old age. The last of the bees
in the colony, finding it a hard matter to keep
warm, are forced to activity, and the consumption
of honej', which, taken on to a cold and disordered
stomach, passes into the intestines and forms the
watery and half-digested liquid that causes the
distension of the bees, and soiling of the sur-
roundings, in case of true bee-diarrhea.

Those who winter their bees with tightly sealed
brood-chambers are often heard to complain that
their bees got restless and uneasy from being too
warm. My experience has verified that it is not
the warmth, but it is the fitme of the sour and
fermenting mass below, rising and accumulating
In the upper portions of the brood-chamber; and
the removal of the solid cover at such a time
would convince any person of the truth of my
statement. C. W. Dayton.

Bradford, Iowa.

PIPING OF QUEENS.

ALSO, CAN A QUEEN FLY AS SOON AS IT.4.TCHED?

T WAS very much astonished at Mr. E. S. Miner's
1^ article, found on page 778, Oct. No., and at
]ll friend Root's "suppot^ing" the piping noise of
■*■ queens is made with their wings. Why I was as-
tonished at Bro. Miner, was that I have watched
scores of queens in the act of piping, and never yet
saw one move her wings further than a little tremu-
lous motion produced by the tremor of the body. I
am no scientist, but believe the noise comes from
the inside of the thorax, from all the observations I
have taken. Why I have watched this matter thus
closely, was because Quinby, in his " Mysteries of
Bee-Keeping Explained," attributes the noise to the
queen's wings. In nearly every thing Quinby wrote
in said book I found him unusually correct; so
when I heard, for the first time, that a queen was
piping on a frame I held in my hand, of course I
expected to see her go through an operation as de-
scribed by Bro. ^Miner. Instead of this she merely
drew her body down a little closer to the comb and
uttered the note, without moving, save the tremu-
lous motion spoken of above. Since then I have
watched scores, as I said before, only to see the
same thing. However, I might not be so positive
regarding the matter, that the wings are no help in
making the noise, were it not that I have often
heard old queens pipe when they had their wings
clipped. As I keep all of my queens' wings clii)ped,
it often happens, during a rush of swarming, that
many of my swarms are allowed to return back
where they came from, to wait until another day,
when I can attend to them. In supH cages, old
queens will, qujte frequently, pipe,

A year or two ago I had a swarm kept back by
rainy weather till the joung queens were about
hatching, when it came out. For some reason
which I do not now remember, they were returned,
and the next morning I went to cut out the queen-
cells to save them, when 1 heard the old queen pip-
ing loudly— intact, the loudest lever heard aqueen.
This queen I know had only very short stubs of
wings, as I often clip every bit of all four of the
wings oft' which I can get otf, so I was again curious
regarding the matter, and watched her for several
minutes. The performance was the same as with
the others, so the tnatter was for ever settled, in my
mind, that the noise in piping is not made with the
wings.

Now, I would not say a word regarding the so-
called "nonsense" of queens piping in the cells
were it not that I wish to correct what I consider
another mistake, which is, that some assert that a
queen just matured can fly. Perhaps tbere is no
one point in bee keeping that I have given so cai"e-
f ul attention to as this. What I mean by a queen
just matured, is, such a one as leaves the cell at the
time she is i-eady to come out, or mature; such as
hatch first in a colony, or such as are hatched in a
lamp-nurseri'. All such queens can not fly, any
more than can a worker just hatched, nor peep
either, and do not do so under 13 hours from the
time of hatching. My observations say a queen
must be 13 or more hours old to either peep or fiy,
and she can fiy as soon as she can peep, whether
she is in the cell at this time or not. I am not surer
of any thing in bee-keeping than I am that queens
peep in the cell, for I have had them do so while I
had my ear to the coll listening. Let me explain a
little:

Three queen-cells on one comb are sealed at the
same time; and if nature has its course, all will ma-
ture in seven days, during warm Julj^ weather. If
the bees do not wish to swarm, all three will be al-
lowed to come out of the cells at once, when soon
all but one will be killed, none of which can fiy pre-
vious to killing. If the colony is an extremely
strong one they may run about unharmed for an
indefinite period, a la Jones, and might stay long
enough so some might fij'. If other cells not so near
maturity are in the hive they will be dcstroj^ed, so
that no piping will be heard.

Now, we will take the same three cells again, but
this time the colony desires to swarm. One of the
three is allowed to hatch while the other two are
prevented from leaving the cell by the bees cluster-
ing about them. These queens mature the same,
and are just as old as is the one which is roaming
over the combs. They cut the capping of the cell
the same as did the other, but the bees put wax over
the joint all around, except a little spot from 1-33 to
1-16 of an inch long, through which the queen puts
her tongue, to be fed by the bees, which they do as
often as food is required. Not far from 20 to 2f
hours elapse, when the queen that is out is old
enough to think of leading out the swarm, so she
liegius i)iping, which she continues to do 30 to 30
hours longer, when, if the weather is good, the
swarm issues with this queen, she going out with
the very first bees of the swarm. The other two
queens are just as old as the one gone out, and
have been piping in their cells nearly as long as the
other piped outside. They arc also ready to fly as
soon as the bees or the apiarist lets them out, and
Often get out with the latter end of the swarro, 80

8.50

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov

we frequently find I'roin two to 20 C4ueens with
ixnerswariii!;. Ibesc (juoeiis have lu-eii niutured
tk. o Jays, even if they are seen .just hatchiiij,--, and,
in my opinion, no queen of any race, Syrian or any
other, can fly when first hatched, unless she has
been kept back liy the bees. G. M. Doolitti.e.
Borodino, N. Y., Oct., 18S<5.

I loo, friend D., liave olteii watched
queens while they were uttering their pip-
ing note ; but from the movement of the
hody, I always supposed the wings had
sometliing to do wiUi it ; altliough 1 did not
and do not now think llie note was caused
by rubbing the visible portions of the wings
together. In fact, 1 do not know much
about ilV AVill Trof. Cook or Prof. McLain
tell us bomething about if;' 1 have seen
(pieens take wing within a few minutes
irom emerging from the cell ; l)ut very like-
ly they were by some means, or for some
reason or other, kept in the cell until they
were several hours or perhaps a day old.
No doubt you are right al)0ut it.

HOW TO MAKE LABELS STICK TO
THE CANS.

A RECIPE FOK HONEY-CAKES.

T SHOULD like to teli some of the many readei-s
j^ of Gleanings how to put labels on tin cans,
^l and have them stick so they will not come off.
■^ Make a thin solution of white glue, then thick-
en it with wheat flour until it is about the con-
sistency of paste. This is to be made the same as
any other paste. Cover one side of the label with
the paste, then put on the honey can or pail, and I
think you will not have any trouble about the la-
bels coming- off. 1 would suggest that there be
something more printed on the labels, perhaps
some recipe for cake or pies. Of course, they are
to be made with honey, or, at least, part honey. We
ought to think of some way to help sell more hon-
ey, and I think this way we have spoken of may
help the bee-keepers to sell more houey, provided
the honey is pure and nice.

I will iend you a recipe for cake. It is nice to
have it warm for tea, or equally good when cold.
One-half cup of honey; one-half cup of sugar; one-
half cup of butter; one egg; two cups of flour; one
cup of cold water; two teaspoonfuls of baking- pow-
der. Flavor with lemon or fauilla. This recipe
will make one larg-e loaf, or can be baked in gem-
pans. Mrs. Jennie M. Johnson.

Rexford Flats, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1880

NORTH - AMERICAN BEE - KEEPERS'
SOCIETY AT INDIANAPOLIS.

Handling and Caring for Liquid Honey.

SOME valuable FACTS ELICITED FKOM FKIENU
MUTH AT THE INDIANAPOLIS CONVENTION.

f^ HE following facts were brought out by
I'- a series of persistent questionings,
I and I presume friend Muth was wak-
ed up to give them with a little more
earnestness because one or two in the
convention seemed to think they knew more
about it than he did. Please bear in mind,
friends, that Mr. Muth has probably han-
dled more liquid lioney than any other man

on the face of the earth. He has had expe-
rience with it by the hundreds of barrels,
and has kept it for years, and finally dispos-
ed of it all, I presume, at a paying figure.
Friend M. is by no means a man who does
business without pay.

Perhaps many of the friends remember the
position he has always taken, that honey
need not be left to ripen in the combs, but
that it will ripen itself, if left exposed to the
air, in almost any kind of open vessel. Some
of us have been pretty much decided ngainst
this; but when the matter was fully explain-
ed at the convention, 1 began to feel asham-
ed of myself that 1 had not perceived it be-
fore. For instance, if we have a quantity of
extracted honey in an open vessel, the heav-
iest portion will soon sink to the bottom, and
the thin honey will be found on the surL-^ce.
Now, if I should dip a saucerful from the
surface of a barrel of honey in this condi-
tion, and it should taste raw, thin, or even a
little as though it were fermenting, I should
be inclined to call the honey bad. Not so,
however, says friend Muth. Put it where
the air has free access ; cover it with wire
cloth or mosquito-netting, or any thing that
will keep out insects and yet permit evapo-
ration, and in due time it will come all right
of itself ; that is, when the surface has evap-
orated t(^ the proper thickness, the taste of
the honey will be much improved, and the
bad flavor gone. Dr. Miller stated that he
had taken honey which he supposed was
sour, or spoiled ; but he found that, when
placed in a shallow vessel on the reservoir
of the stove, it would, in the courpe of time,
become thick, sweet, and good. Sometimes
honey is gathered and barreled when so raw
and ianripened that it will expand so as to
bulge the heads of the barrels. If you bore
an auger-hole in to relieve the pressure, the
honey will fly out and shoot against the ceil-
ing overhead. A novice might say that this
honey had fermented, and was all spoiled.
Not so. Give it free vent ; expose a consid-
erable surface in open vessels— crocks, pails,
barrels, large tin cans, or whatever you may
choose, and it will in time evaporate out all
the watery part that rises to the surface, and
become thick, nice, ripe honey. I presume,
of course, these receptacles should be placed
in a dry room, for a cellar might be so damp
as to cause moisture to collect on the sur-
face. Housewives frequently scald preserves
to make them sweet, and succeed perfectly,
even after there is quite a perceptible taste
of fermentation. Now, the process of cur-
ing unripened lioney is precisely the same,
only it is done at ordinary temperatures.
The result accomplished is the same— get-
ting rid of the surplus moisture. If you
spill some honey, and let it remain several
days, you may notice it gets thick, and final-
ly becomes like wax or gum. It slowly parts
with a portion of its water. Honey in an
open vessel will do the same thing, if you give
it plenty of time. The warmer and drier the
room, i presume, the better. Friend Doo-
little does the same thing with comb lioney,
to evaporate and thicken the honey in tlie
unsealed cells ; and he does this, as you may
remember, in what he calls a honey-room ;
namely, a room with plenty of windows, so

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

857

that the sun may raise tlie tenipeiaiure to a
high degree.

My friends, if you want evaporation to go
on rapidly yon must also have a strong cur-
rent of air tlu'ongh the room. A few days
ago I undertool^: to dry some green corn
placed on shallow pans in the greenhouse.
It got very hot indeed, but it just soured
very promptly without getting dry a bit.
The same pans, placed in the open air in the
sun, dried the corn at once, without any
souring at all. In the latter case the air
was constantly changing above the corn. In
the greenhouse it was, to some extent, close
or contined. We did not have ventilators
enough to get a constant change in tlie air
above the corn, as it gets when it is out in
the wind as well as in the sun.

The following letter, bearing on this mat-
ter, is just at hand :

I shipped 5 iron - jacket 10 - gallon eiins, with ex-
tracted honey, weighing 115 pounds each, last Octo-
ber or November, to Messrs. , and today I

received the inclosed account. Please read account,
letter, etc., and review circumstances. It secins to
me proper for you to advertise such merchants as
frauds, and protect the apiarist from losing- his
hard-earned products. Chas. Dorb'man.

Pittsburg, Texas, Oct. 5, 1880.

The commission men returned 2i- cts. per
lb. for the above honey, saying that it so
soured they were obliged to get rid of it for
what it would bring. After paying the
freight and all other expenses, friend I), re-
ceived less than one dollar for five iron-jack-
et ten-gallon cans full of honey. Now, it is
quite probable, that, had the commission
men understood the matter referred to
above, the honey could all have been re-
stored to a good article with a very little
trouble.

QUEENS FOR HONEY, INSTEAD OK (JUEENS
FOR YELLOAV BANDS.

Dr. Miller remarked that he had two colo-
nies of Italian bees that gathered white hon-
ey, resembling clover in taste, at the same
time that all the rest of the apiary was gath-
ering dark honey from buckwheat. Others
have probably had a similar experience. The
honey was probably gathered from red clo-
ver, as this is in bloom at the same time
with buckwheat. Well, Dr. ^Miller asked the
(luestion, if it were not likely that he could
get a strain of bees that would gather clover
honey in the fall by raising queens from
these two colonies. I presume that all pres-
ent at the convention had no doubt but this
trait could be encouraged and lixed in a few
generations; but Prof. McLain remarked that
we want to raise drones from these desirable
colonies — not qi(ceni< ; for it is a recognized
fact in producing new strains, that the male
could have by far the greater inlluence. For
instance, as an experiment I have been rais-
ing chicks from some of my small hens that
were extra good producers. One of these
hens was a Brown I^eghorn, and a pretty
dark-colored one at that. She was crossed
with a Light Brahma, and th(^ greater part
of her chicks closely resembled the male
bird, although in size and movement they
much resembled the little dark mother. "I
made a similar cross with Lang" Imus, and

these chicks, too, resembled the male bird so
much that they were very fair Light IJrah-
mas.

Again, my cousin, D. E. Fenn, of Tall-
madge. ()., is an importer of hornless cattle.
As a matter of course, he talks eloquently
in regard to the advantage of cattle without
horns. The fact that they have no danger-
ous weapon, ready to use at a moment^s no-
tice, removes temptation, and therefore they
are of mild and gentle disposition, etc. These
cattle were imported from across the ocean,
and the males are, many of them, worth a
great pile of money. People ask liow they
are to get their money back on such an ex-
pensive investment. Now, here is the point :
Cousin Fenn has experimented largely in
crossing common stock, with the view of
shortening or getting rid of their horns ;
and, strange to tell, wiiere the male parent
is of this hornless breed, no matter what the
female may be, the progeny have lost their
horns ; but where the male has horns, and
the female none, the progeny hold on to the
horns. So you see that Prof. McLain may
be right in scolding because we talk contin-
ually about getting queens for new blood,
and" say so little about the drones. Now,
then : Wlien you pay a good deal of money
foi- an imported queen, or a choice home-
bred queen, if you please, go right at it at
once and prevent drone-rearing in all your
other stocks, but encourage an abundance
of drones from your imported, or choice
queen, in every way in your power ; that is,
make this (lueen furnish drones enough to
meet all the young (jueens you raise, or that
may be raised without your knowledge.
wikp: cloth for separators.

Friend Betsinger, who was one of the first
to use tin separators as we now use them,
has been experimenting a good many years
on different materials for separators. He
has settled down upon galvanized wire cloth
with meshes large enotigh to let the worker-
bees pass through. Of course, a greater
space is re(iuired between the combs of cap-
ped honey where even a wire-cloth separator
is used ; but he thinks, aside from that, the
bees go to work in sections just as well as if
no separators were used at all. He says the
bees build no bridge-combs against this wire
cloth. As nearly as I can judge by the looks
of the wire cloth', it is the same thing we ad-
vertise and sell for fish-ponds, four meshes
to the inch.

THE PKOPEH. SPACING OF FRAMES,
A LA POND.

THE RESULTS AS TIUEI) bV A SCHOOLMASTER.

fHE editorial comments on Mr. J. E. Pond's
article in Gleanings of Oct. 1, p. 779, open
for discussion a (jucstion of groat interest to
every beekeeper who is working- for comb
honey. I can not agree with friend Pond's
statement, that " the production of brood is in our
own hands," throug-h the proper spacing of frames.
In my experiments during- the past summer, with
hives constructed on the Heddon plan, I noticed
that sealed honey and sealed brood occupied cells
of a uniform dei)th. These combs were built on
full sheets of foundation; and when honey and

a58

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov

brood wore sealed, the surfaces were " as flat as a
board." But that fact did not deter the bees from
filling the outer frames with honey early in the
peason, nor from occupying a narrow strip of the
upper part of every brood-frame with stores. As
soon as the bees began work in the sections 1 un-
capped these stores in the brood-nest, and the two
sections of the brood-chamber were inverted and
intercharged. According to the theory of close
spacing, this honey should have gone into the su-
pers, but it didn't. Those contrary bees quietly
gathered it off the bottom-board and put it back
into the very cells it came out of, even replacing it
below the brood. This is at variance, too, with the
reversing theory; and since my experiments
through two summers have invariably led to the
pame results 1 am forced to believe that neither of
these plans of management will give us absolute
control of the production of brood. Although we
may succeed partially in overcoming that instinct
of the bees that prompts them to surround their
young with an abvindance of food, we can not whol-
ly control it.

Quite a number of the hives in my apiary are 14^8
inches square inside, and hold frames ten inches
deep. In some of these hives there are ten frames;
in others nine. At no time in the season can I de-
tect any difference in the brood area of a frame
from a hive of ten frames, as compared with one
from a hive of nine. The proportion is the same in
both. But, of course, the ten-frame hive will have
the advantage in the total area of brood, and only
in that respect will it meet the conditions of Mr.
Pond's theory. From these facts it will be seen
that nine combs, closely spaced, will give no more
brood than nine frames further apart; but there is
one thing very evident: With combs wide apart,
the bees will loaf in the brood-chamber all summer.
This I have proven to my sorrow; but when the
frames are crowded close together in the honey
season, the bees use no ceremony in entering the
supers. For placing this plan so plainly before bee-
keepers, friend Pond is entitled to the thanks of
the entire fraternity. Z. T. Hawk.

Denison, Iowa, Oct. 12, 1886.

Friend H., your experience is just about
the same as ours has been ; and I always
had an opinion that loating-room anywhere
inside of the liive was a bad thing.— I em-
phatically favor crowding the bees up into
the sections, or outside ; that is, when honey
is to be had in the fields plentifully.

CASE FOR SECTION AND SEPARATOR
COMBINED.

SOMETHING THAT HAS AT LEAST THE CLAIM OF
NOVELTY.

WILL send you by mail one of our section box-
es. We should like to have your opinion on it.
You will see, on taking it apart, that it is in
three pieces. The inside is like a common sec-
tion, except that the bee-space is all on one
Side, and only on the bottom. The other two parts
are covers to slip on over the shell. One is a little
wider than the other.

To use the box, the narrowest cover is taken off
and put away. Then they are a section closed on
the back, and they can be entered only at the bot-
tom, when they are on the hivts when they arc

on the hive, the back of one row, it will be seen, an-
swers as separators to the row behind it. When
they are to be removed from the hive, lift them out
of the case and remove the shell from its cover,
and turn it over and replace it so that the part that
the bees have not soiled with propolis comes on the
front; put on the other cover that was laid away,
and it is done.

I think I can see two objections that will be put
down at the end of this. One is, that the bees will
not enter them readily. We have given them a
pretty fair trial this year with blacks, Italians, Syr-
ians, and a strain called the Bellinzona strain of
Italians (but we think they are Cyprians), and we
have put open and closed boxes on the same hive,
and we could see no difference in the way the bees
entered them; and in some cases the closed boxes
were filled first. The cost is $1.5.00 a thousand, or
1^2 cents each. Now you will say they cost too
much. Let mo give you a few figures. Common
sections cost about $.5.00 per 1000. Separators cost
il..50 per 100. It will take about 200 if they are used
with the Root cases, which will amount to $3.00.
The cost of pasteboard boxes to hold sections of
honey is $9.00 per 1000. Add this up and you will
have $17.00. Our box answers the pui-pose of all
three; besides, they come all put together. Besides
that, honey in old-style sections sells at 20 cents,
and honey in these boxes sells readily at 22 cents.
This more than pays for the difference in the cost
of the box. We get double Mrs. Chaddock's prices
here for honey— 20 cents per crate; 25 cents per box,
open boxes. Ralph E. Gould.

Lisbon, Me., Sept. 26, 1886.

We can better explain to our readers the
above invention by means of the cuts shown
below. The whole thing is the well-known
Ilutchins' patent, dated 1874; but the box
is made for a packing-box, and not for a
honey-box at all. Many of our old readers
will remember that it has been several times
mentioned before. It is made exactly as our
one-piece sections are made, folded by a V-
shaped groove, dovetailed at the corners.

GOULD'S ARRANGEMENT FOR COMBINING A SEC-
TION CASE AND SEPARATOR.

The lower figure on the right-hfind.side
represents the packing - box as made by
Ilutchins since 1874. The two upper figures
show the same with the cover removed.
Now, the only change needed to make it
ready to go on the hives is to cut out a por-
tion of one side as represented in the cut, so
as to make an entrance for the bees. The
covers, which are a little shallower than the
lK)ttoin, are to be laid awjiy when the sec-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

859

tions are placed on the hives. The other
parts are simply placed on the hive close to-
gether, with the openings downward. They
can be put on to any of the common cases in
use, so as to handle them all together if you
choose. Of course, a strip of foundation, or
enough to fill the whole section, is to be put
in to make the bees build their combs
straight. When tlie sections are ready to
come oft' the hives, slip on the covers that
were laid away, and they are ready for ship-
ment. When you wish" to exhibit them to
customers, slip oft' the bottom of the l)Ox in-
stead of the top, and you have exposed to
view that portion of the section that has
never been exposed to the labors of the bees
at all. It is as bright and clean as when it
left the buzz-saw, for it has always been
boxed up until this very moment. It is
true, the bottom part of the box has been
exposed to the travel of the bees, and may
be somewhat gummed ; but the ordinary
lithographic labels, such as are used on our
pasteboard boxes, will cover this bottom
completely ; and when they are placed on
the shelves or counters in the grocery, the
bottom can be viewed instead of the top of
the box. The top of the box will be nice
and clean, of course, for it was never expos-
ed to the bees at all; in fact, these covers
should be shut up in a dark box, to keep the
sun from fading the fresh color of the wood.
Now, then, the thought comes up, this is
all very wtII in theory, but who has ever
tried it to know whether it will work or not?
Well, here is what friend Gould reports :

We have run our bees entirely for comb honey.
We started this spring- witli 18 swarms; we have
now 3-t swarms, and have taken about 14U0 pounds
of honey. The clover season was good, but I don't
think we g'ot a drop of basswood honey this year.
We have had in the same yard this year, blacks,
Syrians, Italians, and the Bellinzona strain; but the
blacks have surpassed them all. The Bellinzona did
nearly as well as the blacks, but they are so ug-ly it
is more than it is worth to handle them. One swarm
of blacks g-ave us 4 good swarms and ^5 pounds of
honey. The Syrians don't get ready to work till
clover is all gone, and tlien there is nothing to do,
and they take to robbing-. 1 believe they had rather
rob weak swarms than to get honey honestly. The
fall Howers have been verj' good here.

Ralph E. Gould.

Now, dear friends, you know all about it
1 do ; but the arrangement is so exceeding-
ly ingenious that 1 have decided to give
friend G. this free advertisement. The price,
too, for a section with a case to put it in is
very reasonable. The only difficulty I see is
the extreme accuracy of the workmanship
required to have them fit exactly ; and I am
afraid there will have to be some scraping
done when the boxes are taken from the
hives, so as to allow the covers to go on.
The sample sent us is also a little frail, and
I should be afraid the moisture of the hive
might cause the glue, used in putting the
boxes together, to let go its hold. Friend
Ilutchins. however, is a large manufacturer,
or, at least, I have been told so ; and as he
has been many years in the business, he
probably knows how to make and ui-e mate-
rials that will stand even dampness,

THE WEBSTER JPUMIGATOB.

^OMETIIINO FROM THE INVENTOR.

T MUST thank you very much for your evidently
l^p unbiased expression of opinion on my fumiga-
^r tor; but I must " pick you to pieces" a little
^'*- over the matter, and endeavor to set you right
on one or two items. You take exception, in
no small degree, to its smell, and also to its making
your hands dirty, with what you call the " sticky "
matter. All these effects are due to one cause;
namely, improperly filling the sponge. Now, there
is no " sticky " matter whatever used in the
" agent," so that nothing sticky can possibly come
from it; but the sponge, being improperly filled,
the " agent " is blown on to the varnish of the bel-
lows; and the varnish, being partially dissolved
b.v the carbolic acid, so becomes sticky. Just try
this: Pour a little of the agent on your hands. It
will wash off directly with soap, and I know you
can't feel any stickiness in it. If the sponge was
properly filled, this would not happen; and, no por-
tion of the agent having escaped, your clothes could
not possibly smell of it.

Of course, there is a right and a wrong way of
charging a smoker, and there is also a right and a
wrong way of chai-ging a fumigator. You'll say,
" You ought to have told me this before." So I
ought; but then, we are not exactly ne.xt-door
neighbors.

I always, after charging the sponge, take a piece
of old rag and squeeze the sponge in it, not remov-
ing it from the hooks; the rag prevents the acid
getting on your hands, and takes up the surplus
that escapes; after which there is no chance of any
of the agent being forced out at the cap on your
hands, clothes, or bellows.

I do not know whether the American bees are less
amenable to the fumes of carbolic acid; but here in
England I can handle them better with such than
with smoke. On first using- the fumigator one feels
that it can't be of much use, the same as you did
before trying it, as nothing is seen coming from it;
whereas bee-keepers have been used to seeing vol-
umes of smoke issuing from the smoker. During
three weeks I examined over 200 stocks, and on no
single occasion used smoke; in fact, I never use
any, and am handling bees every day during the
season. Now, you mustn't take the above as a
" pufl:' " on my invention, as, in America, such is of
no use to me in England, in a monetary sense I
mean, you being able to make and sell them as
cheap, without sending here for them. My object
is simply to lay before bee-keepers an appliance
that will economize labor, and help to make the
pursuit of bee-keeping more pleasant to its vota-
ries. We are all aware that the smoker is one of
the most unsatisfactory tools we have to use.

Wokingham, Berks Co., Eng. W. B. Webster.

Thanks, friend W. Although you are not
strictly a " near neighbor," yet even if the
Atlantic does intervene, I feel as if I could
reach your h.and just the same. After pour-
ing a little of the agent upon my fingers, as
you directed, I find that it is not sticky.
Tour supposition, that I got a little of the
liquid upon the varnish of the smoker bel-
lows, is correct ; and hence, not recognizing
that the varnish was tlie real factor that
caused the stickiness, I reported that the
agent was "sticky." J3ut as regards the

8H(J

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

No\'.

odor, I beg to take issue with you ; and fur-
ther trial with tlie agent con'tirms my first
statement. 1 have no doubt but that you
can handle 2UU colonies successfully with the
fumigator, and I believe I could do it here
with only gentle bees ; but with smoke I
think I could examine the same number not
only with more safety, but a lialf quicker. 1
speak whereof I know, for I have handled
fifty colonies with your fumigator.

Eknest.

-•— ^

THE TOAD, AND BEE-STINGS.

ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT KING-BIRDS CAPTURING
BEES.

'HO has not heard many things against the
toad? When a mere lad I was told that,
should we touch but the skin of this old
honest-loolcing- acrobat, warts would cover
the place that touched the cold clammy cu-
ticle of his toadship. Strange it is. how such opin-
ions gain currency. It is said, that misery loves
company. I never quite believed it; but if it is ev-
er true, we might think that our warty amphibian
might like to sow a full crop of warts on whatever
he saw or touched; but 1 early learned that, had he
the wish, he has no power to bequeath his excres-
ences to aught except his own kith and kin. I al-
ways loved honesty, and there is a frankness and
honesty in the look of the toad that captivated
even my childhood's eye. So, per force, I had to
shake hands, gain the acquaintance of, and make
friends with, this honest, warty old toad. As a re-
sult, I received, not a wart, but a very companiona-
ble friend. Thus it was that I learned his many
good traits.

Few of the animal kind arc better insect-hunters
than the toad. He delights to roll them, not as a
sweet morsel under his tongue, but as a savory
mouthful captured /(jy his tongue. It is just fun to
see a toad gobble down a tiy, ant, or beetle. This is
how he does it: The tiy stands off some distance,
winking in fancied securitj', when, all at once, the
great jaws of his toadship open wide, and the fly
darts into the cavernous mouth as though it wei-e
home, and he were sent for. Closer scrutiny shows
that the long stickj' tongue of the toad just runs
out with a rush and "runs in" the unsuspecting
tiy. The fly isn't even asked if he wishes to go.

It were well if toads were oontent to feed only
upon such insects as annoy or injure us; but not
so. How often have bee-keepers seen this demure
old batrachian quietly sitting at the entrance of
the bee-hives, enjoying the cool evening breeze, and
lapping up the belated worker-bees as they come ]
heavily laden from the field I We can wish he ',
wouldn't do it; but then, when we remember that !
he has been honestly employed all day, and remem-
ber, also, how good honey is, we can hardly visit
him with our wrath for this one overt act. Candid- :
ly, the toad does so much good that I would not i
])ronounce sentence of death, even if he does gulp '
down a few worker-bees. On the whole, he is a val- '
uable friend. Nor would I raise my hives two or
more feet from the earth to avoid him. I would
the rather fence out the toads by a low close board
fence, should he gain too great a fondness for my
pets of the hive.

But, how about the stings? Is the toad so quick
that he receives no sting? Nay, verily; po bee-

keeper will believe, as I once heard a person just
stung by a bee say, "Lightning can not strike a
bee so quickly as not to be stung." If, then, the ce-
lerity of the act does not preclude the sting, how is
it that the toad does not run fairly yelping at the
first capture? J think he either has very little feel-
ing in his throat, or else, finding the bee so to his
taste, he has become callous to the sting. From
observations that I have made I think the former
must he the cas'j. The past summer I have exam-
ined two tluoa's of toads killed, the one just after
and the other soon after it had been feeding upon
bees. In both cases, just as many stings A\ere
foiind fastened in the toad's throat as the toad bad
been noticed to capture. Thus we know that the
bee docs sting its enemy. I did not find inflamma-
tion. Thus we must believe that the throat is proof
against tlie venom of the bee.

During the last of May, while visiting at my
brother's, we saw many bees captured by king-
birds. The bird would tiy from some perch, cap-
ture a bee, and then fly back to the perch and swal-
low the prize. Bertie, my little boy, shot one of the
birds, and found several worker-bees, not drones,
in the bird's stomach. Who shall determine, in this
case, whether or not the bird is stung? We shall
try to the coming summer. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College. Mich., Oct. 19, 1886.

We are very much obliged indeed, friend
C, for the facts you give us in the above. 1
do believe it is a Christian duty to teach our
children not to fear toads ; and, can't I add,
even snakes? I find it almost impossible to
keep our boys from killing almost every
striped snake they find on our grounds ; and
since I have begun to get somewhat ac-
quainted with them, I confess 1 rather like
to see them gliding about so noiselessly.
Should we not till learn to go slow in judging
hastily these neighbors around us— tlie dumb
neighbors as well as those tliat can Uilk
and reason?

SHIPPING EARLY QUEENS FROM THE
SOUTH.

DO BEES HEAR ?

K. BRUBAKEK, on page 48t, writes very dis-
paragingly of getting queens early in the
season. He says he has never been able to
do it earlier than he could do it himself.
Well, I think the reason is this: He orders
(and so does almost every one else) of the "exten-
sive breeders" of the South. Those who are well
advertised have a large number of customers, and
have had for several years [past, and are most
prominently known as Southern breeders, and con-
sequently they receive all, or nearly all, orders
made to the South, for queens— more than they can
fill bj' June 1st, probably, in most instances, while
the beginner gets but few orders, and has many
more queens than he gets orders for— just as good
queens, too, as those sent out by the " extensive
breeders "of the South. I think if parties want-
ing queens early will act on this suggestion, they
will be much more likely^ to. get them. As to
sending queens from the South to the North,
early and late in the season, I can say this: In
1885, March 10, I mailed H. H. Peters, Leighton,
Pa., a queen that was safely delivered'; on the 6th
day (jfter mailing, It snowed and sleeted heavily

1886

GLEANl^'GS IN 13EE CULTLUE.

861

on the 11th here in North Carolina, the day after it
Started, t also sent (jucens the same sprinjr to Ne-
braska, April 4; arrived all rigrht; to K. L. Taj- lor,
Lapeer, Mich., March 28, 5 queens; they also arrived
safely. This spring- 1 mailed queens to Ohio, April
17; Canada, April 3.5; New York, April 17th; all ar-
rived safely. I see no reason why queens can't be
mailed safely to almost any point in the V. S. after
April 15th any year. I for one have, and will do it
again, if it be the Lord's will.

Out of tJ(5 hives, spring count, I put sections on
only 3, the others being- run for bees and queens,
for sale. One of these yielded nie 20 lbs. of nice
capped honey. May 20; sections, tilled and capped,
were taken off the other two. May 2-t. The honey-
flow for this section began April 2tith, and closed
Maj' 25th last spring.

.JONES ENTR.^NfE-OU.VHDS.

These will not always confine queens. 1 had a
swarm issue this spring that had a guard over the
entrance. It confines drones all right.

DO DEES HEAH ?

If not, why do they set up the call that tliej' gi\e
when hiving, just as soon as they decide to accept
the proffered home, and begin to enter it V Is it
natural that anj- thing which has no hearing should
be endowed with a voice— n.x a rule, such as bees,
for instance V Of what effect to them would it be
without the benefit of hearing one another V How
do they locate the hum of bees when robbing one
another, and come in numbers so quick, if they
can't hear? Abbott L. Swinson, 71—72.

Goldsboro, Wayne Co., N. C.

Friend S., it seems to me tlie evidence is
pretty strong that bees do liear.— Very like-
ly you are right about getting early queens
from the South ; but there is this one thing
very certain : the man who has a supiily on
hand, ready to fill orders in March and
April, will have a wonderful business when
people get to find it out. See page oOo, 1886.

NOT ABOUT BEES.

UK. Mil, LEU TELLS OF HIS VISIT TO THE HOME
OF THE HONEY-BEES.

TTp FTER making a visit to my old mother in
qflk Pennsylvania, I started to the N. A. Con-
^^H vention at Indianapolis, and stopped on my
■^^^ way at Medina. 1 suspect many of the i-eaders
of Gleanings would like to know some-
thing about Mr. Root at his own home, for I find
my own family have been very much interested in
hearing about it. Since I was at Medina before,
he has got into his new house, and I was delighted
to find such an elegant home. My own home is of
a more common sort, and the surroundings by no
means such as I would have if I were in a more
money-making business; but I do enjoy seeing my
friends have nice things. I remember but two
things that I wanted to see ditferent about Mr.
Root's house. I wanted to see the fine brick walls
covered with AmpdofisiK Vritchii. and perhaps he
may yet start .some ])lants of this grand climber,
for it takes some time for it to grow. There is, in
the minds of some, a jirejudice against this class
of plants, which is, I think, not well founded. They
think that the vines keep the brick walls damp, and
thus hasten their decay. If they did do so, their
great beauty would be a ooiisjderable compensa-

tion. But I think it (juite possible that the re-
\'erse is the truth. The close foliage makes a dense
covering, which protects the wall against the in-
jurious heat of the sun and the beating rains, and
it is quite possible that the little feet by which the
plant attaches itself to the bricks serve to some ex-
tent as roots, and draw moisture from the wall.
The other thing was this: As I went up to ray
bedroom I passed through a hall having a floor of
wood of natural color, and up a flight of stairs, if I
remember rightly, of ash, finished in natural color,
and the good taste was shown to have no carpet
to hide this beautifullj' finished wood; then on
coming to my bedroom the first thing that met my
eyes was a door, one side of which, instead of
showing the natural grain of the wood, was cover-
ed over with paint, and then the attempt was
made to imitate the natural grain by graining
with paint. That riled me. To the educated eye,
the plainest grain of even pine wood is preferable
to the best graining; and in this case it could hard-
ly ha\e been because the door was made of pine,
for in the very same room the l)eautiful inside
shutters were nothing in the world but plain pine
finished natural color. I hardly see why people
will persist in getting up these shams in the way of
graining, when the genuine grain of the plainest
kind of wood, finished In the cheapest manner,
looks so much better. Besides, when the graining
is marred or knocked ott', thei-e is nothing left but
to cover it all over again; whereas, the natural
grain can not be knocked off; and when marred it
can easily be brightened up again. So far as I
could judge, the grounds about the house are laid
out very nicely, although, of course, the trees and
shrubbery have not had time yet to attain any
great size.

I was a little disappointed, when I asked about
some of the things planted on the lawn, to be told
that the gardener could tell me all about them. I
thought it was Mr. Root's business to know all
about them himself, so as to enjoy them. But
when I passed beyond these grounds to the mar-
ket-garden he could answer all my <)uestions, and
many that I didn't ask. And, oh what growth!
But when I pushed my foot through the finely
pulvci-ized loam I didn't wonder. Things couldn't
help but grow in such soil. On this ground, stand
still a few majestic maples, gorgeous in their rich
autumn dress, which Mr. Root thinks must give
way for more garden stuft'. I hope the women-
folks, with their natural love for the beautiful,
will enter so earnest a protest against such ruth-
less vandalism that Mr. Root will be compelled to
stay his hand.

I will not attempt to describe the great factory
and the many happy faces I saw there. The
lunch-room is quite an institution; and with its
clean and well-cooked food it is no great wonder it
should have an extensive patronage from others
besides those in the immediate vicinity. Mr. Root
has adopted the sensible and humane plan of
having his family take dinner and supper some-
times, if not always, at the lunch-room. While he
was eating dinner, some one came and told him
that a customer wanted some celery, and there
was none at the store. In a little while Mr. Root
finished his dinner and started for the celery-patch,
])erhaps an eighth of a mile distant. I followed,
puffing, after, for Mr. Root is great on a tramp,
and I am getting pretty fat. Soon he came to the

862

GLEANI^'GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

long rows of celery, beautiful to look at, but not
so nice to straddle over; but I straddled after him,
although there seemed some little danger of being'
split in two thereby. To my relief, after strad-
dling two or three rows he stepped on the summit of
the others with something like an apology in an
undertone for so doing. Then with a spading-fork
he dug up the celery, trimmed off the roots, went
and washed it at the pump, took it to the store,
and, after weighing, got ten cents for it— hardli^
half the price I have seen the same amount sold
for. I said, "Why didn't you let somebody else do
this? "

He replied, "The boys were not through dinner
yet, and I didn't like to ask them."

"Then let the customer wait," said I.

I don't remember exactly what answer he made.
As one of the proprietors of the publisher of
Gleanings, (for have we not all a kind of propri-
etorship in Gleanings and its founder?) I pre-
test against his frittering awaj' his time in things
of this kind that could be done just as well without
him, and wherein his time will not net him more
than perhaps .50 cents a day. It would be better for
Mr. Root and the world at large If he would get it
into his restless head that it is his religious duty
to cultivate a little wholesome laz;ness, and save
himself for a longer life instead of being cut otf in
the midst of his usefulness. I am very glad to
believe that in. his son and son-in-law he has very
worthy assistants. If I am not mistaken, Ernest
bids fair, with his candid Avay of viewing things,
and his keen habits of observation, to make a
better bee-keeper than even his father was. If it
were not for trenching on private ground, I should
like to speak of Mr. Root's matronly wife and in-
teresting family, but I forbear. I said to little
Huber (he's a regular perpetual motion), "We have
two cows at our house." He promptly replied,
" Fudge! Uncle Hen has more than that."

One of the last things I saw as I took my way to
the station was one of the §^4.00 wheelbarrows. I
stopped to examine it carefully and admire its
beautiful appearance as well as nice construction,
and between you and me it's better than my cheap
one; but I wouldn't gratify Mr. Root by saying so.

Marengo, 111., Oct. 19, ]8?6. C. C. Miller.

Friend M., I want to protest a little. You.
do not understand me, and nobody seems to
understand me, unless it is my good friend
Mrs. Chaddock. It won't wear me out at
all to get out in the lots afteitcelery ; on the
contrary, I am, almost all day long, wanting
some excuse for tramping out over tlie lots,
and especially during this beautiful fall
weather. If somebody should come for fifty
dollars' worth of chaff hives, you would not
see me budge an inch ; but if he were in a
great hurry, and anxious to get away at the
very earliest possible moment, John and
Bert and Mr. Horn, and may be some more
of them, would go without their dinners en-
tirely to help him off— I am sure they would.
Now, celery-growing is one of my latest hob-
bies; and they all know that, if somebody
should come "and want five cents' worth of
celery I should just be delighted at the
chance of getting it for him. Why, I would
take off my hat, make my best bow, and in-
vite him to go down into the field, if he
looked as if he could tramp ; and instead
of being worn cut by exercise, I should get

a new lease of life. When the weather is
fine, and things are growing nicely, I am
generally in such a hurry to get out into the
fields I finish my dinner before any of the
rest. During this dry fall weather we are
engaged in introducing the "New Agricul-
ture " down in the creek bottoms. We have
routed the frogs, and tlie rich dark muck,
in the bottom of the holes formed by the old
creek-bed, shovels out just as nice as can be.
Tlien we take a hoise and stone-boat, and
gather all the stones and rubbish tluit can
be found anywhere in the neigliborliood, to
fill these reservoirs. Anotlier thing I enjoy
down in the fields is getting acquainted
with my brood of Light Brahnuis. They
now roam over the greater part of our 18
acres; and when they see me down there
they know there is going to be some fun and
something good to eat. — In regard to the
real wootl itself, instead of the most artistic
graining, I am with you exactly. When I
build another house it shall all be natural
wood. Our painter said he could make
graining that would never crack and peel
off; but there is one of the doors that is so
cracked up that it looks '■ awful " already.—
The reason wliy I could not give you the
names of the plants in the dooryard was be-
cause I can not encumber my mind with so
much. For instance, the names of the
greater part of them are like the plant you
mention — Ampelopsis Veitchii. Now, if
plants with such names as these opened up
an opportunity of teaching people who are
out of work how to make a livelihood right
at home in their own gardens, as does celery
culture, then I might love to go into it.
Just now I am heart and soul engaged in
the work of telling people ivhat to do, and
hmo to be happy ■while doing it.

STEALING PROPOLIS, ETC.

HOW TO GET SIX GALLONS OF HONEY FROM A
FOUR-GALLON KEG.

PLACED a number of old rotten hives under
the shade of a cherry-tree in the apiary, in
l|. order that the bees engaged in that particular
line of business might, instead of a trip a mile
or more to the gum swamp, help themselves to
the large supply of propolis Avhich lined the cracks
and crevices of the hive; and seeing a number at
work a few days since, I closely watched the
modus operandi of obtaining and placing it on
their so-called baskets. The particles bitten off
are passed alternately to one and the other, and
the amount apparently deposited on each is kept
as equal as if weighed and measured with math-
ematical precision. On the wing, I suppose their
line of flight would be uneven if a greater weight
were placed on either side, or only one basket
were loaded. Like Cowper's unwilling race-rider,
the same weight was placed on either side to make
the balance true.

BEES STEALING FROM EACH OTHER.

Hundreds of times I have noticed bees robbing,
or stealing honey; but they are not confined to
this particular article, for I saw an unusual theft
perpetrated. A bee alighted v/here there were
several others at woi-k, and at once commenced to
nibble away at the bard paags, but wjtbovit guccess,

18S6

GLEANINGS IN BEt: CULtUHE.

863

and, raisinf? its bead, stood motionless for a
moment, seemingly in deep thought. A bee near
by, and just ahead, whom she v.-as eyeing, had near-
ly obtained a load of the Ava.v, and was turning
round and round with head down, pulling at a
small particle, nearlj- detached from the mass,
when suddenly, and as quick as thought, she seized
one of the basket-loads, and, with mandibles and
fore legs, tore it from the basket of the industrious
worker, and appropriated it to her own use. The
thought occurred to me, "Did they belong to the
same colony?" If it is the queen that imparts the
peculiar scent whereby each worker recognizes
the inmates of that family, would it not be remark-
able that this scent is retained for hours, on the
body of workers in the sun and wind, and continue
after contact with, r.nd frequently enveloped in,
highl}- scented l)looms?

BEES SHEDDING.

Something new I learned lately; and as a new
edition -of your A B C is frequently issued, with
changes of old and the addition of new matter, I
contribute it for the enlightenment of your readers.
On a visit this spring to a, man living 10 or l^i miles
from me in the hills, and who wished to sell his
bees, I learned something new. His bees were in
plain board hives, with cross-sticks thi-ough the
middle, and placed at convenient points about the
yard, under trees and bushes. He knew as little
about bees as he did of comets and the other
heavenly bodies, and measured the knowledge of
others on this and kindred subjects by his own
meager supply. He was at my side as I examined
the gums as best I could, making remarks as to its
condition at each inspection. Turning a hive
bottom upward (a colony of hybrids), I said to him,
" Some of the bees in this hive are very pretty, and
finely marked. They are beautiful."

" Yes," he said, very seriously and impressively,
" you will find that all my bees will be as fine as
these when they all shed off in the spring."

I made no answer to this unpublished informa-
tion; but as we traded, it occurred to me that he
thought this was the nail that drove the trade and
induced me to take the bees, that all the bees
would be finer-looking when they " shed otf " in the
spring. You have noticed old bees shed off, or
that had rubbed off the hairs, or fuzz, of their
bodies (thorax) passing between the combs, and in
various other ways; but this shedding, as the
horse, cow, and other animals, will be an entirely
new idea to you.

BEES PACKING.

Esquire D. and a neighbor were discussing the
productiveness of swarms hived in different ways
and at diflerent times, when his neighbor, becom-
ing very enthusiastic in praise of a swarm placed
the year before in a 4 gallon keg, said, "They went
to work— never saw bees do better, and the first
time I robbed it I took six gallons of nice strained
honey."

" How's that? " inquired the 'squire? "You hived
them in a 4-gallon keg, and took 6 gallons of honey
from them? That don't seem possible."

"Well, the fact is, it don't look possible, and
wouldn't be with anything but bees; but you
must remember they ai-e the beatingest things
on earth to pack. We took 6 gallons of nice honey."

Murfreesboro, Tenn. W. P. Henderson.

Friend II., the fact you give lis about bees
stealing from each other's legs is something

quite new. You ask if they belonged to the
same colony. Now, perhaps you may think
I have got a little wild when I say that re-
cent observations convince me more and
more that bees do not recognize each other
by scent, but by actions and behavior. I
have seen a nucleus ma<le up of bees from
three or four different colonies, that would,
in just a few hours, defend themselves from
robbers as perfectly as any old colony ; and it
is my belief that they would have repelled rob-
bing bees from the same colony they had been
taken from but a few hours before. The
scent may have something to do with it;
but I am satisfied that it is only a small fac-
tor, even if it has any thing to do with it at
all. If this is true when bees meet each
other in the fields, they have no means of tell-
ing whether they are from the same colony
or not.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

C.\N MELILOT BE USED FOR PASTURAGE?

TS inelilot, or sweet clover, good for hay or feed
ilt ^"^ stock in any shape? If so, do you think it
^i will pay to raise it for that purpose? Will
■^ stock eat it as they would rye or any other
grass? A friend of mine has a piece of land
which ho would like to seed in some kind of hardy
clover for pasture, and I think melilot is about the
only variety which will stand our climate, as it is
subject to drought. My bees are swarming again.
Hives are full of brood, some even in the sections.
In some cases I find 16 frames full of brood; no
honey in lower frames; just about two inches along
top-bars of upper. I am using eight-frame Simp,
hives. What shall I do with them? M. Broers.
Gonzales, Texas, Sept. 3T, 1886.

Melilot has been used to some extent for
pasturage, but stock will rarely eat it if
they can get any thing else. There is a par-
ticular stage in its growth, say when it is
one foot or eight inches high, that the stalks
are tender, and much like ordinary clover.
At just this stage, some horses and cattle
will eat it with avidity. As a rule, howev-
er, it has been abandoned as a forage plant.

leaves for packing; other matters.

I have just about finished packing my bees, leav-
ing them on their summer stands. I have used for-
est-leaves, and believe them decidedly preferable to
chaff or straw, inasmuch as they will not entice the
mice. Chaff or straw usually has more or less
grain mixed through it, and, of course, this Is most
inviting to the little fellows.

As I take a retrospective view of things, a few
points come up which I feel like mentioning. I
have wondered if others have been through what I
have in introducing queens. In one instance, up-
on removing the lid at the time a queen was emerg-
ing, to my surprise she immediately took wing. I
was fortunate enough to catch her, however, at the
first grasp. At another time I selected eggs from a
fine queen from which to rear a queen for a colony
that had repeatedly rejected the queens I had sought
to introduce. The time of exit for the queen, from
egg, had come, so I went to see her swing open her

S(>4

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUIIE.

Nov.

portal ; and, what was my astonishment to find her
making her way out at the base of the cell— a long
fine one! Well, I thought, what kind of a queen is
this? and as I could not brook delay I used my pen-
knife to emancipate her "royal highness," and out
came— a majestic graceful form? No; a flirting,
mincing worker. Of course, I had read of such
things, but this wp.s my first experience. I want to
add, this colony has a queen now that is still laying,
in spite of the cold days and nights.

240 LBS. OF EXTRACTED HONEY I'ER COLONY.

Mj' bees have averaged me 240 lbs. to the colony
(spring count). I have extracted most of mi' honey,
and marketed it, in a clear white-glass jar, manu-
factured by the Independent Glass Co., Pittsburgh,
Pa. Pints cost only $8.-50 per gros.s. They hold l^^
lbs. I notice Mason is making a flint jar now. The
old Mason jar, with the green tinge, was not a desir
able receptacle, as it gave the honey a bad appear-
ance. The jars I speak of have a glass top which
screws down upon a rubber. With all, they make a
very nice and attractive parcel. I have received
30 cts. for every jar, so you see my bees have
brought me in roundly. In all this I remember
Him who is the soui'ce and measure of all God's
goodness, and I send vip most gratefully the in-
cense of praise. Frank C. IJlount.

Lawndale, 111., Oct. 10, 1886.

Friend 13., I have never tliought of the
reason you give for preferring leaves to any
thing else for packing ; namely, that there
is nothing in the leaves that" mice would
want ; and I believe reports seem to indi-
cate that there is no better absorbent known
than forest-leaves. By the way, forest-
leaves are coming much in favor, not only
for protection, but as a fertilizing material,
and to make hard clay soils light and fria-
ble.— There is another advantage in using
fruit-jars for honey— they are always worth
to the purchaser all they cost, and I have
many times wondered why they were not
nsed in place of the common jars and bot-
tles that are of little or no use after the hon-
ey is consumed. Jars made of Hint glass
are rapidly coming into favor.

CAN A BLACK QUEEN BE THE MOTHER OF A PURE
ITALIAN QUEEN AND OF A BLACK QUEEN?

What is it? Well, I am going to leave it for you
to name for me. I have invitet^all my bee-keeping
friends here in New Bedford to see a queen I raised
this year, the last of June. They say they think I
have a curiosity. In the fli-st place I had a black
queen in a swarm that came to me two years ago,
and I hived it June, 1884. Last May she cast a
swarm the 24th, 2r)th, and 26th, with Alley's queen-
trap attached to the entrance. The swarm went
back twice. The third day the queen got hung try-
ing to force her way through the perforated zinc,
and, as a result, died. I felt sorry, for she had been
a very profitable queen. She left one queen hatch-
ed, one still in the cell. May 28th I divided the colo-
ny. I liberated the confined queen, and let her run
with one.-half the bees. 1 put the liberated queen
and the second half into another hive. No. 1 has a
black queen; has filled both the upper and lower
stories with bees, and I shall get some surplus from
them. No. 2 has a queen, large and prolific, with
three distinct yellow bands, and is as handsome as
any one wants to look at. I have six hives, all Ital-
ans save one. I closed the hybrid drones in until

after she was fertilized. Her young bees have
been examined by the best judge I can get here,
and not the least trace of hybrid can be found in
the hive, all the old ones having died out.

July 21st I took a small handful of bees and gave
them two frames of brood, one with eggs. They
raised a queen, which was purely mated. When
the queen was laying I gave her bees a frame of
brood, and another partly filled with empty comb.
August 21st she had four frames well covered with
bees and brood. Two days ago I gave them one more
frame of empty comb, Avith 3 or 4 lbs. of sealed hon-
ey, and one frame of fdn. They have six frames
now, and a prospect of doing well. This is my first
nucleus. If I can get them to cover si.v frames I
can carry them through the winter all right, and
have a good start in the spring. I think a great
deal of fall queens.

What is a pound of new comb worth when the
selling price of honey is 2.5 cts. per lb., and .50 lbs. is
considered a good yield per hive?

New Bedford, Mass. Chas. L. Eldridoe.

I think the queen you mention, with three
distinct yellow bands, is, without question,
at least partly black blood ; and having met
an Italian drone it is nothing strange that
her worker-bees are all of them well marked.
No doubt many queens have been pronounc-
ed fidl blood whose worker-bees were one-
fourth or more black bees ; and. on the oth-
er hand, many have, very likely, been pro-
nounced nybrid that were full-blood Italian.
The reason why the two queens, although
from the same mother, have given queens so
unlike, is probably in a line with the fact
that many Italian queens, after having met
a black drone, produce worker -progeny,
some black, some three-banded, and some
apparently hybrid. — Your concluding query,
I presume, refers to the value per pound of
new white comb to tit into section boxes.
If it were not for the additional trouble of
fastening in these pieces of white comb,
compared with putting in foundation, I
should think they might be worth SI. 00 per
pound, or even more.

MAKING HIVES OF PLASTER OF PARIS.

I see that John Craycaft, of Altoona, Orange
Co., Florida, has got started on this road. Why
not adopt my invention? I have been using
cement hives for six years. I mold mine
out of plaster of Paris. I have about 100 of
them in use. I have some that I have wintered
six j'ears in succession. They are warmer in
winter and cooler in summer; are moth-proof as
well as robber-proof, and cheaper than any wood-
en hive in the North. The lower story needs to be
molded lai-ge enough to take in a box so as to
leave a chamber of two inches all around and un-
der it to fill with chaff; then put chaff on top of
the swarm. They will winter well in this cold
latitude. In the South, the cement is all that is
needed. They need no paint, and have given good
satisfactioi^ where tried. They can be molded so
as to fit any frame.

I started in the spring with 70 colonies, and in-
creased to 120, mostly by artificial swarming. I
have taken 2.500 lbs. of extracted and 1500 lbs. of
comb honey in 1-lb. sections. The extracted is
selling at 9 cts., and comb 12^^ cts. The season
opened up as well as I ever saw. I had a good

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

8(i5

flow until the drought set in, which was about the
middle of May. They gathered but little foul
honey, and are in good condition for wintering.

New Sharon, la., Oct. T, 188(5. George Bkiogs.

No doubt, friend B., plaster of Paris will
answer excellently for bee-hives, but I think
most of us would tind it more expensive in
the end, aside from the fact that it is so
easily injvired. I think I should want my
hives painted for looks, if for nothing more ;
and painted plaster of J'aris looks about as
misightly as a thing can well look, after it
gets bumped and punched, and the corners
are knocked oft'.

A queen's love fok her old ho.me.

Will you kindly throw a little light on a small
matter that puzzled me somewhat in my bee-keep-
ing this summer, and that seems to me to be rather
unusual? 1 give you an extract from my diary:

Monday, Aug. 3, 1 p. M.— I caught and killed an
old queen in black colony No. 6. At the same time
I caught and caged a handsome, young, prolific Ital-
ian queen in colony No. 4, standing about twenty
feet north-east from No. 6, both hives facing south.
I pul the caged queen on top of the frames in No. 6
till evening. At T p. m. I found the bees quiet about
the cage. 1 removed the drone-trap (Jones's),
smoked the bees and let the queen run in at the en-
trance, according to J. E. Pond, page ii'X). I replac-
ed the drone-trap, and thought all was right. Fri-
day, Aug. f:, I examined Italian colony No. 4, and
was pleased to find 1.') royal cells in different stages
of development. Saturday evening, the Tth, 1 e.x-
amined black No. 6, to see if my young Italian
(jueen was all i-ight, but I could not find her. Mon-
day afternoon, Aug. 9, looking over Italian No. 4, I
was surprised to find not a vestige of a i-oyal cell
left, but found quite a number of royal cells start-
ed in black No. (5. Tuesday morning, the 10th, with
the help of my son, I examined Italian No. 4, and
found the queen back in her own family again all
right. I then went to black No. 6, cut out all royal
cells, and gave Italian brood, which perhaps I might
have avoided, as I found very young larva>, appar-
ently from eggs left by the young queen. About
the end of August I introduced her to a hybrid
stock iu the same way, about 40 feet west. She was
received, and remains quiet. F. Clare.

L'Original, Ont., Can., Sept. 27, 1886.

The circumstance you relate is not com-
mon, yet instances of similar character have
appeared in (iLEANiNtTS at different times.
As the queen was, I should judge, fertilized
in No. -i. she had no difticnlty, after leaving
the black colony, in hnding her old home.

A VISIT TO M. H. HUNT'S APIARY; THE
ADVANTAGES OF WINDBREAKS.

On the 13lh and 14th of the present month I made
a visit to the apiary of Mr. M. H. Hunt, of Hell
Branch, and was so Jwell pleased with his manner
of handling bees and honey that I have decided to
follow his mode of manipulation until I am certain
that I have found something better. My experi-
ence in wintering in single-walled hives is decidedly
in fa'vor of good windbreaks. P'ourteen colonies
(9 weak, .'> strong), with good packing and wind-
break, all came through in good condition; of Hi
colonics, all strong in bees and stores, with good
packing and no windbreak, ]~ died before sjjring
opened; and I think there could have been no

difference in their stores, as it would not exceed
60 feet from one corner of my apiary to the other,
and all had natural stores. I shall start this winter
with 25 colonies, all strong in bees and stoi'es, and
hope to be able to make a good report in the
spring. Isaac T. Gould.

Corunna, Mich., Sept. 27, 1886.

DOES DAMP AIR RISE'?

I am ever so much pleaded with those bee-
feeders. As soon as I got them unpacked I had to
sell some of them to my neighbors for bread-pans
and custard-dishes, and I don't know what else
they were going to use them for. I want to ask
you one question: Does foul or damp air settle
to the bottom a bee-house, or does it rise to the
top? This question I have never got solved.
Almost evci-y one disagrees on it. My ventilator
at the bottom of is one inch in diameter, coming up
through the flour. My ventilator at the top is a
flve-inch pipe; and what I want to know is, how
near to the flour does my upper ventilation need
to come down? Ren.i. E. Rice.

Boscobel, Wis., Oct. 4, ISeo.

Friend R., your question is not an easy
one to answer. Damp air is certainly light-
er than dry air at the same temperature. In
a bee-house, however, the bees warm the
air at the same time that they dampen it by
the moisture from their breath, and this
damp warm air, of course, rises, and w^ould
pass out of the ventilator if there were room
enough for cold air to come up through the
tloor and take its place ; but a passage one
inch in diameter would by no means admit
of this. Where the tube can be attached to
a stovepipe, so as to get up a considerable
draft, it is usually run down to within a few
inches of the floor, that it may draw up the
cold air and take it away. In this case it
would also remove any carbonic acid that
might have been given oft' by the bees and
settled at the bottom. Carbonic-acid gas is
a great deal heavier than common air, and
sometimes collects over the bottom of the
floor, making the air poisonous. If your
ventilator is not connected with a chimney
or stovepipe, I would have it reach just
through the ceiling.

THE HEDDON HIVE.

I spent a day at the convention at Indianapolis
last week, and was very much Interested in the pro-
ceedings, and in examining the various articles ex-
hibited. I wanted to see that marvelous hive of
Mr. Heddon's. It is a beauty, but I do not think it
will suit us in this climate. We can not afford to
have a summer hive and a winter hive. We must
have one that will answer for both. For that pur-
pose we must have a chaff hive. I see no way of
making a chaff hive out of the Heddon hive. It
may be very fine for summer, but will not do for
wintering on the summer stands. I know nothing
better than your chaff hive for that purpose. I
have 26 of them in my apiary now, and they work
nicely. The only objection to them is, that they are
inconvenient in the summer, when you have the top
part full of wide f rami s, and want to get into the
lower part. How do you manage it? What is the
reason you can not construct a case like the Hed-
don surplus-case, or like the surplui5-case that was
on the hive exhibited by Bro. Demaree, and have it
to fit into your chaff hive, so you could lift out the

86c

GLEAN IKGS IN l^EE CULTUIIE.

Nov.

case, sections and all, at ouo time? Can not such a
thing- be made so it will work? J. H. Louden.

Bloomington, Ind., (Jet. 18, 1886.

Friend L., the difficulty of getting out the
lower lii;mes when the upper ones are full
of sections has never been remedied; that
is, there has never been a remedy suggested
that will not make the hive more complicat-
ed, and more troublesome to work than to
have it as It is— at least, that is my opinion.
Of course, you can have Ileddon crates, or
crates of other styles, to lift out, instead of
lifting out the wide frames, and we now
make them with crates instead of wide
frames when preferred ; but you will And it
is some trouble to lift a couple of crates
when they are filled with honey, and put
them back again. The difficulty, however,
is not so very great as might be imagined ;
for few honey-producers are in the habit of
disturbing the brood-nest when the bees are
at work in surplus-receptacles.

A FRA.ME HIVE PRECEDING I.ANGSTROTn'S.

C. H. Lake, of Baltimore, was at the Elkton, Md.,
Fair. Ho, among: an extensive exhibit there, had
the effects of Colvin in the apiarian line, and made
same startling statements. He had a hive present-
ed by Otto, king of Greece, to Mr. Colvin, in use in
Greece long before Mr. Langstroth's invention of
the " frame." This hive opened on one side, from
which "frames" were pushed in on rabbets, or
cleats. There were three sets of frames, of about
8 or 10 each, above each other, with %-inch space
between and at the ends. He also read quotations
from old manuscripts, describing these hives, and
also showing that separators were in use several
centuries ago. If any of this is new to you, I wish
you would write to him for his evidence, or go and
see these curiosities and papers.

CHLOROFORM WILL CONQUER.

I have had a hybrid colony queenless for more
than a month, which has resisted all the methods
of Introducing queens until yesterday. Three fine
queens have been killed, after prolonged efiorts
with each. At the Elkton Fair, Mr. Lake had an al-
bino queen-cell to hatch, and I came in possession
of the queen. The next daj' at noon I presented
the same to this hybrid colonj', which at once be-
gan to tear her to pieces. I seized and caged her.
I then dropped into the bottom of this hive— a
3-fram6 nucleus, about one teaspoonful of chloro-
form; placed the queen in, and closed the hive up.
I waited until all became ()uiet— about 10 minutes,
when, on looking in, a good share of the bees were
on the bottom-board, ampsthetized. I found the
queen, held her in my hand until she could walk
around pretty well, when 1 placed her on a comb,
and again closed up the hive until the bees were
well recovered, when I carried the colony out to its
old location, and allowed the bees out to enter.
The queen to-day is all right.

S. W. Morrison, M. D.

Oxford, Pa., Oct. 11, 1886.

We are fully conversant with the facts
you mention, friend M.,and I believe Mr.
Langstroth knew all about it after his frame
and hive were invented, for he and Mr. Col-
vin were very intimate friends. You will
notice Mr. Colvin 's name mentioned several
times in Mr. Langstroth's book. These
Grecian hives were never made practicable.

I and the simplicity of the L. frame and hive,
compared with them, is what gave bee-keep-
ing such a great impetus at the time of

j friend L.'s invention.— The matter of chlo-
roform has been before our journals, and
has been a good deal experimented on.
Sometimes it answers nicely, as in your case;
but at other times it does not. 1 do not
know whether anybody uses it regularly now
for introducing queens or not.

HOW TO PURIFY EXTRACTED HONEY ; HONEY
IN SODA-WATER.

Can you tell how to purify extracted honey, so
there will not be any sediment? I could sell all
my honey at a good figure to the bottllng-works
in Grand Rapids, for making a flavoring syrup
for soda-fountains, but they fail in filtering it in
any way so that it will be clear. They tried, but
there would be a sediment of a darkish color that \
spoiled it for use. This is a matter of no little im-
portance to the bee-fraternity, as it would make
quite a demand for hone3% and that to make a
good temperance drink. Perhaps A. J. Cook or
others could answer through Gleanings.

Grandville, Mich., Oct. 9, 1888. J. S. Warner.

Friend W., straining your honey through
the cheese-cloth which we recommend and
sell for the purpose, we think will remove
every thing that can be objectionable. If
your honey is very thick, it will have to be
warmed to pass through readily. But in
case this straining should not be sufficient,
you can filter it through a bag made of
coarse fiannel. Tlie particles of tlannel Avili
catch every particle of the finest dust that
may be in the honey. If Prof. Cook has
had experience in straining and filtering
honey, vve shonld be very glad to have him
tell ii"s about it.

WHAT RENT SHOULD BE PAID FOR THE USE OF
LAND FOR AN APIARY?

Would you please inform me what is customary
to pay in establishing an apiary on somebody's else
land? Does the owner of the bees give a share, or
pay money? I am thinking of taking part of my col-
onies away from home, but do not know what would
be right to offer. Does the owner of the land gen-
erally have any thing else to do but to watch the
bees that they be not molested, for instance?

Greenville, HI., Oct. 12, 18^6. Gustave Gross.

Friend G., it is a pretty hard matter to
give an answer to your question, or, in fact,
any question of the kind. It all rests on
circumstances so much that the best we can
say is, " As the parties may agree.''' If the
owner of the land ])roposes to watch the
bees, and keep away thieves, he should have
a little more pay on this account. If he also
proposes to look after swarms, and hive
them, then his pay should be still better.
So you see it depends on how much responsi-
bility each party proposes to take. Some-
times a pound of honey for each colony left
on the premises is considered sufficient rent.
If that is not enough, say two pounds or
more, or even five pounds, where swarms are
looked after, etc^

a TREATISE ON FLORIDA, AND fTS RESOURCES.

To those of your readers interested in Florida,
I take the liberty to say, that altogether the best
book that has ever been written about the State is

1886

GLEANINGS IN 13EE CULTURE.

867

Df. Smith's. Dr. Smith is professor of {geology
at the University of Alabama, and was a special-
census agent of U. S. A. His report gives all the
bottom facts about Florida— the geologry, physical
geography, constituents of soil, growth, elevation,
rainfall, adaptation of soils to particular crops,
drainage, etc. Of course, it does not give the de-
tails in regard to the honey product and some
other things, such as are furnished you bj- Hart
and others, but all the fundamental facts are there.
It forms a part of the U. S. census. I do not
know where a copy is to be had; but any one who
wishes to know all about Florida ought to begin
with it. .7. A. GoiiEE.

Tuscaloosa, Ala.

gUKEN-CATCHERS, AND CLIPPING QUEENS.

I have used an implement similar to Klimitz's
queen-catcher for some time. I am in the city,
and it will not do to run over town to take swarms
out of neighbors' yards or from the shade-trees in
the streets, so I clip the queens' wings. To catch
up the wings by the fingers, with the feet always in
motion, and then clii) the wing, risks too much;
danger comes in of getting a foot with the wing.
Letting the queen rest on the knee is not always
safe either, so I have a small sack made of mosqui-
to-netting, which I pass over the open eud of the
cage; and as the queen runs into the sack out of
the cage, I have her in the sack with her tail to-
ward the opening. I withdraw the cage, lay it
down, and turn back the ends of the sack, holding
the queen in the sack by her head and body with
the left hand; as soon as the wing is exposed I clip
exactly what I want, and then release her. It
takes a little longer time, but it is sure, and not
the least danger of injury does the queen incur,
and this is the main point. The cage I have used
has ragged wire edges, which catch the bag. Mr. K.'s
cage is better.

HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS UVK.

Give everybody credit, is my motto, if it doesn't
cost too much. Let Mr. Heddon have credit for his
hive— it is a good one: Mr. Jones for his— it is equal-
ly good; let Mr. Heddon have ail the credit the
pollen theory is worth, and let Mr. Clarke hiber-
nate the bees. Let all the army of reversible-frame
inventors be pleased with themselves, and last.
but not least, let Mr. Perrine have the credit of
being the " Father of Adulteration of Honey." 1
believe that is what he claimed at the late congress in
New Orleans. .\11 I ask is, credit for the money
I send. S. t'. Bovr-STOX.

Charleston, S. C.

Friend B., your sugffestioii in regard to
hiindling queens is good, but I think I should
prefer to handle them with my naked lin-
gers. They sometimes bite spitefully, it is
true ; but t am not afraid tite queens will in-
jure me. and I am i)retty sure I shall not
injure the queens, i oui' suggestions about
giving credit are also good.

A LETTER FROM ONE OK OUR AUSTRALIAN KRIKNUS.

I am interested a little in bees. I have ten hives.
1 commenced with one, a chance swarm, which
came along in December, 1884; and since reading
your A B C it seems more wonderful. You Ameri-
cans can do almost any thing. I df) not know that
our country can i)roduce honey like yours; but I
have been told, since taking an interest in bees, of
some of our farmers in the country distriptg hftvjng

as much as six tons of honey in one season from
bees kept in all sorts of boxes. Nearly all the na-
tive trees here blossom— gums, box, and acacia—
and just now in winter I see the Tasmanian blue
gum (hhtcalyiilus i/^n/jKh/.s) is coming into blossom,
and will continue until August. I have two Wood-
bury and eight Langstroth hives, or the same size
as your Simplicity hives. The Bee-Keepers' Society
here decided on that size. I see you have the cold
to contend with, but we do not get snow here, and
there is not more than two or three days wet, or
weather when the bees can not work, and I notice
now they are busy bringing in pollen. Sometimes
we have four or five fine sunny days; the gera-
niums and marigolds I sse bloom all the year round.
Ours is not one of the best jiiaces for bees. It is
very open, or plain, and not many trees.

Braybrook, Victoriii. Australia. William Dabb.

We think Australia is making rapid strides
in bee culture. AVe have filled quite a num-
ber of orders from there for machinery, etc.
Thanks for your kind letter, friend I). I do
not see why Australia should not give as
good results as America. Aie yoit sure the
capabilities of your country have been as
fully brought out as ours haveV

STINGLESS BEES IN AUSTRALIA.

A correspondent from Queensland sends
us the following:

Your correspondent. Mr. Henry Stewart, is not
quite correct in stating, p. 208, Gleanings, that the
stingless bee is found only in South and North
America, and not in the other continents; at all
events, we have a stingless bee in Queensland in
two varieties, very similar in appearance, but their
nests and combs are different. I send j'ou here-
with a pressed specimen of the bee for microscopic
examination. They are such insignificant little
things that I hardly think it would ever be worth
while to cultivate them. The whole yield of a largo
colony is only about a quart. Their combs are cer-
tainly not constructed of wa.v, although it looks
much like it. I tried to melt up a lot once, but got
only a dark-brown sticky mass, which, however,
proved a source of immense attraction to the bees
in my apiary; for although there was an immense
profusion of honey-flowers at the time, they seem-
ed to give them up entirelj'. and devoted their
whole attention to carrying away the brown stickj-
mass, and plastering it all over the inside of their
hives. As I didn't want it there, I buried it, and
so forced them to go about what I considered a
more profitable occupation.

As 1 have started writing I may mention a curious
circumstance which has just happened in mj-
poultry-yard. A tiger cat got in one night, and, for
apparently the pure delight in murder, killed two
geese, two ducks, and one sitting hen and one of
her chicks, leaving five uni)rotected orphans. The
mother had laid only about a dozen eggs before she
commenced to brood, and she had a sister in the
yard that was .just about to begin to lay. Well, next
morning this young pullet with her fiery-red comb
commenced to cluck, cluck, like a brooding hen,
called the chickens to her, brooded over them at
night, and has, in every respect, performed a moth-
er's duties to her nephews and nieces, although she
has never yet laid an egg. Formerly, if one of the
chicks came near her while they wei'e being fed
she would peck at them furiously, but now she
wpn't joiicli a morsel till they are all fully satisfied.

868

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

What a pity we can't teach the bees to behave in a
similarly charitable manner to their relations who
happen to fall into misfortune or distress!

^jNeas Walker.
Kcdiand, Queensland, Australia.

Many tlianks for the samples of stintless
bees you send us, friend W. I will forward
them to Prof. Cook. Meanwhile I would
say to our readers that the bees are about
the size of a common house-lly — perhaps a
little smaller. If a whole colony yields only
a quart, however, we shall have to regard
them more as a curiosity than any thing of
practical value.

A GOOD REPORT, AND FROM TEXAS TOO; FROM
108 TO 1.50, AND 13,000 LBS. OF HONEY.

} HEREWITH send you my report of this sea-
son's operations with my bees. T commenced
the season with 108 colonies in medium con-
dition. The spring' was backward, and they
had used all of their honey before there was
sullicient new honey coming in to support them.
Swarming was cut off to a great extent, but I got
an increase of 42 colonies by natural swarms. I had
about 80 swarms in all, but I put back all after-
swarms and prime swarms that came out after the
:J0th of April.

The honey-tlow commenced about the 3.')th of
April on guajilla' and continued about 20 days; the
last 8 or 10 days being from eatclaw. The cat-claw
honey-flow was cut short over 2 weeks. It usually
lasts over :i weeks. A very small caterpillar
webbed up and destroyed the blooms. There has
been no surplus gathered since to amount to any
thing. I have taken 5O0O lbs. of comb honey in
bulk, and TOOO lbs. of extracted honey. T have sold
it all out; also about 1500 lbs. that I bought. I also
took about 500 lbs. of Mb. sections. The summer
and fall have been so dry that Iheie is no chance
for any more surplus this season. My bees will go
into winter with plenty of stores, and strong in
bees. Our county is about the best in the State,
taking one year with another. I have been here 4
years, and there has been no failure of a honey-
crop yet. There are so many different trees and
plants that suit all kinds of seasons, that there is
not much danger of failure. '*

4— D. M. Edwards, 108—150.
Uvalde, Texas, Oct. 9, 1886.

FROM 98 TO 123, AND 12,000 LBS. OF HONEY.

I commenced the season of 1886 with 90 colonies
and 8 nuclei. I increased to 128, and have taken
12,000 lbs. of honey-11,.500 lbs. extracted, and 500
comb. My honey is all sold; the average price 6 cts.

Shellsburg, Benton Co., la. Robt. Quinn .

NOT LARGE, BUT SWEET.

My honey-crop was not Inrge, but it is very
sweet. I have 50 colonies, and have taken 1400 lbs.
of nice section honey. Bees are in good condition,
and well supplied for winter. W. H. Martin.

Dunkirk, O., Sept. 20, 1886.

FROM 43 TO 56, AND 1600 LBS. OF HONEY.

1 wintered 43 without the loss of one stand. I in-
creased to 13, and got 1600 lbs. of honey. My bees
are in good condition for winter, and are working-
heavy now. B. -T. Wakdan.

Plainville. ()., Oct. .'>, 1886.

$40.00 FROM ONE COLONY, BESIDES THE INCREASE
OF THREE.

I Started with 6 good swarms and 2 nuclei this
spring. I increased to 30, and sold 5. I took
646 sections. My 25 remaining colonies are all good
and strong, with plenty of honey. From one of
iny hives I sold .S20.00 worth of l)ees and *20.00
worth of honey, and have 3 good colonies left
which are worth $10.00 per colony, making $70.00
from one colony. Who can beat it? T got 18 and
20 cts. per lb. for my honey.

Connotton, O. Charles E. Habdesty.

FROM 4 TO 8, and 8.50 LBS. OF HONEY.

I had four colonies, spring count. I increased
them to nine, and extracted 370 lbs. of light honey,
36.) lbs. of dark, and 123 lbs. of comb honey. Total,
850 U)S., all very nice. I am feeding sugar for
wintering. Robt. J. Lathers.

Inkstcr, Mich., Oct. 2, 1886.

FROM 6 to 11, AND 600 LBS. OF HONEY, AND BLACK
BEES AT THAT.

1 had six hives o f blacks at the beginning of the
present season. 1 increased to 11, and obtained
about 600 lbs. of comb honey. There is no bass-
wood in this country. Buckwheat sown for fall
pasturage was a failure, and bees made no honey
after Aug. 1st. I have wintered a few bees two
winters, and lost none. T never fed any, and don't
know how, nor have I protected them from cold in
winter. The first winter I left the interstices be-
tween the top-bars open. Last winter I placed
some rags in the upper story. F. A. Minor.

Marshfield, Mo., Oct. 5, It- 86.

.50 LBS. PER COLONY.

I do not see how I could get along without
Gleanings. I think every one who keeps four
or five stands of bees should take it.

As our honey season is over I will give you ray
report for 18K6. I commenced in the spring with
40 colonies, and increased to 47. I worked for hon-
ey, not increase. I have taken .50 lbs. per colony,
spring count, about an equal quantity of comb and
extracted. I use the extractor to keep swarming
down. Bees have made no surplus honey since
the 15th of July. My bees have plenty of stores for
winter. Honey is mostly all sold at 8 to 12^2 cts.
per lb., according to condition and quality. I sell
my honey all at home. I make it my rule, when I
sell to one of my friends, that, when he gets out, he
will know where to come and get more.

Bucklin, Linn Co., Mo. J. W. Switzer.

I

A GOOD REPORT FROM AN A B C SCHOLAR ;
156 LBS. PER COLONY, AND 25 INCREASE.

I I herewith send you my report for this season.
I began with 8 swarms, in good condition, and two

\ very weak, which were used for queen-rearing.
From the above 8 swarms I received 12.50 lbs. of
honey— 1170 lbs. in 1-lb. sections, and about 75 lbs.
extracted, making 1.56 lbs. per colony. Besides
this I now have 30 good swarms, of which 1 bought
5 swarms and gave one to our preacher and one
to another neighbor, making 27 swarms in all. I
attribute my success mostly to the teachings of
your ABC book and Gleanings, which I prize
very highly, and wish you the best of success.
Honest endeavor is always crowned with success,
which latter T wish you Avith all my heart, as T
nevej- found a squarer map to d^Pl with than

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

869

A. I. Root. II; hives and fixtures have any thing'
to do with my success I must attribute it to the
Heddon-Langstrotii hive, which I use exclusively.
I had one swarm which was queenless from
Sept. U'8, 1885, until June 2, 1886, which makes it !)
months and over. It came through with about a
pint of bees. 4— Jno. G. Runuingeh, Jh.— ;jl.

Kilmanagh, Huron Co., Mich., Oct. 18, 1886.

WHAT SHALL BE DONE WITH "THE OLD-FOGY

F.\RMERS " WHO ARE BRINGING DOWN THE

PRICE OF HONEY?

We have had a good honey season here, and it is
of the best quality. The flow has been steady. I
have 100 colonies to go into winter; about 3800 lbs.
of my crop is disposed of; about ;J.")00 lbs. on hand.
I have not taken all off yet. Prices are ruling low.
I think it would be a protttable subject for dis-
cussion to decide what we are to do with a " set of
old-fogy" farmers and "graufl mothers " who per-
sist in running to town and selling their honey for
whatever a grocer may offer them, thus ruining
the market for those " in the business."

Duncan, 111. W. H. (iiiAVES.

liny up the honey, frieiul G., t'rom all these
good people, and tluis prevent them from
demoralizing the market.

MY REPORT FOR THE SE.4SON OK 1^^6.

I began with 8 hives of my own, and bought
three box hives, which 1 transl'erred into Simplici-
ties. I purchased two (ijueens of Jos. Byrne, with
' 2 lb. of bees with each. I turned loose these two
queens and their bees, each into a colony, after
taking out old queens. One of these hives audits
increase gave me 13:5 lbs. of lionej', and increased
to 3 good colonies. I took, in all, 963 lbs. of honey
—527 lbs. of this in sections. This honey was taken
on pasture that does not yield 20 lbs. on an aver-
age to box-hive men. I attribute this success to
using your Simplicity hive and implements— a
superior knowledge of our pursuit gained by read-
ing, and last, but not least, plenty of hard ivorh
to insure success. 3— S. S. Lawing, 12-24.

Henderson. Webster Co., Mo., Oct. 21, 1886.

SWEET clover; a YIELD OF 70 LBS. PER COLONY,
FRO.M THIS PLANT ALONE.

I send you a branch and flower of a plant that
has no name. It produces hi)ney of an excellent
quality. Our honey crop would hiive been almost
an entire failure had it not been for this plant.
It blooms twice a j'car, but seems to produce more
honey in the fall than in the sjiring. I have 70
hives of Italian bees, and did not get a pound of
surplus this year until this plant bloomed about
August 20. I have had a yield of 70 lbs. of ex-
tracted, and .50 of coml) honey per colony, from a
flower that I know to be from this jilant. 1 have
been watching the honey-yield from it for years,
and have concluded it is one of the very best hon-
ey-producing plants we have in this locality. It is
very abundant here, but is confined to the hills
and cliffs. It is never found in the prairies. lam
satisfied the yield this fall would have been much
larger had it not been so wet and cloudy during
September. J.P.Caldwell.

San Marcos, Hays Co., Te.xas, Oct. 12, 1886.

Why, friend C. it is a little funny if the
plant you send has no name. It is the com-
mon well-known melilot, or sweet clover. I
am very glad indeed to get such a good re-
port from it.

'imn^ M^ QoEi^iEg.

THE MOSQUITOS IN TEXAS.

fEXAS, or some portions of it, have a hard time
this year. Great storms on the gulf coast,
great drought in the interior of the State,
besides the great i-ailroad strike in the
spring, i'et some counties are exempt, and
Brazoria is one of them, except from storms. The
gulf shore suffered a good deal, but crops are good.
Cotton and corn are good. It is reported from some
parts that bees did not do well; but my report
shows .59 colonies in the spring, 60 in October, and
about 700 gallons of extracted honey— not so good as
last year, but good enough for a bad year. At pres-
ent we are having a serious time fighting mosqui-
toes. They are so bad we can't pick cotton or do
any thing else here, and we have to build fires to
make smoke for our horses, and to milk cows. The
animals come to the smoke and stand with their
heads right in It. The stock cattle are in great big
herds, sometimes 200O in a bunch, to keep fighting
the above pests. John W. Ross.

Phair, Texas, October 10, 1886.

A DRONE-LAYING QUEEN.

I have a colony of hybrid bees that have raised
all drones in worker-cells. I took all the brood-
frames out about three weeks ago, and gave
frames of empty comb; but they are still raising-
all drones. Now, is the queen worthless? or is it
the fault of the bees? M. Gumbert.

Heathville, Pa., June 24, 1886.

[Fiiend (;., you either have a fertile worker or
a drone-laying queen. See A B C, under head of
Queen-Rearing, p. 202. A queen that continues to
raise drones only is worthless, and she ought to
have been destroyed a long while ago.]

IS it the nameless disease ?

What ails one colony of my bees? For one
month the bees at one stand have been fighting
little black slick bees, perhaps a little over half
the usual size for a bee. It seems to me they
must be bred in the hive, for they always look as
if they were nearly starved. On dissecting them
I find there is no honey in them. The colonj- is
moderately strong. William Pickett.

Deming, Hamilton Co., Ind.

[1 think the trouble is the nameless bee-disease,
friend P. The shiny-black bees generally have an
emaciated look, something like a big black ant, and
they usually have a shaking, tremulous motion
when they riiove about. |

TRANSPLANTING SWEET CORN.

Noticing your enthusiasm on gardening, I will
just say I like very much to have early vegetables.
I shelled a small ear of sweet corn, made a hole in
my hot-bed, and covered it up, to sprout, but be-
fore I could get it planted it was one mass of
green sprouts and roots. Not wishing to thi-ow it
away, I concluded, by way of an experiment, to set
it out, and, as a result, I had nice sweet corn for
my dinner the 1st day of July. Mollie O. Large.

Millersville, III.

[Thank you, friend Mollie. I am glad to know-
that you love garden vegetables as well as honey-
plants, and that you have a hot-bed. Now, I am
much inclined to think that it would pay to have a
small patch of early sweet corn started in the way
you suggest, in a hot-bed or greenhouse. We could
be away ahead of the market, and get a big price
to reward us for the trouble of transplanting.
Since you suggest it, I think I shall have to try it op
fl small scale next season.]

S70

GLEANINGS IN EEE CULTURE.

No\'.

JOBBING OUT HONEY.

I am just about to start on my annual trip to job
out my honoy-crop in the neig'hboring- towns.
Maysville, Ky., Sept. 3, 1886. W. C. Pelham.

CAN BEES UTILIZE OLD BITS OF COMBV

Why would it not be economy to let bees have the
old honey-comb to render up wax for themselves,
instead of rendering it ourselves, to sell for 20 cts.
per lb.? Almon Holmes.

Douglas Center, Wis., Sept. 30, 1886.

[Bees do use up old bits of comb to some extent,
but I believe they generally use the old wax most-
ly, in place of jjropolis. I have, however, seen new
combs made entirely from old black wa.\, fixed up,
or, rather, scraped off from the bottom-boai'd.
When honey is coming in plentifully, there is usu-
ally wax enough secreted to furnish all that the
bees require in comb-building.]

does sealing honey always prevent candying?

I should like to use some clear glass jars for ex-
tracted honey, but I find that, if the honey candies,
its sale is much reduced, besides spoiling its appear-
ance. I am positive that, if honey is sealed while
hot, it will not candy, as I have some in Mason jars
a year old. (i. Wiedekhold.

Yonkers, N. Y., Sept. 15, 1880.

[The matter you mention is one of the contested
points, friend W. Our experiments indicate that
honey, perfectly sealed up as we do fruit, when it
is heated pretty nearlj' to the boiling-point, never
candies until the sealing is loosened. But others
say that some samples of honey will candy any way,
no matter how carefully it is sealed up. I believe
the tendency now is in favor of clear fiint-glass jars
for holding honey.]

why do the beer swarm in august?

The goods came in good shape. The sections are
nice, the nails are very nice, the labels and rubber
stamp just please me; in fact, every thing is all
satisfactory. Mr. Root, can you tell me the cause
of bees swarming at this time of year? The last
week in August I had four swarms come out, which
is something I never had nor saw before.

S. W. Gheen.

North Greenwich, N. Y., Sept. 6, 18S;i.

[Friend G., I think that swarming in August is
owing to a good yield of honey, and may be the
good yield of honey you have had is what makes
you so well pleased with the goods we sent you.
Your orders were filled just as we fill all of our or-
ders. Still I am very glad to know the things you
received from us were satisfactory]

T0B^CC0 C6MMN.

Y brother, F. H. Chapin, of Hinsdale, N. Y.,
has started me in a limited way in the bee-
business, furnishing me a nucleus of
Italians. My experience with them thus far
is to try to subdue their angry passions as
far as possible; and by watching his movements 1
saw the smukrr had quite a cooling effect; and he
also, my next-door neighbor, informs me of your
generous offer of one of those articles to the
person who quits tobacco. After having been an
inveterate smoker for a good many years, I have
now gone without it for over a month, and think
I can stand the storm, as I have now got so I can
sleep well, which I could not do after first giving
it up. Mark price, if I should later break the
contract. In looking into the top of a hive recent-
ly, I discovered a good many little small black ants.
What effect have they, if any, on the colony?
Ashtabula, <)., Sept. 9, 1886. A. H. ('HAriN.

.See Ants, A B C book, page 10.

ANOTHER B'RIEND TAKES THE PLEDGE.

I have quit the use of tobacco. If it is any
pleasure to you to give a smoker to any one to ab-
stain from the use of it, I will gladly receive one
from you, and promise to pay $1.00 if I commence
the use of it again. Joe Head.

Trenton, La., Sept. 1.'., 1886.

HAS used IT for 30 YEARS.

After having i;sed tobacco for over thirty years I
have quit it, and never intend to use it in any foi-m
as long as I live. If you will send me a smoker I
shall be very thankful, and will pay for it if I ever
resume the filthy habit. Wm. Finley.

Palma Sola, Manatee Co., Fla., Sept. 13, 1886.

GOING SECURITY FOB A NEIGHBOR.

] .sold bees to a neighbor. He has smoked since
he was 13 years old. I persuaded him to stop, say-
ing you would send him a smoker. He has prom-
ised to stop, or pay you for the smoker if he begins
again. I will go his security. D. W. Mooke.

Pelham Union, Ont., Can., Sept. 1, 1886.

IN BEHALF OF A NEIGHBOR, AGAIN.

I again come to 3'ou for a smoker on behalf of
a neighbor of mine, who is now going into the bee-
business. He was an inveterate user of tobacco,
and now for two weeks has quit. He wishes a
smoker; and if he begins the use again ho will pa}-
for it, and I vouch for him. L. B. Polk.

Selden, Ohio, Oct. 5, 1886.

ONE MORE JOINS OUR RANKS.

1 have made up my mind not to use tobacco
again; and if I do 1 will pay you for the smoker.
Wheatland, Mich. A. W. Spencer.

HAS used IT FOR 30 YEARS.

My father, who is about 59 years of age, has been
smoking for 30 years. He promises never to use it
again, and asks you to send him a smoker. If he
ever uses it again he will pay you for it.

Oriole, Pa., Sept. 13, 1888. G. W. Clark.

H.\S BROKEN HIS PLEDGE.

1 am sorry to say that John Goodhull has already
broken his pledge, and commenced chewing. 1 in-
close the pay for smoker. He, while plowing for
wheat with a three-horse team, and working hard
while hot, thought he could not stand it.

Williamson, N. Y., Sept. 13, 1886. C. S. Adams.

I understand that you send a smoker to all per-
sons who have quit using tobacco. I have quit; and
if I use it again I will pay for it. A. B. Heiseh.

East German town, Ind.

One of my neighbors, Crawford Lentz, has quit
the use of tobacco, and wants a smoker. Mr. L. is
one of our good men, and means just what he says.
He will pay double for the smoker if he uses the
weed again. Jas. W. Roseberry.

Kent, Mo., Sept. 3S, 1886.

"A LITTLE FRIEND" H.AS QUIT TOBACCO.

A little friend of mine, seeing your promise to
give a smoker to any one who would quit the use of
tobacco, has quit it. It has been three months since
he used any. His name is George Williams. He
asked me to write for him, and have you send the
smoker to me; and if he ever uses it again I give
you my promise to pay you for it myself.

W. A. SlSTRUNK,

White Sulphur Springs, (jfi., Sept. 18, 1886.

i88i;

GLEyVNINGS IN BEE CULTUllE.

S71

001^ 0WN ^?mw-

THE CONDITION OF OUR BEES I'OR WINTER.

TT is with some reluctance, coupled with no little
laf regret, that I inform our readers the exact con-
^[ dition of our bees for wintering-. They are not,
-*■ to my notion, in the best possible condition for
the coming- cold weather. A large number of
our colonies arc weak; not onlj' that, but a lai-ge
number have no young- bees— one of the prime es-
sentials for successful wintering. You ask, " Why
thisstateof things?" I willexplain. In the first place,
you are all aware that we have had foul brood pret-
ty gcnerallj- in our apiary. In our efforts to
exterminate its ravages we have burned up some-
thing like three or four hundred frames of brood.
Such a drain as this in our apiary has necessarilj-
left many of our colonics with a great number of
old bees. Up to date we have had 60 cases of foul
brood. In many instances the taking-away of the
brood and honey, followed by 48 hours of starvation,
seemed to so discourage the bees that they were
slow to overcome the shock. When the treatment
was applied in July and August, they recovered in
a great measure; but as by far the larger part of
the diseased colonies were treated in September
and October, few if any of said colonics commenced
brood-rearing again, even after feeding. In a word,
then, this means that about one-quarter of our col-
onies have nothing but old discouraged bees. Be-
sides these, about one-fourth moreare, well— nuclei
on four frames. Again, you will ask, " Why not
double these up?" This we have done in a few
cases; but there are two reasons why we shall not
double up all. In the first place, these nuclei have
valuable queens, none of which we value less than
?2.00, and some are worth much more. To unite
these nuclei would leave one surplus queen. On
account of foul brood we can not sell or otherwise
dispose of her. It is true, we could cage and place
her over a cluster of bees. She might live a month
or possibly two months; but as the ball of bees
changes its position in the brood-nest in cold weath-
er, her majesty might be left high and dry where
she and her eight or ten bees could enjoy (?) a good
freeze by themselves. There are about fifty colonies
in our apiary that would stand uniting very com-
fortably, but that -would leave a surplus of 2.5
queens, worth about $.")0.00. Taking every thing
into consideration, we prefer to risk the queen and
their colonies as they are.

There is still another reason for not uniting more
generally. 1 told father that, if I could have
a spell of warm weather, by feeding to stimulate
brood-rearing Ihelieved I cou\d start foul lirood in
many of the colonies. That is, the germs of foul
brood are in many apparently healthy colonies;
but in the absence of brood in October, the disease
was not apparent. If this be true, to unite very
extensively would be apt to spread foul brood all
over the apiary.

Now I confess I have taken a rather discouraging-
view of this existing state of things. Let us look at
the other side for a moment. Those bees have all
been fed up on sugar syrup of the best kind. They
had been allowed to consume most of their natural
stores before being fed, and it may be possible that
they have consumed their diseased honey, if they
had any. Again they have been contracted on as

few conibs as possible, consistent with sulticient
stores, and given good wheat-chaff packing— in
short, the best care we know how to give them, and
so we hope for the best.

FEEDING AFTER DARK, BY MOONLIGHT AND LAN-
TERN LIGHT.

As I have before stated, in consequence of foul
brood we have been obliged to exercise extreme
caution to prevent robbing. While e.vamining col-
onics during warm days we have used the bee-
tent with excellent success; but to feed by the
aid of the tent, sunny days would lie quite incon-
venient, and well nigh impossible. If we waited
till cold weather, that would be too late; besides,
the bees would then be little inclined to carry the
feed into the combs. It so happened about this
time, Oct. 1-th to 15th, we were having beautiful
evenings, the moon being full at this date. The
apiarist and mjsclf availed ourselves of this oppor-
tunit3', and fed all such colonies as were needy. We
could not have had a lovelier time, no robbers to
bother us or follow our feeding-cans about. We
fed in this way about two barrels of sugar made
into syruj). After the 1.5th, the moon did not come up
till about!) o'clock; and then as the bees still need-
ed more feeding we were obliged to use artificial
lights. As lamps go out too easily, we used lanterns.
I gave the apiarist my large lantern, and then
mother anil I hunted ai-ound in the house till we
found what we call Ruber's lantern. I believe they

I are called "babies' lanterns." That was so insignifi-
cant I hardly thought it would do.

" But," said mother, " this is all we have in the
house."

" Well," said F, " fix it up the best you can, and
I'll try it."
I will explain to our readers, that the lantern in

' question is about 7 inches high, with a very small
burner— a sort of lantern and night lamp combined.
After I had worked awhile in the apiary I decided
that it was just the thing. It was so small that it
could be set down on top of the frames of the hives,

: or on a ledge of the hive. Its smallness, and, conse-

j quently, its using so little room, is why it is superior

; to the other lantern for night work in the apiary.
We fed with lanterns about two barrels of syrup,

' and I do not think the lanterns caused us any more
trouble than smokers in the daytime. Not only
did I do feeding by this kind of light, but I hunted
queens, and performed various other little manipu-
lations with the hives. Of course, on cool and chil-

i ly evenings it would not be })olicy nor even an ad-
vantage to woi-k with the bees; but at that time of
the year, when robbers are most troublesome dur-
ing the liours of the da.y, a groat many of the opei--
ations connected with the apiary can be performed
easily and safel.y in warm clear evenings by moon
light or lantern light. In the A B C of Bee Culture,
under the head of " Robbing," the author lays spe-
cial stress upon the fact that bees can be handled
in the night time; but for some reason but few re-
ports of it have come in, and those, I believe, of un-
favorable character. The A B (' recommends the
use of a lamp and shade. As a lamp would require
such careful handling, and besides would be likely
to be blown out by a little breeze, I think a lantern

; would give results entirely satisfactory, if, then,
our friends will use a lantern (which will stand tum-
bling about and all kinds of winds), I think they will
find certain kinds of night work in the apiary a

; success. It is (juite likely, on the first evening, if

S?2

GLEA^^lNGS IN IJEE CULTHUE.

Nov.

you try it, you will not look lavorably viijon it; hut
further trials, I think, will convince you that it is a
nice time to do certain kinds of work.

Before closing this subject, let me say that the
beginner with three or foUr colonies will [iroliably
never have occasion to resort to night work; but
the extensive apiarist will find it a great conven-
ience many times.

HANDI^ING HEES IN THE KAIN.

One day, while the apiarist and myself were work-
ing in the apiary, it began to rain— not very hard,
but enough to drive all Hying bees in, and to ren-
der the use of the tent unnecessary. As there was
■' lots of work to do " I said to Mr. Spafford,—

"If you are not afraid of the rain, I'm not. No
robbers will bother us now, and we can just 'smash
through ' the work."

"All right," said Mr. S., with his usual pleasant
manner; he always acquiesces when a new scheme
is proposed.

We had on rubbers and old clothes, and so did
not mind the wet. Although it rained nearly all
day, we accomplished a good deal of work. We kept
up a brisk circulation, and at night changed our
clothing. On one or two other days we worked in
the rain, but put on our gossamer coats. These,
with suitable hats and rubbers, kept us nice and dry.

" How about the smoker-bellows V " perhaps you
inquire. Our Clai-ks have been pretty well soaked
once or twice, but I do not see but that they work
just as well as before. "How about the bees?"
possibly a beginner asks. Just as they always do—
if any thing, a little more passive. It is a well-
known fact, that, during a hard wind and rain
storm, when a hive-cover has been blown off, the
colony may be drenched, and no harm result to the
bees.

I think hereafter, when a little rain comes and I
have some work among the bees I want to do, I will
put on a gossamer and rubbers, go about my work
as befoi-e, and let it rain.

If I were to moralize upon this point I would say
that any man who would be driven indoois from his
woi'k by a light rain ought not to obtain a full
measure of success. Of course, if one is consump-
tive, or it be a heavy rain, then the circumstances
are altered; and in either event it would be wise
to seek she Iter. But I said I wouldn'tmoralizc,
and Barney says my space is growing small, so I
will leave you to reflect upon what good things I
might have said. ^

FOUL BROOD UP TO DATE.

There is no foul brood in the apiary, nor has there
been any for the last ten or fifteen days. If it were
not this particular time of the year, we should feel
that we had entirely eradicated the disease; but as
brood-rearing has wholly ceased in all the hives,
with a few exceptions, there is, in fact, nothing
for the disease to work on. Ernest.

P. S.— As regards the appearance of foul brood'
W. Z. Hutchinson's description of it (see p. 845) is
exactly right. At least that is what our foul brood
looked like. E. K.

The annual meeting of the Matlison Countv (N. V.i Bee-Keeii-
ei-s Assoriation will be held at the Eaprle Hotel, Oneida, N. Y.,
Wednesday, Nov. 17, lS8fi. A very interestinj; meeting- will be
hnd; all mVniheis. and those interested in bee culture, are re-
questeil to be jircsi'nt, as important business will come up for
consideration. ( Itbcers foi- the ensuing year will be elected.
The im]iort;int lopic-"How to make the business pay in a
poor season like the one just past," will be earel'nliy considered
!ind discussed. .\ll are invited to bring articles pertaining to
l>ee culture for exhibition. K L. Smith, I'rcs.

Oneida, N. Y.

Gleanings in Bee Culture,

Published Scnil-Monthl y .

.£^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

for Clnlsbing Sates, See First Page of Eealins Hatter.

I.,et_all thilig.s be done decently and in oider.^I. COR. U: 10.

We have, a,t this date, Nov. I, I5!)79 subscribers.

OUR EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT FOR ADVERTISERS.

INA.SMUCH as many have called attention to the
fact that our Exchange Department is being used
for regular advertisements of things for sale, we
think best hereafter to have that department de-
voted exclusively to articles for exclmnue— not for
goods oft'ered for sale in the regular way, and we
greatly prefer that the friends would cut them
down to five lines each and no more.

NO BROOD IN NOVEMBER.

Don't be alarmed, ABC friends, if your queens
do stop laying during this month; in fact, it would
be the exception if you do find brood; therefore
you need not be in haste to call them queenless.
Almost all colonies cease brood-rearing during Oc-
tober, November, and December. Very strong col-
onies, abundantly supplied with stores of every
kind, many of them will commence brood-rearing
about the first of the year, and it will then be kept
up, as a rule, until spring.

B.\SSWOOD-TREES, GRAPEVINES, RASPBERRIES,
ETC.

Perhaps there is no better season in the year
for planting out the above, than this present
month of November. We have a beautiful lot of
basswoodtrees growing on our cultivated and en-
riched soil. They have made a wonderful growth
this season, and the roots are immense.

Our supply of Concoi'd grapevines for shading
bee-hives is not so large, but what we have are
extra nice vines. This same cultivated and enrich-
ed soil has given us some extra nice Gregg rasp-
berry roots. The Gregg and the Cuthbert are, per-
haps, the most promising for both honey and fruit.
We can furnish extra strong roots, 10 for CO cts., or
100 for *3.00. If wanted by mail, 3 cts. each extra.
For prices of grapevines and basswood-trees, see
our regular price list^

ERNEST'S TEMPEST LANTERN.

After reading what Ernest has to say about
working by lantern light in feeding bees, it occurred
to me.that you might like to know that the lantern
he takes such a liking to is on our .W-cent counter.
As they are quite small, I think there will be no
trouble about sending them by mail at an expense
of 10 cents extra for postage. At any rate, I will
guarantee safe delivery at the above price. No
accident can possibly happen to these lanterns, for
they are made entirely of brass, and the oil-reser-
voir is filled with cotton. If you should drop it and

1886

(ILEANINGS IN BEE CULTURl^;

87:-!

step on it you might spoil your lautern, but you
could not easily set any thing- afire. They are made
expressly to use in barns and stables. Fill the lamp
with a heavy kerosene of good (luality. They are not
only safe, but they are durable and eleanly. No
accumulations of smoke at the top can stop the
draft.

BETTERS, FIGUKES, ETC., BUILT IN HONEY-CO.MB.

At the Indianapolis Convention there were some
exhibits in this line, jjrobably superior to any
thing- that has ever been produced before in the
world. Large letters that all could read the whole
length of the great hall were beautifully worked
out in honey-comb of i)early whiteness; also the
figure of a mammoth quccn-bee; and, astonishing
though it may seem, words written in peiiinanship,
even to the hair-strokes, were composed of honey-
comb built by the bees. 1 believe the work was done
by Mr. A. Cox, of White Lick, Boone Co., Ind. The
exhibit of honey in globes, honey in the form of
crosses, and honey in almost every shape imagin-
able, was wonderful. One end of the hall was
literally filled with devices and implements. I do
not know whether it suggested to Bro. Newman
his museum or not; but it reminded me vi\idiy of
our museum.

FOUL brood; is it contagious":'

At the Indianapolis Convention, one of the bee-
friends related the following: He found three col-
onies in his apiary, affected with foul brood. Not
knowing just what to do, he decided to look the
matter up and treat them according to the most ap-
proved methods. Meanwhile the honey-flow stop-
ped, leaving him with a large number of partly
filled sections. In order to finish these sections
he decided to extract a lot of honey from his
heaviest hives, and feed it back; and before he
knew it he had unconsciously or heedlesslj^ ex-
tracted the honey from some combs in one of
these foul-broody hives. The lot of honey contain-
ing some from this diseased colony was fed to 28
colonies before he became aware of what he had
done. Now, then, what do you suppose happened?
Why, every one of the 2S hives thus fed became at
once diseased. I tell you, my friends, I would not
go to bed, knowing that I had in my apiary a colony
that had the real foul brood. Burn up the combs,
brood, and honey, and do it in such a way that not
one solitary drop or fraction of a drop of honey es-
capes where a bee may get a lick at it.

SENDING POSTAGE-STAMPS IN LETTERS.

We can always use postage-stamps where they
are more convenient, and we can use them of any
denomination, providing you do not stick them
fast to your letters. The clerk who opens the
mails insists that some of you are thoughtless
enough to paste them right over the i-eading-mat-
ter before you send them off. We suspect, how-
ever, that it is not so bad as that, but that you are
a little careless in putting them in the letter, as
they are often stickj^ in warm weather. Do you
wonder we sometimes get cross when we have to
soak the letters in water over night in order to get
the stamps loose? and then we have to put on
some more gum before we can use them. Well,
we don't mind this trouble very much; but wheu
the water blots your letters so they can not be
read without a good deal of fuss and trouble, we
sometimes feel as If we should get mad, if it were
not for the fact that we are Christian i)eople here.

and don't dare to. Now, then: When you send
stamps again, please wrap them in a separate
piece of paper, without any writing on it; afid if
it is not asking too much of you, don't Mrap them
up when they are sticky. Lay them somewhere
in the sun, and let them dry first.

A NEW bee-keepers' MEULEV.

Mk. E. (). TuTTLE, of Bristol, Vt., has been, for
some time back, busy in getting up a new medley
of bee-keepers. The size is S'^Xll inches, and it
contains pictures of 120 bee-keepers. A large poi"-
tion of them are the same as appeared in our med-
ley, published some ten or tweU-e years ago. Some
of the pictures arc very good, and a few of them
arc rather poor. The medley, however, ought to
be well worth the sum of .*L00 to any one who is in
the habit of reading- our bee-journals. Among
thcm we notice S. Cornell, It. McKnight, J. B. Hall,
D. A. Jones, and W. F. Clarke, of Canada; in the
United States we have Henry Alley, John Asjiin-
wall, A. J. King, T. G. Newman, K. L. T;-.ylor, Dr.
C. C. Miller, Charles Dadant and son, H. D. Cutting,
W. Z. Hutchinson, J. B. Pond, N. W. McLain, O. O.
Poppleton, E. M. Hayhurst, L. C. Hoot, Mrs. Jennie
Gulp, Mrs. Chaddock, Mrs. Harrison, Oliver Foster,
I. K. Good.M. H. Hunt, Norman Clark, P. L. Viallon,
W. S. Hart, O. M. Blanton, and others. In the above
list I have not intended to name those that are
contained in our old medley. A descriptive pam-
phlet of 14 pages accompanies the photograph.
They may be ordered from this ottice, or from
friend Tuttle, as you choose.

half-pound SECTIONS IN ENGLAND.

We find the following in the British Bcc Jourunl
for Oct. U, under the title of "six-penny sections."

SIX-PENNY SECTIONS.

Oiii' <if thf 111 >st strikinji- tVaturc-; of the show of Canadian
honey at till- Colonial KxliiOitioii is the thinness of the sertions
exhibited, lieiiiK' only I'j iii;iie-, tlie eonibs bnilt therein hein;;
of worker thiekness. Mr. .lones assures n^ from liis own e.xperi-
en-e,— and il would be a bold ISrilisli bee keejier wlio would ven-
ture to e<iiniiare his own witli that of Mr. .lones,— tliat, eontrarv
to wliat iniHlit be exjieeteil ti.>m the f.iet tliat three vertical
furfa-.'es iiiiiilrib ,-ind t\vo sealiuK'si are renuired in each inch in-
stead of three in each 1' . inch, a larger liarvest is obtainable of
this thickness tliaii of the yrealer tliickness to which we are ac-
customed in the ordinary tuo-inch sections.

In our issue (d' Marcli 1, 1SS.'>, in an article entitled '• Sections,
Past. I'riisent, and Future," we suggested the very same idea,
poiiitiuff out that, by adoptiuir the .size of 13.4 x 3K X IK, we
could obtain tections of nominal half pound, which could be
s(dil retail at sixpence each. The Canadian sections are as neai--
ly as |)ossible this size. We went on to say, " We venture to
think, that, before many seasons are passed, a six-penny, or^-
Ib. section, will he a recoffiiizeil size."

The British bi c-kci-jicrs did not take to the idea, probably be-
cause the dealers could uoi supjily the sections, and would not
luder them, tlur Canadian cousins, however, took the hint;
and wliile sonic <d' us are complaining of the slow sale i>f Mb.
sections at 1 shilling, and have altosfetlier neglected the nimble
six|jciicc, they have been producinR these pretty little sccti4>ns,
anil here thcs are before our eyes. When we now see the very
thing- whi -h wa ■ ii:.;i;cstcd to us in our own jouinal eighteen
months ago, ,111 ' Ihmi that aclually a larger harvest can be ob-
tained ill tli.it liiini.il CI lines upon most of us as a complete rev-
elation. ^Vc ii'iic.il, Willi great coiitidcuce, our prediction at
March, ISK.i, and look lorward to its lultillmenl before another
.year has passed.

The show referred to by the editor took place
Oct. 6. From the reports of the association I judge
it must have been extremely interesting, especial-
ly as they had our good friends D. A. Jones,
S. Cornell, McKnight, and others, of Canada. Dur-
ing the association friend .lones gave them a de-
scription of the Heddon hi\e. We notice then?
were present at the meeting, Wm. Kaitt, of Scot-
land, and some from Switzerland. Of course,
friend Jones had to have some fun going on, even
if he was among long-titled people, and he im-
provised the following stanza:

Canada is a great country for honi

]t isthi'ic fii
Our bees cxtrac
That all nalions

md bcc-kecpei
ctarfroin llow<-is so swi
isider our hone\' a treat

kc lids of nione.v.

1^4^

dh^AntM^s IK liEJi (JuLTuiit:;

.Nov

BEE -KEEPER'S GUIDE;

Or, MANUAL OF THE APIARY.

13,000 SOLD SINCE 1876.

14lh THOUSAND JUST OUT!

loth THOUSAND SOLD IN JUST FOUR MONTHS !
5000 Sold Since May, 1883.
More than 50 pag-cs, and more than 5!) fine illus-
trations were added in the 8tli edition. The whole
work has l)een thoroughly revised, and contains the
very latest in respect to bee-keeping-. It is certainly
the fullest and most scientitic work treating of
bees in the World. Price, by mail, ^1.25. Liberal
discount to dealers and to clubs.

A. J. <;OOK, Author and Publisher.
13-23 Agricultural College, Mich.

SAY ! tlie ACME PAPER-HOIiDER holds
all sorts of small things, as papers, letters,
almanacs, magazines, pamphlets, cards, etc.,
and does it (juick, before they get lost, stolen, blown
awaj% or the baby gets thera. By mail, IQc. ; two,
15c.; five, 25c.; twelve, 50c. Agents wanted.
Address N. E. JOHNSON, Medina, O.

^^SOUTHERN HEADQUARTERS-^

FOR EAKl-T QI7EE1TS,

Nuclei, and full colonies. The manufacture of
hives, sections, frames, feeders, foundation, etc., a
specialty. Superior work and best material at " let-
live" prices. Steam factory, fully equipped, with
the latest and most approved machinery. Send fo~
mv illustrated catalogue. Address
5tfd J. P. H. BROVflV, Auis:u6ta, Ga.

IN order that I may pay off my debts, and dev^ote
my whole time to i)reaching the gospel, I offer
my entire apiaries, consisting of about !tO colo-
nics of Italian and hybrid bees. (j() empty hives, 3
extractors, and other bee-supplies, for sale at a
great sacrifice. Persons wishing to buy'would do
well to correspond with me imnwdiateh/. I must
Kell. JAS. ERWIN.

Sltfd Smith's Grove, Warren Co., Ky.

VARIETIES

■Vmes, Pllants, etc.

Apple, Pear, Peach, Cherry, Plum,
<^uince, .Strawberry, IJaspberry,
Blackberry, {'iirrants, <;rape"s,

( i oscbcrrics, &a. Send tor Catalogue
J. S. COtiiiiarS, Mocrestown, N. J.

Barnes' Foot-Power Machinery.

liead what J. I. Parent, of
Chari.ton, N. Y., says — "We
cut with one of your Combined
Machines last winter 50 chaff'
hives with 7 inch cap, 100 honey
racks, 500 broad frames, 3,000
honey-boxes and a great deal of
other work. This v^^inter we
have double the amount of bee
I hives, etc., to make and we ex-
I pect to do it all with this Saw.
I will do all you say it will."
Catalogue and Price List Free. Address W. F. &
JOHN?BARNES, 68 Ruby St., Rockford, 111.

When more convenient, orders for Barnes' Foot-
Power Machinery may be sent to me. A. I. Root.
23tfd

Oldest Bee Paper in America— Estahlislied in ISGl.

AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL,

16-page Weekly— $1.00 a year.

Sample Free. THOMAS G. NEWMAN Si SON,

925 West Madison Street, Cliicago, 111.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMEITT.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
excoed 6 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
ran have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
live lines will cost you according to our regular rates.

THOROUGHBRED fowls, Brown Leghorns, S. 8.
Hamburgs, W. C. B. Polish, P. Rocks and Wyan-
dottes, Bonney's, Forbes', Hawkins', Wilcox & Fultz'
strains. We will sell for cash, or exchange for fdn.
and beeswa.x. Price list free.
18-I9tfd A. H. Duff, Creighton, Ohio.

^\f- STANDS of Italian bees for sale in new chaff
rC'f hives at S^T.OO, in good shape for winter.
~0-21d John C. Stewart, Hopkins, Mo.

WANTED.— To exchange my Given fdn. mill, good
as new. I will take honey, or good winter ap-
ples for it. L. Beckwith, Berlin, Wis.

WANTED.— To exchange strawberry-plants, six
varieties, for untested queens.
20-21d J. A. Green, Dayton, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted honey, 5
chaff' Eclectic hives, just as good as new, or for
cash, at $3.00 each— a bargain.
20-21d F. HoLTKE, Carlstadt, N. J.

AVT ANTED. —Honey, extracted preferred, in ex-
VV change for hives, frames, section boxes, saw-
mandrels, and bee-hive machinery. What have you
got, and what do you want for if:'
20tldb D. S. Hall, So. Cabot, Vt.

WANTED.— To exchange for cash, or good horses
and mules, 200 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
20tfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

FIRE! Fire! Fire! Brother bee-keepers, you all
want my LIGHTNING FIRE-KINDLER, cost-
ing about the same, almost as necessary, and but
little more trouble, than matches. Perf(?ctly safe.
No litter. Time, temper, and match saving; house-
hold convenience. It makes a fire immediatel.v.
Lasts a lifetime. Just the thing for your smokers
when made one-fourth of the common size. Sent
by mail lor 20 cts.
20tfdb S. S. Butler, Los Gatos, California.

WANTED. —To exchange fine bronze turkeys.
Brown Leghorns, or American silver watch, 3-
ounce case, cost $18.00 when new— No. 1 time-keep-
er, for ferrets. *

Chas. McClave, New London, Ohio.

31d

ll/'ANTED.- To exchange bees for land south of
Vt the Ohio River. Also for sale, about 120 lbs. of
wax and a six-inch Pelham fdn. mill.

M. J. Harris, Clay City, Clay Co., 111.

W

ANTED.— To exchange for extracted white clo-
Ti ver or basswood honey, one foot-power saw;
also one Pelham foundation-mill, with dipping-
tank, etc., nearly new. W. S. Wright,
21tfdb r>65 W. Van Buren St., BatUe Creek, Mich.

V»)QAA ^^'" huy the Alderbrook poultry-farm and
^ -wO' M ' apiary ground. 30 acres of good land, cozy
house, barn, and poultry-house, all new, pure spring
and; running water, fronting on beautiful pond, -J
miles from R. R. A delightful home; terms easy.
J. E. Darhow & Son, Box 2.50, West Eaton, N. Y.

BEE-HIVES,

One-Plece Sections, Section Cases, Frames, &c„

of superior workmanship, from
J51VEX17XZ tSa GrOOTDlESIjtTLM.

Manufacturers of and Dealers in

ROCK FALLS, WHITESIDE CO., ILL.

3tf(l Send for Price List.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTIRE.

87}t

Contents of this Number.

.VJsikf lo Plow UiuliT 904 I

Arthur and His Byes 8X4 j

liacti-ria m\ I

Ilfcs in Lonii- Boxes 8HI i

Bei-s at Auction m> I

BruiHl-itfirinK-, Laic 8M

Ituzzinir and Hunnning' Kill i

Catnip for Bees 91)4

Catnip Tea 893 I

Cellariufr vs. Vig-or 892 I

1,'omposition on Bees 9ii(J

Editorials 9iri

Extractor. Solar SSS

Foul Brood 89}

rjirl, Tiie licsl 887

Hive, Hcddon flO'.i [

Hives, SliadiuMTiu Winter.. .88S i

Honev Cilunin 88a

Hoiiev, Adulteratins- 881 I

Honev, Low I'rice 88T

Honev, Kirst-Class Kxt'd... 88H

Hone'v. Too Stylish 887

Horse, hdellitfiMit 883

.linnny's Troiihle 907

Kerosene lor Fires 888

Kind Words 910

Jji-tter from a Friend 880

Mysell' and Neijfhbors 905

Our Own Apiary 914

Queen. Which in Hive! 90.'!

Kobbinir. to Prevent 9113

Salt for Bees 892

Si'clions, (iould's 891

StiuKinj,-, Severe 903

Tutllrs Photographs 894

I'nitiMtr 904

What to 1)0, etc 895

Wint<'rint.'- 892

DAD ANT'S

FOUNDATION

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag-, most regular
in coloi-, evenest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Messrs. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Hcddon,
Dowagiac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis. Ind.; Chas. H.Green, Berlin, Wis. ; Chas. Hertel,
.fr., Freeburg, 111.; Ezra Baer, Di,\on,LoeCo., 111.; E.
S. Ai-mstrong, .lerseyville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchnicr,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, SmsTna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky; J. B. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, Birmingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; .1. W. Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. K. Neweoiiib,
Pleasant Valley, Dutchess Co..N. Y.: J. A. Huma-
son, Vienna. ().; G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Barrytowu, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co.. Te.xas, W. E. Clark, Griskanv.
N. Y., G. B. Lewis A: Co., Watertown, Wis., and
numerous other dealers.

Write for samples /re€, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150 Conipllmeiitary and imso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee evei-y inch of our foundation equal
lo sample in every respect.

CHAS. DADAN r <k SON,

3btfd Hamilton, Hancock Co., ll1inoi«.

4 H.-P. ENGINE FOR SALE.

.1 Bnrf/aiti for tin- man ivho is in need nf «
rirst-Clas.s ICuf/itw iind Itoiler.

This is one of B. W. Payne &- Son's Eureka en-
gines, the same that we advertise in our catalogue.
It has run 3 months since it was new; has had a 10-
loot galvanized-iron smoke-stack added, and is in
perfect running order. The man who is holding it
had to put in a larger one to meet the demands of
his trade. The price of a new engine and boiler
complete, no stack, is S!2T5.(MJ; but to make a quick
sale we will sell this one with the stack tor If:i-'5.(10,
free on board cars at Higginsville, Mo.

A. I. ROOT, ITIcdina, Ohio.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

!«(qi;.\RE: ciLAss honey- jars,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-HIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, &;c., Ac.
PERFECTION COLn. BLAST SMOKERS.

The Chapman Honey-Plant.

I n accord anc<-
with a previous no-
tice; inibce-periodi-
cals, I am now pre-
pared to fill orders
for tht^ seed of the
above plant at tht!
following prices :
'i oz.. $1; 1 oz., $2;
2oz., S3: t oz., S5;
'4 lb., $8. One oz.
contains from 160(1
to 1800 seeds. On
account of extreme
drought in.v stock
of seed is limited,
and persons order-
ing will be served
in rotation. The
seed s h o u Id be
sown in the early
spring, and general
directions for cul-
tivation will be"glv-
en on each pack-
age.

This plant is not
an obnoA'iotis weed,
and is as easil.v
eradicated as clo-
ver. Having care-

full.y watched its

s=--^- habits' of ^growth,
and its ■ honey-pro-
ducing qualities for the past six years, I believe
those who commence its cultivation in a liberal
way will be better pleased than by commencing
with a small quantity of seed. It has been tested
b.y prominent bee-keepers all the way from Ver-
mont to Nebraska and Ontario. We refer to the
report of the committee appointed by the North-
American Beo-Keepeis' Association held at De-
troit in 1885. The committee reported at the Indian-
apolis. Ind.. convention held Oct. 12th to Uth. and
their report will be found in all bee-periodicals pub-
lishing the report of that convention.

Write all orders plainly, and give your; postoflBce
address in full.

Versailles, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.

HOW TO RAISE COMB HONEY.

Price 5c. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supplv circular. IStfdh

OLIVEK FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

BEES. QUEENS.

SOUTH FLORIDA.

Carefully reared from BEST IJIPORTED.

Italian queens (purely mated) - - - - $1 00

(crossed or hybrid) - - - 40

Nuclei, one L. or S. frame, *1.00. Add above price

of queen. Also nice large yellow home-bred queens,

$1.00. Discount oil larm'r orders. l'J-6db

lillTHER C;RAY, Orlando, Fla.

40-Horse-Power Engine for Sale.

Our new automatic ciitolf i)0 horse-power engine
is now drivingthe machinery in all our buildings.
Now, we want todisposeof < )iii' old Klhorse-power en-
gine which has done such faithful work for us for
the last eight years. It is ji standard plain engine.
Lord & Bowler miike, I.'.'.\a), with' a il-foot balance-
wheel and a iJ-foot lly-wheel. We will ofl'er it, put
in good repairs, I'or •*3r)0. 00. We will throw in the
stone upon which the bed-|)lat(' is bolted, free of
charge. For further particulars, wi'ite us. AVhom
shall we hear from tlrst?

A.I. ROOT, ITIcdInn, Oliio.

Apply to

CHAS. F. MUTH & SON,

CrNOINNATI. ().
I'. S. — Send iocinl st:im|i lor " I'riict ical Hints (o
llee-Kcopors." Itldh

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND UKTAII.. Sfo lid veil iscment in
imothei' <'<)h]mi) Shtfd

8S0

GLEA^LNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

JlGNEY GdMlW'

CITY MARKETS.

Kansas CiTy.—ffojiej/.— The market is pood for all

grades, and sales are larpe, receipts are very g-ood,

and prices are steady with a firm feeling-.

White clover, 1-lh. sections . - . - im.M

2-lb. " - - - . llfTnia

" '/sib. " .... ]4(g),]5

Dark 1-lb. " .... Kmis

2-lb. " .... 9$?),iii

California, 2-lh. "... - 9@,ii

Extracted, white clover .... e@7

" dark 4@5

" white sage, California - - b]4

" amber " - - - .5

Beeswax, - - - .... 20@2;J

Nov. 10. 1886. Cr.F.MONS. CuOON & Co.,

Cor. 4th and Walnut St's, Kansas City, Mo.

Boston.— Hone?/. — Honey is selling well, bnt would
sell better if weather were colder. No ehange in
prices. Br, akr & Ripley,

Nov. 10, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Nrw York.— ??onej/ -Comb honey is not moving
as fast as we expected, which is probably due to
the warm weather we have had of late. Now the
weather has set in col.1. and we evpeet an increase
in the future. California extracted, white saa-e. and
sumac honey is movina- off rapidly at unchanged
prices. Tritrher. Whyland & Co..

Nov. 10, 1886. Read and Hudson Sts., New York.

St. LniTTS.- Hojie?/ — We have nothing very en-
couratring to offer on honey. This month. Califor-
nia parties havp hppn here with lots of eomb honey,
selling at 10'2(fftlle, and some outside pnrties are
selling white clover in 1-lh sections at lli,^@l?i4e.
Common eomb honey, oriainal packages, 9(?J)11;
southern extracted or strained honey, bhls.. .S@4;
choice in cans. .^^^©fic. Tieei^wnx. as it runs, 20c; se-
lected, 23. Trade is dull in general.

M. B. Westcott & Co.,

Nov. 10, 1886. 108 and 110 Market Street.

CHTCAGO.-FTodfii/.— Sales have been better during
the past two weeks than at anytime during the
past •fieason. But prices are. if anv thine', lower;
in(5tllo for good white honey; 12(?/i,13c for fancy, in
less than one-pound frames. E.vtracted. dull, at
unchanged figures. Bca^wnx, in fair dejiiand at
23@25c. R A BiTRNETT,

161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

CLEVETiANn.- Wonei/.— The niaj-ket continues dull
for all gradps of honey, and prices a triflp lower.
Be't 1-lb. white honpy is selling at 13(5'13: 2 lbs.,
10W,n. Dark and old stock not wanted. Extracted
holding at He. but no sales. BecKwar. 2.5c

Nov. 9, 1886. A. C. Kenhel.

11.5 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Milwaukee. — T/ou^'i/ — This market continues
verv steadv on prices for hon<ty. and demand onlv
fair. Choice white comb, in 1-lb. sections. 12'oiSi13;
same in 2-lb. sections. 12fr/',12'2 E.xtracted. in one-
half barrels and kea-s. white, 6;4@7: same in bbls.,
white, 6c; in bbls . dnrk. ?,(&^U,. A. V. Btshop.

Nov. 10, 1886. 142 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

CtNOiNN \Ti.— ffox^t/.— Thpre is a livel.v demand
for taV)le hone.v in square glass jars, and the de-
mand for nine comb honev is very eood. Demand
from manufacturers is slow for dark grades of ex-
tracted honev. The ranpe of prices for extracted
honpy is 3Tf 7c per lb. on arri^•al.

Nice eomb hone.v brina-s 12(o 15c a lb. in a .iobbing
way. Therp is a a-ood home demand for heeswax.
We pay 30@.23c a lb. on arrival.

Chas. F. Mhth & Son.

Nov. 10, 1886. Cincinnati, Ohio.

For Sale.— White-clover comb honev in Root's
48 1-lb. cases, at $5 03 aniece. case ineludpd. and de-
livered at depot, on receipt of cash. O. S. Fox,

Mitchellvillc, Polk Co., la.

For Sale.— Havina- harvested 30 bbls. of honey, T
offer to dispose of what is left at 6'.2C net (barrels
nveraa-e .530 lbs.). The hulk of this lot is clover, hon-
ey. Those who order first have choice of variety.
H. W. Funk (Box 1136), Blooraington,711,

For Sale.— 500 lbs. whiteclover honey in lib
sections, put on board cars here in nice glassed
(Heddon's 12 lb.) cases for 14c per lb. ready to ship
on receipt of orders. G. O. Anukrson,

Marshville, Oceana Co., Mich.

New York — Honey.— Sales of comb honey the
past month have been good, and prices fair. Honey
from the West is coming iti more freely than was an-
ticipated eai-licr in the season. Present quotations
ai-e as follows: Fancy white, in lib. sections, in
neat and clean packages , i:irf(,ir;e: same in 2-lh. sec-
tions, ll(?v;l2c. Fair to good, in lib sections, 11@13;
same in 2-11). sections !)(« 10. Buckwheat in 1-lh. sec-
tions, 9(§jl0: same, in 2 lb. sections. ICdA^^. Extract-
ed, white-clover, in kegs and barrels.. 6@7; white
Cal . in 60-lb. cans, .5@6; Cal. comb, in 60-lb. cases,
10(al4. Mc^iaul & Hir.iiRETH Bros..

34 Hudson St., cor. Duane St., N. Y. City.

Nov. 13, 1886.

WONDERFUL!!

Owing to the reduction in subscription price
to 25 Cents, on and after Jan. 1, 1887, we are
able to make the following wonderful oflfer.
We will send

BEE-KEEPERS' MAGAZINE

GLEANINaS

For only 10 cts. more than (iLEANiNGS you can
obtain the BEE-KEEPEES' MACASINE, whose price this
.year was SI.uO. Send for sample, and see what a
splendid magazine we publish. Sample free.

Address BEE-KEEPERS' MAGAZINE,

22tfdb BARRYTOWN, N. Y.

L. C- ROOX

Offers For Sale one of the best locadons for bee-
Iteeping in the United States. Facts which will be
furnished on application will prove this to be a
rare opportunity.

Please investigate these advantages. Health de-
manding a change of climate, reason for selling.
Apply soon. Address

L. C. ROOT, Mohawk, N. Y.

NOW READY.

Pliotograplis of all tlie priucipal bee-
keepers, including Langstroth, Newman, Root,
King, Heddon. Demaree. McLain, Stanley, Given,
Van Deusen, Mrs. Harrison, etc., 120 pictures, name
under each, size 11x14; $1.00 by mail. Fifty of the
principal ones, larger, on same size card, same
price. 22d E. O. TUTTLE, Bristol, Vt.

Q^AY ! tl»e AOITIE PAPER-HOL.DER holds
■^J all sorts of small things, as papers, letters,
^"^ almanacs, magazines, pamphlets, cards, etc.,
and does it quick, before they get lost, stolen, blown
away, or the baby gets them. By mail, IQc; two,
15c."; five, 25c-; twelve. 50c. Agents wanted.
Address N. E. JOHNSON, Medina, O.

UNTESTED QUEENS reared from best imported.
N. Adams, S..rrento, Orange Co., Fla. 22-24db

DADANT'S FOTODATION FACTOEY, WHOLESALE andSETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. otfbd

—^-

ATTENTION I -^

Dealers and Manufacturers

We are prepared to supply .you ^Yith sections for
the coming Sf ason at bed-rock prices. Write us.
21tfdb G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

WATERTOWN, WIS.

Vol. XIT.

NOT. 15, 1886.

No. 22.

TGI{>IS:$1.00PkR\NNUM, IN ADVANCB;! TT'o-A >n» 7» 7-.* o Zi Ai /tZ ^'^/l 7 <? O' 9 f ClubS tO different pOStOffiCeF, NOT LEFS
•2 0)pies tor $1.90; 3 tor 82. 75; 5 for $4. 00, | Jlib LvUUliC) fLdLV Lit ±0 t O. | than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid. In the

)pies
10 or more. In irts. each. Sinjjle Number
eta. Additions to clubs maybe made

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

U. S. and Canadas. To all other coun-
tries of the Universal Postal Union, 18c

atclubrates. Above are all to be sent | . t -or\r\rr\ iMiTi-rvTVr* r\~i3fr\ I peryenr extra. To all countries not of
TO OXEPOSTOFFICK. I A.l. riUiJl , M-Ci-UiiM A, UlliU. I the U.PU. ,42c per year extra.

ADULTERATING COMB AND LIQUID
HONEY.

IS THERE SUCH A THING AS MAN UKACTU KKl) HON-
EY AND MANUFACTUUED EGGS V

fplIIE following letter was t'orwardetl to
^ us through the kindness of the pub-
■>^ lisher of the ihnermin Grocer, witli an
expression that 1 should answer it for
publication :

Editor American trroci'/;— Will yoii be kind enough
to give me information about manufactured honey,
if there is such a thing"/ I tliinlc you have pulilisli-
ed articles on it in your iiaper, but I have failed to
see them. If you will give me the numbers of y(>ur
paper that have contained the articles, and where I
can g-et them, or answer this through your paper,
you will oblige. Also, is there such a thing- as man-
ufactured eg-gs? .J. H. White.

Iiridg:eport, Ct., Oct. 26, 1880.

In response to the above re(iuest we sent
the following reply, Miiich was in the Avicr-
ican Grocer for Nov. 11 :

We are very glad indeed to answer the por-
tion of the above that refers to our branch
of agricultural industry, especially as the
honey-business is getting to l)e a branch of
no mean pretensions. When liquid honey
sold at from 20 to 25 cents per pound, and
glucose, or corn syrup, was worth only from
5 to 6 cents per pound, there was a great
temptation toward adulteration ; and eight
or ten years ago it was probably a fact that
a great portion of the liquid honey in glass
jars and tmnblers to be found in our mar-
kets, was more or less adulterated. Xow,
however, when liquid honey is sold at from
X to 10 cents retail, and o to 7 cents whole-

sale, there is but little inducement to adul-
terate with glucose, especially as the tiuality
of glucose at all tit for the purpose is worth
from 4A to o cents per pound. On this ac-
coimt I believe there is but very little honey
to be found on our markets now that is adul-
terated. Perhaps I may add, that a good many
mistakes and a good 'deal of uncharitable-
ness have arisen from the fact that both pure
honey and piu-e glucose (or corn syrup) are,
chemically speaking, pretty nearly the same
thing ; namely, grape sugar — glucose being
grape sugar manufactured expressly for the
purpose of making it retain a permanent li-
quid form. In California, excellent honey
is now sold in quantities as low as 3 cents
per pound. This state of affairs makes it
more feasible and more likely that glucose
should be adulterated with honey, than that
honey should be adulterated with glucose.
The present low ])rices of cane sugar, also,
have been discouraging to those engaged in
adulterating sweets.

Bee-keepers have also! been accused' of
feeding theii- liees glucose, and then taking
it from the combs and selling it as honey.
This foolish piece of slander on our bee-
keeping brethren was probably first ^started
l)y some one wlio did not even know that
liees do not iiKikc honey— tiiey simply gather
it. The act of storing it iii the cells does
not change it in any respect. If you feed
the bees sugar syrup, it will be sugar syrup
when it is taken away from them. The
same is true of glucose or any other substi-
tute for honey.

We now come to arlilicial comb honev.

SS2

GLEA^'l^sGS l.N iiEE Cli/rL'iU:.

Xov.

The only way in which it is possible to put
a spurious article of comb honey on the
market would be V)y feeding the l)ees glixcose
or some other substitute for honey ; and
there would be a greater proliability of this
being done, because coml) honey usually
commands a lialf more in price than liquid
lioney, were it not for the fact that the bees
must consume a very large quantity of hon-
ey or other sweets to enable them to secrete
a very small quantity of white wax from
which the comb is made. This latter fact
has been so well proven by the experiments
of hundreds of bee-keepers, that the prac-
tice of feeding liquid honey, in order to make
the bees store comb honey, is now, I believe,
universally abandoned. As an illustration :
Wlien the honey season closes in tlie fall,
most bee-keepers find themselves in the pos-
session of more or less sections of nice, mar-
ketable comb honey, with cells not quite fin-
ished. A large apiarist frequently has a ton
or more of such unfinished sections. A little
feeding would enable him to finish these out,
put tliem on the market, and get his cash,
instead of waiting a whole year to have
them finished. On this account it would be
extremely convenient to feed enough pure
honey to get them finished. Well, sometimes
this will pay ; but we have all found out that
so largea ([uantity of honey must be given
to the bees to get just a little put back into
these unfinished combs, that even this has
been mostly abandoned.

Our last point is in reply to the newspaper
statements that were so widespread a year
or two ago, to the effect that our comb
honey on the market was made by machin-
ery, and that neither comb nor contents ever
came from a bee - hive. So widespread
was this falsehood, that in our journal of
Nov. 1, 1885, page 7;-!8, 1 offered -it^lOOO to any-
body who would tell me where such spurious
comb honey was made. No one has ever
given the information, neither has one
ounce of manufactured comb honey ever
been forthcoming. It is a mechanical im-
possibility, and will, in my opinion, remain
so. Tt is "true, bee-keepers use largely what
we call "comb foundation;'' that is, sheets
of beeswax stamped with the impress of the
base of the lioney-comb. The bees use this,
draw out the cells, and fill them with honey;
but as tliese sheets are always pure beeswax
(in fact, a substitute that will answer even tol-
<n-ably has never yet been discovered) there
is nothing really spurious about it. 1 hard-
ly need add, that the above slanderous report
in regard to bogus comb honey was very
damaging to the bee-keeping industry. It
probably obtained wider credence because
one Prof. Wylie, some years ago, started it
l)y what he termed a " scientific pleasantry."'

In regard to the artificial eggs, I believe
this will be a feat still more difficult to ac-
complish than making artilicial honey-comb,
especially if these artificial eggs are expected
to hatch. Some of the newspapers have jo-
cosely declared that such eggs would hatch,
but that the chickens did not have any
feathers on them, the invention not yet be-
ing sufficiently " perfected." etc.

The adulteration of our food products
is indPMl ;i terrilili* w innti'. and T believe the

bee-men are as much in earnest about it as
are the dairy-men ; and if tliere is any thing
we can do as a class toward putting these
thieves and Idacklegs l)ehind such strong
iron bars that they will Juive to be honest. we
stand ready to do it ; and thousands of us
are willing'to give our voices, our strength,
and our money toward helping to punish
the guilty. But let us have charity for each
other, and be slow about rushing to the con-
clusion that everybody is a rogue except—
Your humble servant.

FIBST-CLASS EXTEACTED HONEY.

CAN IT BK RIPENKLi BY AKTlFlCIAb MEANS SO AS
TO EQUAL THAT HirENEl) IN THE HIVES?

JF it woif uot 11 question of tTcat iiiiportancL-,
and one wUb wliicli I have experimented u
great deal, 1 wouldn't occupy your valuable
space and my own limited time in controvert-
ing- what I believe to be one of the lew erro-
neous doctrines of our highly respected fi-iend
Muth. I refer to his tcaching-s, that first-class ex-
tracted honey can be obtained by taking- it from
the hive before being- capped, or " ripene<l," and
ripening it afterward by atmospheric action. 1
am aware that this is one of friend Mnth"s old, old
hobbies, but one which cither will not fit all loca-
tions, or else he is mistaken in regard to the charac-
ter of first-class extracted honey.

Fifteen years ago I procured two tin tanks, with
gates at the bottom, holding 450 and 550 lbs. re-
spectively. My honey-house was arranged just
right for the atmospheric curing: process; and
while the ellect was to greatly improve the raw
honey, it did not, and I believe can not, i ipen it to
that sweet, oily flavor and consistency found in old
comb honey. Endeavoring to carry the same prin-
ciple further, I purchased 400 one-gallon stone jars
and stored my honey in them, piling them on top
of each other with sticks between, to give free
circulation of warm dry air over the comparatively
broad surface of these small receptacles. This
carried the principle to greater perfection, but by
no means to equal the extracted honey I am pro-
ducing at the present time. My IKSB crop of ex-
tracted, alone reaches about ;J0,0C0 lbs., nearly all
clover and basswood, as, owing to the drought, our
fall flowers yielded but little more than winter sup-
plies, and 1 am, as usual, jobbing it out to bee-
keepers and consumers in .50 and 100 lb. lots; and I
sincerely believe, that, should I begin filling orders
with honey ripened o la friend Muth, I would soon
hear a buzzing in my ears, and my rapidly growing
trade would as rapidly diminish. I believe I have
learned the fact, that extracted honey is depreci-
ated in price, as compared with comb honey, main-
ly because it is rarely found to be its equal in
quality.

I have just been reading friend Blantou's wail,
on page 851 ; also your foot-notes, where you ask it
extracted honey at 5 cts. per lb. can not successful-
ly compete with cane sugar? I should like to
answer, by saying that 1 haven't the least idea that
it would compete with cane sugar at even 3U cts.
per lb. You will remember, that years ago I was
abused by some enthusiastic bee-keepers for
predicting this state of alfairs, which is confirming-
what I then declared: viz., that honey could not
be jirndiK-od at n price to over miikc it a success-

1880

(iLEAM.XCJS iX BEE CULTL'UE.

88;^

t'ul competitoi- of cano sugar, except loi- the
small amount demanded for sweot sauce and
table ornament: that, hence, it never would be-
come a staple, always remaining- a commodity,
which eould easily oversupply the demand. Does
not Mr. ])orthman's sad account, found on page
857, verify both of my projiositions, so far laid
down in this article?

KEVEKSIXG.

1 notice, on page f'>S, that friend Hawk has failed
to accomplish what he desired, either by brood-
comb crowding- or reversing. As I have had much
e.vperience with both methods, ho reports just
what I should expect to result from crowding
brood-combs together. But if Mr. Hawk will con-
tinue the inverting system, especially if properly
combined with contraction and alternating of the
brood-chamber, in two horizontal sections, till he
strikes the right system of manipulation for his lo-
cation, I think I may say that I know he will suc-
ceed in devoting his brood-chamber to brood, and
his surplus ease.> to surplus honey, which we all so
much desire, and that, too, with the least amount
of time, trouble, or exposure to robbing-bees.

GERMAN BEES.

On page 8.')9, I see that Ralph E. Gould, who is
evidently a practical honey-producer, has been
testing the comparative merits of the German, Syr-
ian, Italian, and other races of bees, and reports the
same as I always expect to see, with the best strain
of (Jerman bees in the hands of a bee-master; viz.,
that, for the most and nicest surplus comb honey,
no bees known to man will excel the German varie-
ty. I am always pleased to see these bees receive
the just praise that their manj- superior characteris-
tics warrant. James Heddox.

Dowagiac, Mich., Nov., lS8(i.

Friend 11.. I did not understand Mr. Mnth
to claim, pavticulurl}^ that honey thus ripen-
ed would be equal to the best ripened in the
hives, so your opinions may not necessarily
ditter, after all; but what friend Muth tolil
us will be of great advantage, certainly to
those who have uniii)ened honey on their
hands. But I agree with you in thinking
the bees ripen it l)etter, certainly, if not
cheaper than we can by any artiticial means.
Friend M. sends out very nice extracted
honey. Xow, right here comes in a point :
1)0 you permit the bees to cap all the honey
before extracting, or do you wait until they
commence caiipingV You may have giveii
your experience in this matter liefore. but it
was proV)al)ly some time ago. and we should
like to hear it again. And, by the way, will
you give us your latest experience in the
operation of extracting the honey with the
least amount of labor consistent with get-
ting the very best article? Where one works
for extracted honey, how about reversing
combs? and how much reversing is expedi-
ent? T did not expect extracted honey was
going to affect the price of sugar very much ;
but i did think, and 1 do think, that when
people will begin to reason this way : "'Why,
at the i)rice it is now offered, it is not much
if any more exjiensive than the syru])s and
sugar we use," then nice honey will come
pretty near being as staple as butter. — I
know the (German bees have been called by a
few individuals better than the Italians, foi-
comb honev; t)ut I do not know that I have

heard anybody claim that they would give
even as much Avhere the extractor is used.

A HORSE OF "WONDERFUL INTELLI-
GENCE.

My lillOTnER IN CALIFORNIA ALSO GIVES US A
SKETCH OF BEE-HIVES IN THE GROUND.

tllOTHER AMOS:— I have owned one of my
horses almost three yeai'S. and have only
just found out how intelligent she is. The
forehead is full, and I have known she was
almost human ever since I owned her. She
had been raised to herd cattle until 1 got her. The
other afternoon my two cows got off to their old
home, about four miles, and Dolly and I went after
them and got them started back to where the road
forks out each side of the farm. The cows would
get to the forks and run down one, and I would
have to run and head them otf, and then they would
run back the other road, and run into the timber.
I then got off and left Dolly standing in the road,
while I went into the underbrush to get them out.
Dolly saw me start them out, and she then gave a
loud neigh and started off on a gallop. 1 thought
she had gone home and left me: but on getting out
to the forks of the road I found her standing on the
opposite forks, with her ears back, ready to drive
them on to the road leading home. The cattle are
very gentle; and if they do not goto suit her she
will put back her ears and bite at them. She does
not bite hard, but just gets their skin between
her teeth, and pinches, and they soon learn to skip
out of her way. If they turn out of the road she
goes out after them, and heads them otT. Several
people want to buy her, but they have not money
enough. To say that I was astonished, would be
speaking mildly of her great intelligence.

While out riding, looking for my cattle last week.
I found a bee-cave a short distance from the house.
Satui'day afternoon 1 took my hired man, and wc
went down into the ravine and dug the dirt away,
and got out about 1.50 lbs. of nice honey. They had
made it in a hole that the rains had tunneled out.
The first rain would have washeil them all out.
There are several others around. The ground
seems to be a natural place for bees. The sides
they had all waxed nicely, and 'twas cool down in
there the hottest of weather. They are nice Ital-
ians, and not cross. I put a hive with comb foun-
dation for them to go into.

Later.— Now, the laugh comes on mv right here.
As 1 went down to see about the hive I left to get
the bees in, I found 1 had made a mistake, and the
original swarm was tlicre ijit, and we had taken up
another cave, about one rod below, thinking it was
the one I found. Now the question is, What shall
we do with the honey ? In San Diego it is not
worth more than S cts. per lb., and we have all we
want to eat; but it is of excellent flavor. If we let
it stay much longer the rains will wash it all awny--
bees, honey, and all. M. S. UooT.

San Diego, Cal., Oct. 26, 188r..

Thanks, biother Marsh. It must be the
Boot family take naturally to domestic ani-
mals, as it seems you have been getting ac-
quainted with yom- horses and cattle, just
as I have been getting acquainted with onrs
here in Ohio.— The information you give us
ill regard to the bee-caves is a valuable con-

884

GLEANINGS 1^ BEE CULTURE.

Nov

tribution to our knowledge. 1 presume the
bees feel safe to take up with such a hal)ita-
tion, because you have so many months ab-
solutely without rain. I suppose, that in
your State one might start a biu' apiary,
without very much of a cash outlay ; that is,
as fast as the swarms come off he could di^
holes in the ground, and hive them, and so
on, until the rainy season came. With such
wonderful yields of honey as you occasion-
ally have there, doubtless an enormous in-
crease coidd be secured in a single season
by securing a strain of bees much given to
swarming; and who knows but that it is
possible to cut a trench around the under-
ground hives in such a way as to keep the
rain from them, and thus have them winter
over V A wooden bowl, or something of the
kind, l^id right above the brood-nest, would
{probably be all the protection needed, from
frosts such as you have. You know I am
very fond of "having things cheap, and
this idea promises cheapness, without any
mistake.

BATH-TUBS.

FRIEND TERRY DISCUSSES AN IMPORTANT SUBJECT.

fRTEND ROOT:— In the best houses in the city,
convenient bathing arrangements are quite
common; in fact, they are the rule. But how is
it in the country, among the rural population?
It seems to be a general idea there, that a
bath-tub is a luxury beyond their means, or, per-
haps, they haven't thought much about it, but have
gone along as their parents did before them. Or,
possibly, they have wanted such conveniences, and
didn't know just how to go to work to get them.
Perhaps I can hel]) some such persons a little by my
experience, as 1 did friend Mattoon. of Atwater, O.,
by calling attention in Gleanings to our water-cart
for receiving the kitchen-slops. Friend M., who
has one, writes, "Am very much ])leased with it.
It is what we have needed for a long time."

When we were building our house, three years
ago, we bought at a plumber's establishment in the
city a copper bath-tub, 6 ft. long. They come all
built in a nice pine box. In the city houses, the
carpenter puts fancy work around this, at consider-
able expense. We did not care fcr this, but just set
the box in the room over the kitchen, putting a
narrow strip of wood around on top, and painting
that and the outside of box. Then we got a com-
mon pump and some '2 inch and I'i-inch lead pipe.
The pump was placed on a shelf on one side of the
tub, and connected with the kitchen cistern with the
! 2-inch pipe. The lU-inch pipe was used to carry the
waste water from the tub down in the partition and
out at the rear of the house. Then a little stove was
put up to heat the room in cold weather. I do not
remember exactly, but I think the entii'e cost
was something less than $25.00 — possibly not
over $30.00, and we have just as convenient a
bathing arrangement as any farmer needs. Of
course, he can spend $200.00 in fitting up h bathing-
room, if he is able; but this is beyond the means of
the masses. We have a large reservoir on our kitch-
en stove, and whenever there is a fire this furnishes
hot water. It takes but a moment to dip out and
carry up a pailful, and then pump in cold water to
Bult the feelings.
After bathing you have only to pull the plug out.

and the water takes itself away. There is so little
impurity in this water that we let it run off on the
grass. During the heat of summer, nearly every
member of the family uses that tub every night,
the hired man as well as the rest. It gives good re-
freshing sleep, and, of course, better health, and
keeps the bedding much cleaner. Working in the
dirt is healthful and enjoyable, if one can clean up
as soon as he is through, and slip on clean clothes
for the evening and night. But how many workers
in the soil do ? My idea was to have it so handy
that it would be almost no trouble to keep clean,
and then it would be likely to be done. I never
spent so small a sum that gave so great and contin-
ued satisfaction; and as copper and lead won't rust,
it is there for life. Yes, we used to bathe after a
fashion, occasionally (before we got the bath-tub)
in awash-tub or some smaller dish; but it was so
much trouble getting the water ready, and carrying
it out, that it didn't get done any too often, and it
took away much of the enjoyment. And then the
poor hired man I I suppose on many farms he has
no chance to bathe, from one week's end to an-
other. He is too bashful, perhaps, to ask for a tub
and towel to take to the barn.

Not long since, a farmer who had gone to consider-
able expense to put up a windmill and tank, to fur-
nish water for his cattle, complained to me that his
cows didn't seem to like the water, for some reason.
Like him, I couldn't sec why, until I learned after-
ward that the hired man and employer's son wei'C
in the habit of getting a good bath in that tank,
nights, after the folks were in bed ! A hired man
who works for one of the most respectable farmei's
in Ohio went home in July (began work in the
spring), and went in bathing in a pond, and made
the remark, "This is the first wash I have had this
season!" Just think of that— going around with
the filth of months accumulated on his body 1 And
oftentimes the hired men are not the only ones who
are in this fix, I am sorry to say.

Now, this is an unpleasant matter to write atout;
but there is a wrong here that ought to be correct-
ed. Of all men, farmers most need frequent baths
(and I take it bee-men are mostly farmers), and it
maj' be safely said that they get the fewest. Just
think: At a rough estimate there are over two mill-
ion pores through which comes the insensible per-
spiration of the body. This makes some 27 miles of
tubing. The matter that comes out of it is quite
similar to the excretions of the kidneys. Stop this
insensible perspiration entirely by an air-tight var-
nish, and the person must die. Stop it partly, with
a thick coat of dirt and sweat and grime, and the
health must suffer. First of all, shovild we fix con-
venient bathing arrangements on acount of the
health of our children arid men. I think Dr. Gunn
once said, that fllthiness is one great cause of
rlieumatism. Then it will pay in dollars and cents.
A clean man sleeps better, feels better, and works
better. I know, friend Root, that you would take
pleasure in ordering abaih-tub for any reader of
Gleanings, who needs one, and I do hope my few
words may cause some not only to think about the
matter, but to sit right down and send for one.

Hudson, O. T. B. Terry.

Friend T., it seems a little singular that
we have got just such a liath-tub for our
new house as you have, and that our experi-
ence since using it has been so very much
like yours. There is one point, however.

1886

GLKAKINGS IN BfiE CtjLTUllE.

m

you have not mentioned— the bath is a stim-
ulant. Over and over again, when Saturday
night has come I have declared T was too
tired to move one foot after another, much
less take a batii. " But,"' says my wife,
'• you know a bath will rest you. Time and
again you have tried it."' It is true; and
when I get through 1 am ready to sit down
and read my agricultural papers, and visit
with the rest of the family, as if I had just
got up in the morning. 1 never knew it to
fail of making me feel rested and vig-
orous and strong. When a friend visits
us, and we wish to have him enjoy fully all
our home affords in the way of enjoyment,
we ask him if he would not like to "try our
steam bath-tub, and words of praise follow
at once ; in fact, it is so much liked that
sometimes one occupant follows another un-
til the '• machine" is kept going for quite a
spell. I firmly believe that a man or woman
will do more work, save money and doctors"
bills, and live longer, by having such a bath-
room as you describe, with every thing so
handy that bathing is a pastime "instead of
sometiiing to dread. And. friend Terry, es-
pecially do I like what you have to say in
the above paper iti regard to the "hired
man.'" May God help us to think of and
plan for the above individual a little more,
instead of finding so much fault with him !
If he were provided with the conveniences
such as you describe, and asked to avail him-
self of tiiem, very likely we should find him
more accommodating, more cheerful, and
more inclined to look out for his master's
interests. I will willingly correspond with
the manufacturers of these tin lined copper
bath-tubs, and ascertain how low I can have
them if I buy a number at a time for our
bee-keeping friends. Ours cost $13.00.

^K-*—- ^

ARTHUR'S BEES.

A Story for Boys.

BY MRS. C.iSTELLA WHITMAN.

Jtp RTHUR was the eldest son of a farmer who
^il^i lived in the southern part of one of the
J^k' Northern States, a few miles from one of
'*'^ the towns that dot the surrounding- country.
The origin of the following story lias for
its date July 4,188-. As Arthur and his brothers
had met with a great disappointment, their mother
was anxious to make them as happy, and home as
pleasant, as possible. Knowing that they were
extremely fond of strawberry shorteal<e, and that
a few yet remained, she suggested that, if they
could pick them for her, she would make one for
supper.

While thus engaged, one of them remarked that
they must have disturbed a bumble-bees' nest, as
the buzzing- of hees attracted their attention.
Scarcely were the words spoken, when it was
evident whence the noise proceeded, for a swarm
of bees was parsing just over their heads. Ar-
thur gave chase, and followed them nearly half
a mile, across fields and over fences: then, coming
in contact with a tree, they clustered on one of its
lower branches.

Arthur's mother had been informed by one of
the younger boys of what had transpired in the

garden; and as he returned to her kitchen in so.
short a time, she supposed he had been obliged to
abandon the pursuit; but a<« her eyes rested on his
boyish face (which was usually pale, but now his
cheeks were all aglow, with great drops of sweat
on his forehead), she detected, before he recovered
breath sufficient to tell her, that he had met with
success.

Previous to the opening of our story, Arthur had
often heard his mother propose to his father, that,
even if he thought he could not handle bees, as it
is termed, in any other way, he might have a large
old-fashioned hive made, and keep it in some loft,
so that they might at least have honey for their
family; but no pei-suasion could convince him that
he could take care of them in any form whatever.

Perhaps the reader will readily imagine that
Arthur's mother had had some personal knowledge
of them. Such was the case; and from her earliest
rememberancc until she was quite a child, her
father kept them in the manner 1 have just alluded
to, and she had often assisted him in his work.
Fearing, however, that some accident ?7ii(/7if occur,
she was very cautious tiot to over-urge.

To return to Arthur: After a short interview
with his mother, he hastened to the field where his
father was at work, and gave him a full account
of what had happened, wi'h an urgent request that
he should assist in securing them. After much
deliberation his father promised to see what could
be done, much to the gratiflcation of all. As sup-
per time had arrived, the meal was hastily eaten,
without any reference to the day.

By this time Arthur had become more composed,
and thought best to go back to the spot where he
had left his bees, to see if they were really there,
and were as he had represented, while his father
should find something in which to hive them.
Nothing seemed available for immediate use, ex-
cept a salt-barrel, which was soon sawed in two
and made ready.

Arthur's quick return was sufficient proof that
his bees were still there; and as soon as they were
as well equipped for such an emergency as could
be expected, they left the house, with the precau-
tions of the family still ringing in their ears.

Success attended their efforts; and Arthur, upon
their return home gave his father many compli-
ments (in his boyish way) for his courage. " Why,"
he said, "father even drew off his gloves, and act-
ually scraped the bees from the would-be hive, as,
in their haste, after tiiey once commenced enter-
ing it, many crawled up the sides."

The next thing to be done was to select a place
suitable for them. Finally it was decided to place
them under a large apple-tree in the rear and a
little to one side of the house. As nothing more
could be done until dark, each one took his ac-
customed place at the chores, which at least every
farmer-boy knows better of what they consist
than T have room here to describe. In due time
father and sou had the satisfaction of seeing the
bees placed in their assigned quarters. That night,
as Arthur and his brothers were reviewing- the day,
they thought they had enjoyed it as much after
all as if they had been permitted to attend what
entertainments the town afforded. Their mother
here remarked, " My boys, you will seldom regret
it if you willingly obey that which your parents
think is for your good."

Continued Dec. 15.

S86

GLEx\.Kl^GS m iiEE CULTURE.

Nov.

LETTER FBOM ONE OF OUR LADY
BEEKEEPERS.

WRITTEN FOR THE IN DIANA rOI, IS (ON VKNTK )N.
HUT NOT ITSED F(^l! WANT OK TIMF..

fllP^ followins? letter was I'orwaided us
• througli tile kiiulness of Mrs. Rob-
bins. You will notice the article was
written to be read at the convention,
and not to be published in Glean-
ings, which fact may induce our friends to
overlook the exceedingly kind words ad-
dressed to the editor of Gleanings:

Mrs. Casgandra Rohbins: Dear Madam:— The eve-
ning- that Gleanings of Sept. 15 came, among- oth-
er things of interest I read the extended notice and
programme of the N. A. B. K. Society, and again
1 was seized with a desire to accept j-our Ijind invi-
tation to attend the convention, and behold the
faces, and sit at the feet, and learn of my numer-
ous acquaintances which 1 have gained through
the medium of the American Bn Journal and
Gleanings.

But in that programme I did not find a certain
thing mentioned for consideration in which I
should suppose all Western bee-keepers would talje
unbounded interest; viz., manufactured comb
honey.

Two or throe years ago I mot an elderly gentle-
man from Kansas, who, knowing 1 w;ts an apiarist.
Informed me that people "out west" made honey,
comb and all, by machinery. I "disdouhted" his
statement, as the boy said, but failed to convince
him of his error, and you will pardon me if I could
not help smiling- while he was talking. It was
probably constitutional with him, so we must be
charitable, knowing that—

" Men are preverse and oncertain oreetcrs.
And forget that 'tain't likely to happen,
Their own private fancies
Can always be cappen ! "

Now, to take the aforesaid industry a little near-
er home:

In the American Bee Journal of .Ian. i:i 1^86, we
read: " I went to one grocer in this city who had
recently purchased from 0/ii«, 1000 lbs. of what ho
honestly supposed to be real honey, and convinced
him in five minutes that almost the entire ((uantity
was made up of syrup, deftly secured in comb. He
simply said, ' What are we coming- toV "

-' Who is here so base that woifld be a bondman V
If any, speak; for him hav;e I offended. J pause
for a rei)ly."

Mrs. Kobbins, jou are quite right, 1 believe, in en-
tertaining the idea that women are well adapted
to the pursuit of bee culture. Our brothers are
often a great help to us in this as in other callings,
and, withal, so self-sacrificing.

One day last July my little seven-year-oid niece,
Florence, was visiting here. A short time previous
she had been in tlie honey-house of a bee-keeper
not forty miles from here, who had recently ob-
tained a new machine in place of his old inferior
and perhaps slightly disabled one, which worked
admirahly; and, what do y9U think? Out of the
exceeding generosity of his great heart he told
Florence that that old machine would be just the
one for her aunt Marcia. Of course, my heart
went out in gratitude for his thoughtfulness in my
(?) behalf; but I was unable to see why I should not
invest my mone.v in a good machine as well a« he:

and up to this date the question stands open in my
mind. But such disinterested solicitude should not
go unrewarded.

Now, 1 am free to admit that 1 have a sort of ad-
miration for beekeepers as a class— men and wo-
men. I might name several of them, except for my
extreme bashfulness. But 1 will not refrain from
speaking- words of commendation for our estimable
friend, one of our fathers in apiculture— Mr. A. I.
Root.

I have never had the pleasure of seeing him ; but
how could I helplinowing him, after having seen
so many interesting places and things through his
pen— Mr. W. W. Rawson's cucumber-greenhouses
and hot-beds at Arlington, Mass., for instance.
W^hy, I almost wanted to begin work at once in a
greenhouse and garden of my own. And then I
should like to shake hands with him on the tobacco
question, for I, too, hate that weed. I wonder how
it is that he succeeds in helping so many to discon-
tinue its use. It can not be simply the gift of a
smoker, for that, in these chronic cases, would not
serve as a least inducement. But, above all, he seems
to be a man who lives his religion every day, and
his articles and little suggestions are so helpful to
us all who would know the better way, seek peace,
and love righteousness.

And now, in conclusion, allow me to briefly con-
gratulate all who have the pleasue of attending
your convention. May each be socially benefited,
and receive and impart largely of information. 1
hope you will not be denied the presence of any
" quantity " of patent-right men, with their various
wares— every one of whom has the best in the mar-
ket; for what is a lieokeepers' convention without
them I

Very cordially your bee-sister,

Shoreham, Vt. M.vrcia A. Douglass.

1 am very glad, my good friend, to know
that you are interested in cucumber green-
houses. I have oftentimes wondered wheth-
er the readers of Gleanings were interested
in following me through this (to me) won-
derful, and, in some respects, unexplored
region of vegetable life as well as insect-life.
I do think a small greenhouse would be next
to ;i piano or organ for every home ; and J
do not believe it would be money wasted
either, especially if the women-folks had en-
thusiasm enough to keep it neat and tidy.
Blue Eyes is just now on a big tease for a
little greenhouse. She can hardly think of
any thing else, and she and her papa bid
fair to revive the pleasant relations that ex-
isted l)etween them eleven or twelve years
ago. You see, she is now almost fourteen
years old. I had hoped she might liecome a
bee-keeper ; but if her taste should run to
floriculture instead, I will try to be con-
tent.—Bv the way, my good friend, are you
not a little uncharitaV)le toward that brother
who offered to sell you his old extractor V
May be he thought that, with your compara-
tively limited number of colonies, it would
answer just as well as a new one, and would
cost you very much less money.— I am much
obliged for "your very kind words. The to-
bacco business is God's work, not mine. 1
am very thankful that I have been worthy
of being used as an instruijient in his
hands.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

887

"HONEY IN TOO MUCH STYLE.

AtRS. (HADDOCK ALSO GIVES US A SENSIBl^K
TALK UPON THE BEST GIKL.

T WONDER if we are not getting our honey up in
(M. *°" mucli style. Style. is all right for rich peo-
^l pie who are able to afford it; but it seems to
"*• me that, when we get our honey into pound
packages, and then sell it to people who are
too poor to eat on a table-cloth, and who care noth-
ing whatever for style, we are making them pay
for something that they do not want.

Two or three weeks ago 1 sold a man a box of
honey. I drove up to his grocery and gave him the
box. and told him 1 would come back after I had
tied up the team, and attend to it. 1 did not get
back Qi/ite as soon as I expected, and when I did
I heard the conversation in the next room. The
man said. " May be she won't want you to cut it
out."

"I don't care v.hat she wants," said the woman;
" we buy the honey, and pay for it. We can't eat
the boards, and we're not going to pay for them.
If we have got to eat boards for a living, we can go
to the lumber-yard and get some cheaper than
these."

Here I went in, hoping to stop the desecration if
possible; but it was too late. 1 had been very care-
ful to get that nice honey all into good shape,
rejecting, as I prepared it for market, all the sec
tions that were not entirely sealed over, and leav-
ing out all in which a single cell was broken; and,
after all, to have it cut out and broken out and
punched out, with great big thumbs and fingers,
and dumped into a big bucket to settle down and
all run into each other, just to save paying for the
sections, was a little too much. 1 sustained my-
self as well as I could by repeating over to my-
self, "Cast not yonr pearls before swine," and,
" He that is filthy, let him be filthy still," and other
scriptural injunctions, but all would not do— J was
Hiad— not altogether from the money that the sec-
tions would bring, but the wooden-hoadedness of it
all. But I only said I'd know what kind of honey
to bring them in the future, and I'd cut it out at
home and bring it in in a bucket, and not have the
honey drip])ing all over town. Since then two
different parties have come here for honey, and
they both asked if I would not cut the honey out,
as the sections would be of no use to them. Just
then I thought of something, and said yes, I'd just
as soon cut it out as not ; and I went to one of those
60-lb. hives of drone-comb honey that I got when I
wann't following Mr. Hutchinson's method, and
vtd ottt all they wanted, charging them just the
same as if I had sold them the 1-lb. sections. Then
1 thought the matter ovei", and I have come to the
conclusion that, for a certain class of customers,
our honey is t<io fine, and next year I'm going to
have confdderahle of that hi() (lronc-f<hect hoiirn, and
I'm going to sell it to all the people who don't want
to i)ay for " the boards." I'll give them their
choice, and charge them the same price. May be
if I were as i)oor as some of these folks who ob-
ject to "the boards" I'd feel just as they do.
There's a great deal of human nature in folks any-
way.

MHS. CHADDOCKS LOW PUICE OF HONEY.

When I told in Gleanings what I was selling
honey for I little knew what trouble I wu" bringing
oil myself. First, I am scolded. Thi n i ■ i pie be-

gin to send to me for honey, and I have to write
and tell them that I ha\e no honey to ship; I have
no honey to mil. I have some honey on hand; and
when people are sick, or have a wedding, and
come to me for honey, I always let them have a
little. Now, friends, kind friends, dear friends,
don't any of you send to me for honey. I might
write to all of you, and explain how it is; but 1 am
almost always out of stamps; sometimes I have
letters to send awa3-, and have to wait two whole
weeks till the hens lay enough eggs to buy the
stamps with. Of course, friendly letters, and com-
plimentary letters, are jtleasant things to get,
although from strangers; but nobody seems
strange to me; and if you ai-e willing to wait on
the hens I'll answer them all. Hut when I get a
letter wanting honey, that .soiuk/.s like business,
and I feel bound to answer it. I mentioned the
price I was selling honey at, in one of the papers
that I write for under a ?Jom de \iliunc, and I re-
ceived a note that had been sent to the editor, ask-
ing him as a great favor to tell him who that wo-
man was. I thought, now here is an editor who
admires my style, and wants to hire me to write
for his paper, and maybe he'll pay me a hundred
dollars a year; and I sat down and wrote him an
awful sweet letter, telling him who I was; and then
he wrote that what he wanted was to buy some
honey of me. I felt blank, anf" answered him rath-
er shortly, I am afraid. So, dear friends, I like you
all; but poverty prevents my saying so in letters.

THE BEST GIUL.

I read last week, in Harper's Bazar, a lament by
the editor. She says that our best young men don't
miwry our hcst girls. She says that the poor young
men of the present are the rich and influential men
of the future, and that is true; but that these same
poor young men don't marrj' the hcnt girls is not
true. She says the reason that the poor young men
don't marry the rich young women, whom she
calls the hcst girls, is because the poor young
men cannot afford to buy the ten-dollar bouiiuets
that custom demands him to give his partner at a
ball; therefore he stays away, and the /»«( girls
have to hunt up somebody else. I know \ery little
about society in New York. I've had very few
ten-dollar bouquets presented to me; but I know
that the hest girls are not the society belles of New
York or any other city. The host girls comprise the
army of school-teachers who, about the middle of
September or the first of October, begin their work
in colleges, graded schools, and little red school-
houses all over the I'nited States. The /icsf girls
are in that other army of clerks in all the stoi-es of
the country and city. The hest girls go in hundreds
to work in our factories, dress-making establish-
ments, printing-offices, and in the service of the
Government. The Ut:st girls out in Dakota do
housework, and get from sixteen to twenty-four
dollars a month, besides their board. The hcst
girls are the workimj girls who don't want a ten-
dollar bou(|net; and iUi)i mai-ry our best young-
men. MAHAI.A 11. ("HAI>I)0(K.

Vermont. 111.

Mrs. ('.. you ui<i> reiiieiubff that I have
written at different times about what we
call '• chiiiik honey ; " that is, when we have
honey that we can not <?et into good shape
any other way, we cut it out into tin pans or
basins, so much in a jjan, and it has always
fTone off pretty quickly, at about two or three

888

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov

cents less than our comb honey in sections.
You remember that friend Chapman (of the
Chapman honey-plant celebrity) has always
sold his honey in the same way. He puts a
dollar's worth in a pan, and sells it, pan and
all, for a dollar.— I agree with your closing
remarks in regard to the " best girls."' If
there are any better girls in the world than
those we have in our establishment, there is
an encouraging future before the world just
now ; and I believe that it is pretty gener-
ally agreed that the girls who belong to
■• liooCs factory," for general worth and in-
telligence, are welcomed in any society in or
round about Medina. They are foremost in
all good enterprises ; they are conversant
with the current literature" of the day ; they
not ojily attend our best lectures, but they
are able to follow our brightest and best
thinkers ; they are foremost in our prayer-
meetings, churches, and Sunday-schools,
and they are able and willing and ready to
take hold of the great problems of the day.

SHADING HIVES IN WINTER.

FRIEND DOOLITTLE'S VIEWS ON THE SUBJECT.

« CORRESPONDENT wishes to know if it will
do any g-ood to shade hives, by way of pre-
venting bees from coming- out and dying on
the snow. To which I reply, Yes; and I
would also say that a shade of the right kind
is very beneficial in other ways. Some seem to
think that the sun does not warm up the interior of
a hive to any extent so as to disturb a healthy colo-
ny of bees; but from years of experience I am con-
vinced that such are mistaken. Even chaff hives
are warmed clear through their thick walls so as
to make the bees break their cluster and run about
the south side of the hive, along the warm material,
to such an extent that it often results in disease.
Especially is this true if the hive is painted any col-
or other than white; for the darker the color, the
more heat there is absorbed. I have repeatedly
looked into hives at about 3 p. m., on days when the
sun had been shining brightly; and although the
mei'cury then stood below the freezing-point in the
shade, the bees were lively and active across the
whole length of the front, or south side of the hive,
while the north side of the interior of the hive had
no bees about it, and that sidtvof the cluster was
unbroken. Besides this, many liecs would come to
the entrance, and, finding it warm and nice there in
the bright sunshine, out of the wind, would take
wing, only to be chilled as soon as they left that
comfortable nook, made so nice by the warm rays
of the sun. As night came on, the cluster was again
formed, only to be broken the next day, and so on,
until disease was contracted, or the colony materi-
ally injured from the loss of bees.

After watching proceedings for some time I be-
gan experimenting by shading the front of a part
of the hives, while others were left as before. All
those shaded were found (juiet, with an unbroken
cluster, at 3 p. m., while those not shaded continued
to parade along the south side of the intei-ior of the
hive, and fly out and get lost. I now shaded all of
the hives, since which I have been far more suc-
cessful in wintering. For a .shade I use a board
about one inch shorter than the front side of the
hive (hives face south), and a little wider than the

hive is deep. This board is set on the bottom-board
of the hive or the alighting-board, out about six
inches from the hive, when the tojj is leaned over
against the front of the hive. In this way there is
an average space of three inches all along the front
of the hive, so that a free circulation of air is allow-
ed, thus keeping the front of the hive as cool as the
back side. When snow falls, the entrance is not
clogged with it, and it also keeps strong winds from
disturbing the cluster and cooling the interior of
the hive by l)lowing in at the entrance. Again, it
allows all the old bees to come out of the hive to
die, as they always will do if they can, so that the
entrance is not so liable to get clogged with dead
bees. When it is really warm enough for bees to fly,
this board is no hindrances to them, but, on the con-
trary, it keeps the entrance in such a condition that
they can fly at any time when it is warm enough,
without any assistance from the apiarist by waj- ol
shoveling snow, etc. Inthe summer these boards
are left turned down right in front of the hive, so
as to give a large even surface for the bees to alight
upon, as well as to help in keejiing weeds and grass
down. I am so well pleased with them that I could
not think now of getting along without them. As
they will soon be needed, I give this in time so all can
try a few and see whether T am correct in my con-
clusion or not. G. M. Uoolittle.
Borodino, N. Y.

Friend D., I at one time thought a good
deal as you do ; but I have so many times
had, as 1 thought, abundant reason to think
that hives that stood in the sun did much
better than those that were on the north
side of the building, I concluded the sun
was a decided advantage in the end. Shad-
ing only the fyont of the hive in the way
you suggest, "may make quite a difference,
however. But, don't these broad shading-
boards warp up so as to get unsightly, when
one side is against the ground, and the oth-
er right under the blazing sun of summer?
1 know such a board keeps down weeds, but
it makes such a lurking-place for spiders,
toads, and other vermin, that we have sev-
eral times rejected them. May be you clamp
your shade-boards to prevent warping ; and
if so. we should be glad to know just how
you do it. We have never found the sun a
a detriment in our localitv.

THE SOLAR WAX-EXTRACTOR.

ALSO SOMETHING ABOUT THE USE OF KEKOSENE
FOU LIGHTING FIRES.

EAR MR. EDITOR:— I promised last summer
to report, at the end of the season, as to the
value of the solar wax-extractor which you
so kindly donated to our college. We like it
so well that hereafter we shall use no others,
except in a very limited way, just to show our stu-
de.its how they work. First, this extractor is so
convenient. It is ever ready, and we have only to
throw in our old combs, fragments, or cappings,
when, in a few hours, we have them all rendered
into the ver3^ nicest wax— no firing up, no possible
litter or muss, all clean and fresh, out in the pure
air, where room is unstinted.

Again, there is no danger of overheating and in-
juring the wax. Without the least watching or
cai'c, we arc sure of the very nicest of wax.

1886

GLEAXINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

8S9

We find it best to add only cuough eomb for one
day's rendering-. This gives us better results than
to till up the extractors, as in this way we get the
wax very clean and nice.

I have learned one little lesson Irom this wa.\-
e.\tractor experience. That is, when a man of the
ability, candor, and experience of (). O. Poppleton
recommends an instrunjent, practice, or system, it
is no part of wisdom to let the advice pass as an
idle tale. We ought to have had a solar wax-extruet-
<ir years ago.

It may be said, " Yes, wa.\-extractors are a good
thing for one with a few colonies of bees; but they
are not the thing for the ' big guns.' " I.do not sec
tlip force of this. If they are desirable at all, 1
ihink the.\' are for all. We can enlarge or multii>ly
the number of extractors, and thus secure the same
advantages in a large apiary that the solar extract-
or gives in a small bee-yard.

It seems to me that the style you sent leaves little
to be desired— a plain tin-lined bo.x with two hinged
covers, one a glass one, the other wooden, lined
with either a tin reflector or a glass mirror. I
would add a couple of iron strips, one at each end,
so that the upper cover could be held in just the
position desired.

KEKUSENE OIL.

I am glad you have told the readers of Gle.\n-
INGS how to light their smokers. The little oil-can
is safe, and its use saves much valuable time.
Knowing your desire to aid your readei-s in every
way, I wish to add a word as to the use of kerosene
oil. You know many use it to light the flres, espe-
cially in the kitchen stoves. I have seen several
parties turn kerosene right from the oil-can into a
stove, and in two cases there was abundant living
coals in the stove at the time, as shown by examina-
tion made upon the spot.

Our children were much amused the other day in
reading in their Youth's Companion of a man who
'• swore a terrible oath; he said, 'By hemlock.'" I
am sure such terrible swearing would almost be
warranted by the sight of such a criminally careless
use of kerosene. I say criminally careless, and I
mean it. It is a crime to thus endanger life
and property. In our own State there have been
several funerals in consequence of just this reck-
less use of kerosene. It is certain that no one ever
has a right to induge in so foolhardy a practice.

I wish now to give a modification of this method,
which is entirely safe, and which we find exceed-
ingly convenient. We roll up a small roll of cotton
cloth, about as large as a small orange, and satu-
rate this with kerosene. It is not necessary to add
so much oil as to cause the rolls to drip, or to be
unpleasant to handle. These are kept in a safe
place, in a close tin can; and as a dozen or so are
made at once, they are always ready for use. One
of these, laiil in a stove, and covered with the usual
stovewood, placed as required to make a good fire,
and the ball then ignited, will give us a good tire in
an astonishingly fiuick time. We value thes<' kero-
sene balls very highly. A. .1. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich.
Friend Cook, I knew, when Mr. Popple-
ton first told about the possibilities of the
st)lar wax-extractor, that they ought to ])e
offered for sale, and introduced generally;
but with the many burdens on my time and
brain I felt obliged to let it pass bv. and so
it went until it was revived bv soru"! 'mIv else.

— I heartily indorse your remarks in regard
to kindling tires with kerosene. The plan
you suggest is now in use in many families ;
and a still cheaper absorbent of the oil than
a ball of rags is corn-cobs cut up into pieces
two inches long. Put these in a pail or
stone Jar. and pom- on your kerosene. After
they have absorbed all they will, poin- off
the residue and they will never drip. 1 be-
lieve there was at "one time a patent on a
piece of pumice-stone fastened to the end
of a piece of wire. This is dipped in a ves-
sel (jf oil kept at some distance from the
kitchen stove. After the tire is lighted, the
stone is removed by the wire handle, and
can l)e used over and over again. One of
the advertisers in Gle.\nin<js uses a little
ball made of old newspapers.

SELLING BEES AT PUBLIC AUCTION.

SdME SUOCiESTIONS IN KEG.\UU TO MANAGtN(i
Sl'CH A SALE.

T HAD determined to reduce the number of my
i|l[ colonies, and also sell most of the stock
]ll on the farm, in order to devote more time
to the ministry. It became a matter of consid-
erable anxiety as to whether the bees would
sell for what they were worth, being late in the
fall (19th of Oct.), when I was to have a sale. Of
course, the surplus honey was all removed, and the
crates and supers all packed away into the honey-
house. The apiary wore a kind of deserted appear-
ance, as is usual when the season's operations are
over. I stated, in the sale-bills, that the hives
would all be carefully and plainly numbered, and
the purchaser's name placed on the hive, and that
I would winter the bees, and guarantee them in
good condition the 1.5th of April, 1887. I also Avent
over the apiary before the sale, and carefully
graded them— No. 1. No. ~, Italians; and No. 3,
hybrids.

The day of sale proved to be very fine and sunny,
and we had a large attendance. When we Anally
came to the bees the bids ran up to $.5.00 per colony
for the best, and all the No. 1 were taken at that
price. Then the No. 2 ran up *4.50 pei' colony, and
all of No. 2 were taken at that price.

The bidding was more tardy and lifeless on hy-
brids, but finally #:'...50 was reached, and quite a
number were taken at that figure. But I conclud-
ed not to urge the sale of them at that figure, and
so I have left on hand some 50 colonies, which 1
will keej) and Italianize next season.

The situation of the bee-keeper has been some-
what discouraging the past season, owing to the
depression of the market for honey. A great
many farmers saved their bees over last winter,
and nearly all have more or less, and quite a good
many had a surplus, and put it on the home market
at a low price, on account of its being in bad shape.

I forgot to- state that my terms of sale were 12
months without interest, and also that purchasers
bought only the lower story of hives, with the
option of taking the suri)his arrangements in the
spring, at the regular price. The prices may seem
low to many of luy brother bee-keepers; but then,
they were all dispose<l of in an hour; and consider-
ing the low price of all classes of produce, I don't
know but the bees sold for enough— at least, I feel
pretty well satisfied. I am at present kK-atecl

890

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

(for three or four weeks) in the northwest corner
of Iowa, holding' a series of meeting's. It was only
a few miles from here where, a short time ago, the
Rev. Geo. Haddock was so cruelly murdered for
his having taken au active part in seeing that our
prohibition law is carried out. The effect of the
assassination of this minister is to unite temper-
ance workers. Quite a number have expressed to
me here, that they have, only since they have
witnessed this cruel murder, had their eyes opened
to the real wickedness of the rum power.

This is a beautiful country— rather too new for
bees to do well, being- mostly fresh prairie lands
—not much white clover nor other honey-plants.

D. E. Brubaker.

Marcus, Cherokee Co., la., Oct. 30, 1886.

BACTEBIA.

FRIEND COOK THROWS SOME LIGHT ON THE SUB-
JECT OF REMEDIES FOR FOUL BROOD.

T THINK readers of Gleanings will be interest-
l^f ed in some e.vperiraents that have just been
^r carried on in our laboratory by one of my stu-

■^ dents. It may not be known by all that all
putrefaction, or decay, of organic substances
of animal orig-in is due to the development of mi-
nute veg-etable org'anisms, or so-called " bacteria."
These tiny plants scatter their still tinier seeds, or
spores, as they are called, which, as mere specks,
not visible at all except when highly magnified,
are borne everywhere by the air-currents, and so
are ever ready to fall upon any inviting soil, where
they may germinate. The Bacterium termo, which
looks like two links of a chain, finds the requisite
soil and conditions in dead animal tissues, and so
is ever ready to seize upon them. If the moisture
and heat are sufficient, growth and development
take place, the dead tissue is consumed, the bacte-
ria grow apace, and, as a result of the changes,
foul gases are given off', which quickly convey to
us, if we approach the seat of the phenomena, the
exact state of the case. Foul brood is much the
same, only there the fungoid growths are able to
fasten on to living organisms instead of dead
tissue. All organic matter is susceptible to such
attacks. Putrid or decaying milk suffers in the
same way. T. Landon Sanderson, a distinguished
English scientist, has just shown that milk is often
i-endered very injurious to infants if bottles are
used that have rubber nipples, especially if long
rubber tubes arc used. Bacteria develops in the
■milk Isft in the tube; these are carried to the stom-
ach of the babe, and often continue to swarm and
multiply in the alimentary canal, and so injure
if not victimize the helpless infant. Thus it is seen
that only such apparatus should be used in such
cases as can be thoroughly and perfectly cleansed
each time after use.

Seeing the statement In the DritMi lice Journal,
that not only carbolic acid and salicjlio acid, but
also coffee, would destroy bacteria, I asked one of
my students to test the matter. The following is
the result:

Ripe tomatoes were placed in water, and slightly
boiled. This decoction was then placed in several
tubes. In one phenol was placed; in another, sal-
icylic acid; in another, a strong decoction of coffee,
while a fourth was left exposed with no fungicide
ftddcd. Jn four days the last two tubes were cloud-

ed, while the other two remained clear. Examina-
tion, with a 010 power microscope showed that the
clouded liquids were the scene of extensive fun-
goid operations. Bacteria of several forms were
rolling and i)ushing and scrambling by and over
each other, reminding one of a pond full of most
active wrigglers, or poiliwogs. This is a most
wonderful sight. We take no more water than the
smallest drop, and place this between two glasses,
placed flat, the one on the other, and yet, wonder-
ful to relate, we see millions of these little wrig-
glers sailing about as though the world were be-
fore them, so small are these minute fungi. Simi-
lar examination showed that tha clear liquid had
no such miniature life. Thus, while carbolic acid
and salicylic acid will pre\ent the development
of these minute fungi, coffee did not seem to do so.

Some of the cloudy liquid was then placed in
each of these tubes, to which was added carbolic
acid, salicylic acid, and strong coffee, rcspectivelj'.
In a few hours the odor and life had all disap-
peared from the two first tube.?, while in the tube
with coffee the life and odor were still present.
Thus we conclude that coffee is worth more to
nourish our bodies and tickle our palates than to
destroy foul brood or other bacteria. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, Mich., Oct. 30, 1886.

We are very glad indeed, friend C, to
hear of these experiments; and while they
do not indicate positively that carbolic acid
and salicylic acid are antidotes for foul
brood, it very much strengthens the idea. I
have all along felt that the suggestions
tlirown out, tliat coffee might prove a rem-'
edy for foul brood, was a mistake, and I am
glad that you have shown by actual experi-
ment that it has no effect one way or the
other on bacteria. Now, are we to under-
stand that an infusion of tomatoes, such as
you made, will, after being exposed to a
warm temperature three or four days, al-
ways give l)irth to these same forms of bac-
teriaV If so, I suppose the explanation
would be that th'e spores of these lower
forms of life are always lloating about in the
atmosphere. If this is so, we are forced to
conclude that the frosts of winter have no
effect in destroying the life of these spores,
and I believe this is true in regard to real
foul brood. A heat equal to boiling water,
however, if I am correct, destroys all insect
and vegetable life. Boiling water is, there-
fore, the only safe means of rendering hives
and utensils, that have been in contact with
foul brood, harmless for future use. I pre-
sume we are to undeistand from your re-
marks, that phenol and carbolic ((c«Z are vir-
tually one and the same thing— at least, you
seem to use the terms indiscriminately.

I would place the use of common salt, as a
remedy for foul brood, in the same category
witli coffee. It has been suggested, that
foul brood is caused by lack of common
salt. Now, this is surely not so in our case,
for we have been in the habit for years of
killing weeds in front of the entrances of
the hives with salt; and perhaps two or
three barrels have been used for the pur-
pose. Every time we have a light shower,
the bees have salt water to their hearts' con-
tent, right before their noses. , Shall we not
let reason take the place of using drugs in
the dark, in the hope that we may pos-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

891

sibly blunder on something that will hit the
spot?

^ I ^

FRIEND GOULD'S SECTIONS.

.1. B. MASON GIVES HIS OPINION OF THEM.

TN looking over Gleanings of Nov. 1, page 8.58, I
j^ find a descriptiou aiul also an Illustration of
^i the Huteliins box, as described by Ralph E.
"*■ Gould. In these new things that are coming
up daily, we want to learn all their good points,
also all their had points; and this is what our jour-
nals are for, that we may communicate with each
other and thereby save others the expense of going
over the same ground to try things that have been
tested and found faulty. Gleanings has saved me
hundreds of dollars in this way. If Gleanings cost
$25.00 per year 1 should consider it the best invest-
ment I could v'ut $25.00 to, and here are some who
can't afford to. pay $1.00 lor it, or, at least, they
think they can't. Well, all I can say is, it is poor
judgment on their part. But, to return to the
Hutchins box.

In justice to friend Gould I will say I have never
used this style of section, so due allowance should
be made in any thing I may say of the box. Possi-
bly I might like it better after using it.

At our State Fair was the first time I ever saw the
bo.x filled with honey. Friend Gould had quite a
large display of honey in this style of section, on
exhibit and to sell; also one case holding these
boxes, that had been on the hive, and filled, or par-
tially filled. This honey was placed alongside of
my exhibit. We were allowed to sell honey at
wholesale and by the box, also by the plate. And
right here I owe you thanks, friend Koot, if not
money, for the description of how you sold honey
at the fair. I tried it, and it proved a perfect suc-
cess. Friend Gould was away most of the time, and
I looked after his exhibit. He gave me liberty, if I
came short, to sell from his. I offered some of his
to those purchasing a box, to carry away; but I
found, first, that people wanted to see that hidden
side; second, that, in removing the cover as care-
fully as one could without extra care, the section
was so trail that it would twist enough to crack the
cappings of the honey and set it to leaking; third,
that the shape of the box with the cover on is such
that it is naturally carried on its side, and that the
honey was badly broken. I found that pec pie
chose the open section, and had it done up in a
paper, at the same price, feeling that they were
getting more for their money, although that might
have been partially the light weight, as I found
these sections did not contain nearly a pound.
Judging from the feeling, I can hardly see how
those sections bring readily 2 cts. per pound more,
as friend G. saj'S. The case on exhibition was not
very attractive, as it was. These boxes were so
thoroughly cemented together with propolis that it
looked to be (juite an undertaking to get out the
boxes and clean them. Friend Gould says that
separators cost $1..50 per 100. He obtains with the
box nothing but wood separators, which can be ob-
tained tor 75 cts. per hundred. Then he speaks of
the boxes coming all put together, as though this
were an advantage, which I should consider a de-
cided objection on account of their bulk. It might
do for one who lived near the manufacturer, as
friend Gould does; and as for shipping honey, no

device that conceals the honey entirely from sight
is practicable. I received a lot of comb honey from
one of our leading honey-merchants last year, in
which the honey was packed in a box entirely from
view, and might have been taken for a box of iron
or stone, and it got such usage that it was entirely
smashed up. Now, if this honey had been shown
by glass at the sides it would not have been thrown
around by the railroad men as it was.

Mechanic Falls, Me. J. n. Mason.

I am very much obliged to you, friend M.,
not oidy for the kind words you j>ive us in
the outset, but for tlie report you make in
regard to the practical woiking" of Gcudd's
system of getting comb lioney. I did think
of the light section, but forgot to mention it.
Of course, they could be manufactured of
heavier material, without probal)ly increas-
ing the expense very much. I also omitted
to note the excessive freight charges that
purchasers would have to pay on boxes set
up. Notwithstanding this, however, we
send out a good many sections folded up,
with starters put in. We had a little experi-
ence some time ago in receiving lioney by
rail, that was boxed up tight so no one could
get a glimpse of the contents. It turned
out about as you mention.

BUZZING AND HUMMING.

HOW DO BEES UTTER AUDIBLE SOUNDS?

"Up S there is some interest just now as to the
gll^ sounds made by bees, it may not be out of
J^ place to quote from Frank Cheshire's excel-
■*^^ lent book. On page 149, Vol. I., he says:
"It would be extremely erroneous to con-
clude that the wings alone, or even mainly, give
out a note." " Landois recognized three tones in
the flight sound. The fii-st produced by the wing-
beats; the second, sharper in character, by the
vibrations of the abdominal wings; the third, the
most acute and intense, from the action of the true
vocal apparatus, placed in the stigmatic orifices."
He says the wings undoubtedly do the buzzing,
but the humming is as clearly the outcome of a
special apparatus connected with the breathing-
tubes, and that this humming, which may not in-
aptly be called the bee's voice, is caused by muscu-
lar contractions within the thorax, these contrac-
tions being the same that cause the wings to vi-
brate. This may sufficiently account for the
tremulous motion of the wings spoken of by G. M.
Doolittle (Gle.\isings, p. J^i55), without attributing
it to the tremor of the body. Indeed, when the
queen is piping, no movement of the body can bo
seen, as I certainly think would be the case if the
tremor of the body were sufficient to cause such
plainly visible motions of the wings.

packing bees in i>ong boxes.

On page 8t!l, Arthur W. Jewett tells about pack-
ing hives in long boxes, letting the bees have
winter fiights from these, and then taking out the
hives in spring, and setting them en the summer
stands. Among my dreams of plans for wintering
without hauling home my bees to put in cellar, is
one which consists in having a long box, or hive,
chaff hive if you please, say ten feet long, and thus
having a capacity of perhaps HO combs. In one end
of this would be put a colony of bees on 4 or 5

HK

gleani:ngs in bee culture.

Nov.

combs, having abundance oC stores;, then a boo-
tight division boai-d made of ^s-ineh boards, then
another colony, and so on. This v/ould allow 12 or
ir> colonies to bo packed in a length of 10 feet, and
the box or hive might be made double, having a
central board running the whole 10 feet, and serv-
ing as the back for each hive. Thus there would
be great economy of heat, each colony helping to
keep its neighbor warm; but a serious practical
objection in my mind has always been that these
colonies could not be moved in spring or early
summer without Hying back to their old location.
As Mr. Jewett has had practical experience on this
very point, T should like to ask him what has been
his experience. Is there no loss of bees from fly-
ing back when the hives are moved in the spring?
and if so, what is done to prevent it ?

DOES CELLARING LESSEN THE VIGOR OF BEES ?

I have heard some claim, that, of two colonies,
wintered the one on its summer stand and the
other in the cellar, exactly alike in the fall, the
cellar bees would be more tender in the spring
from lack of exposure, and, as a consequence,
■would build up more slowly than the others. If
there is any truth in this, it ought to be taken into
account in comparing the two methods of winter-
ing. If Ernest should conclude to cellar some
colonies, I wish he would especially notice as to
this point in spring.

S.VLT FOR BEES.

Until this year I never tried giving salt to bees.
During the past summer, however, I found in the
bees' drinkjng-pail "wigglers." or mosquitos, in
the larval state. To prevent this I threw a good
quantity of salt in the water. The bees worked
away at the water, and some of them worked di-
rectly on the piles of wet salt, which, lying on
pieces of wood, had not yet dissolved. To find out
whether any of them were after salt more than
clear water, I put a pail of clear water beside the
salt water. Scarcely any bees worked on the fresh
water; but bees are always slow to commence on a
new place, so I made the fresh and salt water
change places, an<l in a little while the salt water
appeared to be the favorite. 1 had never before
thought that bees need salt; but where there is an
eagerness to obtain something, it is pretty good
evidence that they need it. I am aware that every
now and then some one raise.-* the cry that salt
is injurious, especially to the human family: and
while 1 believe that. lik«! almost e\ery thing else,
an excess may be injurious, a certain amount i.s
required. 1 accept as a literal truth, the words of
our Savior, " Salt is good." C C. MilI/ER.

Marengo, 111., Nov. :!, lS8fi.

Friend M., the idea of packing bees in
long l)oxes has been tested pretty thorougli-
ly ; and one of the obstacles in the way. if
not the grenl obstacle, is loss of bees by
changing their location, both when they are
put in this long box, and when they are tak-
en out and put in regular hives. If the bees
were carried throe or four utiles, however,
when putting them in and taking them out,
T think this trouble would be perfectly rem-
edied. You would, howevei', be obliged to
have the bees and (,'ombs in a movable case
that could be lifted out of your long box.
and carried to its destination before they are
allowed to fly. I am inclined to think it will
be found almost too much machinery.—

When 1 practiced cellar wintering, and com-
pared it with outdoor wintering, I was in-
clined to think the colonies wintered out-
doors were, as a rule, in the best condition,
when ready for honey -gathering. — Many
thanks for you clear and satisfying experi-
ment, to prove that bees prefer salt water to
pure water. Now, 1 should like to know if
you made any experiments to see just how
much salt had better be used — say to a pail-
ful of water. I, too, believe that salt is good ;
and it seems to please our domestic animals
so much that I would give it to them as I
give them apples, even if I did not believe it
to be conducive to their health.

WINTERING.

BROOn-REARINO LATE IN THE F.4LL NOT ALWAYS
A NECESSITY FOR SAFE WINTERING.

BUT of 77 colonies and 3 nuclei, my only loss
last winter was three queens. I used the
queens in the nuclei, and doubled the re-
maining colony with another. 1 have now 76.
The bees were wintered in a temporary cave,
which, for the benefit of some, it maj' not be out of
place to describe here.

1 have no land of my own as yet, so I can not
build a cellar with underground ventilator, etc., as
I should like to do. I made my cave 3 feet below
the surface, 10x16. Three upright posts were placed
on each side, and three rafters were laid on top of
these. The sides of the cave were the only support
to the posts. Boards were laid around the outside,
and banked up with straw and earth to the top.
The roof was made by laying boards on the rafters,
then 3 inches of chaff, and then another layer of
boards, lapped, to keep out the rain. It was 6 ft.
high inside, roof slanting one way; a door in the
end, and two blind ventilators, completed the cave.
I have used it successfully the last two winters,
and would much prefer it to any cellar under a
house, which is used for general storage— any thing
except a cellar built expressly for bees. Old
cellars usually have more or less foul air, while in
this cave the air is jjure, and it never reaches the
freezing-point. I do not think the thermometer
fell below 40°, any time last winter.

I can build such a cave in two daj's, by using new
IH-ft. lumber; and it would surely pay any one,
having thirty or more colonies, to build such a cave,
if bees have no better place for winter quarters.

My bees are all in Gallup ten-frame hives. The.\-
were contracted to six and seven frames. I tilled
the space behind the division-board with chatf, and
chaft' covers, with four inches of loose chaff on top.

BROOD AND YOUNG ItEES.

We read a great deal about colonies having plen-
ty of brood and young bees previous to their going
into winter quarters. With this I heartily agree;
but I made some observations last fall that were
not quite in accordance with it. The first week in
September, 1?8.5, was \v\y cool, and the bees
huddled close on the combs. Then the weather be-
came very warm, and honey came in so fast that
the brood-comb was tilled as fast as the young bees
hatched out. Extra combs were given, but it seem-
ed as if honey were stored every wht-re, and several
of my best queens could not be induced to com-
mence laying again. 1 reasoned that, if the queen

188G

GLEAKINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

893

stopped laying iu the early fall, she would com-
mence sooner in the spring- (honey being plentiful
and of good quality), and I think my reasoning
correct; for when those hives were set out this
spring they were full of bees, all had abundance of
brood, and are among the best I have. Most of the
hives hatched brood three and four weeks later,
hut were no better.

Some advocate having one or two empty combs
in the center of the biood-nest, for clustering. I
gave nine combs full of honey. The bees hung
below and close to the entrance. I presume empty
combs are l)eneficial when bees are wintered out of
doors; but in the cellar I should not deem it neces-
sary. Roland Sherbuhne.

Lone Tree, Johnson Co., Iowa.

Friend S., your wintering-cave is not un-
like many that liave been described before.
The objections are, the general untidiness
of such a temporary arrangement, and also
that, during many winters, they do not
seem to have kept the frost out suftlciently.
Quite a number of the veterans have decid-
ed that they not only want a building above
this repository, but they want a fire kept in
that building. I believe you are a smarter
man than most men whom we ordinarily
come across, if you can build such a struc-
ture as you describe, and have it frost-proof,
and do the work in two days ; yet 1 know
from my own experience how much even an
ordinary man can accomplish when his heart
is really in the work.

^ I —

CATNIP TEA VERSUS HOT "WATER.

A TjETTek from dr. higbie again, on the whys

AND wherefores IN THE t^SE OF MEDECINE.

^TrTEALTH is one of the greatest olessings that a
*l^ person can enjoy in this life, and a great
JSI many people enjoy it for a long term of
■*■"''*■ years without knowing or caring whether it
is preserved or not, and regard it as throw-
ing money away to obtain information in that di-
rection. Without health, the prospect of doing-
much gooil in the world is rather small, and it
should be the duty of every one to study to live up
to the conditions that will secure healtli. I think it
wrong to teach that, because we have sickness in
the world, it is not possible to avoid it. If God dotes
allow sickness to come upon us, he has, on the
other hand, gi\en us reason and intelligence to pre-
pare against and neutralize it. We have it in our
power to investigate in such a thorough manner
that it may be speedily removed when it comes,
and also to avoid the conditions that are sure to
produce it. The science and philosophy of preven-
tion is much more valuable than the science and
philosophy of cures. If people had the interest,
and would make use of the means, and spend as
much time to prevent sickness as thej' do to cure
themselves when sickness exists, there would be
much less suffering in the world, a large amount of
valuable time saved for chosen pursuits, and a great
many less doctors in the way, and fewer doctor-
bills to pay.

Now, Brother Hoot, you have asked for more light
on the subject of medicine, and, to make a point,
you have asked a stupendous question: "Suppose
I should drink a gallon of the strongest catnip tea
that could he mafU, inside of 2i hours, would it do me

any harm?" Now, tlrst, let us look at the quan-
tity; second, the conditions. The quantity would be
.5'^ ounces every hour, of the "strongest tea that
could be made." The conditions would be twofold
—first, on the side of the tea; second, on the part of
the system. If the tea were taken warm it would
have one effect; if hot, another; and if cold, still
another. If taken warm, the effect would be nau-
sea and sweating; if hot, such a terrible relaxation
of the cutaneous vessels would follow, that the
whole system would suffer: unless the cooling pro-
cess were carefully guarded, I should have no desire
to be the victim— the condition would be extremely
dangerous; if taken cold, the effect would be tonic
and stimulant. A woman ct)uld do two washings in
one day under the inHuence of such tea, but she
would not feel like washing her hands the next. 1
have known many women to drink an extra stroinj
cup of tea on washing-daj-, and do no more work
for a week. The philosophy of this process is plain.
Over-stimulus incites to overexertion, and both
are injurious to health. You again ask, "Does not
the warm drink do the work, many times, when the
catnip has the credit?" I answer: If warm water
possessed the properties needed to meet the condi-
tions and wants of the system, that would he just
the remedy; if it did not possess those properties,
it would be no remedy at all, and valuable time
would be lost. It is an admitted and well-known
fact, that different substances possess different
properties, and that different diseases demand dif-
ferent treatment. For a recent cold, a remedy that
will open the pores and pi'oduce sweating is just
till- irmrdii; but who would think of using the same
remedy for rheumatic or typhus fever, for inflam-
mation of the eyes, or a sore toe ? Now, when a
fellow feels a "tremendous cold coming on," a
rush for the stove, well fired up, is a rush in the
right direction; and that "dipper of hot water with
the feet in the oven" is a valuable remedy just at
this time, and the circumstances comhine to make
quick work of that cold. The only unfortunate cir-
cumstance is, that the oven is only large enough to
admit the feet. Now T am sure if some of that hot
water in the dipper, say a pint, were turned upon
half an ounce of dried catnip top, and used freely
as the water, after steeping about three minutes,
you would find a great improvement in the treat-
ment, liecause the jjlant possesses properties that
the water does not, and in-oi)erties that are indicated
strongly, and must be brought into use by employ-
ing some agent. I would not attempt to discard or
lessen the use or benefit of water in its many modes
of application, when directed by experience and
good judgment; neither would I attempt to discard
or lessen the value of any of the long-tried, well-
tried, and successfully tried products of the vege-
table kingdom. The majority of the best-known
remedies in the world to-day are from the veg-
etable kingdom, and freely acknowledged as such
by every medical school except the " Hydropathic."
Water is the world's panacea in their estimation,
and nowhere can any thing be found that is of
equal value. Every pain can be stopped, every ex-
alted condition can be reduced, and those too much
reduced can be brought up to a healthy standard.
Theory is beautiful, but practical benefits are more
so. God has given us a beautiful vegetable world,
and the value of their medical properties should be
prized as highly as their external beauties, and the
immense range of application where these proper-

894

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Xov.

ties may bo eruployed to meet the wants cl' the hu-
man famils' are equally great as tlie range of the
beautiful. Ueauty is the value of the one, and
healing and cleansing energy the value of the
other. Heauty can ri^e no higher, for the zenith is
reached. Philosophy and chemistry are luxuri-
ant plants, and are rising to grander and more sys-
tematic proportions every day. N. L. Hiobie.
Elsie, Mich.

Friend 11., perhaps I was careless in say-
ing a gallon in -14 hours. I simply meant,
suppose I should drink lots of catnip tea. 1
admit, that you are right in one part of your
reasoning; namely, that while a dipper of
hot water would be an excellent thing for a
severe cold, e.xperience and common sense
would indicate that it would have no effect
whatever on a sore toe. If, however, in-
stead of drinking the water, we dip the toe
in it, [ think it might have some effect.
Very likely catnip has properties such as you
suggest, and that it will hit the spot when
such a remedy is needed, but produce no
effect whatever when not needed. I believe
in doctors, and we send for one occasionally ;
but [ confess it is witli a good deal the same
feeling I should try to do something for a
severe bee-sting. See my answer to G. A.
Parrand, on page 903.

FOUL BROOD.

NOT CAUSED UV UNTIDINESS.

Jlp LTHOUGII I have never had any foul brood
gill since I have kept bees in this country, my
1^' e}'e (as a mattter of custom) is so suspi-
cious that I should likely notic3 it as soon
as opening such a hive, however little
affected, or even outside. The reason is, that
we were so much troubled with it the time 1 first
learned how to work with bees, f^ome beekeepers
think that foul brood (if they believe in such a
thing at all) is the consequence of untidiness about
the hive; yes, some smart ones tell nie that there
is no need of getting such a thing. Such ones will
find out, without need, where bee-keeping begins,
as anybod3' in a good locality, and in a good season,
can " milk the bees " with an extractor, and lose
half in winter. This latter is not even necessary
in a warm climate. I consider the last-named
point of 10) times the importance of examining
the bees before winter to see that every colony has
a good queen, as even an expert can see that, very
near to the entrance of his hives. Even suppose a
colony would have no queen, it would l)e of little
or no future consequence; whereas, if one colony
had contracted foul brood, and it were overlooked
in the spring also, the next season the whole apia-
ry would likely bo afiFccted, and worse yet; his
neighbors' also, and finally he would sell some of
his honey far away for some one to feed his bees
with, or rob it from some grocery-store. You see,
frienil Koot, I think that every bee-keeper should
know something about foul brood, as well as that
every doctor should know something about cholera
morbus. In youi- own case J think the most and
least work you can do (as is the rule in many cases),
is to do nothing, comparatively, as the season is,
so to say, near with you, and not ship or sell any
bees anyhow this season. 1 would only keej) an
eye on the affected and suspected ones, and ex-

amine such with customary care, and treat them;
mark each, and keep them strictly separate. After
all have gone out of brood, it is an easy matter
to detect any affected ones, should there be any.
It would be too much of a risk to open so many
now, on account of robbing; for in hard times for
bees they will often smell and try hard to enter
hives the next day that have Vieen opened the eve-
ning previous. The bees of any affected colony
found in the fall can be shaken out from the
combs; and, after a day's fasting in a box, put on
a sufficient number of clean combs, and feed on
good honey or sugar for winter.

1 do not as yet take any stock in curing foul
brood with acids; and even if it could l)e done, 1
consider it too laborious, without any apparent
reward, especially since we have foundation; but I
would put a few drops of acetic acid in the feed
to prevent or expel bad odors from the hive, which
is also a sure preventive for keeping sugar syrup
from granulating The odor is, or seems to be,
very much liked by the bees, as well as by most
men. I have always used it when ] had to feed
any sugar for winter. A slight scent of this agree-
able odor will remain in the hive all winter.

Hammonton, N. J. C. H. Luttgens.

Friend L., I am glad you have called at-
tention to the very serious consequences
that may result from a little carelessness
where foul brood is around. Prevention is
surely better and easier than cure, especial-
ly w'here you contemplate curing a whole
apiary or a whole neighborhood.

FRIEND TUTTLES PHOTOS OF PROM-
INENT BEE-MEN.

SOME COllKEf^TIONS IN KEOARD TO OUR NOTICE.

NOTICE in the last number of Gi.eaninos
your remarks on my new photograph of bee-
keepers. While I thank you for some of the
things you have said in its favor, I think you
have done me an injustice by representing it
to he essentially the same as yours. You sa^' a
Imye propnrtidn of the pictures are the same as are
in your medley, while, in fact, only 26 persons out of
the 120 are in your medley at all, and 20 of these are
copied from photos taken since your medley was
made; so in realit}' there are only six in mine that
are the same as they are in yours; namely, Kirt-
land, Wagner, Parsons, Grimm, ('ary, and Gallup.
I have been very careful to secure good portraits,
and many of them were taken on purpose for me.
I have also been careful to use only such as have
become well known by reputation (one or two ex-
cepteil). Instead of giving the size of my pictui-e
as 11x14, which it really is, you have measured the
bare print, and called it 8!4xll ; while your picture,
measured in the same way, would be flxlO'i, instead
of UxU, as you advertise. E. O. Tutti.e.

Bristol, Vt., Nov. !t, 1886.

Friend T., I had no thought of doing any-
body an injustice ; but, of course, I did not
take time to count up the names as you
have done. In regard to the size, if you and
I, both of us, have been giving the size of
the cardboard on which the photograph is
pasted, I think we had both better be
straightened up, and I thank you for calling
our attention to the error in our price list.

188G

GLEANINGS IN JiEE CULTURE.

895

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOING IT.

Continued from Oct. IS.

CHAPTER XXVI IL

Wise men laj' up knowledg'e.— Pnov. 10: U.

and as many have ; put out cucumbers which were started in the
greenliouse. It took some little time for the
roots to get down into the reservoirs be-
neath ; but when they did, they gave an
enormous crop of cucumbers, which grew so
rapidly sometimes that we picked them eve-
ry day. These cucumbers, coming much in
advance of any raised in the open air, sold
readily at a good price.

After the cucumbers, we raised a tine lot
of turnip-plants ; and when these were put
out in the open tield the bed was cropped
with lettuce, which now covers the ground,
and the plants are so lai'ge and thrifty that
they are an astonishment to every passer-by.
The year is not up yet, and will not be until
next February ; yet this ground has given us
Jive paijing crop^, and many of the crops not
only paid, but they paid handsomely. Of
course, the ground was heavily manured.
The two feet of soil that covers the stone
reservoirs contained, perhaps, six inches of
manure ; but, my friends, will, it not pay,
and especially will it not pay for those who
have time on their hands, with nothing to
do V And this book, as you may rem'ember.
is written mainly for this class.

xV squash -vine, started in the greenhouse,
and put out in June, made very slow growth
for a time, but it finally started an immense
squash, which in time got so heavy that it
broke the vine that bore it — said vine being
run over a trellis. I told father Cole about
it, and he said I should have made a plat-
form or shelf under the squash. Another
one grew to an enormous size, and we finally
sold about half a dozen in all from one vine.
The quality was excellent.

Some time in the latter part of July or
fore part of August a pumpkin-vine came up
of itself. Nobody thought it could possibly
ripen any pumpkins ; but the single vine
produced six, and ripened them all. The
gi'owth was most astonishing. I presume
vines of all kinds send their roots down at
once into the reservoirs ; and when they get
there they make a growth that is really sur-
prising. Some strawberry-plants were start-
ed in March, ami they bore a crop of fine
large berries, but we expect greater results
from these next season. Pie-plant promises
wonderfully. We have not tested the matter
oil asparagus, but propose to another season.

It is now November
inquired in regard to the Avorkings of the
New Agriculture during the past summer.
I will go over the ground a little. In the
first place, I have been much better pleased
with its working on the low ground, inclin-
ed to wetness, than on the uplands and hill-
sides. Perhaps this is largely owing to the
fact that the summer of 188(5 has been an ex-
ceedingly dry one, especially in many locali-
ties— so much so that our reservoirs became
perfectly dry, and but few of the rains were
sutticient in volume to fill them up. Under
these circumstances the ground was simply
excellently underdrained, and nothing more
—that is, so far as the reservoirs were con-
cerned. Mixing manure through the soil to
a depth of 18 inches or 2 feet produces won-
derful crops, as a matter of course ; but our
beds near the factory, where exhaust steam
was permitted to go under them, were cov-
ered with such a depth of earth over the
reservoirs that the roots of but few plants
could reach the water. The reason of put-
ting our reservoirs so low was, as I have be-
fore explained, to avoid injuring the plants
by too much heat.

We commenced planting seeds and putting
out plants, as you may remember, some time
in February. Peas were planted in the open
ground over these reservoirs, Feb. 10, and
they yielded a crop of nice pods the fore part
of April. Cabbage-plants taken from the
greenhouse, and put beside the peas at the
same date, were, for a time, protected by a
sash to harden them off; but after two or
three weeks they, too, were allowed to stand
without any protection. They were repeat-
edly buried up in the snow, but the ground
did not freeze, owing to the heat underneath.
The plants made a vigorous growth, and
were just as good as cold-frame plants, so far
as I could discover. A few were left on this
ground, producing heads of cabbage in April
that weighed, some of them, 10 lbs. : and as
we received for them 3 cts. per lb., we got oO
cts. for a few single heads of cabbage.

After the cabluige we put on beets and
lettuce, of which I have written you. The
lettuce sold readily in May at ."> cts. pei' head
each. You will remember we started an-
other crop between the rows when wo were
marketing one cro)i. After the lettuce, \vf

890

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

Such a plot of ground may be worked on,
not only evenings, but on rainy days. If it
rains hard, fix a temporary covering over
you, of the shutters or sash, used in the win-
ter time. Of course, the aid of exhaust
steam, such as we use, will not very likely be
at the command of many of our readers;
but this exhaust steam is of no particular
use from the Hrst of April until the first of
October ; and l)y the aid of sash we can
make plants grow nicely through March and
October — yes, and through a great part of
November, without bt)ttom heat, especially
where we have ground that is enriched to
two feet in depth.

Perhaps the greatest satisfaction I have
received in the use of the New Agriculture
has been in making the swamp-holes and
waste places on our 18 acres the most pro-
ductive spots we have. When I bought the
place, a small stream which we call Champi-
on Brook meandered across our low ground,
traveling over more than twice the distance
it would make in going straight across, as
such brooks usually do. In fact, our whole
creek bottom has been at different times
washed over and cut up by this Champion
Brook. AVell, my first work six or seven
years ago was to make Champion Brook go
straight from where it came on to my land,
to the point where it passed off. This left
the old creek-bed, and in many places it had
washed great holes down to the bed-rock.
These holes have been a bother and a nui-
sance until the present season. During the
past summer, as I have told you. we have
scooped out the contents, clear down to the
rock, in many places, and I tell you it was
real fun to do it — especially as the dry sea-
son greatly favored the work. These holes
were then a receptacle for all the stone, tin-
ware, boots, and shoes, and every thing that
could be collected on the plTice ; and during
the past season we have been grubbing out

the stumps, and using them to fill these gul-
lies and holes. We make the surface level,
then cover it with tinware, or something
that will not decay, then down come the
banks to the sides, until we can run both
plow and cultivator right over them, with-
out any danger of striking or tearing up the
stumps or tinware. Of course, these holes
are full of water, or, at least, as full as the
outlets described in Chapter V. allow them
to get. We want the water to come within
a foot or IS inches of the surface of the soil,
but no higher. Our crops over these places
have been wonderful. I was pleased to see
even friend Terry express his admiration
and satisfaction at the looks of my potatoes,
celery, and other crops. Celery seems to
revel in such a situation. Our plants on the
creek bottom are to-day looking as bright
and green as they have been during any
part of the year, and it is now the 2d day of
November. Last week we dug some roots
that weighed fully 3 lbs. each. At 5 cts. per
lb. this is 15 cts. per root, which makes quite
a satisfactory return for labor and capital
employed.

In order to see whether our celery compar-
ed favorably with the best raised anywhere
else, I have had samples of the finest from
Michigan, from Cleveland. O., and even from
the Arlington market-gardens, near Boston.
Some of the Arlington celery weighed 3 lbs.
to the root; but it was on account of the
enormous suckers growing around the sides.
I should call ours ahead of anything that we
have seen. Of course, fine tilth, with plenty
of moisture, and not too much, are not the
only things wanted: we must have manure
also ; and I think it will pay well to manure
the very best ground that can be found any-
where—at least, such is my experience. And
this brings us to a second consideration of
the subject of manures, for our next chap-
ter.

CHAPTER XXIX.

And the dresser of his vinej-ard said unto him, Lord, let it alone this year also, till I shall di^ about
it, and dunjr it.— Luke 13:8.

I have given the above little verse a place
here, not to point you to the moral contained
in the parable, but to call attention to the
fact that it was customary, even at the time
the Savior was upon the earth, to use the
dung from animals for enriching the soil, and

for the encouragement of vegetation. In for-
mer chapters I have given you something of
a talk on manures. In this chapter I propose
to discuss saving and making manures on
our own premises. Of course, the market-
gardener will expect to buy a good deal of

1856

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

897

manure ; but as a penny saved is a penny
earned, lie should by all means economize
every scrap and every product on his own
place. I used to think I never wanted a
pig on the premises; in fact, my taste did
not run that way. When 1 was a boy it used
to be my business to care for the pig. and
perhaps I naturally became prejudiced, be-
cause it was a kind of work I never enjoyed.
A great many times I forgot to feed the pig.
How differently we look at things when we
become an interested party ! For a good
many years, one after another of my men
would tell me, '' Mr. Hoot, you should keep
a pig ;■" or, " Mr. Root, you throw away trash
enough all the while to keep a couple of pigs,"
etc. Finally, some of the older men whom I
employ, and who have probably had more or
less experience in farming, would remark to
me, that there was nothing like hog-manure
to make certain vegetables grow, etc. Very
often I would reply, that I would not have
them grow if they could not be managed
with something a little more pleasant to
have around ; but since I have got the gar-
dening-fever, we are pressing into service
almost all kinds of domestic animals— the
horses, cow, poultry, and, finally, the pigs.
During the past three months I do not think
our pigs have had a scrap of any thing except
the refuse that would have gone into the
compost heap direct. When the pen gets to
smelling badly in hot weather, we throw in
some dry straw or litter, or the coarse ma-
nure from the stables ; and in a twinkling the
pigs roll it over and over, and mix it up
more thoroughly than any gardener could do
it with spade and fork, if he tried ever so
hard. When the accumulation is suflicient,
it goes into the manure-spreader, and the
Acme harrow^ quickly mixes it up with the
fresh dirt.

May be, my friend, you are a poor man,
and have litile or no live stock about you ;
but I can hardly imagine how you can be too
poor to afford to keep a pig : yes, a pig and
some chickens. Perhaps the chickens might
come first, because they pay back your mon-
ey almost the first day you get them. Piggy
does not do as well as that, but it does not
cost very much cash out to keep him, and he
is always worth a certain amount of clean
cash, even if he is not a very clean fellow
himself. A pig may, however, be managed
so as to be a tolerably clean animal. You do
not want any ring in the nose of your pig.
Onr first pair of pigs came with rings in
their noses. For our ranch we want the
best rooter that can be procured ; then give

him a good pen. and dump in the rubbish.
If you are so unfortunate or so thoughtless
as to let weeds grow on your premises, gath-
er up the weeds and give them to piggy.
Have a i)ail specially for piggy's use ; and I
think it will be a very good thing to have
the word "Piggy" on this pail; or you can
put it ''Piggy's Pail," if you choose; then
get all the family interested in seeing how
much of a contribution can be made for his
pigsliip. Give him all weeds, grass from the
roadside, leaves from the forest and fruit-
trees. Save every rotten potato, every apple
and apple-core, shells of nuts that the chil-
dren have cracked, potato-peelings, potato-
tops, cabbage-leaves, cabbage-stumps, mel-
on-rinds, pumpkin-parings, and every thing
you can tldnk of that is fit to eat, or that
will decay when composted. Piggy's yard
will be wet enough without the addition of
water to the compost, especially if the yard
is not covered over ; and whenever it gets
too wet, put in some absorbent such as peat,
sawdust, straw, forest-leaves, or any thing
of that sort. You and he are going into the
manure-business, and both of you are to see
how much can be manufactured, and of the
very best quality. If you keep a horse, you
can give the pig the bedding, together with
the manure that comes from the horse-
stables. If your poultry-house is near by, I
think it an excellent plan to let piggy stir it
up with the horse-manure also.

A question comes in just now that has
been largely discussed at farmers' institutes,
and through agricidtural papers.

AVriAT IS THE BEST PLAN FOK SAVINO
MANURE?

I believe that the general decision has
been, that it pays to have manure under
cover. One thing is very certain, however,
and that is, that it does not pay to let ma-
nure of any kind get hot and burn up. Ma-
nure that is well worth a dollar a load may
be, by a little carelessness, soon made worth
no more than 25 cts. a load ; and if you
leave your manure exposed to the weather,
its value largely depends upon the amount
of rain. If the manure is spread out so the
heap is level on top, and not too deep, it may
catch rain enough to cause it to decompose
nicely; but I think this is too hap-hazard a
way. Our best authorities, in fact, seem to
agree pretty well that a much safer way than
tliis would be to spread the manure on the
land just as fast as it is taken out of the
stables, and may be this is the proper way to
do it in any event. It is, however, a pretty
hard matter to carry the nianure to the very

GLEANI^^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov

spot you want it, as often as you clean your
staTbles. The weather may be unfit, for in-
stance. On this account I would try to have
the manure-bed under cover ; and I would,
if possible, have abundance of water so near
by that you can wet the heap whenever you
find it needful. Stirring up can be done
clieaper by the pigs than in any other way.
Perhaps it may be well to state, before we
go further, that a good many might object to
the quality of the pork, providing the pigs
w'ere used simply as machines for making
manure. But, do not be in haste, dear
friends, to condemn our methods. When
you get ready to fatten a chicken, a pig, or a
" critter," you want to commence a system
of feeding, to produce nice meat. I believe
that corn-fed animals are considered worth
most in the market ; and friend Peirce, who
wrote our book on carp culture, once as-
sured me that the Jersey chickens, which
commanded a better price in New York,
Philadelphia, and Boston, than any other
chickens, owed their well-earned reputation
to the fact that, before being sent to mar-
ket, they were fed for several weeks on corn
diet exclusively. Even our new food fish,
the German carp, require some such treat-
ment to have it do its best as a table fish.
Well, if we are going to be obliged to keep
our pigs exclusively on corn for several
weeks, what shall we do with our refuse
matter meanwhile ? Why, my friend, you
want your pig-pen in two apartments, and
keep those animals which are under process
of fattening, in a separate apartment from
those used exclusively for manure-making.

In fact, I have just bought two more pigs to-
day, to take the place of those that have not
had a particle of any kind of grain, or even
bran or middlings, for the past four months.
Now you see we are coming to the consider-
ation of the matter of pig-pens, poultry-
houses, cow-stables, and horse-stables. My
barn, stables, pig-pens, and poultry-house,
were all burned down last March, so I have
had an opportunity this summer of building
entirely new. When 1 began to consider the
subject in all its bearings, and to read the
books and papers treating especially on
these matters, I came to the conclusion that
it was a very important matter indeed to
have convenient buildings ; and as friend
Terry who wrote the Potato-book, and the
book on the winter care of horses and cattle,
lives less than forty miles from me, I wrote
him to come and help me plan my new barn
with the other buildings, and that I would
pay him well for his time and trouble. He
not only came promptly, but he brought an-
other man with him who is a prominent
teacher through the agricultural papers, in
the dairy-business. I mean Mr. Gould.
This gentleman is the one who writes for
the Ohio Farmer under the name of " Sam."
Mr. Terry sat down by the side of an experi-
enced builder, and, with the assistance of a
man who is also conversant with horses, we
fixed upon the plan which 1 illustrate by the
diagram below. The barn is now built ; and
so many judges have pronounced it the most
convenient barn and stable that "'ever was,"
I feel that it may be a help to have you look
it over with me.

L.

PouUry. Pigx. Pi(ji*.

FeeditiQ Alley.

n'atrr.

o

it]

[]

[1

Tool Home.

LI

L]

Mamn-e Gtittrr.

9

•

Horse.
Horse.
Horse.

^

U
P

Mangers.

_ . .

fl
11

I]

Feeding Alleu.

Hay.

1

^

Ci
a '

a

«5

i

??

a

si

BARN, HOHSE-STABI.K, PIG-PEN, AND POULTKY-HOUSE. DESIGNED BY T. B. TERRY. OF HUDSON, O.,
SO.ME ASSISTANCE FROM THE AUTHOR OF THIS BOOK.

1886

GLEANIJ^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

sm

We will commence with the horses, for
they are not only the largest producers of
manure, but, I believe, for general purposes
horse-manure is considered the best ma-
nure. The horse is usually the most im-
portant personage in the barn, or among
our domestic animals. In our diagram I
have shown places for four horses, although
we nse only two. as a general thing. When
work is crowding, or if one of the horses
should happen to be temporarily disabled, we
get another horse from a neighbor ; and then
it is very handy to have an extra stall for a
visitor's horse or horses. Of course, many
of the friends will not want so spacious out-
buildings as I have figured, but the princi-
ples can be carried out with the smallest
stable, pig-pen, orpoultry-liouse.

What shill the horses stand on? was one
of the first questions I asked friend Terry.
He replied, that the best material .for the
stalDle-tioor that he knew of was made of
small stones and gravel, filled in with ce-
ment, but that he would lay inch boards in
the stall (over this stone floor) for the horses
to stand on. as the wood is drier and warm-
er than the stone floor. The gutter for ma-
nure l)ack of the horses is clean stone (or
cement), but sunk a little so it will take all
the moist and licpiid portions of the manure.
Right back of the cow-stable there is a slid-
ing-door that communicates with a sort of
box stall, where the manure is i)iled until it
can be drawn out. The manure-spreader
stands in the tool-house, ready to be backed
up to the manure heap at any time, or it
can stand in the place of the manure heap,
the manure being pitched from the stables
on to a wheell)arrow, and then run right up
to the spreader. This box stall, as we call
it. is also the general watering-place. Ours
is fed l)y the water-works of the town ; and
it is very convenient indeed to have running
water. Where there is a spring, it can often
he lu'ought into the barn in this way. If there
is none, have a well or cistern al)out where I
have marked. Water. If you have a couple
of bars across from the watering-tank to the
cow-sta])le, you can turn the horses and cat-
tle loose in this l)Ox stall, and let them drink
at their leisure while you are cleaning the
stables and fixing the bedding. Right back
of the horses and cattle there is a l)ay for
straw and bedding. Before cold weather
comes, this bay sliould be filled clear to the
upper floor. The l»ay for hay on tlie oppo-
site side of the bam sliould also be filled to
the upper floor. Then the stock have a wall
behind them of straw, and a wall in front

of them of hay, a bank bridge on the north,
and the tool-house and manure-shed on the
south, while above them is the main floor on
which teams go in with hay, straw, oats, or
other produce. You see this makes a pret-
ty warm barn, even if built on level ground.
The bank bridge is walled up with stone,
about ten feet back from the barn. The
bridge itself is matched plank, put together
with paint, so it is water-tight. The sliding-
door under this bridge gives access to the
stable, so you see we have a sort of " storm-
door," as it were, to keep the wind from
blowing in when the stable-door is opened.
There is also a sliding-door opening from
the stables to the manure heap. The feed-
ing-alley is just wide enough to allow one to
pass and feed the animals conveniently..
The oats are close to the feeding-alley, in a
bin that holds about 600 bushels. A little
dooi- at a convenient height ()i)ens into the
passageway, and you can dip up a measure
full of oats by reaching in this little door, so
long as there are any oats in the bin. The
accomi'anying diagram will show you how
the oi)ening is made :

""Of

iViKjon Floor.

Opsning for
nUino meamtr€\

Oats.

Stable Floor.

A CONVENIENT OAT BIN FOR A BANK-BAHN.

Another similar bin is made for bran, corn,
or whatever else you choose. You can have
a barrel of salt at the further end of the
passageway, near the bran-bin. The stairs
lead from the feeding-alley on to the upper
floor. We arc using the fanning-mill to-day
on the upper floor, and it is placed so that
the chaff and dust all flies over into the
straw and bedding mow. Jn fact, we throw
every thing into this heaj) of straw— rubbish
of all kinds, left after saving the seeds of
gaiden vegetables, husks, chaff, etc. Some
may object, that the seeds may, by this
means, get into the manure ; but with the
thorough cultivation we give our field crops
we do not feel very much afraid of plants
that are not wanted. They will have a
tough time of it to make a growth, even if
they try. The manure from the cow is

600

GLEANII^GS IK BEE CULTURE.

Nov

handled exactly like that from the horses ;
and we think it an excellent plan to have it
mixed in with the horse-manure, to prevent
lieatinff. Now, the shed that covers the
manure heap is prolonged, as you will ob-
serve, so as to make a sort of '' box stall ; "
and directly south of this " box stall " are
two pi.i?-pens. One of these is for the pigs
that are large enough to be given grain,
with a view of fattening. The other is for
the little pigs that have the trash. There
are sliding-windows to communicate with the
open air, opening into each one of the pig-
pens. These windows are for ventilation, and
to permit unloading rubbish from a wagon
or wheelbarrow, directly into the pig-pen.
Manure can be thrown out of these sliding-
windows also, or the manure-spreader can be
backed around against the pig-pen nearest
the water-tank. If your pigs are disposed
to be friendly to each other, the passageway
between the two pens can be opened, per-
mitting them all to run in together. If you
have a gate to this passageway so it will
operate easily, you can fill the feeding-trough
for the pigs in one apartment wiiile they
are in the other. Then open the gate and
let them through. In this way you can
oblige them to behave themselves a little
decorously while you are pouring the feed
into the trough. Of course, there is a trough
for each apartment ; and as the pigs gener-
ally all go into one apartment or the other,
you can put your feed into the trough be-
longing to the vacant apartment before you
open the sliding-doors.

Beyond the pig-pen we come to the poul-
try-house. This has a sliding-window of
double width, or, rather, two sash, one slid-
ing to the south and the other to the north.
Besides this, at the south of the poultry-
house proper is a little room, all covered
with glass, greenhouse fashion. This glass
reaches from one foot above the ground, up
to within about two feet of the ceiling of
the roosting - apartment ; and under this
snsh the fowls are supposed to stay during
sunny days in the winter time. I have fig-
ured a good deal in regard to nests and feed-
ing-boxes, and have finally concluded that
the best nest for hens I know of is a barrel
half filled with oats. You may have bai'rels
half filled with buckwheat, wheat-screen-
ings, or other grains, if you choose. If
your hen's-nest gets soiled and dirty, let the
fowls eat up the grain, burn up the barrel,
and get another one. If you object, that
rats and mice can climb up the sides of a
barrel too easily, have a barrel made with

the sides of cheap tin. Your tinsmith has
very often rusty or damaged tin that he will
sell at a low price. Such a hen's-nest can
not very well be infested with vermin — that
is, if the contents are renewed often ; and if
it is grain for fowls to eat, I presume it
would be. This fowl-house was intended
for the fowls to run out whenever the
weather permits. The roosts are on the
north side ; and during very severe weather
a curtain of some cheap coarse cloth, such
as burlap, may be let down over the green-
house sash, and also over the sliding-win-
dows. The wall of the partitions, as well as
the ceilings, is protected by matched ceil-
ings and tarred paper.

With the above arrangement you have
your domestic animals comfortably housed,
and so conveniently distributed that feed-
ing is only a pleasure. You have plenty 6t
room in the tool-house for all of your tools,
machines, and wagons, used on the prem-
ises. A full description of this tool-house
will be found in our book, " The Winter Care
of Horses and Cattle," p. 720, 1885. I con-
fess I feel a little proud of this arrangement
for farm stock; and, simple as it seems, a
great deal of hard work was done on it be-
fore we decided on its present form. If you
have ever noticed it, the amount of time re-
quired to do the work about the barn-
hitching up teams, feeding and watering, is
such that it is of the greatest importance
that we have things handy. With such an
arrangement as the above, you might do in
15 minutes the work that would require one
hour, with poor facilities, before you could
start in for a day's work. When the plan
was worked out we had, in fact, a little con-
vention of practical men. First, we had
friend Terry, who has been studying on this
problem for years. Then friend Gould, who
is a dairy-man, and who has made the care
of cattle his lifelong study. Besides, the
foreman of our wood-working factory, who
has had some experience in planning and
making buildings. Then my neighbor Har-
rington advised some, and he is a farmer of
many years' experience, as well as a bee-
keeper. The man who has care of our
horses also gave many suggestions in regard
to the stables, conveniences for water, feed,
etc.; and he is one of the best men to take
care of horses I ever met. The practical
workings of the building please us so much
I do not know of a thing that I would have
changed.

I have told you how we get in our hay and
straw. Well, suppose we have a load of

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

901

oats to put away. The load is driven up the
bank bridge on the main floor, right over the
horses; the door to the oat-bin is sv.'ung
back, and the bags are emptied right off
from the wagon, right into this bin. The
oats are never handled any more until they
run themselves right down within arm's
reach of the horses' manger. These bins
for grain are made rat-proof. The cement
floor makes it impossible for rats to dig holes
in or around the barn. If rats or mice trou-
ble me in the poultry-house I will put wire
netting about six inclies underneatli llie sur-
face of the ground wliich forms the lloor. I
greatly prefer a dirt Hoor for fowls. A deep
trench around the outside keeps tlie water
away so the inside is always like dry dust.
Peat from the swamp forms a good aljsorb-
ing material to be placed under the roosts.

Now, then : The horses do our work and
manufacture an excellent manure; the cow
furnishes milk and butter, and also contrib-
utes largely to the manure heap ; the pigs
chew up and dig up all the tr:;sh and refuse
from the table or the garden, orchard, etc.
They convert this into manure, and give us
pork, ham, etc. The poultry, next door,
furnish eggs to go with the ham, and also
give us a very valuable addition to the ma-
nure heap, before mentioned. The pigs
work it in thoroughly, stirring it up without
charging a cent. The business of the own-
er is to reward these friends of ours for
their contributions by giving them nice
clean warm quarters, perfectly protected
from the weather, abundance of good food
at just the proper time, and (I hope) lots of
encouraging and loving words. He certain-
ly can afford it, even if he does not— don't

you think so, my friend? Is it yoio- custom
to make friends with your horse, your cow,
your pigs, and your chickens? All these
friends of ours are fond of a variety in their
food ; and they appreciate, more keenly than
many people imagine, any little act of kind-
ness in the way of delicacies. Almost any
horse will learn to beg for apples whenevei'
his keeper comes around liim, after he has
been treated to fruit just a few times. Ap-
ples that have been blown off the trees by
the high winds can frequently be purchased
at a very small price. ^Ve have just bought
a load of forty bushels, at only live cents a
bushel. A good many of them had com-
menced to decay after they were gathered.
was one reason why we got them at this low
price. Well, we commenced giving tliem to
the horses, at the rate of about a peck a day.
We soon found the .Jersey cow, too, was
very fond of them ; and finally the chickens
gave us to understand that they relished
fruit also, by getting up on to the wagon and
pecking the very largest and nicest apples
on the load. We took the hint, and now
they have all they want to eat. To-day it is
stormy and cold, and the ground is covered
with snow ; but tlie chickens are under
their glass sash, scratching wheat from
among a pile of forest-leaves, and pecking
apples for a change. Even the pigs, too, re-
ceive their share of the big forty-bushel
wagon-load, and I am inclined to think it
would be a good investment, even if the ap-
ples had cost us ten cents instead of five
cents. Dear reader, is it true, that you let
apples go to waste on the ground, when your
horses and cattle, chickens and pigs, will
appreciate them, as our domestic animals do?

CHAPTER XXX.

And let them have doiuiuioii over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over all the
earth, and over every creeping thing- that creepeth upon the earth.— Gen. 1: 28.

It is really surprising to see how often
these four kinds of dumb friends of ours
that I have been talking about in the pre-
ceding chapter can be brought in play to
aid the market-gardener. As an illustra-
tion : We now sell potatoes on our market-
wagon, and it has not taken us long to learn
how quickly good potatoes go off' at a good
price, where poor and indifferent ones will
hardly sell at all. One great trouble with
potatoes is tlip (Jamage oecasionecl tb^^m by

: grubs. Very often the nicest specimens you
raise will be gnawed into, and made un-
• sightly-looking, by these same pests. What
j is the remedy? Well, some tell us there is
! no remedy. If you raise potatoes on sod
j ground, you will have them scabby and eat-
; en. But, hold on a bit. my friend. Sup-
pose you have made friends of your chick-
ens, so that they like to be around you. We
I have just been plowing on the creek bottom,
! and I noticed, as the nice ground was turned

iJ02

glea:nings in bee culture.

Nov.

up, one of these grubs. I got an ear of corn
and called my tlock of Brahmas. A few-
grains scattered in the furrow after the
plowman, did the business. After that the
chickens were up (and dressed and had their
faces washed, so to speak), ready to follow
the plow as soon as the first furrow was
turned in the morning : and didn't they look
animated and happy, as they gobbled up the
grubs — yes. and worms and insects of other
kinds? Pretty soon the three hens that
stole their nests, and gave me three broods
of chickens in September, found out what
was going on, and they, too. began follow-
ing the plow. Of course, there are times
when it is not so pleasant to have the fowls
chasing after you. Then you want to shut
them up in a spacious yard made of poidtry-
netting. But by a little planning you can
have them to clean your ground pretty thor-
oughly of most of the pests of the kind I
have spoken of. I have been told, that a
tlock of ducks will rid a large patch of po-
tatoes of the potato-bug, but I have never
had an opportunity of testing the matter.
If this be so, it seems to me that friend
Terry could afford to buy a brood of ducks,
instead of employing so many men and boys
to do that which the ducks could do so very
much easier, quicker, and better. I have
told you, in former chapters, how we employ
very small chickens to rid the greenhouse of
the green fly.

A few days ago a friend was discussing as
to whether a garden can have too much
manure. He said the result would be, the
gi'ound would be so full of angle-worms that
nothing could be raised. This may be, in
some measure, true ; for angle-worms have
troubled us by getting into the stalks of cel-
ery on our most heavily manured ground. I
do not know that they do any harm, but they
alarm customers, when they find there are
worms in the celery. Another thing, I think
very likely that angle-worms consume a val-
uable portion of the manure. Uo you want
to know the remedy? Gather all the fowls
on the premises about you, then plow, culti-
vate, and harrow the ground Avhere the an-
gle-worms are troublesome, and I think the
biddies will clear them out to your perfect
satisfaction, and at small expense.

The finest plum-orchard I ever saw, I be-
lieve, was in a poultry-yard. Enough poul-
try was kept so the ground was perfectly
l)are under the plum-trees. Not a weed nor
speck of vegetation of any kind could obtain
a foothold. As a consecjuence, the curculio,
when shaken from the trees, was captured
by the fowls, which had thorouglily learned
the trade. And. in fact, they not only gob-
bled every weed as soon as it showed itself,
but they took every thing in the way of an
insect from the smooth hard ground. The
poultry paid a good prolit. and the plum-
trees bore enormously. The ground was. of
course, underdrained. and fertilized up to a
high state of cultivation before the poultiT-
yard was established. Mr. Jas. Mattoon. of
Atwater, Portage Co.. O., is the man who
owns the plum-orchard and poultry-yard,
and he told me he had just received $200 for
his plum-crop.

The apple-worm, that is such a pest to
fruit-growers, is the larva of the codlin
moth, and for a time it seemed as if there
were no remedy for wormy apples. By
keeping pigs, however, under the apple-
trees, in the same way that friend Mattoon
keeps the poultry under the plum-trees, ev-
ery wormy apple is devoured so quickly that
no larva ever reaches the moth stages of ex-
istence, and in the course of time the or-
chard bears large fine apples, without any
worm at the core. It is not at all likely that
this subject of making these dumb friends
of ours assist in destroying the insect-ene-
mies of fine fruits and vegetables has by any
means been fully explored ; but rewards
like those I have mentioned above are in
store for the man who loves his poultry and
pigs, and cattle and horses. Study their
habits ; study their tastes ; recognize them
as your neighbors, given by a wise and kind
Father, to minister to our comfort and hap-
piness, and you will find, on more intimate
acquaintance, that they have abilities and
qualifications to assist you in your work ;
yes, even during some of your grievous
trials and troubles, that you would never
dream of had you not cultivated these in-
timate and friendly relations of which I
have been speaking.

To be continued Dec. 15, IS6'6.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

908

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

WHICH yUKEN IS IN THE HIVE ?

AM at a los.s to know which queoii reigns in a
colony of bees 1 ha\e. The colony was made
some time in May, with a cell ready to hatch.
Some ten days alter, 1 opened the hive to see
if the queen was laying. The bees balled the
•lueen on sijiht. I gave them some smoke, and
they released her; but that was the last I saw of
her. I gave them (jiieencells at different times
through the season, but T could never discover any
queen or eggs; but when I extracted buckwheat
honey I gave them combs containing drones ready
to hatch, which they accepted, also some brood of
worker-bees. On receiving a Carniolan (jueen
from F. Benton, I thought this colony would re-
ceive her gladly. After caging her 24 hours, as the
bees seemed all reconciled to her, I released her;
and 24 hours after, I found her, or another queen,
at the entrance, dead. On giving them a frame of
brood the3' began to build queen-cells; but I
thought 1 ivoidd have my waj', so I sent to Dr.
Morrisou and got a $1.00 Carniolan queen; and
after destroying the cells I introduced No. 2. In
24 hours they had released her by eating the comb
under the Peet cage, and a dead queen was at the
entrance. As it was late in the season I gave up
trying to queen them. But wiien fl.xing them for
winter 1 found they had a large yellow queen, and
no brood. She had been balled, as she was minus
the fine hair on bodj-, and her wings were badly
split. Now, I am badly puzzled to know which
queen is in that hive. S. Heath.

Rimer, Pa , Nov. .'5, 1880.

Friend II., I am inclined to believe that
both the Carniolan qneens yon introdnced
were killed, and that the queen they now
liave is another queen. It is not uncommon
for a young queen, after her wedding-Hight,
to return to the wrong liive, and therefore
I think the present queen simply came
there. No doubt she had been balled; but
if bees are left to themselves they will some-
times let the queen alone, even after balling
her. Next season's ])rogeny of this queen
will tell you whether I am right or not. As
it was late in the season, you found no
brood in the hive.

WHAT SHALT^ BE DONE IN CASES OFSEVEHE STINCi-
ING ?— IMMERSION IN WATER EFFECTIVE.

I noticed in Glbaninos, page 667, the question :
"What shall be done in case of severe stinging ?"
While placing my bees on their summer stands last
spring, one swarm "went" for the hired man, and
somehow got under his bee-veil, and stung him on
the right cord in the back of the neck, and on the
septum of the nose. Very soon he became blind,
and his left side seemed touched with jiaralysis, and
he fell to the ground. He was seized with a dread-
ful sensation, and throbbing in his head, and \iolent
wrenching in his stomach, fireat drops of perspira-
tion stood out on his forehead, and his face became
as spotted as an adder. I ran to the house for the
camphor-bottle (I had seen this used with good ef-
fect while assisting at the amputation-table in the
army, in the late war). It was the only available
remedy at hand. I sopped the camphor all over his
head and face (eyes excepted). By that time aid ar-
rived, and we took him into the house. We at once

gave him a few drops of spirits of camphor in some
water, and in about ten or fifteen minutes we gave
a second dose in whisky. We were about to send
for a doctor, as we all began to think he would die;
but the second dose of camphor went to the spot,
and so far relieved him that all fear of death was
passed; but it was not until the next day that he
could get about. No doubt this was the effect of
a nerve being stung; but for a liesh-sting I have
found water to be better than either carbolic acid
or borax. In most cases, if water or saliva is ap-
plied it will prevent any swelling; and if kept
wet it will soon stop all pain. A neighbor says,
that when he was a boy he once assisted a veter-
inary sui-geon to relieve a valuable yoke of oxen.
The oxen turned over a bee-hive, and the enraged
bees stung them all over until the owner supposed
they would die. The surgeon ordered the oxen to
be wound up in carpets dipped in water. They
were then driven into the river, and water was
bailed on them until they were relieved. Water
seems to enter the cavity made by the sting, and
dilutes the poison until it is rendered powerless. It
also reduces the heat which is caused by bee-poison.
Why should not water be a good remedy for bee-
poison, if hogs can cure themselves of rattlesnake-
bites by lying in the mud and water until the poi-
son has lost its deadly power V G. A. Farranp.
Rock port, O.

Friend F., do you not see that, in the
cases you have cited above, it is almost if
not quite impossible to say that the sutfer-
ers would not have recovered just as soon
had nothing been done V Don't think me
contrary or headstrong in the matter ; but I
earnestly desire to get at the exact truth. I
have tried water— cold, warm, and hot— for
bee-stings, and I have tried it by immersing
my hand right in the water, when stung,
until I am sure the water has no effect on
r;t?y,^e//' whatever. A sprain or a bruise is re-
lieved instantly by immersing tlie part af-
fected in water as hot as it can be borne ;
but with me, the same treatment does not
seem to toueli the poison of the bee-sting at
all. Where bee-stings produce dangerous
symptoms like those you mention, I do not
know but that I myself would try the reme-
dies you suggest, because it seems terrible
not to do any thing at all when a friend is in
such distress and danger; luit for all that,
the experience I have had strongly inclines
me to think that neither water nor camphor,
nor, in fact, any thing that I know of, unless
it be extracting the sting as quickly as pos-
sible, has any effect whatever upon the pain
or swelling. It is exceedingly important
that we should have all the light we can get
upon this subject ; and I would therefore
recommend that intelligent l>ee- keepers
make thorough and extensive experiments
to enable us to decide what to do in case oi
severe stings, or to decide if there is any
tiling we can do to help the matter.

A I'OINTEU ABOUT EXTRACTING, ANU HOW TO I'HE
VENT ROBMINO.

About two weeks ago I extracted honey from .">
hives, and placed the combs hfirh on two of the
same, taking away the combs and upper stories
cDiniilctrhj, fnim 3 of them. Now for the pointer:
The two where I placed the combs hack had a con-
siderable row with robbers, while I did not see a

iilM

glea:nings in uee (JULtukk.

Nov.

sinfrlo robber ai'ound the other three. Do you uot
think that my cleaning up the hive so as not to
leave a scent of honey prevented the robbers from
discovering- anj- thing- wrong with the three, while
the scent of the extracted combs in the others at-
tracted the robbers ? This may not be worth much
to the veterans, but I consider it worth a g-ood deal
to the novice. M. Broeks, I?— 34— 2T.

Gonzales, Tex., Nov. 3, 1H86.

I have observed the same thing before,
friend IJ. Thanks for your calling attention
to it. nevertheless. It seems to me, how-
ever, you do not finish tlie subject. If we
take combs away from the bees, without
putting any empty combs back after the
honey lias been extracted, there will be no
robbing, but what shall we do with these
empty combs ? I would say, Eeturn them
l)y moonlight ; and before the bees are fly-
ing next morning, every thing will be
cleaned up and put away.

THE STENCH PROM DEAD BEES ; CATNIP, ETC.

Gleanings is always a welcome visitor, as you,
with the assistance of a corps of writers, give us
ABC fellows no small amount of information
we so much stand in need of. I am glad you have
got ahead of your foul brood. My bees are all
right now, though some time since, when I raised
the cover of a certain hive, the stench that came
up from dead bees made me sick, for I had been
reading of foul brood. 1 thought I had it; but it
was old bees that were dead, not brood.

If it had not been for friend Higbie's catnip, our
bees in this section would have died this winter,
or would have had to be fed their winter supplies;
but they are all right. I agree with friend Swin-
.son, that it won't do to go for " big ads " all the
time. He filled my order last spring for (lucens,
when some others were months in doing it. Let
me say, that I got one of the best red-clover queens
of him I ever saw, if such queens e.xist— at least,
her bees made honey from red clover when none
of the others did. W. K. .Tames.

Loudon, Tenn., Nov. 7, ISSfi.

MV METHOD OF UNITISO WEAK COCONIKS.

The colony 1 wish to keep, I jirepare to receive
the new colony by simply turning up a small cor-
ner of the enameled cloth at the back cornei- of
the hive, and then set the one to uriite on top, and
leave them two days. Then I remove the cloth
from between them, and in a Say or two, as con-
venient, I arrange their brood and comb as desired.
By this method very few bees will ever leave for
their old stand. Sometimes 1 put several stories
on top this way, or as many as I may wish to make
a cokmy to suit my purposes. My management,
first, is for (lueeu-rearing in early spring— Febrvia-
ry, March, and April. All queens that I can raise
then are sold, so that I have only enough left to
leave one queen to three or four nuclei, which I
pile on top, as above named. Then I am ready for
lioney with rousing colonies; for my nuclei con-
tain 10 frames, 9^3 .\ i;{|i inches, outside dimensions.
In September I break them up into nuclei again,
and rear as many queens as I can, and what I lack
T have been buying- some of our Kentucky friend,
J. T. Wilson, of Nicholasville. By this manage-
ment I winter many more queens than I could do
In any other way that I have practiced. I use a
Simplicity hive, only I use a shorter frame, which.

if 1 remember, you at one time called " crosswise
Langstroth. " John CRAvciiAFT.

Altoona, Orange Co., Fla., Oct. 11, 1886.

Your method of wintering weak colonies
is essentially the same as the one we have
practiced. See department of Our Own
Apiary in l)ack issues.

ALSIKE FOR ENRICHING THE SOIL.

Can any one who reads Gleanings tell any
thing about the fertilizing qualities of alsike? I
have read much about the delicious sweet it pro-
duces, but never a word about it in regard to en-
riching the soil, which is a very important thing.
Why can't those who have had experience in the
matter just tell us what they know? Don't you
see the point? How much more seed would be
sold, if we could say that it is as good, if not supe-
rior, to any thing else as a fertilizer I As the time for
sowing will be upon us soon, we must prepare for
it. In so doing we mast sow that which will give
the best returns for money invested. .T. A. Rime.

Fairfield, Adams Co., Pa.

Friend II., I have not known of alsike be-
ing plowed under, as we do the large red
clovers, for the reason, perhaps, that the
seed costs too much to use it in this way ;
besides, it would not furnish as much mate-
rial to plow under as the Mammoth red clo-
ver, which does not cost nearly as much per
bushel. As to its effects in bringing up poor
soils. I think it will compare favorably witli
the rest of the clovers. Perhaps some of
our readers have tested it.

HOW TO SELL Hf)NEY ; AND A FEW KIND WORDS
AS WELL.

The complaint of "no market" for honey is
heard here, and will continue to be heard until the
producer will gird on his armor and sallj- forth,
determined to sell at the front or back door of
every house. We have determined to peddle our
honey in St. Louis, and will commence about
NVednesday of this week.

We receive (iLEANings regularly; and as we read
in it we are sensibly drawn to a higher appreciation
of the moral solidity of the character of its editor,
and of his great work in the fields of Christianity
wherever he is known. Moved by a friendly im-
pulse, oui' purposes is to write just as we would
talk, could we be in Medina, and be present with
you in the environments of your own home. In
writing, the use of " we " does not signify that an
editor is writing, but one who, in all the vast con-
cerns of life, has a partner who is always consult-
ed; and in our family it is generally " we," not " T "
—only two in our family— wife and I.

Venice, 111., Oct. 31, 1886. < >. D. (ibkhlin.

WHY NUT (Lir <;UEENS" WINGS?

It does astonish me when any of the bee-keepers
speak against clipping queens' wings, as I have
practiced it for years, and think it the very axle on
which the whole machinery turns— so little trouble
to hive swarms, and so quickly done, if her wings
arc clipped. If not, you never know what to ex-
pect, as they invariably settle high in the timber
around our yard, and getting them down safely
and quickly enough is the next thing. But when
the wings are clipped it is an easy task of only
a few moments. Mrs. A. V. Campbell.

Middleton, Tenn., Oct. 28, 1886.

He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— I.ukk 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

When they had dined, Jesus saith to Simon Peter,
ISimon, ?on of Jona.';, lovest thou me more than
these? He saith unto him. Yea, Lord; thou know-
est that I love thee. He .«aitli unto him, Feed my
lambs.— John 21:1."i.

0XK day. when 1 was tired of reading
lelleis, J pushed olf as usual down
among the celery-plants, to see how
the men were getting along. On my
way I met my rtock of IJrahmas that I
liave told you aliout so many times. They
looked so pretty and so slick that I felt a
sudden desire to get one in my hands, that
1 might stroke the soft plumage, and make
friends, in a general way, of these beautiful
birds. I found an ear of sweet corn, left
after we had gathered the crop for seed, and
by a judicious use of it I scon had a tine
IJrahma prisoner. In a little time 1 suc-
ceeded in getting him to eat corn while 1
held him. and hnally to eat out of my hand,
and in just about 20 mintites by my watch 1
liad him so thorouglily tamed that I could
set liim down and pickhim up again. I had
convinced him I was a friend" and not an
enemy, and I felt something of the satisfac-
tion, when I started to go along to my work,
that I often feel when I handle a colony of
cross bees, without smoke or bee-veil. It
seems like fuliilling the promise of Scrip-
ture, where God said. "'Lot man liavc do-
minion over them.""

Wlien I got back to tlic factory, a lot of
schoolboys were running our luml)er-car for
play. It was Saturday afternoon, and they
were boiling over with spirits, and wanted
to do something. They had been rejieated-

ly forbidden to use this car. In fact, the
lower end of the track was torn up, and they
not only endangered the car, but endangered
their bones in using it to ride on. I felt
cross to think tliey disobeyed; l)ut they
were so busy with their fun that 1 walked
right up to them before they saw me. In
fact. 1 had ample time to theorize a little
before 1 said any thing. My thoughts ran
something like this :

''Old fellow, you have just been boasting
to yourself that it took you only twenty
minutes to cai)ture and tame a IJrahma
chicken ; now suppose you try your hand at
this tlock right before you. ('an you win
their coniidence, and tame them so they
won"t run when yon s])eak, in twenty min-
utes, or even half "a day":* The chickens are
only dumb brutes; but these are human be-
ings, and lia\e immortal souls. Yes, even
that boy wliose face is so dirty has a soul to
be saved, and Christ died for such as he.
Furtliermore. the parting injunction of the
Master, when he left his disciples here upon
earth, was. Feed my lambs;" and now,
then, old fellow, let us see you ]>iact ice what
you preach.""

It almost made me tremble to think of the
responsibility that rested on my poor self at
this moment, especially when I "realized how
faraway I liad just been from the straight
and narrow path. 1 began to be thankful
that they r7H/ nat see me till I had had time
to reflect, ("an you tame a boy as easily as
you can a cliicken':' I waited until one of
tliem looked uj* to me, and then they made
a start to run ; but by mild words I induced
tliem to wait a little. I spoke to them

U()6

CILEAKINGS IK 13EE CULTURE.

Xov

pleasantly, and explained to them the rea-
son why we could not permit them to have
fun with the car; and as I looked into their
faces, one after another, I was pleased to
see that I had succeeded in bringing a smile
to the face of every one. Yes, even the
dirty-faced l)oy smiled too; but it was such
a comic smile through the dirt that / had to
smile in spite of myself. I don't think the
boys liave hothered tlie car any since. JJut
the question is, AVhat have they been doing
meanwhile? I am obliged to say. 1 do not
know; in fact, 1 haven't thought of them
very much since then, unless once in a
while, to wonder what I can do for them. I
used an ear of sweet corn to catch the chick-
ens. Is that a good way to catch boysV To
a certain extent, I think it is ; and I am well
aware that I could get a whole dozen of boys
any Saturday afternoon — boys brimful of
good nature, and ready to do any thing 1
ask them to do, by the judicious use of a
few nickels. Shall I hire tliem with money
to be good boys? God forbid. J can do
this, however: i have just purchased a peat-
swamp (or a little one, at least), that lies in
sight of where I am now writing. It is cov-
ered with small underbrush and little trees.
and a great amount of gnarly roots. I want
these roots and bushes chopped into fire-
wood. Now, I could employ a dozen boys
profitably, without much doubt, some Sat-
urday afternoon, in clearing up this swamp.
1 shall probably need to purchase a dozen
cheap hatchets," and, more than all, I shall
need to be right with them personally. Al-
though I have many good men in my em-
ploy, yet I feel pretty sure that I should suc-
ceed much better with the boys than any-
Itody else. They would do more work if I
were with them, and I am pretty sure, also,
they would enjoy the work more. Xow,
then, dear reader, are there not Christ's
lambs in i/onr neighborhood — lambs that are
full of restless energy, longing for some one
to lead them, and ready, for any thing you
know, to be led to Christ Jesus, if you and I
can only have faith enough to accept the
responsibility, and take hold of the work.
May God help us to remember these liftlr
neighbors of ours !

WILLIE'S COMPOSITION ON THE BEE.

AS IfEAn UEFOHE HIS SCHOOl, KUIKNDS.

fHK bee is a peculiar little insect. It leerls up-
on the honey secreterl in the flowers of our
roads and fields. It carries its honey to its
home and stores it away in its cell to feed the
young' bees, and also for winter food.
When the cell is full of honey they cap it over with
a white capping-, making it very pleasing to the
eye, and delicious to the taste. A good colony con-
sists of about ."(0,000 bees. A large bee, called the
queen, presides over every colony of bees. In the
summer time, in every colony are found lots of
drones, which is the male bee. In the summer
season, when the bees are gathering lots of honey,
and the hive becomes crowded with bees, for want
of more room they swarm out, making a wondei--
ful uproar in the air; the queen is among the last
to leave the hive. After roaring around in the air

for awhile they usually settle on some branch or
tree, when the good man or boy of the house puts
them in a hive, and they are ready for work. The
old (jueen having left the old colony, they now
proceed to raise some r.ew queens. About six days
after the queens hatch out, we have what is called
the second swarm, or after-swarm. In these after-
swarms wo sometimes find two, three, four, or
sometimes a half a dozen young queens. We hive
this second swarm as wo did the first.

In the fall of the year, when the bees do not
gather much honey, they rob other colonies. If
the colony is too weak to defend themselves, the
robber-l)ees will take all their honey; and for want
of food they usually swarm out. We hive this
absconding swarm, as it is called, as we did the
first and second swarm. We hive the bees with
a box with a lot of holes in it, and a long pole
attached to it. We set the hiving-box by the bees,
leaning it against the branch or limb which the
bees had settled on; then we have a hook, with a
long pole attached to it, to shake the bees off of
the limb, and they usually settle in the box. After
the bees are all in the box, we take them down
and put them in a hive, and give them some bi-ood,
honej% and some foundation. We have all of our
frames made so that they will fit all of our hives.

To prevent baes from swarming is to take an
empty hive and lift half of the frames, bees and
all, over into the empty hive, and give both col-
onies some foundation to work on. This is called
transferring bees. The old queen having been
took away from the old colonj*, they now proceed
to raise some new queens. After the queens are
about to hatch out, the man or boy of the house
takes all of the queen-cells out but one, and makes
a small bee-hive, with about two or three frames
in it. He divides this as he did the first, and gives
them one of the (jueen-cells and some brood and
honey. After the queen hatches out they go to
work. This small bee-hive is used in raising
queens, and is called the nucleus hive. A good
Italian queen is valued at .*!, i^2, S3, *4, and up to

*«.oo.

There are different kinds of bees. The common
black, or German brown, the Italian, the Assj'rian,
the Holj'-Land, and the Carniolau bee. The most
popular bee is the Italian; the Carniolan is said to
be the gentlest bee we have. The Assyrian bee is
said to be the crossest— so cross that a boj' like me
had better keep hands off, if he don't want himself
peppered with the venom of its stinger. The
queenbee i.« now shipped in cages through the
mails from the old countries, even from the city of
Jerusalem, where our Savior used to be, and
brought over here and introduced in our hives.

So, now, young friends, I have told you about the
bee. May we learn a lesson from the busy bee, and
be always industrious as the working bee, and not
as the lazy drone, who is stung and driven out of
the hive. Wili-ie M. Bot.tox, age 11.

Stanley. Putnam Co., ().

\'ery good, friend Willie; but it seems to
me your figures, .50,000, would make a rous-
ing colony. The number laid down in the
books is, I believe, about 40,000 ; but this
would probably refer to a swarm in the
spring of the year, pretty near sw^arming
time. We have more colonies of bees that
would run 20,000 than 40,000 even, in my
opinion.

1886

glea:ni:n'gs in bee culture.

907

1 •>--«'>?^^^/,l""' Every boy or girl, under 15

if'iyj^i*^' years of ape. who writes a

fc^~', letter for this department, containing

'■' Tf^ SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
-^l\" KNOWNON BEES OR OTHER MATTE US,
' ' will reoive one of Uvvid Cook's excel-

lent five -cent Sunday-school books.
Many of these hoolrs contain the same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school )^ooks
costing from SI. 00 to 81, '50. If you have had
one or more hooks, jjive us the n.imes that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
in stock six ditterent books, as follows; viz.:
Sheer Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in
a Bar-Room. We have .also Our Homes, Part I. .and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself. Bine Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of any one of the .above pictures
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

"A chiel's amangye takin' notes:
An' faith, he'll prent it."

•TIMMY'S TKOri'.LE IN KEEDING HIS 15EES.

u

he bees is swarmin'!" said Jini-

" my's little brother Ted.

"W "■' Guess you're mistaken —

■*- wouldn't be no swarms in the

middle "f October,"" said Jimmy,

as he started with a bound toward his four

hives, leaving his little brother trudging

after.

•' Veil, I gue.ss they be,"" persisted Ted,
almost out of breath.

•'OuchI erackyi Ted, you run for the
house, or you "11— my! how savage thev be!"
shouted Jimmy, as he made a great effort to
stand his ground. Ted did not ol^ey imme-
diately ; but a moment later he set up a roar
—such a roar as only a seven-year-old young-
ster can give when stung. Jimmy, in the
meantime, paid no attention to the cries of
his brother.

" Oh-um! how that does hurti"" said Jim-
my, gritting his teeth, as he pulled a sting
from under his finger nail, liizz-zipl and a
bee sent his little dart in his eyelid, and a
third on his upper lip. The tears streamed
down his cheeks, as the pain coursed
through his f ye ; and to say that he felt like
sneezing, and couldn"t, does not half express
it. Ted continued to roar loud enough to
rouse the neighborhood. Perhaps half a
dozen bees were now buzzing about Jimmy's
head.

"CrackyI 1 can't stand no more o" this,""
lie thought ; and with two or three l)ounds
he dashed into a thick clump of bushes near
the fence. When he thought himself secure
from his little enemies, he muttered to him-
self, " It served thie little brat right for not
minding me a-s he ought ter, when I told
hira to run to the ho-u.,se. I'll bet he'll go an'
tell ma a lot (yf stuff, syid tlien I'll ketch it.
I wondej ""—

•• Hello there! what is the trouble?"" said
neiglibor Green, who, hearing the cries of
the child, and seeing a peculiar rustle in the
bushes, had come to render assistance. Mr.
(ireen is Sanfs father, wliom our little read-
ers will rememl)er as the one who showeil
Jimmy how to feed bees.

'• W-h-o-tl"" said Jimmy, who now ven-
tured forth from his retreat. "'• Oh! nuthin";
I've been feedin' my bees— that"s all.""

•' Did 1 not see you running, a moment
agoV" said Mr. (Jreen.

'• Y-e-s ; but I hain't fraid of no bees,
only '"—

"I understand.'' said Mr. Green. '' l?y
the looks of things I should say that the
bees are I'obbing. See there ! the cover of
one of your hives is off. Tliere is exactly
where the trouble is. Evidently, by the way
the bees act, that cover has been off' all the
morning. Cover the hive up immediately,
and close the entrance.'"

Jimmy paid no attention, liut commenced
fighting the bees, as if that were the most
important thing .just then. "Sir. Green, see-
ing that it was useless to tell him to do it,
now clambered over the ricketty fence and
fixed the colony. This done, he motioned
Jimmy to stand "back a little.

'• Xow,'' said he, '' you or somebody else
left off that cover."'

"' Why." replied Jimmy, when he had be-
come more calm, *•' me an' Ted made some
syrup last night. Well, one of my hives
was weak, an' was black bees ; so I thought
I'd give 'em lots of feed. I poured the
bread-pan clear up full, and before I could
stop it the syrup run all over the enameled
cloth and tlie outside of the hive. Well, 1
says to Ted, ' We'll leave the cover off that
'un, and put 'ton in the morning;' and ''—

'' You forgot it!" added Mr. Green, with
a pleased smile.

•• Well, "twasn't '(// my fault. Ted he
forgot it too,'' said Jimmy, not willing to
bear all the blame.

"What did you leave the cover off' forV
asked Mr. Green.

" Why. so the bees could crawl over the
edge of'the hive and lick it up.""

•• Tiie syrup. I suppose you mean, and not
the hive,"' said Mr. Green", with an amused
look.

"• Of course,'" said Jimmy, as if any one
ought to know that.

" Now," said Mr. (ireen, as he was about
to go. '' I have closed the entrance and shall
trust you to open it after a little. Don't
forget'it, for the bees will be likely to smoth-
er if left long."

When Mr. (ireen had gone, melancholy
Jimmy be.gan to brood over his feeding
operation.

"Confound the bees!" lie thouglit. •I

wish they didn"t have to be fed : an" why

couldn't "they act decent and not l)e a lot of

crazy hogs? ' I "most know Sam's pa will tell

' Sam" that I run fi'om the bees. My! I

': wouldn"t have him know it for '"—

•'Jimmy! Jimmy! you come 'ere right
I away!'' shouted a shrill, angry voice.

Jimmy obeyed very slowly ; and when he

iiad enteied the house his step-mother liegan:

i •' And w"at did ve jet this child get stung

908

GLEAXINGS IX BEE CULTURE.

Xbv.

forV Say, now ; take tliatl" ami his motliei-
gave him a box on the ear.

This, together with the stings, irritated
him, and he angrily replied :

'• When I saw how cross the bees was I
told tlie little brat to go back ; so now. He's
always botheriii" an" taggin" me round all
over," an"—

'■ Xot anotiier word." said .jinmiy"s motli-
(!r, gesturing witli one Inmd. ■'Til tell yer
fatlier to lick ye when he comes home, and
he'll put an end to your bee-business. Mr.
IJrown has been for a long time wanting us
to get rid of them bees, because he said tiiey
spoilt his fruit next to our line fence. Xo,
sir; you needn't tliink you're going to feed
them bees again."

Jimmy's heart was full, and he began to
(;ry. He had hoped that he might make
bees a success. So far they had cost nothing
except for the little feed he had given them
the night before.

The tirst swarm had alighted on a bush in
the back yard, and Jinniiy had managed to
hive them in an old soap-box. Mr. Green,
hearing of this, gave liim three or four old
cast-away L. hives. These he had not used
for some years as he now used and preferred
the chaff "hive. He had an object in view in
lielping Jimmy. It was to win the boy to
Sunday-school^ in spite of the fact that his
mother said he had •' no good clothes."' Poor
Jimmy! His step - mother was unlearned,
and overworked, and many times cross to
her children. She loved Jimmy in her way,
but did not and could not tell of the love of
the Savior. The father was careless, good-
natured, and what some folks call shiftless.
A good deal of the time he was out of a job.
Jimmy had never been taught of Christ, ex-
cept now and then a word from Mr. (ireen,
whom Jimmy admired.

The words of his mother he had just heard
ruined all his fond hopes of becoming a
bee-man like Mr. Green. He thought of
how many happy hours he had spent with
the bees;' he had shown his boy-friends how-
well he could handle bees, and had boasted of
what " piles of honey "" he was going to get
next year. To give up his bees now, seemed
to him cruel.

While Jinmiy was mourning thus over in
the corner, his step-mother's tongue com-
menced again : ».

" I should think you'd be "shamed of your-
self. See how little Ted's eye is swelling,
and how red it is.""

While Jimmy was being scolded, Ted en-
joyed it keenly, which, of course, did not
just then make Jimmy feel very affectionate
toward his 1)rother.

•• Jimmy,"' she said, at last, more mildly,
■' you go an" tell ole Aunt Julia to come over
"ere right away."

Jimmy obeyed ; but on his way over there
he saitl to himself, " She's nuthin' but an
ole maid and an old (|uack, so she is. I
just know she'll bring over all her old liot-
tles. Sam's fathei- said the best thing to do
was to let stings alone, aftei- you get the
stings out."'

As soon as Aunt Julia came over she be-
gan to pity Ted.
•' Why. you dear little fellow."' she said.

sympathetically, " how swollen your eye isl
how you must "sufferl""

This was too much for Ted, and he began
to cry as if he were really about to die.

• There, there!"' said Aunt Julia; and she
began to rub salt water on his eye. She then
instructed Jinnny to mix up a little clay and
water, and bring it in. He obeyed veiy re-
luctantly ; and as he was getting it lie said
to himself, '• It".s just like her to tell me to
mix up a mess of mud. I wish she"d got
mairied."'

If there was an> class of ])ersons whom
Jinnny despised, it was '"old maids,"" partic-
ularly Aunt Julia. Aftei" a little, .limmy re-
turned with the nnid paste. This. •'Auntie "'
(as she styled herself), nnieh to Jimmy's dis-
gust, plastered (ner Ted's eye. When she
had lixed up Ted she proposed to Jimmy,
that, as his eye and lip were swelling badly,
he have the same treatment.

•• 1 don't want vour ole mud in my eye,'"
stoutly persisted Jimmy.

" Jimmy," said his step-mother sternly,
you let Aunt Julia poultice your eye.''

Jinnny heroically obeyed, and went
through the trying ordeal.

'■ If you're going to do that to every oiw
of my "stings, you'll have to plaster me all
over?' growled Jimmy, very indignantly.

"Auntie*' paid no attention, but said.
•• There, now, I guess I have done all I can
for you.''

"•Hump!'" muttered Jimmy, again, to
himself, as the mud trickled down his cheek.
•• I wonder why she don't dose us with her
old medicine. All this kind of doctorin"
don't amount to a hill of beans, 'cause Mr.
Green said so.''

"Jimmy, stop your mutterin',"' said his
step-mother.

"• I didn't say nothin',"" replied Jimmy.

" You said sumpin',"' said Ted.

Aunt Julia prepared to go, leaving direc-
tions to bathe their faces in the morning
with borax and water.

Soon 'after, she had gone, Jimmy's father
came home. Throwing his hat on the lloor
in the corner, he said, —

"Hello! what you been doin' with them
young ones, Lucinda?" and then he began to
laugh.

"• I don't see any thing to laugh at," said
she rather curtly. " This is all because that
youngster over there has been feedin' his
bees.' He daubed my stove all up; and be-
sides, as a result of his feedin' operations,
both of 'em have been stung as you see.
Aunt Julia has been over and poulticed their
stings.'"

" i should think so,"" rejoined her hus-
band, very much amused.

Ted now, to excite pity from his father,
began to ciy. The cpieer combination of
mud and tears, as it trickled down his
cheeks, did not call forth very much pity,
but, on the contrary, considerable laughtei-
from his father.

"Don't you remember,'" he said, after he
quieted down, " that neighbor Green told us
that all this fussing with stings never
amounted to any thing? He said that tin-
kering, vubln'ng on salt water, and all that
sort of tliiug only juakes things worse."

1886

GLEANINGS IN JJEE CULTURE.

iX)9

Jimmy's mother made no reply ; but it
was quite evident that all her husband had
said to the cont"rar\ had not altered her
opinion one whit.

We will tell you more about Ted and Jim-
my next month ; but now we must give way
tor the juvenile letters. KuxKsr.

BEES IN TEXAS.

Our bt'os gather honey from ctiteluw. luesiiuite,
horseniiut, aud luany otlier small plants. It is so
warm that our bees are left on their summer
stands all winter, and they never think of freezing-.
Papa's bees are mostly Italians. Ada .NrcPiiAii,.

(iallinas, Te.vas.

THE HEDDOX HIVE.

I'apa likes the new Heddon hive, but he says
your chaft' hive would be better for bees so far
north. Last year we got 250U lbs. of extracted hon-
ey from ;]0 colonies. One swarm put in <)5 lbs. in
three days when basswood was in bloom. This
year it was very di\v, and pa thinks the frost killed
the basswood-blossoms. We did not get nuich hon-
ey this summer. I like to work and go to school.
Manceloua, Mich. Enois Springer.

I believe that Mr. Ileddon does not elaim
that his new hive is adapted to outdoor
wintering, but that as it is so light it can
easily be carried into a cellar (h* other repos-
itory. Its lightness, togetlier with the fact
that its frames are fixed, so as not to shuck
around, he says makes it comparatively easy
to carry it to and from the cellar. For out-
door wintering there is nothing better than
the chatf hive, or at least chalf packing of
some sort. Eunkst.

HUBER, AND WHAT HE IS DOING.

We have had no cold weather yet this fall, but
we are expecting- it all the time. How is Huber
now? He must be a big-boy by this time.

Decorah, la , Oct. 30, 188B. Anna Brii-hner.

Iluber is getting to be (juite a big fellow
now, and he grows so fast that sometimes I
think it can't be Iluber any more. Lately
he has taken a great liking to machinery,
and especially to onr new big engine. If
you were to come here I think he would tell
you all about how these big wheels go round.
He likes to see the new machinery so well
that we have been afraid he might get hurt,
and so we have told him that he musn't go
near the wheels except when his papa, his
l)ig brother Ernest, or his brother-in-law
Jolm goes with him. lie and the engineer
have big times together: and when it is time
for our big steam-whistle to blow, if Iluber
happens to be around, the engineer lets him
blow it. and my! he toots so loud that it is
an actual fact you can hear him toot all
over town. " Ehnest.

A GOOD REPORT FROM .MINNESOTA.

We had o2 swarms last spring. We lia\e '>'^
swarms now; they are all nice Italians. We have
extracted :i.5() gallons of honey, and havetidO lbs. of
comb honey.

One colony, which did iiol send out a swarm,
filled 4;i one-pound sections and three boxes of
frames. We never had such nice honey, nor so
much. The season has been so dry that honey is
so thick it is slow work to dip it. Oui- l)ees made
much honcv I'T-oni red clover, which we thought

extra, but it was not iiuite so white as from white
clover, but very rich and nice.

Ma has made ginger cake of lioney, but she likes
sugar best. I will give you the recipe;

;> cups of honey; 1 cup of butter; 1 teaspooiiful of
soda; 1 teaspoonful of einnanion; 1 tsiblespoonful
of ginger.

I came very near having a swarm of my own this
summer. J was feeding- my chickens, auff I heard
a swarm over my head. I ran to call ija, who was
putting hay in the barn; and when he got to th<'
yard, exiK'cting to titid them settled, ready t(j hi\e,
they had "gone west." Pa followed them a mile
and a half, but they did not alight. Lvuv HisitEK.

r.yle, ISIowcr Co., Minn., Oct. 1.5, 188S.

My experience is, that cakes made witli
honey instead of other sweetening are not as
good, though I never saw tlie day wiien I
didn't like iioney-junibles. i'!i;xi:sr.

(JLADDYS M.VUD.

The following little piece of poetry Mabel
has just laid on my desk. Who is 'Mabel V
Why. d(_)n"t you remember when she wrote a
letter for Glkaninos. telling about her
papa's bees, about a year ago y Who is
lier i)apa':' Why. he is Neighbor II.. that
great big "Uncle lieu.'' as the children
all call him. He it was who fui'uished us so
many and so nice queens for our trade lasl
summer, aftei" foul brood bioke out in our
own apiary. Who is Gladdys Maud? That
blue-eyed little chick over across the way.
The lines below describe her exactly, far
better than I could if I should try.

cousin .MABEL'S BABY-SISTER.

I have a little sister.

Her name is Gladdys Maud;
Hut papa sometimes calls her

His little " tiny fraud."
And this darling little sister

Weighs all of eighteen pounds;
Her eyes are blue as violets.

And her hair is short aud bi-own.
This precious little girlie

Is only six months old;
Although her hair's not curlj".

She's worth her weight in gold.

Mabel Harrington, age 8.
There, now; don't you wish j/oic had a
blue-eyed sister like Gladdys Maud V

t^KXKsr.
t'ARNIOL.^NS THE CROSSEST BEES.

My i)apa has three kinds of bees— big brown, Ital-
ian, and Carniolans. The Carniolans are the Gross-
est bees he has. Papa sa.\s that they are probably
a cross between'the albino and brown Germans; at
least, he thinks that they must be hybrids of some
sort. Papa thinks that you and Prof. Cook and
some other wise men make some grand mistakes,
such as bees producing- wax by eating honey; bees
gathering- cotton and other fibrous matter to cap
their brood: the rjueen changing the sex of her
eggs at will; froth-bugs ami leal-hopiicrs, and your
idea of a strain of queens that will not fight each
othei-. Papa says he would not give a cent a thou-
sand lor such queens. Sallie MORROW.

Wallaceburg. Ark., <»et. li, isSti.

It seems to me, friend Sallie, your papa is
a little hasty, is he not? Prof. Cook dem-
onstrates pretty thoroughly, by experience
and experiment, every thing he puts in
l)rint : ;ni(l I do not think either of us write

910

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

Xov.

much from theory, but from actual iiractice
and real work. Xow. if your father is study-
ing and experimenting', day after day and
year after year, to bring out the truth, we
shall be very glad to have an account of his
experience.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

I received Gleanings, and am mucb pleased
with it. I don't Icnow how I managed to get along'
without it so long as 1 did. It is the best bee-
journal published, I think. F. Someuvillk.

Monticello, N. Y., Oct. 29, 188«.

The 100 honey-tumblers came to hand in due time,
and in perfect condition. I like them better than
the glass honey-pails. They are a great deal strang-
er, and cost less. The freight was *1.I0. the same
as for .50 honey-pails. .Iohn L. Bonnat.

CoulterviUe, 111., Oct. 30, lS8ti.

Inclosed find N. Y. check for Gle.-vnings. 1 have
found that the money expended for Gleanings
has been a profitable investment. I hnve become
very much attached to it, and it can't come " any
too often." Your ABC book is one of the finest 1
have ever seen. f. I>. Whitakek.

Hamilton, Ohio, Oct. 36, 1886.

The celery-plants I got of you are doing so well,
and going so far beyond my expectations, that, for
want of knowledge to carry them through, I inclose
sixteen cents for the little book on the cultivation
and winter care of celery. A. A. Wehhkk.

Hinckley, Ohio, Oct. 20, 1886.

THE HOME READINGS.

My mother looks for Gleanings. She likes the
Home readmgs. She is for ever telling nie of what
Mr. Root sa.\ s of this thing and that, as if A. I. Root
is always right. Never mind; continue putting
your thoughts in print, for it helps others to live.

Shirley ville, Mass. W. E. Giuffin.

Inclosed please find one dollar. Y'ou may count me
as a life subscriber to Gleanings. My little neph-
ew, Walter Somerford, of Grimes Co.. Te.v., came
to see me. and he had in his pocket the 1.5th of
March No. of the above journal, and the first arti-
cle I happened to read was headed "Our Homes."
1 read first to myself, and then re-read it to my
mothei", wife, father-in-law, and two little children.

Washington, Tex. John M. Duew.

THE ABC BOOK, AND HOW EVERY THING BY ITS
DIRECTIONS WORKS TO PERFECTION.

The goods wei-e received, all in flrst-class order,
for which I thank you very much. I have studied
your A B C carefully, and we follow it just as nearly
as we i;aii, and every thing works to perfection. My
bees are doing finely. From three wintered "skeps"
Ave had eight swarms. Our blacks are somewhat
cross to hive, but the Italians are like kittens. 1
nearly drowned one swarm of ^blacks before they
would give up, but now they are well-to-do people.
Mrs. Chas. McDonald.

Centr( ville, Sullivan Co., N. Y., July 9, 1886.

"NEVER H.WE HANDLED SO I'ERFECT .\ LOT OF
STUFF."

The goods you sent me were received. Though J
have worked a great deal of material in my life, I
must say t have never handled so perfect a lot of
stuff as that was. Should I need more another sea-
son, I shall send you my order. I am glad to know
jou are selling so much hive-material after your
misfortune by the fire. My bees are doing better
than ever before. I allowed them to increase from
'IS to 56 colonies, mostly by natural swarming. I
had one swarm only that went to the woods.

Oriedo, Orange t'o., Fla. J. S. Wa.miu.k.

HOW OUK GOODS TAKE IN CALIFORNIA.

1 have been very busy all summer, and have
reaped a pretty good harvest of honey— about 3U00
lbs. from +0 hives; or. if they had all been Simplici-
ty, I think I should have had 1000 lbs. more. Well,
so far so good. Those little white sections of yours
beat evei-y thing there is on this coast, as you will

take notice from a letter in the Keno Journal, from
the Mechanics' Fair held in San Francisco, in Sep-
tember, 1886. Our honey here is very white and
clear, and free from any foreign flavor, and is
mostly from alfalfa and white clover. Your Sim-
plicity took the premium at our State Fair, as also
did Novice's extractor, and /also came in for the
premium on honey for the best display of sections,
e.vtracted. and the best bo.\. and a recommendation
for another premium, so you must think that 1 feel
very much pleased with mv honey-crop this season.
Keno, Nevada, Oct. 18, 1886. F. .\. Moore.

THE SIMPLICITY BEE-HIVE; FOUN D.VT I ON M 1 1, 1.S,
ET( ., AT THE FAIR.

The fair has come and passed. The foundation-
machine came just in time (the Hrst day of the fail I,
and was placed on exhibition, and attracted a great
deal of attention, being the first on exhibition in
Western VVashingtoiL 1 sold all Ihe All C books
you sent me, and 1 got the first premium on Sim-
plicity bee-hives. 1 was successful in carrying oti'
tne prize for the best " native honey in the comb."
Of course, 1 had some of my best section honey in
competition with comt) honey placed on glass, and
many were the remarks made in favor of the hcii'
method over the old. 1 took great pleHsure as well
as pains, in showing the people the advantages of
the Simplicity hives, and the manner of manipula-
tion of the frames, sections, and comb foundation;
also I had a second story with honey stored in sec-
tions just as they filled them. " And will the bees
fill them like that':'" was heard a great many times.

This has been a very unfavorable season here for
bees to store honey, as there have been scarcely
any Howers since the white clover season closed,
which was short, on account of dry weather. I
transferred all my bees this year into Simplicity
hives, except one which 1 bought in a Simplicity
hive, and from it F obtained 65 lbs. of section honey;
and from some which I transferred, I got 15 to 20
lbs.; and from the rest (far the greater number) I
got nothing, but will have to feed several to keep
them from starving before spring. I am well pleas-
ed with every thing- you sent. My good wife says
the Hunter sifter is just capital, and doesn't see
how she ever got along without it before. She
likes to hear me read the story of Jane Meek &
Brother. She says that sounds so much like
"woman's rights." T. L. Holloway.

Chehalis, Wash. Ter., Oct. !l, 1886.

A KIND WOKD INDEED.

Dear Friend Root:— \ want to talk to you awhile,
not for publication, hut toyoui-self, out of appre-
ciation for your good infiuence in my home through
Gleanings. 1 never saw you, but you area near
"heart-acquaintance." I want to tell you, that
last July, a year ago, 1 followed Ernest's and
Maud's examples and " swarmed out," and secured,
in Southern Kansas, a South-Eastern Ohio girl;
and being from near Dayton myself, my queen and
I shall claim a relationship with you, anyway.
My queen is a devoted Methodist, which will be
pleasing to you, and has read thi- Bible nightly, and
led family worship every since we were married.
I have been brought back very near, if not right
to the foot of the cross through her influence,
and I know she won't stop till she is satisfied I am
planted firmly on the solid rock of Christ. The
good part is to come. On the 2d of Sept., in New
Orleans, she gave birth to a fine daughter, which
we have named after that great and good woman,
Frances Willard, which name is a suflficient exposi-
tion of our principles. We feel we have secured a
gift from God, and shall try to bring it up in a
Christian home. When mj' wife joins me again 1
shall take my place at the family altar and do my
duty. You have shown us very much in .v>nr
Home I'apers how to draw near to (iod, how t<:
secure the simpleness of heart so necessary to jjcr-
feet Christian love. C. M. Higgins.

Hahnville, La., Sept. 22, 1886.

[Our readers Mill notice that the above is not for
publication. 1 have, however, obtained permission
from the writer to use the letter as 1 thought
proper; and when 1 wrote him I earni'stly entreat-
ly him to take up the cross and lead in family wor-
sliip himself in his own home, as he proposes.
After the letter was gone I prayed that God might
bless my feeble words. I am happy, to tell yon he
has just writlen me of his I'omplcte surrender, and
of the establishment of the family altar.J

1SS«

(iLEANlNGS IN BEE CL'LTL KE.

!»11

Qu^ liBMES.

Let nothing bo clone througrh strife or vainglory;
Init in lowliness of inirnl let each esteem other bet-
ter than theuisehes.— T'Hii,. :i: 3.

fOR some time 1 have been considering
this matter ol' awards at onr fairs and
honey-sliows; and I liave been pained
repeatedly to hear of hard feelings be-
cause of the way in which awards have
been made. I have, "at different times. l)een
one of the judges at fairs, and also have
been several times exhibitor. I have been
awarded the lirst i)remium. and at different
times the second premium ; and I l)elieve I
have also made exhibits when I received no
premium at all. As oiu" fairs and exposi-
tions are, without (|uestion, a wondeifal
means of educating the people, it seems ex-
tremely desirable that we should try to get
over or do away with any thing that hinders
their usefulness. The Centennial Exposi-
tion tried to meet the matter by awarding
no tirst premitmis to anybody — simply giving
awards to every thing meritorious.' It did
not seem to answer the purpose, however, if
I am correct ; and I do not know of any bet-
ter way than to give tirst and second premi-
ums, lis most of our fairs now manage it.
How, then, shall we avoid hard feelings, and
the fierce jealousies that now and then spring
up and make those who have been good
friends estranged, sometimes, may be,
for life ? The following letter states the
case so thoroughly 1 give it here entire,
oiuitting names and addresses :

A.I. Root, Midimi, O.:

Dear Sir:— V wish 3'our decision as to the follow-
ing: Mr. A exhibits one wa.v-ex tractor, one bee-
veil, one bee-feeder, one queen-inirscry, one hook
to lift frames, and one honey-knife— fi articles, and
he is awarded the first iiremium, or Slo fld, for the
Innjfst and /jcx/ display of apiarian imjjlements.
Mr. R exhibits one swarming and transferring
liox; one queen and drone catcher (Alley's); T bee-
brushes; one bee-smoker; one hive-ventilator; one
bee-feeder; 80 bee-hives in fiat; fiO zinc honey-
boards; one tool to make wire liooks in frames; one
tool to put fdn. in frames; tweezers to catch queen
and bees for caging; one wire-nippers; hammers,
all sizes; tacks and nails: brace and bits for lioring
frames; screws and screw-driver; the A BC book,
(iLEANiNGS and .1. 7?. ./., ai:d yet he received the
second premium, or .'^'(.Oii. Mr. A told the examin-
ing committee jn-ivatcly that the tools put in by Mr-
|{ were not apiarian tools, as I learned from the su-
perintendent afterward, and the superintendent
told the committee he thought they were deciding
wrong. Mr. A first (after i)rotest was made) agreed
to leave it to you to decide, but later he backed out
as to that, and would do nothing biU hold all he had
got by the award. Is Mr. H warranted in letting Mr.
A severely alone in the future, f<n- his grasjnng self-
ishness in claiming what he is so unjustly entitled
to? At the examination of bees for award on best
colony, Mr. 15 told the committee he conceded the
first to Mr. A, and cxtpcced the same courtesy in
return on tools, as it was so apjmrent. J. I/. D.

Probably many of our readers will recall
to mind having had experiences quite simi-
lar to the above, especially if they are the

class of people who attend fairs, and make
exhibits. .V and B are both good men— at
least, so I take it. The judges and superin-
tendent are good men ; in fact, I think that
bad men seldom get into such places ; that
is, the judges are usually selected from
those whose general tenor of life indicates
that they wish to be fair and honest, and,
as a rule, free from prejudice or partiality.
When I say that A and B are good men,!
recognize that they are human, like you and
me, and are liable at any moment to be
tempted by the evil one, so that their ordi-
narily good judgment and keen perception
may be impaired. 1 think I told you, years
ago, that 1 decided, even before I "became a
Christian, it was wrong for nte to play check-
ers, because I was sure to become too much
excited by the game to feel charital)]e or
kind toward my opponent. It used to be
the same with rne w hen [ went to spelling-
school, when we were allowed to "go up"
in the class. Well, our county and State
fairs are very apt to encourage this feeling
of rivalry and jealousy — a good deal more so
than checkers and spelling-scltools, because
our money is involved, and frequently, also,
our opportunities for increasing our busi-
ness. Shall we. then, stay away V If there
were not enough good at our fairs to over-
balance the evil, I would say, stay away ; as
it is, I think it our duty to go. But when we
go, let us learn to be men and ""o/iieiuand
cultivate the spirit of the little text T have
placed at the head of our chapter. Xotice.
dear reader, the wonderful beauty of the
words of that kind-hearted vetenin, Paul.
One recognizes at a glance that Paul had his
conflicts, and knew how it was himself.
" I^et nothing be done through strife or
vain-glory."" One is almost tempted to
think that Paul had in his mind the matter
we have been discussing, when he uttered
the words. And, again, •"But in lowliness
of mind let each esteem other better tiian
themselves."" How completely these words
meet the case in question ! aiid did we but
heed them and obey them, how fully should
we be delivered from all strife and impleas-
antness I

Our good friend A without a doubt felt a
little spiteful toward B because B had
brought out a larger and liner exhibit. Now
please have cliarity for friend A, deai'
friends, and don"t be too severe on others
like him, who are now and then tempted to
do things they would never think of unless
under the pressure of something ;i little un-
usual. I can imagine A lookijig over at his
neighbor, and catching a glimpse of those
tweezers to catch queens with ; also the
show of hammers of different sizes. Poor
A ! Satan suggests to him. ''Look here, old
fellow: If you had brought hammers and
nails, screw-drivevs, and idl the pincers and
nippers there were about the house, you
might have made a big display also. Now,
I think it is yoiu' duty to (piietly suggest to
the examining committee, that, although
these things are very line, they are not, all
of them, implements for bee culture."" Why,
don"t you see. deiir friends, the matter could
be put in such a way as to make it appear
that B had pretty good grotmds for his sug-

912

GLEANINGS IK nEi^ CULTURE.

Nov

gestion to the judges V The judges, not be-
ing very well posted in regard to bee-imple-
ments, may have concluded there wr.s rea-
son and justice in the suggestion. Their
proper way would have been, however, to
interview E, and ask him if he considered
hammers and screw-drivers, strictly speak-
ing, implements for bee culture ; then eacli
party could have defended his position. Of
course, the judges would have to decide one
way or the other, eventually, for the ques-
tion is like thousands of others that come up
—one that can not be settled detinitely, but
must remain, for all time to come, matters
of opinion, and on which good people may
honestly differ. The superintendent, desir-
ing to be fair about the matter, tells friend
B why his larger exhibit was given only the
second premium. At this, friend B is terri-
bly stirred up. I feel exceedingly grateful
to him for the compliment that he pays me
in suggesting that I should decide the mat-
ter; but I hope he will not feel hard toward
me when I say there is no way of deciding
it, that I know of, that will l)"egin to com-
pare with the one suggested by our text. I
should say, "•Xow, good friend 13, as the de-
cision has been given by the judges, by all
means drop the matter aiid let it rest there.
May be you can not help feeling hard a lit-
tle; but, dear friend, please try to think
that what is your loss is your neighbor's
gain, and that it does not matter very much
after all who has the money or who has the
honor and the glory in this world. Make up
your mind to be manly and liberal about it,
no matter if it does look unfair and under-
handed. A is your neighbor ; and if he has
shown a greedy and selfish disposition, try to
feel truly and really sorry for him. just as
you would if he were your own liesh-and-
blood brother. J3y no manner of mean.'t think
of letting him ' severely alone? as you term
it. He is not a bad man; in fact, I think I
am right in thinking you have always here-
tofore held him in high esteem. Hold him
in high esteem sHlU dear brother; pass it
by, and let it go. 'Let this mind be in you
which was also in Christ Jesus;' 'but he
made himself of no reputation, and took
upon him the form of a servant, and was
made in the likeness of men ; and being in
fashion as a man, hurablefl himself, and be-
came obedient unto death, even the death of
the cross.'" I have been through these
trials, dear brother. I have cherished un-
kind and ungenerous feelings toward the
one who took the premium from me ; and J
have again, on the other hand, said to my-
self, when T felt the promptings of the
tempter, "Get thee behind me, Satan.""

I have oftentimes of late been tempted to
think unchaiitableness the most compre-
hensive and most common sin to be found
in the world. If we cherish unkind and
uncharitable thoughts toward a fellow-be-
ing, nobody knows what the end may be.
If these thoughts are not put away and
stilled, they may result even in murder;
and who shall fathom the agony and re-
morse one who has committed such a crime
is compelled to carry through life ? I do
not know what this awful remorse is ; but I
do know of the wonderful and untold bless-

[ ings that flow into the heart, and, I think
I may say truly, into thep«'v*e, of him who
tries to obey the command of our little text.
i I remember the time when there was a little
; strife in our town, about who should have
, a certain kind of work. I do not like to
I lie beaten in any thing ; and before I knew
it. 1 was planning to get the work awa>
from my competitors. Thank God, how-
ever, the influence of Christ's spirit began
to strive with me ; and tinally I told the one
who had it in his power to let out the work,
1 would rather he would give it to the other
parties. He seemed a little surprised until I
' explained to him that they, perhaps, needed
the work more than I did ; and as there had
been some feeling in the matter already, I
' Avould let go what advantage 1 might derive
i in getting it myself, and tinally told him I
should feel happy in letting them have it.
and I did not tell an untruth, dear friends.
There came a feeling into my heart right
! away, that the little sacrifice I had made
was laying up treasures in heaven, if not
here on earth. I have experienced this feel-
ing many times, after triumphing over selfish
I feelings and jealousy; and, strange' to tell, it
seems as if 1 had not lost any money by it
either. A great many times it is a hard
matter for judges to decide in regard to the
I comparative merits of exhibits ; and, again,
i they sometimes look at it somewhat in this
I way :

! One man of considerable wealth and
\ means makes a large exhibit ; in fact, he ex-
I eels ill almost every thing. Another com-
1 petitor, however, a man of limited means,
: has a small exhibit, but has every thing very
I nice. He has certainly done wonderfully
i well for one with so few advantages and
with so little means. Shall all the premi-
1 ums be given to the man who has so muchV
j This, too, may be a question tliat all would
j not agree on. One of the judges may say,
! ■■' It is our duty to make the awards without
j regard to the condition or circumstances of
j the competitors ; in fact, we ought to make
! them as if we did not know the parties at
all."' Another might say, "But /think,
I friends, that it does make a difference who
the man is. The one who has accomplished
a great deal with very small capital and ad-
vantages ought to be rewarded." A third
one may say, " I tell you, my friends, what /
think about it. I do not believe it is a good
thing to give all the best premiums to one
man. The premiums are offered with the
view of encouraging agricultural industry,
and let us divide them around a little, giv-
ing each one something, to encourage him
for the time and trouble and pains he has
taken." I might go on and give other sim-
ilar examples ; but all I wish to show is, that
the judges maybe good men, and actuated
by the best of motives in making awards
that sometimes seem to us singular and im-
called for. Now, is it not a great deal bet-
ter to try hard to take a charitable view of
all these things? Search diligently for good
motives instead of evil ones, when you feel
like criticising. To come back to our text.
"In lowliness of mind let each esteem other
better than themselves." You do not be-
lieve you are actuated by narrow and selfish

188G

(rLEANINGS IX BEE CULTURE.

9i;{

motives; then be generous enough to tliink
at once that others are like yourself.

It cramps and warps and deforms a man
to get into the habit of thinking everybody
Unscrupulous and unprincipled and greedy.
Try to be liberal-minded; try to be whole-
hearted; try to be generous; don't stop and
pick and quibble about little things. Let it
pass— let it pass, thinking that what is your
loss is anotlier's gain, and that, may be, it
will do him more good than it wouldyou.

And now a word in regard to that part of
the letter which suggests letting the indi-
vidual severely alone. My friend, this " let-
ting alone " very often amounts to striking
him a blow. I do not see how a Christian
can possibly be excused for so doing,
for the ]\iaster says, '• Love ve your
enemies; do good to those that hate you."
Xow, you can not do good to a man by let-
ting him '' severely alone.'' It may not al-
ways 1)6 best to speak to him, or to have
very much to do with him under certain cir-
cumstances; but it is the duty of a Chris-
tian to be always striving to do good wher-
ever an opportunity offers; and the letting-
alone principle generally includes refusing
to do him a kindness when opportunity of-
fers. Xow, if we are going to do good to
our enemies as well as to our friends, we
come pretty near promising to do good to
everybody, irrespective of what has hereto-
fore "happened. If you have never tried it,
suppose you suri)rise some one by doing
some little friendly act for him, even after
you two have had difficulties. Surprise him
by letting him see that you have concluded
not to treasure up or remember it against
him. ^ly friends, we have not time to in-
dulge in' liard feelings toward avt/body.
8ome of the best lessons in this line i ever
got in my life were from our good friend
Prof. Cook. The good lessons were not in
the way of advice, but they were in the way
of actual experience and transactions.
Sometimes I wonder how it is, and what is
the secret of the great hold he has on the
hearts of the people — not only the people of
Michigan, but people everywhere he is
known, either through personal acquaint-
ance or through his writings. I think I
have found the secret. What do you sup-
pose it is? Why, it is embodied in the little
text at the head of this talk, better than any
words I can frame to tell it. The way is
open for you to go and do likewise. There is
no patent right on loving your enemies, and
doing good to those who hate you. There
is no patent right against putting away
strife and selfishness. Christ's teachings
are free to all. The saddest part of it is.
that so few are found to take advantage of
them, thus making not only this world
pleasant, but laying up treasures in heaven
by means of these same teachings.

It seems to me that Satan sometimes
warps our better judgment in these matters
by persuading us that it is our duty to bring
the guilty to justice; and the evil one may
even persuade some usually well-meaning
man that he is doing CJod service in prolong-
ing a useless quarrel and controversy.
There are many texts in the Bible, command-
ing us to give way and to suffer wrong, and

to judge not; but there are very, very few
enjoining us to expose a brother, and bring
his iniquity to light, even when he is doing
wrong. Would it not seem, in view of this,
that the tendency of humanity is much oft-
ener toward the one extreme than to the
other? — that is, difficulties among friends
and neighbors are very rarely of such a char-
acter as to demand lawsuits or pulilic expos-
ure. Even in this great trouble that is be-
fore our people now about the intemperance
of our land, I believe we often err in being
in too great haste to condemn too severely.
Xo doubt, something ought to be done in
all these cases ; but the question seems to
be. What is the wisest thing to doV If we
stop and ask ourselves what course will do
the friend in question most good, we shall
seldom be led astray.

A few days ago, one of the book-keepers
submitted a letter to me that slie had writ-
ten to a man who had beliaved very badly.
I told her it was too severe.

"But, Mr. Boot, it is the exact truth,"
said she.

'' I know it is, but I would not tell the ex-
act truth.'' She looked at me a little inquir-
ingly.

Xow, friends if the erring one were one of
your own family, and you were telling what
he had done that was wrong, would you tell
the whole truth? I think not. You would
soften it and omit unnecessary details, and
I think you would be doing right. Evil is
bad enough without exaggerating it and
giving the full details as the sensational
newspapers do. Well, now, if you will soft-
en it and put it mildly because the offender
is a relation, why not consider all mankind
related to you through God the Fattier, and
appeal to his better feelings, if possible, by
stating his olTense so mildly that he will re-
cognize you do not put it as bad as it is. It
is a very hard thing to do this when you are
excited and stirred up ; but I tell you. my
friends, it is a wonderful thing to be able to
control your feelings so as to hold back even
truths which it would be better not to utter,
or that are not necessary to be told. A good
friend of mine once suggested to me that I
should remonstrate willi" one who was act-
ing very provokingly. I replied that I had
decided to do so a dozen times, but that,
when I began to consider the matter, I felt
that I should say too mucli, and so I said
nothing. The reply was, " I think, Mr.
Root, if you only had grace to do it, it would
come better from you than from anybody
else.''

I have often thought of that word "grace"
— the grace to reprove, and yet do it mildly,
kindly, and lovingly. How beautiful and
lovable is this trait when we see it in othersi
May God give us that coveted grace, even
though it seems as if we have not inherited
it by nature ; and may he help us, that noth-
ing be done through strife or vain-glory.
May his Spirit sustain us and help us, in
lowliness of mind to esteem others better
than ourselves.

Xow, a word more, in regard to this mat-
ter of not telling the whole truth when you
are discussing some trouble with an oppo-
nent. Both of you are excited, and greatly

nil

(tLEA2<1^'GS 1^' liEE (!i;LTi:iiE.

Nov

disposed, whon speaking to each other, to
state it a little stronger than the real facts
in the case will warrant. Recognizing this,
be snre that all of your statements are a lit-
tle below the mark, as it seems to you.
Your opponent is watcliing keenly for any
evidence of insincerity or untruthfulness on
your part. He may be a bad man himself,
and therefore he is hoping to lind vou are
equally bad, and is ready, at the smallest ex-
cuse or provocation, to call you untruthful.
Be guarded and wary. Surprise and disarm
your opponent by statements so mild that
he will be forced to say in his heart. '• Well,
f declare I the fellow is fair, even if he is
right against me in this matter." He may
have been ready to call you a liar the minute
he catches hold of the very smallest exagger-
ated statement. Make every point and
every complaint of his conduct a good way
inside of the line of truth, and then you are
on the safe side, anyway. We unconsciously
measui-e each other, and just hi'iiY in mind
with what respect and revei-ence you look
up to a man whom everybody knows is mild
and fair, and within the bounds of truth in all
his statements. Don't let the heat of contro-
versy, or any temptations in the way of self-
ishness, lead you to overstate. Be kind,
even to the unthankful. The power and in-
lluence and weight of a man who is univer-
sally known to be kind and fair, even when
he has been misused, is wonderful; and
even bad and wicked men look up to him
with reverence and respect. Shall we not
strive for such a reputation among men?

CliNIiUCTKD BY ERNEST R. ROOT.

FEEDINfJ, AXD THE BEST FEEDEKS FOR i
nUSIXESS.

TM talking now upon feeders and tiieir rel-
m ative merits, I hope I may not l)e under-
% stood as saying that the feeders which
''■' T shall recommend are the best, but. in
my opinion, are the best we have tried.
for reasons which I shall presently give.

I believe that, in answer to a correspon-
dent recently, I stated that Ave used and
preferred the bread pan feeder. So we did
at that time ; but a combination of circum-
stances has reversed my opinion. It occui'-
red something in this way : About the time
we were placing bread-pan feeders upon the '
hives, preparatory to feeding, our supply of
feeders gave out.

'■ Can't you lind any more bread-pansV
said I to the apiarist.

•'No," he replied; "but there are some
old trough Simplicity feeders in the second
story of the house-ap'iary ; but, one of those
won't hold enough for feeding up (piick.""

•■ >V'ell,'" said I, ""if there are enougli we
will give each colony three, which number.
I think, will hold about the same f|uantitv
of syrup as one of the bread-pans.''

We managed to sci-ape together about a
hundred. To every colony that still lacked
a bread-pan we gave three of these Simplic-
ity feeders, placing them on top of the en-
ameled cloth, the latter being tin-ned back

so as to allow the bees to come up and
"drink." The bread-pans, with a piece of
cheese-cloth, were laid upon the enameled
cloth in tlie same manner, there being only
one to each hive. The feeders were filled fvt
night, as I have before explained in the
previous number. We had not continued
our feeding more than a day or so before our
in-efcrence was decidedly in favor of the
Simplicity feeders, for these reasons :

BKt;Al)-I'AN' KKEDEU.

The cheese-cloths in the Ijread-pans. after
they are empty, in the majority of cases
stick to the bottom of the pans, and it is no
little task to pull them up ; 2. The cloths
have always to be pulled away before filling,
which takes time; 8. The sides of the pan
being made of tin, and sloping at that,
makes it no easy matter for the bees to get
at the feed ; 4. If the cloth is not laid over
the pan of syrup very carefully, a good
many bees are apt to get drowned ; 5. In
cool weather the bees will scarcely ever take
feed from them— from the fact, I suppose,
that the metal is cold to their feet. None
of these objections can be named against the
Simplicity feeder. With the latter it is only
necessary to raise the cover and pour in the
syrup — no cheese-cloth nor any thing of the
sort to fuss with. If the three feeders are
full of bees it is of no consequence ; pour
the feed in just the same. The bees that
are immersed in the syrup will crawl up the
partitions in the feeders, as it were, and
none will be drowned— at least, I have never
seen any dead bees in the Simplicity feeders,
and I have tried to so besmear the i)ees with
syrup as to drown them. Perhaps some of
our A B (' scholars would like to see a cut of
the Simplicity feeder, showing the partitions,
which i)reveiit the bees from drowning.

SIMPMCITV FEEDER.

It is simply a wooden trough ; and the
fact that it is made of wood, constitutes one
of its chief ])oints of excellence. The wood
is a non-conductor of heat and cold, and
during cool weather is not so apt to repel
the bees. Its wooden surface also renders it
an easy matter for the bees to gain access to
the feed, and the rough sides of the parti-
tions, as left by the wabbling-saw, serve as
an excellent foothold to the bees in climbing,
even when besmeared with syrup. A bee
that can't climb up these partitions is no bee
at all, and ought to drown.

The fact that the Simplicity requires no
floats or clotlis to be lifted out and replaced,
makes it possible to feed up a lot of colonies
in nearly half the time that the bread-pan
feeder requires. It not only takes less time
to fill the feeders with syrup, but the bees will
in every instance show their preference by

1SS6

GLEANINGS IN liEE CTLTUilE.

!)1.T

emptying- tlie Simplicity lirst. In perhaps a
score of hives, we phiced. on lop of the enam-
eled clotli of eacli, three Simplicities and one
bread-pan. In every instance the wooden
feeders were emptied long b;'fore bread-
pans. If any of my readers are skeptical, let
tliem try the same experiments and note the
difference. I think your verdict will be that
you will want no feeders excejtt those made
of wood.

Some one says, •" The Simi)licity is too
small."' It is just right for stimulating
brood-rearing. When It is desirable to feed,
say lU lbs. of syrup at a time, I place ten of
the Simplicities right on top of the frames,
side by side, leaving a bee-space between
each feeder. Over this I place a cou])le of
Hill devices, and lay the enameled cloth over
the whole, lint it is not often that we need
to feed tliat quantity at one time. That the
bread-pan is a good feeder, and will do g.;od
work, 1 do not deny : but I only claim that
the wooden feeder is much superioi-.

1 KEDINO IN COOL OK FUOSTY WE.VTIIKU.

While we were feeding, a cool spell of
weather with frosty nigiits came upon us.
and the bees seemed loath to take down the
feed as usual. As they had not then ({uite
sutHcient stores for winter. I did not wish to
have our feeding prevented Ik cause of a little
cool weather. It occurred to me. that if we
should put the feeders directly ui)on the
frames and cover with a chaff cushion, the
feed would be stored in the combs as before
As the Hill device would have to come into
requisition soon, it would be just the thing
to keep the cushion fi'om sagging into the
syrup or prevent it from sj covering the
feeders as to exclude the bees from the feed.
We accordingly put chaff cusliions on all
the hives, and arranged the feeders as I
have .indicated; i. e.. with a Hill device
spanning the feeder, a sheet of burlap cover-
ing the wliole,and. last of all. the chaff cush-
ion to keep in the warmth. The elfect was
all I could desire, and the bees carried down
the feed as in warm weather. If the weath-
er was too cold they would emi)ty only the
Simplicity feeders, and the bread-pans re-
mained untouched. In view of these facts I
do not think we bee-keepers want any feed-
e'rs made of metal, but of wood, and of the
simplest construction.

MAKING SUGAK SVUri' I'.V S'lKAM.

We have worked up six or seven barrels of
granulated sugar into syrup for winter stores.
Ity the use of steam. Perliaps some of our
readers might be intei-ested as to our man-
ner of making it. A barrel of sugar is taken
down into tlie '• wax-room." as we call it,
and nnheaded at a convenient distance from
a large extractor-can. In this the syrup is
made. The can is mounted on a box of the
proper height, l)oth for convenience in work-
ing as well as for drawing off the syrup from
the honey-gate into a suitable receptacle.
Closely adjoining is a steam-i)ipe to which is
attached a rubber hose, the latter reaching
into the extractor-can; at the left of the
steam-pipe is a watei'-pipe. \\"\{h a long
wooden paddle and a tin pail, every thing is
ill readiness for making tli(> syrup.

< )i)r pn 'port in)) of water to sugar tuv mix-

ing is a gallon of the former to lil lbs. of the
latter. If the syrup is to be made on a stove,
our proportion" is a gallon of water to 20 lbs.
of sugar. ^Vllen heating the syrup by steam
we have to allow a little for the condensa-
tion of steam. To get the jtrojiortions right.
we lirst weigh a pail of sugar, and tlien after
that simply measure the sugar by the ])ail-
ful. Now. we do not mix the sugar and wa-
ter all at once, and then apply steam, but
] we put just enough water in oiir extractor-
can so that, when the proportional amount
I of sugar has been added by degrees, tlie c^n
I will be full of syrup. IJy the application of
; a little arithmetic we can determine how
: much water to put in the can so as to come
j out right. We will suppose, then, thctt;\ye
have poured in the re(|uisite quantity'.of
water. Turn on the steam and let the water
snap until about the boiliiig-i)i)int ; then
scoop up a pailful of sugar, ami with one
hand, pour it on the hot water gradually,
and with the other one stir with the paddle
j I have mentioned. (\)ntinue stirring until
the sugar is all dissolved, and the syrup
looks transparent. In like manner poiir in
the second i)ailful, stirring as before, and so
I on until the proportional numbers of pailsful
I are exhausted. If your calculations have
l)een right, and you have followed directions,
your can will be full of beautiful clear syrup.
There ought not then to be any granulation,
though tiiere may form a little scum on the
surface of the syrup. The bee-feed is now
hot, and will have to remain eight or ten
hours to be cool enough to feed.

You will perceive that there is not a par-
ticle of danger of burning the syrup when
heated by steam ; and after the sugar is in
we generally let it boil foi- 10 or 1.3 minutes,
to make sure that it is all dissftlved. While
stirring, occasionally run the i»addle through
the gutter that leads to the honey-gate, for
oftentimes it may become clogged.

Now. perhaps some of our readers may
think that, in making syrup, we go through
a good many unnecessary operations. Pos-
sibly we do; at any rate, for the last
four or live years this is the syrup that we
have fell to the bees, and our success in win-
tering during this time has been good, as
our readers are aware. Whether the syruj)
has any of the credit, I -would not say; but
I believe it has been one of the important
factors.

1 IIOAV TO OKI' ItIO OK I.I KK - INSl'KANOK
' AOEXTS, Oi; ANY (rrHEH KIND OF

: AGENTS.

i One warm day, after the colonies had all
! been fed up, I was engaged in packing the
1 colonies in clialf. Wishing to take advan-
I tage of the warm weather as long as it lasted.
I I was desirous of getting all the colonies
packed before the cold set in, and conse-
! (juently was (piite iiusy. While I was thus
occupied 1 saw a lamiliai- form advance to-
wiivd me through the aisles of the apiary.
Yes. it was the life-insurance agent. As I
am a young married man. he was very desir-
ous that I should take a ])olicy in his com-
l)any. While he was explaining the " semi-
tontine "' plan and its advantages, and was
about to press his argument, I saw that 1
was ticiiig hiiideied. A Itright thought

916

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

struck me. Was I going to take out a policy?
'' Oh, no!'' I said to myself. " Here is a hy-
brid colony ; I will accidentally (?) bump the
hive. I can easily stand a couple of stings."

While this thoiight was passing my mind,
and I was about to execute my plan, I am
sure I looked pleased. My companion,
thinking that I was about to tell him I
would take out a policy, advanced nearer to
me— just what I wanted.

'■'■ My! these bees are cross fellows," said I.

My companion took the hint ; and as he
started oft' on a kind of dog-trot (he weighs
2(J0) he said, •• Good-evening; will see you
at another time."

Gleakikcs in Bee Cdlture.

Published Sctnl-3Ionthly.

JL.. I. IROOT,

EDITOB AND PUBLISHER,

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For ClttblDine Sates, See First Page of Beading Matter.
liv£EIDIiT.i^, l<TO^J-. IS, less.

Do all thing:s without munmirings and disptitlng.s.— Phil. 2:14.

We will give 1.5 c. each for May, 18T.'), Gleanings.

ERUATU.M.

In the last column on page HOU, hi this itsue, the
reference should have been to Gleanings for 1885,
and not to the " Winter Care of Horses and Cattle."

FRIEND HUTCHINSON S LOSS BY KIKE.

The following is from friend W. Z. H. by postal:

We have lost nearly 1000 lbs. or our t-hoieest comb honey, by
the binning, last night, of oui' railroad depot, where t he honey
was storetl preparatory to shii)ping. The nostoffiee, hotel, and
a store were also burned. W. Z. Hutchinson.

Oet. 20, l«f6.

THE BUSV BEE.

Fkom Rev. E. T. Abbott, St. Joseph. Mo., we
have received a little work on bees, entitled, "The
Busy Bee; or, Bee-Keeping in a Nutshell." It is in
pamphlet form, and contains 40 pages of matter,
of which something over half is devoted to bees,
aud the rest to advertising. It can l)e obtained
I'rom the address above. Pric« 15 cts.

DISCOUNTS FOR THE MONTH OF DECE.MliER.

Until Dec. 1 Ave will allow 8 per cent discount on
all goods which, from their nature, can not well be
used until next season, as given iu our last issue.
During the month of December the discount will
be reduced to 5 per cent; in January it will be 4 per
cent; in February, 3 per cent, and in March 2 per
cent. After April 1, net cash as usual.

CQMB HONEY IN GLASSED SECTIONS, AT ONLY W\i
CTS. PER LB.

In oi-der to close out the lot mentioned on p.age
.339, April 15, we will sell it in lots of 10 cases at lO!^
cts. per lb. ; less than 10 cases, 11 cts. per lb. This is
nice honey, and can hardly fail to give satisfaction.
The only objection to it, that we know of, is, there
is a sheet of glass fastened on each side of a sec-
tion, and, of course, this glass is weighed up with
the bonej'. See description on page referred to above.

LETTUCE IN THE OPEN AIR, IN THE MIDDLE OF
NOVEMBER.

We have this morning pushed away the snow
from off the heads of Tennis Ball and "Deacon"
lettuce, and gathered a basketful of about as flue
heads as any we ever saw, although not quite Sf)
large in size as those raised in summer. I hardly
need add, that it was grown over the New Agricul-
ture. The mercury has been several times down to
20 degrees— 13 below freezing— but it docs not seem
to hurt it a particle. Before it gets much colder
we shall cover it with sash or oiled cotton cloth,
nights, or when it freezes severely during the day
time. We are going to have a fine lot of it ready
for Thanksgiving. The "Deacon " is a new variety
that promises to be an acquisition. The leaves are
smooth, flat, and round. It is an enormous grower,
and the heads are very handsome.

REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANPO-
LIS CONVENTION.

The above report is very neatly gotten up. It is
a book closely written, of 32 pages. It is furnished
by the American Bee Jimrnal for 35 cts. It seems to
me the matter contained in it ought to be worth
that to any enthusiastic bee-keeper. While I am
about it, I believe I omitted to make editorial men-
tion of the proceedings a year ago. I regret this,
as it embodieil also a history of the N. A. B. K. S.
from 1870 to 1884. The price is also 35 cts., furnish-
ed by the A. B. J. This latter book contains 64 pages.
While we are looking over these convention reports,
I feel moved to say that the editor of the A. B.
J. should receive a vote of thanks for the very
faithful service he has rendered at different times
to this convention, or, so far as I know, at all con-
ventions. He is a most excellent reader and speak-
er, full of good-natured pleasantry and enthusiasm ;
and with the experience of the last two or three
conventions liefore me, I for one should feel sorry
to find friend Newman absent from any convention
I might have the good fortune to be permrtted to
attend.

A GOOD TELESCOPE FOR A SMALL AMOUNT OF
MONEY.

When 1 was a boy I was greatly taken up with a
description of a home-made telescope, described by
the great astronomer Thomas Dick. The glasses were
good, but the tubes were made of pasteboard form-
ed by rolling up old newspapers. They can be
made so as to slide one into the other, and answer
every purpose of the expensive brass tubes, only
when you draw the instrument out the tubes may
come clear out and pull apart if j'ou are not care-
ful. Well, we have just succeeded in getting a lot
of telescopes made in this way. The power is pret-
ty nearly equal to our $3.00 brass telescopes,
but the price is only 50 cts. Or we will send it for 2
new names or 4 renewals. They can be sent safely
by mail for 6 cts. extra. When drawn cut the in-
strument is 3ti inches long; but it shuts up to II';
inches. The paper tubes are nicely finished and
varnished, and the ends are capped with brass, so
the instrument is not bad looking after all. We are
so confident that these will please the juveniles
who have a love for telescopes and astronomy that
we will take any one back that does not give sat-
isfaction—you, of course, paying postage both
ways. They are made to be used as a marine tele-
scope. We hope to have a picture of the instru-
ment in our next issue.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

917

AN AGENT FOR GLEANINGS AT EVERY POST-
OFFICE.

A B'EW weeks ago I suggested that somebody at
every postofflce take the matter in hand, of visir
ing all the bee-keepers, with a view of getting
them to subscribe to Gleanings, and that that
person should have 25 cts. for each name lie sent in
fromhitiown postollice. The question arises. Shall
the one who acts as aijent for GiiEANiNcs receive
Uo cts. for s?ndiiig iti his own name? To be sure, he
may; but Ijefore giving him this wholesale rate,
wo wish him to call on all thi' bec-keepei-s near
him, as mentioned above. If he docs not .succeed
in getting fi'fji one mtinc, hf may still have Glean-
ings for T.5 cts., providing he sends us the names of
those upon wiiom he has called. We want these
names to make up our list of those to whom we
send price lists once or twice a year. Now, wo
hope there will be no rivalry in this matter. Lot
the bee-keepers at each postoHlce decide upon
some one among their number to receive subscrip-
tions. As I said before, the supply-dealer of the
neighborhood would bo the proper part.v, generally
speaking. I do not know how we can permit you
to take names from other postoffices than your
own. This would virtually amount to cutting down
the price of Gleanings, and I think it better that
each agent should got a full dollar from each sub-
scriber. Be sure you state, when you send in
names to take advantage of this, that uoii are to be
agent at your postofflce.

A BARGAIN IN WATCHES; ALSO, HOW lO <iET A
W.VTCH FREE.

We are now selling our 2.3d gross of Waterbury
watches. The latest style is series E, which we
send postpaid and registered for $2.7."). We have
on hand a few of the old styles, which are as good
timers as the late styles. We should like to close
out these old styles, and, in oi'der to do so. we make
the following low prices on these watches, regulated
and tested to run in the pocket:

Series C, postpaid, $2 50

■• B " 2.00

" A " 1..50

Who ever heard of a watch that would keep good
time, for such an insignitlcant sum y and if you
haven't the money to send, I'll tell you another waj-
to get them :

To the person sending 5 new subscriptions to
Gleanings, at $1.00 each, we will send a new " Se-
ries E" watch, postpaid, free; for 4 new subscrip-
tions, a "Series C" watch; for 3 new subscriptions
and one renewal, a "Series B" watch; and for 2
new subscriptions, and 2 renewals, a "Series A"
watch. Where is the girl or boy who can not, with
a little effort, induce his bee-keeping neighbors to
take Gleanings, and thus get a watch f ree V As
our supply of these old watches is limited, you will
have to go to work at once, or they are likely to be
all gone.

CONVENTION NOTICES.

Nebraska bee-keppers will meet for their next minual se:--
sion in Lincoln, Neb., on the .second Wednestliiy in Jan., 18S7.
H. N. P.vTTERSuN, Sec.

THE MICHKi.VX STATE BEE-KEEPEKs' ASSOCHTIOX.

The executive <'oniMiittce tor thi' ntjovc lusrjciation are at

work getting every thing ready for tlicir iie.xl annual meeting,

Ojc. 1 and 2, 188tl. A large and varied prui^ranime is being ore-

f tared. Several excellent papers liavc been promii-cil. The
neetingwill he in Grange Hall, in Union lilnik,«iiu head-
qmrtor.i at the liiwking House, where reduced rates have
lieen secure. 1. Ypsilanti offers many attractions to ils visitors,
and It is expected tliir. will be oni' of the largest aiil best meet-
ings ever held bv Ibis a-soci.ujon. A cordial mvitatinri is ex-
jt-nded to all. H. 1>. ci iriNo, Sic.

GOODS NEAR YOUR HOME, AT A REDUC-
TION FROM REGULAR PRICE.

We have the following lot of goods at the places
named, for which we want customers. Now, it is
altogether likely that there is some one located not
very far from where these goods are who will be
needing just such articles, especially if he can
get them a little lower than the regular price, and
doesn't have to pay much freight charges on them.
In hopes that there are such persons, we append a
list of the .articles for ssile, giving the present valu*-
of the goods and the amount we will take for each
lot entire. We give a numlier to each lot, and the
name of the place where they arc being held, sub-
ject to our order. Kemember they are all pei--
fect goods, just as fresh and new as if shipped
from here. Kemember. also, that at the price we
otlcr them we can not break lots; each lot must go
entire. In making your orders, jilease give thi-
number of the lot as well as the articles contained
in it, and thus help us to avoid mistakes.

No. 1. Aplington, Iowa.

Ten 2-.story portico hives. complete, in Hat. for comb
honey, including m. c. frames, wide frames, sec
tions, separators, thin fdn. for sec, 7 lbs. brood fdn..
and enamel sheets. The lot foots up to $2.i.;«i. We
wii; sell it complete for S'.'.;.""

Nil. ^. I'nion City, Ind.

i:t cond)incd .shipping and honey crates llal; 'Ml tin
separators for .above crates; 2ti pieces glass for
.above crates; 40 metal-cornered brood-frames in
Hat. Present value, Sl.iiO; will sell for t.ii"

No. ',. Nassau, N. Y.

tiW wide frames, for 8 1-lb. .sections, in Hat. Wortli
iii.W: will sell for :'•.;•">

No. 8. Riverside, N. .J.

500 l-lli. 7-to-loot sections. Worth 82 00; will sell for . . 1.75

No. 9. North Walton, N. Y.

100 metal-cornered frames. In Hat. Present value.

f 2.ij0; will sell for 2 TiO

Xo. 12 Caribou. Maine.

000 tectious, ii4 \ b X 1 7 16 \v de. open on all four
sides. Present value, 31.50; will sell for :t..i<i

So. U. Delaware, Ohio.

;!5 bottom-boards for Simp, hives; 210 tin separators
for combined crates. Present value, S8 75; will sell
for ".oO

Xo. 1.5. Foster Brook, Pa.

100 wired m. c. brood-frames, in Hat. including wire
and tin bars. Present value, S.S. 00; will sell for 2.7.">

N(i. 111. .lohnson Citv, Tenn.

One Xo. 7 honey-extractor, with basket, only 15 in.
deep. Present price, S58.0O; will sell for 6 Wi

No. 17. (^airo, W. Va.

One 2 story Simp. hive, rigged complete for comb
honey, and 5 lbs. fdn.. 'A thin, for sections, and K
for L. frames. Present value, 85.25; will sell for 4.7."i

No. lit. La Salle, III.

«-in. foundation mill. Present value $135.0 will sell

for 11 So

No. 20. At Sau Marcos. Texas.

50OO prize sections. Present value, ?22.5J; will sell for I'J.Oii

No. 21. At Bi-aintree, Vt.

1 lam)) nurserv, minus the thermometer; 1 A B C
book, in paper, edition of 1883; 1}^ lbs. thin fdn.
Present value. $7.25; will sell for 5.50

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.

DAOANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 8btfd

Uf antoH '^" exchange for cash, three farms, live
fidlllCU. miles south of Atlanta, Ga, one with
'.i'Vi and two with 43 acres each. Call on T. A.
PoitLE, near farm, or address E. B. Plunket,
23 2M Palmetto, Manatee Co., Fla.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Owing to ditferent arrangement of machinery in
our new building we have for sale at half their cost
the following:

Threel8-in. adiustable drop-hangers for a 2 15-1t>-
in. shaft. Cost $10.0.) each; will sell for $5.00.

Nine 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 2 T-lti-in.
shaft. Cost J^l'o.Oii each; will sell for $5.00.

Ten 30-in. iron pulleys, 10-in. face, for a 2 7-lt5in.
shaft. Cost $s. 00 each; will sell for $4 00.

E.\haust-fan that has run six years, but has be-
come too small for our needs, costing over $100.00
when new; will sell for $25.00.

The hangers and pulleys are just as good as new,
and a bai'gain to the man who needs them. The fan
is some the worse for wear, but with a little repair
Avill do good service lor vears to come.

iL. I- ROOT.

918

GLEANINGS IX BEE CULTURE.

Nov.

BE

J. M. Shuck.

Catalogues Free. Address

Des Moines.

4-:5(ii.

Iowa.

EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.

To send a postal card lor our illustrated t-atalofiiioof

APIARIAN rXrr'if^^^iJn^ SUPPLIES

tains illnstrations and descriptions ol every thino-
new and desirable in an apiarj',

AT the: liOWKST PRICES.

XTJ^XjX.£^2>T QTJEE2TS ^^iTID SEES.

J. C. SAYLES,

2tfd Hartford, Washington Co., "Wis.

FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee-Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

top, bottom, and
Entrance Feeders.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. AH ad's intended tor this department must not
e.xeoed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
p:iTtmtnt, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
I'an have the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
live lines will cost you according to' our regular rates. Of
course, thl.s department is intended only for bona-tido ex-
changes.

WANTED. -To exchange my Given Idn. mill, good
Vt as new. 1 will take honey, or good winter aji-
ples lor it. L. Beckwith, Berlin, Wi;^.

^Y^'^NTED.— Honey, e.\tracted preferred, in ex-
VV chang-o for hives, frames, section boxes, saw-
mandrels, and bee-hive machinery. What have you
got. and what do you want for if;'
^Otfdb D. 8. Hall, So. Cabot, Vt.

FOE M? NEW

PRJCE LIST FOR 1886,

Before purchasing your Bee -Sup-
plies. Cash paid for Beeswax. Ttfdb

A. B. HOWE, Council Bluffs. la.

PREPARE FOR WINTER,

We have une()ualed facilities for manufacturing
t he Root chatf hive at a great reduction from ruling
prices. Mr. Zeno Dot.v, Grafton, Neb., writes .Inly
9th, "Your material, malie, and price i'^ far better
than I can get anywhere else." Send for price list
and special prices for this fall. Ititfdb

A. F. STAUFFER &. CO., Sterling, Ills.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACT0E7, WHOLESALE AND
HETATL. See iirtvei-tisement iji .another column.

GOOD NEWS FOR ^DIXIEI
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, Extractors, Smokers, Separators,

&:c., ol' Uoot's ITIauiifacture, Sliipped

n-om lierc at KOOT'S l*KICGS.

j^lso S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supplies in general. Price Lisit Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

;!-:!fdb

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL.

uicEKr.y, $t.o<> I'lut yk.ih.

JONES, Mc?HESSONi CO., PuWishers, Boston, Ontario, Oioadi.

Y,\/^ANTED.— To c.\changc for cash, or good horses
Vt and mules, -00 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land ad,ioining the city.
-'Otfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

IMKE! Fire! Fire! Brother bee-keepers, you all
' want my LIGHTNING FIRE-KINDLER, cost-
ing about the same, almost as necessary, and but
little more trouble, than matches. Perfectly safe.
No litter. Time, temper, and match saving; house-
hold convenience. It makes a fire immediately.
Lasts a lifetime. ,Tust the thing for your smokers
when made one-fourth of the common size. Sent
by mail for 30 cts.
SOtfdb S. S. Butler, Los Gatos, California.

WANTED.— To exchange bees for land south of
the Ohio Kiver. Also for sale, about 120 lbs. of
' wax and a six-inch Pelhara fdn. mill.

M. J. Harius, Clay City, Clay Co., 111.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted white clo-
ver or bassvvood honey, one foot-power saw;
also one 10 in. Peiham foundation mill, with dipping-
tank, etc., nearly new. W. S. Wright,
21tfdb o«5 W. Van Bureu St., Battle Creek, Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted honey,
cash, or offers, one Adams horse-power, cost
$10.00; never has been used over half a day. I will
take $20.00 for it. It is just as good as when it came
from the factory. 22-2.3d C. M. Dixon, Parrish, ill.

WANTED.- To exchange :? trios of fine Koyal Im-
perial Pekin ducks, for sections. They are
prize-winners. A few more premium Wyandotte
and Plymouth Rocks to exchange for ca.sh or sec-
: tions. i^.txiKi^xH in., as you prefer, or beeswax, or
; comi) foundation. 1 have all choice bii-ds.
I 22tfdb Louis Werner, Edwardsville, 111.

' y STILL have i tested Italian ijueens; to close
I them out I will talie S].2r> apiece, or the lot for
$4.00; or I will take Simplicity bodies in exchange.

: 22d C. F. Uhl, Millersburg, Ohio.

The onl.v bee journal printed in Canada, and con-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and LInited
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
i^eipt of address. Prin+ed on nice toned paper, and
in a nice shape foi- binding, making in one year a
\-olumeof s:{;.' pages. Otfb

WANTED.— To exchange for pure extracted hon-
e.y, apiarian supplies, or offers, one Star bicy-
cle, but little used. Write for description.

Address C. H. Watson, Newtown, Bucks Co., Pa.
32-23 24d

1,'' VARIETIES raspberries; fine plants, new
») varieties, in exchange for conil) or extracted
honey. For particulars, address E. T. Flanagan,
Box Oil"), Belleville, 111. — Eight acres in small fruits.
:.'2-.2;v:.'+d

\\' ANTED.— To exchange lor cash or offers, 3 clai--
VT ionets. A and C, cocoa wood, 13 G. S. keys; used
but little, and good as new; cost -$40.00, will take
$','0.00 cash. A. Ludden, Shelby, Shelby Co., Iowa.
23-33-24d

WANTED. -^ Extracted honey for pure Pekin
1 VV ducks, cockerels from Corbin P. Rocks, L.
i Brahmas, and W'yandottps; one black and six hy-
j brid queens: also plants in the spring— Cuthbcrt

raspberry, Cumberland Triumph, Mt. Vernon, and
1 Sharplcss strawberry. Please state price of honey,

and what is v.Miitcii. (J. A. Farkand,

: 22-;.':i Kamm's, Cuy'n Co., <)

188U

GLE^VNINGS 1^' liEK CULTURE.

92.".

Contents of this Number.

Alsike Clover 93«

Apiarv. Conveniences for.. (150

Arthur's Bees 9.i2

Australia 91ti

Bee Culture, Too Rosv '.136

Bees Don't Pay 917

Bees , M rs. Glidden's 9X>

Bees, Nuisance in Law 9.5S

Bee-Legislation 944, 947

Black Bees, Interior 917

Brood in I'pper Story 9JW

Buchanan's Report.." »3i

California 940

Carliolic Acid 943

Chaddock on Hu'iianity 940

Kditorials 952

Fairs, Awards at 941

KairRround E.xhibits 929

Karnicrs. ( ddfojfy 947

Foul Brood 942

Grapes, BauKing' 94B

Hive, Heddon 913

H ives, .Spacing 938

Honey ('olumn 924

Honey, Fradenburg's 91.5

Honey, Extracted 925

Honev . Low Prices 927

Honey, Bitter 947

H..ncv, Making: it Pay 934

Honey-Board 941

HonevBoards 946

Kitclien, Model 937

Miller, C. C.'s, Picture 931

I'henol 912

I'rcniiuni List 9S,'i

yuccns, Brtlling 938

Vueciis, MiiikinKs of 930

guciii^ in Tiaps 938

Kcp<irls l)l^(•.lura|Iinp 947

Kci>(>rts KiHouraginy: 918

Scpanitoiv or Not 939

Teasel Culture 928

Tent, Foldiiin- 950

Tent lor Kubbins'. .' 950

Tobacco Column 949

Wax-plant 948

lEflDQUiimS IK TOE WEST

FOE THE MANUFACTUSE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and Foundation, Specialties. A lull
line of Supplies always on liand. Write ioi- our new
Price List. Cash paid for Heeswa.x. 23tfdb

A. r. Stauffer & Co., Sterling, III.

One-Horse-Power Shipman Engine

ran sikz^s.

We have for sale a one-horse-power Shipman
coal-oil engine that has been run 5 months. Wo re-
ceived it in trade for a larger one, as it was too
small for his work. The price of a new enjfine of
this size is $1-^5.00. We will sell this for *100.()U, and
include a 1.5-jrallon palvanized-iron oil-tank, costing:
*5 00, and a galvanizediron pan for the enjfine to
sit in. The above engine is in first-class running-
order, and will be shipi)ed from here. One of these
eng:ine?, same size, has been running- our county-
paper pr)nting--press for the past year, and pleases
them much better than the 2-horse-power I'ayne
engine they formerly had.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

NOW READY.

Plioto<2;rai)li»i ol" all the principal bee-
keepem, including- Lang-stroth. Newman, Hoot,
King, Heddon. Demaree, McLain, Stanley, Given,
Van Deusen, Mrs. Harrison, etc., 120 pictures, name
under each, size 11x14; $].0U by mail. Fifty of the
principal ones, larger, on same size card, same
price. 22d E. O. TUTTLE, Bristol, Vt.

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Owing to different arrangement of machinery in
our new building we have for sale at half their cost
the following:

Three 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 3 1.5-16-
in. shaft. Cost $10.00 each; will sell for So.CK).

Nine 18-in. adjustable drop-hangers for a 3 7-16-iu.
shaft. Cost $10.00 each: will sell for S;r).00.

Ten 30-in. iron pulleys, 10-in. face, for a 2 7-16 in.
shaft. Cost $8.00 each : will sell for *-t 00.

E.\haust-fan that has run si.\ years, but has be-
come too small for our needs, costing over $100.00
when new: will sell for $2,'). 00.

The hangers and pulleys are just as good as new,
and a bargain to the man who needs them. The fan
is some the worse for wear, but with a little repair
■will do good service tor years to come.

A. I. ROOT.

Names of responsible parties will be inserted in
any ol the following departments, at a uniform
price of 2u cents each in.sertion, or $2.UU per annum,
when given once a month, or *4.00 pt;r j ear if given
in every issue.

$1.00 Queens.

Names inserted in this department tlic first time with-
oxit charge. After, 20c each insertion, or $2.00 per year.

Those whose names appear below agree to furnish
Italian queens for $1.00 each, under the following
conditions : No guarantee is to be assumed of purity,
or anything of the kind, only that the queen be rear-
ed from a choice, pure mother, and had commenced
to lay when they were shipped. They also agree to
return the money at any time when customers be-
come impatientof such delaj' as may be unavoidable.

Bear in mind, that he who sends the best (lueciis,
put up most neatly and most securely, will probably
receive the most orders. Special rates for warrant-
ed and tested queens, furnished on application to
any of the parties. Names with *, use an imported
queen-mother. If the queen arrives dead, notify us
and we will send you another. Probably none will
be sent for $1.00 before July 1st, or after Nov. If
wanted sooner, or later, see rates in price list.

*A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

*H. H. Brown, Light Street, Columbia Co., Pa. Iff
*Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, La. ]!>tfd

*S. F. Newman, Norwalk, Huron Co., O. lOtfd

*D. G. Edmiston, Adrian, Len. Co., Mich. 19tfd
*S. G. Wood, Birmingham, Jeff. Co., Ala. Itiffd

*E. Kretchmer, Coburg, Mont. Co., Iowa. lOtfd

*Jos. Byrne, Ward's Creek, East Baton Rouge

I'.itfd Par., La.
J. W. Winder, Carrolltou, Jeff. Par.,

New Orleans, La. 3tfd

*E. Burke. Vincennes, Knox Co., Ind. 3-1

C. C. Vaughn, Columbia, Tenn. ].-)tfd

Bloomington, 111. ]5tfd

J. B. Hains, Bedford, Cuyahoga Co., O. l.'itfd

Hive Manufacturers.

Who agree to make such hives, and at the prices
named, as those described on our circular.
A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

P. L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Iberville Par., La. l.'itfd
' ----- jj,.^

1.51 fd
].5tfd
19-23

C. W. Costellow, Waterboro, York Co., Me.
R. B. Leahy, Higginsville.Laf. Co., Mo.
E. Kretchmer. Coburg, Montgomery Co., la.
C. P. Bish, Petrol ia. Pa.

HOW TO WINTER BEES.

Essays l)y .lames Heddon, Prof. Cook. G. M. Doo-
little, A. E. Manum, G. W. Demaree, J E. Pond. Jr..
J. H. Martin, C. W. Dayton, and P. R Russell, all
appear in the October number of the American
Apiculturist. Send lOc in stamps for a copy.

Address AMERICAN APICULTURIST,

21tf Wenham, Mass.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btfd

40-Horse-Power Engine for Sale.

Our new automatic cut otl' !I0 horse-power engine
is now drivingtlie machinery in all our buildings.
Now, we want to disposeof our old 40 liorse-po wer en-
gine which has done such faithful work for us for
the last eight years. It is a standai-d plain engine.
Lord & Bowler make, 12.\20, with a il-foot balance-
wheel and a 0-foot Hy-wheel. We will ofl'er it. put
in good repairs, for .1?3."i(i 00. We will throw in the
stone upon which the bedplate is bolted, free of
charge. For further particulars, write us. Whom
shall we hear from first'/

A. I. KOOT, Medina, Oliio.

924

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

CITT MARKETS.

Kansas City.— Honey.— The demand is Kood for
all grades, and receipts have been very larg-e of
comb and extracted, our home bee - men having-
kept out of the market until this month. Having-
g-lassed every one-pound section on both sides, they
are reducing prices, selling 00 pounds of glass with
160 pounds of honey, making our market lower.
Their crop is about 70,000 lbs. White clover in Mb.
sections. 12@13; in 2-lb. sections, 11: in iMb. sec-
tions, 13@14. Dark, in 1-lb. sections, 10; in 31b. sec-
tions, 8@,9. California, in 2-lb. sections. 9@11. Ex-
tracted, white clover, 6c; dark extracted, 4@.5; Cal-
ifornia white sage, extracted, .5',i; amber, extracted,
5c. Beeswax. 22c. Ci.emons, Ci.oon & Co.,

Nov. 20, 1886. Cor. 4th & Walnut St's,

Kansas City, Mo.

Philadet>phia.— 7/onej/.— The new comb honey
coming in shows good quality. There was but lit-
tle comb held over, and consequently new arrivals
sell well. Fancy white comb in 1-lh. sections, in
paper boxes or glassed, commands 12(5il4c; and 2-lb.
sections, glassed, 10@12c; while lower grades of both
sizes go at SCoillc. Dark pungent - flavored buck-
wheat honey will probably be a good crop, and go
lower. The crop in New York, Pennsylvania, and
Vermont, is reported fair, while Illinois, Iowa,
Kansas, and Wisconsin are said to have yielded well.
A small quantity of Southern strained irregular
honey comes here, and sells as low as 50c per gallon.
The crop there is large. Eastern honey in barrels
sells at .5(a6c. The California crop is reported heavy,
and the .Vgallon cans (two in a case) find ready sale
in the East. In consequence of the big crop of this
splendid California honey, and low freights, there
have been a number of cars disposed of here al-
ready at 4'/2@.5c per lb., and much larger sales are
expected in cooler weather.

Pancoast & Gkiffiths,
242 South Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Waxtkd.— A barrel of thick, well-ripened clover
honey. New York or Ohio preferred. Address, with
samples, W. E. Skinner, Brightwood, D. C.

Untested Queens Ready to Mail

ALL "WIXTTER LOXTG.

I have now on hand untested queens ready to
send out by first mail. In regard to my responsi-
bility, 1 would refer you to A. 1. Hoot, with whom I
received instruction in bee culture. The friends
who order these queens during the winter time are
expected to have sufficient expei'ience to take care
of them when they are received at the postoffice.
In the Southern States, where the winters are so
mild the bees can fly almost all winter long, of
course there will be little more difiiculty in receiv-
ing them in the winter months than at any other
time. N. ADAMS,

Sorrento, Orange Co., Fla.

UTTLE SAMSON NO.T

Three-horse-power engine for sale; been used
only S months. Made by Millar & Son, Utiea, N. Y.;
24-inch balance-wheel, and 8-inch driving pulley.
Cylinder has 4-inch stroke. Governor complete.
Good as new, and in perfect working order. Price
$.i0 cash; cost us f90. F. D. WOOLVER.

23-24d Munnsville, N. Y.

ALiSIKE and white clover seed at retail and
wholesale. E. S. HILDEMANN.

2Hd Ashippun, Dodge Co., Wis.

St. Louis.— Honey.— We have to report the honey
market dull. Market overstocked, and, to make
sales, former prices have to be shaded. Choice
white clover, 1-lb. sections, V2' 2(^1 V4c : 21b., mixed
stock, 10@,12c. Extracted, white clover, in tin cans,
T,@.Gc. Southern, in bbls., 3(j>'4'2C, .'IS to quality. Cal-
ifornia honey, white sage, comb, 1-lb. sections,
10(S>12c. Extracted, cans, 5(55'2C. Beeswax, as it
runs, 20c; selected, 22rn.23.

M. B. Westcott & Co.,

Nov. 23, 1886. 108 and 110 Market Street.

Detroit.— Hojiejy.— Best white honey in 1-lb. sec-
tions, 11(^]2'/2C, with a large supply in commission
houses. Bees waa:, 23c. M.H.Hunt.

Nov. 21, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

Chicago.— Hojiey. —Demand light, and offerings
quite free. White comb honey, small frames, well
fllled, I2(«il3c. White comb honey in same size
frames, riot well finished. 10(a.llc. Extracted ranges
fro m 5(?!j6c. Beeswax, 22<a}2bc . li.A. Burnett,

Nov. 33, 1886. 161 So. Water St., Chicago, 111.

New York.— Honey.— There is a good demand for
finer grades of comb honey, both 1 and 2 lb. sec-
tions. The market is well stocked, and with the
large receipts coming in from the West we shall
be obliged to reduce prices accordingly, in order to
make sales. Thurber, Whyland & Co.,

Nov. 23, 1886. Read and Hudson Sts., New York.

Boston.— Honcy.-No change in prices; demand
fair. Blake & Ripley,

Nov. 33, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

10-IHCH FOUNDATION-MILL FOR SALE.

A friend at Carson City, Nevada, has one of our
improved IC-iiich foundation-mills, with dipping-
tank and boards, that has never lieen used, he having
been taken sick soon after he received it. At our
present prices it is worth over $33 00. We will sell
it for him at $32.00 for the outfit complete. This is
a good chance for some Western bee-keeper, who
wants a mill, to save quite a sum in the way of
freight charges.

A. I. ROOT, Medina, Oblo.

Cleveland.— Honey.— The market is dull but
steady. Best 1-lb. sections are taken slowly at
13@14c; second grade of white, 1-lb., ]3@13'/2. Best
2-lbs., white, unglassed, nm2. Buckwheat hardly
salable at any price. Extracted, tic. Beeswax, 2.5c.

Nov. 22, 1886. A. C. Kendel,

115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

For Sale.— About 1000 lbs. of dark fall honey, for
which I will take 8c per lb., delivered on board of
cars. It is in 1-lb. sections, 48-lb. cases. Also 400 lbs.
extra clover and basswood in same shape, at 12c.
Ezra Baer, Dixon, Lee Co., 111.

HOW TO RAISE 00MB HONEY.

Price 5e. You need this pamphlet, and my free
bee and supply cii-cular. 18tfdb

OLIVER FOSTER, Mt. Vernon, Linn Co., Iowa.

Recent Additions to the Counter Store.

THREE-CENT COUNTER.

4 1 HIHaE HASP, entire
length, Bin I 28 | 2 7.-)

FIVE - CENT COUNTER.

9 I HINGE HASP, length 10 in | 40 13 50

S une as 3 cent one, but larger.

3 I EAIEPINS, 100 assorted I 4.) | 4 00

In a neat l)o.\ with i compartments, and 2.i in each.

2 i WAEDEOBE HOOK, BEASS I .35 1 3 00

a new design; very inetty ami convenient.

I SCHOOL SLATE, 10.\14 frame I 48 | 4 .50

~We have .sold s-lates a good while, Init never so lar^rc n one ns
this for a nickel.

TEN - CENT COUNTER.

9 1 BETJSE, EI:E-E00T I 90 1 8 50

This is the best thing I ev-
er came across in the shape
of a horse-bru-h. It is so
stiff that it -will talce the
I'lUPiwa ™ud off in a hnrry, and yet
'nWBl it is not so stiff as to be in-
*'H|||'flP''irii'M i''i ''■"''''''''"''° ' ' .iurions as a curry-comb
' sometimes is. The men who

have used them are loud in their praise and would not be with-
out one. I have known men to pay 75 cts. for one little if any
better than those we sell for a dime. Besides being a good
horse-brvish, they make an excellent scrub-brush.

1 i SEWINS-MAOHINE NEEDLES 1 80 | 7 00

For any sewing-machine made. Three' assorted needles,
cloth-stuck in a p >per. These are very good needles. Three

papers for 25 cents. „„_, ,_- ■.. >v

' ^ A. I. ROOT, Medina, O.

Vol. XIT.

DEC. 1, 1886.

No. 23.

TERMS: JI.OOPERANNUM, IN ADVANCB; 1 TT'i,/ ^ Z, 7-,' o 7i /-> >-7 n-l/i 1 Q 'V '3 f Clubs to different postoWcf!-. NOT LKFS
iforSl.OO; I XL/^tXt'C'^^O/^t^CC' t'At' jL O / e) . I thanflOcts. each. Sent postpaid in tliC

2 Copies for 81. 90; 3 for $2. 75; 51

10 or more, 75 ets. each. Single Number,

S cts. Additions to clubs maybe made i

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY BY

atclubrates. .Above are all to be sent • t T>f\r\n^ ATXT'TiTAT A r\tTjr\ I peryenr extra
TO ONEPOSTOKFIOR. I iV. i . ItUU 1 , M XLJJiiN ii.. UlllU. i the H P T'.. 42c

To all countries not of
peryefli extra.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

HOW TO HAVE IT EQUAL TO COMB HONEV
EVERY RESPECT EXCEPT APPEARANCE.

'ITH reference to my article in last niimlier,
on page 882, in your I'oot-notcs, Mr. Editor,
you ask me to give my latest experience in
obtaining perfectly ripened extracted hon-
ej', with the least amount of labor. I will
do so, and " hew to the line, letting the chips fall
where they may;" and if they fall on top of my
new hive, and I proceed to brush them off before
all 5'our readers, I hope no one will accuse mc of
seeking to advertise in the reading-columns. That
is something I do not wish to do; but I see that in-
cidental advertising is an absolute necessity, many
times, to the end that we may present our best
thoughts; and 1 for one wish to present no other
than my best, upon any sub.iect that I undertake to
write upon.

]f you refer to my book and circular for 1886 you
will notice that, wherever [ mention the superiority
of the new hive, as viewed by me, I usually add,
" for comb hone.y." Now, during the past season
we believe we have demonstrated that it is equally
superior for the production of extracted honey, as
we find it perfectly fits our theory and practice of
producing rich, oil3% dead-ripe extracted honey,
which is in every way equal to comb only, except
in appearance, and that its peculiar construction
enables us to take the honey through that hive with
considerable less labor than is necessitated bj' the
use of other hives, all of which I will try to make
plain further on.
Let us Inquire into the philosophy of theripeninir

process. It is supposed by many that the capping
or sealing of cells is a factor in favor of the ripening
of the honey they contain. No doubt this idea has
gained credence because we usually find the ripest
honey within capped cells; but such is not the case,
however; for the ripening process goes on more
slowly after capping than before; and it would not
continue at all after capping but for the fact that
the material of which these caps are made is more
or less porous. Just how < r why, 1 do not under-
stand; but I believe I have demonstrated that the
peculiar heat and currents of heat contained with-
in the hive of a populous colony possesses, in an
eminent degree, a peculiar superiority for perfect-
ing the ripening process: besides this, before the
honey is sealed, and after the time that many ex-
tract it, if left in the hive we are told that the
younger bees several times re-swallow and re-eject
it into the cells— another thing which gives it a rich
oily nature. Be this true or false, after the most
thorough experiments with the artificial ripening
process mentioned in last issue, I have found that,
some way or other, there is no other extracted
honey equal to the hive ripened article. Believing
it is clear to the reader that, while cappings and
ripe honey are usually found together (t)ccause the
bees'will not cap it until it i.s ripened to a certain
consistency, at least but that capping), rather than
being a cause, is a hindrance to such ripening, I
have no doubt but that my readers of a larger ex-
perience will readily conceive the idea that a judi-
cious and thorough system of /leruij; will have a
great tendency to prevent capping, and, at the
same time, aid the ripening process.
We use from two to four extractinarsupers, each

irj)

GLEAKINGS IK BEE CULTUKE.

1)EC.

having the full capacity of the 8-framc Laugstroth
hive; and as soon as the bees began to seal the
combs in their tirst super, we lift it, sliding an emp-
ty one under it; and if they still persist in capping
the combs of the upper one, we again slip under
both another one, all the time keeping those fur-
thest advanced high up, where the ripening pro-
cess is going on, but where the bees are discour-
aged from immediately capping the cells.

This tiering system is not new, but I am dilating
more especially with regard to a radical use of it
for the special purposes above mentioned. Before
we consider the honey in any super to be " dead
ripe," we usually find a minor portion of the cells
of nearly every comb capped over; but did you
never notice the fact that it is four times as much
Avork to uncap a comb which is completely sealed
as it is one only half capped over? This is because
the first colls capped are those most elongated,
which are very easy to uncap, while it is the lower
surfaces that make us all the hard work. You no
doubt remember that we use theiiew hive for ex-
tracted honey by adding brood-cases in the place
of surplus-cases. We use one and two brood-cases
tor a brood-chamber, according to the time of year
and sj'stem of " contrajntion "—a most valuable s^s-
tem for the production of comb and extracted hon-
ey, and one which, if I remember correctly, has
not been fully described in Gleanings. Whether
our brood-chamber consists of one or two brood-
cases between it and the extracting-department,
composed of a suitable number of other brood-
cases, we use the combined wood and metal queen-
excluding honey-board, described and illustrated
on page 018, Aug. 1, 1886.

Now, with these shallow sets of frames securely
held within the cases, we practice the tiering
method to its greatest perfection because of their
shallowness, and by virtue of the shaking -out
function gained by: the peculiar construction of
the cases (a function which 1 consider the most val-
uable of any contained in my hive or any other) w-e
are able to remove these cases from tlie hives with
the certainty that there arc no queens or brood
within them, shaking out nearly all the bees with a
few motions, placing the cases in our screen-house
till the few remaining have deserted, all of which
we can do without exposure to robbers, even when
they are most persistent, and carry the cases to our
honey-table, loosen the scre^ve, lilting the case away
from the frames, all of which set up ready for the
uncapping-knife. I find these shallow combs very
much easier to uncap than deeper ones. I found
this out 1.5 years ago, when using shallow combs in
Langstroth frames. These frames hang in the ex-
tractor in pairs, side by side, hanging on the pro-
.iection of the end-bai's, which, you remember, are
wider than the top and end bars; and when used in
common machines that are not automatic. In re-
versing the combs they can be turned around with-
out lifting out of the machine, as is necessitated
Avith L. frames. It will be seen that it is not only
true that these shallow brood-cases are best for the
tiering method, where perfect ripening of the hon-
ey is desired, but it is also true that we can take a
surplus crop through them with less labor than with
any other frames, which, I believe, exactly answei-s
the question you ask on page 883.

It may be claimed, cojitrary to the above, that
there is quite an expense attached to the supply of
so many sets of combs and supers; to which I reply.

" I giant it ;'■ but that does not disprove that their
use will give us a No. 1 extracted honey, such as
will sell itself, and that, too, without practicing the
compressing method, which costs us nearly half of
our honey-crop. If we should figure an interest
upon the investment I now have in thousands of
nice combs from full sheets of fdn., on wires, it
might prove that my 1880 crop has cost me 1 cent
per lb. more because of this outlay; but if you will
allow the bee-keepers who have purchased most of
my crop— purchasei-s who are the best of judges of
quality—to speak through Gleanings it will give
your readers a fine opportunity to judge as to
whether or not such perfectly ripened honey is
worth 3 to 3 cents per lb. extra. James Heddon.
Dowagiac, Mich.

Friend II., there are several good points
you make in the above. The plan ot leav-
ing the whole crop of honey on the liive.
over the bees, until the season is over, be-
longs to friend Dadant, I believe. althou,L>h
before lie gave it in his little book we did
the same tiling one season, when we were
greatly i)ressed for time; namely, we piled
Simplicity hives one over the other, until
they were, some of them, four or five high,
and the result was just about as you state it.
When the combs were raised up before they
were well capped over, the bees seemed to
leave them partially uncapped, and the hon-
ey obtained from these piles of hives was
certainly equal to any we have ever secured.
I think you are right, too, in saying that
these small frames, or shallow frames, rath-
er, are much easier to uncap than full-sized I.,.
frames; and your third point, of being able
to reverse them in any common extractor,
it seems to me, is quite a big item. The
assistant who does the imcapping, uncaps
both sides, and stands the little frames on
a shelf, boaid, or, perhaps, still better, a cou-
ple of strips with a pan underneath to catch
the dripping. The broad ends with only
a narrow fi-ame will keeii them upright of
themselves, which will be quite an advan-
tage ; then the one who operates the extract-
or, instead of taking the heavy comb with
both hands will take two smaller ones, one
in each hand. When uncapped he reverses
the two, one in each hand, as quick as he
would reverse a large one, granting there
were room inside of the extractor to do it.
In working the shallow frames for extract-
ors, if I understand you, you simply raise
each tier of combs when nearly ready to
cap, and put an empty case of similar frames
under it, and so on until the bees gather all
they are going to for the season, leaving
every comb on the hive until the season is
over. I am inclined to think that bees will
store more honey where none is taken away
from them than where we keep '' robbing"
them all the while, as our Southern friends
put it. Of course, we can not work this way
for section honey, for it would be soiled and
spoiled for market ; whereas, for extracted
honey it is just what we want. And this re-
minds me that a real nice well-ripened arti-
cle of extracted honey is often really nicer
than a great deal of our very clean white
perfectly capped comb honey. ' It looks, to me.
just now as if quite a number of us might
think best to try shallow combs for extract-
ed honev another season.

1886

gleani^sCtS- in bee culture.

927

HONEY, AND ITS PRESENT LOW^
PRICES.

SOMETHIN(; IN REGARD TO THE MATTER, KliO.M

ONE OF THE LARGEST, IF NOT THE l,AK(iEST,

HONEY-DEALER IN THE WORLD.

.MAY lemavk to our readers, tluit I
wrote to friend Muth in regard to the
letter from friend Park, on" page 812,
Oct. l-i, ISSG. The following is liis re-
ply:

Friend Root:— I am actiuainted with the (.jiiality
raised in the neighboi-hood of our friend Park. It
is a nice article, rather above the medium quality
of Southern honey; hut we have no use for it now,
liceause the demand is very slow from manufac-
turers, to whom only we can sell Southern honej-,
and because we have still on hand nearly oOO blils.,
which we boug-ht and paid for some 13 or IS months
ago. Besides the above, we have "m bbls. more,
sent us contrary to our advice, for which we have
not paid. But they were sent us by our friends in
good faith, that we would sell them before this, and
none of us could apprehend that the demand from
manufacturers would let off so. We now make to
each one an offer for this lot. A few hundred
barrels of honey has never troubled us much, as
we turned out 10 to SO bbls. a week, one or two
years ago. We supplied a number of bakers, the
best of whom got 5 bbls. a week steadily for :l years
or more. AVe supplied, also, regularly, a number
of tobacconists, the best of whom received 3 bbls.
every other day. We have not lost any of our
customers, but they don't need as much as they
used to. Our best baker orders now 5 bbls. in two
months, and our best tobacconist one or two in a
month. The one says: " Honej'-cakcs are played
out;" and the other. "There is no money in tobac-
co now, and factories run only to a certain e.vtent."
Similarily say the rest.

I should be sorry for our Southern friends if the
demand for their product should not revive; and
I believe that the present dullness, prevailing m
almost every branch of business, is the only cause
for the stagnation in the trade in dark honey.

Our .iobbing trade for clover honey in our square
glass jars and tin buckets is very good this fall, and
w e have sold very many lots of nice comb honey. We
have no i-eason to complain of this branch of our
business. However, honey is too cheap to satisfy
producer or dealer, and low prices are generally
no stimulus to business.

We have used extensive efforts to introduce ex-
tracted honey, and to stimulate denutnd, and we
thought that we had succeeded until lately.

It we don't supply all, we supplj- certainly !• out
of 10 bakers in our city with lioney. They all use
more or less, but— while we are thankful for all
small favors, we want more, and we are used to
larger sales. Chas. F. Muth \- Son.

Cincinnati, O., Nov. 18, 18S0.

The above is somewhat discouraging. I
grant; but it is best for us to know the real
facts, even if they are discouraging, and
then we shall be prepared to face them.
This honey that sells so very low is not, as
friend M.has already decided, of the very
best quality. I have, in our back numbers,
mentioned the honey from alsike clover,
obtained by friend Goodrich, who exhibited
the ciop at the Ohio State Fair. .Vow, al-

though we have'tons of honey on hand (and
some of it we offer as low as 6f cts. per lb.,
by tlie (juantity I, we have just otfered friend
Goodrich a price that amounts to something
like 12: cts. per lb. for what alsike clover he
has left. Jt is what we call "gilt. edge. '"
and we expect to get a •■gilt-edge"' price
for it. The honey from the South does not
seem to bring as"good a price as the white
clover of tlie Western Reserve ; and the
moral seems to be. that our Southern friends
will have to encourage the growth of the
clovers— red, white, and abike. The latter.
1 believe, is ahead of all wliere it thrives
naturallv.

TEASEL CULTURE.

CAN IT HE

MtOl'ITABLY ENGAGED IN BV BEE-
KEKPEKS?

fHE seed is sown, usually, as soon as the ground
' can be thoroughly worked in the spring, as
it requires plenty of moisture, and more
time to germinate.; than most seeds. The
sowing was formerly done by hand-drills in
marks previously made, three feet apart; but now
the ordinary horse-power grain-drill is used to some
extent. If sown with a band-drill, the seed is cov-
ered with either a rake or brush, or sometimes an
ordinary field-roller. The plant seldom comes up
in less than two weeks, and is not ;unf reqnently
four weeks in making its appearance. At first,
none but an experienced eye^can tell^it from a Can-
ada thistle that has ,iust come up from seed. But
the first set of two or three true leaves places the
plant bej'ond any danger of getting cultivated up
as a weed.

The first hoeing begins soon after corn-planting,
and is accomplished by passing, with a light small
hoe, up one side of the row and back on the other,
cutting as close to the i)lants as possible, and always
pulling the dirt from the plants. The horse-culti-
vator is used freely, and it is wonderful how close
an expert will work to the row without injury. The
first hoeing is generally accomi)lished before any
of the plants are more than an inchhigh.

The second hoeing should not be delayed more
than two weeks after the first. ^ At this time cvcru
weed is taken out; either with the hoe or fingers, and
the plants thinned to from f toJH inches in the row.

This is accomplished from Julj- 1st to 10th, and
well cultivated with a horse twiee^or three times
between each row. They are then allowed to go
untouched until the following spring.

Of late years, growers have been in the habit'of
planting half a crop of corn, plucking the ears oft',
and leaving the stalks to catch the snow (they are
liable to winter-kill if uncoxored inj severe cold
spells). I have, with good results,''omitted the corn,
andjWith a plow turned a furrow right ^on to the
plants late in the fall.

The first season, the plant tlats out;"' the" leaves,
lying on or near the soil, make a solid green belt
nearly two feet wide, and not more than six^inches
high. Walking or driving over a field does appar-
ently no injury. If they survive the winter, as soon
as the ground can be worked they are thoroughly
cultivated (but sehlora hoed), and the corn-stalks
gathered ott'. Cultivation should be kept up un-
til they begin to "run," which is early in ,Iuno
.\t tliis time m stalk shoots up very rai'idly from

'J28

GLEANINGS IN BEE* CULTUitE.

Dec.

the center of the plant. It is so brittle that a
slight ptitsh will snap it off. This stalk reaches
a heig'lit of 4 or 5 feet, and terminates in what is
called the •'kinjr teasel," or the largest head on the
plant (2'j to4'/2 inches long). Below the "king,"
several branches will start out, each bearing teas-
els, or heads. The center head of these branches, or
laterals, is called a "medium." "Mediums" are
from Ifo to 2% inches in length. From these later-
als spring still other branches that bear still smaller
heads called "buttons." These are 1 to I'j inches
in length. One plant will produce from 10 to 35
heads.

They begin to blossom early in July. The "king"
blossoms first; the "medium" next; and the "but-
tons" last. Each individual head remains in blos-
som from seven to ten days. The whole season 1
should put at about 25 days. Of course, the largest
number of heads would be in bloom about the mid-
dle of the 35 days.

As soon as the blossoms all fall off, the heads are
cut (one ;at a time) with stems from 4 to 6 inches
long, loaded in wagons, and drawn to the dryhouse,
where thej' are spread on scaffolds and allowed to
remain until they are dry. They are then ready for
the middlemen, who buy them by weight (6 cts. per
lb. is the present pricei. With shears they cut off
the long spikes at the base of the teasel, as shown
in Oct. Ist Gleanings, p. 769 (a very good cut). The
stems are cut to a uniform length of 4 inches, and
assorted into sizes according to length. A pound of
" kings " is worth as much as three pounds of " but-
tons." They are packed by hand, one at a time,
in large bo.xes, ready to ship to woolen-factories,
where they are used in raising a nap on eloth.

The teasel district is not more than ten miles
square. The soil and climate must be favorable, to
grow them of good quality. They have been exper-
imented with in other parts of the State, and in
other States are said to have produced vigorous
plants; but the teasels at maturity lacked firmness
of hook, and at present I know of no place where
they are grown, exeei)t here and in Europe.

C. M. GOOUSPEED.

Thorn Hill, Onondaga Co.. N. Y.

And SO it would seem, friend G., that
there is not inucli hope for bee-keepers to
raise teasel, unless they raise it for honey
alone, which very likely won't pay : but as
there are woolen-mills all over our country,
it may be worth while tf) test the matter
and see if it is not likely that g(jo(l teasels
can be raised in other places as well as in
this favored ten miles square. I woidd ad-
vise bpe-keepers to talk with the proprietors
of woolen-factories, and see if some arrange-
ment can not be made to at least test the
matter. We certainly do not want to im-
port teasels from foreign countiies, unless it
has been well proven tliat just as good ones
can not be raised here at home.

SHOOTING TO BRING DOWN SWARMS.

INVERTING TO PUEVENT SWARMING.

"Wp FEW weeks ago you asked for reports about
9fl>^^^ shooting into swarms to make them settle,
^^ and about inverting hives to prevent swarm-
■^"■^ ing. Three or four years ago a swarm came
out when I was in the field. My wife first
shot past the swarm. This did not seem to affect

them. She then shot right into them; and, although
they had by this time started to leave in earnest,
they came down as (juick as possible, and were
hived all right.

Last summer I had a prime swarm cast a swarm,
but the swarm did not settle, but went back to the
hive again. I inverted the hive (a Shuck hive with
a queen-excluding honey-board), and they gave no
more trouble.

1 don't like queen-excluding honey-boards made
of wood. The bees fill the spaces too much. 1
should be glad to hear more from those who have
used the combined wood and zinc boards.

A FOLLOWER FOR THE HEDDON CRATE.

For getting sections out of cases made on the
Heddon principle, I use a follower made as follows:
I dress a piece of 3X4 scantling to the proper width ;
a piece the same size, but v inch thick, is nailed on
top with a narrow piece 'a inch thick, separating
them at each end. In the top piece I make a hand-
hole 1 inch by 4. I support the cases on a bench, as
recommended by Mr. Heddon.

BEE-BHUSHES.

Some one recommends fastening the bee-brush to
the operator with a string. I have tried it this sea-
son; but when the cord is sufficiently long for con-
venient use, the brush is sometimes in the way. I
think a light rubber cord would be an improvement.
If the cord passed through a loop or button-hole at
the v/aist, and were fastened to the collar-button, it
would hold the brush close to the body when not in
use. ti—G. M. THOMSON, 25— 51.

Grand Junction, Iowa, Nov. 20, 1886.

FAIRGROUND EXHIBITS.

A GLIMPSE OK A YORK-.STATE FAIRGROUND HON-
EY-EXHIBIT.

TT is unquestionably one of the great helps
|IF toward educating the people up to the
]jt capabilities of modern bee culture, to
"^ take advantage of our State and county
fairs ; and it well behooves us to bestow
thought and money in devising ways and
means to make these exhibits attractive to
those who attend our fairs. The engravmg
opposite gives us a glimpse of one of the best
of these arrangements, in my opinion. I do
not know whether the managers furnished
this attractive tent for the honey-exhibits or
not ; in any case. I think ygu will agree
with me that the whole arrangement is quite
taking to the eye. Inside there is plenty of
room, and things are so nicely arranged that
even the ladies find it an attractive place. A
couple of windows are shown in the cut, to
make it light and airy, enabling the occu-
pants to lock out over the grounds. Around
the outside are benches, affording a seat,
while the weary visitor finds a shady place
under the wide canopy of the projecting ver-
anda around tlie tent. The doorway is
tastefully looped up to make it look inviting
to visitors, and a pretty card attached to the
center-pole tells everybody what the tent is
for. '• Roofs chaff liives ■" stand promi-
nently in the foreground. Honey in jars,
cans, and sections, stands a little back of it.
On the other side is a Bingham smoker, as
we take it, a case of the new shallow frames

i|||P^!i^!p|ffP|!i|i|pRf!^^

UuO

GLEA^^LNGS I^ BEE CULTURE:

Dec.

tipped up against the hives, and inside we
sliall doubtless find pyramids ot honey, bees-
wax, and tlie vaiious utensils for worliing
with the honey-bees. IIow very natural our
friend in the foreground looks, with his
thumb in the arm hole of his vest! One can
almost catch a sly twinlile in his eye, and no
doubt lie could give us •■• piles " of informa-
tion while he made us feel happy by his oc-
casional jokes and pleasantry. I tell you,
my friends, a successful bee-man, fully up
to the times, is a nice man to talk with.
Yes, so is a successful hee-woman a nice wo-
man to talk with ; and I should not wonder
a Int if our honey-shows on our fairgrounds
have a good deal to do with making people
want to go to the fair next year.

The above exliibit was made by Mr. E. R.
Xewc(mib, Pleasant A^alley, X. Y.

THE MARKINGS OF QUEENS
THEIR PROGENY.

AND

CYriilANS, SYRIANS, ETC.

"fn DTTOR GLEANINGS:— Nearly every customer
K^i y^^o orders a queen wants it to be a fine
l^y "yellow one;" and if it should not pi'ove to
-*" be just as yellow as they pictured it they are
a little disajjpoiiited when it arrives. All our
queen-bi-ecdersknow that this is usually so in almost
all instances. Many bee-keepers suppose that, if a
queen is of a bright beautiful yellow color all over
her abdomen, she will, as a rule, produce finely
marked bees, if she be purely mated. This is not
so. The finest-colored queen ever bred, if mated to
a dark-colored drone— or rather a drone reared by
a queen that produces a poor-colored progeny— will
invariably produce a poor progeny herself, while,
if mated to a fine drone, equal in all respects to the
color of the queen to be mated, then their progeny
will be an exceptionally good one.

Some of the finest-marked progeny of worker-
bees from queens I ever had, came of some of my
dark-colored queens— these, too, that had rings on
the rear edge of the last three or four segments of
their bdomeus. In other instances I have had
some of the poorest-marked bees I ever had, from
some of my ver.v yellowest-colored queens, those
which had no dark rings, and only just a speck of
black on the tip of their abdomen. Real dark
queens will produce mostly* a dark progeny of
queens, when used to rear queens from; still they
will occasionally produce a queen that is as bright
as the brightest are. The reverse is the case with
real yellow (lueens. They will, as a rule, duplicate
themselves in their queen progeny, yet will occa-
sionally produce real dark-colored young queens,
those having rings (black) on the last segments of
their abdomens. Judge Andrews, of McKinney,
Texas, makes the claim that all queens which show
black rings on the hindmost part of the last three
or four segmenls of their abdomen have in them
black blood; that these rings of black on the seg-
ments are evidence of black blood in such queens
as show them; also that pioc queens should dui)ll-
cate themselves in their queen progeny. If we are
to accept these claims as correct, for the purity of
any race of bees now in America, we must certainly
discard our Italiims, Syrians (Mt. Lebanon strain),
Carniolans, Cyprians, and their crosses.
I have never yet found that queen— although I

have been on the alert to do so for the past four
years— which would invariably duplicate herself in
her qucen-proyeny. I have had many that would do
it in one batch of 12 or 15 cells, when from the very
next batch of 12 or 1.5 cells reared from eggs of the
same queen, there would hatch two or three dark-
winged queens.

1 think G. M. Doolittle made the statement in the
present volume of Gleanings, in his communica-
tion on " (Queens and their Markings," that Syrians
and Cyprians, as a rule, ].>roduce brighter-colored
queen-progeny than any other race. This is just
contrary to my experience. 1 find that, as a rule,
the best-domesticated Italian queens produce the
yellowest queen -progeny of any race we have. I
think our best-domesticated bees of any race are su-
perior to any newly imported ones. Syrian queens,
bred of a select first-grade queen from Mr. Frank
Benton, direct, all showed dark rings on the seg-
ments of their abdomen, even the very brightest
ones; and many of them were quite bright too.

Cyprians bred in 1885 from a queen I got of B. F.
Carroll, Dresden, Texas, were similar to Italians in
the markings of the queens, some quite bright, and
others quite dark. I have always doubted the puri-
ty of the Carroll queen as being genuine Cyprians,
and now I do more so than before, since I got a
first-grade Cyprian from Mr. F. Benton, mailed at
Larnaca, Cyprus, July 19, 188(5, and received August
18, just 30 days making the voyage, and not a dead
bee in the cage. Therj is much difference in the
temper and qualities of the imported Cyprian,
compared with the Carroll stock, the imported be-
ing much more docile; and then they are a smaller
bee, with a more point-shaped ribdomen than the
Carroll stock. The queens reared from this im-
ported Cyprian are all much darker than Italian
queens are; but the worker-progeny are extremely
well and very uniformly marked, and all the bees
look just alike, young and old (matured bees), with
the exception that many of them show plainly four
distinct yellow bands on their abdomens.

I have two queens reared of this Cyprian, and
mated with my Americau-albino-Italian drones, and
their progeny are certainly the finest - marked
bees for a first cross that I ever saw, and appear to
be excellent workers, so far as tried.

Dr. Geo. L. Tinker and myself exchanged a queen
this season. I gave him a select American-albino-
Italian queen in exchange for a select Syrio-Italian
queen, and I frankly admit that the doctor's Syrio-
Italians come the nearest to rivaling my American-
albino-Italians of any bees I ever have had of any
breeder. The doctor deserves the praise and pat-
ronage of our bee-keepers, beyond doubt, for such
grade of bees. -1- Abbott L. Swinson, 71—70.

Goldsboro, N. C, Nov. 32, leSB.

Friend S., if lam correct, B. F. Carroll
does not claim his Cyprian queen is full
blood. lie does claim, however, I think,
that his strain has given wonderful yields of
honey. — After we found out the temper of
the Cyprians, few if any of us wanted full-
blooded stock, as it is well-known they are
very much milder in temper after being
crossed with the Italians. There is also
quite a difference in all imported queens, if
1 am correct. Are you not breeding more
for looks than you are for hoiiey -gathering
qualities':* We want the honey— that is the
great point.

1886

(tLeajsixgs in B}-:e ci ltuke.

!»o]

DR. C. C. MILLER, OF MARENGO, ILL.

SO:\rE RKMINTSCENCES FHOM MEMOHV, OK KlilEND
MlIyLEU.

JAM glad to be able to give the readers of
Gleam iN(is so good a picture of a con-
tributor who is now so well and so wide-
ly known by his articles, and by his
contributions to other journals as well
as to Gleanings. Those who have met
liim at our large conventions will. I think,
agree with me that the picture is a good one.
I may have told you something before of
my tirst acquaintance with Dr. Miller ; but
if"! did, it won't do any harm to tell it
again here. It must be something like fif-
teen or sixteen years ago that a stranger

Roofs Cuiiiculum, for 1 was then taking
music-lessons. lie made the remark, that
what I was whistling was rather pretty. I
told him I thought it very pretty indeed,
even though it was just a simple little exer-
cise for l)eginners in music.

■' Well, 1 am glad you like it, Mr. Hoot,
for it is something I composed myself.''

I turned about and stared at him, and con-
cluded that he was not only a brag, but that
he was untruthful ; and I replied, a little
dryly, that he must be mistaken. It was an
exercise 1 had just learned from the Curric-
ulum.

••Gan't help it, Mr. Root; I composed it,
all the same."

As he saw I didn't believe it he said noth-

DE. C. C. MILLEi;.

called and wanltd lo talk about liees. 1 wr.s
just then getting leady to go out bee-hunt-
ing, in order to l)e able to write intelligenlly
on that subject. So many had come to see
me about bees that I felt a little impatient
at being hindered just then ; but as this vis-
itor seemed to be quite an intelligent man, I
told him I should like to liave him go with
us. if he cared to, but I didn't much expect
he would relish a tramp in the woods. He
was not so stout a man then as he is now,
but he looked to me then more like a dry-
goods clerk, or a young doctor or lawyer,
than he did like a farmer or even a bee-
keeper. I was a little surprised when he
said he would like to go, above all things.

While we were in the woods, looking up
among the trees for a bee -tree, I began
whistling, absently, a simple little air from

ing more about it; butwiien we srot home lu'
asked if he might look at our Gurriculum ;
and as he did so lie placed his fingers on m
foot-note on one of the pages, to the effect
that Dr. C. C. Miller had assisted in the
comi)ilation of tlie work. I nodded.

"•Well," said he, ''that refers to me. I
am Dr. G. G. Miller.""

Of course, we asked him to play for us ;
and by and by we Avere very glad to Inive
him consent to stay over night with us. and.
in fact, make our home his home so long as
he remained. We went over the bees and
other things ; and finally, just before he was
about to take his leave, he surprised me still
more by a little talk something like this :

"Mr." Root, I think I may confess now,
that I had a plan and purpose in making you
this visit, besides learning what I could

932

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

about bee culture. I have ie;i(l your writ-
ings a good while, and 1 knew you, even if
you did not know me. I wanted to say
something to you; but I felt that, before I
could say it, I must have you get acquainted
with me, and I wanted to win your confi-
dence, that my words miglit have intluence
with you. I have now got acquainted, and
I think I have won the friendship and confi-
dence V)oth of yourself and your good wife, if
you will excuse me for being somewhat pre-
suming.''

He paused here, and I believe that my
wife and I both felt a little as did the good
people over in England when Moody and
SanKey first came among them. The people
were anxious to know what the evangelists
had to sell, or whether they were agents for
a new musical instrument, or something of
that kind. Dr. Miller, however, soon dis-
pelled these thoughts by something like this:

" Mr. Root, I want you to be a Christian.
I want you to exert the inflence you possess,
and to use the hold God has given you on
tlie hearts of the people, for the cause of the
Savior.'"

I can not remember what else he said just
then, but I hastened to tell him that I was
already in favor of Christianity and good
morals, and I ejtpected him to '' let up." as
the exi^ression is, in the same way I had in-
duced our pastors and other good" friends to
pass me by. He had no intention, however,
of giving up thus easily. He told me that he
who is not /or the Savior is against him, and
kindly and" pleasantly insisted that my influ-
ence was on the wrong side. I quizzed him
and questioned him, and tried to make him
compromise a little, but he held fast to the
Bible and to Bible texts with such eainest-
ness and faithfulness tliat I iwvev got over
it. He talked with all the energy I had
heard drummers and runners talk to sell
goods, but he had nothing to sell. He held
up before me Christ and him crucified, and
pointed me to the open door of salvation —
open to all who will accept it without mnney
and without price.

When I began to get intimately acqtiaint-
ed with Prof. Cook, the two men reminded
me so forcibly of each other that I wrote to
both that they must get acquainted Mith
each other. In a little tim« they became ac-
quainted, and I was not disappointed. Once
when in sore trouble as to where duty lay, it
occurred to me I should like the coiinsel of
two such men as Dr. Miller and Prof. Cook,
more than tl\8 counsel of any other two men
I knew of in the world. As it was during a
State convention, I started out, although it
was somewhat late in the evening, to find
them. To my surprise I found them room-
ing together; in fact, they were just getting
ready to retire. I stated the case to them ;
and after one proposed that we should
take the matter to God in prayer, we knelt
down then and there, and had a little pray-
er-meeting. I shall always remember the
prayers of those two friends; and I shall al-
ways remember, too, the feeling of safety
and security I felt as the little meeting
closed. It does not seem to me that one can
go very far wrong when he takes the advice,
given after praying over the matter, of two

good Christian men. 1 do not mean that the
two think alike on all the great issues before
us, for indeed they don't ; but they are both
earnest, faithful servants of the Master, and
devoted heart and soul to the good of our
people and to the good of our country. It
does me good to see them both brighten up
at the thought of any ])ublic movement for
the well-being and happiness of humanity,
especially for the youth of our separate
States.

Dr. Miller injured his health by incessant
hard study; and after practicing medicine to
some extent, and giving it up on account of
his health, he made music a profession. This
he also abandoned for the same reason,
and shortly after I first saw him he took
up bees, with the prospect of small pay,
when he was offered a salary by some of the
leading music-publishing houses of our coim-
try, that might dazzle almost any one of us.
He felt that the blessing of health, with
God's sunshine and outdoor air. with even a
small income, is better than large salaries
and a broken-down constitution.

ARTHUR'S BEES.

A Story for Boys.

11 V MKS. CASTEr>LA WHITMAN.

Continued from Nov. lo.
ETCHING his bees through the remainder
of the season was a pleasant pastime for
Arthur. He had always been a faith tu I
boy, but it really seemed as if a new
motive prompted him ro greater exer-
tions. No surplus boney rewarded him, but
by being- carefully protected through the wintei-
they greeted him the following spring, when all
nature was springing into new life; but, alas! how
little did this family know what great sorrow was
to come upon them I The darling baby-sister, the
pet of the household, scarce two years old, was
snatched from their midst, and laid to rest in her
flowery bed on Decoration day. This great grief
so unnerved the mother that it was a long time
before she seemed herself again. Though always
tender and self-sacrificing, she appeared doubly so
now, and nothing was left undone that she could
do to develop any thing noble and manly in her
boys. Still, she was as ready to correct them, if
she considered them in fault, as to commend when
they had done any thing worth j- of it.

Arthur's bees remained in their old hive, instead
of being transferred, as he anticipated. They
swarmed twice. The second swarm came out on
the Fourth of July, and the children said they wei-e
holding their anniversary.

Thus two new hives were placed near ilie stately
old barrel hive, forming quite a contrast, as Ar-
thur's father had exercised a great deal of skill in
making them.

1 will hastily pass the remainder of this season
by. Arthur, too, was anxious to see what another
year had in store for him, notwithstanding he was
often admonished that the present only is ours--
the future is uncertain.

Before he scarcely realized it, another winter
had passed, and it was time to place his bees on
their summer stands. It was indeed a pleasure to

1880

GLEANLN'GS iX UEE CULTURE.

933

the older members of the family to see the inter-
est Arthur still maintained in them. Scarcely a
day passed but that ho would spend a few mo-
ments with them as he went to or came from his
work; and occasionally have I had a glimpse of
him at sunrise, partitilly sitting by tlie side of a
hive, watching the busy workers.

As the season advanced, the work on the farm
increased, and it was with a great etfort that
Arthur and his father kept their work up and
made iHves for the bees. Twf) of the colonies (?.s
they had by this time learned to call them) swarm-
ed three times apiece, and the third one twice,
thus requiring eight new hives.

By this time the father expressed as much
enthusiasm as Arthur himself. The family had
noticed of late, that, in speaking of the bees,
Arthur would call them our bees. I will here re-
mark, that, though he possessed an impulsive dis-
position, he also possessed a manly spirit, which
would not permit him to accept of any title or
honor that did not rightfully belong to him; thus
the term "our folks' bees" was universallj- accept-
ed afterward. One day, as Arthur's father was
glancing over his A(iriculhiri><t,he came across the
following advertisement:

™!!SlllBEESor HONEY

we will with pleasure send asami)le eopv ot the

SEMI-MONTHLY CLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

with a descriptive price-list of latest niiiirove-
ments in HIVES, HONEY-EXTEACTOES, COMB FOUNDA-
TION, SECTION HONEi-BOSES, all books and jour-
nals, and every thing pertaining to Bee Cul-
ture. Nothing Patented. Simply send your ad-

t^^e^T'f^' I. ROOT. Medina, 0.

"Nothing patented! "he ejaculated; then after
giving the subject a little thought, he sent his
address as recommended.

I have often heard Arthur's mother speak of the
day the circulars, as she then called them, ar-
rived. She was expecting company, too, that she
felt unusually particular about. 1 do not suppose
that every boy knows, but manj' a boj's mother
does, how many extra steps are to be taken, and
how much anxiety such an occasion requires, es-
pecially if they live on a farm where such a varietj-
of work must be attended to.

Arthur and his father, notwithstanding thej'
seemed so intent on perusing their circulars,
assisted her somewhat, and the day with its cares
and enjoyments passed away. During the re-
mainder of this busy week the mother came across
their papers many times, but only to put them in
their proper place.

The next Sabbath morning dawned bright and
beautiful. Arthur remained at home with his
mother and younger brothers, while his father and
the remainder of the family attended church.

Arthur spent the greater part of the day in
reading, as usual. His mother had but little time
to read, even Sunday, until dinner was over. It be-
ing ready at the usual hour for that day, she sat
down with her paper in hand, waiting for their re-
turn from church. It was with a great deal of
anxiety she watched the time go by, as they were
obliged to cross a certain bridge that had been
condemned. Arthur, noticing her concern, said,
" Mother, perhaps you will find something interest-
ing in this, handing her one of the said circulars,
which proved to be Gleanings in Bee Ci'ltuke.

She was quite surprised, on glancing over its
conten.s, to find it of so different a character from
what she expected. It truly was Gicani'/iys— arti-
cles written liy different persons here and there all
over the country, and then notes or comments by
the editor on nearly every one. And still further
on came "Our Homes," so full of such good
thoughts and suggestions that they all thought the
time was very pleasantly as well as profitably
spent. Arthurs grandparents came in about the
time his mother sat down to read, and they too
were attentive listeners.

Thus the days and weeks of the summer flew by,
Arthur often reviewing this number of Glean-
ings that I have referred to, and the price list that
accompanied it. He often wished that thes' could
subscribe for it. It seemed impossible just then,
as his own weekly paper could not be dispensed
with, and he had tried very hard to pay for it him-
self for the last few years. The price list not only
gave the prices of bees, queens, hives, and all that
pertained thereto, but also prices of their counter
store connected with the factory. It was really
surprising to note the many useful articles it con-
tained.

The autumn months were near at hand, and so
was Arthur's birthdaj-. His mother could not
think of letting it pass by unnoticed, as it was the
family custom to present at least some little token
of remembrance. Thinking it would be a pleasant
surprise to receive something from Mr. R.'s store,
she wrote an order for the same and also in-
closed the price of Gleanings for Arthur's father,
he having already sent for the ABC book. Per-
haps it is needless to say. that, as such days re-
turned, they all enjoyed it as much as the one who
received the gifts. Nothing worthy of note trans-
pired during the remainder of this year. The
family S))ent many happy evenings during the win-
ter months listening to Arthur as he read from his
journals. They wisely reported the discourage-
ments as well as the encouragements in bee cul-
ture. Thus by spring Arthur had gained much
valuable information. Nor was it long before
some of it was put in practice. Scarcely had his
winter school closed when their bees were again
on the wing. A little plot of ground was neatlj*
arranged, and the eleven hives were set out in
order upon it, quite after the manner of our mod-
ern apiaries.

By this time it was plainly to be seen, that, if
they continued to keep their bees, something
further must bo done than simply to make a hive
as it was needed. Thus far they had never been to
any expense as far as dollars and cents were con-
cerned, neither had they received any returns
from the bees, save some honey for family use.
Arthur and his father concluded it best to send for
two hives of different styles before making any
further arrangements. Being sent by express,
they were soon at hand. Arthur's father brought
them home in the evening, and the delighted chil-
dren could not think of going to bed without seeing
them set up, as thej' came in the flat.

It was evident, from the expressions of the whole
family, that they more than met their expecta-
tions. They indeed looked like miniature houses,
with their little porticos in front.

There was no more time to be lost. The season
when they would need their hives most was rapidb*
advancing; but the contrast between the old and

934

GLEANINGS IK BEE OULTUKE.

Dec.

these uew hives was so great, not only in appear-
ance but in point of excellence, that, possessing
the spirit of the times as much tin the father and
son both fiid, they could uot think of using the old
box hive any longer, even if money was scarce, and
there were many other needs also; so a second
order was soon made out.

They naturally expected there would b,-' some de-
lay, as they had taken time to get their sample
hives, and well knew that other orders in advance
would receive attention first; but as days length-
ened into weeks, and yet they received no notice
that they had been shipped, they grew quite im-
patient. Their bees had already commenced
swarming, and had to be hived as before.
To he contimied.
■ ^ I w

A GOOD REPORT FROM WEST VIR-
GINIA.

SOME VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS ON PRODUCING

AND SKLLINO HONEY, BY ONE WHO MAKES

BEES PAY.

T AM located in the " Pan Handle " of this State
,a? —that narrow strip of land lying on the Ohio
^t River between the States of Ohio and Penn-
*"■*■ aylvania. The average yield in this part of the
State might be put at 40 lbs. of comb honey,
spring count. After some sales last spring T had
.^B colonies left in mj' home apiary, and I'l colonies
three miles out. The 56 swarms wore so closely
evened up by interchanging brood that they all
had cast swarms within five days from the issue of
the first swarm. Twenty-four first swarms in one
day! When swarming had ceased there were but
.56 colonies in the apiary, as before.

SWAKMING, AND HOW TO MANAGE.

At the beginning of the surplus yield, each hive
was supplied with a case of sections— room for
rJOO;) lbs. of comb hones' for the .'16 colonies. By the
time the sections were two-thirds full, s warming-
began. My queens are all clipped; and as fast as
swarms issue they are hived and placed near the
old stand.

All swarming for the day having ceased, the
cases of sections are taken off; the combs in the
hives are extracted of all the honey; queen cells
arc destroyed, drones' heads shaved oft'. They then
are returned to the original hive, where they are
soon cleaned up by bees remaining at the old stand.
The eases of sections are put iivplace; and just at
sundown, each hive having that day cast a swarm,
it is re enforced by another, and, as far as possible,
a new location by interchanging is given the re-
turned swarms. iThis seems to better satisfy them.
By the next day (often the next hour), after being
returned, the bees are back in the sections; and by
the time there is further disposition to swarm, the
sections are finished, when they are removed and
the upper story filled with combs, for extracting
what honey may yet be gathered. If there has
been any preparation for swarming at the time of
taking off the sections, this is broken up by de-
stroying cells, placing empty combs in the brood-
nest, or by any of the many well-known plans of
breaking up the disposition to swarm.

This season I did not work for much comb honey,
and hereafter T will work for less, as I have a much
better demand lor extracted honey. From the 56
colonies at my home apiary I got 2000 lbs. of comb
honey and liOOn lbs. of exti-acted honey. I sold :!4

throe frame nuclei, from those which wei-e formed
by taking from full stocks, three frames having
the most brood with the adhering bees and queen;
this was done during the latter part of the honey-
harvest. It lessened my crop of honey somewhat.

HOW AN INVESTMENT OP g''40.00 REALIZED ?340.00.

Last spring I bought 14 colonics in double-walled
L. hives for .'?40.00. These were moved to within
three miles of my place. They were generally
weak. Some queens had to be superseded, as they
were away past the " flower of their age."

By the time white clover was doing its best, these
bees were ready for more room. I gave them
a case with four full frames of comb and five
frames with starters, which were soon filled and
ready for the extractor. From these 14 hives I
took 2000 lbs. of extracted honey, which brought
me ^240.00, and I have the bees left in fine shape
for winter— a pretty good investment, 1 thinl<.

Altogether from the 70 colonies I received 2000
lbs. of comb honey and .5100 lbs. extracted honey,
and sold from them 34 three-frame nuclei. All are
iu prime condition for winter. Every colony has
a queen of this season's rearing. My bees are
ready for the winter, and all I have done was to
make passages through the combs, cover the
frames with a piece of woolen carpet, put over this
a clialf pillow, open entrances wide, and leave on
summer stands. 1 expect to find them all right
next spring; at any rate I would not give ten per
cent to have them insured.

My honcj- was all sold in the short time of four
weeks, from the time I began to sell. Comb honey
was sold for 18 cts., and an average of 13',i cts. foi-
extracted. Part of the extracted was sold for art
purposes; part for medicinal purposes, at 15 cts.,
and quite a good deal to families for table use, at
12^4 cts. per lb., or ten lbs. for an even dollar.

A HONEY-KETAILING WAGON, AND HOW TO SELL.

On 'our retailing wagon we have a large tin can
holding 4(10 lbs., v.'ith honey-gate and scales under
this, which makes it convenient for quickly weigh-
ing the required amount. A case of comb honey
is taken along to sell to people who will not bii>-
any thing else. Some who could not be induced to
buy extracted honey were gratuitously supplied
with a "mess" "free for nothing;" and by the
next time we "came around" there was another
customer ready for a "dollar's worth of that strain
cfi honey." I can now sell 400 or 'M pounds of ex-
tracted honey in one day in some towns where,
at first, it took fine talking to sell .50 lbs.

I often wonder why it is that so many of our bee-
keepers have so hard a time in selling their hone.-\-.
True, we are surrounded with many good-sized
towns here; but commission men bring to these
places great quantities of honey, which is olTered
low. To convince myself that

HONEY CAN BE SOLD IN ALMOST ANY PLACE,

I loaded up, one morning, 400 lbs. of extracted
and 101) lbs. of comb honey, and started right out
through the country. Among farmers I sold froin
.50 cts. to !<5.00 worth at almost every farmhouse;
and long before night we were home, and honey all
sold.

It is at all times necessary to have a first-clas!<
article of honey to build up the trade. I bonght,
some years ago, 2 barrels of linden and one barrel
of California sage honey, and sold it out on the
strength of my reputation; but it was the means of
hurting my trade foi- a long time. Linden and"

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

935

California sage will do in the comb; bnt don't offer
it in the liquid form, if your object is to establish a
market for extracted honey.

John A. IJuchanan.
TIolliday"s Cove, \V. Vn., Nov. Itj, ISSn.

Eriend B., I should say you got a very fair
l)rice for your honey during the present sea-
son of low prices ; but it took some labor and
some energy to do it; and, in fact, there is
no chance to make progress anywhere, now-
adays, without talking pains and trouble.
You have given us one of the best illustra-
tions 1 ever saw, of the possibilities of build-
ing up a home market; and I do believe
that a convenient peddling-wagon, with a
smart man to manage it, is going to prove
the outlet for our great crops of honey. I
don't quite understand, however, how a "good
article of linden honey, or a good artide of
('alifornia sage honey, has been the means
of injuring your trade.

MRS. GLIDDElSr AND HEK BEES.

WHAT A KEAL T.OVK FOR A CHOSKN PrifSlTlT MAY
ACCOMPLISH.

@NE pleasant morning-, four years ago last
spring-, a lady came into my office, and, with-
out any particular introduction, said she
would like to talk with me a few moments
about bees, if I was not otherwise engaged.
She was about thirty-five years old, I should judge,
and spoke in a pleasant, rapid manner that was
quite captivating. I at once gave her attention,
and she began to ask questions about bees, hives,
etc.— knowing that I was much interested in bee-
keeping, and had a few colonies. Somehow, 1 did
not then find out how, she had got an idea that she
could keep bees, and she was determined to try.
She asked me several questions, and wished to
know my opinion about the hive advertised by a
Mrs. Cotton, of this State, and about her way of
managing bees. I said to her that I thought she
did not want the Cotton hive, book, or any thing
else from that source; but I advised her to corres-
pond with my good friend Mason, of Mechanic
Falls; and if she was fully determined to start an
apiary, to start right by getting a Laugstroth frame
hive, all fitted with sections, etc., and purchase her
bees of Brother Mason. She has since thanked me
for " starting her right," and giving her good ad-
vice. I may say here, before proceeding further,
that I had for some years known the lady by sight,
and knew her husband as for some time a resident
of this city, an estimable nuin, a carpenter and
builder by occupation, who owns two houses here,
and whose home is at the corner of Green and
Chapel Streets. Well, I loaned Mrs. (iliddeu some
books and bee-journals, and, after a pleasant chat
of half an hour, she left.

Soon after this call I learned that Mrs. Glidden
had bought a colony of Italians of Brother Mason,
and had them safely located in one corner of her
little garden. Then she commenced a regular
course of reading in bee culture. She read every
thing; and as the public library contained no books
on the business of bee-keeping, I gladly loaned her
from my own collection. In a surprisingly short
space of time she had read and mastered Cook,
Langstrolh, the ABC book. King, Alley, and latel.\
she has read Hcddon, and— just think of It I— the

whole of Hubcr. Besides those she has regularly
read two or three bee-papers, and is now a sub-
scriber to Gi-KANiNGS, The American Bee Journal,
and other paiiers: and she also carries on quite a
correspondence with some of the leading bee-keep-
ers in different parts of the country. But, as mj'
good old father used to say, I am "getting ahead
of my story." On the 4th of July of that year, the
colouy purchased of Brother Mason sent out a
swarm, and this embraced her entire increase for
that season. The two colonies were wintered out
of doors, on their summer stands, being packed
with leaves, and a tight shingled roof placed over
each hive.

The second year, IHH, Mrs. Glidden devoted con-
siderable time to dividing her colonies and rearing
(luecns. This last she undertook because it was
interesting, and she would rather rear them than
to purchase and pay away money for them. She
understood the business perfectly, and succeeded
admirably. This year she increased her two colo-
nics-which came through the winter strong— to
twelve, making ten new colonies, by dividing.
This work was carried on quite extensively, as will
be seen, and i)erhaps some mistakes were made.
It would not be strange if there were. She lost
two colonies in August or September of that year
from lack of stores, as she did not feed early
enough in the season. That fall she went into win-
ter quarters— on the summer stands, as before—
with ten colonies. Five of these came through the
winter, but in the spring of ]8i?5 they were very
weak. Mrs. Glidden understood feeding by this
time, and the.^ received attention, and built up
strong during that season. She did not feed any
in the fall; had little surplus honey; but the five
colonies of spring had increased to ten strong-
heavy colonies by fall, and they were, as before,
well packed for winter with a protection of leaves,
and tight shingled roofs over each hive. Mr.
Glidden, although a very busy man, had before
this become much interested in the bees himself;
and, being a carpenter, he had made all the hives
needed, tiie sections, etc., during odd days in the
winter season.

So far in her experience as a bee-keeper, Mrs.
Glidden had received but little sui-plus honey. In-
deed, she had not planned for much. Instead, she
had been reading, studying, rearing queens, di-
viding, experimenting, and learning; all being done
in a quiet, earnest, determined way, with no
thought of being discouraged or giving up the busi-
ness, or getting tired. She was bound to succeed,
and she has.

Last spring Mrs. (ilidden's ten colonies of bees
were found to be in excellent, strong condition.
This season they have just doubled, or increased to
twenty. She g-ave away one colony to a friend,
has sold four, and has an even lifteen colonies with
which to go into winter (luarters. They are a pretty
sight, as they stand in uniform rows in the little
garden at the corner of (ircen and Chapel Streets,
this city; and many are ihc visitors Mrs. Glidden
has had at her apiary during the past three years.
The honey-record from this apiary the present sea-
son has been a total of about 120() pounds. About
:100 pounds of this has been box honey, the remain-
der extracted honey. In .June, Mrs. Glidden pur-
chased an extractor, and lias used it freely. She
has put up her extracted honey in neat one-pound
glass jars, with licr iiann' on a label on each Jar.

936

gleani:ngs in bee culture.

Dec.

This honey she has placed on sale at the leading
grocery stores in this city, and in the adjoining
city of Hallowell, two miles distant, as well as in
the city of Gardiner, six miles distant. From this
it will be seen that Mrs. Glidden has a fine local
market; and in placing the honey on sale she has
made all the contracts ana done all the business
herself. For comb honey she receives 20 cts. per
pound; and lor extracted, one shilling. In addi-
tion to her sales at the stores, many come to her
house and purchase in large quantities, so that her
honey has been in great demand this season, and
there is sure to be a greater call for it next year,
as this season the prejudice against extracted hon-
ey has been overcome, and she now has an assured
sale for all she can produce. Her success has been
most gratifying, but she deserves it all. Her in-
telligence, courage, and enthusiasm have the
promise of sure reward. But, did you ever think,
friend Root, that bees work faster and better, and
store more honey for some than for others?

Mrs. Glidden is an earnest worker, and most
esteemed member in the church to which she be-
longs; and she is also a member of Capital Grange,
P. of H., this city, and all her brothers aud sisters
of the Grange hold her in high esteem as a sister
and a friend. Calling at her home a few evenings
ago with my wife (she has three tine children, the
eldest a young lady of sixteen, a pupil of Cony
Academy), I asked her how she first came to be in-
terested in bee-keeping. She replied, that she
" always thought honey was nice," and that she
" wanted to have some "—a woman's reason. It is
nice, as we can attest, as a sample of comb honey
made by her bees in June last is certainly the
whitest, clearest, and tinest-tiavored honey I ever
ate. Samuel L. IIo.\rdm.\n.

Augusta, Mo., Nov. 11, IbSH.

THE MERITS OF ALSIKE CLOVER.

WILL, IT PAY FAR.MEKS TO RAISE IT, WITHOUT ANY
REFERENCE TO BEE-KEEPING AT ALL?

fllE above lieadiiig suj^gests itself to me
wliile reading an article from IVie
Fanni'i\ of St. Paul, Minn. The arti-
cle has not a word in it in regard to
alsike for bees. It simply speaks of
its value for stock, and for raising seed to
sell. As there are some n^w points in the
subject, we make the following extract :

About ~0 years ago I bought my first alsike clover
seed, and sowed it alone on the south side of a hill.
The season was dry, and it grew only about a foot
high; and as it was said the fti-st crop produced the
seed, I cut it for seed and felt disappointed at get-
ting so little that I was ready to pronounce it a
humbug, and plowed it up the same fall. Some
years afterward 1 saw a bushel of seed at the Dane
County Fair, at Madison. J inquired of the owner,
Mr. Woodward, how he liked it, and if it was a prof-
itable crop. He said he got four bushels of seed
per acre, and sold it at $10 per bushel; that the hay,
after l)eing hulled, was better than the best red-
clover hay. and that his cattle ate it in preference
to any other hay. 1 bought two bushels of the seed
and sowed about one bushel to twelve acres, mix-
ing one-third timotiiy. by measure, where I wanted
it for pasture or hay, and a,bout the same quantity
of pure alsike where I wanted it for seed. It does
not raise seed the same year it is sown. but. like red
clover, the next year. I have sown it with wheat,
barley, and oats. It does best with spring wheat or
barley.

I hulled 110 bushels this year from ;iO acres. I ex-
pect to get $7.00 per bushel, and I have at least 3.5

tons of good hay, after hulling, worth enough to
pay all expenses of cutting and hulling. Some
years ago 1 sold my whole crop on the Board of
Trade in Chicago for Sll.OO per bushel.

Mr. George Harding, of Waukesha, a breeder of
Cotswold sheep and short-horn cattle, and one of
Wisconsin's most wide-awake farmers, showed me
a small tleld of one of his neighbors that he said
produced seven bushels of alsike seed per acre, and
that he sold it in Milwaukee for *12.00 per bushel.
I have 80 acres in alsike; and so long as it pays me
as well as it has done, 1 will sow it.

The first crop the next year after sowing is the
seed crop. It can be cut for seed tor several years.
It is not a biennial plant like red clover, but a per-
ennial. It has one tap root with many tiranches,
and does not heave up by frost, like red clover,
which has but one tap root.

I prefer it to red clover for several reasons.
When sown with timothy it matures with timoth.w
(Medium red clover matures before timothy is fit to
cut.) lent about the 10th lo l.'jth of .luly : red clo-
ver should be cut (here) about the ~Olh of June. Al-
sike is not easily injured by dew or light rains after
being cut. It has none of the '•fuzz" that red clover
has, making it so unpleasant to handle as hay or seed.
The stem is not so coarse nor so hollow, and has
more branches, leaves, and blossoms. The blossom
is of a pink color. Ked clover must be cut when we
are in the busiest time working our corn. Alsike is
cut after corn work is over. This is of great ad-
vantage in a corn region.

Alsike makes a good fall pasture after the seed
is cut. My stock will eat it in preference to red
clover, tiiiiothy, or blue grass. Blue grass, or, as it
is often called in this country, June grass, is a good
early and late grass, but in midsummer it dries up;
and had it not been for clover we should have been
badly otf for pasture this dry year.

Hon. Matt. Anderson, Dane Co., Wis.

PRESENTING BEE CULTURE IN TOO
" ROSY" COLORS.

WHAT IS THE OUTLOOK;

tELOW we have made a few extracts
from the reply of the editor of the
Cdnddian Bee Journal to an article
headed, •' What Is the Outlook?'' The
writer of the article spoke of the re-
cent bad seasons and the low prices, and the
general discouragement of many bee-keep-
ers. The editor answers :

We will not for one moment question the asser-
tion that bee-keeping may have keen painted " in
its most rosy colors," possibly in some cases too
much so; but almost any one will admit that there
were good reasons for appropriating the " paint "
to that purpose. Bee-keeping then was a business
in which there was much profit and little loss— pro-
portionally speaking. The principal trouble now
seems to be the disposal of the crop at a fairly re-
munerative price. Bee-keeping is now down to a
business level, while it formerly was a special pur-
suit; with extra advantages, of course there will be
lots of bee-keepers disgusted, just as there were
lots of store-keepers disgusted with that line when
they found that "sitting on a nail-keg" in their
stoic was not going to give them a living. Since
bee-keeping has taken a legitimate stand amongst
other branches in the commerce of th3 country,
neither writers nor supply-dealers have to any ex-
tent painted it in "colors" others than of which it
was deserving. There aie. even at the present
price of honey, large profits in successful years,
while in jHiorer years the profits are not so large.
1 1 must be admitted, that during the past four years
theie has not been much above an average yield;
but " dejiression " is the cry in almost every de-
partment ot the commerce of the country, and bee-
keepers can nf)t always expect unexceptional
favors. The little couplet which is often used with
reference to poets is applicable as well to bee-
keepers:

" Not every man can be a poet.
No more'n a sheep can be a goat."

I would especially emphasize the point
about bitting on a nail-keg. Tliere may be

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

937

seasons and opportunities when a man can
lay up money and sit still, and rest a great
part of the time ; but such things do not
occur often, nor do they last long, and I
think it is a wise provision of Providence
that such is the case. The world is full of
tradesmen who can not make a living, or
who succeed in making oTily a very poor liv-
ing; and I believe it is often the ca.se. that
the sole reason of this is. because they don"t
get up and make things go. It has been
many times intimated, that the supjily-deal-
ers are the lucky ones in our chosen pursuit;
but I tell you, niy friends, there are about as
many supply-dealers who fail, as there are
honey-raisers. To succeed in any industry,
one must not only work all day. but he must
use his brains in the night time, and after
the lalK)rs of tlie day are past. He nnist
carve out his fortune liyharrl work and hard
knocks. When seasons are poor and prices
are low. he must economize and cut down
out-goes, and he must learn to do il until he
comes clear down to hard-pan. When he
learns to weather the storms he will probably
be ready to make hay when the sun shines.
Sitting on a nail-keg "will never build up a
business anywhere. "

A MODEL KITCHEN.

I'KOK. COOK TELLS US SOMETHING ABOUT THE
CONVENIENCES OF THEIU OWN KIT(;HEN.

}KEAD with much interest Mr. Terry's descrip-
tion of his bath-tub. Such articles are i.iood
seed, which may not lodge in soil to always
take root; but when they do produce they bear
such e.Ycellent fruit that they arc always
opportune.

Now, Mr. Editor, our house was already l)ujlt, and
there was no available room over the kitchen or
elsewhere to be used exclusively as a bath-room.
I presume there ai-e many other such homes. We
—wife and I— are full partners, and we concluded to
make our kitchen the bath-room, especially as we
could at the same time greatly increase its con-
veniencies in other respects. Let me say, that I
married one of those very girls that Mrs. Chaddock
writes about. This wife, except when we have
company, does her own housework. She prefers
this. The work is far better and more economical-
ly done. We all enjoy hav'ing our home wholly to
ourselves, except in times of company; and then,
again, it gives opportunity to give our two chil-
dren useful work. Katie, only eleven .\ears old,
makes all of one kind of our bread, and most of the
cake. By the way, she took the premium on bread
at our fair. The children do their own room work,
wash the dishes— and, more, are most happy doing
this, " if we can oiily he without the giii."

Thus it is that we desire to have our kitchen as
pleasant and as neat, and the most conirnieiit room
in the house. The i-oom is 12 x 14 feet, has windows
on both ends, is neatl.\- carpeted, and we think it is
as cozy as need be. The bath-tub, which cost us
twelve dollars, is at one end of the room, in front
of two windows. I cased it about with oak, neatly
matched, and covered all with a hinged cover of
beautiful cherry wood, which shows nature's beau-
tiful graining to perfection. The cover of this is
held up by a catch when we wish it up. The es-
tfape-pipe runs to the same drain which cari'ics utt

the house-slops, and thus this drain is flushed every
time the tub is used, and, indeed, every time we
wash, as will bo seen. It seems to me that every
house should have such a drain if possible. Health
and convenience demand it. Neatness certainly
emphasizes the argument; for v.'hat is more re-
pellent than the horrible cess-pools seen back of
so many country homes';' When the cover is raised,
aboard across the bathtub lengthwise makes just
the right waslitub bench. Each tub has a hole
through the bottom, with a rubber-stop; so to
empty the tubs on washday, one has only to raise
or withdraw the stoi>. As a rubber hose may be
made to coiuiect from the cistern pump, which i.s
a force-pump, to tuiis on batli-tul), or to boiler on
the stove, it will be seen that a whole washing may
be done without lifting any water except to empty
the boiler. When the cover of the bath-tub is
down it makes an excellent kitchen table, and hlso
ser\es as an ir(jniiig-table. If desired, we may
stop right here. Hut wc have added about $."i0.00
more, and have added hot-water works. As the
tank in the bedroom above, which serves as a
stand, holds about three barrels, and as I each
morning fill this, which takes about fifty strokes
of the pump, wife never has to pump or carry any
water to do her work. What better planning can
be done in any home, than planning to save work
for the (juccii of tlie home'/

Each door of the kitchen has an inside lock, and
all the windows have shades, and so the use of the
bath-tub may be as private as though it were kept
in a special room.

One more convenience that gives us nearly as
much satisfaction as does the bath-tub, is a frame
to hang clothes on, which is fixed to the side of the
room opposite the sink, stove, and wood shed door.
This is simply a light square frame like a slate
frame, made of ash, and is four by seven feet in
dimensions. A cross-bar in the center strengthens
this frame. Through the end and center bars,
holes are bored, and a common clothes-line is
stretched lengthwise across the frame every five
inches. This is a "roped" frame, not a "wired" one.
Two strap hinges fasten the bottom of the end-bars
to the wall, about four or five feet from the floor,
while a small chain is fastened to the top of the
end-bar, and then passes over a small pulley screw-
ed into the wall just above where the upper end of
the center-bar will be when the frame is close
against the wall. By use of this chain the clothes-
bar can be drawn close against the wall, or let
down at any angle. Thus this is always ready for
clothes, and is always out of the way when not
needed. It is a sit><i)cndcd, if not a "reversible
frame," for the kitvhin.

If this article shall induce such action as will
lessen the burden of an.\- wife and mother, how
glad I shall be that I wrote it: It is near Christ-
mas; and what a nice Christmas present would
such arrangements be for many a loving wife,
j whose work is hard !

! T forgot to say, that a neat wcod-box stands oppo-
site the bath-tub, which Ticitie Is expected to keep
full. A. J. Cook.

Agricultural College, .Mich.

Friend Cook. 1 have got you and friend
Terry on the very topic that pleases me;
namely, ])lanning for the queens of our
horiHs. If there is anv department in life
whei'e we need kind hearts and earnest

1)38

GLEANINGS m BEE CULTUliE.

Dec.

thought, it is in lessening the hxbors of the
home. My wife, like Mrs. Cook, has always
had a preference for doing her own work ;
and I tell you, friends, we can afford to
spend quite a little money in the way of
making fuel, light, water, and air, conven-
ient in the kitchen rather thau to go to the
expense of hiring a girl to do the house-
work. In our own home we are now talk-
ing about making steam pump the water,
and warm it at the same time, by means of
one of the cheap injectors now in the mar-
ket. I tell you, there is no Christmas pres-
ent that can be studied up that will begin
to compare with household conveniences
that are real helps to the good wife, and not
a hindrance.

QUEENS IN THAPS.

HOW I^ONQ WILL, A QUEEN LIVE IN THE UPSTAIRS
PART OF^^HE ALLEY DRONE-TKAP?

TTp FTER Ernest told ot his talk with me about
9J\'Pii queens of swarming colonies being- caught In

jRw Alley's di-oue-traps, Mr. Alley wrote me that
''^^ Ernest was in error as to the length of time
a queen would stay iu the trajj. I replied
that we had in mind a queen remaining and living
in the trap, and said, "A ciueen could hardly live 2
hours in the trap, if the hot sun were shining on it."
To this he leplied, "Allow me to say, friend M.,
that you are giving j'our opinion about that you
know nothing about, when you say, "A queen could
hardly live 3 hours in the trap, if the hot sun were
shining on it.' I say, the queen will live several
weeks in the trap, sun or no sun."

My first thought was, " Yes, I do know what I am
talking about, for haven't I had them die in the hot
sun ?" But, come to think of it, I don't know that
I ever did have one die in the sun, whei'e the bees
had access to her, but only under a glass tumbler,
which would be much hotter than in a trap where
the air would have free circulation. I presume Mr.
Alley knows what he is talking about, from actual
experience: and if so, it is quite important to know
the fact, for all that is necessary will be to shut the
little opening left for the queen to return to the
hive, and then the trap can be looked at once a
week. Is there any advantage in any case in hav-
ing the trap so arranged as to allow the return of
the queen into the hive y

BALLING QUEENS.

Referring to the discussion ou page 853, 1 may say
I have had considerable experience as to bees ball-
ing their own queen. In the spring I go through
all ray hives, and see whether queens are clipped;
and if any are not clipped, I clip them. If, after
clipping, a (jueen is accidentally dropi)ed ou the
top of the frames so as to fall on the bottom-board
at the entrance of the hive, she is very likely balled;
and if the hive is at once closed up she may be re-
leased, but is sometimes killed. If a (jueen is placed
on one of the combs, right among the bees, she Is
not likely to be molested. Sometimes, however, on
opening a hive the first I sec of a queen is to find
her balled befoi-e I have touched her. In such case,
if I close up the hive immediately, and do not open
it again for several hours, I am pretty sure to find
her all right. Is it not possible that, iu this case,
the bees Imll their quoon for the sake of protecting
her ?

SPACING HIA'ES.

You suggest, friend Root, that many queens are
lost because hives are exactly alike, and too close
together. The remedy in such case would bo to
move the hives further apart. Let me suggest, that
a better remedy is to put the hives neai-er together
—that is, move every alternate hive close to its
neighbor. Suppose, for example. 0 hives stand in a
row, each hive IS inches in width, and a space ot
11 inches between each two hives. In such case
there is danger of bees getting into the wrong hive,
except the hive at each eiid, allowing that there are
no trees or other objects by which the location of
the hive may be marked. Now move the second
hive within two inches of .the 1st: the 4th within
two inches of the M; and the 6th within two inches
of the 5th, and you have the hives in pairs, with a
space of 30 inches between the i>airs.

l:

cm:

I] □

I] l:

In the above, the upper row shows the hives be-
fore moving, 11 inches apart. The lower row shows
them after each alternate hive has been moved
within 3 inches of its neighbor, leaving the differ-
ent pairs 30 inches apart. As before suggested, in
the upper row Nos. 1 and 0 appear different from
all the others, and no bee of 1 or 6 is likely to get
into any other hive; neither is a bee of any other
hive likely to get into 1 or 6. But as betwecii the
other four hives, thei'e is nothing to distinguish the
one from the other, except the difference in dis-
tance from side to side; and a bee accustomed to
enter its hive at a certain spot will find another
spot of exactly the same appearance by going 3it
inches either to the right or the left. Generally
speaking, that 39 inches is sufficient, but I belies e
not always; and if a young queen, on the return
from her wedding-trip, were not able to identify her
own hive where the distance between the hives is
only 11 inches, the consequence might be disastrous.
But in the lower row there is no danger of a bee
mistaking the next hive for its own. A bee of No.
3, for instance, knows its hive as the left one of a
pair; and at whatever point it is accustomed to en-
ter its hive, it can find a point similar in appearance
only by going a distance of 58 inches to No. 1, or to
No. 5. An experience of yeai-s in thus placing
hives in pairs convinces me that it is important
and useful, allowing the hives to occu])y much less
ground without danger of bees entering wrong
hives. ('. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111., No\-., 1880.

Our friend Mr. Alley has had a large ex-
perience with the trap bearing his name,
and I suppose he ought to know whereof he
speaks. I may l)e in error as to the length
of time a ([ueen will live confined in the up-
per part of the drone-trap. I stated in an-
swer to you, that I thought the "•queen would
live four or five iiours, possibly a day.'' As
I could not say from experience, I so stated
it. We liad oiie queen die in the '■" upstairs ''
part of the cage where she was unable to
make her escape. No one was on hand at
the time the swarm issued; but the fact re-
mains, that the queen was found dead in
the upper part of the trap. I can not say
just how long the queen was confined there
before she died, but it could not have been

18S6

GLEANI>s'GS JN BEE CL LTL'KE.

039

over a clay, and the probabilities are that she
(lied in a few hours. In all other cases,
when a swarm issued, when a trap was at-
tached to the entrance, we were present,
and the queen, if she did not set back into
the hive, was put ])ack before or aftei- the
swarm returned. I can not say, therefore,
that the instance I have mentioned would
l)e an exception to the general rule, or
whether it might not occur more often. I
will try to experiment upon this point next
season." Eiixe?*t.

Thanks for your suggestions, friend M. I
have for a long time been aware that bees
would not miss their location when two
hives were close together ; and the same idea
was once extensively used by making two
hives in one, with the entrances pointing in
opposite directions. In this case the thick-
ness of a single board is all that separates
one hive from another. I believe this plan
was abandoned, however, because it so often
liappeued we wanted to move one hive away
and leave the other in its place. The reason
why the hexagonal apiary was planned for
only one liive by itself was because I so often
found it convenient to be able to walk clear
around any hive. Since then, however, we
have seen bees make mistakes so much in the
hexagonal apiary, we feel like reconsidering
this plan. Only yesterday, y^ov. 24. it l)eing
a warm day, the bees started out of a good
many of the hives, and in a great many places
(|uite a little handful of l)ees were "cluster-
ing on the side of some other hive where
there was no entrance. After investigating a
little I found they were mistaking it for their
own hive, 14 feet away. Sometimes it does
not do any harm for bees to get into the
wrong hive during warm spells in winter ;
but there are times when it may not only re-
sult in balling (pieens, but in the loss of the
([ueen. I should like to have the friends
tell us how general it is to find the bees mis-
taking their location where hives are made
exactly alike, as mentioned above.

SEPARATORS OR NO SEPARATORS.

KlilKND DOOI^TTLE AGKEES WITH THE A BC BOOK,
THAT WE CAN NOT DISCAKIi SEPAItATORS.

■JT, S tlie time has now foiue to begin prepara-
"^ffb^ tions lor another season, the nialtei- of sep-
^Ir arators or no sei)arators must come up for
'^^^ the decision of each one. Many chxim, and
have so claimed for the past iour or five
years, that separators aie useless, and, wishing'
not to appear "wedded to my fixtures,' I have
tried dispensing- with them in a part of my apiary,
and actually found that T could, by taking: yrcat
precaution, as to the hive being- level, the founda-
tion being- fastened to tlie sides and top of the sec-
tion securely, and by g-iving just tiu' right amount
of room, so that the lices would commence in all
at once, get cambs built true enough to crate, es-
pecially if care was taken in crating, so that
the "fat "side of one section was placed next to
the " lean " side of the one next to it; but when
it came to the glassing of them, that was out of the
(|uestion. To be sure, most markets do not desire
glass on the hone3'; but as a l"ew do, it makes
^1 ver>' liandy to lia\(' our honey so we can ghiss it

if we wish. While, as 1 said, I had succeeded by
using much precaution in getting a fair job done
without separators, yet I found tlutt this same pre-
caution cost me more than the separators; and
that, unless 1 used that precaution, the loss by
bulged and unevenly filled sections was still great-
er than the first. So I concluded that there was
nothing gained in trying to dispense with separa-
tors, but, on the contrary, such a trial would be
very likely to result in a loss, owing to the nicety
of the work reguired. Again, I found that T must
leave the case of sections on the hi\e till liiiished,
before they were disturbed; for if I added more
room, except by way of a full case, on the tiering-
up plan, I was sure of getting the combs so badly
bulged that 1 could do nothing with them, save to
j sell them as "chunk honey." 'riiis spoiled one of
j the best ideas 1 know of in beekeeping; namely,
I the putting-on of a small amount of surplus room
at tirst, and gradually increasing it as the bees
became strong, until the full capacity of the hive
was reached. I am eontident that this one idea ha.-
! had much to do with the success I have attained
! in producing comb honey; so if I dispensed witli
separators I lost quite a share of my success also,
and all for the sake of trying to do something that
somebodj- else said we must do; "for," said they,
"separators are rapidly becoming things of the
past." Once more, I could not take my sections
off once a week, as 1 had formerly done, while the
combs had a snowj- whiteness, which gave my
honey a good name in market, but must leave
them on the hive till the nice white comb was al!
travel-stained by the bees; for as sure as I took a
comb-out and put an empty section in its place,
the combs in the sections next to it would have
their cells so lengthened that they could not be
crated at all. Then each section must be tilled
with foundation, if 1 would succeed, no matter how
short I was of cash to jturchase it. To b«,' sure, 1
did succeed tolerably well b3" putting strips of
foundation two inches wide in the two outside
tier of sections; then I'^i inches wide in the next
two tier inside of them, then one inch wide next:
and in the center, two tier foundation, only •; inch
wide; but all this required a nicety that was much
greater than the use of separators demanded.
From the above it will be seen that I have given
the non-separator business a fair trial, and was at
last driven to the conclusion that, for me, separa-
tors are an actual necessity, if I would secure the
most comb honey in the best marketable shape.

Not long ago I was reading, when (in 1881) the
(luestion was asked through one of our most promi-
nent bee-papers. " Will all bee-keepei'S agree that
it is more profitable to dispense with them (separa-
tors) than lo keep them!:'" to which one of our
noted writers replied, " It is not at all likely that a//
bee-keepers will, as some are so wedded to their
fixtures and methods that it would be almost im-
possible to induce them lo even tni some better
method;" and yet, if I am correctly informed, that
noted writer has left that " better method " (non-
separators) and gone back to using sepai-ators
again. Would it not have been just as well! to
have known for a certainty of that " potter meth-
od" before such a "hue and cry" was raised
against one of the best combinations (wide frames
with separators) which we have in the line of api-
eultural 1iel|)s. Some have tliought that separa-
tors cost them (■onsideralde of their crop of honey;

940

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

but from careful observation for the past 14 years,
I fail to find any thing pointing- toward such a con-
clusion; but if any really feel that such is the case,
Mr. Betsinger's new wire-cloth separators will re-
raovo all such objections.

Why I have written this is because 1 believe we
have been trying to make a move in the wrong
ilirection by this non-separator business; and I
hope all will talie an interest in seeing that good
prices in our markets can be maintained only by
putting upon it that which is as nearl.\- pprfcct as
possible. G. M. Doolitti-k.

Borodino, N. V.

" THERE IS LOTS OF HUMAN NATURE
IN FOLKS."

Mas. CHAUDOCK'S OPINION OK UTMAMTV.

fES, that is so. We like ])Cople better after
getting ac(iuainted — in'(/i xomc i.vcr))ti()ii!<. I
know people like me a good deal better tluin
they used to. 'i'wenty-three years ago 1 was
a schoolteacher and book-agent combined,
and folks didn't seem to like me very well. Their
affection for me was of the mild type that doesn't
make a man lay down his life for a friend. In com-
pany with a girl-friend I canvassed most of the
time during vacation, and T tliought then that
folks were iiuneciffsaiily vmil toward book-agents,
though at some houses we were too warmly receiv-
ed—the women giving us a luece of their minds,
and one man said he would set the dogs on us if we
came inside his yard. 1 lived through it all.
About fifteen years ago people began coming to
me to apologize for the way they talked to me
when I used to sell books, and they keep on com-
ing. Only last week I mot a wonmn in a store, and
she said she wanted a little private conversatioii
with me; and when we were alone she said, " I
want to ask your pardon for the way I treated you
over twenty years ago when you came to our house
selling books. I was ashamed of it as soon as you
were gone, and I'\e been ashamed ever since, and
have often thought of telling you so, but could
never get up courage enough. I h()i)e you will
forgive me."
" 1 do," said ] ; ' I forgave jou hMig ago."
"Oh: then perhaps you did not care much for
what I said," said she.

"Yes, I did," said 1; "I cared^a great d(,'al; so
much, that I laid awake and cried all night about
it."

"Well, Jm sorry," said she; "and I didnt mean
what I said; I just got started, and you seemed so
astonished that I felt encouraged, and said all I
thought, and a good deal more."

But the man with the dogs made the most abject
apology of all. He waited only leu years, and he
was humble enough to eat fried grass. I forgave
him. Then about two years ago a wonuui said to
me that she served me a mean trick once. She
said that once when I wanted their school, and her
husband was school-director, and was going to
hire me, she would not let him; she said she guess-
ed she pretty nearly told him a lie to keep him
from hiring me, and she had felt sorry about it al-
most ever since. One thing that made her sorry
was, that the teacher they hired was a. in>or excuse,
and they turned him otf, and the ehildrcu had to
stHA- at home all the rest of the \vint(M-. Then she

said she felt bad about the way she had treated me,
and sent her husband the next winter to hire me;
but I had a school somewhere else, and she had not
seen me very often since. I told her that I wished
she had not told me. She said she /i«rf to tell me;
that she had got religion a short time before, and
she was going to own up to everybody all the
mean things she had ever done to them. There's
lots of hunum nature in folks; and if we all live
long enough e\ery thing will be straightened out, 1
suppose; but with my impatient disposition I can't
see why folks will go on, year after year, with
their consciences on the rack, when a few words
will end it all. And I am very sure that I like folks
better than I used to. I like all the folks in the
world better, and 1 take more time to get acquaint-
ed with the people I meet. When I used to work in
the fields all day, and do m.\' washing and baking
after night, and before daylight, I was cross ami
seltish, and it tired me to talk to folks. 1 thought 1
was smarter than they, and that they were not
worth wasting time on. But I've found out, of
late years, since I've had time to listen, that al-
most everybody knows .something, " specially bee-
keepers." and it keeps me busy trimming my lamp
and pouring in oil, not to be entirely extinguished
by some of them. Mahala B. Chaduock.

Vermont, 111.

It seems to me that oue moral to your lit-
tle story, my good friend, is, that book-
agents are not needed in any community ;
and I do not believe I would ever encourage
any kind of business which Inought the ill
will of so many good people, then the ne-
cessity of such apologies as you mention
would have been spared. It is well enough
to peddle honey that you raised at your own
home ; Ijtit book-agents and book-peddlers
are so universally recognized as nuisances
that it seems to me that we had better give
up that kind of l)usiness.

CALIFORNIA.

BY ONK WHO IS ENTHUSIASTIC OVER THE HE-
SOUKCES OF THE COUNTKV.

flilEND HOOT:— Should you come to Pasadena.
Cal., in early spring, as I did, you would have
to confess that neither tongue nor pen could
give you an idea of the loveliness of the place.
I left (Jambier, O., April 5. There was si.x
inches of snow on the ground; weather was cold,
and was snowing hard. We were snowed in at Chi-
cago for .5 hours the night I left home. After eight
days of varied cool and snowy weather, imagine, if
you can, what it is to suddenly drop down, as it
were, off the mountains into the San Gabriel Valley
one afternoon, where every thing is green, and
see the orange-trees hanging laden with golden
fruit, with their dariv-green foliage, and their wa.xy
l)lossoms filling the air with their I ragrance, min-
gled with that of the calla-lilies.

I came here to go into the bee-business in South-
ern California. I have not done much at it yt't— not
because I did not find that business as good as T
expected, but because I found other businesses so
much better than I expected. Nice white-sage ex-
tracted honey is retailing here at 5 cts. per lb.;
white 1-lb. sections are selling at 10 cts. Bees are
almost idle now. as this is tli?ir Natation, with theii-
hi^ es so full and heavy as to be not easily lifted.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

941

Where the honey has not been extracted, I believe
this has been considered a very Kood houej' year,
althoug-h I have been too busy to gather much in
regard to the business. I believe San Diego is the
great honey-region of California, while Pasadena
excels in fruit and beautiful homes.

I have worked up to date, since I liave been in
Pasadena, 157 days. I have not worked one day for
less than $3.00 per day, and I am at present getting
!*3.50 per day in gold, every Saturdaj' night. My
boss won't employ iiny man who uses tobacco,
drinks liquor, or swears, so, you sec, I have good
company to work in. and might be e.vpected to have
a good time. I am a journeyman cari)enter. I Ite-
lieve all occupations pertaining to the construction
of houses, or building uji a city. ha\e imid ;is well
as carpenter's work.

Now. just one wo)'d about Pasaileiui. It is anew
place, and one can't tlnd such a thing as a dilapidat-
ed house, barn, or fence. The buildings are all new.
and some are of the finest architecture. The build-
ings are mostly wooden — Oregon jjine for the
frame, and California redwood for finishing. Lum-
ber can be obtained here of almost any length, up to
HO or 80 ft. Selected redwood makes the finest finish
of any soft wood I ever saw.

There are some peo])le who come here and don't
like the place (chi-onic {jrowlcrsi. and I do believe
there are many who. if liansported to heaven,
would not like it any better, because the associa-
tions would not be the class they were used to.

1 used to hear of an occasional earthcjuake in Cal-
ifornia; but after spending T months here, where
every day is as calm as June, and reading about the
awful earthquakes and cyclones and Hoods they are
having in the East and South. T just thank God that
I am in California, and wish that many of the suf-
fering ones were here too. Let me just say. that I
am not interested, more than any other good citizen.

Pasadena. Cal.. Nov. 8. ISfii. IL H. Hilmek.

THE HONEY-BOARD.

OLD-FOGV .lUDGES.

EXPEKIENCE a great deal of trouble with
honey-boards. I have the enameled cloth, but
I want a board that will hold itself up so I can
put on boxes for honey, holding 10 or L') lbs.
each, without foundation. Such i)ackages sell
much the best in this section. I have never used
the zinc. Will that be the best thing I can get'/ I
see in Gleanings, Oct. I.'), page t^l4, something said
about the Heddon and Tinker honey-boards. I
should like to know where I can find a description
of those boards. I take Gle.4MNGS, and have the
A U C book. What do you use for a honey-board':'
I glued wooden strips on the top of some of my en-
ameled cloths, ^jX'^ inch, and ^> inch apart, that
kept the cloth up all right, and worked first rate to
cover the frames; but I can't use that to set my
boxes on, that I can see. I could use the old wood-
en boards with holes through thcni ; but I do not
like them to remove from over the frames, for they
are quite apt to take the frames along with them,
with me. I should like to know what you would
use if you were in my place. If zinc were to be
used, I should think the bees would be likely to
stick both to the boxes and frames, and when taken
oH' would bend and spoil the zinc (perhaps not).
J must tell vou of one of my experiments with tlie

honey-boards. One of our best bee-keepers in this
State uses the old-style honey-board in two pieces.
The thought struck me, that if two were better than
one, why four would not be better than two, so 1
had enough made to cover 13 hives; but I at last
took the precaution to try but one at first, and that
proved enough; so when I wanted to remove it to
put on the cushions t-n- winter I commenced and
took ott' the first and then the second, and the third;
but by this time there was a good deal of a rumpus,
and ott' came the fourth, and with it, not all the bees
in the hive, but enough to completely cover my
hands and wrists; and when T got them shaken ofl',
my hands looked as though they had got nicely pin-
feathered, the stings were so thick; and I found
more real sharp points in that experiment than in
any other I ever madt^ with bees. 1 can stand a
dozen or so bee-stings; but when they come b.\tlie
hundreds I can't sa.\- I like it very much.

I want to use those large boxes, for Ihe reason
that our people here in Vermont do not like to buy
honey In such small packages as 1-lb. sections, or
even 2-lb. Those who are able to buy honey at all,
want It in from 5 to 30 lb. packages. They seem tt)
feel as though they had got enough to last them
over night, and it is so with other things they buy-
sugar by the 1(X( lbs., fiour by the barrel, beef by
the 100 lbs., whole hog, etc. Our l)ee-men here who
had their honey in such boxes as I mention, this
year could not supi)ly the demand, even at 30c. i)er
lb. ; while my honey, in clean white 1-lb. sections,
went begging for a buyer at 15c., and then they
would turn them over several times to see if every
cell was perfect, and then take it, only for the rea-
son they could get no other. Before leaving they
were apt to ask if the comb was artificial or pure,
and what I fed my bees on, etc.

MORE '• ItOOUr-E" IN RENDERING DECISIONS ON
HONEY -VT F.\IRS.

1 took two packing-cases, full of my best 1-lb.
sections, to our county fair this fall. There were
two other lots besides mine— one an old 15 or 30 lb.
box with round holes in the sides, and pieces of
glass tacked t)ver those holes on the inside. I should
judge it had been used a dozen times or more. The
next lot was in a little later style. I stood at a little
distance when the committee came around. They
first came to the old box, looked it over carefully,
took ott' the cover, smelled and tasted of it; did the
same with the next lot, then came to mine, held a
section up to the light to look through it; smelled it;
made some low remarks to themselves, and passed
on. The result was, the old box drew the first, and
the next the second prize, and mine not noticed. 1
learned afterward that the committee wei-e told that
the comb in my sections was made by machinery,
and was not made of beeswax either, and that they
were filled with sugar that was fed to the bees.

I think now I shall get some of the old boxes my
father used over 50 years ago, and have them filled
ready for the county fair next fall; and I feel very
much as though 1 should like to.be present and
stick the committee's noses into one of the old boxes
up to their eyes, so they could see and smell at the
same time.

The 1-lb. of bees I got from you last spring did
first rate, and are now as good a swann as I have.

Moscow, Vt., Nov. 1.5, 1880. J. W. Smith.

Why, friend S., your letter is really re-
freshing'. We have not had any thing like
it for a lontf time ; luit if yoti will take uiy

942

GLExVNlNGS IN i3EE CULTLKE.

Dec.

advice you will nut go back to tliose old-
fashioned things in too much of a hun-y. By
tlie time yon would get rigged with your
honey-boards and Viig boxes, the coraniittee
wotdd get educated, or tliey would have a
dilferent oup. and tlieu you would be left out
in the cold again. Why did you not walk
up to that coraniittee and tell them that the
lioney was just as pure and good as that in
the old boxes? Show them an A IJ (' book,
and some copies of the l)ee -journals. — If
your people want a 2(l-lb. box, why not give
them a case full of sectionsV It will be al-
most as cheap for you. and I am quite cer-
tain that very soon tlif^y would outsell the
old traps you mention.— Vou will find i)ic-
tures of the honey-boards on pages 47, 121,
and 771, for the year 1885. and 373 and <)lo,
for the past year. I think the honi-y-boards
made of strips of wood, alternating with
strips of zinc, will be the Ijest thing for your
purpose. These are made esi)ecially to
avoid the bridge-combs that attach them to
the brood-frames and honey-boxes. The
hives we .send out don"t need any honey-
board at all ; and if anybody wants a whole
box of honey you can sell the case of sections
with it, just {is it comes off from the hive;
and I think any tidy housewife will prefer a
box of lioney so arranged that each comb
can be lifted out without dripping and
daubing.

SUGGESTIONS IN REGARD TO FOUL
BROOD.

THK PUEMUI., OU CAUB()LIC-ACI1> TltEAT.ME.NT.
TKIEU r.V KOnF-RT SPKOUI-E, OF IKELANI).

a EAR SIR:— T ain sorrj' to see, by Gleamnos,
that you have I'oul brood in your apiary;
aiid as you do not seem to liavc any faith in
the phenol treatment, I trust yt)u will accord
me space to say a few words in its I'avor,
premising' that my knowledjie ot the disease is lim-
ited to what might be gained by observations with
the naked eye, and while endeavoring- to eradicate
it in an apiary of half a dozen colonies. The scien-
tiBo aspect of the (|uestion I leave to those Avhose
skill and training' enable them to investigate it, and
1 accept their sfateincnls, in so far as tiicy agree
with my own experience, as being made in good
laith for the general good. ».

Up to a few yeai's ago it was generally supjiosed
that there were two distinct forms of I'oul brood—
the ■' virulent " and the "mild," the ditferencc be-
ing that the tirst was dilticult if not impossible to
cure, while the second ga\e way to sj'stematic
treatment, and sometimes disappeared without any
special treatment. Beyond this, nothing was known
of the disease; and as to a remedy for the "\lru-
lent " form, T say, without hesitation, that there was
none, the alleged cures Ijy moans of salicylic acid
to tlie contrary notwithstanding-. Recent discover-
ies have enabled us to distinguish between both
forms of the disease, and to cure one almost as eas-
ily as the other.

r first saw foul brood about eight years ago, when
it appeared in my apiary in a colony ot Ligurian
bees, to which I maugaged to confine it by spray-
ing with salcylie-acid soluliou and other treatment
until the following- summer, by which lim!> e\ cry
colonv Iliad was intci-tcd. l-'or- llii- next Ihnc or

four years I was vinrcmitting- in my efforts to stan'ip
out the disease, but witliout success. During all
this time my bees never swarmed, and I was
obliged to destroy dozens of combs by burying
them in tlie earth, and all to no purpose. The bees
formed queen-cells, but the contained gi'ubs died
immediately after scaling over, and I was obliged,
each season, to l)uy swarms an.d driven bees in or-
der 10 keep up my stock. Matters went en in this
way until the autumn of 1883, when a friend sug-
gested carbolic acid as being worth a trial; and as 1
could not be more unsuccessful with it than with
salicylic acid, I determined to act on the sugges-
tion. At this time 1 had four colonies, made ui> ot
driven bees hived on full sheets of comb founda-
tion, and fed with sugar syru|j, in which salicylic-
acid solution was ini.xed. As I had not made up
my mind as to the best way to give the carbolic acid
to the bees, my intention was to leave them alone
until the following spring, by which time T would
have tixed on a plan of operations.

The nc.\t stc]) was to find out the make of carbol-
ic acid best suited for my inirpose; and after a
good many samples had been tried I concluded that
what is known here as " Calvert's carbolic crystals.
No. 1, B. P.," would be most easily administered, as
it was soluble, even in cold water; and its taste,
when diluted and mi.\ed in syrup, was not disagree-
able. I prepared it for use by melting the contents
of an ounce bottle and pouring- into a quart of cold
water, which was shaken up until the crystals wore
dissolved, after whieli the bottle was corked, and I
considered the solution ready for use. The follow-
ing spring I took a look at my four colonies, and
found them badly diseased. Brood rearing seemed
to have been going on very briskly, and the bees
were m'uch reduced in numbers. There were ver.v
few, if any, healthy cells in the brood combs; and
after a little consideration I concluded that the re-
maining bees were not worth saving, and I deter-
mined to give up keeping bees for that season, and
to make a fresh start the following one, with new-
hives and other gear, so as to avoid any further
risk of disease. ] took no trouble with the diseased
colonies beyond placing an inverted tumbler filled
with syrup, in which, for curiosity's sake, I mixed
some carbolic solution near the hives. The bees
took the medicated syrup readily, and the tumbler
was refilled as required. Not being at home during
the daytime I saw very little of the bees, and, in
point of fact, T took no interest in them; and so
when, on my arrival in the evening, I was told that
"the liees were flying very strongly to-day," I
merely smiled, with the air of one for whom the
pleasures of beekeeping had long since passed
away, like all other pleasures ot our imperfect ex-
istence. This state of indilference continued till one
warm morning about the end of May, when I hap-
pened to pass in front of the hives just before lea\-
ing- for the city, and was astonished at the acti\-ity
of the bees. At the first opjiortunity afterward I
opened and e.vamiiied the hives, and, found that all
traces of foul In-ood had disappeared. The combs
had been cleaned (jut, and were now filled with
healthy brood and drone-brtiod capped. Before the
end of .June each colony gave a swarm, and, better
still, the (lueens hatched out in every case. Those
very satisfactory results seemed to me so impoi'tant
that 1 lost no time in placing the fac'ts before the
g-reate.st livin;;- authority on seientinc bee culture.
Mi-. F. (.'heshiie. >vho said the treatment was quite

lS8(i

glea:nings ik bee culture.

94r,

new to him. IIo in-omisL'd tn ui:iLc < Aiiciiujuuts
with the carbolic-acid i-cmcdy, aud, if successful, to
give the results to tiio hpo-kcepinfj- world. As a
test, a diseased colony was selected and marked
for identiflcatioii, after which it was jilaccd in Mr.
Cheshire's care. .\ couple of months afterward it
was e.vamined by co'.npctent judges, who pronounc-
ed it healthy, and without the slig'h test trace of foul
brood. Mr. Cheshire jtave a very minute descrip-
tion of this disease, as well as directions for its
cure, in a paper which he read at a meeting: of the
JJritish Bee Association; and this paper, which
caused a good deal of sensation at the time, was re-
produced in several of the American bee-papers.
In the course of his investigations Mr. Cheshire
discovered that the statement, so often and so con-
fidently made, that the queen does not carry the in-
fection, is misleading, as he found the bacillus of
foul brood in the ovaries of several of the queens
he dissected in the course of his investigations. To
my mind, this discovery proves that, to destroy
foul brood in a colony having one of these diseased
()ueens, her removal aud the substitution of a
healthy queen should be the first step, after which
the rest is easy.

To return to my own case: In the month of July
I gave Ligurian queens lo throe of the four colo-
nies, the otlier having a lilack queen just beginniug
to lay. AlTweut merry as a marriage-be) 1 until the
time came to feed u|) for the wintei-, when I was
concerned to find that the Ligurian bees would not
touch syrup if it contained the least trace of car-
bolic acid, while tlie blacks took it without hesita-
tion. In the hope of compelling them to take it, I
allowed them to run almost to the starvation-point;
but in the end T was obliged to give them unmedi-
eated syrup, which they took freely. About the
middle of November I examined the four colonies,
and found the Ligurians had foul l)rood liadly, and
were verj- weak, while the blacks were strong and
perfectly healthy, and without the least unpleasant
smell. In the following February one of the Ligu-
rian colonies was dead, while the others were re-
tluced to a mere handful of bees; and as they were
not amenable to remedial treatment, I allowed
them to die out too. after which I sprayed the
comljs with carbolic solution, and disinfected the
hives with the apparatus 1 described a short time
since in Gleanings. The black colony came out
of winter quarters strong in bees, and since then I
have not had any trace of foul brood in my apiary.
1 attribute the outbreak of the disease in the Li-
gurian colonies to my not having disinfected the
hives, which were those in which diseased colonies
had previously wintered.

The foi-egoing account is written from memory,
and on that account may seem open to objection.
When I begaji treating my bees for the disease
with salicylic acid I kept an accurate note of every
thing I did; but three years of unvarying failure
so discouraged me that I looked on taking notes as
pure waste of ink, not to speak of time and paper.
Besides, when I began the carbolic-acid treatment I
had no hope of being successful, and consequently
took very little interest in the matter.

My recommendations to you would be remove the
queens of all your infected colonies, and to hand
them over for instant execution to the common
hangman. In their places I would introduce queens
reared in some apiary free from any suspicion of
'lisease. A number of outdooi- feeders <;hould be

lilleii wiih honey or syrup; and when the bees be-
gin to feed freely, phenol (carbolic acid) should be
added in small but increasing doses, until the dose
is as strong as the bees will take it. I recommend
outdoor feeding, because 1 have found that bees
will often take feed that way when they would not
touch it if otVcred to them in the hives. If this
treatment is pursued systematically, I venture to
say that, before next summer, you will be rid of
foul brood.

Your plan of disinfecting hi\ cs bj- means of a jet
of high-pressure steam, I think a capital <me, with-
out prejudice to my own apparatus for the same
purpose which was intended for that large and de-
serving class of bee-keepers who don't hajipen to
have steam-boilers at command.

Nov., is,"(i. Robert Spuoui-k.

Kichmond Road, Fairview, Co. Dublin, Ireland.

Thanks, friend Sproiilo, for the results of
your experiments witii the plienol, or car-
bolic-acid, treatment. From our experi-
ence with the phase of the disease which
has visited us, we can not think that the
queen g'ives the disease. Of the sixty cases
of foul brood in our apiary, her majesty was
retained in all, after we had treated tlie col-
onies as we have liefore described. In not
one has the disease reappeared. Surely,
then, the queen would have yiven the dis-
ease, at least in a few instances, if it were
possible. It may be, that the most advanc-
ed stages of foiil l)rood might alfect the
queen, for we have not allowed a colony to
be diseased long in oiu' apiary.

• — — ii — » ^1

THE NEW HEDDON HIVE.

FKIENI) HU'rrniNSON,S REPORT IN REGARD TO IT.

T PRESUME many will bi
lllj' I think of the new H

Jl I have used it two
"^ it exactly as I did w

e pleased to know what
Heddon hive, now that
two j-ears. I think of
actly as I did when Mr. 'Heddon first
explained to me its construction and advan-
tages. 1 lay no claims to superior wisdom; but
when a man has studied and practiced bee culture,
working with his whole heart in the business, and
with wits sharpened by the fact that he ;iii(.i/ suc-
ceed or wife and babies will go hungrj' or cold; I
say, when a man has worked this waj- for ten yeai-s,
as I have done, he can form a very nearly correct
opinion of any new feature in bee-keeping without
even trying it. There are, however, " weak spots "
in the best of inventions, defects that even the
brightest and most experienced fail to discern, and
that nothing short of actual trial will point out. It
was these" weak spots" that I feared in the " new
hive;" that I have watched for with the closest of
scrutiny; and the nearest approach to one that 1
have found is the use of compression for holding
the frames Iti position when inverted. As I learn-
ed how to manage, however, 1 had less and less
trouble, and I think I shall have none hereafter.

J tlnd thiit inverting will do all that has been
claimed for it— secure frames full of combs; clear
the brood-nest of honey; hasten the completion ol
sections, enable us to rear large (luantities of brood
in a comparatively small hive, and to choose wheth-
er we shall have brood-chambers full of honey at
the end of the season, or the opposite.

I have learned, though, that alternating the hori'
^^ontal sections of the hive will aeenmpUsh nearly

944

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

or quite as much as inverting; and alter the first
inversion has caused the bees to comiiletely fill the
frames, but little if any inverting- will be ncede<l.

After the frames are completely filled with comb,
the ]ipciiliiir construction of the hive enables us to
inanii)ulate hives instead of frames; and perhaps
my readers will not be surprised when I say that I
value this feature moi'c than 1 do its invertibility
it is the g'rand function of the hive.

I worked 50 colonies the past season for comb
honey. One - fourth of tliem were in the " new
hive," and most of the swarms were hived in it. I
secui'ed 100 lbs. of surplus, per colony, from clorcr
alone. I am aware that it is the Jicen that gather the
lioney. I l^now we have been told repeatedly that
a colony of bees will store as much honey in a nail-
keg' as in any hive; but in all seriousness, 1 should
like to ask, is this assertion Intc' When coming
home from the convention at Indianapolis I stopped
off and made Mr. Heddon a short visit; and among
the many things we talked over was this one of the
intiuence that the hive may be made to e.\ert upon
the energy of the workers. I did not reniember it,
but Mr. Heddon thought he had, within the last three
j-ears, written ui)on this topic under the heading of

PHESENT CONDITION.

If Mr. Heddon did write upon the subject, 1 think
but little attention was paid to it; at least, T knew
that, when he mentioned it, it struck me as a new
idea. I consider it well worthy of consideration,
and will do my best to illustrate it.

Wc have all noticed with what energy a newly
hived swarm works; the "present condition" is
different from what it was in the old hive. Let a
full case of finished or nearly finished sections be
removed from a hive, and an empty case be put in
its place, and the bees are sometimes quite slow in
makir.g a start in the empty case; if, instead of re-
moving the case of nearly finished sections, it is
raised up and an empty one placed between it and
the hive, the " present condition " is such that the
bees work with renewed energy to fill the newly
added case, and thus connect the upper one with
their brood-nest. Mr. Heddon told me, that, what first
called his attention to this subject, was that, when
Iireeding for qualities in bees, he found there were
two different causes for good work. One (the one
he wanted to breed from) was a fixed characteristic
of the variety; and the other was an energy result-
ing from proper " present conditions." With an
extremely tall hive, top - stormg would not be
a success; neither would side - storing be prof-
itable with a vciy shallow liive, because the
" present conditions " would not be favorable to
success in either case. Mr. Shuck says, in his cir-
cular, that his attention was first directed to inver-
tible hives liy accident. A colony of bees, although
strong in numbers, refused to enter the honey-
boxes. The honey-board holding the bo.ves was re-
moved, when it was found that the combs were
built diagonally, and the hive was inverted for the
purpose of putting the combs into proper shape,
.lust then he was called away for the day; the
honey-board with the boxes was hastily placed on
the bottoms of the hive (temporarily, as he thought),
and the cover put on the boxes. On inspecting the
hives at night the boxes were found to be full
of bees: honey-making went on apace, and the
strength of the colony increased, so that they stored
85 lbs. of honey after the first set of boxes -were
taken ofl". This well illustrates what a change of

"present condition " can do. Ue-arrangiug or in-
terchanging the parts of a hive often starts new
ilrtrnninatioiix in the bees. Under the head of
■' i)resent condition " it would be proper to consider
the right amount of brood and honey in proper
shape, and this is much governed by the depth,
size, length, and width of the hive. The kind of
communications between the eases would also come
under this head.

In my opinion, this (luestion is a very important
one, and well worthy of consideration. In a short
article like this I can do little more than touch upon
it; but I trust I lune said enough to set my brothei-
bee-keepers to considering whether the stj'le of
hive used may not be made to have a bearing upon
the amount of honey stored liy the bees.

Rogersville, Mich, W. /. Hittchi.nson.

I agree with you, friend 11., in regard to
what yon are pleased to term '• present coii-
dition." 1 have seen a new swarm cluster
on the outside of the hive, and refuse to
go near it for several days, in the very
height of the honey season. Sometimes J
have driven tliem in' and up into the boxes
by means of a smoker ; and when they once
got started to work they would gather enor-
mous quantities of honey in a very short
time. Now, it is not new swarms only, but.
a good many times, powerful colonies, that
work very little, or do only about half what
they might do, if they felt like it. If there
is any thing we can do in tlie arrangement
of hives to start up this latent energy, by all
means let us do it. I am very glad indeed
that you begin to think that reversing is not
really jiecessary after the combs are once
tilled out clear' to the bottom-bars. Lt will
save a great deal of complication and ma-
chinery in making hives and frames. Now.
then, how many others have found out that
alternating answers nearly or quite as well
as inverting?

BEE-LEGISLATION.

TflK Srii.IECT KHO.M ANOTHER I'OlNT OK VIEW.

T I^O not doubt that most bee-keepers are w illing
4|[ to believe, with Dr. Miller, that some kind of
^r legislation directed toward the protection of
'^■^ the interests of bee-keeping would be a good
thing. Class legislation is usually a good thing
for these in whose favor such legislation is done.
But if the professional bee-keeper is to be protect-
ed by law against the amateur, why not protect the
creameries against the farmers who make butter in
a small way, sometimes much to the detriment of
prices V If we applj- this principle of special legis-
lation to ;iny one business, let us apply it to all.
When one man is " first in the field," and has built
up a thriving grocery trade, let us keep all other
grocers at a i-espcctful distance. The first comer
has invested thousands of dollars, perhaps, iii build-
ings, stock, and "fi.xtures," and other grocers in his
vicinity might render these totally worthless on his
hands. The same is true of almost any line of busi-
ness. The mass of humanity will not stand aside to
let the favored few carry on the business of the
W'Orld. Few men would be willing^to accept the
theory that government has the right fo forbid a
citizen following whatever honest occupation ho
mav choose. To me it is a self-evident ti'uth, that

188R

GLEANINGS IK BEE CL'LTUKE.

'■He

every man should have an equal cli:uu;f wiili his
neighbor in the strugfrlo for existence.

1 hiive liei)t bees loi- three years inihetownof
Denison. The loealitj- is I'lU- better than the open
eountry, for the streets and commons are covered
■with white clover, and nearly every lot is white
with fruit-blossoms until late in tlie spring-. I was
first in the field, l)ut T do not think myself any more
entitled to these privileg'es than Mr. S., who last
spring brought three times as many colonies into
towTi as 1 have, and located them less than two
blocks away. 1 believe he has as much moral
right in the territory as 1 have; and I further be-
lieve that any law that would exclude him from
keeping bees in the town, or that would convey to
me the right of territory, would l)e iioth wrong and
unconstitutional.

Next spring my hees will be sent to my farm,
four miles from town. Wliat justice would there
be in a law that gave me control, not only of my
own farm, but also of that of Mr. lirown, my near-
est neighbor? Jf he keeps a few colonies only, they
will not interfere with my busin<>ss; and if he keeps
many colonies they will be unprofitable to him un-
less he .ioins with me in the cultivation of crops
that will furnish flowers for the bees. I certainly
should resent any law that would sell to him any
rights whatever in regard to my farm.

I belie\'e the good doctor is joking about this
whole matter of bee-legislation. He has baited his
hook for" suckers," and caught one at the first cast,
much to his edification, no doubt. If he is really in
earnest, and proposes by such laws to keep out the
small producers who regularly knock the bottom
out of the local markets every year, I should be
slow to fall in with his project, for these " small
producers " are, many of them, the boys on the
farms. They take this means of earning a few
dollars in the fall when a little money is so much'
longed for by the average farmer - boy. I have
been thei-e, and know just how it is with the boys.
Kvery year the papers ai-e full of advice in regai-d
to keeping the boys on the farm. Let us help keep
them there by making bee-keepers of them. But
whether they be boys, girls, men. or women, who
swamj) the markets with small lots of honey, let us
doom- best toward teaching them to obtain their
honey in marketable shape, and prices will be safe.
The dealers, too, are much to blame for this fre-
quent demoralization of the local markets. They
do not guage prices according to (juality, as they do
when buying buttei- and other farm produce; but if
section honey is selling at 20 cts., they pay farmers
15 cts. for it in pails, whether the quality be good,
bad, or inditterent. Tn such a market, clean new
comb honey in pails ought to be worth at least IS
cts.; black and soiled comb, anywhere along the
scale to zero.

Not long since, my grocer, who knows nothing
about bees, lifted from a jar on his counter a piece
of comb that had evidently been the home of half a
dozen generations of baby-bees, with the remark
that he rather liked comb honey that was " some-
what discolored." AVith a dull knife I cut cross-
wise of the cells and showed him the cocoons of the
young bees. He was utterly astonished to learn
what the silky material was, and now he not only
refuses to eat such honey but also to buy It. Let
us take the local dealers in hand. Z. T. Hawk.
Denison, Iowa, Nov. 32. 18f6.

Friend 11.. after the article from friend

Miller had gone to print, some thoughts oc-
curred to nie in the line of what you have
been saying. The real solution of the mat-
ter seems, after all, to lie in educating the
boys and girls, the small farmers, the gro-
cerymen. and everybody else, up to the stan-
dai-d of modern bee culture ; and even then
there is much 'further to be done. When
some neighborhood gets to be overstocked
with liee-keepers and bees (just as it is in
your own case), we want the Christian spirit
that actuated father'Abraham when he said
to Lot. "If thou wilt take the left hand,
then I will go to the right ; or if thou depart
to the riglit hand, then I will go to the
left.'" It won't pay for bee-keepers to crowd
together in one spot ; and. indeed, it is far
from being necessary, for in almost every
township and county there are large tracts
where there are not bees enough kept to
gather a tenth part of the honey that goes to
waste every year.

FRIEND FRADENBURG'S CHEAP
COMB HONEY.

low UK MAXAC.es to SKt,L I'l'.

WAS never successful in getting nice section
honey in my locality, so I got an extractor and
I. thought I would raise all extracted honey;
but I have found it a drag to dispose of it.
The people nearly all seem to want their hon-
ey in the comb; l)ut, as Mrs. Chaddock has it in
Gleanings, page «8T, they don't want to buy
boards. I have for some time thought of telling
how 1 have found a plan to sell them the comh
honey, and without the boards; but reading her
article jnst now made me jump for my writing-
material, and so here it goes.

First, to get the comb hone.\' that will be nice and
white, that can be sold cheap, fill an upper story
of a hive with nice new brood-frames; exclude the
queen from them, but let the workers fill them
full, and they are pretty.

HOW TO SELI< THE.M.

1 make a case that will hold ten or twelve brood-
frames, with one side glass, but have the case about
4 inches deeper than the frames. Next I have a tin
tray made that will just fit in this case, and slide
down to the bottom, 3'4 inches high, with a fly-tight
lid, and handles on each end on the outside, to lift
it with when it is done. Next I laid a layer of comb-
honey that I cut out of unfinished sections in the
tin tray, and poured extracted honey over Ihem
to merely cover them; then 1 hung in the brood-
frames of comb honey to fill the case, put in a
case-knife and a galvanized-iron spoon, and took
the case over and set it on the store counter,
with the glass side in front. In a very short
time, word was sent over that they wanted
more. The first case was made two years ago, and
the cry has only been "more, more," and never a
word of complaint. This season I fixed up two
such cases, and put in about 100 lbs. in each, and
set them in a buggy, and drove over all the stones I
didn't miss, 12 miles, to Uhrichsville, to test its ship-
ping possibilities, and not a cell was broken. Of
course, I fastened the combs so they could not
shake or flop around much. The merchants there
are equally well pleased with the arrangement. Do
you get the idea'/ The merchant can lift out a

!l46

GLEAK1I4GS JN BEE CULTtJEE.

Dec,

frame, cut out the amount a customer may want,
be it an ounce, a pound, or five or ten pounds, and
set the Irarao right back, and all the drij) fi:oes in
the tin tray, and does not need to daub tlio counter
or other jroods a bit; and, further, if the weight
does not come out even, a spoonful or two from the
tray below will make it. A. A. FRADEXnrKfi.

Port Washing-ton, O., Nov. 11'^, lt>86.

Friend F., this reminds me th:it almost
the first comb honey I ever raised was liy
picking ont nice L. frames of wliite sealed
honey while we were going over the hives.
They were liung upstairs with a dripping-
pan under them to catch the drip ; and when
we wanted a plate of honey for company,
we just cut it out. Sometimes the friends
would go up into our honey-room and see
our stock, and it was almost sure to give
them the bee-keeping fever to take a look at
it. I feel sure that more comb honey could
be secured in this way than in any other
kind of a honey-box. You do not tell how
much the merchant received from it, nor
how much it netted you. Nowadays it
makes a great deal of difference about how
niucJi a product sells for.

FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS.

BAGGING GRAPES.

TN a recent number of Gleanings, the practice
||P of bagging grapes is advised, in order to pro-
ill tect the cluster from birds and insects. This is
''*' good advice, as it is about the only method
known by which perfect clusters may be se-
cured, in sections where the grape-rot is prevalent.
The bags are not proof against chickens, or, at least,
only partially so ; but they do serve admirably to pre-
vent rot, and to keep otT troublesome insects. Any
one who has never tried the plan will be surprised
and delighted when he sees the perfect and beauti-
ful clusters that may be raised with so little outlay
of time and money. It is not necessary, however,
to use bags or sacks. All that is required is, that
the clusters be covered. For this purpose it is just
as well to use a bottomless sack, or, to make the
matter more simple, take a sheet of some kind of
paper that will endure storms; wrap around the
cluster; fasten at the top with a pin, and the job
is done. The paper may be left open at the l>ottom,
but it is doubtless better to gather it in the hand,
and give it a twist; but a pin is not required. It
may require a little practice to do the work quickly
and efficiently, but it is not hard to learn how.

There is one thing that must not be neglected,
and that is, to do the work in time— almost as soon
as the grapes form. A few days' delay will often
I'cnder the work ineffectual, so far as preventing
rot is concerned. Most people prefer grapes thus
grown, to those rijtoned in the open air. The differ-
ence between them consists, for the most part, in
the texture of the skin. The skin of bagged grapes
is rather more tender than that of those grown in
the open air. This is no disadvantage, e\-cci)t when
grapes are to be marketed. Tender-skinned sorts
like the Concord can not be grown for market very
successfully by this plan, unless the market is (juite
near, in which case the grapes will often sell for
two oi- three cents more a pound than open-air

grapes. The difference is often so great that the
bagged grapes are the only ones that are marketa-
ble at any price.

Will it pay ? Most assuredly it will pay to grow
the home sup])ly in this way, except in localities
where good grapes can be grown without the use
of bags (that is, if it jiays to grow grapes for
home use. It appears that some people think that
it pays to grow only such things as can be con-
veited into cash; but that it is a lu.\ury not to be
thought of, to eat grapes if they can be sold, and a
waste of time to raise them to grow them for home
use alone). As to the profit in bagging grapes for
market purposes, it all depends upon the cost of
the work, and the price at which the grapes can be
sold. Some who have tried it say that it pays,
others that it does not. W. J. Green.

Ag. Exp. Station, Columbus, O.

BROOD IN THE UPPER STORY; QUEEN-EXCLUDING
IIONEY-BOARDS.

May T ask you a few questions? 1. In making a
two-story hive for extracting, 10 L. frames below, 10
above, would you construct it so you could use a
queen-excluding honey-board between?

2. In running 100 colonies for extracted honey, in
how many would j'ou expect to find brood in the
upper stor.\-, providing you left the lower story in-
tact, and no queen-excluding slatted honey-board
between?

3. At the bottom of many lirood-frames there is a
space of !4 inch, more or less, not 'filled in with
comb; and by putting on an upper story the bees
will generally build down the comb solid to the bot-
tom in the upper story, without the queen-exclud-
ing slatted honey-board; now, would they do the
same if the <]ueen-excluding slatted honey-board is
used?

4. Not using the queen-excluding slatted honey-
board, which do .you consider the best bee-space —
""a or .5-10 between upper and lower frames?

Fair Haven, Vt., Nov. 4, 18Sfi. E. L. Wkstcott.

In tlie first ])lace. friend W.. I would just
about as soon the queen would go in the up-
per story as not, when we are working hives
for extracted honey. You can, however,
easily prevent it by using a perforated zinc
honey - board. As the slatted ones are
thicker than those made of perforated zinc,
you would have to increase the depth of your
upper story in order to use them ; whereas
the Simplicity liives are all right for the
plain zinc honey - boards. In running lOU
colonies for extracted honey, very likely
you would find brood in every one of them
without the use of perforated honey-boards ;
but, as I said before, this Is no objection to
me. I think the bees woidd build the combs
down to the bottom of the bars of every
frame in the upper story, just the same as if
the perforated zinc were used. I consider
i in., or o-l<) in., the best bee-space ; I inch
would be more likely to result in small
combs.

a note from AUSTRALIA.

Fiiinnl Root:— I certainly must address you l)y
this name, as I look on you as a very good friend
to all bee-keepers, and to me in particular.
If it had not been for getting your A B C book I
should have been groping in darkness for years.
The majority of bee-books published don't go into
details, and the unfortunate novice gets in a com-

1886

GLEANIjS^GS in bee CULTUliE.

947

plete tog; and, in fact, he would be better otT with-
out them, lam getting gome Italian queens from
Ohas. Bianconcini. 1 have received a letter from
him, and his price is nearly double what he charges
to America, and then he doesn't guarantee safe
arrival. I am sorry to say that our prospect for
a good honey-crop, in this district, is not very
promising; but down on the coast they are having
a good season. K. A. Hudson.

Bathurst, New S. Wales, Oct. li, 1880.

Friend II.. I feel pretty certain that our
friend Bianconcini will not charge you more
than he does us. if ycui buy as largely as we
do, and other circumstances are equfll. We
consider him to l)e a very fair, honorable
man.— By all means, say "friend Koof
when you are writing, if you feel like say-
ing so.

UITTEK HONEV.

We have had a very poor season this year, and
the bees, as a general thing, have not made enough
to keep them through the winter. 1 have had to
feed mine. We have not had so poor a season for
years; but verj' few have taken any surplus honey,
and those that have are coniplaining. Will you ex-
plain to me what makes the honey so bitter? ,V11
that I have seen is so strong that it will make you
"squeal." W. H. Dickinson-.

Deep River, Conn., Nov. 4. 18.0.

I can not tell you. friend J)., w^hat makes
your honey bitter. A good deal has been
written in regard to it in our back voliunes,
and several plants have been mentioned as
the probable source. Perhaps some of our
readers can throw some light on the sub-
ject. Just before going to press with this
"form we notice the following on page 74-5 of
the American Bee Journal, from the pen of
Dr. J. P. H. Brown, Augusta, Gd.

Some kinds of plants impart their odor and flavor
more lastingly to the honey than others. After
honey granulates and is again reduced to a 'iquid
condition, the original odor and Havor are to some
extent lost.

That some few plants impart to the honey, be-
sides the flavor, their medicinal and toxical proper-
ties is a fact, although denied by a few apiarists
whose observation extends only to the familiarity
with honey gathered from a few plants, sucli as
white clover and basswood. and piobably a few
others. Illustrations: Heleniiiin IcnuifdliiuiHl have
heard it called dog-fennel by some persons, but it
belongs to a different order of plants. Dog-fennel
is another thing), is a weed, supposed to be an ex-
otic, that is found in places in the South along road-
sides. It commences to bloom about the first of
August, and keeps on until frost. The leaves have
a bitter, nauseating taste, and the e-xtraet, in the
shape of tea, was used to some extent during the
war as a substitute for quinine in the tr.^atment of
chills and fever. The old fields in my neighborhood
are covered with it. and in some seasons consider-
able of this honey is gathered. It is as bitter as the
plant, and possesses all the medicinal properties.
Of course, I can not sell it, but it does for breeding-
purposes.

OLD-FOGY FAUMEKS.

Our market here is a fair market, brought about
by putting honey up in good style and of good
quality. We are bothered here as in other places
(as I see mentioned in Gleanings) with old-fogy
farmers bringing in their honey in any kind of
shape, just ruining our market. Our- honey ought
to be put up in the best possible .shape, and of the
best quality— at any rate, have the best sell first,
and then we have the best all the time. There
seems to be a little " free gratis " on our pari. We

fix u)) our honey, and get no more than those old
farmers. I think the remedy is to organize and get
together, if wc can, and let them see their enor.
This is our conclusion, if the bees live till spring to
help us out. It is our intention to winter our bees
potato-hole fashion; and the way winter is setting
in with i inches of snow on the ground, it's time the
little imported fellows wei-e stored awaj-.
Clarksburg, Mo., Nov. V.i, 188ti. C. H. McFaddin.

TDK INFEKIOHITV OF THE PI-RE BLACK UEES.

My ciueen I purchased of you has raised 8 queens.
They all now have tine swarms. The smallest has
17 lbs. of honey; hive and all, without cover, weighs
42 lbs. I had (jne swarm of hybrid bees that made
112 lbs. of comb honey in l-lb. sections. One other
swarm made Kid lbs. 1 got U cts. per lb. for all.
I have 1!) swarms to go into winter with, all in fair
shape. My neighliors have some bees, but there
isn't one swarm in five that has honey enough to
winter on. Thej' are blacks mostly. I live 2.') miles
from St. Joseph, on one of the loveliest prairies that
the sun ever shone on. It abounds with white
clover. The weather is flne; the bees are having
a nice fly to-day, Nov. 14, 1880. .Iohn Blodget.

Em])ire, Mo.

LEGISLATION TO PREVENT ENCROACHMENT OK

OTHER BEE-KEEPERS OCCUPYING THE SAME

FIELD NOT NECESS.\RY.

Bees are in tine condition for winter, after a very
favorable summer. The majority of farmers in
this neighborhood are beginning to keep bees, and
are making a success of it by using the chaff hive,
which is no doubt the best hive now in use, both
for summer and winter. What does Dr. C. C. Miller
mean'^ Would ho prevent, bj' law, farmers from
keeping bees on their own land';:' Why should there
be a monopoly of bee-keeping, any more than of
any thing else':' A. F. Stauffer.

Sterling, 111.. Oct. 80, lSS(i.

l^EP0]^¥f5 Dipceu^^6iN6.

UN.,FAV0RABLE REPORT FROM TEXAS AGAIN.

TN this particular locality the bee-business has
j^ been anything but encouraging the past sea-
^L son. The prospects were favorable in Februa-
"^ ry, but have been growing worse all the while.
Early in the season foul brood made its appeai--
ance. and so far I have heard there is no one who
has not suffered more or less loss. One of our lead-
ing beekeepers has lost a great many colonies, but
thinks by the persistent use of phenol he has nearly
wiped it out. There has been but little surplus
honey, and that from honey-dew. I think the ex-
perience of the past season would have cured the
worst case of bee-fever. T. F. McCamant.

San Antonio, Texas, Oct. 18, 1880.

BEES don't P.\V.

1 have just been reading Gleanings for Nov. 1;
and although quantities of unread papers and
magazines are at hand— having been too busy with
my bees and honey to keep " read up "— 1 did not
.stop reading Gleanings when I once began, until
I read all it contained, from cover to cover. 1
think I must subscribe for it next year, although
I am almost decided to go out of the uncertain and
toilsome business of bee-keeping, as it doesn't paj
these limes. There are so nmny bees here that

948

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

honey is too plentiful to bring a good price. I sell
good strained honey (just as free from bits of comb
as extracted) at 7 cts. per lb., while the best white
comb is 10 cts. Bees have not done well; the hon-
ey-crop failed in July. D. C. Av.\ks.
Moawe(]ua, Shelby Co., Til., Nov. 4, 1886.

]^EP0]RTp ENceoK^eiNG.

OVER 100 LBS. OF HONEY PER COLONY.

T BEGAN in the spring with 6 colonies. I took
M 634 Ibs.'of honey— about 100 of it in the combs,
^[ the rest extracted. This is besides what was
■^ used in the family, and we used it every day.
1 had no increase.

VLSIKE.

1 sowed alsike clover with the red for meadow.
At cutting time the Italians were working strong
on both kinds, while the blacks were working only
on the alsike. They also worked on the second
crop of both clovers. I think the hay was better
by having the alsike with it. I think I shall sow
both kinds together in the future. I have had the
best success in getting a "good catch " by sowing
the seed on a light layer of snow in the later part
of March. B. D. Sidwell.

Flushing, O.

36 COLONIES, AND 10,000 LBS. OK HONEY.

My cousin has 36 or 37 swarms, and he has se-
cured this season 10,000 lbs. of honey.
Lancaster, N. Y. Oliver D. Seitz.

FROM 70 TO 110, .\ND .50!)0 LBS. OF HONEY.

1 have over 5000 lbs. of white comb honey, a fair
crop for 70 colonics, considering drought. I in-
creased to 110. John A. Williamson.

Lodge, Piatt Co., 111.

60 B.VRRELS OF HONEY YET TO SELL.

It has been a busy time this season, taking care
of the bees and then marketing honey. We have
60 barrels of honey yet to sell. I have had no time
to write, but I think I can get time to have a little
talk with the boys after awhile. E. France.

Platteville, Wis., Nov. 19, 1886.

TUKKEY-HILL APIARY.

I started in with 10 colonies of bees; increased
them to 20, and took half a barrel of honey this last
June. I now have about 500 or 60O lbs. to extract,
which I will do as soon as I get tinie. We have had
an excellent honey year. S. Braeutigam.

Rentchler's Sta., 111.

318 LBS. OF HONEY FROM ONE SWARM.

I commenced the season with 3.5 colonies, in-
creased to 80. and got 3000 lbs. of honey— 2785 comb,
and 215 of extracted. I have the Holy Lands and
Italians. The former are the best hc«ney-gatherers
I have. From one young swarm, June 8, I secured
218 lbs. in 1-lb. sections. J. B. Craven, 35—80.

Dixon, O., Nov. 10, 1886.

FROM 3 TO 21, AND 300 LHS. OF HONEY.

I commenced with three colonies in the spring. I
increased them to 21 good strong hives, with plenty
of stores for winter. I obtained 125 lbs. of comb
honey, and 175 lbs. of extracted. I use foundation
in 3 inch strips for starters in lower story, the same
as in the sections. B. R. Ryan,

Bradshaw, Neb., Nov. 8, 1886.

A BEE-KEEPER 7o YEARS OLD.

1 have been keeping bees for about 20 years, and
this is the first season they have made any surplus
to amount to any thing. They have given me this
year about 300 lbs. of extracted honey, and about
100 lbs. in sections. This is not much, but I hope it
is the beginning of better success. I am nearly 75
years old, and 1 am still able to attend to my bees,
and hope to be for many years yet. 1 have 30
stands, but the surplKs- 1 got was from about a doz-
en stands of hybrids. Henry J. Alvis.

Montrose. Ia'C Co., Iowa, Oct. 13, 1886.

"SOLD LOTS OF HONEV.'"

This has been a very poor year for honey, al-
though the fall has been favorable. Buckwheat
made a very good How, and the alsike we sowed in
the spring- gave considerable honey, so that they
kept up breeding until late, and gcueially have
enough honey to wintei- on. Honey is selling from
15 to 20 cts., and we are making quite a home
market. We secured quite a large space at our
granger fair, and made a nice exhibit, and sold lots
of honey, and created quite an interest in bees and
honey. Geo. W. Williams.

Economy, Ind., Oct. 2!», 1886.

THIS YEAR THE BEST OF ALL.

Seven years ago I began bee-keeping, and this
year has been the best of all. I commenced the
season with 12 stands of my own, and 24 stands on
shares, all very weak. I did not expect any honey
or swarms at all. The fall of 1885 was very dry, and
I did not feed any, which init my bees in bad condi-
tion. I took over 1000 lbs. and 22 swarms. The net
proceeds for this year is $71.00. I have now 23 stands
of my own, packed up for winter in Simplicity
hives. I ordered one from you some time ago. I
made my own hives. I made an extractor, which
works all right. The honey crop in this part of the
State is good. I have tried the Doolittle plan of
forming nuclei, and succeeded very well.

Lewis Glover.

Darkesville, W. Va., Oct. 28, 1886.

the success of AN a B C SCHOLAR.

The goods I ordered all came in good shape. 1
have finished extracting, and now can make my re-
port. I am an A B C scholar i years of age.

Number of colonies last spring 16

Increased to 83

Sold 1

Prepared for winter 81

Honey sold this season, pounds 1941

Honey now on hand 1419

Amount used on our table, estimated at 240

Total f 3600

Wax, pounds 30

Our bees are all in good shape, with plenty of
good honey to winter on.

Of the honey, about 1630 lbs. is comb, and the rest
extracted. The bees are as near pure Italian as I
can keep them, and they gather honey nearly
every day when it is warm enough. We have lost
quite a number of swarms (I clip queens now), be-
cause we have not given our bees the attention
they should have had this season. Our honey will
average us about 10c. per pound. I have made all
my hives, frames, sections, etc., so far, with hand-
saws, planes, slitting-gauges, and miter-box; but!
hope to buy sections and a Barnes saw for next
year. Joel C, Merri.man.

Wheatland. Mich., Nov. 15, 1886.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

949

\[6¥Ef5 7I]SID QaERIEg.

pond's method of wintering, successfui,.

Ji> AST winter I adopted Mr. Pond's method for
^ wintering, and was so successful that here-
^i after I always wish to follow that method,
" as nearly as I can. You know he wants
plenty of young' bees with which to go into
winter quarters. Mrs. J. .A. Keith.
Brockton, Mass.

TOOK THE BEST PREMIUM.

I want to tell you that my comb honey took Ihst
premium at our county fair last week. The
friends asked if it was not impurted honey.

Macon, Miss. Mrs. Eloise Feriuso.n.

5^0B^cce CeMMN.

THE SOOTY APPEARANCE OF HONEV.

The busy season is just over, and 1 can read
bee-journals more carefully. I have seen just that
sooty or smoky appearance this season in honey, and
feel fairly satisfied it is caused by a slight mixture of
hoDcy-dew, not causing a bad flavor at all.

K. F. HOLTEKMANN.

Brantford. Canada. Oct. 37, 18e6.

"the bee-killers."

The ABC book I received two years ago, has
proven an invaluable aid to me. 1 use the Simplicity
hive, a cheap make. My (experience tells me to buy
the best manufactured hereafter. Bees have done
poorly this season. The bee-killers (box-hive men)
got nothing this season. I got enough for home
consumption. I winter in the cellar, without any
loss. I). K. Phillipps.

Fulton, Mo., Nov. 1, 18F6.

hunting bees.

The fall of 1884, 1 found ~'Z colonies in the woods;
and in the fall of 188.5, 31. Some of them I followed
'Z miles in the woods. We have large woods here
in Van Wert and Paulding Counties, O., and Allen
Co., Ind. Every man who wishes to have good
stock in his apiary will have to keep the black bees
hunted out of the woods. There is nothing I like
better than to have nice bright bees.

Dixon, O., Nov. 10. 1886. .7. D. Cravin.

SWIMMING A RIVER IN NOVEMBER, WITHOUT ANY

BAD RESULTS, .\ND NO CATNIP TEA,

EITHER HOT OH COLD.

1 discontinued the use of drugs, or doctoring, as
it is called, some years ago. I had to swim the Big
Manistique, at Burns' Crossing, last week, and no
catnip tea or flre-water tonic. But when I reached
the other side I felt as light as when just out of the
army, and could run easier than I walked, hcforc the
icy river was crossed. F. M. Benh.^m.

Petoskey, Mich.

THE WAX-PLANT.

LThe following clipping has been recently sent in
to us in regard to this vegetable whx. Can any of
our correspondents give us any further light upon
the matterV]

The wax-plant is now grown on a large scale in
Algeria, and its product is gradually finding its way
into the markets of the world. The i)rocess of sep-
arating the wax is simple. The fruit, inclosed in a
bag ot coarse cloth, is plunged into boiling water,
on whose surface the substance soon floats. The
wax is of the same chemical composition as bees-
wax, and is likely to be largely used in place of it.
It is stated that these wax-plants may be seen
growing wild in Pennsylvania and the Carolinas,

R. JOB H. MORGAN, of Worthington, hand-
ed me your Gleanings, and also gave me
two colonies of Italian bees. I see in
Gleanings that you will send a smoker
free to any one who uses tobacco, and will
quit the same. In good faith, I promise to abstain
from the use of tobacco; and if I use it any more
I will send you the price charged for smoker.

James B. Fowler.
Lumbersport, W. Va., Nov. 8, 1886.

1 prevailed upon a relative of mine, Mr. F. G.
Cook, of Murray, la., to quit the use of tobacco.
Will you please send him a smoker? If he ever
conuuences to use the weed again I will pay you
for it. H. A. Cook.

Spring Hill, Kan., Nov. .5, 1886.

1 have this day receiv'cd from you a smoker, in
consideration of which I hereby promise to quit the
use of tobacco in every form. If I ever resume the
use of the weed I pledge myself to pay for the
smoker. D. H. Hurst.

North Lawrence. O., Nov. 8. 1880.

S. Y. Kirk has quit chewing tobacco, having
used it for 13 years. If you will send him a smoker
I will see that you get your pay if he ever uses it
again. R. H. Kirk.

Roanoke, Denton Co., Tex., Oct. 23, 1886.

A friend of mine, seeing your promise to give a
smoker to any one who would give up the use of to-
baco, has quit it. His name is George Joslyn.
Please seud him a smoker. If he e\'er uses it again
he will pay for it. Byron Guest.

Majile Landing, Monona Co., la., Nov. 5, 1886.

Robert Reed works for me, and this is what he
says: "I am going to quit using tobacco, and sign
the i)ledge for a smoker. If I ever use tobacco
again I will i)ay Mr. Root one dollar." If you want
him to have the smoker, send to above address.

J. O. Harlan.

Jolietville, Hamilton Co.. Ind., Nov. 10, 1886.

lam a new subscriber to Gleanings, and a be-
ginner in bee culture. After seeing in your Tobac-
co Colunui that you would send a smoker to any
one who would stoj) the use of tobacco I quit the
habit. If I break the i)ledge I will pay you $1.0(1
for the smoker. I like your A B C very much. It is
the finest book published, on bees. W. H. Stacy.

Mittlin, Iowa Co., Wis., Nov. 8. 1886.

WILL PAY FIVE TIMES THE PRICE OF THE SMOKER.
IF HE RESUMES THE USE OF TOBACCO.

Noticing in Gleanings your otter to those who
would quit the use of tobacco, and seeing the num-
ber who have already responded, forces me to the
conclusion that you have struck the right way to
accom})lish a great object. In our childhood days,
it was nuich easier to get us to do a certain thing
when gentle means and a little pai/ were the induo
ment, than if force and harsh means were resorted
to. After having been a slave to tobacco for thirty-
odd years— smoking and chewing— you can add my
name to your list of reformers, and send a smoker;
and if I ever use tobacco again, in any form, 1 will
l»ay you five times the price of the smoker.

J. F. Harner.

Taylorville, Christian Co., Ill , Nov. 8. 18S6.

950

GLEA:Nli^GS IN BEE CULTUllE.

Dec.

0ai^ 0WN ji?inm-

LONDUCTED by ERNEST B. KOOT.

COXVENIENt'EiS FOR THE APIAKV.

OW tliat the active work in tlie apiary
has ceased, 1 propose l)esiniiiiig with
this to write a series of three or four
articles upon wliat 1 shall call " con-
veniences for tlie apiary."' As the
term signities, I do not necessarily mean that
tlie tools or implements I shall i-econimend
are indispensable to a well-regulated apiary,
Itut, rather, are helps, or, more coirectly.
conveniences, such as I have found from my
experience of nearly ten summers in our own
apiary. Although I iiad more or less to do
with bees long before that time, my real ac-
tive experience does not date back over ten
years ago. I may toucli upon a few old
things, but I hope to present them in a new
light. With this brief introductory I will
lirst take up

THE FOLDING UEE-TENT, AND ITS USES.

J believe I have once or twice referred to
tlie bee-tent during the past year. From
these short occasional references, doubtless
many of our readers would be pleased to
know more of the various uses to which this
tent may be applied to advantage. As we
have just had some new engravings made of
it, I will tirst present to you the bee-tent
ready foi' use — the Hgure at tlie right indi-
cating the height of tlie tent.

from the bottom to the top. They are
crossed in such a way. and bound with
strong cords, as to make a gable with con-
vex sides. The whole is then covered with
a sort of sack made of mosquito-bar. The
result is, that the entire weight of the whole
structure is only (i lbs. (How to make these
tents, see A B (' of Bee Culture, under head
of Hoi!iu.N<;.i

AVlien it may be desirable to store it away,
it may be (piickly folded into a bundle, as
represented below.

FOLDIXG r.EE-TENT, HEADY FO:

If the fellow didn't look so awful conceit-
ed, I would own up that it is your humble
servant ; as it is, I will say that it is the
apiarist.

You will observe that the tent is about
six feet from the ground to the peak. The
ground space is 4xB feet. Thus you will see
that there is ample room for a hive as large
as the chaff hive, with plenty of room for
the operator to work besides. The entire
woodwork in its construction is simply four
strips of basswood, S feet long, and tapering

'Oni- artist lias shown tlic bottom l'riiif;'c of the tent as coin
iiion c'lolh; it is notUiuK Init a continuation of nios<niito l)ar.

TKXT FOLDED.

The tent, as thus folded, we shove into a
couple of loops four feet apart, made by 1 > -
shaped cords, attached to screw-eyes in the
ceiling of the work-shop adjoining the apia-
ry. The tents, as they haiig suspended in
our work-shop, are jiist al)ove our heads,
and yet within easy reach of the hands, for
immediate use as occasion may require. In
regard to its use we will first consider

ITS UTILITY IN STOPPING ROBBING.

As I have already told you, on page »io8,
1SS.5, how it can be used to atop robbing after
robbing has got fairly under way, I will not
go into details here. It is sutlicient to say,
that when a colony is discovered as being
robbed, quickly place the tent over the hive,
and anchor the former down. If
there is not' already a hole or
slit in the peak of the tent, one
should be made. The robbers,
on coming out of the hive, will
bump about in the cage for a
few minutes, and finally make
their escape through the hole in
the peak; but not: one will re-
turn the way he came out. In a
couple of hours all will be quiet ;
but, as the old adage runs, pre-
\ention is better than cure. 1
value it chietly as

A PREVENTIVE OF ROBBING,

^^^ which I will now proceed to de-
scribe more at length. We will
suppose that the honey-tlow has
suddenly stopped, and in going
over the hives we discover that
lobbers are just beginning to
show their annoying presence.
They follow us about, and just
as soon as the hive-cover and
enameletl cloth are removed they commence
their pillaging. If we proceed thus all day,
toward the latter part of it Ave shall find
quite a little swarm of robbers making re-
peated raids into the hives. We are then
obliged to contract the entrances of all nu-
clei ■-, and if we continue to work thus, the
next day we will unhesitatingly afhrm that
the bees are " unusually cross."

Now, it would be very desirable to
avoid all this; hence we "will take our
"stitch in time." We proceed to the work-
shop, draw out tlie tent from its two loops,
which 1 described, and set it on end outside.

lSS(i

GLEAN IJ^JGS IK J3EE CULTUKE.

051

We spread apart tlie basswood strips until

each pair form sa letter X. We

next grasp one of the rings on

one corner of the tent, and draw

it over the screw-head sitnated at

the base of the strip, as seen in

adjoining cut. In like manner

we adjust the other three rings.

The tent is now set up, and each

of the strips will be bent in tlie

form of a bow. as seen in either of the large

cuts.

Having lighted our smoker, we grasp it
with the right hand — the nearest corner of
the bellowsbetween the thnmb and fingers.
We now lift up one end of the tent and step
inside. We grasp the two intersections of
the cross-piece, at the same time holding tlie
l)ellows of the smoker between tlie tliumb
and fingers. If you try a few times in dif-
ferent ways you will soon learn the knack of
holding one side of the tent and the smoker
at once, with ease. We can now cage oui"-
selves and the hive together; take all the
time we want to examine the hive, roltbers
or no robbers. The latter will bnzz around
the outside ; but if we continue to examine
the hive thus in rotation all day they will
give it up as a bad job. If, on" the o-ther
hand, the robbers have got started, they will
be likely to follow the cage about for two or
three days, even though they do not get in-
side. But if we are careful hot to give them
a ''sip'" of stolen sweets, they will finally
let us alone.

Where there are no grapevine twigs to
stick out and hinder, the tent will cause
but little more trouble than the non-use of
it, and if we take into consideration the fact
that the use of the tent prevents the annoy-
ing presence of robbers, the time and trouble
saved will vastly more than compensate any
possible inconvenience it may occasion.

Right here I will say. l)efore I forget it, if
you use the tent awhile until the robbers
have ceased buzzing about, then lay it aside
for an hour or so, you will get the robbers
started again, and then when you resume
the use of the tent you are right where you
started. If you wait too long before you re-
sort to the tent, the robbers may be out in
such strong force as to make even the tent
fail of its object ; for when the work with
the hive is finished, and the tent is lifted off,
the swarm of robbers will pounce into the
entrance in such force as to make a real
case of robbery ; and before the inmates of
the hive are aware of what is going on they
have an •' elephant on their hands." It is
true, you may contract the entrance, but
the bees will boil around every crack of the
liive like mad hornets. AVhen there are
many queen-rearing nuclei in the apiary it
doesn't pay to let things go so. It is and
has been a" standing rule in our apiary, that
as soon as the bees show a disposition to rob,
either quit work or use the tent— the latter
alternative being the one most frequently
adopted.

THE TENT INV.VLUABLE KOlt TKANSFER-
RIXO.

The A J) C of ]jee Culture says, that the
best time to transfer is during fruit-bloom.
Hut it often happens that we want to trans-

fer at some other time of the year. In all
probability we shall need something to keep
away the robbers. In order to give you a
l.)etter idea of how to transfer by the use of
the tent, we have had our special artist give
you a picture of transferring in our apiary in
process.

TRANSFERUING WITH THE TENT.

The operator inside has the old hive from
which he is transferring, together with the
new hive and all necessary fixtures for hold-
ing tlie combs in the frames. Besides these
he has a saw. chisel, uncapping-knife, smo-
ker, bee-brush, a large shallow drip-pan to
catch drippings of lioney, and clean wired
frames. To make his work as easy as possi-
ble, he sits on a tool-box. In case he wants
a frame or tool which by oversight he does
not happen to have, an assistant, wlio may
be engaged elsewhere in the apiary, at a
call brings him whatever he desires. In the
engraving you observe the assistant is in the
act of passing an empty comb under the
mosquito-netting.

You may think that transferring in this
tent is in pretty close quarters, but I have
transferred in this way a number of times
easily and successfully, and the tent proved
no real hindrance. However, I always re-
moved one of the sides of the box hive out-
side of the teut, and then arranged my work
in as small a compass as possible, to allow
the tent to cover all.

THE TENT FOR GETTING liEES OT'T OF
SECTIONS.

Dr. Miller, in his'' Year Among the Bees.'"
suggests the possibility of using the bee-
tent for this purpo.se, although at the time
he wrote I lielieve he said he had not tried
it. This fall, in my conversation with him.
lie stated he had used the tent the past sum-
mer for getting bees out of sections, and
that it worked admirably. Although we
have not tried this experiment exactly here
at the Home of the IIoney-Bees, yet from
my knowledge of the workings of the tent
in similar experiments I am sure it would
work. The niorhif; (ipfrfnuli then would be

952

GLEANINGS LN BEE CULTUllE.

Dec.

something like this: Get as many bees out
of the crates of sections, wlien taking oft'
honey, as may be possible, either l)y shaking
or smoking. Next, (juickly carry' crate or
crates of honey, with adhering bees, and
place them under a bee-tent. In like man-
ner place others under the tent until there
are as many stacked togetlier as can be cov-
ered by the tent, lipave for a time or until
the bees have all crawled out and clustered
in the peak of the tent. There, through the
hole which I have described, the bees will
escape, and return to their respective hives ;
and if the tent has been securely anchored
down in the mean time, no robbers can gain
access to the crates. These, after being freed
from bees, are now ready to take to the hon-
ey-house, when the sections can be removed
and cleaned in readiness for market.

THE TEXT TO CATCH SWAUMS.

Something over a year ago, 1). A. Jones,
in the ('. B. /., related the following inci-
dent: While he was at one of his out-apia-
ries, a swarm came out; when it had got
fairly into the air, another began to come
out. The thought struck him to immedi-
ately clap the tent over the hive from Avhich
the bees were pouring. This his man did ;
and when they had disposed of the other
swarm they returned to hnd the other caged
in the peak of the tent.

Cleanincs in Bee Culture,

Published Seni'h-Mon thhj .

EDITOB AND PUBLISHER.
MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID.

For Clntbing Sates, See First Page of Eeidis; Matter.
ZMIElDIiT^^L., IDEC 1, ISSS.

Blessed is the rnan whose strength is in thee.— Ps.\L5i Kt: .">.

Our subscription list is running- up with a sure
and steady pace. We now have, uii to date, fiOT4.
Many thauljs, friends. ^

MICHIGAN STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

' While dictating these editorials I am waiting for
the train to take me to i^psilanti. I expect to have
many good things to tell you on my return.

ORDERING EARLY.

Kemember our discount for this month is 5 per
per cent— a drop of 3 per cent from last month. If
you desire to get the lowest prices in supplies order
early. With our new machinery and increased fa-
cilities we think we can give you better goods than
over before.

IS FOUL BROOD CURED IN OUR APIARVV

A NUMBER of our fricnds have written us some-
thing like this: "I am very glad to hear that you
have at last cured foul brood." We have not yet
claimed that. We did say, that, as brood-rearing
had ceased, foul brood had of necessity stopped. If
it shall not re-appear in the spring, tlien we shall
think we have cui-ed it.

OUR PREMIUM LIST.

You will notice, inclosed in the back of this issue,
; our supplement and premium list. Although we
■ have in former j-ears offered awards to those of our
patrons who have solicited names, we have felt that
this year they ought to have a larger and better
collection from which to choose. Most of the pres-
ents therein presented are new goods, and are well
suited for holiday gifts. If you can not secure ncir
names, hustle in the old ones before their subscrip-
tion expires, and get something. We would ask
i you to iireserve this Premium Jjst for future ref-
erence.

KUICKS OF CANDY.

Have jou nice sealed combs of stores laid awa^'
which to give all the colonics this winter that may
; be running short, before spring? If you haven't,
now would be a good time to make and have in
; readiness some bricks of candy. (How to make, see
i A li C of Ree Culture.) These bricks you can la>
right over the cluster of any colonies, such as you
may find, during a few of the warm sunny days of
Avintcr, to be in need of stores; you can usually de-
termine, with a little practice, whether such col-
j onies are running short, by lifting up one end of
{ the burlap and "hefting" the ends of all the
frames.

THE CHUISTIANS SECRET OF A HAPPY LIFE.

We are pleased to notice that we have just re-
ceived another shipment of this great book,
amounting to 13.50 coi)ies; and although it is con-
siderably enlarged, having several new chapters,
the price is reduced to ri.") cents bound in paper,
and .50 cents in cloth, gilt edge. If wanted b.y mail,
add .5 cents extra for postage on the paper bound,
and H cents fin the cloth. When I first read the book,
some four or live years ago, it seemed to me it must
prove such a great help to those struggling toward
godliness that it ought to have a very large circula-
tion among the people; but I hardly dared hope we
should be able to sell it at the rate it has lieen called
for.

QUEENS AS PREMIUMS.

Oxi: of our correspondents wishes to kuow what

we can offer in the way of queens as premiums.

For the benefit of those who may prefer queens to

j any other presents we will make the following offer:

For 10 new subscribers we will send, the first of

[ next May, one of our best imported queens; for

I 6 new names, a select tested queen; for 4 new

j names, an untested. Remember, at this offer the

I queens are to be sent in May. If you desire to have

I the queen sent at any other month, write us. The

I names can be secured now, and sent in; but you

must state, at the time of sending, that in i-eturn

you desire to draw a queen or queens, according to

the terms of this otter. We will then book your or-

I der for next May.

THE NEW BEE-KEEPER'S MEDLEY.

The above, which we mentioned Nov. 1st, is now
\ framed and hangs over our desk. As we sit i-ead-
ing letters from our bce-frlends from all over our
land, it gives us peculiar pleasure, after reading
their productions, to view their faces. We come to
know our friends and their peculiarities from their
writings; and to look upon their faces makes us
feel face to face with old friends. In some cases we
are surprised, and we mentallj' exclaim, " Why! I
didn't know he looked like that." Again, our opin-
ion is confirmed—" Just about such a looking man

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

953

us I thought." This lace indicates that he is jfood-
natured, intelligent, or, perhaps conceited. Al-
though some of the faces appear not quite natural,
yet in general the medley as a whole will help us to
recognize most, if not all of the faces, if we should
see them at a convention.

GETTING RID OF LIFE-INSURANCE AGENTS.

OxE of our subscribers, a life-insurance agent,
seeing the little note on page 015, under the above
caption, writes: "Tell Ernest, that if I should get
after him he couldn't scare lue as he did the other
fellow. I'm not afraid of bees." Very true; but
then, you are away over in New Yorlt. Still, if you
should ever think best to come to Medina, and talk
with me in regard to the merits of the " semi-ton-
tine," let me know just a little before hand, and I
will contrive to have some Carroll Cyps in readiness
for the occasion. I will also manage to have all the
veils and smokers missing, except my own— a liber-
al offer, don't you think'? The other fellow (the one
who weighs 200 lbs.) has since been around, but he
very cautiously asked, " Got any bees about you':'"

.\BB0TT'S NEW HONEY-KNIFE.

Ol'r friend C. N. Abbott, e.\-editor of the British
Bee Journal, has brought out a honey-knife made of
Sheffield steel; and even after paying duties and
imports we arc enabled to furnish it at the regular
price of the Novice honey-knife. The cut of it l>e-
low explains it by saying that the blade is 2 Inches
wide and S^i inches long.

ABBOTT'S TTNCAPPING-KMFE.

Of course, this knife can not take the place of the
well-known Novice honey-knife, and other similar
knives, for its office is for uncapping and nothing
dsr. If wanted by mail, add 10 cents extra for post-
age and packing.

DECI^INE IX THE PRICE OF HONEY-.JARS.

We are pleased to receive the following letter
from friend Muth:

We have made a change in the price uf our honey -jars, of
whieh please make due notice in your next number of Glkan-
INGS. Hereafter our price for square glass Hint honey-jars will
be:

Dime iars fa gross in a box I, with corks, per gr. ■ ■ $3.00
J<;-lb. " ■• •■ " -4 00

1-lb. " (a gi-. or 14 gr. in a box i without corks, per gr. .5.00
21b. " •• ■• '■ - 6.50

Corks foi- 1 and 2 lb. jars. " - - .7.")

In lots of !) (TV. jars or moi-e, assoited if you choose, we allow
a discount of 5 per cent.

Flint glass jars being the nicest jars for honey, and prices
having been reduced, \ve have concluded to abandon the trade
in green-glass honev-iars. Cll.\,-i. F. Muth & Sox.

Cincinnati, i 'hio. Nov. 22, 188(i.

P. S. — 1 inclose our jobbing price list of honey, and will add
Ihat our trade in jar goods is Dettei- than ever. Size and shape
have been uniform tor years, and is known to the trade and
consumers, and no suspicion iestsoi\ its purit.v. There is no
eastern extracted hone.v in an.v shape in Cincinnati, although
their jars were more stylish (or fancy ) than ours, and 5 or 10
years ago they seemed to be strong co'mpetitor.i. M. & S.

The above prices will be the same that we charge
here.

SHAM, WE -VLI.OW OUR HIVES TO BE COVERED

WITH SNOW y
1 FOR one say, let the snow come— the more the
better, and under no circumstances attempt to
meddle with it at all. I have never yet known a
hive of bees to be injured by snow— not even where
sleet and freezing rain closed the entrances entirely,
and I don't know that 1 ever heard of a case where
1 was satisfied that the snow or ice did any harm.
If a bee-hive could be made as tight as a glass jar,
and the only opening were closed up with ice, it
might do harm; but no bee-hives that I know of are

made in that way. Disturbing the bees by brushing
the snow away, or tramping it down, does do harm,
for we have had several cases of the kind reported
in our back volumes; that is, the hives where the
snow was brushed away, or tramped down about
the entrances, did not winter as well as where they
were let alone.

CAN BEES BE DECIiARED BY LAW A NUISANCE '?

It seems our Canadian friends are also about to
have trouble over this question. A blacksmith
named Mcintosh was annoyed by the bees owned
by a neighbor named Harrison. Mcintosh claimed
that the bees Hew all over the neighborhood, sting-
ing the people. The.v annoyed the horses in his
shop, and made troul)le when the women-folks were
making preserves. The jury brought in a verdict
that the bees were a nuisance, and that he was. en-
titled to an injunction. The .iudge, however, re-
fused to grant an injunction, but i-eserved it for
argument in a full court. And now our Canadian
friends are talking about a Canadian bee-keepers'
union. A b?e-keeper residing quite a distance
away says he for one will give five dollars, to see
the case fairly tried. The editors of the ('. B. J.
propose to do as well; and as the case has been pre-
sented to me, I for one feel like offering my five
dollars also. Of course, we do not wish to gain our
case by the money we raise, but we do wish to have
the case fairly and squarely presented, before any
decision is made. Keeping poultry is oftentimes
as annoying, if not more so, than keeping bees, but
what court would say a man could not keep
chickens ?

CONVENTION" NOTICES.

Nebraska bee-keepers will meet for their next annual fcs-
sion in Lincoln, Neb., on the second Wednesday in Jan., 1887.

H. N. P.\TTERSON, Sec.

The Keystone Bee-Keppers' Association will meet at Court-
House, at Scranton, Pa., on Tuesday, Dec It, 1886, at 10 a. m.
Clark's Green, Pa. Arthur A. Davis, Sec.

The Vermont Bee-Keepers' Association will hold its annual
meeting in Burlington, Vt., on the 13th of Jan., 1887. The Pro-
gramme is not fully made up, but it is expected there will be a
two-days' .session. " R- H. Holmes, Sec.

KIND WORDS FROM OUR CUSTOMERS.

A KIND WORD FOR THE ABC FROM ONE OF
OUR AUSTRALIAN FRIENDS.

Please send to me by post, 2 copies of A B C,
cloth; the ones I have had are all sold, and also the
one to arrive next mall. It's the best on bees pub-
lished. I would not be Without a copy on any ac-
count. Fred'k a. Hudson.

New South Wales, Australia.

The A B C book sold on sight — no need to talk
up its merits. I just handed it to a friend who had
called, and as soon as he opened it be said, " I must
have you get me one." C. A. Lower.

Wabash, Ind.

GLEANINGS AND HOW IT PAYS TO ADVERTISE IN IT.

Gleanings is not the only paper in which I have
advertised, but it certainly has done the best of any
for me, as its readers seem to put more confidence
in those short advertisements, even though the ad-
vertisers be strangers. I will hei-e say, that if any
one ha.s sent me money for which they think I have
not rendered full value I will with pleasure make it
satisfactory. D. S. Hall.

South Cabot, Vt.

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. 3btfd

!Jo4

GLEAKli^GS IN liEE CULTURE.

Dkc.

BEE-HIVES

ONE-PIECE -r

i SECTIONS,

SECTION-CASES, FRAMES, &c.,

Of sii/>i-rtof irofliiiiii iisliij), /'roiii SMITH
(iOOVELl., Jlaiiii/nefin-f'is of >iml J><<iUi>
ill ^IjiUtrin II SiQjjtIies, Hod; h'all.s, Wliitr-
ttiile Co., III. Sentl for I'i'U-e Hut.

STANLEY'S

iutoitiG HonGi-Etttor.

EXCHANOE DEPARTMENT.

Xotices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
excoed 5 lines, and you must say you want your ad. in this de-
partment, or we will not be responsible for any error. You
can liave the notice as many lines as you please; but all over
five lines will cost you according to our regular rates. Ol'
course, this department is intended only for bona-tlde ex-
changes.

WANTED.— To exchang^e for casb, or good horses
and mules, 300 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjoining the city.
2Utfdb Anthony Opp, Helena, Phillips Co., Ark.

THOKOUGHnRED fowls, Brown Leg-horns. S. S.
Harnhnrgs, W. ('. B. Polish, P. Rocks and Wyan-
dottes. Bonney's, Forbes', Hawkins', Wilcox &rultz'
strains. We will sell for cash, or exchange for fdn.
and beeswa.x. Price list free.
18-19tfd A. H. Dl'ff, Croighton, Ohio.

Great Improvements and Enlarged

Facilities for l\/lanufacturing.

Kediiction In Price of 4-Franie Macliiiies.

Parties wishing to handle the Automatic Extract-
or and dollar Smoker should write for terms to
agents, and inclose jjO cts. for cut of the extractor
to insert in their catalogue.

10.000 Circulars out for 1887.

Send for circular, with testimoyials from those
using the machines and smokers. "
J mj:an insiyEs.s.

Address C. W. STANLEY,

:.'3d Wyoming, N. Y.

IN order that I may pay off my debts, and devote
my whole time to preaching- the gospel, I offer
my entire apiaries, consisting of about 00 colo-
nics of Italian and hybrid bees, 00 empty hives, 3
extractors, and other bee-supplies, for sale at a
great sacrifice. Persons wishing- to buy would do
well to correspond with me immediatchi. J must
HCU. JAS. ERWIN.

:Jltfd Smith's Grove. Warren Co., Ky.

DADANT'S rOUNDATION rACTOEY, WHOLESALE andEETAIL.
See advertisement in another column. 3tf bd

QAY ! tlie ACilIE PAPER-HOIiDER holds
^\ all sorts of small things, as papers, letters,
almanacs, magazines, pamphlets, cards, etc.,
and does it quick, before they get lost, stolen, blown
away, or the baby gets them. By mail, IQc ; two,
15c.; five, 25c.; twelve, 50c. Agents wanted.
Address N. E. JOHNSON, Medina, O.

1HAVE about 5 lbs. of spider-plant seed. I will
exchange the same for different kinds of flower-
seed or plants of any sort that are useful and or-
namental. J. W. Ross,
3;S-2i 1 :.'d Phair, Brazoria Co., Texas.

WANTED.— To exchange for extracted honey,
cash, or offers, one Adams horse-power, cost
iJdO.OO: never has been used over half a day. I will
take $30.00 for it. It is just as good as when it came
from the factory. 33-33d C. M. Dixon, Parrish, HI.

^XT ANTED. —To exchange for pure extracted hon-
VV ey. apiarian sui^plies, or offers, one Star bicy-
cle, but little used. Write for description.

Address C. H. Watson, Newtown, Bucks Co., Pa.
23-33--.J4d

I"" VARIETIES raspberries; fine plants, new
») varieties, in exchange for comb or extracted
honey. For particulars, addi-ess E. T. FijAN^Aoan,
Box ib'), Belleville, III.— Eight acres in small fruits.
33-23-24d

WANTED. — Extracted honey for pure Pekin
Vy ducks, cockerels from Corbin P. Rocks, L.
Brahmas, and Wyandottes; one black and six hy-
brid queens; also plants in the spring— Cuthbert
raspberrj-, Cu'iiberland Triumph, Mt. Vernon, and
Sharpless strawberrv. Please state price of honey,
and what is wanted.' G. A. Farkand,

22-23 Kamm's. Cuy'a Co., O.

Qb) AAA cash down will buy m.y store and con-
O'^UUU tents, dwelling house and stable, large
lot with the same. A running- stream, with carp-
pond on lot; also 10 colonies of bees in Simplicitj'
chaff hives. Will exchange for good land.
23d S. Heath, Rimer, Armstrong Co., Pa.

lirANTED.- To exchange merchandise or cash for
VV new or second-hand chaff hives. Simplicity up-
per stories, drone and queen traps, wide and brood
frames and separators. Write for particulars.
23d Thom.^s Drew, So. Hanover, Mass.

WANTED.— A man to take charge of on shares, or
Vt buy, an apiary of 75 hives of bees in good con-
dition. Address E. G. Hedding, Paw Paw, W. Va.
33tfdb

WANTED.— An extra-fine large young bronze gob-
VV bier. Give strain, actual weight, and price.
•X,i C. L. Davidson, Flemington, W. Va.

WANTED.— A foundation-mill, or offers, for a
flrst-class incubator— been used three seasons.
23tfdb D. S. Hall, So. Cabot, Vt.

WANTED.— To exchange a fine pair of Toulouse
VV geese or a swarm of tees for a pair of good
pure-bred bronze turkeys.
23d O. G. JosENH.\NS, Owosso, Shia. Co., Mich.

WANTED.— To exchange comb and extracted hon
ey fpr Langstroth or Simplicity hives. They
must be 8-frame, IVa-story, for comb honey, or any
other hive that takes that size of frame.
23d Address Louis Werner, Edwardsville, Til.

SXJFFniiBli^ElsrT.

Vol. XIV.

Supplenieiit to Decemb?r 1, 188(>.

No. 23.

TERMS:9i.00PebAnnum, IN ADVANCE;] TT" , , f >t, 7, 7 7" p 7, /> /7 Vti 1 fi 7 ^ ' Clubp to different postofficeB, NOT LESS
2Copiestor8l.90;3Cor$2.75;5for84.00, Ilii>iUjUiio lit'LV Lib ±0 I O , | than 90 cts. each. Sent postpaid. In the
lOormore 75 cts each Sintrle Number. 1 U. S. and Canadas. To all other conn-

5 cts rdditions to ciubsmay be made published semi-montiily by •, trj^, of the Universal Postal Union . 18o

atclubrates. Above are all to be sent . t T?/^*^"!^ ATTTnTNTA OTTIY^ I P,?''-^,^''^??*^^?- To all countries not ot
TO ONEPOSTOFFICK. I A. i. XtUUl , iU XiJJljN ii, VJxliU. | the U. P. U.,42c I

•per year extra.

OUR PREMIUM LIST.

HOW TO GET HOLIDAY PRESENTS.

XT is with some degree of pleasure tliat
M we inclose this, our supplement to
W Gleanixgh. As Christmas, with good
'A old Santa Claus for the little folks, is
drawing near, we hereby present to you
our annual premium list of presents. Of
coui'se, our object in so doing is to increase
the subscription list of Gleanings, and, as
we hope, its usefulness. While some will
prefer the cash commissions we have been
offering for the collection of names, a verv
large number, especially the little folks, Avill
prefer the presents; nor could tliey be in-
duced to work for Gleanings under any
other incentive. As we have just purchased
a new lot of beautiful holiday presents, we
would respectfully invite your careful pe-
rusal of the premiums herein presented. If
you are of a literary turn of mind youAvill
be interested in looking over our list of new
popular books for old and young. Their
beautiful bindings, embossed on side and
back in gilt, w ill make them an ornament in
any home. The younger members of the
family will find pleasure in looking over our
list of new toys. Then there is a collection
of new tools, with a lot of other articles use-
ful as well as ornamental. As apiarian sup-
plies are so well advertised in our price list
and elsewhere, we purposely withhold men-
tion of them here as premiums. After look-
ing over the list of presents herein describ-
ed, should you feel that you have not the
time to collect names, send us the cash for
the article or articles you desire.

Now we should feel that there is one
thing omitted were we not to give

A IJRIEF TALK TO THE JUVENILES ON MOW
TO OBTAIN PREMIUMS.

We appeal to you, little folks, because we
believe that you can render us valiant serv-
ice. Perhaps we can tell you how to go to
work. At any rate we will suppose that
your situation is something like the fol-
lowing :

There is Tom, way down in Arkansas,
who wants a kite '• awful bad." Then there
is Frank, up in AVisconsin, who wants a
magic lantern. The evenings are long, and
he wishes to thi-ow pictures on the wall, and
charge .5 pins for admittance to his show.
Mary doesn't care about boys' premiums, so
she wants a doll. How shall you get the
names V Why, old Uncle Phil, down the
lane a piece, "has kept bees in box hives
"well nigh on to 40 year; "' and then there
is rich old farmer Jones, about half a mile
out. lie also keeps bees in box hives, and
doesn't know much al)out ''these 'ere new
fixins'." Suppose you, my young friends
(older ones too), take over to each a sample
copy of Gleanings, and explain its merits,
and the advantages of the improved meth-
ods over the old. It is easier said than
done. I know ; but you can try it. The ur-
gent appeal of a young intelligent face will
accomplish much. If you do not succeed,
you can send in your papa's name, at any
rate, before his subscription expires, and
get something. There are box-hive men all
over our country, and this is just the class
of pet)ple whose" names we want to put on
our list. Will you help us, young and old V

<Jo6

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Dec.

PREMIUM RULES.

All collecting Premium names
lowing rules :

1. You can close your list of names at any time,
and call for the premiums due; or you can add to
the list of names up to June, 1887. But—

~. Send along the names as fast as gathered
(with the exact monej'), so that the subscribers may
begin to receive the .lournal at once.

t^^Mark every name cr list of names, " J-'or
Ffi'in'iums," if so intended, and we will credit
them to the sender in our Premium Record.

3. He stir<' to i/ive the Kfiiiie, J'ostojpre, Comi-
ty, and State, of each .siilmcrihrr mid of your-
self.

4. All sample copies necessary to canvassers
will be sent postpaid free.

5. Express or freight charges on the premiums
can be best obtained at your own nearest express

should read carefully the fol-

or freight office. When you order your premium,
be sure to tell how to send, and give name, county,
and State of your nearest express or freight office.

6. To Foreign Readeris. Maihihle articles,
not exceeding 8 ounces, go to Canada lor 10 cts. per
parcel; but packages exceeding 8-i, oz. are excluded
from the mails to Canada. 'J'o all foreign countries
in the Postal Union, 18 cts. must Hcconipany sub-
scription for I'cstiige; and toiill other foreign coun-
tries, 42 cts.

Ho»v to Send Money: Send monej' by P. ().
order, registered letter, express monej'-order, on
American Express Co., or get a N. Y. draft. For
small sums of less than $1.00, we will accept clean
postage-stamps, but we pi-efer postal-notes, but can
not be responsible for the loss of either.

v^

BIG OFFER ; A LIBRARY FREE.

For 2 New Subscribers to Gle.-vninqs, at $1.00 each, we will send any one of the following
books. Postage 13c each extra if sent by mail. The price of these books to those who want to buy is 40c,
or 52c postpaid. They are beautifully bound in cloth, with title in gilt, and contain from 200 to 600
pages, printed on excellent paper:

Arabian Nights Entertainment, 450 pages.

Children of the Abbey, by Roche; a very good
and interesting story.

Dickens' Child's History of England; 341 pages.
An authentic history of England; written by the
very interesting author Charles Dickens— a book of
real value to old and young.

Dickens' Shorter Stories, 350 pages of interesting
and profitable reading-matter.

Half-Hours with Great Authors.

Half-Hours with Great Humorists.

Half-Hours with Great Novelists.

Half-Hours with Great Story-Tellers.

Gulliver's Travels and Baron Munchausen, by
Swift and Rasp. %

Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott; 431 pages. One of
the best writings of one of our best authors.

Lady of the Lake, with notes; Scott's best poem.

Jane Eyre; by Charlotte Bronte. A very interest-
ing and thoroughly good storj-.

Last Days of Pompeii, by Buhver. Now when
that ancient city is being so thoroughly excavat-
ed, and reported in the papers, it will be interest-
ing to read this old standard work in connection.

Last of the Mohicans, by (^oopor; 3.58 pages— a
most pathetic story of the struggles of a dying race.

Oliver Twist; Italy and American Notes, 519 pages,
by Dickens, whose writings need no recommend.

Our Mutual Friend, Pickwick Papers, Martin
Chuzzlewlt, others of Dickens worts

Paul and Virginia, Rasselas, and Vicar of Wake-
field, by St. Pierre, Johnson, and Goldsmith.

Bunyan's Holy War; 318 pages, by .John Bunyan,
the author of Pilgrim's Progress.

Pilgrim's Progress, by John Bunj^an— a book that
has a circulation second only to the Bible; 422
pages.

Robinson Crusoe; 472 pages— a book that every
boy will delight in reading; by Daniel Defoe.

Romola, by Elliot.

Scottish Chiefs, by Porter.

Sketch Book, by Washington Irving; 374 pages— a
collection of fascinating sketches by one of our
best authors. Rip Van Winkle is one of the stories.

Life of Washington.

Life of Napoleon.

Swiss Family Robinson— a history of the priva-
tions and experiences of a family, from actual life.

Life, Speeches, and Memorials of Daniel Webster;
a book of 552 pages, of surpassing interest to every
boy who aspires to noble service of his country in
an office of public trust.

Thaddeus of Warsaw, by Porter.

Cook's Voyages Around the World— a history of
the thrilling adventures of that notable English
explorer Capt. Cook.

The Christian's Secret of a Happy Lite— new edi-
tion, enlarged; ought to be read by every Christian.

First Steps for Little Feet, by the author of the
Story of the Bible.

Christmas Stories, by Dickens. If you do not be-
lieve in making Christmas a joyous time, you ought
to read some of these stories.

Tom Brown's School Days at Rugby, by Hughes.
An amusing narrative of a schoolboy's experience.

Life of Patrick Henry, by Wlrt. A biography of
one of the fathers of the Revolution,

1886

GLEANINGS IN J3EE CULTURE.

957

For I New Subscriber to Gleanings, at $1.00, any of the following books will bo sent, you pav-
ing postaKe.

Christian's Secret of a Happy Life. New edition,
enlarsred, paper cover. Price 25c; postage 5c extra.

Robinson Crusoe, in paper covers. Price 2nc; post-
age 5c extra.

A Dose of Truth, paper cover. Just the thing for
tobacco-xiscrs. Price 2flc; postage, 3e extra.

ABC of Potato Culture, by T. R. Terry. Paper

cover. Nobody should try to raise potatoes without
reading this work. Price 35c; postage 8c extra.

ABC of Carp Culture, by Peirce. Paper cover.
Invaluable to carp-growers. Price 3.5c; postage, 5c
extra.

The Winter Care of Horses and Cattle, by T. B.
Terry. Paper cover. An excellent talk by this
most practical author. Price 40c; po.stage, 3c extra.

SOME MORE SPECIAL OFFERS ON BOOKS.

story of the Bible. This is a large nice new

^^ book of TOO pages and 274 illus-

^^^jS>^y0CJt^k t rations. It is so plainly and
^4 JV " , \ pleasantly written that grown
ov > people, as well as children,

^Vt^V'ttV'V: \^ will hardly want to lay it
down. In the hard pas-
sages in the Bible, difficult
to understand, it makes a
commentary that will be
thankfully received by
some others besides children. For 3 new subscrip-
tions at *1.(X) each, and 15c to pay postage, the above
book will be sent free.
How to Keep Store. A nice new book of 406
pages. If I mistake not, there are
not a few among our readers who
will be delighted to get such a
book. It embodies the conclusions
of Thirty Years' Experience in
Merchandising. Eigth edition
printed in 1884. Any one who sells
goods at retail will find it a boon.
This book will be sent free for four
new subscriptions at f I.On each and
10c extra to pay postage.

FABLES AND ALLEOOEIES. The most beautiful piece
of work in the way of a book that I have ever sold,
and I do not know but it is the handsomest book 1
ever saw. It is a large-sized book of 51:' pages, full
of engravings of surpassing beauty. The paper
and printing are probably equal to any thing in the
way of a book now in the market. Our readers mny
ask, " What are the fables and allegories about?"
Well, they are about you and me. As an illustra-
tion, in the center of the book you will find the fa-
ble of the lantern people which I gave on p. 34.5,
May 15, 1885. I copied the story, but I did not have
the wonderful pictures that the author has in this

book. The book is written by the author of the
Story of the Bible. There is but one fault to find
with it; that is, it costs $2.00. However, if any of
you want a book worth #2.00, every cent of it, you
will find it in this book of fables and allegories. It
will make you cry, if you don't lookout; and the
chances are very great that you will be better after
you have cried. I never saw any thing in my life
nicer for a Christmas present; or if you want a
beautiful book to put on the center-table of your
best room, you can not find a handsomer one for the
money. Perhaps I am saying a good deal; but if
you do not agree with me after you have seen the
book, you can send it back and have your money
returned. They are so large and heavy that the
postage on them is .32c extra. We can sell two
books for .?1.~5 each; three for fl.65 each; five or
more, $1.60 each. The above book will be sent free
to the person sending 6 new subscriptions to
Glkanings at $1.00 each, with .32c extra to pay pos-
tage, if sent by mail.

A YEAE AMONG THS BEES ; by C. C. Miller. Price 70c ;
postage "c, liound in cloth. Will be sent free for 3
new subscilptions at iSi.uo each.

LANQSTKOTH ON THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE. That old
standard work by the father of bee-keeping will be
sent free for tj.new subscriptions at *1.00 each. Post-
age 10c extra, ^sent by mail.

SUCCESS IN BSE CULTUEE, by Jas. Heddon; will be
sent postpaid for 2 new subscriptions.

.Ill// other hooks in ilic liooh-Jist on roi'er pnrfc
of Glviininys irill he .sent as ju'einiiiins on the f'ol-
loiriiKj hasis.

For one new subscription, books to amount of $ .2.1
" fivo " •' " " " " .45

" three " " " " " " .70

" four " " » " 1.00

" siar " " " " " " 1.75

" ten " " " *' " " 3.00

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

Kiiile, Excelisiur. lia/.or
steel, hand - forged, brass-
lined, one German-silver tip
on the knife we send out,
cut shows two. This is the
very best knife we keoj),
and, in fact, is as good as
any one would want. Price
50 cts. For 2 new subscriptions at *1.0D, and 5 cts. to pay postage, we will seud the above knife free.

958

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

"The Waterbury."

Waterbury Watch, Series E. Given
for 5 new names at $(.OOeach.

For a Christmas or New-Year's i)reseiit, it is the
prettiest and most useful article for a boy, man, or
even for a lady, who teaches, or for any one who
needs a timepiece (as they are i-ather small in size),
of any thinji" that can well be imagined. The cases
are nickel, and wear with a luster when carried in
the pocket, surpassing- even silver. The whole is
put up in a very pretty box, with a book of instruc-
tion on the care of it; and every time ] look at one,
I can only wonder that they can be furnished for
any such sura of money.

We will send the above, postpaid and reja-istered,
for ^2.7'), or the watch with Glk aminos for 1 year,
for $3.00. For 5 new subscriptions, at Sl.Od each, we
will send a watch free; or lor S5.00 we will send
Gleanings for 5 years to one address, and give you
a watch free. Besides the above we have a few
watches of the older styles which keep just as g'ood
time, and look almost the same. To dispose of
these we offer them at the following rates:

Series G, postpaid, S2..50, or for "fuew subscriptions.

Series B, postpaid, .*'2.00, or for ;> new subscriptions
and one renewal.

Series A, postpaid, SL.'O, or for 2 new subscriptions
and 2 renewals.

Remember, all these watches are carefully reg-
ulated and tested to run while being carried in the
pocket. We also warrant them for 30 days. If the
watch reaches yon in bad order, or gets out of order
inside of 30 days (neither of which is probable),
send it back to us, being sure to put your name on
the package. At the same time, write us, telling
what is the raatt?r if you can, and we will either
send you another, or put the one you return in good
order again, and send it back, you to pay postage.
What boy has not often wished for the time to
come when he could carry a watch that was all his
own? Here there is a chance to get a watch free by
» T»i7 littl* effort.

AMATIUE BENCH-
VISE. This is a
little beauty, and
wonderfully han-
^^dy for any one
who likes to fix
things up. The
.jaws are 1 inch
wide, and the
vise is 3 in. long.
For one new subscription, with 6 cts. extra for
postage, we will mail the above free. Price 15 cts.

Magic lianterii.
Price *t.CO. This is
the same kind of a
lantern that sold for
S<3.00 a few years ago.
It has a tin lamp,
with glass chimney,
a reflector, smoke-
stack, and 2 lenses.
It includes 13 slides,
with 4 pictures on
each, or 48 pictures in all. There is hardly any thing
in the whole list that will please the little folks more
than this. Directions accompany each lantern.
For 4 new subscriptions at $1 OO each, we will send
it free. It can not be sent safely by mail, and will
therefore have to go by freight or express, with
other goods.

Musle-Box. Price 50 cts. Postage 10 cts. extra.
We have again succeeded in getting a music-box
that plays one tune, which we can sell for .50 cents.
They are a splendid little nstrument, and are usu-
ally sold for one dollar. For 3 new subsriptions at
1*1.00 each and 10c for postage we will mail one free.

Bull's-eye Dark I^antern. Price 25 cts. This
is a genuine watchman's dark lantern,
made of japanned tin, 4'4 in. high,
and 2' 2 in. in diameter; a bull's-eye
glass, 2 in. across, and double handle
on opposite side. Will throw a red,
green, or white light. Will be sent
free to the person sending one new

subscriber at Sl.OO, with 10 cts. extra for postage

and packing.

Knife, Two-Blade. This is a very good ra-
zor-steel knife, not quite as large as oura5-ct. knife.
Price 25 cts. Will be sent for one new snl)scription
at ?!1.00, and 4 cts. extra to pay postage.

Knife, Razor-Steel, SU in. long when closed.
This is best hand-foi-ged, and is so well liked that
we have sold over 100 dozen of theiii. Price 35 cts.,
or we will send one free to the person sending us
one new subscription at ¥1.00, and 5, cts. extra to
pay postage and packing.

IhSG

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

95'J

^'^£=^}

"Iri-^

Kite, (oiiiitlete. Price 10 cts. Postage 5 cts. Fun for the yoiinp- folks. If you don't think it's fun
to fiy a kite, just try it. Kead the artice in Gi-eakings for Nov. 1st, 18S0. For one renewal, sent in before
the time expii-es for which it is paid, and ."> cts. for postage, we will send a kite free; or we will send one
postpaid for one new subscription at $1.03. Here is a rare chance for the boys to get a beautiful present
free. Kememlier to i-end in your papa's name rarhi.

NICKEL-PLATED

SOLID STEEL BLADES.

Ko family should Ic without a pjilr of these very fine goods. In fact'
1 don't know how you can get along without a pair .We have them of all
si/ es, and olfer them at the following very low rates:
G!; in., price 'iO cts., or for one new subscription. 7 inch, price 2.5 cents,
or for one new subscription and one renewal. S inch, price 8.5 cts., or for 2 new subscriptions. 9 inch,
price 50 cts., or for 2 new subscriptions and one renewal. 10 inch, price 75 cts., or for 3 new Subscriptions.
Postage extra, as follows: 4, .5, fi, 7, and 8 cents respectively. Bear in mind that these shears are not
cheap in quality, hut are hand forged, and of the best of steel nickeled over.

Tool-Handle, or Pock-
et Tool-Cliesl. An iron

handle with 12; tools in-
side, which [can be taken
out, and any one adjusted
to the handle. The tools
arc <) assorted-sized brad-
awls, 2 gimlets, 1 drill, 1
reamer, 1 scratch-awl, and
1 screw-driver. A very
handy tool for many pur-
poses. The adjoining cut
is e.\aet size. Price 35 cts.: postage 0 cts. extra. Will be .^ent for 2 new sub.<criptions at $1.00oach.

960

gLeakings in bee culture.

Deo.

Cariiet - S«ccper. Price $1.50. What house-
wile has not felt, at times, as she puts up her
broom, with aching- liacli and arms, "Oh lor sonie-
thiuR to make sweeping a pleasure, and at the same
time save mj' carpet from being- brushed thread-
bare with a broom !" Well, a good carpet sweeiier
will do this; and after you have tried it you will
not be without one. The sweeper we are now sell-
ing is called the " World," made by the Bisscl Car-
pet-Sweeper Co. It has an arrangement for pour-
ing out the dirt without stooping to open it. iiy
placing the handle straight up and turning it on
end, the door opens of its own accord; but it is
held shut by the handle in any other position. We
will send one lor 0 new subscriptions at ?!1.(I0 each.

Little Detective Scales. A perfectly reli-
able scale weighing from le ounce to ;i.') lbs., making
it invaluable for family use, and for weighing mail-
matter. In fact, it is used largely by postmasters
throughout the V. S. It has steel bearings and
brass beam. Reduced price #2.01), or we will send it
free for 7 new subscriptions at $=1.00 each. With
tin scoop, .'lO cts. additional, or for !• new sul).«crip-
tions.

244-lb. Platform Scale. I'lice »;i.-)0. A
much larger scale, weighing from 'j oz. to 244 His.
Has both platform and tin scooi>. Has steel bear-
ings and brass beam. Chatillon's make. We have
sold nearly 2C() of these the past season. We will
send this scale free for V2 new subscriptions at
?<1.00 each. It weighs 4.5 lbs., bo.\ed ready to ship.

Fountain Pump, or Sprinkler. Price !«l.O(i.
A very useful and serviceable article about any
house. It will throw a sti-eam of water ■'■„ inch in
diameter, to the height of oO feet, and is very effec-
tive for putting out tires or arresting swarms. It
has also a spray nozzle for watering plants, etc. It
is just the thing for washing windows or white-
washing poultry - houses; .")C0 sold in less than a
year. We will send one free to the person sending
:! new subscriptions at *1.0) each. If you want it by
mail, send 61 cts. e.vtra lor postage and packing.

Parker'8 Fdn. Fastener. Piice 3.')c. For
fastening starters is sections. Hy far the most in
use of any kind made. For one new subscription at
f l.fiO, and 10c. for postage, we will mall one free.

For one old name, or renewal, sent in
BEFORE the subscription expires.

Any article on the 5-cent counter of our price
list that j'ou may select, you paying postage if sent
by mail. The following are a few Christmas goods,
such as Santa Claus brings around for the young
folks. Postage is indicated by the figure just be-
fore the name of the article.

4 I Box o« W^ater-Color Paliitis, 24 different
colors; a hair brush and mi.vingsaucer in a little
wooden box; amusing-and instructive to children.

;i 1 A B C Cards, ti'jxlO inches; a stiff card, with
capitals on one si<le and small letters on the other.

;i 1 Box ol" A B C' Blocks; (i wooden blocks,
with the whole alphabet printed on them, aijd H pic-
tures l)esides, in a neat box.

3 1 A B C of Auiiuals, 7'ixlOi.i. This is a large
14 page book of colored pictures of animals and al-
jihatotical rhymes and rebuses.

2 1 Linen ABC Books, 10 pages, 4x5',. In-
destructible; full of pictures; just the thing for
the little folks to learn their A B C's from.

4 I noil, china head and limbs; will please the
little girls.

2 I Jiiinpinu,' Ja<-k, painted and striped like a
circus clown.

1 1 Trumpet Balloon. This is commonly seen
at fairs, and sold for a dime.

2 [ Pocket lUatcli-Box, nickel - plated, and
spring cover. The word "Matches " is stamped on
the side.

3 I Match-Sale, double. Imitation of ham-
mered brass, and a beauty for a nickel.

2 [ Suaar-sliell, brittannia; a beauty, and sold
below cost at a nickel.

:i I Butter-knife, nickel-plated,
bargain; sold below cost.

2 1 Toy AVaterburj Watcli ;
that is, by turning the stem the hands go round;
chain included.

3 I Hnmnitn^ Top. This is a fancy colored tin
top that hums a musical note when spinning.

R EMABKS .—This will be a rare chance for the
little folks to got Christmas presents. Get your
papa, and your neighbor too, to give you the sub-
scription price of (;r,EANiNf!S, and you can forward
the names.

For one NEW name.

Any article you may select from the 10-cent coun-
ter, or two .5-cont artielcs, from our price list, you
paying postage. The following are some more of
Santa Clans' goods, with a few special bargains
added.

3 I Clariosict. 'J'his is a wonder for a dime; has
S keys, or a whole octave. You can play on it,
"Home, Sweet Home," and manj' other melodies.

10 1 Tool-Chest. A neat wooden box, contain-
ing a hammer, mallet, «-inch rule, try-square, tri-
angle, slate pencil, ( halk crayon, paper-yard mea-
sure, etc. ; a splendid i)rcsent for a little boy.

C>\ Box of Water-Color Paints; 15 colors, a
bar of India ink, a piece of sepia, 2 crayonc<, blue
and green, a brush, and 2 mixing saucci-s, in a neat
chromo wood box.

4 1 Juvenile Picture-Book, 7!.^xl0'/2; elegant
colored picture story-books— Robinson Crusoe, Red
Riding Hood, etc.

'I'his is another
a stem-winder;

1886

GLEANIJnGS in JJEE CLLTUKE.

1)61

3 I Iilneu A B € Book, 14 pages, 6xT^.i ; larger
than the 5-cent one. An indestructible Juvenile
primer.

« I Box of A B € Block.xi ; 1« blocks, compris-
ing the alphabet of colored letters, and 5 pictures;
a never-ending source of amusement lor a small
boy.

4 I Huninilu;;' Top. Same as the .Vcont one,
but much larger.

4 I JiiiiiplDU' Jack. ,\ much larger one than
the 5-cent one.

^ I Toy VVatcli. One (hat ticks when you wind
it; chain and charm included.

tj I Pocket- Wreiifli, adjustable. One ol' the
best ten-cent tools in the list.

:.' I Purse. Either Imek, Uitl, or hnilttl im, al-
ligator.

For one new name and one old one, or
for three old names.

Any article you may select from the 15-cent
counter, or three 5-cent articles, or one 5-cent and
one ten-cent article, you paying postage. The fol-
lowing are a few special goods, some of which are
not in the price list. Postage is indicated by the
figure just before the name of the article.

I Boys' Tool-<iieKt. Same as the ID-cent one,
but larger throughout.

i! I Paper- welslit. Diamond-ground glass with
a figure inside, an elephant, fiy, horse, or turtle,
with moving limbs, making them look for all the
world like things of life.

ti I Plane. At first
glance you might
take it for a toy
plane; but if you
try it on a board
you will find it is
a plane in reality.
The\ will --liaiiK n a Ic id jiencil beautifully, trim up
a woodcut or electiotipe, take the corners off a
rough box, reduce the vvidth of a board, and do it
all in a workmanlike and finished nuinner; and
when they need sharpening, the bit is taken out or
adjusted securely, by simply turning a single screw
with the finger and thumb.

2 I Pnrse, kid, Avith nickel frame, ball clasps,
and 3 pockets; an elegant purse.
4 I Hand Mirror, with boveledge glass, ~"2X4.
4 I Spy 0]a$«K, or Toy Telescope, 1 draw. Will
please any boy with an astronomical turn of mind.

For two new names or four old ones.

-Vny article on the -Scent countei', or its etiuiva-
lent on the lower counters. The following are some
of the items on our counters, but not in the cata-
logue.

4 I Purse, either buck or kid ; :! pockets,
lined; nickel-fiame; an elegant present.

8 I Knife - Box, IVIUow, two compartments
for knives and forks, and so strong that it will stand
almost any amount of knocking around.

5 I Hand-liau', plaited straw, 8'2 in. long, :> in.
wide, and 6 in. deep; very light and strong.

5 I Wire Hair - BruMli, imitation rosewood
back; a first-clasR article.

5 I Iiuncli-Basket ; a combination of plaited
straw and willow, with hinged cover and double
handle; ixl'/i in. outside measure, and 4 inches
deep; nothing nicer for a boy or girl to carry din-
nei- to school In.

For 2 new names and one old one, or
for 5 old names.

Any article on the iSocent counter, or its equiva-
lent on the lower counters, you paying postage as
before. The following are soine sixcial goods.

») ! t'ariieiitcr's Haiid-S'a^v, IS-ineh, east sttcl.
Who ever heard of a good steel saw, ii foot and a
half long, for such a small sum of money?
',i ! Rule, l-l'oot Caliper, brasslind.

;> 1 Kule, 'i-looi, 4-fol«i, brass-lined.
3 I Rule, "i-loot, ()-(old; can be put into the
vest pocket if desired.

5 I 3Iai;2:nitier, :.' lenses on 3
brass feet.

3 i Sugar-sliell, triple plat-
ed on nickel.

;i I Butter - knife, friple-
l)lated on steel. Both the above
are Rogers Brothers' best.

For 3 new names and one renewal, or
for 6 renewals.

Any article.from the oOcent counter, or its equiv-
alent from the lower counters, you paying postage-
if sent by mail.

I Hand .Mirror, plush back, and nickel folding
handle; mirror is a 4X6 bevel-edge plate. This has
been sold; for *1.00, but we can sell it for 50 cents.
Nothing tiieer for a present.

6 I Tclesoope. Focal length, 30 inches; closed,
11'.. inches; has 4 lenses, and magnifies about 10 di-
ameters. This' is a wonder for the money, and we
will send it free for '.4 new subserlptlontt.

For four new names or.'eight'renewals.

Any artielelfrom the 7.")-cent counter, or its equiv-
alent from the lower counters, you paying postage,
if sent by mail.

I Nickel Clock, *' Whistler." This is an ex-
cellent time-keeper; and for one more new name
you may have one with an alarm. Price *l.00 with-
out alarm; *1..")0 with alarm.

For five new names or lO renevyals.

Any article (m the *l.n(i counter, you paying j)ost-
agc if sent l)\- mail.

962

GLEANlxNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

For 3 new subscriptions to CLEANINGS at $(.CO each, and 15 cents to pay
postage, we will send a cloth-bound A B C of Bse Culture free.

AVERAGE SALE, NOW 400 PER MONTH.

fins is a cyclupa'dia of oM) paojes, and is beautifully ilUistrated with about i'")U eugrav-
in^s, many of them full page. Same of tlie latter embrace a view of the apiaries
and portraits of some of our largest and most successful bee-men. The whole work
is elegantly ])Ouud in cloth, 7 inches wide, 10.^ inches long, and embofsed on side and
back in gold. It would be an ornament on the center-table of any bee-keeper's home.

Especial care is used to explain in detail Iww Frames, Sections. Hives, Extractors, and
other tixtures. are made and put together, the process being made clear by the use of many
engravings. The comparative vaUie of the different Kaces of Bees is fully discussed,
^luch is said of tiie many valuable Inmey-plants. Conisderable space has been devoted to
the subject of the Production. Shipping, and Sale, of Comb and Extracted Honey. The
articles on Wintering contain the best that is known on that subject. Transferring, Queen-
Rearing, Artificial Swarming, and other manipulations, are treated so that we hope our
friends who are beginneis may have no trouble in fully understanding how to operate.

The whole work is brimful of contagious enthusiasm, and the style so simple and in-
structive, that even the more advanced bee-keeper as well as the beginner may tind plea-
sure and profit in its perusal^ None of the matter is electrotyped. but allis kept in stand-
ing type, so when any new thing of importance comes up it can be inserted in its appropri-
ate place. Its (J nick sales have warranted us in giving it fre<juent and tliorough revisions.
The present edition is greatly enlarged and improved, so that it is nearly twice the size of
the one first issued, and nobee-keeper having an original copy can afford to 1)6 without
this latest edition.

Since the first issue in 1S77 its average sale has been over 2(i0 copies per month, and the
sale has been steadily increasing from the first. Prices: Neatly and strongly bound in
cloth, by mail, Sl.-o; by express or freight with other goods. Sl.l'i. In jiaper covers, by
mail, j^l.OU ; ])y express or freight, with other goods. 8S cents.

From the above prices there can be no deviation for any one ; but each purchaser, after
he has paid full retail price for one book, may order the cloth-bound to any of his friends on
payment of SI. 00, or the paper cover at 7-5 cents each. Tliis discount we give to pay you for
showing the book, explaining its worth, etc. To those who advertise A B C books in their
price-lists and circulars, a discount of 4U per cent from retail prices will be made, and this
discount will Ije made to all booksellers and newsdealers. To any one who purchases lOO
atone time, a still further discount will be made, to be given on application, and the 100
may be made up of part cloth and part paper, if desired. " Purchasers are requested not to
sell single books at less than the regular prices, although they may sell two ( r more at any
price they think proper; or the A B C may be clubl)ed with any other book or periodical,
at such prices as the agent thinks proper. "^

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

967

PONEY CQMMN.

CITT MARKETS.

New Yokk.— J?o(if!/.— In consequeuct' ofa'arg-e
stock of comb honey on this market, prices will
have to bo reduced according-ly. We quote jircscnt
prices as follows:
Fancy white, 1-lb. paper boxes or glassed -

" " 1-lb. unbiassed

" " 3-lb. glassed - . . -

Off grades 1(5 3c per lb. less.

California comb

Fancy buckwheat, 1-lb. sections

2-lb. •• . - .
Extracted, white clover, none on the market
" California tiJ-lb. tins

buckwheat in kegs or libls.

I ices wax

Fancy white in paper boxes and in glass are in
better favor here than unglassed goods; hence the
difference in price.

McCaul & Hir,DKETH Bugs.,

Dec. 7, lS3(i. 34 Hudson St., Cor. Duane St.

- 13

13

10(511

8^10

8'.,(r'9
;>.(r-s

•Kg-5

MiLW.^UKEE.— ifojiei/.— The demand for honey is
only fair, and values remain about the same yet.
We continue to quote:

Choice white 1-lb. sections 12'o((/ 13

" 3-lb. " IKS' 121 ;

" " in kegs and one-half bbls. 6V2(S;7

Dark, bbls. and kegs S@f^]<i

Dec. 7, 188(5. A. V. Bishop,

U2 W. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis.

Chicago. — Hojtc!/. — Market very quiet; sales
(when any are made) are in a small way. Prices
are nominal, and really without change, which is
attributable to the lack of demand. Offerings of
honey are distributed among many houses.

Beeswax, 22(a'^r, cents.

Dec. 10, ItiStJ. U. A. BUIINETT,

](jl So. AVater St., Chicago, 111.

Wanted.— A few hundred pounds of linu or
clover first-quality extracted honey, put up In
square cans, 3 to crate. How cheap can you sell it
on board cars? S. S. L.^^wing,

Henderson, Webster Co., Mo.

For sale.— 1 bbl. of 550 lbs. net, and 5 kegs of 115
lbs. net each. All of which is No. 1 white-clover
honey, well ripened. Will take C',4c per lb. for bbl.
and 7c for kegs. Sample sent for 3-cent stamp.
It. .T. Baruek, 818 E. Washington St.,

Bloomington, 111.

GOOD NEWS FOR DIXIE!
SIMPLICITY HIVES,

Sections, I^xti'a(-toi-!<«, Smokers, Separators,

&c., of Koot's ITIaniifacture, Shipped

Ironi here at ROOT'S PRICES.

Also S. hives of Southern yellow pine, and Bee-
Keepers' Supiilies in general. Price List Free.

J. M. JENKINS, WETUMPKA, ALABAMA.

3-34db _J_

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, Whole-
sale and retail. See advertisement in another
column. 3btf«l

3" co'

CO

as

! e/3

C3

£/S «_ r? ^n ,w* **^ c/3 w oil., --;s ■—

^ H> CO

: ^1.:; ^

St.Louis.— ifoocj/.— All kindsin abundant supply,
and very low. The market seems to tend to lower
rather than better prices, as the season advances.
Choice white - clover, comb, I-lh. sections, 13('(13:
extracted in cans5((>fic. Bbls. -l:i4C'''5; amber-colored
honey and Califoi-nia white sage, in comb, sections,
10(5,Uc. Bi'okeu comb, 7@9c. Bcesivax, selected,
23@,35; as it runs, 20(32].

W B. Westcott & Co..

Dec. 1], 188C. 108 and JIO Market Street.

To Order Goods Early.

Send in ^our name and get our'new catalogue of
HIVES, SMOKEES, SECTIONS, COMB FOUNDATION, 4o.. and
see our discounts on goods for January, 1887. I tell
you, it pays to order early. Address
34-1-3 3d R. B. LEAHY, Higginsville, Mo.

Cleveland.— /iodcy.— There is a slight improve-
ment in the demand for honey, but no change in
prices since our last quotations. The best white in
1-lb. sections sells at 1.3c, with an occasional sale at
14c; 3-lbs., white, 11(513. Dark, 1-lb., 10c. Extract-
ed, slow at 6c. Beeswax, 25c.

Dec. 13, 1886. A. C. Kendel,

115 Ontario St., Cleveland, O.

Boston.— Hojiey. —No change in prices; demand
fair. Blake & Ripley,

Dec. 11, 1886. 57 Chatham St., Boston, Mass.

Detroit.— Ho?iev.— The market continues to be
overstocked; sales slow at last quotations; viz.,
ll(513i'2C for white comb honey.
Beeswax, 230. M. H. Hunt,

Dec. 11, 1886. Bell Branch, Mich.

For Sale.— 13 crates, of 48 lb*, each, all white-
clover and basswood honey, which 1 will take !?6.0(l
per crate for on board of cars here. Who wants it?
Money sent with order. H. B. Mokkison,

Fayette, Iowa.

For S.VLE.— 3000 lbs. comb honey, very fine; box-
ed ready to ship; want 14c, crates thrown in. Who
will buv it? John A. Williamson.

Lodge, Piatt Co., III.

CHEAP! CHEAPER! CHEAPEST!

BEE-HIVES

ONE-PIECE SECTIOiNS, CRATES, SHIP-
PlINtt - CASES, FDN., EXTRACTORS,
INCAPPING-KNIVES, BEE-FEED-
ERS, AVIRE NAIIiS, AM)
ITIFTAI. CORNERS.
Please send ijmir Orders Early Before the Rush Comes.

34 3 4d B. J. MILLER & CO.,

Send for Price List. Nappauee, Iiid>

COFFISB. BATH-TUBS.

We have found the manufacturers of the copper
bath-tubs, referred to on ])age8!-'4. Gleanings for
Dec. 1, and are prei)ared to furnish a tub of 10-oz.
copper, 5, 5',^, or V, it. long, at an even 5513.00, f. o. b.
in New York. The regular jirice is »13 75. They
are made in a neat wooden box, ready for use, and
they can be set in the corner of your bath-roora.
They are furnished with a brass plug in the bottom,
to let the water off. A. L Hoot, Medina, O.

Fob Sale. -3000 lbs. best clover honey in Itoofs
" raised-cover pails." One set,30l2 lbs. $3.50; 4 sets,
123 lbs., $9.35. Boxed, they ship same as bbls.
Address Oliver Fostkh,

Mt. Vernon, Iowa.

Youth's Companion (new) and Gleanings, 1

year, Ijoth for ?3.00

Am. Agriculturist and Gl's 1 yr., both for 1.90

Chicago Jnter-Ocean and Gl's 1 yr., both for 1.70
Any two bee-papers of America for 1 yr. 1.65

N. Y. World or Boston (Jlobe and Gl's 1 yr. 1.66

Wanted.— A quantitv of extracted clover honev. I To avail yomsclves of these rates, name this paper
\Vrite lowest price, deliVercd here. H. Bauhek, ' , and ask for them. For addrc^^s, see C. -M. Good-

.Vdrinn. Mich. speed's .\dv. elsewhere in this issue.

U15S

GLE^Vi^liNGS IN liEE CULTUilE.

Dec.

VEHDHillTEIlS IK TQE WEST

FOE THE MANUFAOTUEE AND SALE OF

Bee-Keepers' Supplies.

CHAFF AND SIMPLICITY HIVES FURNISHED
AT A GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICE.

Nice Sections and P'ound.ation, Specialties. A full
line of Supplies always on band. Write for our new
Price List. Cash paid for Bceswa.x. 23tfdb

A. F. Staufler & Co., Sterling, III.

Dealers and Manufacturers

We are prepared to supply you with sections for
the coining season at bed-rock prices. Write us.

21tfdb G. B. LEWIS & CO.,

WATERTOWN, WIS.

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FIRST IN THE FIELD!!

The Invertible Bee Hive

Invertible Frames,

INVERTIBLE SURPLUS - CASES,

TOP, BOTTOM, AND

ENTRANCE FEEDERS. BEE-KEEPERS' MAGAZINE

is asserted by hundreds of practical and disinterest-
ed bee-keepers to be the cleanest, brightest, quick-
est accepted by bees, least apt to sag, most regular
in color, evcnest, and neatest, of any that is made.

It is kept for sale by Mess.'S. A. H. Newman, Chi-
cago, 111.; C. F. Muth, Cincinnati, O.; Jas. Heddon,
Dowag'iac, Mich.; F. L. Dougherty, Indianapo-
lis, Ind.; Chas. H. Green, Berlin, Wis.; Chas. Hertel,
.Ir., Freeburg, 111. ; Ezra Baer, Di.von, Lee Co., 111. ; E.
S. Armstrong, Jersey ville, Illinois; Arthur Todd,
1910 Germantown Ave., Phil'a, Pa.; E. Kretchmer,
Coburg, Iowa; Elbert F. Smith, Smyrna, N. Y.;
D. A. Fuller, Cherry Valley, 111.; Clark Johnson &
Son, Covington, Kentucky: J. 15. Mason & Sons,
Mechanic Falls, Maine; C. A. Graves, niriiiingham,
O.; M.J. Dickason, Hiawatha, Kan.; .L W.Porter,
Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va.; E. H. Ncwcomb,
Pleasant ^'!llley, Dutchess Co.. N.Y.; J. A. Huma-
son, Vienna. ().; G. L. Q'inker, New Philadelphia, O.,
J. M. Shuck, Des Moines, la.; Aspinwall & Tread-
well, Uarrytown, N. Y.; Barton, Forsgard & Barnes,
Waco, McLennan Co.. Te.xas, W. E. Clark. Oriskany,
N. Y., G. B. Lewis & Co., Watertown, Wis., P. L.
Viallon, Bayou Gouhi, La., and numerous other
dealers.

Write for sampJei* /cce, and price list of supplies,
accompanied with 150ConiplInieiitary and wJiso-
licited testimonials, from as many bee-keepers, in
1883. We guarantee even) inch of tmr foundation equal
to sample in every respect.

C;HAS. DADAIN r & SON,

3btfd lflaiiiilto3i, Hancock Co., llliiiols.

nSfONDERFUL!

Owing to the reduction in subscription price
to 25 Cents, on and after Jan. 1, 1887, we are
able to make the following wonderful ofTer.
We will send

CataloKiies Free. Addrciis

J. M. Shuck,

Des Moines,

4-3db

Iowa.

MUTH'S
HONEY-EXTRACTOR,

Kill \ISE (;la^s honey-jaks,

TIN BUCKETS, BEE-UIVES,
HONEY-SECTIONS, &c., &c.
VEKFECTION COLO- BLAST SMOKEKS.

GLEANINQS

Oi^-o "yoax- JTos- Sl.lO.

For only 10 cN. more tliaa G1-E.A.NINGS you can
obtain the BEE-EEEPEES' MAGAZINE, whose price this
year was .f l.CO. Send Xov sample, and see what a
splendid nuigazine we ])nblish. Sample free.

Address BEE'KEEPERS' MAGAZINE,

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Apply to CHAS. F. MIITH & SON,

Cincinnati, O.
P. S.— Send 10-cent stamp for " Practical Hints to
Boe-Keepers." Itfdb

4 H.-P. ENGINE FOR SALE.

A Hiirfjoiit for the man who is in nvrd of n
First-Clmss JCnf/ini- anti Holler.

This is one of B. W. Payne & Son's Eureka en-
gines, the same that we advertise in our catalogue.
It has run 3 months since it was new; has had a 10-
toot galvanized-iron smoke-stack added, and is in
perfect running order. The mnn who is holding it
had to put in a larger one to meet the demands of
his trade. The price of a new engine and boiler
complete, no stack, is $;i7?i.O0; but to make a quick
sale we will sell this one with tlie stack for $;J;i5.00,
free on board cars at Higginsville, Mo.

A.I. ROOT, ITIedina, Oliio.

THE CANADIAN BEE JOURNAL

fyjUCKJjV, .$1.00 VER TEAM.

JOITES, McPHEBSON & CO., Publishers, Eeeton, Ontario, Canada.

The only bee journal printed in Canada, and cou-
taining much valuable and interesting matter each
week from the pens of leading Canadian and United
States bee-keepers. Sample copy sent free on re-
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BE SURE

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APIARIAN rXrr^Mlfn^ SUPPLIES

tains illustrations and descriptions of every thing
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lABANT'S FOUNDATION PAOTOEY, WHOLESALE and RETAIL.
I See advertisement in another column. otfbd

tfd

J. C. SAYLES,

Hartford, Washington Co., Wis.

Vol. xiy.

DEC. 15, 188G.

No. 24.

TERMS:«1.00PSR V.NNUM, IN ADVANCK;! T?!,-/- /t, 7, 7-,' o 7i /Q y-7 -ill 7 C '>' ^ I ClubF to different postoffices, NOT LKFs
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DRONE COMB.

W.

Z. Hutchinson Gives us Some very Valu-
able Points from Experience.

HOW TO H.WE IT BUILT IN THE BKOOD-N KST, ANI>
HOW NOT TO HAVK IT BUILT.

@N page 716 Cora Major gives a report of some
very valuable experience in hiving swarms
in empty brood-chambers. Four colonies
built no drone comb; six built from tlnee to
six inches square of drone comb; two had
one-half drone comb; throe, one-fifth drone comb;
while one had all drone comb and InM their qiiccn.
I wonder if the order of the last hive ought not to
be reversed; that is, they lost their queen and t)icii
built all drone comb. I wish she could liave told us
the ages of the queens, as this is an important
point. My only trouble with drone eomi) ha.? l)een
when the queens were old; and in such instances it
is passlhle that the use of drone fdn. in the sections
ni'mlit remedy the difficulty. Almost all who have
tried hiving swarms upon empty frames have been
pleased with the result, with the exeepti(>n that, in
many instances, the Vices built too much drone
comb. As this is the jirincipal objection, it is worth
while to try to learn ivhji bees build drone comb.

They build drone comb either to rear drones in it,
or to enable them to store honey more rapidly.
The question would naturally follow, Whr)i, and un-
der what condition, do bees rear drones? They
raise them only when they expect there will soon
be queens to mate with them. Before swarming,
bees always rear drones: i. c., if allowed to do so.
If allowed to build comb at this time, it is always
drone comb. Not only this, but <lroius are always

reared in it immediately. I believe I have mention-
ed before in Gleanings, that one year, just be-
fore swarming began, I inserted an empty frame in
the center of each of 2,'> colonies, and every frame
was filled solid full of drone comb, and drones
reared in almost every cell. When these colonies
swarmed, many of the swarms were hived upon
empty frames, and, with the exception of two
swarms that had old queens, these swarms built no
drone comb. Before the bees swarmed thej' knew
that drones must be provided for the fecundation
of the j-oung queens. After they have swarmed
they have a fertile queen, and no disposition to
swarm; hence no drones arc reared, (oiJey.s the
(lueen is old and the bees have in mind the super-
seding of the (luten. In the old liives the drones
hatched, and the bees filled up the frames of drone
comb with Intncj/. Although the drone combs were
in the center of the biood-nost, not another drone
was reared in them that season. If bees are allow-
ed no drone comb before swarming they will rear
drones in worker cells. After they have swarmed
they have no desire for drones, unless they are
about to supersede their queen. Many have re-
ported that their newly hived swarms built drone
eonibs wlicTi the (jueens were n<it old. True; but
look 'e here; lln)) didn't ((ii'.scVoii/ (/roues; they filled
the drone coml) wiih honey, which proves that they
did not build drone comb for the purpose of rear-
ing drones. Almost all who have reported trouble
from the bees building too much drone comb have
also reported that the bees stored honey in the drone
comb; and when bees do this it is because they are
gathering honey rapidly, and they can store it fast-
ei- by buil.ling store or drone comb tluiii they can

970

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

by huilding worker comb; hence we must inquire
why the bees store the honey in the brood-chamber
instead of in the surplus-apartment. In my opin-
ion, it is because sufficient inducement, or room, is
not given in the supers. At the convention at
Indianapolis, Mr. Bingham said that bees hived in
an empty brood-nest of ordinary size would occupy
and fill the brood-nest before they would g'O to
work in a super furnished with fdn., and placed
over said brood-nest. 1 do not feel inclined to take
issue with Mr. Bingham, as I have never experi-
mented in exactly that manner, and I well know
that bees delight to woi'k in a body. As I have
many times explained, however, I do not hive my
swarms in a brood-nest of ordinai-y capacity, but in
one contracted to Ave L. frames, or to one section
of Mr. Heddon's new hive, hence some of the bees
must enter the supers. Another thing-: I never put
on supers only, with fdn. alone. The supers are
always removed from the old to the new hive, and
there are usually 56 one-pound sections in these
supei's, sometimes as many as Si, and the combs
are in all stages of growth, from fdn. upon which
the bees have just commenced work, to the finish-
ed sections. Not only is there an abundance of
i-oom in the supers, but the half-flnished combs are
a great attraction for the bees, as they furnish
a place for the bees to store the honey they have
brought with them, and only a little work is re-
quired to make room in them for the honey that is
gathered. If these do uot furnish sufficient room,
another case of sections furnished with fdn. is
placed between them and the brood-nest. In this
way the bees are induced to hrgin storing honey in
the supers; and where they begin, there they are apt
to continue; thus there is no necessity, no dcgire,
to build drone comV) in the brood-nest in which to
store honey. A queen-excluder keeps the queen
below; and as soon as any comb is built she is
ready with her eggs; and brood once started in a
comb, it is continued to the bottom of the comb.
The result is, that nearly all the honej' goes into
the super while the brood-nest becomes a brood-
nest indeed.

Some one has reported, that putting the frames
only 1| inches apart, from center to center, would
prevent the construction of drone comb. It maj'
have a tendency in that direction, but it will not
entirely prevent it when the bees wiKh to raise
d^jnrs; at least, that is the distance apart I space
my frames; and when the queens are old the l>ees
will build some drone comb and raise drones in it.
At the Indianapolis Convention Mr.*Poppleton said
this question was discussed in a lively manner at
the Iowa State Convention held a short time pre-
vious; and of the dozen, or such a matter, who
spoke upon the subject, flvc-sixths preferred fdn.
to empty frames, as they not only were troubled
with an excess of drone coinh, but actually secur-
ed less honey when no fdn. was used. I can not
understand this. M3' experience has been exactly
the opposite. I do not claim to be any smarter
than a great many " whole families," but I can
uot help wishing that I might be present when
these brethren are having so much trouble. Mr.
Poppleton suggested that there might be something
in locality. With a slow yield, success would be
more certain. There may be something in this;
but we had a splendid flow last year from clover,
and no trouble from drono comb. Perhaps some
one will want to know what to do with old queens,

if it is to their age that the building of drone comb
is attributable. Candidly, I don't know. Of course,
queens can be killed before they are old, and
young queens introduced in their places, but I
don't approve of this plan. It would necessitate
considerable labor— more, I think, than would be
profitable, considering the small amount of drone
comb that will result from this source. It must be
remembered, that queens are superseded at any
time during the working season, and it is only
when it occurs immediately after swarming that
drone comb will be built.

I see friend Doolittle's "separator" article on
page 939 calls tor something from myself. This
subject calls for more than a passing notice. To do
it justice would make this article too long, so I will
give my views in a future number.

W. Z. Hutchinson.

Rogersville, Genesee Co., Mich., Dec. 6, 1888.

Friend 11., as my mind took in point after
point in the above paper, I recalled to mind
many facts of past experience to corrobo-
rate all you say ; and in -view of the above I
am ready to admit that more surplus honey
can be bl)taiued by making the bees build
their own combs in the brood-chamber,
than by giving them frames tilled with
foundation. There are so many points to
be observed, however, I am afraid many of
the friends will be too hasty or too heedless
to sttcceed as you succeed ; but when it
comes to a matter of dollars and cents, I
think they will eventually learn to do it.
It seems to me, however, there is going to
be considerable danger of starving your bees
after the honey-tlovv is over, if you don't
look sharp, especially in localities like our
own. Where we so seldom have honey-
Hows in the fall of the year, our bees are
consumers, and producers to but small ex-
tent. The progressive bee-keeper, however,
ought to be able to feed his bees promptly
as soon as the flow of white honey is over,
and I for one am not a bit afraid to be
seen buying sugar to prepare our bees for
winter. The great point seems to be to get
all the marketable honey in surplus sec-
tions ; and to do this, it seems to me quite
likely the shallow frames are the ones to use.

THE DULL PROSPECTS FOR BEE CUL-
TURE AND OTHER INDUSTRIES.

IS THEItE A REMEDY .-'

'N the Ohio Farmer for Dec 4, there ap-
Ip pears a short editorial in regard to the
h article in our issue for Oct. 1-5, page 812,

I'

j|L article in our issue for Oct. 1-5, page
^ on the low price of lioney. I make the
following extract from the remarks :

This man took 6 10 gallons. If this is his year's
crop, and he keeps four men at work, at a total cost
of $;5.0:i a day, he ought to have at least ^3 00 a gal-
lon for his honey. He can't possibly get over one-
fourth that price, net. He certainly is "in the
ditch," and wo don't wonder that Mr. Boot calls
upon the brethren to help him out.

Mav I call the attention of our friends of
the Ohio Farmer to the fact that our Texas
friend says he keeps four men at work, at a
cost of SH.fiO per day. and yet secured only
1 00 gallons of honey V If it takes fottr men
•SOO days in the year to secure such a crop of
honeyas mentioned above, I agree with our

1886

glea:nings i:n bee cultube.

971

friend, that be is in the ditch— in fact, we
are all in the ditch. IJut 1 am ghid to be
able to say that it is not true. Six hnndred
gallons of honey would be, even if it were
of the very best quality, only about 7:200 lbs.,
and we have hundreds of bee-keepers — yes,
I think tlionsands — who can do all the work
to secure a crop of lioney of the above size,
withont any help whatever— not even so
much as calling on their wives— yes, and
have spare time besides. It seems to me
the greatest tronble we have to face at the
present day is getting into a fashion of call-
ing an amount of work a day's work, that
might be done by a good, energetic, go-ahead
man in a couple of hours. A man may oc-
cupy the whole of a bright sunshiny day in
doing his chores, and puttering around about
something that really amounts to almost
nothing at all. After" he has got a knack of
doiug this he can readily find hired help
that will do the same thing; in fact, they are
pretty sure to pattern after their employer.
Now, this course will kill any business. 1
do not mean to reflect on our Texas friend,
for I do not know any thing about him.
Possibly he may have liives so unwieldly,
and so badly arranged, that it takes a'great
amount of time and expense to get the hon-
ey away from them. As this question is
one of the vital ones l)efore us, I should be
glad if the friends, in sending their reports,
would tell, as near as possible, how mucli it
is worth to secure a crop. For instance, if
you report having received six or seven
thousand pounds of honey, tell us about how
many days' work it took to get it, and what
your time is worth per day, then we shall
know where we are. Friend France, in his
excellent article in this present issue, tells
about taking from two to three thousand
pounds of honey per day. Will he tell us
how much per pound it cost to take it out of
the hives, and put it into barrels ready for
market V There is certainly a screw loose
somewhere when we have reports like the
one on page 812, and commented on on page
927, by friend Muth, especially if it took
four men every working day in the year to
get six hundred gallons of honey. Perhaps
our friend had •'the blues," and forgot to
state that he had a large plantation besides,
and the four men were kept a principal pnrt
of the time in caring for it. Mr. Oiiio Farm-
er, wherever a farmer or dairyman or hoiti-
cultural man can make a living, a bee-man
can also.

TEASEL AS A HONEY-PLANT.

WILT. IT PAY BEE-KEEPERS TO UAISE THEM:

filled i'^ eections, and capped almost all of them all
lip nice. 1 took one frame of sections i8) that were
all done, and repliiced Ihera with emply ones,
some time belore the 17 days were up. These were
drawn about twolhirds out, but not capped at all,
and are not counted in with the 48. Besides this
they fillcd the five frames I gave them, with brood
and honey.

Colony No. 3 I tiered up with empty combs, and
saved their honey to give stocks to winter on, so I
might test it there also. In quantity they produced
about equally with No. 1. Teasel honey, when first
gathered, is very thin, and requires a good deal of
evaporating before it is capped over; but when al-
lowed to ripen fully 1 know of no other honey that
is its equal.

At the time I was testing with my two stocks, mj'
friend G. M. Doolittle repeatedly told me his bees
were getting scarcely a living. This proves to mo
that bees can not work profitably where they are
obliged to tly long distances for their stores. Mr.
D. lives about two and one-half or three miles south
of me, and there were but few teasels after going
one-half mile south of my place, making virtuall>-
no teasels nearer Mr. D.'s apiary than two miles;
while within one and one-half miles I believe my
bees had one hundred acres.

One can easily tell when bees are working on tea-
sel bj' the white dust that adheres to them. The
honey is pure white, and in market generally passes
for basswood, though where known it is preferred.
Whether teasel could be profitably grown for honey
alone, is a question. I do not believe that any thing
less than 20 acres would amount to much to an
apiary of 100 colonies; but possibly it might do to
sow seed in waste places, or on broken land, and
let Nature do her work. As a plant, if not dug up,
it will remain and grow until it gets large enough to
run, even if it is five years. If desired, thej- are
easily killed, either by plowing or mowing before
the seed ripens. C. M. Goodspeep.

Thorn Hill, N. V.

f^ HIS season, teasel did not yield luuch honey
^h until basswood had entirely ceased. For
/ that matter, I am not sure basswood gave
me any honey this year. It was very little
if any. When the basswf)0(l was all gone,
and teasel had been in blossom about a week, I took
two colonies for the purpose of testing the teasel-
plant as a honey-yielder. Prom each stock I took
away every thing in the shape of honey, brood, or
comb. To No. 1, I gave ."> frames of old emptj- comb,
and as many 1-lb. sections (filled with fdn.) as I
could get on. In 17 days (or about that) they had

" THE QUEEN OF THE HOME."

HOW WE CAN LIGHTEN HEK LABORS.

fllE following kind letter from Dr. Mil-
ler was not intended for publication,
as you will see ; but as it comes so di-
rectly in line with Mr. Terry's and
Prof, (.'ook's recent articles upon
home conveniences we give place to it here,
with the hope th;it it may work good in the
home.

I want to thank you for advertising and selling
such a fine carpet-sweeper. AVe have not been
without a carpet-sweeper in the house for a good
many years. One or two have given out, and the
last one has been lying idle for about five years, a
serious fault being that it too closely resembled a
reaping-machine in the noise it made. Hut this
new one I bought of you so much excels any thing
previously used, that my women-folks are very
enthusiastic in its praise. You are so much given
to sticking out in every direction, expected and un-
expected, that I wonder you have not made a vigor-
ous attack upon all j-our readers who have wive^s
not yet provided with a good carpet-sweeper. Few
husbands realize, I think, how much real hard work
their wives have to do in the way of sweeping; and
if they knew the difference a good carpet-sweeper

972

GLEANINGS IN UEE CULTUltE.

Dec.

makes, thei-e are few of them who care so little foi-
their wives' comfort as to let Uiotn ko on the rest
of their lives with aching arms, daily wrestling with
a broom.

T haven't time .lUst now to write any thing lor
Gleanings; but if I had, I don't know but T should
try in some way to wake up the men on this sweep-
ing business. May be j-ou can do it. (Jail their at-
tention to the number of hours spent in sweeping;
get them to try it themselves; tell them how much
tine dust, bits of wool, etc., are breathed into the
lungs when the liroom is used, and which the car-
pet-sweeper keeps all to itself; the labor saved in
dusting, etc., not forgetting to let them know that
a broom must still be used ih corners which the oar-
pet-sweeper can not reach. If they can not get at
home such a one as you sell, the.\- had better pay
heavy carriage, atid buy one from you; for many
(if them are only a nuisance. I think I paid *;i 00 or
if-iM for one not half so good as yours.

That lo-ceilt honey-knife is the tlnest thing I ever
tised for cutting out bits of comb, etc., while the
Colony is in the hive. C. C. Mit.fjEU.

Marengo, 111.

I'-riond M., I am very glad to be able to
piay to you and the other readers of Gle.an-
jNos, that the inaniifactitrers have made us
such an olter on carpet-sweepers for the
coming year, providing we purchase a very
large quantity duling the dull season, that
we can furnish a machine, greatlv improved,
for only $1.50, instead of $2.00. as heretofore.

TfiE LA'W RELATING TO BEES,

BO.METHING FKOM ONE OFOUH I-EGAri FRIENDS IN
REGARD 'to FORMEIt DECISION'S, ETC.

fHERE are no statutes and but little law relat-
ing to bees as bees; therefore in treating of
the subject we must employ such of the
analogies as are to be found in the principles
relating to beasts and aiu'inals.

OWNERSHIf.

Tlie original source of ownership in law for these
Rnd all other things of property, is found in the first
chapter of Genesis, the 26th verse, whereby man is
given "dominion over the fish of the sea, and over
the fowl of the air, and over tho cattle, and over all
the earth, and over every creeping thing that creep-
eth upon the earth." This is the first great law
of proi)erty. *

Following this, ownership in bees was first, and
Still Is, acquired by occupancy. Occupancy gave
the first (human) right to lands, movables, and bees,
and is the natural rational method, a piiori, of ac-
quiring title in them; and upon this principle ot
universal law this title continues so long as occu-
pancy continues.— 3d Kent Com., :i',4. This is the
basis of obtaining title to wild bees, by first reduc-
ing them to our possession, and subsequently keep-
ing them ill our custody.

The other mode, of getting title through the oper-
ation of contract of sale and purchase, is too famil-
iar to need description; yet we find a few decisions,
mainly in the New i'ork courts, relating to this arti-
cle of property, from which we extract, by l)rief
quotations, the special points decided:

"Although an unreclaimed swarm of bees belongs
to the first one who hives them, j'ct if a swarm lly
from the hive of a person, his qualified property
continues as long as he cati keep them in sight, and

has power to folloAv them."— Jo Wend., ryoO. " And if
they are taken or destroyed by anothei', although
on his own land, an actioti of trespass (or trover)
mav be maintained against him therefor."— i Root,
■Mf)': ', John., Id.

" Wild lirrs, in a bee-tree, belong to the owner of
file soil where the tree stands." "Though another
discover the Vices, and olitain license from the own-
er to take them and mark the tree with the initials
of his own name, this does not confer tlie owner-
siiip upon him until he has taken actual possession
of the bees." " If he omit to take sucli possession,
the owner of the soil may give the same license to
another, who may take the bees without being liable
to the first finder." " Both parties having license,
the one who first takes possession acqtiires the
title."— isf Coiv., 243.

If the first licensee pay for the Ijces, he would
have become the owner, as that event would have
changed the ownership of the property, as well in a
tree as if they had been in a hive.

AT SWARMING-TIME.

We may not only reclaim our bees so long as we
keep them in siglit, but may follow them upon our
neighbor's land, and retake— being responsible to
him for the actual damage— no more.^14 Wend., 237.

DAMAGES FOR BEES IN HIVES.

As this is the most fruitful source of discussion
and contention against keeping bees, we cite all the
authorities at hand, beginning at the earliest de-
cisions, and ending with the latest.

"An injury received at iiight is only at the fault
of the partyiujured."— 3f. & M.,.'>0-).

•■ Vicious animals may not be placed in or on the
approaches to the house, so as to injure persons
exercising a lawful purjiose in going along tliose
paths to the house." -If Kng. Com. L., p. :ifU.

''Posted notice is advisable, and will put persons
ujion their guard, and make it at most their own
misconduct if injury comes of hitching teams, etc."
-('hit. PI. .82.

"Owners of [irivate property are not liable for
injuries occurring, when those injured were upon
premises without permission, and not on business,
etc."— 35 Mich., 1.

WORKING BEES ABROAD, IN STORES, ETC.

In case of grocers and others dealing in honey
and other sweets, which naturally attract bees, and
by means of which the bees are destroyed, the own-
er of the bees may as well have action for injury to
his bees, as for the merchant to claim indemnity
from their annoyance, or pay for his sweets."
" Where an injury, of which a plaintiff cora]ilains, is
the result of his own fault or negligence (in un-
necessarily exposing his wares), or of the negligence
or fault of both parties, without intentional wrong-
on the part of the defendant, no action can be
maintained."— ,?d Mich., 2oV; 10, id., /.'«.

IN FIELDS, VINEYARDS, ETC.

In responding to allegations of injury in this
branch of the subject, the right "torecoupe" (to
cut again) is applicalile; and "in law this signifies
the right and the act of making a set-off."— Boiir.
Diet., 430. In law this is regarded as an equitable
right, and it would afford a fine case of litigation
to put such a case into a court of equity, and estal>
lish as a fact that more benefits were done by bees
to the blossoms of trees, vines, and grain, by the
distribution, etc., than in the supposed injury to the
mature fruit; yet such is the spirit of equity and
the oftice of recoupment.

TN.IUIUES TO ANIMALS, ETC.

Upon this point, the latest, fullest, and best adju-
dication to be found is in the case of Earic vs. Van
Alstine (S, Barbour's Reports, (130), being the unani-
mous decision of the Supreme Court of New York
as announced by Justice Samuel L. Sekieu. In this
cause the complaint alleged that the defendant was
the owner of fifteen hives of bees, which he wrong-
fully kept in his yard, adjoining the public high-

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE.

973

way, and that the phiintifif's horses, while traveling-
along the highway, and passing the place where the
bees were kept, were attacked and stung by the
bees so severely that one o1' tlioin died and the other
was injured, etc. The answer denied the charge
contained in the complaint. Trial was had in jus-
tice's court, and judgment given plaintitt for $70.2.5,
and cost. This judgment was reversed in the
County Court, and from this judgment plaintiff ap-
peals to the Supreme Court. The two questions in-
volved, as stated by the court, wore:

"1. Ts any one, who keeps bees, liable at all
events for the injury they may do V

"\l. Did the dafendant kccj) these bees in an im-
proper manner or place, so as to render him liable
on that account ? "

After a full statement of the case, and a critical
examination of the authorities, the judge says:

"These authorities seem to me to point to these
conclusions: 1. That one who owns or keeps an
animal of any kind becomes liable for any injury
the animal may dn, only on the ground of some act-
ual or presumed negligence on his part. 2. That it
is essential to the ])rorif of negligence, and sufficient
evidence thereof, that the owner be shown to have
had notice of the propensity of the animal to do
mischief. 3. That ))roof that the animal is of a sav-
age and ferocious nature, is equivalent to proof of
express notice. In such cases notice is presumed.

•• Having shown, then, as I tliink, clearly, that the
liability does not depend upon the classification of
the animal doing the injury, but upon its i)ropensity
to do mischief, it remains to be considered whether
bees are animals of so ferocious a disposition that
every one who keeps them nnder anj- circumstan-
ces does so at his peril. Jf it is necessary for the
plaintitr to aver and prove the mischievous nature
of the animal, nothing of the kind was done in this
case; but if courts are to take judicial notice of
things so familiar to man as bees, which, T suppose,
they would be justified in doing, then I would ob-
serve, that, however it may have been ancientlj', in
modern days the bee has become almost as com-
pletely domesticated as the o.\ or the cow. Its hab-
its and its instincts have been studied, and through
the knowledge thus acquired it can be controlled
and managed with nearly as much certainty as any
of the domestic animals; and though it may be
jiroper still to class it among the/era' iiaturrv (.wi\<l
by nature;, it must nevertheless tie regarded as
coming very near the dividing line; and in regard to
its propensity to mischief, I apprehend that such a
thing as serious injury to persons or property from
its attacks is very rare, not occurring in a ratio
more frequent, certainly, than injuries arising from
t he kick of a horse or the bite of a dog.

"There is one rule to be extracted from the author-
ities to which I have referred, not yet noticed: and
that is, that the law looks with more favor upon the
keepingof animals that are useful to man than such
as are merely no.xious and useless; and the keeping
of the one, although in some rare instances it may
do injury, will be tolerated and encouraged, while
there is nothing to excuse the keeping of the o( her.
In the case of VrdDman vs. Laicyer H", John., 1 :!!)), \he
court says: 'If damage be done by any domestic
animal kept for use or cunvenience, the owner is not
liable to an action without notice' (of their being
vicious, etc.). The utility of bees, no one will ques-
tion; and hence there is nothing to call for the ap-
plication of a very stringent rule to the case. Upon
tlie whole, therefore, I am clearly of the opinion
that the owner of bees is not liable at all events,
for any accidental injury they may do.

"The question is still left, whether the keeping of
these bees so near the highway subjects the defend-
ant to a responsiblity which would not otherwise
rest ui)on him. I consider this question as substan-
tiallj' disposed of by the evidence in the case. It
appears that the bees had been kept in the same
situation for some eight or nine years, and no proof
was offered of the slightest injury ever having
been done by them. On the contrary, some of the
witnesses testify that they had lived in the neigh-
borhood, and had been in the habit of passing and
repassing frequently, with teams and otherwise,
without ever having been molested. This rebuts
the idea of any notice to the defendant, either from
the nature of the bees or otherwise, that it would
be dangerous to keep tliem in that situation; and.

of course, upon the principles already settled, he
could not be held liable. The judgment of the
County Court must be altirmed. .Tudgment af-
firmed."

See this case in Thompson on yeyJ iijenve, ^'o1. I..
pages is^-'s, and authorities here cited.

The foregoing is probably sufhcient to elucidate
the principles of law specially applicable to the pe-
culiarities of these useful insects; leaving the other
more common principles of the law to be applied as
in other matters. liofore quitting the subject, how-
ever, we must remark that it is the best of wisdom
in such matters, as in all others, to avoid litigation
wherever and whenever substantial justice can bo
received oi- done, without the intervention of the
courts; for the law is, at best, hardly more than a
two-edged sword— eutting hoth ways.

H.\RMON Smith, Esq.,

Ionia, Mich. Attorney and Apiarist.

The above, although it does not touch the
qtiestion very much of bees and grapes,
serves to give us something of an idea of
what may be expected where we go to hiw
to settle these differences ; and T heartily in-
dorse the concluding words of frientl Smith,
reminding us that whoever decides to go to
law will probaV)ly find it a two-edged sword
indeed, and that Itoth partif;< will probably
get cut more or less.

HOW TO WIN.

BY OXK OF OUH BEE-KEEPING FRIENDS.

■JTo RECENT number of The North icpstern con-
ofl>< tained a very appreciative notice of a royal
■<J&lj' hook by a royal woman — " How to Win," by
^L Frances E. Willard. The writer carefully
"*-"-^ read the chai)ters of this book as they ap-
))eared in the Chautauquan. They were of
deep interest to her, Tiot only because they were
prepared by a dearly loved teacher, but also slio
iierself wit-hed to learn "how to win." It seems to
her that Miss Wibard. in telling the girls " how to
get on in the world." did not emphasize one fact
strong enough. Slie did not speak of the little
paths of opportunity leading directly from home to
liroader avenues. She did not tell them that, be-
fore they tried to climb into teaching, telegraphy,
type-writing, medicine, law, journalism, or litera-
ture, it would be well for them to find out whether
the first rounds of the ladder to success did not rest
just beneath or just above the sod of their own
dooryards.

The windows of the room where these words are
written look into a strange little citj', where a cer-
tain girl of our acquaintance has found her king-
dom. Grass grows thick and unbroken in the nar-
row streets which never echo to the whistle of the
locomotive, the jingle of a street car bell, or the
roll of carriage-wheels. The small, queer houses
ditter in size, but in one thing they are all alike;
they have no windows and only one door. The
people who hourly pass from or enter these doors
are the most industrious on earth. In spite of the
fact that they are able to wear a suit of brown and
gold velvet trimmed with the most filmy and deli-
cate lace imaginal)!e, every day in the year, they
are not too proud to work for their living. They ab-
hor strikes, never waste a moment of time, and
loyally and royally giveto their young ruler enough
of the sweets gathered from a thousand flowers to
fill the capitol building. For this girl rules a king-
dom of bees, and her profession is that of a honey-
raiser. In learning how to win in this direction she
has not found it all sunshine, and there have been
times when slie feared she might be able to write a
chapter on blasted hopes, from practical experi-
ence.

She began on two or three swarms, and the first
year yielded lessons learned only through failures.
She was very much afraid of bees, and they stung
her cruelly because she, in her ignorance, trampled
on their rights. The second year, both stings and
failures were less numerous, but the outgrowth of

m

GrLEANri*JGS IN liEi: CULTUliK.

Dec.

her colonies caused expcTKliture a little over rc-
beipts. The third year the bulanco in her favor
was not large, but she had gained greatly in judg--
ment and qualities which uialvc up a good bee-
keeper, while her business gave her delightful
chances to study God's marvelous planning for the
life and work of even his tiniest creatures. This
fourth year her honey-house is filled with luscious
boney. There are hundreds of pounds waiting for
Shipment to distant cities, besides other hundreds
•Whidh have gone before. As you take one of the
cakes, and the light flashes through it, you realize
that the bee has made the myth of King Midas'
golden touch a reality. It has caught the clover-
blooms, and in these transparentj cells changed
them into gold.

How did this girl earn her success? She kept at
It, i-efusing to be discouraged, even when friends
counseled retreat and a withdrawal from the bus-
iness. She compelled herself to learn her trade as
thoroughly as if she were a carpenter, a blacksmith,
a painter, or mechanic; and in doing this she
studied closely the best books and magazines on
the subject of bee-keeping. Realizing that as a
learner she ought to begin with the alphabet of her
profession, she sent for an " A B C of liee Culture,"
and her earnest, faithful study of that rich cyclo-
ptEdia of "every thing pertaining to the care of
the honey-bee" now reappears in returns from
Chicago, Milwaukee, and Kansas City.

To keep abreast with the improvements in her
profession, to take in the new thoughts of the stu-
dents, and to have a bond of union with the large
circle of little workers, our bee-keeper added to
her ABC the magazine, Glcanintjs in Bee (Julturc,
to which she owes much of her success. We who
skip the technicalities, and dip into bee details
just a little for our bee-keeper's sake, have learned
to love and look for Gleanitms. because it helps us,
bee-magazine though it is, to learn how to win the
kingdom of heaven. Mrs. Lydia Sthawn.

Ottawa, 111.

We extract the above from the Northwest-
ern Christian Advocate, of Dec. 1 . The mor-
al to the little story is excellent, aiul we bid
those ABC scholars who feel disappointed
because they have not taken in more money
than they have paid out for the fast year or
two, to read the story and take courage.

SEALING HONEY-TUMBLERS, ETC.

HOW TO MAKE THEM ABSOLUTELY AlK-TIOHT, AT
AN INSIGNIFICANT COST.

ITp T the Michigan State Convention a lit-
^fjbi tie idea came up that was well worth
jplf the whole expense of time and attend-
■*^^' ance. As a matter of course, honey
pails and tumblers were on exhibition,
containing samples of honey. Novi^. even
experienced bee-men would every little while
tip a tumbler over on its sideband the honey
would ooze out under the edges of the cover,
daubing the tables, the fingers, and clothes
of the bee-friends. Secretary Cutting linally
asked permission to tell the convention how
to obviate all these troubles ; and when he
told it I felt like giving an Indian war-
whoop of exultation, although I did not
dare to do it just then and there. The plan
is, briefly, this:

Get a cheap wire sieve of coarse mesh.
Those we have on our ten-cent counter will
do ; or the transplanting-frame on page lob.

Put this frame or sieve (m a couple of
boxes, so as to raise it liigh enough to set
a coal-oil stove underneatli. I believe that
friends Catting and Mason, at the Tri-
State Fair, used the part of an uncap-
ping-can to which the wire cloth is at-
tached. Now turn your glass tumblers or
pails bottom up over the wire cloth, and ar-

OLT) 0\kl N nrCKKT
uLass Ht^NEI-PAlL.

rnngc the heat so they will gradually get
warm enough to melt beeswax. Then dip
them in melted wax, kept in some pan over
anotlier lamp. The wax in this latter pan
should not be over one-fourth or one-eighth
of an inch in depth. Dip the mouths of
your tumblers in the melted wax, holding
one in eacli liand, but don't turn them right
side up until the wax has cooled enough to
prevent it from running down the sides.
\Vith a little practice you will find you can
very rapidly put a nice ring of wax evenly
over the mouth of every glass pail or jelly-
tumbler. As the glass was warm when it
was dipped, there is no possibility of the
wax cleaving from the glass. This arrange-
ment is for cups and pails having a cover
that slips over the top. It works especially
well on the '' Old Oaken Bucket " glass pails
that have been sold so largely, a cut of
which we give :

In putting on the
covers we must warm
them up to the point
where they will melt
wax ; and this is done
with the same appara-
tus used to warm the
glass pails. After a lot
of your pails are coated
with wax. as described,
fill them with honey up
to within a quarter of an inch of the top ; or
you can, if you choose, weigh out a certain
amount of honey in each tumbler. Of covu'se,
you ar(^ not to daub any honey on the sides,
nor get any on the beeswax ; for if you do, it
wilf spoil the plan. Take one of the hot tin
covers and slip it over the pail, just as if no
wax were on the rim at all. The cover
should be warm enough to melt the wax as
it goes down. It will tlien be sealed up so
perfectly that you can roll the package on
the floor, if you choose, or hold it upside
down as much as you like.

Friend Cutting said the credit of the in-
vention belongs to Dr. Mason, of Wagon
Works, near 'Toledo ; but Dr. Mason very
modestly disclaimed any credit for the in-
vention, saying that he read a description
of the process in back numbeis of Glean-
ings. I promptly replied, that no such
thing had ever been given in our pages.
Then he said it was in the Cawidian Bee
Jourmd; but our genial friend McPherson.
who represented Canada and the C B. J.,
replied as promptly, that he was sure no
such thing had appeared in their pages.
Now, then, friends, if any one can tell us
where this matter appears in print, provid-
ing it has ever been in print, we shall be glad
to '' render unto Cesar the things that are
Cesar's." If we can not lind any such place,
I think Dr. Mason and Secretary Cutting
will have to bear the honor. It is a most
simple thing, it is true; but I have experi-
mented and puzzled my brains for years to
decide upon some cheap method of sealing
up jelley-tumblers with beeswax. The
trouble was, it never occurred to me to put
on the wax before I put in the honey. While
we are on the subject, I may remark that
we can furnish the Old Oaken buckets of
1 lb. for %\.m per Kin. or S4n.00 per 1000.

18S()

glea:nings in ijee clltuke.

'jir,

SOME OF GLEANINGS' CONTHIBU-
TOKS.

TAKING A LOOK AT THEIR FACKS.

JT is a rare pleasure to meet, face to face.
those who have written for tlie pages of
any periodical we love. This has often
occurred to me when attending the vari-
ous bee keepers' conventions. Well, the
next best thing— that is, where we can not
meet tliem face to face— is to see tlieir faces
illustrated through our journals ; and we
take pleasure in submitting to you the pic-
ture below — a very good one of our friend
T. B. Terry.

T. B. TERUY, THE POTATO MAN.

Mr. Terry is pretty well known to the
readers of Gleanings, through his articles
here and elsewhere, lie commenced on a
poor farm, with only little capital to start
with, unless it was an education a little bet-
ter, perhaps, than the average young farmer
has; faith ii; himself, and a determination
to make his way by his own strength of mus-
cle and vigor of "brain, and last, but not
least, by the hearty co-operatiou of his good
wife. The great feature of ]Mr. Terry's lil'e,
and the one that has made him sought after
by different States to address farmeis" in-
stitutes, is the fact that he started in tlie
outset to see if the labor and drudgery of
farmwork could not be shortened and made
easier by better tools and better methods of
management. Our friends who read the
Ohio Farmer will notice that our friend Ter-
ry has been pretty severely pulled to pieces,
especially in regard to this matter of im-
proved tools ; but he seems to be abundant-
ly able to keep up his side of the argument,
especially while he has his own small farm,
his own stock, and his own tool-house full
of tools to back him up. It is not theory
that friend Terry writes— it is actual exi)eri-
ence, and the "fruits of earnest, faithful,
hard work. lie is heartily in love with his
farm and farmwork, and his love and en-
thusiasm are so contagious that one can
scarcely read his writings without wanting
to be a farmer too. I did not know till just
now that friend Terry was with me on the

tobacco question. But I might have known
it; for how could a man in these times be
progressive, and be a tobacco-userV

HOW I FIXED MY BEES FOR CELLAR
WINTERING.

HAIPINGCO.MBS SO AS TO LKAVF, TWO OR THREK
lNrHE.S OF SP.ACE UNDER THE BROOr-FRAMES.

AVING my bees in the cellar, fi.xed to suit mo,
I thought perhaps the renders of Glean-
ings mig-ht like to know in what manner I
had them prepared. The doors to the cellar
were left open for two weeks before I set
the bees in, so as to cool the cellar off as much as
possible, for, as a usual thing', the temperature is
too hig-h if I do not do this. A daj' was chosen for
setting in, which was mild, and a little above the
freezing-point, so that the hives would come off the
bottora-boai'ds without snapping, so as to irritate
(he bees. T also find that bees are less easily dis-
turbed in such weather than they are when it is
colder. Before setting the first one in I placed a
bottom-board on the ground, and upon this I set
a cap, or cover, to a hive, so as to raise the hive a
little distance above the cellar bottom, on account
of damp and impure air. On top of this cap was
•■pread a jiart of a newspaper so as to keep the
droppings from the liees off the top of the cover;
for I have found there is nothing that will spoil the
paint quicker than will these droppings. On top
of this paper I placed a rim, or frame, made by
nailing four jtieces of half-inch stuff, which was 13
inches wide, together, so as to be the same size as
the bottom of the hive. On this rim the hive is
placed, which gives about 4 inches of space between
the bottom of the hive and paper below, for plen-
ty of room for dead bees to drop, and for fi-esh air
to circulate.

Before setting in the cellar I made a sawdust
cushion as follows: A rim was gotten out, the
same as that uiion which the hive is placed; and up-
on one side of this was tacked a sheet of cotton
cloth, which cost only .5 cents per yard. To hold
the cloth securely to the frame, a strip of the same
was torn otf and folded so as to be three double,
this being placed on top of the sheet, along the
edge, 'so as to clamp the sheet between it and the
frame when the nails were driven. After nailing
on the first sheet the rim is turned over and filled
with fine dry basswood sawdust, which was saved
when sawing sections last winter, the sawdust be-
ing well packed down. Now nail on another sheet
the same as the first, and the_ cushion is made. He-
fore putting this on the hive I took off the(|uilt,
or honey-board, and substituted two sheets of this
same cotton cloth; for from the experience of the
past three winters 1 find that such is much the best,
as it allows the moisture from the bees to jiass off',
yet keeps the bees dry and nice. Especially do I
find this so in cellar wintering. As it takes only
one yard of this .5-cent cloth for one of my hives,
the expense is very little; while the cushion will
last for a lifetime, if lu-operly cared for. When the
hive is set in the cellar a sheet of newspaper is
spread over the cushion, the same as was the one
on top of the cap, when another rim is placed on
this, and we proceed as before. The cellar is high
enough to pile four on top of each other, and wide
enough to place three tier side by side, but I set

lJ7tJ

(jLEiLNlNGS LN BEE CULTUilE.

Dec.

only one tier on each side so as to leave an alley-
way in the middle, so 1 can inspect thera at any
time I may wish, for I always go into the cellar
twice a month to see that all is right as to temper-
ature, mice, etc.; and at these limes T can not help
looking- at the little fellows, for the fun it gives mo.
I know some insist that this is all wrong-; but I
could never see that it did any harm ; and even if I
did, I doubt if I could deny myself this pleasure,
for ] keep l)ees for pleasure as well as profit, often
thinking- that the pleasure part pays the better.
Well, after all are in, the cellar is closed, when it is
managed as I told you about last winter.

G. M. DOOI.ITTLE.

Borodino, N. Y., Nov. 26, 1886.

Friend I)., in regard to raising tlie bottom-
boards for wintering, I would add tliat
friend Bingham, at the Michigan State Con-
vention, stated that he did not l^now of any
other one thing that had given so good re-
sults as raising combs two inches or more
from the bottom-board. This allows dead
bees and debris to drop down through out
of the way ; allows plenty of air to pass all
around under the comb, and seems to be a
safeguard against the etfects of dampness
and impure air. lie uses this space below
the combs, whether they are outdoors or in
the cellar; and he has of late been very suc-
cessful in wintering with little loss.

OVER 20 TONS OF HONEY, AND HOW
TAKEN.

When Honey is Suflaciently Ripened to Ex-
tract.

VALTABr.?: .SUGGESTIONS FHOM E. FHANCK.

JTz FTEK selling off 5-5 colonies of bees we had 39">
il& colonies to commence with in the spring.
jSk We increased by dividing until we had '>07
''^■^ colonies in the fall. Wo commenced to ex-
tract honey .Tune 3d, and tlnished on the .5th
of July. Amount of honey taken was +2,489 lbs.—
an average of very nearly 108 lbs. per colony, spring
count. The bees were in six apiaries— one apiary
at home; the other five were from 4 to 7 miles away,
in different directions. We worked one apiary a
day every day except Sundays and the 3d day of
.Inly. But all the boys were hired to work on the
•Uh of .July, or the day on which the Fourth would
be celebrated, as this year it came on Sunday. Boys
don't like to miss the Fourth of .Tuly, and so they
proposed to have mo let them work three apiaries
in two days, and then have the day gained to go to
the celebration. I agreed to that. Now, if ever
you saw a set of boys woi"k to gain time, you can
form some idea how those boys worked.

On the first day of .July we were up and off', and
drove ."> miles to the yard to work; got there as soon
as it was light enough to work. We put up the tent
and extracted 1800 Ihs. of honey, and then drove
home, unloaded the honey, ate our dinner, and then
drove to another yard, .5 miles away in another di-
rection; got there at ."i o'clock p.m. Wo worked
half of the bees, and then drove home wiih 1200 lbs.
of honey. The amount taken, after live o'clock, by
daylight, made 3000 lbs. extracted in one daj', and
we drove 20 miles in going and coming to and from
our work.

The next morning al daylight lonnd us 7 miles

from home at another yard where we extracted 1400
lbs., and drove back home to dinner. After dinner
we drove back to the yard that was half worked the
day before, and took 829 lbs., and were homo again
before sundown, having taken out that da.v£229 lbs.,
and traveled 24 miles. I think that was pretty good
work for boys. I ran the exti-actor both days my-
self—a two-comb machine. We keep one extractor
at each yard during the honey-harvest, and don't
move them from one yard to another.

I make our own extractors, as 1 can not buy one
to suit me. T make them in the winter, when 1 have
plenty of time, then they don't cost as much money
out as it would to buy them. From the time that I
commenced to use the extractor up to the year 1884,
we emptied the combs once in 10 days; but the three
last years we have emptied them just once a week,
or 7 days. We find the seven-day plan decidedly the
best one. We get more honey, and I can not see
but it is just as good. This dry season we could
have extracted as often as four or five days, and
the honey would have been all right. Last year
was very wet, and our honey was about one-fourth
capped when we extracted it, and the honey was
rather thin. This year the combs would be, on an
average, three-fourths capped, and were thick— in
fact, thick enough as fast as gathered. Another
reason why 1 like the seven-day plan is, we are not
troubled with the bees getting the swarming fever.
They get their combs just nicely filled in our large
hives, in seven days, and then we come and empty
the honey. The queen then has room to deposit her
egg.s, and the bees have plenty of room to store
their hone.v; and then they are all happy and con-
tented, and won't swarm. AVe use the Langstroth
hive, three stories high, for the extractor, with
eight f lames in each story, and we don't think it is
any too big; and, by the way, we are wintering
some of them three stories high outdoors— the top
story a solid block of honey.

We don't practice any method of ripening our
honey liy artificial means. We take our honey-bar-
rels right into the field with us; fill them, drive in
the plugs, take thera homo, and store them in our
honey-house, standing on end, with the plugs up.
We put the honey in through an inch hole, with a
funnel. We pack the barrels away without loosen-
ing the i)lugs, just as they come from the fields, and
I think the honey keeps better than it would to give
it air. It is put in warm, in the heat of the day,
and will not swell by cooling. Keep it tight, and it
will, I think, retain its flavor better than to give it
air. I know the honey will remain longer withoiu
candying if kept tight.

REPORT FOR THE LAST FOUR YEARS.

Average amount of honey obtained the last 4
years is 103 lbs., spring count.

No. colonies spring of 1883, 211. Average. 104'., ll)s.
1884, 285. - 100

188.5,320. •' 91

1886, :595. " W><

Average amount for the four years, 103
For so large an amount of bees for so long a time,
wo think that is a pretty fair report. The bees
hav(^ all been wintered on their summer stands,
with a steady increase in the number of colonies.

THE RECORD OF TWO STUDENTS.

As 1 said at the beginning of this article, we sold
.55 colonies, last spring, to a couple of our students,
one of them buying 4 and the other 51. The boy
who bought till' four got 117 11)8. average of honey

18S6

GLEANINGS iiN liEE CULTUilE.

dl

from the four. The other lot of 51 was hauled 9
miles on lumber wagons, without springs, over a
very rough road, then unloaded in my pasture-lot.
He commenced to move them March 19, and moved
when the roads were passable. Most of the bees
were moved the 14th and 15th of April. On the 21st
da.v of April, and tlie following night, the bees were
all loaded uj) again on lumber wagons, and moved
U.i mile.«, and put on a car. The next day I went
with them to Brodhead, 80 miles, then again they
were moved one mile and set up and turned loose to
work in a new location. One of the hives had a
leak in it. As they were packed in a cattle-car, I
could not get to them to stop the leak; and when we
opened it there were only a few young bees in the
hive, so we put the brood-combs and young bees in
with another swarm.

One colony swarmed out and went off, leaving
him 49 colonies to commence with. From these
he extracted iWO lbs. of honej'— an average of 301
lbs., spring count— a pretty fair record for a boy,
for his first year, by himself.

A GOOD REPORT FOR BI.ACIC BEES.

It seems to me I hear you say, "They must have
been a pure strain of Italians, or some other fancy
bi-eed." Well, they were a pure race of blacks, or
brown bees, as you choose to call them— those fel-
lows that some writers say " live only from hand to
mouth "— poor despised blacks. They are not so
poor a bee, after all. Who has got 49 colonies of
any other race that has done any better (take a
whole apiary through, not pick out 49 of the best)?
Do I think the brown bee is as good a honey-gath-
erer as the Italian? Yes. I don't think there is
very much difference, and I have been handling
them both for several years, and have had several
strains of Italian bees in that time. I am sure that
there is more difference in a location for an apiary
than there is in the race of bees. Take, for instance,
that same lot of bees that I sold and moved to Brod-
head, this last spring, where they were before I
moved them. They never gave as good an average
as my other apiaries. They had jiienty of basswood,
but were short of clover. In their new location
they had plenty of white clover, and a fair range
for basswood besides. As the weather was so dry,
and he had only the one apiary to attend to, he ex-
tracted ofteuer than I have ever done, and iliat
made a big difference in the amount of honey gath-
ered. Perhaps the Italian bee in the same place, and
handled the same, would have done as well, but I
don't thinkthey would have done any better, so you
see the Italian is not a favorite with me. I have a
good many pure Italians and a good many more-
hybrids, I think. The hybrids are the best workers;
and as for their stinging qualities, they can do their
share of it. The brown bees are the most peaceable,
and less liable to sting, of any bees I ever had.

Now, I know that I may be treading on some-
body's sore toes, but I can not help saying just
what 1 think. I wish I could get a race of bright
Italians^ that are as peaceable to handle as my
brown bees, and I am ready to give $3.5.00 for a
queen or queens from which I can raise those bright
Italians that will be as peaceable, and as good hon-
ey-gatherers, as my brown bees. Why? Because
we have about as many bees as we cai-e to handle,
and would like to sell off our increase, and 1 think
Italians would sell better.

I have some other things to aay at some future

time, r will just say here, if any one wants my
views on any point in the bee-business, let me know
what it is. Edwin France.

Plattevillc, Wis.

Many thanks for yoin' excellent report,
friend F., and we are very mnch obliged to
you for this last invitation. Jn accordance
with it, I want you to tell ns a])out that'
home-made extractor tliat suits you better
than any you can buy. Tell us" iiow it is
made, and your objections to those that are
in the market.— Barreling your honey, and
bunging it up just as it is taken from the
hives, would be in accordance with friend
Bingham's views. I believe you are right in
saying that honey that is corked or bunged
up will keep longer without candying. Doubt-
less you remember what has been said about
the crop of alsike-clover honey which we
found at the Cokimbus State Fair. Well,
we are greatly surprised that, even after oin-
zero freezes of late, it has not candied a par-
ticle. You can cut it with a knife, and it is
really liquid amber, but no candying.— I am
very glad indeed to know that you have suc-
ceeded so well in teaching the boys A\ho
help you, tliat tiiey make the excellent re-
port you give us. Yes, I am glad to get it,
even if it i.s a good report from black bees.
But, look here, old friend ; even if you have
found as good results from black bees as
from Italians in the way of honey, how
about repelling moth millers— repelling rob-
bers, and ever so many other points that
have been brought out in the last 20 yearsV
JS'ever mind about treading on toes. "We
Avill pull our toes back out of the way. if you
get to tramping too close and too hard. At
the recent Michigan Convention there was
some talk about rearing black and hybrid
queen? for those who prefer them, and I re-
plied that we were ready to supply all de-
mand at the Home of the" Honey-Bees ; that
is, when it is settled that anybody wants
blacks and hybrids in preference to Italians.

A GOOD REPORT FROM SOUTHERN
lOW^A.

ITS Kl.dRA .VND RESOITRCES.

HAVE located here in the southeast part of
Page Co., Iowa. I came here last March,
hence I have had the opportunity of noting
the character and result of the past honey-
season. The people here claim that it was a
very poor season, on account of the extreme
drought that prevailed, lasting from June 9th lui-
til Aug. 13th. This had the effect to cut short,
somewhat, the clover and basswood yield. It also
impaired the growth and development (.f the au-
tumn and fall flowers. The fall rains resulted
favorably to the secretion of nectar, and, as a re-
sult, bees are in a good condition f(n- the apju-oach-
ing winter. My yield for the season was 131 lbs.;
clover and basswood, and 98 lbs. autumn. Total,
317 lbs. per colony, for the season.

If 1 am not mistaken, this is an excellent place
for bees and honey. The industry, however, has
been neglected, as nearly all use the box hive, or
some substitute. I brought fifty Simplicity hives

•J78

ULEiVNlNGS IN BEE CULTUKE.

Dec.

in the flat with me when I came hero last spring-.
Forty-one of these are now in the liands of m^-
neig-hbors. Manj' never saw a movable-frame hive
with metal bearings before, wliile wax sheets and
their manufacture was an unhearJof wonder.
People came for miles around to see the e.xtractor
work, and g-et a glimpse of my fl.\tures and mode
of handling- bees. One gentleman came three
miles, and offered me two dollars to show him a
queen-bee. Of course, I showed him the queen,
and he saw her depositing eggs as any good queen
should. You can rest assured that he went away
highly pleased, and I allowed him to take his two
dollars along too.

I will give a condensed list of the honey flora of
this section of country. First, the sources, consti-
tuting the spring flora.

The soft maple comes ftrst. This is followed by
the different species of willows, which exist here
in great abundance; then comes a great array of
minor prairie-flowers, followed by the box-elder,
which is very plentiful. Then comes fruit-bloom,
which is a bonanza, besides our cultivated or-
chards, of which we have a full supply. There are
1000 acres of timber within a radius of 2U miles of
me, which is literally thatched over with wild-
cherry, plum, crab-apple, and white-thorn. When
all this comes into bloom, 1 doubt not that it makes
lioth the bees and bee-keeper rejoice.

Here the spring flow closes, and we find that
it has run into the lap of the suminei- flow, for
white clovei- is now in bloom, lieing about May 20.
Masswood opens about June 15th, right in the midst
of the clover. Then comes a rush of honey, lasting
until July 1st. Here the summer flow stei)s down
and out; and a lull of two weeks ensues. Then
comes the autumn flow, which is ushered in by the
blooming of the buckbush, a very good honey-
shrub, and very plentiful. A week later we are
met with a bright yellow flower.that seems to be
a near relative to the noxious t-Spauish-needle, yet
it lacks the needle, and is quite distinct from that
\ariety. From this the bees are found bulging
their combs with a bright golden-colored honey. A
week later comes heart's-ease. which seems to give
still better results. This continues io bloom until
the last of September, and is here very plentiful;
in fact, it is a great nuisance to farmei-s. In
the meantime a great array of autumn prairie-
flowers are in bloom, many of which seem to fur-
nish considerable honey. Notably among these is
the prairie-locust, that grows in grq^t profusion.

The fall season closes with the various species of
fall asters. These furnish a good How of honey
when atmospheric conditions are favorable. The
honey season closed here this season Sept. 29th.
The aster family furnished no honey— weather con-
ditions not favorable. K. R. KORBINS.

Slam, Towa, Nov. 24. 1886.

Friend H., as you state it I should say that
your locality is a most excellent one. " It is
very rare tliat we tind three great sources of
lioney all in one place; namely, fruit and
apple trees, white clovei-, and basswood.
When we have added to this the yield from
autumn llowers— that is, if yon have this
every season— you have a remarkably favor-
able location. Twoluindred and seventeen
pounds to a colony is certainly excellent ;
but you do not tell us how much of an apia-
ry you had.

FRIEND TERKY ON TOBACCO.

HE STARTLE.S US BY SOME NEW FACTS.

fKlEND ROOT:— It is with a great deal of
pleasure that I read, in each luimber of
Gf,eanixg.s, the Tobacco Column. I am glad
to know that one man is doing all he can to
check this filthy and disgusting as well as
expensive habit that is now so widespread in our
beautiful land.

Some experiences lately have made me think
more than usual about tobacco and its victims. I
called on a family, not long since, who are said to
be very much in need of help. They hadn't any
oil to burn, but the man kept up his steady spit,
spit, spit, as long as I stayed. It was, perhaps, the
poorest home I was ever in; but not so poor but
there is mone.v for tobacco. I know another poor
man, about 60 years old. He has always been a
faithful, hard-working man; but from boyhood he
has drank, and used tobacco steadily. He is not a
drunkard, but a steady drinker. He has quite
a family; a nice wife; but the house, or shelter,
they have lived in for 20 years is but little better
than otitdoors. He told me himself, that in very
cold nights one of them had to sit up and keep
putting in wood while the others slept, and that
with Iheir beds up close to the fire. I think they
usually get enough to eat, but that is all. The rest
goes to the saloon. I carefully figured up, the oth-
er day, from statements made by the man himself,
and found that the money he had paid for tobacco
and liquor, sa^ed and kept at interest, would to-
day buy him my farm atid home. Now, it's a ques-
tion with me how much charity we owe such men,
and T should like your opinion, friend Koot. T
have saved my money, and bought a home; the}/
have squandered theirs, and have got nothing.
When they are sick and actually starving, why,
then there is no question; but who wants to help
them when half their earnings go for tobacco and
liquor'^ But, how about their families? This re-
minds: I was tra\'eling with a fine young man
lately, -whose father's name is known and honored
throughout the United States. I missed him from
the sleeping-ear, in the eveniug, and, seeing him
the next morning, asked him where he had been.
He said he went to ha\e a smoke, and fell asleep in
the smoker, and didn't wake up till morning. I be-
lieved him, until I heard from the train hands that
he had spent the night on the floor of the smoker,
drunk. Thej' wouldn't let him into the sleeper; but
out of respect for his father the.v kept the matter
quiet, and took care of him.

Take a walk with me through the streets of
Chicago, St. Louis, or any of our large cities, and
see the multitudes of children, hardly beyond the
spanking age, who arc smoking and spitting.
Think of what they are probably coming to. It is
appalling. It is well known, that tobacco is double-
injurious to the growing child. We ought to have
a United States law, forbiddiiig all minors using
tobacco. When a man is full grown, and pays his
own l)ills, let hiirt use it, if he must, providing he
does not marry. This is a little hard on some of .
the good married men who use the vile stuff, per-
haps they may think; but I have got a dreadful
thing to tell them. Not long since I was walking in
the city with a celebrated physician. As we passed
a house, surrounded with every evidence of
wealth and refinement, bespoke:

1886

GLEA:Nl^'GtS IN iU-lE C'LLTl Ki:.

Ul\>

" I have a patient in there, an idolized wife, who is
dying-, and lieyond all help, and none of them
know what is the matter with her, and still her
husband has killed her."

" Why, doctor," says I, " what do you uieanr"

"I mean just this," he sa3s: "her husband is
just literally steeped in tobacco, until the insensi-
ble perspiration from his body has become a deadly
poison, and his wife has absorbed enough of this,
and had, before I was called in, so that she will
die."

"Have you told them'.' "

"No; what good? It would onl.> add to their
misery now."

" Uiit, doctor, arc you sure 't "

'■ Ves; 1 have seen such things before. Some con-
stitutions eaii bear the poison, and some can not.
Why, just to give you an idea, I saw this e.\peri-
inent tried, among others, at an establishment
where they treat patients for the cure of the tobac-
co habit. A man just brought in was wiished as
clean as soap and water could make him, and then
some flies were allowed to alight on him. In t1\e
minutes, by the watch, they were dead. There was
poison enough in the perspiration that came out
of a man washed as clean as possible, to kill them.
You can imagine what it would be, when he wasn't
washed, perhaps, to spend hours each day in a
warm bed with him."

This was all new to me, an<l I was completely
dumbfounded.

I don't use tobacco, thank God, and never did;
but if I had, that physician's statement would have
stopped me as surely and quickly as a bullet would.
Run any risk of killing my dear wife by my filthy
habit? Not much! I would have slept in the
stable; no, in the pig-pen; no, outdoors under a
tree, far from every live animal, until the poison
was all out of my system. T. B. Tekry.

Hudson, O.

Why, old friend, you have got away ahead
of the whole of us in regard to the tobacco
reform. I was prepared to believe that peo-
ple sometimes kill themselves by its use,l)ut
I did not dream of such a thing as their kill-
ing others who are obliged to be near them.
Your remarks explain sometliing, however,
that I did not understand ))efore. When-
ever I am obliged, even for only alittle time,
to remain in a room or car filled with tobac-
co smoke, it sickens and crazes me, and
sometimes I have noticed that it takes two
or three days to recover entirely from the
effects of the poison. May be I could get ac-
customed to it in time, as I have become
accustomed to the poison of the bee-sting;
but I believe I would rather remain as I am
in this respect.

A few days since, myself and two other
bee-friends "were obliged to wait for a train
at Ann Arlior. To while away the time, we
liad a friendly dish of oysters, in a clean-
looking restaurant. While paying our lulls a
troop of juveniles entered. Every one of
them had a cigarette in his mouth, even
away down to the small boy with short
trowsers. Why, he was not very much big-
ger than Iluber; and the siglit of this boy,
inhaling the fumes of tobacco, the blood in
his youthful veins being stimulated by the
vile narcotic, alnio'^t made me shudder. Dr.
Mason suggested to the proprietor that boys

ought not to be allowed to smoke in such a
place.

'• Why," replied one of the small ones,
'• he sells us the cigarettes hisself."

That was a clincher. So long as the pro-
prietor sold cigai-ettes, the boys had a right
to smoke them on liis premises. It is posi-
tively appalling to see these little ones rivet
the chains of a vile habit while they are
too young to discriminate. I wish I could
see these boys' mothers.

Friend Terry, I, too, thank God that you
do not use tobacco; i'or, to tell the truth, 1
did not know, until just now, but of
course I might have known, that men like
yourself. Prof. Cook, and, I think I may say,
the entire corps of contributors of Glean-
ings, without many exceptions, would not,
on general principles, use tobacco, because
they love their wives, as you put it (the
(lueens of our homes, you know); they love
their fellow-men, and they love their Maker.
Now, 1 feel glad to think that we can join
hands in this work, and that we can join in
our daily prayers in pleading with the great
Father for the boys of our land— yes, the
juveniles, even if it'is true that the grown-
up ones are, many of them, past saving. By
all means, let us have a I^ S. law for the
protection of minors.

SMOKER FUEL; MANAGEMENT OP
SMOKERS, ETC.

dOks heat cure diarrhea'/

AST winter, some time in February, if I re-
member correctly, there appeare«l marks of
1^^ diarrhea in a few colonies in one of my cel-
lars. The weather had been pretty cold, and
fires had been rather low. I increased the
temperature by better fires, and there were no
further appearancesof diarrhea. I do not conclude
from this that heat is a sure cure for diarrhea,
but I look upon it as a straw blowing in that direc-
tion. There are so many chances for mistake that
I may be deceived in the whole affair.

SHAVINGS FOR SMOKER FUEL.

In Gleanings for Oct. 15, Ernest tells how he
uses sawdust; and for such as have plenty of the
proper mate) ial on hand I do not know of any thing
better than to follow his instructions; for with my
plan and my shavings, instead of his sawdust (for I
can not get sawdust such as he uses) I am oblig-
ed to reiilenish my smoker oftener than he;
but some, I think many, can not get his saw-
dust; and even if other sawdust would do just
as well, there are some who do not have plenty of
rotten wood. Let me tell you just how I use shav-
ings; and for starting me in the use of them I would
not begrudge many times the price of Mr. Heddon's
book. In a convenient place in the apiary stands a
box, of one or two bushels capacity, in which I put
common i)laner shavings of i)ine. The bo.v is cov-
ered with a tin hive cover, so that it is thoroughly
rainproof. In this box is a snuill tin box contain-
ing matches, and a baking-powder can, to hold pre-
pared rotten wood. Ernest suggests another bak-
ing-powder can to be used as a sort of Ecoop with
which to fill shavings into the smoker. The rotten
wood is prepared in this way: In a stone crock or
other vessel I put something like a gallon t)f water
and a jiound of saltpeter. To (liis 1 add a little red

980

glea:nings lis bee culture.

Dec.

aniline dye, not because it makes it any better, but
so that I can toll at a glauco whether the wood has
been prepared or not. After the water lias dissolv-
ed the saltpeter, I till it with pieces of rotten wood,
something- like the size of a hickory-nut; let it soak
perhaps two days, then take out and dry, and it is
ready for use. If I am using Bingham's " Doctor "
smoker, I put into the sniokei- enough shavings to
flU it half an inch or an inch deep, then touch a
match to a piece of saltpeter wood, drop it into the
smoker, and fill the smoker nearly or quite full of
shavings, pressing them down pretty hard. The
saltpeter wood will be in no danger of going out
while this is being done, even if the bellows is not
worked. Instead of putting wet carpenter shavings
on top, as Mr. Heddou directs, 1 find it usually more
convenient to pick up a little bunch of green grass,
and I find this answers the purpose. I have, how-
ever, had made a circular piece of tin, tilled with
■'a-inch holes, and having a diameter about Vi inch
less than the diameter of the smoker. A piece of
wire, fastened into the central part, serves as a
handle, and this piece of tin being always on hand
serves in place of wet shavings or grass. An im-
provement, perhaps, would be to fasten the circular
piece of tin in the nozzle of the smoker.

I have made an entire sueces; of using planer
shavings in a Clark smoker. To light it I take a
piece of saltpeter wood, light it, and put it in the
smoker, either after putting in a few shavings, or
after the smoker has been crammed full of shav-
ings. Then I blow till it is well going. I find that
it works just as well in the Clark as in the Bingham.

I like the Bingham better than the Clark, because
it requires no cleaning of the tube, and is good,
whether old or new. I like the Clark, if the tube
would not fill up, better than the Bingham, because
it costs less, and because it sends a stronger blast.
A new Clark is about perfection.

LEGISL.\T10N FOK BEE-liEEPEUS.

A committee was appointed at the North-Ameri-
can Convention at Indianapolis, to inquire into the
desirability and feasibility of obtaining such legis-
lation a^ would secure bee keepers a right to cer-
tain territory, without lear of intrusion from other
parties. The convention by no means indorsed such
legislation, for 1 think few of them had given the
matter enough previous thought to be familiar with
it, but they merely thought worth while to inquire in-
to the matter. If bee-keepers will give their views
through the bee papers it will heljp the committee
to make a more intelligent report at the next meet-
ing. Please give us your reasons for and also
against either the desirability or the feasibility of
such legislation. C. C. Miller.

Marengo, 111., Dec. 1, 1886.

P. S.— Since writing the above, Gleanings for
Dec. 1 has come to hand, and I will say to the good
friends Z. T. Hawk and A. F. Stauffer, that I will
try to reply soon to their courteous remarks and
queries. I will just say to friend Hawk, at the risk
of lowering his estimation of my intelligence, that I
am not joking, but in dead earnest; and although
not certain, I think I am right. At any rate it will
do no harm for us to talk it over in a good-natured
way, and I will try hard to keep down my temper.

M.

Friend M., I think there is no question
but that heat will prove a p?rfpct cure for
most forms of diarrhea, providing it be ad-

ministered just right. You know all of our
old troubles of spring dwindling gave way
to the intlnence of warm sunshiny weath-
er, especially when it came accompanied
with honey from the soft maples or from
fruit-bloom. — I am glad to hear your good
Avoids for the Clark smoker. At the Mich-
igan Convention we had some good-natur-
ed jokes in regard to our respective smo-
kers, and some of them seemed a little sur-
prised when 1 told them I never claimed
that the Clark smok&r was the hc^l smoker
in every respect. In fact, I always feel a
little modesty in claiming that any thing
made by myself is better than anybody
else can make. Even if it were a fact, I
don't believe I should want to say it. If
tlie Clark sends a stronger blast than the
Bingham, even when new, I think that is
a pretty good recommend for it. We are
working hard on the problem of making
one so the blast-tube will not till up. — You
may be right in regard to the matter of
legislation, but I fear there will be a heap
of objections before we can bring it to
pass. 1 for one should be very glad indeed
if I could purchase the privilege of keep-
ing all the bees that are kept, inside of a
certain district, without being obliged to
purchase the entire real estate of that dis-
trict. If it can be done, it will certainly
be a great thing for bee-men, and, in real
truth, it will not harm the occupants of
said district, or inconvenience them to an
amount great enough to be estimated. Per-
haps we might buy the privilege of the
land-owners, in some localities. (4o ahead,
friend M. We shall be glad to hear what
you can suggest in the matter.

KRETCHMER'S INVERTIBLE FRAME
AND HIVE.

AN INGENIOUS AKRANGEMENT.

fHBSE frames are separated from each other
and from the case, and have all the lateral
adjustments of the Langstroth frame. By
referring to the illustration below it will be
seen that only the right-hand end of the top-
bar projects beyond the end-piece of the frame,
resting on a rabbet. A, which is less than ^i inch;
while the left-hand end of the bottom-bar, C, pro-
jects likewise into a similar rabbet of the hive, rest-
ing on astrip of metal, D, inserted into a saw-kerf
cut in the end of the hive.

KRETCHMER'S METHOD OP MAKING AN INVERTIBLE
HIVE AND rNVERTIBLE FRAME.

To remove the frame from the hive, we have on-
Iv to lift the right-hand end a little in advance of

188tj

GLEANINGS IN JJliE CULTURE.

USl

the left-hand end. This movement disengages the
lower left-hand end of the bottom - bar, and the
frame, with comb and bees, can be removed or ad-
justed to any i))ace in the hive as readily as an L.
frame. To invert the comb, simply turn the frame
end over end, and it is ready to be inserted into the
hive in an inverted position, as top and bottom of
the frame are alike.

If the condition of the couilis is such as to admit
inverting- them all together, we slip a strip of metal
like D (usually a '^a-incli strip of hoop iron), into the
saw-kerf B, over the ends of the frame-tops; and
the entire ease, with frames, combs, and bees, may
be inverted, end over end; and when thus inverted,
the case and frames, with their adjustments, are
just the same as they appeared before inverting.
In fact, both top and bottom of both hive and
frames are alike; and, regardless which side of the
case is up, any frame can be removed from the top
as readily as an L. frame, by removing the metal
strip D, which was below the bottom, now over the
ends of the top-bar. A hole or two pierced into the
metal strip, into which a nail, or the corner of the
putty-knife, may be inserted, assists in removing
said strip.

While these frames work well in a hive as deep as
a Langstroth hive, we use them in our two-story
alternating hive, the frames of which are only si.v
inches deep. When of such depth they can readily
be handled with one hand; although in a hive,
practically arranged to alternate the upper with
the lower story, the combs require very little hand-
ling. In fact, we don't handle one frame in this
hive where we handle four in any other hive, to ac-
complish the same result.

A few weeks ago, while looking over my past rec-
ords of wintering bees under various conditions and
preparations, I found that 1 had sustained less loss
of bees in the alternating hive than in any other,
although wintered on the summer stand, which I
attribute largely to their thorough central commu-
nication, the two cases of brood-combs being V2
inches deep, with a ' i-inch space through the cen-
ter. Do not understand me as advocating tall hives.
I have used hives with frames U inches deep, and
sustained heavy losses, as tall hives necessarily are
of small circumference, and the cold penetrates
from all sides, and reaches the bees sooner than in
a shallower hive. E. Kketchmer.

Coburg, Iowa, Dec, ]88ti.

Friend K., your plan is not new, so i'ar as
the frame is concerned. Tlie idea, however,
of slipping a piece of hoop iron over the
frames, so the hive may be inverted, is, so
far as I remember, original. The whole
difficulty with such an arrangement is, that
frames supported by opijosite corners are
not tirm and substantial. If heavy with
honey, the upper unsupported corner will
sag over to one side or tiie other, and notli-
iug will keep them in place except project-
ing wood, nail-heads, or something of that
.sort, and then we have frames at lixed dis-
tances. We give the illustration more to
show to others that this field has been al-
ready worked over, than with the hope that
it will ever be adopted. (3f course, it would
work very much better with a shallow frame,
say five or six inches deep, than with the
ordinary L. Iramc. A broad base ^^•ould
also help the fiame to stand securely.

FHIEND DADANT IN EEGAED TO THE
SALE OF HONEY.

CAN IT EVER COMPETE WITH THE SUG.A.K-1NUUSTKY?

HIEND ROOT:— You will not be astonished \t
I come forward to take issue with friend
Heddon on his article, page 8S2. He and I
hardly ever agree on details, but we have
never fallen out with one another, even if
we have had pretty warm discussions in different
papers.

Friend Heddon says honey will never become a
staple. Are not syrups a staple? And is not honey
better than syrup, and more healthful V Indeed,
we have low prices; but how long will that last'/
By looking back to our accounts I find that, in 1880,
only 6 years ago, we were selling honey, at whole-
sale, in .5 lb. cans, at "Jt els. per can, or 15 cts. per lb.
In 1883, only 3 years ago, we sold 14,358 lbs. of honey
(28 barrels) to Thurber, Whyland & Co., of New
York, for .^1435.80, or 10 cents per lb., delivered in
New York city. This was mostly fall honeij. At
the:e wholesale prices, the honey was retailed at
not less than 18 or 20 cents, and, of course, could
not be expected to compete with syrups.

This year, for the first time, we are ottering hon-
ey in cans, at 8 cts. wholesale, and 10 cts. retail; and
it is selling well, altiiough. to be sure, we have to
offer it. and we would sell but little if we should sit
down and say, " Honey is not a staple, never will
be, and is only tit for sauce," which is the long and
the short of Heddon's argument.

But can honey become a staple, and compete
with syrup, so long as it is refilled at 10 cents, while
the best granulated sugar is only f)'»? Evidently
not; and yet bee-keepers, owing to the new meth-
ods of production, are overstocked with it, and can
not realize more than 4 or 5 cents on the large
markets. Why? For the very reason that they
send it to the large markets instead of trying to
make it a staple by selling it at home, for a trifle
more than they can get on the wholesale market.

But Mr. Heddon and others will say, " I am not
a peddler, nor do I wish to be." Very well; but you
will find plenty of men who will peddle your honey
for one or two cents per pound, and make big
wages. The reason why honey is not yet a staple,
like sj'rups, is, that consumers don't know that it
can be had so cheap. They may read Chicago or
St. Louis quotations at 4 or 5 cents, but they either
see no honey at all, or the little that they buy is
sold to them at 12 to 15 cents or more. As Prof.
McLain truly remarked, in a visit which he paid us
a few days ago, " Not one-flfth of the children, the
world over, know what honey tastes like." Per-
haps children don't like honey 1

How can we induce bee-keepers to push their
home market? If they will not listen to reason,
they will learn It by dear experience. After a few
sales in the large cities, at 3 or 4 cents per lb., they
will conclude to job it in their own neighborhood at
ti or 8 cents. Then the people will learn to prefer
it to syrups, and, for some purposes, even.to sugar.

I see by the commercial reports, that there are 12
grocers in Dowagiac. How many of them keep
your honey, friend Heddon? Of our 9 grocers in
Hamilton, 7 sell Dadant's honey, and the other two
do not sell it, simply because we considered their
trade too small to be worthy of attention.

Will it pay to raise honcj- at 5 cents iier lb.? We
might !is well ask whether it i)iiys to grow wheat at

[)S-J.

GLEANlNGiS, IN BEE CULTUKE.

Dec.

60 to 65 cents, oats at 18 to 30 cents, or to raise and
fatten hogs for 2 or 3 cents per lb. And bee-keep-
ers are just as likely to quit bee-keeping- because of
low prices, as farmers ai-e likely to quit farming,
from the same cause.

Friend Heddou undoubtedly makes beekeeping-
pay, for he follows our methods on extracted hon-
ey, so far as we know, and bis crops are always
large. Our crop this season is 24, COO lbs., and the
prospect is that we shall get rid of it without having
to crowd it on the large markets, in competition
with that of others. C. P. Dadant.

Hamilton, 111., Nov. 27, 1886.

Many thanks, fnend Dadant, for coming for-
ward at just tliis point, and supplementing
my own ideas with the results of your large
experience. If it were only the bee-keepers
who are In great trouble because the receipts
but little more than pay expenses, we might
have cause for alarm. Not an hour ago. a
neighbor, who is a farmer, made the remark
tluit his stuff would not sell for enough to
pay the wages of iiis hired help, let alone liis
own time and the interest of liis money.
Now, I hope he will not feel hurt because I
suggest that his attention was given too
much to other business to make farming-
pay. I am sure that a man who would give
his whole attention ta this very same farm,
and go into it brain and muscle, would make
it pay ; and so it is witli bees. Very likely,
bee culture will not warrant one in keeping
very much hired help, and neither will farm-
ing. _

EFFECT OF ALTITUDE UPON" BLOOM.

DOES THE INCREASE IN ATjTITUDE HAVE ANY EF-
FECT UPON THE BLOOMING OF FLOWERS?

T WISH to give you some observations on the In-
j^ fluence of altitude. Two or three times the
^l question has been asked in Gleanings, if, with

•^ an increase ot altitude, the blooming of flowers
is not later, thus prolonging the honey-season.
I know tliat this is the general idea, but there must
be exceptions. I live about three miles to the east
of the crest of the ridge between the Mississippi
and Tennessee Rivers, which ru:i3 nearly north and
south, and the slope in the direction of my resi-
dence lias a fall of about lOD feet to the mile. Now,
with this difference in distance and altitude, the
crest has had, for the last twelve years, an average
advantage in earliness of about two weeks, and
the same in lateness of frost in tlie 4'all, thus pro-
longing the season nearly a month. I will further
state, as I think it has some influence, that our pre-
vailing winds are from the southwest and west.

JAPANESE CLOVER— LespL'deza Striata,
Is a plant that I wish to call the attention of bee-
keepers to— not as a honr'y-produeer, but as an ene-
my of honey-producing- plants. The first mention
that 1 have of it is that one Thumberg, a German,
saw it growing- in Japan, nearly one luindred years
ago. It was first seen in the U. S. in tlia vicinity of
Charleston, S. C, about the year lS4il, and has since
spread over several States. It reached this section
about throe years ago; and from what I have seen
of it I can nearly indorse Mr. Pendleton, of Geor-
gia, who said, "It hasgreat powers of endurance, and
will absolutely root out and destroy every other liv-
ing plant in its wide-spread path." This particular-
ly includes white clover. You Mill first see it along-

railways and highways, and then it spreads over all
the intervening country. As yet, I know nothing
that will stop it, so I suppose it will continue its
devastating march northward. W. H. Greek.

Paris, Tenn., Nov. £2, 18S6.

Friend G., if the altitude were on a high
hill or mountain, I think you would have
found the later blooming, as has been men-
tiofied. It is well known, that elevated
lands are not so liable to be affected by
frosts. This is perhaps owing to the fact
that the cold air flows by gravity into the
valleys, leaving the warmer air on the hill-
tops.—I think the Japanese clover has been
mentioned before. Will our friends at the
experimental colleges tell us if they have
found it as friend (t. states— a dangerous
weed V Gray's Botany calls it a great beuetit.

QUEENS' VOICES.

I»lPlX(i OK (QUEENS NO']' MADE BY TUH WINGS.

OTICING an article in Gleanings of Nov.
1, on rhe above subject, induces me to
I'elatc an incident that came under my
olser\ation one day last spring; to wit: It
was Sunday, and my wife, desiring to g-et
along with as little work as possible in her
apiary that day, concluded to catch the queens
as they came out, and provide places for the colo-
nies by the time they got ready to settle. She
caught a Carniolan queen and some half a dozen or
more workers under a glass, and then transferred
them to a wire cage, and brought them in the house
for me to admire. She set the ciige down on a ta-
ble, and went out to attend to her bees while I was
busy reading. Every once in a while I heard a way-
ofif sound, as if from a locomotive in distress, and
finally was astonished to discover that the noise
was made by the imprisoned queen. She would run
round in the cage, making frantic efforts to get
out, and occasionally stop still and utter her plaint-
ive, distressing call, which was along "toot" fol-
lowed by two or three short toots, thus: t-o-o-l, toot,
toot, toot. The call was so loud that it could be dis-
tinctly heard across a large room. I am satisfied
that the queen's wings contributed nothing toward
the sound, as they appeared perfectly still when she
did her piping; in fact, frantic as she was to get out
of the cage, she would always stop perfectly sf (7?
before making her call. J. F. H.vrner.

Taylor ville, Christian Co.. 111.

Friend 11., the tooting you mention is
quite a common thing with us. here at the
ilome of the IIoney-Bees. When we have a
lot of queens piled up on our mailing-table,
ready to go off, they very frequently get to
calling; and when the room is still, say after
working hours, I have often heard them call
so plainly that their different notes could be
heard distinctly in an adjoining room, some
distance away. The matter was written up
some years ago, under the title of "Queens'
Voices,'" and you will find something about
it in the A B C book. Since you mention it, I
recall to mind that they usually stand still
when they utter this note. It requires some
effort of the muscular system, for we can
plainly see her little body shake and quiver
when she utters the loud calls. We should
like to have Prof. Cook tell us if they have
studied up this matter at the college.

1886

GLEANmGS IK BEE CULTUflE.

983

WHAT TO DO, AND HOW TO BE HAPPY WHILE DOINC IT.

Continued from Xnv. l'>.

CHAPTER XXXI.

Godliness with contentment is gain.— I. Tim. r>:ti.

Most people consider winter a dreary sea-
son. It has been much so to me ; but I be-
lieve I am learning to enjoy whatever
weather God sees fit to send us. If we look
at the weather as a gift from God, there
should be nothing dreary about any of it ;
and this way of looking at the weather, and
all things which are entirely beyond our
control, is, I believe, the contentment men-
tioned in the text at the head of this chap-
ter. I have told yoit how much I love and
enjoy sunshine; yet during this winter I
have been taking real enjoyment in seeing
the sun go further and further toward the
south, until it rises only a little way up, and
is now almost away over in the southern
horizon, even at noontime. Our new green-
house, which I enjoyed so much a year ago,
is now completely shaded by the new factory
until almost noon ; but when the sun com-
mences to come back again, as it will in a
few days, I shall have an additional enjoy-
ment in seeing it illuminate the greenhouse
more and more each succeeding day. I have
enjoyed more than ever before, I think,
gathering our crops and getting every thing
snug and in good shape for winter's frosts.
We have secured an immense crop of cab-
bage. I figured up, at the time we put
them away for winter, that we had enough
to furnish the Medina people with 100 lbs.
every day for a year. Somewhat to my sur-
prise, however, we sold nearer oOO lbs. a day
than 100, so our large crop is going off very
rapidly. Just before putting them away
we put the price down to one cent a pound,
and this probably gave them quite a start.
We have, however, at this date (Dec. lo),
advanced the price to U cts. per lb., and
still they go off quite rapidly. We base our
price a good deal on the city quotations.

HOW TO WINTER CABBAGES.

In our locality, cabbages keep nicely in the
open air by standing them together with the
heads downward on a piece of ground where
water can not possibly stand, and then
shovel dirt on the roots until they are nearly
covered. It pays to have order and system,
even in so simple a matter as putting away
cabbages for winter. Ours were set in six
or seven large beds. Jietween these beds is
plenty of room to drive a team. The earth-
ing-up is done gradually, so as not to cause

them to rot before cold weather sets in.
The location chosen should be on some soft
mellow ground where plenty of earth can be
easily shoveled from the alleys or roadways,
to cover the vegetables. The act of remov-
ing the dirt in the roadways also makes
water-courses. In gathering the cabbage we
have stout men in the fields pulling them,
while a stout team of horses with a stout
sled drive them to the place where they are
to be put away. On the next page, our artist
has given a picture of the team in the act of
drawing a load of cabbages.

In the foreground is the new barn and
toolhouse that I told you about last month.
The bridge that leads from the embankment
on to the upper floor is not very plainly
shown. The tool-house has been so well de-
scribed before, we need not take space to go
over it again.

On the opposite page is a picture of the
same buildings, taken from the cabbage-
patch. The shed and poultry-house I told
you about last month is now in full view.
The glass sash, like a small lean-to green-
house, is in the foreground. It answers the
purpose admirably. Under the sash is
plenty of dry earth for the fowls to wallow
in, and bask in the rays of the sun. Over
this earth I frequently give them a bed of
forest-leaves, with grain scattered among
the leaves. If you want to see fowls enjoy
themselves just give them such accommoda-
tions. Their corner of the shed was, as I
told you, done off with tarred building-pa-
per and matched ceiling, and is, most of the
time, too warm unless the sliding windows
which you see are thrown open wide. The
interior of the rest has been so fully describ-
ed heretofore, that I hardly need go over it
again.

When I was a boy I used to dislike to do
chores more than almost any thing else.
Feeding cattle, pigs, and chickens, seemed
to me drudgery ; but with the above-arrang-
ed conveniences, however, it is now one of
the things I enjoy particularly. I like to go
around at night, and see how thoroughly our
plans for keeping out frost answer the pur-
pose desired. I like to bank up earth or
coarse manure over exposed portions, where
the frost seems inclined to get in. F like to
hear tlie pigs grunt their satisfaction with

984

ULEAiNlJSGS 1^ BEE CULTUKE.

bfiC.

the arrangements made for tlioir comfort.
I like to see the chickens look at me inquir-
ingly, as thej" utter a (juerulous note, as
much as to say, " Do you leally love us, and
want to get acquainted witli usV I like to
have the cows and liorses put out their
noses, as though they regarded me as a par-
ticular friend and not an enemy. While
speaking about makiug arrangements to
keep out frost, it occurs to me to mention
that, where we have buildings without stone
underpinning, or simply stone supports un-
der the corners, we have lieeu in the hal)it

yard away from the building, but it is so
deep that the water is all kept entirely away
from the interior. This keeps the earth on
the inside of the poultry-house dry and dusty
at all times. Xoav, T enjoy digging these
ditches, and l)anking up the earth, especial-
ly where it is done nicely. No matter how
hard it rains, no water can by any possibility
back up into the interior of the Iniilding.

rKKPAIllNO CELEKY FOR WINTER.

In speaking of banking up the earth
around the outbuildings, as mentioned
above. T am reminded of the matter of pre-

"1

\TEW OF OrH NEW nXRN AND TOOT.HOr.^E. WITH A T.OAD OF CABBAGES TN THE FOHEOROrND.

of cutting up old tinware, slippiug one edge
up under the battens to the out-l)uildings,
and letting the other end come down into
the ground. You can bank earth or manure
up against this without any fear of rotting
the woodwork. Around the pig-pens and
poultry-house we have taken great pains to
keep away water and dampness. To this
end we have eave-spouting clear around
these buildings, although they are not shown
in both pictures : and along the edge of the
weather-boarding a deep trench is made,
the earth being used to bank up, as explain-
ed. The bottom of the trench is perhaps a

serving celery for winter. As many of the
friends have made inquiries in regard to
keeping this vegetable safely. T will describe
oiu- plan a little in detail.

Where you have but few roots, of course
the cellar is the usual way of saving them,
and nothing more is necessary to keep them
safely than a bottomless box or tub, the
roots all being on the cellar bottom, or, if
you prefer, in loose damp earth, directly on
or in the cellar bottom. Where you have
several tubs full, and wish to keep it some
little length of time, the latter plan may be
tlie best. I have seen a little bit of puddle.

1886

GLEAJ^flJSG^iS IN HEK CULTLIM-:.

985

made riglit in llie dirt (»!' tlie cellar boUom.
by digging a shallow excavation, and pour-
ing in water. The roots of the celery are in
this shallow puddle, while the tops are held
close together and kept in the dark by the
box or tub. These plans answer very well,
providing your celery is soon to be used. If
left too long it is apt to rot. Sometimes it
will heat and spoil in a very short time, if
you get too great a quantity massed up tight
together, or if your cellar is very warm.
Suppose, however, you are raising it by the
acre, or in still larger quantities. In that

sides lifiiiL; thoroughly diaiued, .should he,
if possible, protected from tlie prevailing
winds. The rows of celery are taken out of
the ground by plowing away the dirt with a
one-horse plow, until the roots can be easily
pulled by hand, without breaking or injur-
ing them. If once plowing is not enougli.
plowing several times will do it. If the soil
is \ery mellow, however, where the celery
grows, it can often be taken up almost as
quickly without any plowing. It will need
two men. or a man and boy. to take up the
roots rai)idly. The man should have a tile

llAKX AXI> ToOI.-Hol'fiK, UEAI! VIKW, SH(l\VIN<i M ANUI{K-Mn:i>, TlCi I'KN, ANJ) TOT I.TU V-IIOLSK, E'J'<

case we adopt a plan similar to the one de-
scribed for putting away cal^lniges for win-
ter, only we are to remember that celery will
not stand as much frost. Select a piece of
dry, mellow ground. Thoroughly under-
drained ground is by far the best. Of boards
or plank, make a square inclosure large
enough to hold your whole product when
the roots are packed as close together as
they will stand. Throw out the earth from
the inside, and bank against the outside un-
til the tops of the celery will hardly reach to
the top edge of the boards or plank when
the roots are in the earth. The location, be-

spade or a potato-fork — we prefer the latter.
By the aid of his foot he thrusts the fork
deep enough beside the ])lant to pry it loose,
roots and all. The boy then lifts the plant
and shakes of as much olT the dirt as will
come oft" easily. The plants are laid in two
rows, so as to be convenient for the team
and sled, before descriljed. When the sled
is close ])eside the place prepared to put the
plants, they are carried to the packer, who
sets them up against one side of the excava-
tion. To keep them from falling over, a
board is ])laced a fool or lifteen inches from
the side. This may be kept in place by

98«

GLEANIJ^GS IN BEE CULTURE.

Dec.

means of stakes on the outside. The roots
are then packed between the board and the
wall, until reaching the corner. The opera-
tor will get along faster by having a low
wooden box or stool to sit on. The boards
to hold the plants in place may be the cheap-
est kind of culled lumber. When one row is
finished, another board is put in, and then
more plants, until the inclosure is filled.
Nothing now is visible but the tops of the
celery, and this is a little below the level of
the sides of the pit. It is now covered with
straw, swamp grass, or something of that
nature, a little being put on at first, and
more as the weather becomes cooler, about
two feet being needed for a protection in
the middle of winter. Over this straw, or
poor hay, is placed a roof of culled boards,
to carry off the water and to aid in keeping
out frost. When the weather is very cold,
close all openings with boards and straw and
banks of earth, a place being left on one side
to get in at, to get out the celery as needed.
If you should find it covered with frost, and
looking as if it were entirely frozen, don't be
alarmed. It will thaw out and be as good
as ever, if not frosted too severely. In fact,
it is better to have a little frost, than to go
to the other extreme, and keep it so warm
as to rot. It rots very quickly, unless pre-
vented by a low temperature. We now get
8 cents per pound for our celery ; and al-
though our people thought at first they never
could like red or pink celery as well as the
white, they now prefer it 'above the White
Plume. Our best celery, however, owes its
excellent qualities to its rapid growth on
very rich ground, I think, more than to the
fact that it is either white or red. The lat-
ter, however, has a nutty fiavor.

In regard to the time of putting the cel-
ery and cabbage into their winter reposito-
ries, if they have not done growing I would
let them stand as long as can be safely done
without injury from frost. There is also
much less liability of damage by rotting
when they are left out until rather late, or
until the weather is cool. In our locality,
from the 1st to the 1.5th of November is
about the time for putting them away.
Sometimes we have freezes hard enough to
do damage to them in the fore part of No-
vember, but not often ; and, again, where
the mild weather holds on until late, we may
often safely wait until the last of Novem-
ber. One needs to watch for the right kind
of a day, and then get out all hands and do
it up quickly, to do the work to the best ad-
vantage.

BAKOMETERS AND THERMOMETERS FOR
FARMERS AND MARKET-GARDENERS.

It occurs to me here to mention that I
have found a mercurial barometer a great
help in this matter of studying the weather.
Over and over again have I consulted the
barometer in the morning before starting
the meh and teams to their work. For in-
stance, we may have been waiting for i\
rain, in order to set out a lot of plants.
When the barometer is falling, even though
there is every indication of fair weather, all
hands are set at work preparing the ground
for the plants. Freshly prepared eartlt
seems to answer much better for transplant-
ing. Sometimes we get at the work of put-
ting the plants out, before any rain has
come at all ; and then how nice it is to have
a good shower just as the job is finished I I
do not think the barometer has failed us
once this season in this respect. At other,
times the appearances are very strong for
a settled rainy day, but the barometer is
steadily rising. At such a time I start the
boys with the market-wagon, and the other
team to cultivating, telling them there will
not be rain enough to inconvenience them
long. Sometimes the change of weather is
slower in coming than I had expected, but
it always comes, sooner or later. When 1
am in a hurry I can tell which way the ba-
rometer is tending, by a Ititle discovery of
my own, but I have never seen it in print.
It is this : Give the woodwork of the instru-
ment a tap with your fingers, and the mer-
cury will almost always start either up or
down. This movement shows the tendency
of the atmosphere. In an hour, give it an-
other tap, and you can verify still further
the way in which the weather is tending.

I have before spoken of the advantage of
having a thermometer also ; and of late we
have been greatly pleased with a self-regis^
tering thermometer that tells just how cold
or how warm it has been, even when you
have not been near to look at it. This in- '
strument sometimes helps me in this way :
Some potatoes or squashes may be left ex-
posed, and we are not yet ready to move
them. I look at the thermometer, and find
it stands 30- above zero. Now, I know this
will not hurt them, because I have observed,
a short time before, it went down during
the night at one time as low as 25 ; and as
the vegetables were uninjured, there is no
immediate need of moving them now. We
can not tell by our feelings how cold it is ;
but a very cheap thermometer tells us near
enough for all practical purposes.

1SS6

GLEAlSriNGS IN BEE CULTURE.

987

JS'ow, one reason why I like to be up at
half-past five in the morning, even in the
winter time, is, that I may be able to meet
every hand as he comes to work, in case
tlie weather demands that he have ditterent
instructions from those given him the night
before. The man who feeds and harnesses
the horses, often needs, on account of a
change in the weather, to put on the single
harness instead of the double ones which
were decided on the night before. By being
on hand I can get every man started right,
and in a way that will prevent contlict and
annoyance. I have heard of people who
could keep a number of men at work, and
be away, letting each one manage himself ;
but I do not know how he can do it and pay
expenses. He might employ a foreman, it is
true ; but where he can find a hundred men
who will w(U"k very well under his super-
vision, he will not find one who could take
charge, profitably, of even ten men.

COLD-FKAMK I'LANTS.

A year ago we succeeded splendidly in
wintering plants for early cabbage, in a cold-
frame, such as is illustrated in Chapter X.
The labor of opening the ends is trifiing
compared with the usual way of removing
the sash, or even sliding it back wlien more

ventilation is needed. W'v have just finish-
ed a cold frame, and filled it with plants
made on this principle. 2:2 x 28 feet. How 1
do love to see the plants tbrive. right in the
depth of winter I The sight of tlieni is. to
me. a constant reminder of the iiapp\
springtime soon to come. Yes, and there is
another thing that I feel happy about. In
two or three weeks more I shall commence
starting celery-plants again ; and how I do
enjoy seeing our greenhouse and cold frames
crowded to their uttermost, every inch of
space being occupied with plants that are
soon to take their place in the open ground.
During the past season we succeeded in get-
ting nice celery on the market in July.
With the experience we have had, I believe
we can do it this season even in June, and
then we shall have celery almost, if not
([uite, all the year round. TIow I do love to
raise celery and cabbage plants for sale!
Although we thought we had a plenty be-
yond any demand that could possibly spring
up, toward the last of the season we ran out
of both celery and cabl)age plants, and were
obliged to purchase a good many thousands
of each. Xow, the purchased plants were
none of them anywhere near equal to our
own fnint<ptan(ed plants, and this year we
think we can succeed in raising enough.

CHAPTER XXXII.

Let all things be done decently and In order.— I. Cor. 14: 40.

I have several times referred to the mat-
ter of order and system ; but I want to do it
again in this chapter, especially in regard to
laying out our ground and putting in the
seeds. I prefer to speak of it now l)ecause
it is winter time, and you have usually plen-
ty of leisure to lay out your plans for anoth-
er season. If you have not had experience,
you may think it a simple thing to do the
planning after the ground is fully prepared.
My friend, Avhen you are rushed and busy,
during April, May, and June, you may be
obliged to resort to one of two alternatives.
One is to stop and do your planning while
your men and teams are waiting for you.
The other is. to let them go ahead without
any plan, and take the conseciuences. One
of the consequences will be, that you will
have your stulf mixed up. For instance,
you start to sow Stratagem peas, and the
piece of ground ^oii laid out for them will

not hold all the seed. As you want it all
used, the remainder is put in another piece
of ground, perhaps some distance from the
first. If you have not tried it you may be
inclined to think this will make but little
difference ; hut when your crops are all
mixed up in this way you will find it a very
great annoyance. It takes time to get ready
to get at any piece of work— even a simple
one like picking peas ; and it takes time to
move baskets, water-jugs, and other things,
to another piece of ground to finish the job.
Still worse, every little while somebody will
pick one patch and forget about the other ;
whereas, if all your Stratagem peas had
been in one spot, all the above troubles
would have been saved. Again, you hur-
riedly bid the children go and pick the Strat-
agem peas. If there are tiro patches of the
peas, the children will be sure to go to tlu-
wrong patch, even if you tell them distinct-

988:

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

Dec.

ly. The consequence will be, probably, they
will pick a lot that are not yet ready to pick.
Last summer one of our very good girls
picked about two bushels of shell beans,
when she was sent to pick string beans. She
was picking by the bushel, and, in her anxi-
ety to make good wages, she did not notice
the difference. It was all caused by the
string beans being in tico places instead of
one place. Another time, a grown-up man
with a family, and one whom you would
think would know how to pick green corn,
picked a lot of corn when hardly an ear
was fit for use. If the corn had been all in
one place, this would not have happened. I
could go on enumerating mistakes and mis-
understandings that have cost us time and
money, all of which could have been avoid-
ed liad our crops been divided off and placed
in nice order, each different kind by itself.
If you plant all your crops, and gather them
all yourself, this in part might be avoided ;
but if your grounds are mixed up, a little
bit here and a little bit there, you will find
liourself skipping and forgetting something
tliat ought to have l)een gathered before it
got too old. During the past season we had
cucumbers in live different places on our
grounds, and we have scarcely a man or boy
who would go over the whole of them witli-
out forgetting or skipping one patch or an-
other until the cucumbers were too old to
sell. The same with summer squashes.

How shall we manage to sow all the seed,
and yet have it just till the allotted space
of ground, and have each crop all in one
place V There are several things to be con-
sidered in order to accomplish this. One
reason why we had cucumbers in so many
places was because we put them in where
some crop failed. How shall we manage so
as to have no failures V Can it be done V
I think it can. Have good seed that you
have tested in the house, or in a hot-l)ed or
greenhouse; or, better still, in the open
ground, tlic i/eur before. This latter plan
will not apply to a few kinds of vegetables,
but it will to the greater part of them. Seed
that gave you a nice crop and a nice stand
in 188H will, almost without exception, give
you also a nice crop in 1887. The few ex-
ceptions are, parsnips, onions, and leeks.
Peter Henderson says he would just as soon
have every thing else two years old, and no
more, as to have seeds just gathered. An-
other advantage of using seeds that have
given excellent satisfaction the year liefore
is, that there is no mist.ake or misvuuler-
standing jiboni having the i-x.tit thing yon

want ; for I tell you it is a terrible loss to
And, after your crop is ready to harvest, that
it is not what you meant to have it.

The matter of using the same seed for two
successive seasons also helps us in having
just so much ground for the crop, and hav-
ing it all in one place. Vou see, you can lay
out your ground in the winter, on paper,
then sow enough seed to till the allotted
space, and put the rest away until next sea-
son ; that is, when your seed is fresh. There
is another advantage here : Yoxx have whole
row's, and no pieces of a row. Sometimes
yon fuss more with a piece of a row, or in-
jure the plants of half of it in cultivating,
than the row is worth. By having all of
each crop in one place we are also enabled
to have long rows, thus facilitating the mat-
ter of cultivation. See Chapter XVI. You
are also under the necessity of having but
one label ; whereas, if you had two patches
you would have to have two labels. You
may regard this as a small matter; l)ut
there are few things in raising crops that
have made us more troulde than the matter
of labeling. We have over and over again
resolved tliat. no matter liovv hurried we
were, every crop should l>e plainly labeled at
the time it was planted. But year after
year we come face to face with the sad fact
that some crop we either want or don't want
has no laljel on it ; therefore we have no
means of securing exactly the same another
season, tn- of avoiding the same another
season. .Vs an illustration : \\> planted a
patch of Hubbard squashes. I got a little
impatient of some delays at the time it was
put in, and suggested that there was no
need of a label. l)ecause everybody knew
Hubbard squashes as soon as they began to
fruit. So the squash-patch did not have any
label. Now, does it not really seem reason-
aljle there was no need of any label on Hub-
bard squashes? In two or three weeks it
was evident that the seed was old or poor,
for the plants did not come up, even though
the weather and soil were favorable. Then
the question arose, Did we buy this Hub-
Ijard squash-seed of Henderson. Landreth,
or of ( iregoryV The package containing the
seed was thrown away — no one could tell.
But I suggested that some other squashes be
planted at one side of the hills, that would
mature in a shorter time than the Ilubbards.
By putting them to one side we gave the
Hubljards a chance to come up if they want-
ed to. If they didn't, the others could have
the cToiiud. Xii IkIicU irerc put on the last
S(-ul , an<l when lliev began to be lit for use.

issb

(rLEA^i:N"GS LN^ BEE CIJLTUKE.

'.m

they were sometliino? we had never seen be-
fore, and wt' did not know whether they
were to be nsed as snmmei- sqnashes, fall,
or winter. Finally we tried selling some of
them ; Init none of our customers liked them.
We waiteil till fall, and tried them again,
bnt with the same result, and we have a lot
of them now that nobody wants. We are
quite sure we don't want any more such;
bnt as we don't know where we got the seed,
how aie Ave to be certain we shall not unin-
tentionally plant the same thing another
year? A few days ago I saw a -pkiure of
the S(iuash we never want to see again, in
one of l^andreth's catalogues. It is what he
calls his •• White Turban.'" and it may an-
swe]- a very good purpose on their soil, but
we never want anymore White Turban here,
even if they irill keep twelve months, as he
says. Of course, it is one of the "novelties.*'
Now a Diost wiportant point is, it was put in
oiu- price list of seeds in 188(i, because Imii-
dreth recommended it, and we would not
have it in another season for any considera-
tion. So much for the value of a simple
label.

After we have decided that every kind of
seed sown must have a good plain label, the
question comes up. Where shall we put the
label V 8;mie of the friends might say,
*' Make a diagram of your grounds, in a
book, and mark the articles so as to corres-
pond with the diagram." This might do
very well, but I do not know where we
could put the book to keep it from getting
lost, carried away, or mislaid. If we are to
write on a stake, w^here shall we put the
stake? Again, what shall we write with so
the rains and sunshine won't obliterate it V
I have thought a good many times I had
found a pencil or a kind of ink that would
write on a smooth stick, so the sun and rain
would not fade it. The writing is all faded,
however, sooner or later, and one of the re-
sults of such fading was. that early cabbages
were sold t(» some of our customers when
they wanted late ones. Several of my good
friends purchased tomato-plants at "A. I.
Roofs establishment,"' so as to get some-
thing that was absolnlel;/ reliabJc; and in-
stead of getting fine large smooth tomatoes
they got— what do you thinkV— their garden-
patch filled up with great nice vines that
hore peor-shcqx (I tomRtoes for pickling, and
nothing else. I am afraid that even their
broad charity for a particular friend was a
little lacking this time. I told the boys on
the wagon to supply them with as many to-
matoes as the plants would probably have

borne, and take the pear-!shaped tomatoes
off their hands, and sell them, if they could,
at some price. This was a great deal of ex-
pense and trouble and bother, and it all hap-
pened just because a little stake with two
words on was lacking; namely, •'■ppnv-
shaped."

Terhaps you begin to surmise, by this
time, that I have some i)atent-right stake
and label to sell. Xot (|uite that, but 1
have found a plan tliat pleases me very well,
and 1 think it will please you if you follow
it to the letter. First get some stakes like
the one pictured below. J^et them be about
a foot long, and made of inch boards, so as
to be two inches wide at the large end, and
slanting to a sharp point at tlie other.*

I would have them made of pine, because
pine is slow to rot.

STAKK KOK LAUELLNG PLANTS AND VEG-
ETABLES.

The reason why I recommend putting in
so much timber is, that we have been so
much annoyed by small stakes being broken
off by walking over them, or by the horse or
cultivator. Stakes made like the cut above,
if kicked, or caught by the cultivator, will
pull out, and may be put back in the ground
again, but they can not well be broken.
How shall we mark the stake ':* Have some
small-sized tacks in one of your vest pockets
(tinned tacks are preferred), and with your
finger and thumb-nail tack the label onto
the stick— I mean the label on the package
of seeds. If you buy a packet of corn or
peas from any of the prominent seedsmen,
you will find a printed label on the inside of
the bag. Tack this label around the stake,
folding the papei- where the tacks go
through, to make it thicker under the heads.
Peter Henderson uses the best and stoutest
paper for his seed-bags, of any firm I have
dealt with. These labels will stand on the
stakes over winter, and lie just as plain in
the spring as they were the fall before. Xot
only does this label tell the Mnd of vegeta-
ble, but it tells of v'hrmi the seeds were pur-
chased. When we have a crop of turnips
that pleases us, it is quite a gratification to
us to see the name of Peter Henderson in
large black letters, so plain that you can
read it from almost any part of the turnip-
patch. AVhere shall we put this stake with
its stout paper label securely fastened to it

•^Thcycan be cut out with a circular saw, for :iri
cts. per hundred, and probably even less stsU by
the thousand.

))9(»

GLEANmGS IN BEE CUlL'i'U^t.

Dec.

with the tinned tacks V Now, you may
think this is a simple question, but io is a
matter of no small moment. I tell you. Sup-
pose you have half a dozen different kinds
of strawl)erries in one row, to be tested.
Where will you put the stake V It can not
be in the middle of a dozen plants, be-
cause the stake ought to tell where one;kind
ends and another commences. If, however,
it is placed between two varieties, should it
describe the variety in front of the label, or
back of it ? Mr. Seth A. Bushnell, who has
spent almost a lifetime among plants and
fruits, originated, I believe, the plan we fol-
low, and he tells me that the great firm of
Storrs & Harrison, of Painesville, O., adopt
the same plan. It is simply this: Put down
your stake before you commence setting out
your strawberry-plants. Let the label face
you as you look at the stake, and let the
plants be set behind the stake. When you
have set all of that kind, pnsh another stake
in the ground, with the label facing you as
before, and set the plants back of the stake
MS before. I may say, right here, that the
stake illustrated above can be stamped into
almost any good ground Avith the heel of the
boot, deep enough to be secure. Now, then,
to our stakes and labels. W^hen you get to
the end of the row, turn right about and
come up on the next row, setting the stakes
before you as before, with the plantft tlie label
descrihes always hack of the stake. Just keep
doing this, and you will have no trouble, and
there will be no confusion. If, however,
you get up some plan of your own which
you think is simpler, you will eventually run
into trouble. I have tried it a good deal.
These stakes and labels will even answer
for potatoes. In hilling them up, if you
should cover your labels and stakes with
dirt, they can be plainly read Jjy washing
or rubbing the dirt off ; but any kind of pen-
cil or ink marks would be gone under the
influence of dirt and water.

HOW TO AVOID VACANCIES.

If one hill is missing, and other hills have
more plants than are needed, choose just the
right time after a rain, and transplant to
fill up; but don't plant some other crop if
you can avoid it. During the last season we
planted white beans where our sweet corn
failed. It was a bother to uncover the beans
when covered by the cultivator, and it was
a still harder one to gather the cro]). Two
very good boys went over the corn-field
tivice in order to get all the l)eans. But there

are white beans now, dotting the ground,
that have droj^ped out of the dried-up split
pods. Had the beans been all in a patch by
themselves, the boys would have gathered
every pod ; but scattered among the corn-
stubble, they could not see them, and I
don't know that I ever found a boy who
could. All these things should be taken
into consideration when planning our work.
Make it so plain and simple that you can
give orders to the different hands, almost
without the possibility of a mistake or mis-
understanding. Try in every possible way
to avoid having things so mixed up that an
old experienced man must be employed, in
place of a comparatively cheap boy who will
do almost as well if his work be so arranged
as to make it pleasant and easy for the little
fellow.

By doing every thing decently and in or-
der, we make work pleasant and easy ; but
Avhere we go ahead without system, or regard
for consequences, the way is open for mis-
understandings and fault-finding, and dis-
putes in regard to whose fault it was that
some accident happened. I expect, of
course, you will raise your own seeds to
some extent as soon as you can. How shall
they be put away and labeled? In the out-
set, I would decide upon some special room,
or part of a room, to be kept for seeds. Have
it labeled *' Seed-Room "" so there may be no
misunderstanding in regard to the locality,
when you send even a child there for some-
thing. Then I would have the seed-room
divided off into apartments, pigeon-holes, oi-
something of that sort, for each separate
kind of seed that yon decide to handle.
For peas, beans, and corn, and perhaps
some other bulky seeds, you will need a sort
of bin rather than a pigeon-hole. Over each
of these bins, have, in plain lai'ge letters,
"Peas," "Beans," " C^orn,'' etc. When
this is done each bin needs to be subdivided.
If you are going to have four kinds of corn,
and you can not well get along with a less
number, have these subdivisions plainly
labeled something as follows : Early Sweet
Corn, Late Sweet Corn, Field Corn, and
Pop Corn. Decide in this same way how
many kinds of peas you care to handle, and
have the pea-bin subdivided in the same
way. 1 think my choice of peas, after our
experience during the past season, would be
something like this: Extra^ Early Peas,
American Wonder, Stratagem, and York-
shire Hero.

To he continued Jan. 15, 1887.

He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.— Luke 16:10.

MYSELF AND MY NEIGHBORS.

Whosoever shall confess me before men, liiin will
T confess also before my Father which is in heaven.
—Matt. 10:32.

N coming home from the Michigan State
I Convention, on account of the extreme
cold weather tlie trains got behind ; and
on strilcing our own Medina road, I
found that our train had been gone
about twenty minutes. I'nder such circum-
stances, people usually decide to wait all
dav at Elyria, for the evening train. I made
up" my mind, however, that 1 was going to
get home before niglit, by hook or by crook.
The station agent' said 'there was ho coal-
train nor freight that I could go (m. Now,
one wlio gives up easily might have thought
tliat that settled the question ; but I replied
that [ knew there was a coal-train some
time during the afternoon. lie admitted it,
but replied they did not stop at Medina.

" But, my friend, they can surely be pre-
vailed upon to slack up so 1 can jump off
.somewhere in the vicinity of Medina."

He replied, that they were often desired
to do that verv thing, Ijut had strict orders
not to do it. Now. a good many would have
said that I was shut up on that score. Xot
so, however. I had begun to get a little
acquainted by this time. You remember
Avhat 1 have been saying to you about get-
ting ac(iuainted with people, and the ad-
vantages it gives. When we had got into
conversati«jn so he did not regard me as one
of that class of people who keep continually
bothering station agents witli useless ques-
tions, he suggested tli^J- I might see the su-

perintendent of the local freight, and that
he could, if he chose, give me a line to the
conductor to slack up, as requested. He
further remarked, that the superintendent
would be at the depot in a short time. I
told the superintendent who I was, and how
important it was that I should be at my
place of business, and he quite good natur-
edly gave me the written order I so much
wished.

Now, friends, when we succeed in getting
something we want from a neighbor, are we
always careful to express our gratitude? I
thanked the superintenden-t, and told him
that, when it should be in my power to do
him or liis road a favor, to bear in mind that
it would afford me pleasure to return the
favor just granted. Then I went to the
voung man who is agent, and thanked him
for so very kindlv taking the trouble to help
me get liome. l>y this time I felt pleasant
toward almost everybody. While waiting
for the train, a couple of hack-drivers came
in and sat down l)y the stove. A couple of
loungers made the company large enough so
they could tell stories. The stories were
principallv in regard to the ability with
which different persomiges in Elyria could
drink beer and whiskv, and still stand up
and walk around. A voung lady came in to
wait for a train. The station is a very small
one, at the crossing of the two roads. There
was only one waiting-room for both ladies
and geiitlemen. Now, these boys did not
smoke in the lady's presence, but they told
stories that were pretty nearly as offensive
to good taste as tobacco smoke: and they

{jy2

glea:niwgs in hee culture.

Dec.

seemed to think, that, because the hidy
smiled, it gave tliem permission to go on.
Perhaps yoa may ask v.iiy I did not use my
inlhience," or what skill I possess under such
circumstances, to get the boys on to some
other topic. Well, my friends, I studied
hard, and prayed hard, but I did not see any
opening for interruption, without having
them think I was a sort of crank, or eccen-
tric personage, who wanted to boast of his
own goodness and Christianity. f^ven
though this class of boys are ct>arse and low-
lived in their ways and talks, they are keen
enough as a rule, and bright enough, to see
the consistency of things, and can read a
man pretty thoroughly. ]jy the time the
train came I had not scraped up grace
enough to say any thing at all for the Master.
I do not mean that I did just right, how-
ever, for my conscience upbraided me for
not being a more faithful witness. I hardly
need tell you, that, as a rule, the brakesmen,
and the men who are employed to load and
unload freight, are a rough, drinking, and
swearing class, and I fully expected to find
such for my companions in the caboose car.
But I decided that I would have a little
more courage, and at least make an effort to
win these men just a little during my 25-
mile trip in the caboose car. The car was
divided into two apartments by a sort of
partition in the middle. Imagine my sur-
prise to see, hanging over the doorway be-
tween the two apartments, a little frame in
which was worked, in perforated paper, the
words, '' In God We Trust.'' As a rule,
these caboose cars are embellished with \nc-
tures that the railroad nipn manage to pick
up from illustrated newspapers, or the lit-
erature of the day, and I had made up my
mind that the prints that adorned these
walls were probably, many of them at least,
(jupstionable in their moral tendencies. Im-
agine my surprise to find they were not only
beautiful, but chaste and pure, every one
of them ; and many of them had beautiful
appropriate texts just under them. The
occupants of the caboose car were out in the
severe cold weather, moving the cars from
one track to another, so I was alone for
quite a time. When they had got by the
station, and rested enough so they felt like
talking, I began to get acquainted. Finally
I motioned toward the motto, and com-
menced something as follows ?

'• My friend, is it true that you are sailing
under these colors?"

He replied, modestly, " Mr. Root, 1 hope
it is true that I am trying to live according
to that text.''

" Then you are a professor of religion, are
you not V "

" Yes, sir. 1 have been for several years a
member of the Disciple Church at Lorain. *'

" And you manage to hang to it, even if
you are a railroad manV

I smiled as I caught his eye when 1 made
the remark. He nodded, as he replied, with
a smile ; and then I mentioned that I had
been pained to notice the swearing and in-
temperance that were so often connected
with his line of business. He replied, "I
know just how that is, Mr. Root; but no-
body has ever sworn at me since T became a

Christian, and I thank God that I have nev-
er sworn at anybody else."

One of his boys, who sat near me, looked
up from a newspaper he was reading, and
smiled in a way that seemed to say that he,
too, felt proud of the example this train was
setting for others on that road. We had
quite a long talk. This man not only knew
Fred, whom my older readers remember,
but he was on tiie train with him at the time
of Fred's death. He and Fred used to at-
tend the meetings at Lorain, without doubt,
for several told me, shortly before his sudden
death, that they had been having excellent
revival meetings there, and that he, with
some other railroad hands, had been attend-
ing. From what this man said of Fred, I
can readily imagine that Fred's intluence
might have had a great deal to do with what
I have just been telling you, for my compan-
ion was not a Christian when Fred met his
death. How often these things come up!
Is it not really and wonderfully true, that
bread cast upon the waters does come back
after many days?

As we came up to tlie station I told my
new friend how rejoiced I was to find that I
could think that, hereafter, I had a neighbor
over on one of the coal-trains that pass us
daily ; and not only a brother, but really and
truly a brother in Christ Jesus, even though
he belonged to one denomination and I an-
other.

During our talk he mentioned to me that
a station agent on a road at a town a little
below Medina had started out. a few months
ago, to follow the Savior. He made hard
work of it, however, and after a few months
he announced to the friend with whom I had
been talking, that he did not see how it was
possible for a railroad man to be a Christian,
and so he gave it up. He did not give up
being a railroad man, but he gave up trying
to be a Christian, and pretty soon the com-
pany gave luin up. So the result was, at
least for the time being, that he was not a
railroad man nor a Christian either. May
God help the poor mistaken brother, wher-
ever he may be now !

But whosoever shall deny me before men, him
will I also deny before my Father which is in heav-
en.—Matt. 10: 3;5.

ARTHUR'S BEES.

A Story for Boys.

BY MliS. CASTELL,A AVHITMAN.

Concluded.
T HAVE before staled, that this family took great
£|f pleasure in caring for bees in the past; but it
^i really seemed as if they enjoyed it far more the
^■*- ])resent season; and if ever a plowboy welcom-
ed the sound of the horn, which was the signal
that the bees had swarmed, it was Arthur. Well do 1
remember one warm summer morning, after they
had hived one swarm, as his father had again start-
ed to his work, that he said, "If any more come out,
call ' whoopy." " He had gone but a few rods when
he heard " whoopj- ! " from the apiary. He could
scai'cely believe it real; but the issuing swarm soon
convinced him, and the children enjoyed the joke
very much.

1886

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULT HUE.

998

Another quite eventful day was when five
swarms came out in about an hour— two of them
so near tog-etlicr that they united. The only thing
that interrupted the enjoyment of that day was
the mother's sick headache. I think you have al-
ready guessed that she was quite an important
factor.

I can not pass this season by without relating-
one more incident. A certain hive, one of their
best, had been watched very carefully for several
days, as the bees had lain out of it, not only covei'-
ing the front of the hive, but also the cap that cov-
ered the second story.

One day after dinner, while their teams were eat-
ing, Arthur, l)eing left in charge, his father
thought to call on a neighbor to see if they could
get any seasoned lumber, as their own supply had
become exhausted, and still no news from the hives
they had ordered. The father had seemingly been
gone but a short time, when the above-mentioned
swarm came out. Arthur, with other members of
the house, stood watching them, as they usually
did, to see where they clustered; but, without any
halt or warning whatever, they rose above the sur-
rounding trees, and passed immediately over the
house. The shade-trees in front somewhat retard-
ed their pi-ogress, and caused the greater part of
them to descend in order to pass under the branches.
Here every possible elfort was made to detain
them, but to no avail. They had become so much
enraged by this time that Arthur's mother was
forced to retreat, while he nobly pursued them.
She could not leave him thus to his fate, as it were,
but soon followed on. Arthur neai-ly kept pace
with them until they came to a thicket, which on
ordinary occasions was thought impassable; but in
his eagerness to follow them he said he did not
even give it a thought. Soon they were in an old
pasture, among scattered tinaber. Arthur here
thought he had lost track of them, and paused for
the first time. Glancing around (or, rather, above)
ho saw them tlj'ing about the top of a very tall
tree, and soon concluded they were entering it, as
only a few remained in sight. His mother, not
venturing to take a bee-line, as her boy had done,
went round and accidentally came across his father
on his way home, so all three were soon on the
spot. The tree, not being a valuable one, they i-e-
ceived permission to cut it; and on measuring it
they learned their bees had entered seventy-five
feet from the ground.

Arthur and his father were obliged to spend near-
ly the whole afternoon in securing them; but at
nightfall they had the pleasure of returning them
to the apiarj-. This was their tirst experience with
absconding swarms, and it was quite an experience
too. Their new hives came in time to receive three
small swarms. The day Arthur's father went after
them to an adjoining town, Arthur look his first
lesson in hiving a swarm. It was quite ditfercnt
from having father there, to take theresponsil)ility.
Just imagine, boys, all of you who may chance to
read this, the scene on the barn floor, the after-
noon these hives were brought home, for as yet
they had no shop. All the male members of the
household were there to lend a helping hand, the
little boys from their play setting up sections',
Arthur and his next j'ounger brother from the
field nailing fi-aracs together, and the father at the
helm doing the more difllcult part, such as nailing
the hives toge.tb/'r, putting metal corners on

frames, etc. Even grandpa sat on the crate that
contained the hives, watching the workmen, and it
really seemed like a little factory.

Reader, I will pass on, before my story wearies
you, and close the most happy and prosperous year
they had yet enjoyed. Hefore opening another
year's history I will merely s:iy, that the road
through life is as changeable as are our seasons.
The long cold winter was again over. Arthur
would inquire, as an occasional warm day passi.-d,
if any one had seen their bees tlying; and, still later
in the season, as these pleasant days grew more
frequent, his anxiety increased in not seeing them
out, neither answering to his accustomed tap on
the hives. At last, resolved to know their destiny,
the hives were opened. Imagine Arthur's sur-
prise and grief when not a living bee could le
found: This was the first and only property lie
ever possessed. They all had plenty of stores, and
no disease seemed to have been among them, so the
conclusion was that it must have been the long
cold winter. Really, Arthur's father sustained the
greater loss of the two, as he had been at consider-
able expense, feeling that he could not be at any
more, under jiresent circumstances. He kindly
offered the hives to Arthur. Buoyant with hope,
and the encouragement he had received from
Gle.\nings, he soon sent an order for a queen and
half a pound of bees. When the postal came, stat-
ing that they had arrived at the express oflice,
Arthur was a mile from home in an opposite direc-
tion, at work with his father. His brother, being-
eager to carry the news, he was soon notified, and,
receiving permission, he started on foot to get
his coveted treasure. What a happy boy he was,
as he started from the office, with bee-cage in hand,
and was accosted by one and another, as, " Those
are your bees, are they?" signifying that they
had attracted much attention. As he neared homo
his steps grew slow, and the miles seemed to
lengthen ; nor was it to be wondered at, as he had
done nearly a day's work, and then walked about
ten miles. The satisfaction of seeing his little
swarm of bright Italians placed on frames in one
of their new hives that had been left desolate a few
months before, was sufficient recompense for all
he had endured.

By watching them carefully through the summer,
Arthur had as nice a colony in the fall as one could
wish. ]}ut, dear reader you may rest assured that
many precautions were taken to keei> them
through the winter. The ABC book was carefully
studied, and many of the precejits in Gleanincs
were practiced.

Midwinter had now arrived, and what was Ar-
thur's surprise when he read that the North-Ameri-
can Bee-Keepers' Convention met at the metroi)o-
lis of his own State! What an eager expression
was Oil his countenance, as the subject was refer-
red to indirectlyl One and another would ask if
Arthur and his father thought of attending. Of
course, they would be very an.xious to; but, taking
all things into considei-ation, whether it would
be advisable or not was the question. Arthur's
mother felt, that perhaps a golden opportunity
might be lost, as, among the names of the an-
nounced speakers, wore those in whom they had
placed the utmost confidence— known only to them,
however, by their writings. Then there was the in-
ducement in the reduction of railroad fare and
hotel-bills. All combined seemed to influence them

994

GLEANIJSIGS IN BEE CUi^TUKE.

Dec.

to g'o, except the changeableness of tlie wintry
weather. The decision was finally made in their
favor, and willing hearts and hands soon made
them ready.

A deep snow had fallen a few days previous,
then a rainstorm coming on a short time before the
eventful morning in which they were to start, left
the roads in such a condition that they could not
reach the station without being carried, at that
early hour in the morning, as it was several miles
distant. So Arthur's mother volunteered to act
as driver. At two o'clock in the morning, Ai-thur,
with lamp in hand, was arousing the family,
and at three they were on their way to the station.
They arrived in due time to attend the morning-
session of the convention; and to say that they en-
joyed it would be but a meager expression. They
met with many whose names were as familiar as
household words, but their faces were as strangers.

Upon their return home they gave such an accu-
rate description of what they saw and heard that
the whole family seemed to have had the benefit
of a part of it at least. The convention was the
crowning enjoyment of Arthur's boyhood days;
and should his success in life be oven greater than
a farmer-boy might anticipate, his mother will at-
tribute it to his first swarm of bees, and the associ-
ation and influence connected therewith.

1 am happy to tell the readers of Glean-
ings that it was my good fortune to meet
Arthur and his father and mother at the re-
cent State Convention at Ypsilanti. I am
glad the little story tells the dark side of bee
culture as \vell as the bright. 1 am also glad
to know that Arthur was not disheartened,
even after his heavy losses. If he continues
to attend conventions, and gather facts from
the bee-journals, lie will, without doubt, suc-
ceed. After one has successfully brought
his bees through the winter once or twice, it
seems to be a comparatively easy matter
thereafter.

A GOOD REPOET FROM "W. E. FLOWER.

THE ALLEY THAI'

AND QUEEN-EXCLUDlN(i HONEV-
BOARDS.

HAVE used half a dozen of Alley's queen-
traps for two years, and they have never
failed to catch the queen. I have also used
half a dozen of your zinc honey-boards for
the same length of time, and they have
proved a grand success. With these two ap-
pliances I have no fear of swarms %.oing to the
woods, or queens getting into the .sections. I don't
want to puft' you or Alley ; but if you think it worth
while I will give you a brief article describing how
I use them to prevent absconding and aftor-swarm-
ing, and but little increase. I can and do go to
church and Sunday-school every Sunday during
the swarming season, and have not lost a swarm in
the two years that I have used them. I don't sup-
pose that my methods would suit either Heddon,
Doolittle, or Hutchinson; but they might suit some
one who, like myself, keep a few colonies, and who
have to leave home to work in a factory all day, and
have no time during working hours to be hunting
(|ueens, climbing trees, etc., after swarms.
Ashbourne, Pa., Nov. 6, 1886. W. E. J'lower.

Friend F., we are very glad indeed to hear
from any one who has fotmd these helps a
positive success.

Every boy or (JTirl, under 15

years of age, who writes a

•letter for this department, containing

SOME VALUABLE FACT, NOT GENERALLY
KNOWN ON BEES OR OTHER MATTEHS,
will receive one of David Cook's excel-
lent live -cent Sunday-school books.
JIany of these boolis contain the same mat-
ter that you find in Sunday-school hooks
costing from 81.00 to SI. 50. If you have had
one or more hooks, give us the names that we
may not send the same twice. We have now
■'^V i< in stock six different books, as follows; viz.;
W'/' Sheer Off, The Giant - Killer, The Roby
^ " Family, Rescued from Egypt, and Ten Nights in

a Bar-Rooni. We have also Our Homes, Part I., and
Our Homes, Part II. Besides the above books, you may have a
photograph of our old house apiary, taken a great many years
ago. In it is a picture of myself. Blue Eyes, and Caddy, and a
glimpse of Ernest. We have also some pretty little colored
pictures of birds, fruits, flowers, etc., suitable for framing.
You can have your choice of anyone of the .above pictures
or books for every letter that gives us some valuable piece of
information.

Ct)XDVCTED bV ERNEST R. ROOT.

"A chiel's amang ye takin' notes;
An' faith, he'll prentit."

JIMMY S SUCCESS.

J[f' FTER the events recorded in the last
^'bi issue, Jimmy went to bed, but not un-
jlsr til he had washed the mud from his
-■^ face.

"Well," he thought, as he lay in
bed, " if the mud didn't do my face no good,
it made pa laugh, and 1 guess he won't
make me give up my bees after all."'

His miiid wandered from one thing to an-
other. He thought what Sam would say
when he heard what happened ; then he
wondered whether his three other colonies
had enough feed. He well knew tliat the
robbed colony was in no condition to winter.

" By cracky I" he said, almost aloud, "Mr.
Green told me to open the entrance of that
hive which was being robbed to-day, and I
forgot it. I must do it to-night. But ma
won't let me hx them up to-night."

A bright thought entered Jimmy's mind.
He crawled out of bed, raised the window
very carefully, and stepped out into the
night air with only his night-gown on. It
was chilly; "but," he thought, "it won't
take me but a minute."

In a moment more the entrance was open-
ed, and he hui'ried back to his window.

"Cracky!'' said Jimmy, as he tried to
raise it, "I forgot about that ketch when I
left, and how am I to get in again? "

There was only one alternative, and that
was to knock at the door. It was so chilly
that Jimmy did not hesitate long, attired as
he was, and gave a knock. In response, his
father came to the door.

"Why, how came you there? I thought
you went to bed over an hour ago,'' said he
greatly surprised.

" Yes, I did go to bed," explained Jimmy,

ISSli

GLEANINGS IN JiEE CULTURE.

995

"but, but. Mr. (Ti-eeu lol<l ir.e to (ii,o;i the
entrance of one of those hives "cause they'd
die if left long, and I happen ter think of it
when I got ter bed, an" I thought I'd go out
the window an" not wake you and ma up.
I forgot about the window-ketch, and when
I came back I couldn't raise it, so I come
round by the door.'"

Jimmy had not told the straight truth.
He went out by the window because he
feared his mother wouldn't let him go if he
asked lier permission. Jimmy would not be
guilty of a lie, but lately he had got into the
habit of •■ stretching the truth."'

Jimmy had hardly linished his explana-
tion when his mother, from the adjoining
room, called out—

'"What's that child been up to now, I'd
like to know? Outdoors with nothiu" but
his night-gown on!"

^Vithout waiting for a reply, Jimmy scam-
pered off to his room and into bed, leaving
his father to make matters right.

The next morning after breakfast, Jimmy
tlKHight he would take a look at the colony,
the entrance of which he opened the night
before. Most of the bees were in the bot-
tom of the hive, and what were not dead
were wet, or. as Jimmy expressed it, looked
as if they had "been sweatin"."'

Besides all this, the robbers were again at
work ; but on this occasion Jimmy had tak-
en precaution to provide himself with a
veil, which Mr. Green had given him along
with the old hives. Unable to account for
this peculiar condition of the bees, Jimmy
scampered over to Mr. tireen's.

"Hello, Jim !" said Sam, smiling, whom
he met first. •'You got stung, did youV"

•' Where's yer pa';:''" said tiie other, with-
out making any reply.

••Down in the lot by the creek, husking
corn. Why? what do you want?""

" Oh ! my bees have got to actin" up.""

So saying, Jimmy started toward the cieek
in pursuit of Mr." Green, followed by his
companion. When they had reached Sam's
father. Jimmy then explained the condition
he found his bees in in the morning. Wlien
he had concluded, ^Ir. Green then replied,
. •• r suspect you forgot, and left the bees too
long after 1 closed the entrance, or they
would not ha\e been in that condition.
From yoiu' explanation, I judge the bees
had smothered, llow long was it before you
closed the entrance V""

" Well,'" said Jimmy, willing to own up.
" I forgot it, an' just before I went ter sleep
I happened ter think of it. an" I got up and
opened the entrance."

" What time was that, should you think?"
asked ^Slr. Geeen.

•• Oh ! 'bout ten: or half-past."

"Well," said Sam's father, "that would
make eleven hours ; and the hive, when I
closed it, was full of robbers. Besides that,
the Sim shone pretty hot all the afternoon ;
no wonder you found them as you did.''

" Whafll I do now?" said Jimmy.

" Yon say you opened the entrance this
morning, and that the robbers hail already
commenced. I should advise you to take
out the combs, if they liave not melted

down ; brush off what bees may be on them,
and carry them to some place where no rob-
bers can get at them. Next pick up the
hive and all, and dump your 'sweaty bees,'
as you call them, into your other three hives
— about an equal i)ortion in each. You
must do your work (luickly. and you must
not run if a couple of bees sting you."

"All right," said Jimmy, starting olf on
a run.

" One more thing. "" called out his teacher;
"get your smoker going good, and put on
your veil."

"I Avill," said Jimmy, and the boys were
soon out of liearing.

Jimmy followed directions exactly, and,
four or five hours after, reported that all
was quiet ; but he said his other three hives
were "carrying out lots of dead bees— yes.
lots of "em."

Mr. Green told him that these were only
the dead bees he had dumped in from the
robbed colony. About a week later an ex-
amination into the three remaining colonies
showed that the bees had done their work
well, yet you could easily see that those l)ees
which w^e're so nearly dead were shiny black
fellows, without any fuzz on their backs.

Better than all. Jimmy's father and moth-
er had l)oth agreed that he might keep his
bees, although for some time his step-moth-
er persisted that he should not keep them.

For the present we will leave Jimmy
and his bees, and listen to what other boys
and girls have to say for themselves.

COliNCOHS fOK WINTER PASSAGEWAYS.

My pa tills the ti)ps of his hives with corncobs, for
the steam to jrather ou, and when it gets very colil
he wraps the liives with old carpet. He winters his
bees out of doors. E.mma S. Mveus.

Lafontaine, Ind., Nov. 27, 1886. .

A I-ITTI.K ORPHAN BOYS REPOItT.

I am a little orphan boy. My father died si.v
years ago, and my mother died last September. T
am now staying with my uncle, and help my cous-
ins. Gabe and Andrew, take care of their bees.
They have 75 stands, which they are going to win-
ter in the cellar. The three years they have kept
bees they have lost 5 colonics in wintering. Last
summer they got 1400 lbs. of comb and .300 of ex-
tracted honey from clover and raspberry. Bass-
wood was an entire failure.

Henry' Anderson, age \.i.

Marshville, Mich., Nov. 18, 1886.

FRO.M FAR-OFF NEW ZEALAND.

We are having a very wet winter, and my mamma
has to fe(!d our bees. My papa is afraid of them, so
she has to manage them by herself. Sometimes
our neighbor, Mr. McPherson, comes and helps her.
He is very kind. He can manage bees very well.
He has over twenty Langstroth hives, and he has
some common bo.xes. Some people say, that when
a bee stings any one it dies. If so, do you know how
long it lives after it has lost its sting? Mamma
bought three colonies of bees, and packed them
herself, to come a long journey. They traveled for
four miles on a dray, on a rough road, and then they
were in the train for more than an hour; then in a

996

GLEANINGS IK JiEE CULTURE.

Dec.

spring: cart for eleven miles, and not one of them
got out. Jessie Hyde, ag-e n.

Otau, N. Z., Sept.; 1880.

A bee which has lost his sting, it' coufiued
in a q'loon-cage, will not live much over 24
hours; if allowed his liberty he will live
from a week to two weeks. I would refer
you to this department in back numbers of
the past year for a full account of experi-
ments upon this point.

" EGC.i^TION."

The following is from a little friend who
evidently wrote' hurriedly. As it is quite
original," we insert it just as she has sent it
to us. If you are careful I think you can
make it out.

I seat myself to write you a few lines I went To
Sunday school nearly all Sumer I like to go to Meet-
ing the meeting house is about 3 miles and a half
off, Our school is a going to comenst a munday 1
expect To go to all winter I never went to school
very much Buch luit I am glad I hav As much
egcation as I have Papa has nobees bu he wants
To get some so T can no think of no more at pres-
ant Zylpha A.

"Egcation" surely is a nice thing, don't
you think?

so SICK FKOM THE STINGING TII.4T HE COULDN'T
SEE.

My papa has 2 stands of bees. Ho had 3 last win-
ter, but one of them froze. Last summer, when
they swarmed, they went across the railroad and
settled on a willow-tree. Papa told a neighbor to
jar the limb, and he hit it with the hatchet and
made them mad. They stung papa, and made him
so sick that he couldn't sec. This summer, when
they swarmed, papa put mosquito-bar over his hat.
They settled in the peavines and on the gronnd. I
like to see bees swarm, especially when they are
Hying in the air. Ouion Hunt.

Dodson, Ohio, Nov. 16, 188f5.

You do not say how your papa recovered
from the stings ; but I gather from your let-
ter that he did nothing, and just let old
Dame Nature take care of it itself. Am I
right? It is not wise to bump a swarm off
from a limb when somebody is right below
them, as I infer your father was.

year old, Fred thought he would try to see if he
could not train him a little; so he commenced by
leading him up to a log, and telling him to come up
on it. Fred put one foot upon it for him, and then
told him to put the other one up, helping him a
little. Ever since that, when he wants him to come
up, all he has to do is to say, "Prince, come up,"
and he will come right up. He is very pretty, dap-
pled light and dark gray. His mother is white as
snow. She is very active when hitched to a wagon.
Her mane is about 3 ft. 8 inches long. Her tail
comes to tlie ground. Her foretop comes below the
end of her nose. Peakl J. Cranston.

Woodstock, Champaign Co., O., Nov. 12, 1880.

I almost envy friend Fred, because I have
not such a nice colt. The colt's mother, too,
must indeed be a beauty, with such a long
silvery tail and mane.

THIEVES. AND AN OLD KETTLE.

For the last year or two the thieves have been
taking grandpa's chickens; and this summer, while
they were trying to raise some little chickens, as
soon as they were large enough for a good fry or
roast, somebody would come and take them, and
have a picnic, I suppose. There is a cornfield just
below his cornfield; and when the corn-cutters
came to cut the corn in the field adjoining his, they
(we suppose it was they) commenced on his chick-
ens, and one night they took an old kettle that
grandmother's mother gave to grandmother when
she went to Iowa. Orandfather thinks it must be
over one hundred years old. This is pretty old, is it
not? It was a kettle that was used to cook around
the fireplace. He still keeps up with the old-fash-
ioned cooking by the fireplace. The kettle was sit-
ting by the side of the door where they keep all of
the ironware. Grandfather was 88 years old in
September, and 1 suppose the thieves think they
can do any thing they want to around here.

Pekl J. Cranston.

Woodstock, Ohio, Nov. 21, 1886.

If I were your grandfather, I think I
would try to find out who those thieves
were. That old iron kettle, by this time,
surely has an unwritten history.

HUNTING BEE-TREES.

Mr. Mase makes his home with my pa. He takes
Gleanings. I read it some, and love to hear my
pa and Mr. Mase read it. One year ago last month
they found seven trees in the woods, with bees in
them. They made hives and put them in. When it
was cold they put themj.in bo.xes and put chatf
around them. They all lived, and this summer the
bees made 386 lbs. of comb honey in little boxes. I
help all I can. I like to use the smoker. They took
three moi'c trees np this fall, and now have 16 hives
of bees. I am V years old. I am too young to walk
2'i [miles to school, so my ma and pa teach me and
my little brother at home. Cora A. Blanchard.

Mt. Hope, Morris Co., N. J., Nov. 2, 1886.

FRED'S COLT, AND HOW HE TRAINED HIM.

I Will tell you about a horse we had, and what
Fred did with him. When the colt was about one

A GOOD SCHEME.

When my pa lived out west he kept a great many
bees. He would buy common black bees and trans-
fer them into frame hives, and Italianize them, and
sell them for *10.00 a colony. We are going to Ten-
nessee in the spring, and I am going to try pa's plan.
I think every little boy can make money this way.
lam going to study bee culture this wintei-, sol
shall know how to commence my business in the
spi'ing. Charley F. Henry, age 12.

Lowell, O., Nov. 25, 1880.

Good, friend Charley I When you have
transferred your first one or two colonies
from " old gums " into the movable-frame
hive, write and tell us about it, and we will
send vou any 2o-cent present you may choose
from "our premium list or price list. You
must repiind us of our promise, at the time
of writing. We will extend this offer to any
other Charley who will do the same. Go
among your box-hive men, explain the new
methods of securing honey, and then offer
to do the job of transferring at a price you
and your box-hive friend may agree upon.

188G

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUilE.

997

0O]R POME?.

Render unto Cesar the things that are Cesar's, and
unto God the things that are God's.— Matt. 22: 21.

Y mind has been of late running quite
a little on this thought of getting ac-
quainted with people; of getting ac-
quainted with our domestic animals ;
of getting acquainted with vegeta-
tion and tlie vegetable woild. and especially
with plants that furnish our daily food and
our luxuries. You know how much happi-
ness I have found in getting accjuainted
with the strawberry, and in learning its
(lueer and wonderful ways of propagation
and growth ; and since then I have told you
about getting acquainted with lettuce, cel-
ery, etc. I have also spoken about getting
acquainted with the small boys who often-
times annoy us. 1 have recommended a reg-
ular attendance at our county and State
fairs, for the reason that we may, by this
means, get acquainted with people,' with
their work, and with their industries. 1 have,
at different times, recommended attend-
ing bee-conventions, because of the wonder-
ful opportunity it gives tis of getting ac-
quainted with our brother bee-keepers.

Just as we were leaving the hotel at Yp-
silanti for home, friend Hutchinson came up
and said, in a low tone, that he had some-
thing to say to me, just as he shook hands
to bid me good-by. AVhat do you think it
wasV The remark was made for my private
ear ; but I am sure he will excuse me for
giving it to your private ear, as it came to
mine. It was, in substance, this :

•' Mr. Eoot, I have noticed that, whenever
I attend a bee-keepers" convention, I go
away thinking better of some one than I did
when I came."

It seemed a little odd just then, to be
obliged to confess that he had expressed my
feelings exactly. I felt a warmer friendship
and l)roader charity, and a real honest re-
spect and admiration for quite a good many
of the friends who were there, that I did
not possess when I started on my trip to
Michigan. At the same time, I felt more
conscious of my own faults and shortcom-
ings. Xow, if nothing else was accomplish-
ed than just these two results I have men-
tioned before, can any candid man or
woman come to any other conclusion than
that bee-keepers" conventions are an ex-
cellent institution, and ought to be encour-
agedV Any thing that tends to make us
love our neighbors more and ourselves less,
strikes toward godliness, and strikes heav-
enward, does it notV Any thing that takes
the conceit out of our own hearts, and helps
us to '• see ourselves as others see us."" raises
us up, does it not?

One of the best topics for discussion that
came up was the matter of ripening honey.
Shall we allow the bees to ripen it in the
liives, or shall we throw it out of the combs
l)efore it is capped over, thus saving labor in
two AvaysV First, because it flies out of the
combs with so much less power applied to
the crank of the extractor ; snd, secondly,
because all of the slow, dauby work of mi-
capping is saved. Of course, there were dif-

ferent opinions. Prof. Cook and good friend
Muth have for years declared there was no
need of waiting "for the honey to be capped
over ; that it would ripen in crocks or large
tin cans, with a cloth tied over the top, just-
as well as it would in the hive. Friend Cook
is about as good authority on most subjects
as you can tind in the State of Michigan, or
any other State ; that is, such is my opinion.
Friend Muth has handled more liqiiid honey
than perhaps any other man in the world ;
and he has a reputation for handling only a
good article, almost (if not quite) second to
none. Notwithstanding this, I once almost
ruined our honey - market by extracting
honey when it was too thin, and bottling it
up and putting it on the market in that
sliai)e. Friends Cook and Muth say that I
ought to have left it in an open vessel until
it got thick and thoroughly ripened. Friend
Cook stated that his brother had, during this
past season, secured l(j,OUO lbs. of honey by
throwing it out before the combs were cap-
ped, and then evaporating it in sap-pans
placed in his granary. This granary is in a
very warm place, exposed to the sun"s rays.
To keep out the dust, the pans were covered
with coarse cotton cloth. Prof. Cook pro-
nounced the crop equal to any honey he had
ever seen, and called upon Mr. John Key,
who was present, to state how it has passed
among the people ; for Mr. Eey had pur-
chased the entire crop. Mr. Rey rose and
stated that it pleased everywhere, and that
it was the best honey he ever handled. At
my suggestion a bottle of it was passed
around, and I called it almost if not quite
eiiual to our very best honey from white
clover. Friend Bingham and others, how-
ever, took the opposite side of the question ;
and when friend B. submitted to me a jar of
honey that was ripened in the hive, and
bottled up as soon as extracted, I was forced
to admit that it had a richness of flavor that
the other honey did not. One reason, how-
ever, that the latter sample was more agree-
able to my taste, was, that it had just a trace
of basswciod — just enough to spice it a little.
Friend Bingham, as I thought, bore down on
friends Cook and Muth a little too hard, and
he vehemently objected to having their re-
port published in the journals— especially
in Gleanings. The point he made was
this : That in many places we have, most of
us, almost ruined" the demand for liquid
honey ; but we have since pretty nearly re-
covered it by being very careful to furnish
none but an "excellent (piality of nice honey,
thoroughly ripened on the hives by the bees,
and that, if we attempt to put off on our
customers honey ripened by artificial means,
we shall get into trouble again, and may be
never get out of it. Novices in bee culture,
and greedy, selfish men generally, will neg-
lect to ripen the honey as thoroughly as they
))iig]it do by artificial means, and thus do us
noend of damage.

Just now an incident occurs to me that I
did not mention then, but I want to mention
it now : Some four or five years ago I under--
took to assist the farmers in our vicinity,
by taking their crop of maple syrup olT their
hands. I decided to buy nothing but a first-
chiss article, and have it immediately solder-

91)8

GLEANINGS IN 13E1-: CULTUUE.

Dec.

eel up in tin cans, so it would leacli my cus-
tomers witli tlie line aroma it possesses
when properly put up. Almost immediate-
ly people urged and argued to liave me pur-
chase syrup that my better judgment decid-
ed was /oo thin. One good man, who is a
professor of religion, and who stands pretty
fairly in community, urged and argued so
keenly that his syrup was thick enough to
keep well, that T bought it. He said, tliat,
if made any thicker, it would candy in the
cans— it could not be got out. and that it
Avas really a superior article. One of my
weaknesses from childhood is, that I am
easily prevailed upon, especially if I stop to
talk and listen. 8ome of the friends may,
at different times, have felt very hard be-
cause, of late, I decline long discussions.
VVell, one reason is, that I have found it
better for all parties concerned to say no at
the outset, even if I do make some enemies
by it, than to allow myself to be persuaded
contrary to my better judgment. I bought
the syrup, canned it up that very same day,
and it was mixed in with perhaps 200 or 300
cans. About every customer who got a can
of this syrup was mad. Sometimes one
would write to me, remonstrating ; at other
times tliey would say nothing. They prob-
ably bought their maple syrup and other
things somewhere else next time. There
has been a good deal of talk and legislation
about the adulteration of syrups. 1 am in-
clined to think the maple-syrup business
lias lieen injured more l)y shortsighted and
stingy farmers (the word '• stingy " sounds a
little harsh and slangy, but it seems to me
it just about hits the mark) than by all the
adulteration we have ever had. Good thick
well-ripened syrup, like good well-ripened
honey, is good when it is put up, and it is
good for ten years after, or more. In fact,
it is ahvays good. But you don't get nearly
as many gallons when you ripen it down
real thick. I have mentioned this latter
matter to show you that friend Bingham
had a good point, and there was some rea-
son for his bearing on hard. I have been
told by those who had visited friend Bing-
ham at his home, that he is very careful and
nice about every thing he does. He believes
in furnishing the best that can be produced ;
and when he purchases he likes to get such
as he himself gives. I believe he is a jewel-
er by trade, and probably on this account
has learned to be neat and nice about all his
work, furnishing good work and getting
good pay for whatever he has any thing to
do with. I hope friend Bingham will excuse
me for the above, but he has been somewhat
criticised for what people call his odd "ways,
and I confess that I have myself felt tried
with him, because he stick's so strongly to
what I have been in the habit of calling his
own notions. I felt like criticising him at
that time ; but I want to tell you what made
me reverse my opinion very quickly. It was
to see him, with such perfect self-command
and pleasant good nature, drop the whole
subject and pleasantly take hold of some-
thing else when he had had his "say."

Did it ever occur to you, friends, how oft-
en a hearty good laugh will wake everybody
up, drown all sorts of wrong feelings that

may have arisen, and restore perfect equi-
libriumV Well, something of the kind came
in right here. It was a simple, trivial mat-
ter, but it was almost dinner time, and a
good many of us had been sitting still long-
er than usual. We were just ripe for some
thing funny, and we were ready to hurt our-
selves laughing, even if it were not so very
funny, after all. Did you ever see a lot of
school boys and girls in just that frame of
mind? Well, friend Bingham, in describing
the virtues of good old honey, perfectly rip-
ened by the bees themselves, used ripe old
wine and other intoxicating liquors as ex-
amples. He dilated to such an extent on
the rare virtues of a bottle of wine that for
years had been kept cork downward, cover-
ed with cobwebs, and some other similar
illustrations, that Prof. Cook tinally called
him to order, and desired him to stop using
illustrations that might awaken in some of
us feelings that were better allowed to slum-
ber. The above are not the words used, but
the substance. Now, when the president
(Prof. Cook) got up to reply, he took up a
little glass pail of honey for an illustration.
Friend Cook does not often get much excited,
but he was full of enthusiasm in defending
his side of the question. The people of Yp-
silanti had given us a very pleasant hall for
our meetings. The speakers desk was on a
raised platform, one step higher than the
rest of the floor. Now, the desk and chair
for the president were raised still another
step ; and as it was well carpeted, one might
forget these different steps, if he didn't
take care. The president, in order to make
his point plainer, attempted to step out
from his desk, to get nearer his hearers. In
doing so he forgot the step, and went head-
long right on to the secretary, with his pail
of honey. The secretary made a dodge and
looked up in astonishment. Friend Cook,
in regaining his equilibrium, made some
more stumbles, but, of course, out of respect
to our beloved president's feelings, we all of
us tried to keep our faces straight. At this
point friend Bingham arose, and, with great
dignity, and in his inimitalily dry way, bor-
rowed a part of the president's very words,
something as follows :

" Mr. President, I earnestly protest against
such illustrations here before this respecta-
ble audience— illustrations that might sug-
gest," etc.

Those who had tried to keep back the smiles
a moment ago, apparently decided it was no
use to try any longer, especially to think of
the idea, so utterly ridiculous, as to suppose
for an instant that our earnest temperance
friend behind the desk could by any possi-
bility have taken anything that might in-
terfere with his remarkably clear head and
steady bearing. T laughed, and laughed
again, every time I thought of it. until I was
really afraid I should hurt myself.

Now, this good - natured pleasantry is a
simple thing, yet it had much to do with
the general good feeling of the meeting.
There seems to be, if I have made no mis-
take, a general air of gentleness and good
breeding among all the Michigan friends ;
in fact, it seems as if it were a recent
growth ; for over and over again, when

l88ij

ItLE^LNlXGS IK 13EE CULTUilE.

999

there seemed to be a little danger lliat ro:iie-
body's feelings would bi' liiirt, stout and
kind hearts at once rushed to the rescue,
and I am sure that no one went home feel-
\na: in tin; least l)it hurt by any thing that
was said or done during the two days' delib-
erations. I ha\c been' in the habit of say-
ing th'it it was very hard work tor me to sit
still during an tadinary lecture: but there I
sat from morning till niglit, again during
the evening, and again the iicxt day from
morning tiU night, and I felt sorry when the
convention was over. Perhaps one reason
why I enjoyed it. was because tliey very
kindly allowed me to get up and talk myself,
every little while. And now, friends, with
the above preface before us I am prepared
to take up the little text tiiat appears at the
head of my talk to-day.

Some time ago. frit nd Abbott (originator
and former editor of the Jjritish Bee Jounud)
mailed me a sample of a new honey-knife he
had jast got out. lie said they were made
of tlie best Sheilield steel, but" that, by or-
dering large (juantities, just as we do here
In the Ignited States, he could get them at a
price that would enable him to lay them
down here in America so we could furnish
them to tlie bee-friends here at a very much
lowei- price than any tiling else on our
markets. As friend "Abbott has paid us
thousands of dollars already for bee-sup-
plies, we felt somewhat in duty boiuid to
trade with him when he offered something
we could use. England excels the world in
cutlery, 1 believe; and with lier resources
and cheap labor many things can bs furnish-
ed cheaper than we can possibly get them
up here. I did not, however, at once give
liim the order— not because the knife was
not a beautiful one for the money, but be-
cause it is a copy of the Bingham & liether-
ington knife, with the exception of the un-
capping part of it. Xow, friend Abbott has
not infringed on anybody's patent, because
tl;ie knife is not patented in England. I am
not well enougli versed in law to say wheth-
er I should be infringing or not in bringing
these; knives into the I'nited States; and
there is no infringing at all any anywhere,
unless the patent belonging to friends ]>. &
II. covered the plain knife without any cap-
catcher. A copy of their patent - claim,
procured later on, showed the patent was on
the cap-catcher and on nothing else.

It did strike me at the time that it would
be an act of courtesy to forbear bringing in
an imported knife, evidently copied from an
American knife. On the other hand,
should the bee friends in America be asked
to pay a dollar for a knife which could easi-
ly be sold for two-thirds or less by getting it
made in England? In such cases it is cus-
tomary to say we should chouse the greatest
good to the greatest nundjer. Something
called my attention to other matters, and,
without thinking much about it, an order
was sent to frietid Abbott for thirty dozen
knives. The knives were advertised in our
last issue. Xow then: A part of my read-
ers will doubtless take sides with me, and
say that I did nothing out of the way.
Another party will perhaps be surprised
to hear a man like mvself. who teaches

mor:'.Is to the people, publicly confess to
having yielded to such a temptation. I
think I shall join with the latter class. I
am ashamed that I allowed my better judg-
ment to be set aside in the "matter, iind I
pid)licly beg pardon of friends B. and 11..
and promise that not a knife shall be sent
out (for not one has yet been sent out in an-
swer to the advertisement). If I can not ar-
range with friends B. »S: II. to pay a royalty for
the privilege of selling a copy of their knife,
or something in that line that shall have their
sanction, the knives shall remain on my
hands. The above course of action is very
plainly the only proper one, according to the
code of moral law laid down by my very self
not very long ago ; and even though it hits
me a terril)Ie clip right here, I think it will
be well to give it again :

A. I. Root in re.ijanl to copyiri'j other peojj!e'8 inven-
tions or ideas. Written Sept , 1SS4.
I Rill very glad to note tlie disposition among' bee-
keepers, of torlicaring- to copy the works of each
other, patent or no patent. Tlie supply-dealer who
would unhesitatiuglyoopysomething- well known to
be the property of another, without getting the
privilege of so doing, by purchase or otherwise,
would very likely lose more than he made, so
strong is the disposition of our people to give hon-
or to whom honor is due.

In the light of the above, it is not our bus-
iness to inquire what features the patent
covers, or, in fact, to inquire if there lie a
patent at all. If any of the bee-friends have
introduced something to the people that no
one had seen or thought of before, we should,
out of courtesy, forbear to copy it, no mat-
ter how simple it may be. Iloney-knives,
very much like those made by friends B. tlv:
II., were sold before on the market, except
that they were not ground all on one side
like a chisel, ^'ery likely the Patent-Office
would not grant a patent on making any
cutting tool with the above - shaped edge.
Hut friend Bingham had a particular idea in
view when he made his knife of a thick
piece of steel, and ground it in this manner ;
besides, he has for years had undisturbed
possession of the idea. NObody has even
claimed to have used the principle before,
that I know of. Now, the fact that I give
all my inventions to the world, and have no
patents, has nothing to do with the (luestion.
I publish a journal purposely to teach, and I
try hard to make the journal valuable, so
that it may have a large list of subscribers.
I get my pay by receiving a dollar from each
of you, instead of getting it by controlling a
patent. Friend Bingham does not publish
a journal. He has his own methods of dis-
posing of what belongs to liim, just as I
have my method. You may think it strange,
when I say I did not think of liaviug done
any thing wrong until I met friend Bingham
at the convention, and got acciuainted with
him. I did not say any thing lo him about
the honey-knife, because I had not consid-
ered the matter sufliciently to be able to de-
cide what to do. .Vs I view it, I have done
wrong, and thirty dozen honey-knives shall
not stand in the way one single moment. I
am satislied of what I ought to do.

Why do I make this matter public, when
it might be settled in private? First, be-
cause the knives are already advertised in

1000

GLEANINGS IN liEE CULTURE.

Dec.

our journal and price list; second, because
there has been hard feelings and troubles
in this very matter before; and wlien I
have publicly foi-gotton to follow my own
teachings, 1 wish, just as publicly, "to set
an cx.iuiple in the way of owning up and
making restitution. 1 v/ish, too. to "ren-
der unto Cesar the things that are Cesar's,
and unto God the things that are God's."
Attending the convention I have been tell-
ing you about has had very much to do
in coming to this decision, and I think
there is verj^ much less danger of doing
people injustice and wrong when we get
well acquainted with them than where we
do not know them, especially where they
are oft' at a great distance. If this is true,
let us get intimately acquainted. Let us
attend not only conventions, but farmers'
institutes, the State and county fairs, pub-
lic meetings, lectures, etc.; "and as the
present age offers facilities that the chil-
dren of men never enjoyed before, for a
free and full interchange of knowledge
and ideas, is it not possible that the glad
millennium is coming a great deal in this
way? May it not be true, that our facilities
for travel, and the abundance of books and
periodicals on almost every subject, are
working toward the time when God's king-
dom shall come, and his will be done on
earth as it is done in heaven? and may it
not be that the next step to be taken by us
as individuals, as states, and as nations, is,
in the language of our opening text, to
" render unto Cesar the things that are
Cesar's, and unto God the things that are
(Tod's?' V May God help us to make any
needed sacrilice to this end 1

Qnn 0WN JiFinW-

COXDl'CTED BV ERNEST R. ROOT.

CONVENIENCES FOR THE APTAKY, CON-
TINUED.

1^ UK readers-are well aware that we have
"lui '*' ^^^"^6 qneen-trade from year to year.
yj As we have found that from three to
^*' four hundred colonies were inadequate
to supply the demand, we have been
compelled to order from the South, especial-
ly in early spring. At times tfie influx of
(lueens from this source exceeds the demand ;
and rather than let the queens lie idle— pos-
sibly die— we put them into the apiary, to
do service. As might be imagined, then,
our experience in

INTRODUCING QUEENS

Has l)een quite extensive. We can not.
therefore, employ any means to this end
which is not almost "absolutely sure. We
use exclusively the I'eet process, or an in-
troducing-cage based upon this principle of
automatically releasing the queen. If,
therefore. I tread a little over old ground, I
do so with the : intention of gathering up a
few details which have]never been fully de-
scribed or illustrated. I shall, then, show
exactly the manner of introducing with the
Peet cage, together with the position of the
operator. In no lietter way can 1 do this

than by presenting you a picture of the mo-
dus operandi exactly as it occurred in pro-
cess in our own apiary.

The cut, as you will observe, is a view up
one of the avenues of our apiary, with the
grapevines on either side, looking from the
southwest. In the foreground is posed your
humble servant, not in his Sunday gb-to-
meetin' clothes, but attired in his apiary
garb just as you would see him when at work
among the bees were you to visit our apiary.
That every thing might appear easy and
natural, our artist has taken the view as seen
on next page. Before passing on I will ask
my reader to note carefully the straw cuffs
about the wrists, and the cloth broad-brim
hat, as I shall, in next issue, have occasion
to write an article on '• dress for the apiary."
With this slight digression let us hasten on.

We will presuppose that the queen, or
queens to be introduced, are at hand; that
we are rigged out crqj a pie, with our bee-
suit, the smoker lighted, and the hive open-
ed as above. We will then revolve the tin
points at right angles to the tin slide, not
forgetting to see that the latter will slip off
easily. If, frnm expansion of the wood, the
slide should stick, with the point of a knife
bend out the folds in the tin until it will slip
oft' easily. If we do not take this precau-
tion, after the cage has been fastened upon
the combs, in case the slide should stick, the
latter is liable to come out with a jerk,
which may release the queen, or anger the
bees. Having seen that every thing is all
right we remove one of the frames and stand
it leaning against the hive in sucli a way as
not to crush a single bee, as shown in the
engraving. With smoker in hand, and a
few spears of grass (long timothy preferred),
brush a clean place on the comb* clear of
bees, using the smoker just enough to assist.
This done, and tiie tin points revolved as
before described, we jtroceed to push them
through the combs in the manner shown.
Although I do not always strike the attitude
as shown, yet from convenience it is the one
I usually assume when fastening the cage to
the comb. While pushing the points in, it
is altogether likely that a bee or two will run
under when you would particularly desire
him not to. A little putt' of smoke will usu-
ally drive them out, then quickly push down.

We will now carefully draw out the slide
by catching the folded "edge with the thumb-
nail or the point of a pen-knife. Last of all
we bend the points backward on the other
side of the comb to clinch up securely. If
we clinch the cage on the comb first, and
then draw the slide, in all likelihood the
operation will loosen the cage ; hence we al-
ways hrst draw the slide and then clinch the
tin points.

This is a small matter, I know ; but it is
just some of these little details that are oft-
en the essential elements of success. The
comb, with the cage attached, we must care-
fully place in the hive, having previously
spaced out the combs to receive it. We now
space up the combs, but allow a little more
room for the frame to which is fastened the

*I omitted to mention right here that the spot ot comb ^ c-
lected should be old and with an even surface. The patch
should also contain some cells of unsealed honey.

1881)

Ui.EANliNGS IN JiEE CULTUllE.

1001

cage. The little slate, or tablet, on the liivo
is marked, '• Imp., cgd 21st,"' which means,
in full, that on the L'lst of the month we
caged an imported queen in that hive. If
the queen is an untested one, thus: "SI. 00,
cgd 2oth ;■" if tested, "Test., cgd 2itth;"'if
select tested. "SH. 00, test., cgd stli." The
lnve,as thus marked, is left for two or three
days, at the expiration of which time, in the
great majority of cases, the queen is auto-
matically released without any trouble on
our pari. JJesidts this, the queen may be
laying in addition. AVhen we discover that
the (jueen is out. and all safe, we remove the
cage and mark the slate, '^ Imp., out 24th."
T Without overstating, I do not think we
lose one out of ev( ry fifty (lueens so intro-

apiaiist, which is necessary by the old meth-
ods ; hence I would jiot encourage the be-
ginner to release the queen in a Feet cage if
she is not already liberated in two or tbree
days by the bees, jjiwkling that she and her
attendants still have access to a few cells of
honey, and that she apparently is in good
condition.

C'0>IIJ-IIOLDERS.

rerha})s some one may incfuire why, with
all our facilities, we do not hang the frame
in a comb-holder, and then fasten on the
cage. It is too much troul)le to lug the
comb-holder about ; and aside from this, we
can not afford the time to stop and fuss,
just to liang the frame as it is in the hive. I

THE I'P:kT PliOCESS (IF I XTHODITI N(l

KENS, SHOWING THE .MANNElt OF I'.ASTENINGrTHE CAOE UPON
THE COMBS.

duced. Neighbor II., win) has also had a
large experience with the Peet cage, says
that he can not remember that he ever lost a
queen by the Peet process. Not only this,
it has been our practice, after taking out
one queen, to cage another in her place, with
results as above recorded. IJeginners and
others, unaccustomed to the plan, will not
obtain such results ; but I have tlnis gone
into details that all miglit pi-ofit by our ex-
perience. The whole secret of the Peet pro-
cess, I think, rests in the fact that the queen
can be or should be so caged as to have ac-
cess to a few cells of unsealed hojiey, and
that the bees release her ihtynsclrcx^ The
act of opening a hive, and disturbing its
normal condition, is liable to cause the bees
to ball the queen if she be released by the

very much prefer to^lean a comb, with or
without adhering^^bees, against the hive, as
seen in the engraving. During hot sunny
days, however,' I am careful to lean the
frame on the shady side of the hive. I can
then at leisure catch and cage a queen for
shipment, or introduce one.

Till!; KLI-AriTZ QUEKN-CATtHEH AND IN-
TUODT'CING-CAGE.

The principle of the Klimitz cage (auto-
matically releasing (jueens) is similar to that
of the Peet ; but instead of eating away the
comb as in the Peet to gain access to the
queen, the bees eat out a plug of candy.

Having put a queen in several of these
Klimitz cages, 1 laid them' directly upon the
cluster of queenless colonies. The bees, in

1002

GLEANINGS IN 1M:E CULTUllE.

Dec.

II couple of days, ate out the candy and lib-
erated the queens, all of which were suc-
cessfully introduced.

Gleamihcs IK Bee Culture,

VubVished Scuii-^roiitlihf.

.£^. I. I^OOT,

EDITOR AND PUBLISHER.

MEDINA, O.

TERMS: $1.00 PER YEAR, POSTPAID,

Fer Glutting Rates, See First Pag© of Eeading Matter.

"tliou shalt not covet
bor's.— EXODU.S 20:17.

. . any thing that is thy neiffh-

HONEY RETAILED FROM FUI.L-SIZED ij. FR.4MES.

In regard to the price received, as per page MO,
Jast issue, friend Fradenburg replies as below:

Referring to your foot-note on rage Wfi, I will .sav that our
grocer here has sold my comb honey from the L. flames at 1.5
ets. per lh...Tna sections at IS cts., ami I allowed him 15 per
cent for selling. That which I toolc to I'hrirhsville netted me 13
cts., bnt I believe they sold tlie most of it at '^il cts., so you see
it is not such awful cheap honev after all, is it '.

Port Washington, O., Dec. 9, 1886. A. A. FKADENBl'Rfi.

THE FARM .TOURNAI., OF PHILADELPHIA.

We presume most of our friends are already ac-
quainted witli this original, crisp, go ahead little
sheet, at the low price of iJO cts. a year. If not,
they had better drop a postal for a sample copy.
And, by the way, we must not forget to mention
that it was through the liiiidness of said journal
that we are able to present the excellent picture of
friend Tei-ry, on page 975. The portrait first ap-
peared in their pages, and they were liind enough
to let us have an electrotype.

STATE bee-keepers' CONVENTIONS.

If there is to be a bee-keepers' convention at
Columbus, O., will some of the friends please tell
us when and where, that it may be generally under-
stood in time so we can endeavor to call out a good
attendance? I confess I have been very backward
in these matters; and I even omitted to mention
beforehand that I expected to be present at the
State Convention in Michigan. Through God's
providence I am feeling unusually strong and well,
and I propose to be present at the N. Y. State
Association, at Albany, Jan. 11,13, T8, 1887. If my
presence can be the means of bringing the bee-
friends together, and helping them to get better
acquainted with each other, I mean to try to be on
hand, whether I " feel like it" or not.

A DISTINGUISHED A^SITOR.

We have been enjoying a very pleasant visit of
several days from Mr. James A. Abbott, sou of C.
N. Abbott, the originator and former editor of the
British liee Journal. Mr. Abbott brings with him a
tin can for extracted honey, that beats the world.
It can be opened and closed in an instant, and yet it
J8 absolutely honey-tight. The different sizes nest
together like our honey-pails. He also has taken
our order for a honey-label in sl.v or seven different
colors, that is neater and more unique than any
thing America has ever produced, so far as I know,
and yet the price is so moderate we hope to be able
to sell them at a price not to exceed $1.75 per 1000.
The label is small. Small labels are getting to be

more in vogue, especially for glass receptacles. If
it were a possible thing, I tell you I would give a
good round sum of money to have the readers of
Gleanings en masse listen to a piece of music ex-
ecuted by Blue Eyes and our young friend Abbott
— Blue Eyes having a piano, and Mr. Abbott a silver
fiute which he brought from England.

SPECIAL NOTICES.

A carpet-sweeper for a CHRISTMAS PRESENT
FOR V(JUR WIFE.

1 DO not know who in the world deserves a Christ-
mas present more than the "queen of your house-
hold," as Prof. Cook puts it. And if she is in the
habit of sweeping (and what household queen is
not, more or less V) I do not knew of a nicer and
more appropriate present than a carpet-sweeper.
Price $1 50; extra decoration, and finished express-
ly for the holiday trade, .13.00. This latter one has
a rubber band clear around the machine, so the
juveniles can not bump the furniture and mar it,
when they take a notion to help mamma do the
sweeping.

MAPLE SVRUP FOR THE HOLIDAYS.

We to-day bought of one of our Medina Co. farm-
ers 83 one-gallon jugs full of maple syrup. Each
jug has his name and guarantee labeled on the out-
side. Although it is not as light in color as some
we have seen, it is quite thick, and the flavor we
consider very good. It is the real old-fashioned
maple molasses, such as your mother used to give
you when you were a schoolboy. We can furnish
it in its original shape, jug aiid all, for an even
dollar, or we will put it in a syrup-ean at the same
price, if you prefer to haveit shipped in that way.
If you want as much as four or five gallons you
had better have it in one of our shipping-cans for
extracted honey. It will cost you just the same in
this shape, but there will be a saving in freight.

PROF. COOK'S BOOK ON MAPLE-SUGAR MAKING.

And this reminds me that the manuscript for a
little book on maple-sugar making, is now in the
hands of our printers, and the author is no other
than Prof. Cook himself. The book is to be pro-
fusely illustrated, and will no doubt prove a boon
to thousands. Prof. Cook has a model sugar-bush
of his own, and I do not think there is a single
modern improvement in this wonderfully fascinat-
ing industry that he is not perfectly familiar with.
The book tells how deep to bore the holes, and the
reasons for it. He tells how many holes to put in a
tree, the advantages and disadvantages of having
the holes high up or low down. He also gives the
fullest particulars in regard to producing gilt-edge
maple sugar and maple syrup, witli the reasons
fully explained for every thing he directs. In size
it will probably be about the same as Terry's potato-
bool?, and the price will be the same; namely, 35
cents; -tO cents by mail, postpaid. If you want a
copy of the book just as soon as it is out, send in
your -to cents when you are making remittances.

COJSrVEUTIGJf NOTICES.

The next meeting of the Shcliovgan Co.. Wis. Bee-Keopei's"
Society, will be held at Hingham, j.an. 13, 1887. Mhs. H. Hills.

The bee-lveepers of the western part of Ontario, Canada, will
hold a convention at Tllbnry Center, Jan. 13 and 13, 1887. All
are invited to attend. N. Smith, Sec.

The Northeastern Ohio, Northein Pennsylvania, and West-
ern New York Bee-Keepers' Association will hold its eighth an-
nual convention in Chapman's Opera House, Andover, Ohio,
on Wednesday and Thursday, .January 19th and 20th, 1887. First-
class hotel accommodations at $1.00 ])er day to those attending
the convention. A general invitation is extended to all.

Jl . E. Mason, Andover, O.. C. H. Coox, New Lyme, O.,

Acting Sec. Pre.;.

The eighteenth annual convention of the New Yorlc State
Bee Keepers" Association (formerly Northeastern) will be held
in Agricultural Hall, Albany, N. Y'., on the 11th, l-ith. and 13th
of Jan., 1887. The tirst session will open promptly at 2 o'clock
p. M. of the llth. The Eastern New York and the New Jersey
and Eastern Associations will also unite ^vttll us, thereby as-
suring this to be the largest, most interesting, and instructive
convention ever held. No bee-keeper living within 500 miles
of Albany can afford to st.ay at home. Questions of great im-
portance will be discussed by many of the most noted and ex-
perienced bee-keepers in America. A giand exhibit. of honey
and apiarian fixtures is also promised. All implements for the
apiary, sent to the Secretary, will be properl.y arranged for
exhibition. Full programme will appear in next issue.

AV. E. Cl.vrk, Pres. G. H. ICnickehbockiiR, Sec. ■

lSS(i

GLEA:NINGS in 13EE cuj.tuke.

1008

INDEX TO

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

FROM .lULYU 188(1, TO JAN. I, LS8;.

Advuitiseiuent!;, Bogus hiS

A f ter-swarms fiSO

Air, Damp 805

.MIev Trai) 461,551,572, 8;i5

Alsiko tti rlow Under WW

Alsike fm- Bees 829

Alsike Plover oH, fl:ifi

Aiulrc.m.'ila Plant .".6?

Ajiiary, Haibisiin's Till

Apiaiy, (_'(piiveiiicnces for.. .(I."i0
Api'milurr for Women — (IK

Artluir and His Bees 881, 'XVi

Australia Lt-tter fiSP

Australia 867.946

Axtell on Swarming sr.g

JSat-teria 800

Banner Ainary..527, 651.685, 734

liasswoods 543

Bee Culture, Too Rosy 936

Bee Botany 507

Bees ot Florida Lazy i)3i

Bees Chasing a Sha.y 51(i

Bees at Auction 5^6

Bees Prohibited fita

Bees in Section^ 529, .570. 068

Bees Carr\ing Wax 51.^

Bees Don't Pay 947

Bees in Nozzle of Smoker. ..W7

Bees and Neighbors Ois

Bees in Open Air r.ds

Bees and Bee-keeping 03i

Bees of Florida OC!)

Bees and I'.ee-keeping 013

Bees not Working 703

Bees in Stove-pipe 744

Bees and Fruit 744

Bees and Colors 730

Bees on Red Clover 7.iO

Bees in Ciuunber 787

Bees in Towns 70.i

Bees by Pound 78 !

Bees and Neighbors 776. 781

Bees Talking 899

Bees <!heddirig 803

Bees Parking 803

Bees and < irai es 8.il

Bees in Loup Boxes 891

Bees at Auction 8S9

Bees, (ietling out of Sect's. .542

Bees. Shooting .541

Recs, Mrs. (ilidden's 935

Bees, Nuisance in Law 9.53

Bees, To tiet out of Scct'ns..565

Bees, To Water 580

Bees, Vicious 508

Bees, To Work in Sections 014

Bees, Restoring to Life 040

Bees, Descriptions of 012

Bees, Profit in 720

Bees, Fun With 731

Bees, Brushing off 727

B«»es, Druniniing 785

Bees, Who shall Keep* 780

Bees. Black 813

Bee. The Coming 808

Bee-Legislation 914, 947

Bee-trees 065

Bee-Disease. Nameless 743

Bee-House Bee-Proof 747

Kee-Stin? Remedies 773

Bee-Keepers' Union 766

Bee- Pasturage 801

Bee-Tents 814

Bees' Language 747

BellHower 767

Blacks. Frani-e's Report 977

Black Bees. Inferior 947

Blacks vs. Italians 626.7:i4

Blacks D. feuded 690

Blacks on Red Clover. . .709, 783

BUuitoii's Report 851

Bloom vs. Altitude 982

Book-R views .552, 009

Borage for Hone.v .503

Box Hives, Good Report .573

Boxes for Nuclei 022

Brood in I'lipcrStorv 9(6

Brood combs. Inverting 689

Brood-Nest. Reversing .538

Brood-nests, Kmpty 503,099

Brood-Nest, F.mpty 709

Brood-Rearing, Late S,82

Brood-Chambers. Contr'g . .727

Brood-Fiames 7.S2

Brushes for Bees 730

Buchanan's Report 934

Bnckbush Honey 703

Buud)le-bees 791, 828

Biizziuaand Humming 891

( 'alifornia 626, 813, 846, 910

( 'alifornia Bee-storv 608

( ■•unp.anula 767

Cana.la Tlli^tles 709

Cuiilv. Todd's Honcv 620

Carbolic Acid 653, 707, 9)2

Carniolins as Workers 512,

548, 613, 615

Carn'olans in Canada .548

Carniolans. Markings of .591

C.arniolans and Surplus 785

Carniolans, Imported 786

Carniolans 512, 551,611, 612

Carp SI'S

Car)), To Cook .547

Cavp-iond, Our 669

Catnip COS, 807

Catnip Tea 893

Catnip for Bees 904

Celery. To Rnise .503

( 'ellaiinp vs. Vigor 892

Cential Virginia .544

Cliadilock's I'roblem 772

ciiaddock on Hu-^anity 940

Chapman Plant, Bloom of.. 030

Clia)iinan Honey -plant 673

( 'liickens. To Hatch 667

Chickens and Brood 693

( 'liickens ami Bees 724

Chicks and Drones 814

China 539

Chinese Superstitions .568

Chinfiuaiiin .567

Chlori.fonu for Bees 866

Clipping in Virgil's Time... 569

Clipped yueens Flying .567

Clipping. How to Do it .507

Clover, Mammoth Red 777

Clover. .lapanese 982

Coal Oil in Smokers 724

Cobs lor Passageways 995

Colonies. Kxchaniriiig 743

Comb H.uiev.To Market. .. .562
Comb "i- Kxtracted Honey. 623

Comb-;. Raising 975

Comb-bnckets 713

Conitrcy 574

Composition on Bees 906

Condition Powders 588

Conti-acting v 654

Conventions 6S9, 719

Convention Notes 845

Convention. N. A 766

Corn Meal in Wax 668

Costellow's Loss 785

Cotton. Mrs 588

Cuba 621

Culi)-s Pupil ,588

Culo's Scholar 648

Cushions, Phosphate-sacks 571
Dirt. Throwing at Bees.... 653

Dial 1 hen vs. Heat..... 979

Dooliltle's Success 6.31

Doolittle on Nuclei 6'22

Dooli ttles Report 777

Drones 461

Drone Comb 909

Drone Assemblies 826

ni-ones from Mismated Q's.014

Dmnes. To Destroy 544

.Drone-Traps 461, 814

Drone-excluders 743

Droneless Colony .546

Drought and Bug-juice 791

Dr\iiMniing on Pans .588

Dull Prospects 1002

Eggs Laid In a Day 687

Eggs . Weighing 647

FggFood ,588

Empt v Frames, etc 528

Extractor, Solar. .. .587, 720, 888

Fairground Exhibits 929

Fails. Attending 1002

Fairs. Awards at 941

Farmers, old-fogy 917

Fdn.,To .Make 009

Fdn., Non-use of 651

Fdn., Full Sheets 746

Fdn.. Flat-bottom 728

Feeding during a Drought. 708

Feeding 914

Feeding by Lmlern Light. 871

Figwort .541

Florida 534,781,853

Florida and its Rescuirces... 860
Florida— Adverse Report.. 045

Foster's Apiarv 097

Font Brood Ido, 623, 044. 015. 070,

697, 711. 727. 732, 734, 709, 787,

87!, 894. 912

Foul Brood in Medina 701

Foul Brood in New York 700

Foul Brood, New Theory,. ..725

Foul Brood, Fresh Air 823

Foul Blood, Hnvlcon 708

Foul Biooil, Its Nature..6.30, 810

Fou' Brood— Doolittle 809

Foul Brood — Disinfecting

Hives 460

Frame bef(Ue Langst roth's. 866
Frames, Spacing too Far... 573

Frames. Pevcrsible 593

Frame, Krctclimer's .980

Frames, Spacing Right 779

Fuel , Smoker 979

Fuel for Smokers.. .550, 720, 756,

792. 833

Fumigator, Webster's 756

Gascline-Stoves 774

Ginger Ale 748

Ginger snaps 063, 667

Girl, The l!est 887

Glass Substitute for 785

Goal, Where is Our.' 808

Goods at Reduction 675

Gould's Section Case 858

(irapes. Bagging 946

Grapevines 705

Hand-Boi>ks, Price of .552

Harvest Drink 653

Heddon's Article 605

Heddon's Honey 695

Heddon's Honev-board 613

Hive, Heddon. . .095, 865, 909, 913

Hive. Kretchmer's 980

Hives, Spacing 9.38

Hives, Bottomless 812

Hives, Shading in Winter, . ,888

Hives, Log .544

Hives, Foul-broody 706

Hives, Inverting 086

Hives of Plaster of Paris. . . .864
Holes in Combs for Winter.CO?
Home Inliuenccby Terry., 625

Honey for Cookery 729

Honey in Florida 782

Honey for Erysipelas 813

Honey from Silverhull 824

Honc.y in Soda-water 866

Honey Cindy .588

Honey as Food and Drink. 6.53
Honey Season in Louisiana. 645

Hone.v .Not Candying 701

Houe'y-dew 518, 572, 624, 026,

627. 703. 706. 744
Honev-Board.. . .611,612,694, 781,

911. 916

Honev-.iumbles .572

Honcv- Plant. New 780

Honey-Garret. To Make a.. ..547

Honey-cro]! of England 631

Honev-wagon. Starting 627

Honcv, Sale of 981

Honey, When to Extract... 970

HoiU'\ , Fradenburg's 945

Honcv. Adulterating 881

Honey, Low Price 887

Honcv, First-Class Exfd... 883

Honey. Too Stylish 887

Honey, Patent .570

Honey, .Adulterated 570

Honey, Comb or Extracted. 537

Honey, Ext t acted 025

Honcv. Low Prices 927

Honey, Bitter 947

Honcv, Making it Pay 934

Honcv, Fruit-Bloom 814

Honey. Sealing Up 702

Hone'v, Dark 095

Honey, Why Smoky 699

Hoiu y. Selling too Low (.58

Honey. Keeping 743

Honey, ( )iange-Eloom 78!

HoneV, Cost of 770

Honey, Milkweed 786

Honey, Low Price 812

Honey, Bitter 626

Honey, (,'andied 617

Honey, To Ship 518

Honey. Mai keting .532,541

Horn, Thomas ,- 775

Horse (ietting Stung 747

Hcnse Killed by Bees .589

Horse, Intelligent 883

House-Slops 534

Hoyle on Foul Brood 76S

Humbugs and Swindles 530, 675

Hunt's A))iary 865

Hybrid, What is a! 545

Hydrate of Chloral 669

Italians, Imported 512

Increase, Preventing 539

Increase, Preventing 099

Incubator .5;{3

Italians vs. Blacks .545

Italians vs. Blacks 782,784

Itilians vs. Hybrids 791

Introducing queens 1000

Iowa, Southern 977

Jamaica 783

.Japanese Boys and Girls... 666

Jimmy's Trouble 907

Jones Guard 544

Keeping Section Honey 704

Kerosene for Ants 647

Kerosene for Fires 888

Killing Weak Swarms .588

Kitchen, Model 937

Kitchen Conveniences 693

Kites 849

Lantern Light, Feeding by. 871

Law in Regard to Bees 970

Laying. Sudden Stoppage.. 566

Leaf-hoppers 649

Leaves for Packing 803

Leg of Worker 609

Legislation on Bees 811,980

Letter from a Friend 886

Letter from Editor Givler..702

Linden . Weeping 670

Lippia Lycioides 567

Live-oak Ball 629

Lookout Mountain. .585, 650, 743

Matches, Danger from 828

Mayweed .560

McGee's Bees 619

Medicine vs. Hygiene 802

Melilot 606, 698, 80:i

Milk, Feeding 744

Milkweed 826

Miller, C. C.'s, Picture 931

Misleading Statements 699

Mistaken, Easy To Be .548

Moonlight, Working in 871

Moths 647,791

Mouse Among Bees 667

Nectar, Change of 1002

Nova Scotia 791

Nuclei, Forming 547, 550, 594

Nuclei. To Make 704

Nucleus Colonies 651

Overproduction 803

Packages of Honey, 5-cent..573

I-eet Process 1001

Phenol 042

Plant Nectar 620

Plant-louse Nectar 704

Pollen and Muddy Water... 710

PolU'ii, Suiplus 609

Pollen Iroin Cottonwood ..724

PopidetoM ill Florida 785

Potato Culliiie ill Swedish .589

Premium List 9.55

Preserves with Honey 749

Propolis, To Clean 705

Propolis, Stealing 802

Oueeii in Wnuig Hive 587

yueen Not Acceiited... .703, 705
(Jueen in Snipliis-.apartm't 650

yueen Alighting First 748

Queen, C.irniolan 823

Queen. Which in Hive! 903

Queens to Canada 536

100-t

glea:nings in bee culture.

Dkl.

(Queens in the Mails 5ii)

cJueens Changing- Color 1>26

Queens and Swarming 695

Queons Not Fertilized 7(16

Queens Under Sw'g Impulse786

Queens Piping 855

Queens Balling 8j2

Queens in Traps !I38

Queens, Blauk XM

Queens, Imported 809

Queens, Earlv, fnini South 8i)l

Queens, Italling 7,S1

Queens, Zei-p (if 778

Queens, Introdu -ing 724

Queens. Color .and Quality..? '8

Queens , Introducing 529, 724

Queens, Mailing 530

Queens, 1(1 in a Colony 611

Queens, Balling 9.18

Queens, Markings of 9:10

(Jueens, Superseding 7()9

Queens. Mismated 7ii6

Queens, Two in a Cell 709

Queen's Love for Home RCw

Queens- Voiees 847 ,9;«

Queen-cells, Danger from. . .572

Queen-oage. New 749

Queen-eat 'liei's 807

Rabbits in Apiar.y 7.<4

Races, Distinguishing lOo

Ragweed .560

Rattlesnakes in Apiary 707

Red Clover for Honey 517

Reduction lor Fairs 631

Rent (or Apiary 866

Report from A B C Scholar. 805

Reports Discouraging.. 574, (128,

708,824,869,947
Reiiorts Encouraging.. 549, (WO,

708,790,824 864, 948

Report from Beginner 806

Resurrection Plant 574

Reversing .5.W. .59 1, 651

Kcv'w of Cheshire bv Co,.l;,.-,r.l
Robbing, T.I Stop .. .5S6..V.I1 !io:i

Kcibbins' Report ,so:f

Sa I ic.^ 1 i c Acid (>2:i

Saloons 803

Salt for Bees C89, 892

Si, ■lions, (Jould's 891

Seel ions, '( )pen-side 7^4

Sictions.Tnfinished 688

Sc(.;ti(>ns,i Fastening 705

Sections, L'litinished 654

Seclion, Foster's 689

Seed of Chapman Plant 707

Seed by Careful Selection.. 607

Selling bv Weight 8(7

Kipaiators or Not 9,19

Sop n;i tors. None 721

Shailo and Ventilation 627

Shaking Bees off 648

Shavings for Smokers 685

Sh'Htcake. Chicken 693

SiMijison Honey-plant 709

Smart weed .560

Smokers for MosquitOL's 706

Smokers, To Manage 979

Smoker', Fireless 566

Solar Extractors 701

Solar iE.\tractor, Nickel 707

Solar K.xtractor 665

South Africa 646

Spanish Needle 574

Stamps, Rubber 595

Stinging, Severe 784, 903

Stings, To Avoid 586

Stings, Sickness from 996

Strawberrics'in Barrel 828 j

Student Business 801 ]

Students in'Ai.icultuie ....r21 :

Stigar vs. Honey 676

Sunshine in lloini s 774 i

Surplus Arr;iiigcinent .5.12 '

Swarms in f.ill 781

Swarms. S.-rond 6U

Swarms. Returning .")o3.143

Swarms, To C,it<-h 9.2

Swarming, To Prevent 548

Swarming, Conr rolling .....5:!8

Swarming, .\rtilicial !)i3

Swarming for 11 D.iys .570

Swarming without Aligh'g.57l

Swarming- 7 Tinu'S 748

Swarju i>n PiMirie 808

Swarm in 1; liii 8'23

Swarm, (.'apturing 69.<

Swarming-teut .569

Sweet Cicely .5ti7

Sweet Clover 0C6, 696

Sweet Clover as a Weed . . .560
Symphitum Aspei'rimum. . 574

Svrians 538

System. Intensive 791

Teasel ( 'nlture 928, 974

Tent for Robbing 950

Tent, Folding 9.50

Tennessee 650

Terry, T, B '.i;5

Texas, Unfavorable 846

Texas, Adverse Report 574

Thomas Horn . . .531 , 631, 675, 711 ,
748, 761

Thrashing-maeliines 730

Tobacco, by Terry 978

Transferiiiig ami Swarm'g.546

Transierring, Modern ,5.17

Tuttle's Photogr.aphs . . .891, 9.52

Uniting 690, 710. 904

Utah 706

Ventil ilion. Upward 8.54

Ventil itorpipes .737

Vincent's Report 780

Virgil .5r»

Virgins, Introducing .533

Wa.\ Question 088

Wax (Question 641

Wax, Crumbly 543

AVax , Production of 622

Wa.x-plant 948

We-nger's Success 783

West Indies 783

What Ails the Bees' 770

What to Do, etc C95

Whisky for Stings 667

Wild (iarden. Real's 652

Windbr(a'.cs 865

Wintering 892

Wintering, Cellar 7:)3, 835

Wintering, Our Mode 753

Wintering, Hints on 776

Wintering. Talk on 827

Winter Packing on Hives ..571
/.■nc. Perforated 373, 424, .589,814

INDEX TO CORRE5PDNDENT3.

Abbott CN, 708; Abbott E L, 5.59; Abel AH, 750; Adams C S,
.■J49, 8,-iO, 870; Adams t; A, 322; Adams H. 27; Adams H, 588; Ad-
ams ,i D, 18; Adams R N, 25; Adams W S, 5?3; Avery J F, 230; A
.1 W 544; Allen A 272; Allen C B 18S; Allen D H 313; Allen E R 32;
AllenF. 109; Allen W, 515; Allev H, .538; AIvisH.r.91S; Ander-
son M, 936; Andrews T P. 274. 357; Aiithonv W .\, .'lO:!; Arner .1,
463; Arnold N C, 516; Arwine. E S, 3.55; Ashcr.ift K, 670; Ash-
mead T G, 785; Ashworth J, 7C4; Atkins D A, 24; Axtell.MrsL

C, 130, ;i91, 451, 547, .570, 727; Ayars D C, 947; Ayers L T, 3.53.

B, -157; Bacheller T T, 189; Baggaley E H. 790; Baker J L, 418;
Balch J C, 566; Baldwin P, 2;i4, 290, 683, 719, 764; Baldwin S J, 611;
B.antaWL, 5S9; Barger E M, 230; Barlow J. 670; BarnumWM,
785; Barnhard J ,506: Barrows O B, 188; Bass H W, 790; Bates S

D, 588; Batter.sby J. 415; Battles W. 32; Baum A H, 107; Beach
WF, 463; Beal OF, 27,713; Beard O W. 426; Beattv E .1, 70;
Beckham (f W. .5S»; Be •kwilh .1. 370; Beebe E B, ■>:,:<■ '"' Bee-keep-
er,"731; Beers W. 830; Bender E E. IS8, 7.S'.i; I'.-neilirt F C. 76,
111; Benham F M. 919; Bennett C I), 230; Bi-nnett .Mi^s 1). 290,719,
764; Bennett G W, 545; Bentlev Sarah M. 18; Billings L P,713;
Bingham C R. '271 ; Bisbee Lulu, 909; Bish C P, 128; Black C H,
68; Blackford A J, 789; Blackball .J. .'W;; Blake (1 W. 313. 789;
Blanchard .Teanie B. 322; Blank E K, 786; Blanton O M, 851 ;
Bledsoe O, 131. 189; Bliss W W, 543, 626; Blount F C, 607, 724, 863;
Blodgef ,1. 947: Buardman H R, 10, .'B, 290; Eoardman S L, 935;
Boles W. 181; Bolton SH. 76. 185.268; 1! ilton WM,906: Boinber-
ger, W M, 708; Bond C W. 709; Bonnat .1 L. 9:0; B.iomhower F,
.511; Boon (}, 427; Bosth'k F .J, 506; Bovd S J A: W M, 58S; Bovls-
tonSC,867: Bradford W P. 230; Bradish C W, (;2«; Bradley
Sophia A, 686; Braeutigam S. 948; Breckbill Nettie, (i6?; Brewer,
DD,53(); Biii-hner Anna, 909; Biiggs (J. .Sdf; liriner S R. 16;
Bristol J E, 230; Broers M, 174, 365. :«'i6, 4-23, 62,'*. C'.io. 812, 861, 90);
Brondige G F, 713; Brown L M, 271, 786; Bi own .1 I). 188; Brown
Mrs, 504; Brown G S, 82S; Brown T, 368; Brown T, 415; Brubaker
1) E, 129, .156, 446, 184. 697, 889; Bruckhart .1 S. 270; B van A. 844;
Bunker T C, 846; Buchanan J A, 8, 344, 768, 934; Bull T S, 170.268;
Bull Lillie, 68; Bullerman J H, 628; Bunker A, 121, 390.453;
Burke E, 574, 709; Buscher M, 463; Butler E,. 587; Butman C, .'161.

CaldwellJ P, 8C9; Cameron A. 618; Campbell Mrs A V, 904;
Campbell R H, 519; Canfort G W, 713; Capehart .1 C, -287. 402, ,568;
C!arnian H W, 480; Darr H, 830; Carroll B F, 2:'4, 824; Case E T,
573; CavlorJ, 719; Chaddock Mahala B, 287, 3:6, 399. 4.-|i, 187. 570,
6'24,653.'7'38. 758, 772, 801,887, 910; Chandler's Sons C. 421; Chapin
AH, 870; Chapin F H. 626; Chapman 11. 391, 7(tf; CliapmanLN,
180; Chase MG, 805; Cheney AW, 29; Christian T. 4-23; church-
ill B P. 423; Clare F, 515, 865; Clark FC, 183; Clark GW, 870;
(Hark J A, 51; Clarke W F. 91, 177, 252, 416; demons Cloon & Co,
448; Clickner Mrs D E. 418; Coffnian J S, 184; Coggshall W L,
2.53; Coggshall W S, 629; Cole AN, 218; Cole Ellas. 457, 713, Cole-
man W, 690; Coles J D. 109: Collins H S, 750; Colton J B, 366;
ComstockAR, 787; Condon WG, 10; Connell J P, 629; Cork A,
32. 188; Cook A J, 14, 43 47, 9S. 173, 214, '292, 369, 371. 400, 439, 530, .561,
563, 564, 567. 620, 627, 647, 649, 652, 704, 709, 765, 780, 860, 888. S90, 937;
Cook H A, 949; Cook H L, .547; Cool .1 B, 32; Coombs W C, 343;
Coon CH, 33, 76; Cooper L N, 76; Cooper W F. .590; Cornells,
!'i5 643, 791; Cornelius W W, 28; Cornell E D, 19; CostellowC
W, 265. 785; Coulter J, 4.57; Cou.sins L F, 188. 230; Cox W 830;
Craig S S, 606; Cranston Nettie, 70, 227, fi05, 687 : Cranston Perl,
Z, 605, 587; Craven J B, 948, 919; Crayci aft J, 788, 8.54, 904; Gregg
Eva, 416; CretorsG W,713; Crockett J M. 427; Cronk J H S, 705;
Cross E E, 12, 303, 506; Culp Mrs Jennie, 203, 326, 588; Cumins A
W,709, 789; Cummins H A, 627: Cunningham WE, :i62; Curtis
W R 511; Cusick A 370; Cutting H D 107, :i44, 917; Cuyler R R 5-26.

DabbW867; DadantC95; 260; Dadant & Son C 106; Dague W
•29; Dahl T H 189; Danglade E668: Daniels S, 369; Darling .IK
418; D.irling M '269; Davis A A 344 290 9.53; D:ivis J N '273; Davis W
P 590; Dayton C W 478 627 855; Dennison A W 790; Uervishian M
G 728; Dervishian M S3.58; Devens E 830; Devol W S 567; Dewev
.IL 848; Dewitt G S 748; Dhein L P 32; Dickinson W H 917; Dixon
Mollie 185; Doolittle G M 13 48 96 129 171 '267 212 304 346 401 416 486 536
642 665 590 622 699 728 777 809 855 888 910; Dorn)an W S 28 186; Doug-
all J 670; Dougherty F L 386 719; Douglass M 886; Drake C M 304;
Dranghon N T 189; Drew J M 910; Duff A H 628; Duncan Mis B
L 251; Duncan Sarah E 272; Dunn S 66; Du'aud K A 121 670;
Dvkc S A& Co 719.

Early W 786; Easlburn J, 786: Edmund R 703; Edwards D M
29.5068("i8; Edwin.1277; Elder &' Bro F S 629; Eldridge C L 864;
E11JC174; Ellis W109: Ellison F A .505; -Elizebuth" 665; Em-
mons M 229; Erwin F M 789: Ett-r J 519; Evans J 707 ; Everitt E
368; EwingE E417.

Fairbanks Jl H:13; Faridiam C D 32; FarrF J 489; Fairand G
A 189 789 903; Fennell J 322; I-'ennell Mrs J 744; Fenwick C T 422
480; Ferguson Mrs E 919; Firkes F 790; Finlev W 870; Fish H H
427; Fisher WB 273; Fitsgerrell .1 .1 .502; Folkman Caroline A
319; FosmireE R8'3: Foster ('has 32; Foster O 25 89 181 256 726;
FowlerE68; Fowler ,1 B 919; FoxElias211; Fradenburg A A511
915; France E '25 I'.'l '.'OS 2.52 325 852 .163 948; Frederick S C 749;
French L 368; Fren;h W D 28 4.57; Friend H D '230; Friend L<m
227; Frink H W 719; Fuvon S R 709.

C tines Mrs E 704; GardidaJ394; Garwood C 668; Gedye T
590; GeiserJ370; George A B 463; (iiberson R S 46; Giger W W
567; Gilbert H G .'170; (_;illiland J C 695 ,S46; Gillets G W 177; Giv-
ler D B 702; Glawson Eva S 14S; (ilover L 948; Goddard J T 14;
Good I R 107; Goodbar A C 670; Goodhue G 0:128 393; Goodrich
H A 435; Goodspeed C M 769; Goree J A 866; Gossard Fannie 586;
Gould R E 858; Gould J T 27 865; (4ould Wm 670; (iowan W H 426;
Gower A 713; Graham T C 415; Granger 1 D 31; Grant W W 370
Graves W H 869; Gray L W 93 781; Greelev G F 2-27; Green
Florence 65; Green I R 185; Green J A 42 88 189 257 352 359 696 724 844
851; (ireen Louisa E -226; Green SW 870; Green W J 294 607 847
946; Greenfleld C L 65 145 413 82j; Greenfield H S 667; Greer W H
178 689; Gregg J L 100 224; Griffin W E 910; Grindle W E 670;
Gross G 866; Grote C H 269; Grubb C F 705; Guest B 949; Gum-
be rlM 869.

Haas C -273; Hadley E J 683; Haines L 268; Haines J B 294;
Hall B 828; Hall D S 9a3; Hall W 787; Halley W :168; Harabaugh
J M559, 719, 764, 813; Hansford P 713; Hanson E 8 105,706; Har-
destyC E 868; Harding F S 590; Hardy CW395; Harker A E &
Bros. 790; Harlan J O 919; Harman A D 70; Harner J F 949; Har-
per R E :143; Harrington M 909; Harris .1 M Ml; Harrison C 230;
Harrison Mrs L 10.64,97,214,488.585,768; Hart W S 30, 134, 645,
7t5; Hartup .1 T .503; H.asselb B 343; Hasty E E 622, 642; Hatch
C A 108 277; Hatcher E H 830; Haughey J A 371; Haven Grace
667; Hawk Z T 844, 857,944; Hayhurst E M 264, 4.59, 713; Head
J 870: Heath 8 744, 903; Heddon J 99, 169, 205, 292, 387. 480, 642, 562,
605,613,688.694,776,882, 926; Heidinger Matie 504; Helm AS 25;
Heine A 670; Heiser AB870; Heitchen W 361; Hemmerly F 587;
Hemphill A 417; Hemphill & Goodman 207; Henderson W P 349,
538.862; Henick W H 629; Henry 226; HerzogT 830; Heselton G
F 106; Hesser W J 287, 549; Hester W .T 749; Hicks C M 188; Hies-
tands W424; Higbie N L 807,893; Higgins C M291, 645,704,910;
Hildebrand L 713; HiIesGE189; Hillier H H 608 940; Hills Mrs
H 719, 764; Hilton E C 70; Hilton Mrs K 146, 547: Hinde A W 590;
Hash F P -230, 271 ; HobbsLM418; Hockemayer J F 272; Hoflman
L147; Holbrook A B 670; Hole J E 267; Holleman Amy I 2-28:
HollowayTL 910; Holmes A 870; Holmes R 669,828; Holmes R
H 76, 953;' Holtermann R F 027, 818, 949; Holtke F 7.50; Horn May
B.586: Horning W118; Howchins GR.589; Howchins & Hughes
644; House LF 370; Howell C M 4'27: Howland T .589; Hoxie H S
105,:)-22, 365; ilov cG 11 7'25. 769, llovt W 33.76; hubbiird Edwin 188;
Hubbard G K 3 3; Hubbard GL27; Hubbard J L 628. 743. 791;
Hudson F A 946. 9"i3; Hughes E BC9; Hnntington O B 706; Hurd
R 789; Hurst 1) H 9)9; Hutchins H 68; Hutchinson C E 545;
Hutchinson G E 713; Hutchinson W Z 6, 76,85,210.249.272,345,
488, ,5'27, 528, 563, 651, 685, 733, 734, 7(J6, 845, 943; Hyde J 504; Hyde .J L
450,481,824; Hyne J M 32.

Irish A A 6-23; Isaacks J A 548, 589, 629; Israel J P 24; Ives Elgie
829.

Jacobs A D 290; James W K 770, 901; James W M 4.58; Janney
GL829; Johannsen J 706; Johnson G C 6.50; Johnson Mi'S J M
702,782.856: Johnston C S 466; Johnston JS185; .Jones DA 53;
Jones J C 707; Jones Nicholas 2-26; .Joseph S 150; Josepho 362,
647; Jeffrey H L 127 ; Jenkins t' E 791; Jenkins Emily 189; Jen-
kins Estel'la 227; Jenkins JM590; Jenkins Hardy & Nellie 2£6;
Jensen Emma 148; Jewel Grace 431; Jewet A W 849.

Kilei' WS254; Keenev VW 172; Kelires J M 7£5; .Keith Mrs
J A 919; Kellev Florence'E 227; Kellogg C M 750; Kelton D H 186;
Kendall J 31 7i':8; Kendall W B 362: Kennedv F H 234, 719, 764;

1886

glea:ni^gs in 13 ee culture.

1005

Kenuelv Louisi C 16: K>»i)ner F. (' Gj9; Kev Warren 7fi; Kil-
lough .1 M 369; Ki'usev X E 9>8; K'lu-helve W J 368; Kiiifr A .1 fi2i,
767; King C W 1S6. 213; Kin^ W L 1U8. 181. 365; Kirk R H 919:
Kirkinan C C n67; Kirkpatrick E A 366; Kleckler Grace il7;
Kloer T H 10; Klum MS 365; Krecker Ada M 413: Kretchnier E
211,051; KuglerJ L 511.

Ladil E 789; Lnkin S W 361 533; Laiu' A L ill; I,aMf.'(l,>ii 11 1' 706;
Lan^stnitli L 1. 11 ; Lai-pre H 669, 821: Lirjjre M.illir O 8r,9; l/irosli
Ida R 7(1: LM'r.iiR-i- I 76: Latliaiii A .it9: Lathers K .) SiW: T.ntlnop
H 29, 791); LiwiiitrS SS69: Laws W H 808; Lawsoji (;.^S.•)7I8: Liv
J E 32!; Lf ithaiii A W 419; Li'Phler (J W 6->8; Lees (' .=,IU: Li'isti-V
A270: Li-isti^r A liiil; Lrwi-dnt.' H 704; L<'wis C A .-.19; Lrwis He
789; Litrht -\ L :i-?. 708. 7:.0: Lii^litlv L W .322: Liiidlicru- I'M!. 'ill;
Lindlev .1 K 347 : Lin.Wfv Clar:i .'.lU, 667: Liiid^i'V Mrs H M (U9;
Li^boa'MiiJuel li 39t, «.V: Lister S 708: I,ist..Ti V. 7U: Li.cU.'tt lii-U
717; Long: David 791; LmiB- E (' 519. 7011; Lonfa-slri-i-l C II .M:
Lowden .1 H865; Lower (' A 953; I,ueille i, 114; Linswik (.'vula
151; Linker Clara 148; Luttgens C H 693, 894.

M 'Cunant T F. 395, 182. .567. 047; McClynionds E H 1.59; McCre-
w E.I 029; McCiirdv AC7; JleDaniel .\r775; MeI1oiia.ld .Mrs C M
910; MeEIr.ath .1 .IB 511; MeFaddiii (' H 9i7: Me(;ee C. II 020:
McGrew.lC 830; :MeKi'Mzie I) 20S: 51i-L;iin X W .523.69;: MeX;.
iiieeWr37ii: MeXeil .1 1"3, 415; M.ririii .\ 909; 51,-l(:iviiold .1 51 0
121; Maior Cora 746; Miilelloill .S T 549; M:Llleniee 1. E 749; 51.11H1
insr.) 11270; M uleu-v P H 427. M uliurv 1' H .Ir 810; M.i r^iMve
,1 W 669. 7111 ; 51;>rsli;iU \V H 423; Martin C H :5.H9: 51;irtiM Eliza ;47;
Mauiin .1 II .50. 1311. 276. 460. 629; M:utin Xellie (i M. .Mirtindll
670; M;ii"tia K..l.t .Ir 118: M.ntin 5V 11 ,sr,8: Mas.in C 11 149: 5l:is(.n
A Bill; Jlason H D f>4 4. ;.32: 51 ason .1 P. 296, .3.5ii, 4.55. 48:1. 015. 891 :
MatnszUiewitz .51 .209; Matzdorlf W F 32; Jlandie M M 149; Mend
Josie .501; Meliek (',\rrie 415; Melick Katie 117: 5Ierrinian .!('
790,918: MieheL .1 F 32. 548; Miehener Ila 29. 548; Milam L5V749:
Miles C'C 184; Miles FP157; Miles Mrs T H 423; Millard S Z 790;
Miller Bros 603; Miller C C 22, 51 88, 108. 132. 2.5S, 297. .389, 441, 106,
475,713,733,781, 811,861,891,938; Jliller P D 787: Miller K R 126;
Miller S E. 567, 703; Miller 5V .1 66; ; 5rills Lillie 415; Miner (T 320;
Miner E S 778; Elinor K A 8r,S: Mires 5I;inLrie 1 4.5.H: .M,,ats K 5V
184.6.51, 777; Moats V 11 749; M..flatt .1 94: Moir:>lt M:irtli;i 149:
Motratt Xellie 322; Molder .S .51427: Mooi e I) W s;ii: 51n..reK.\
.361, 910; Mooreliead T 5V 4.50; Moorehoase O .5.34. .59:1; 5Icivenus
Maudie H 226; Morgan E B 713; Morrison S \V 10. 518. 013. 705. SiiC;
Morron.Sallie 9i)9; 5Ioss 1) W 781.789; Jlnllin .1 H 7X4; .Mnllin
Lizzie L 415; Minnford Bertie M 320; MunnnaS403; JIurrav.lB
.32; Murray R 227; Murrill F 188; MuthCF606; Muth & Son C F
927; Muth-Rasniussen W 322.

Navlor S 589; Neal H W 427; Neavo S R 784; Nebel * Son J
549; Xeff B C 188; Newton Alma 587: Newton HF361; Niehok
J R 363; Niohols O P 29; Niinaii J W 9, 327; North M I 789; Nor-
ton W CJ 170.

Oberlin OD901; Ollerenshaw B 790; Opp A 32; Ormsbv O B
261; OrvisB226; drvis CJertrude A 117; Orvis Phebe226; Orvis
S226; Osburn A W 181,3.56,687,731; Otto F Z M 365, 574, 626, 698;

p Henrietta .321; Padgett F A 750; Pallias H W 714; Panton
MH623; Park Jennie H 586; Park J W 812; P;uker H M 548;
Parks C E 106: Parks .1 V 76; Parsons F A 179; Pat h G H 706;
Patten A .M 813; P.atterson H N 843, 917, 9.53; Patterson V 117;
Paulus S Z 2V9: Paxson B R 749; PavneHS7.50: Peal.odv .1 L
546; PeetRH570; Peiree M P 10; Pelliani W (" 870; I'eTK.vi'r .1 .1
351; Perrv * Son L 4.59; Perrv Lizzie 321; PerrvS('2;2: I'eter-
nianWE811; Phetteplaee X B .388; Philinpi 669; riiillii.]is 1) 1;
949; Phillips S L ct .1 E .516: I'iiilo C 5V 76: rhle«-;in T T 1.S8: Piek-
ettW869: Pike J B 783; Pitzer E5V29. 7P0; PolULB870; Ponil
Jr.IE3.54, 529,623. 668,779; Poppleton Grace 748; Popi.leton O ( )
16. 6S3; Porter J W 180. :571 . Postell .1 G 4.50; Potter A 28. 53; Potts
F M 32. 823 830; Potts W E 92; I'ouder 5V S 106. 719, 789. 791; Pow-
ell R 76. 670. 830: Pray W P 628; Prentiss W H 573; Price J M 669;
Pi-val W A 458; Purcell C'lvdie 148: Purdy L 107 109; Purvis Lizzie
E 588: Purvis L G 29.

Quick A O 704; Quinn R 868.

Rahorn F T 595; Rains R S 26; Ralston W D 20. 46, 102, 175. 261,
298. 351 143, 531, 616, 091, 770; Itandall .1 J 20: K;inkin G L 787; Rapp
J B 791; Rear G W 417: Reed J F 32; Reed L 749; Kenshaw H 229;
Rey J. 328: Reynolds J P 783; Ravnolds R M 179: Rhodes Jlinnie
.50.5; Rhodes RH 272; Rice B E 865; Rich LW 708; Rieker & Co
E H 361; Rickets J R 511; Ricketts J S 649; Rime .J A 904; Rittre
AVH537. 572,743; Robbins 1) E 427; Robbins G F .398. 477, .539, 699,
709,731,803; Roberts .lesse H 234; Robey L H 708; Robinson R
269; Root M S 608, 707, 883; Roseberry J W 870; Ross J VV 869;

Ro\ldal)Ush 5VO230: Roulo F I8i; Rouse J W 813; Rudelbaugli
P506; Hundin'-'er.IG JrSOS; Rush .1 T ;470; Rushton .M O 231;
Rusk Hester 226; Russell (i (< 259, 347; Ryan R R 918.

St Marts W 363: Salisbury E :;30; S.a\ldcrs \V A 189; Savage I) F
669; S;>vre C A .338, .590; Sehautscliik ,1 .506; Schindcl F 706:
SehmeltzerC K 313; Sihmidel Felix W ( I 749: Schneider M .541 ;
Si-holl .1 33. ;0: ScllllohC r 268; Seholield K .1 628; Si'ott H W 29;
Si-ott .1 11 514; Srov. II .1 S is:i: Seiidamore ( ' K 783; Sceor E 6.53;
Seitz (I |i 9IS; s.iiz s li.S; Neilz W ,1 8r;9; Shale Mrs S .\ 1,S8: sliat-
tii.-k K \V 3i;,'<: Mi:iHei' N;iMnie I' 418; Shaw ,Sj Co .1 W K 3r.S: Shen-
oman .1 OS, :;.>il: shep;ird.l .\ IHX . Slieoiiird T F 3711; Sheidierd .M K
W 374. 028; Slu'pherd Mrs M A 7S4 ; Shepherd X.I i'T.; Sliirlnune
K .'(9!: Sherk I; (HO: Slieriuiin Mrs s K 94; Sherman S 1,79(1, Shiri-i-
(;H3(;,S; Shirlev \V H 421: Shoiip S .".ik;, Shranui-r S 1! 515; Slniek
,1 M 3(1(1. O.SII; Shimord Allie 749: Sid well K 1 1 918; Simkilis 1{ 463;
Simon M n 351; Simonton 5V ■.".'X; Simpson M 273.418 574: Sis-
triink W A 870; Skinner i: 545; Skinner Elva .'.'14: Skip 410; Shide
.1 .1 .5(;9: Slater D D 456: slavton K G 303; Sloeiim .1 (' 74',!; Sinitli
A 322: Smith ,\ h' 46:;: Sm ith Cl.nide .364 : Smith I'll 299.230.688,
SOS; Smilli (' M 37(1; Smith E B 744; Smith E A :16C.: Smith F (' 20;
Sinilh F K 713; Smith I" I, S72; Smith FS :!,si;,; Smith (4 i; 366;
Smith ,1 A .589; Smith .1 \V 911: f^mith S .1 574: Smith T 108; Smvlie
• lessie S (,07; Snv'ler Cora 228: SnvderFL369: SnvderMHlSO;
Somertord K 11 s-;',': S..merlord H 31S: Somerforil \V 5V K14, 823;
Somer\ ille .] 322: S'.merville F 703, 910; Soner Sitrah 148; Soner
WD 2:iO: Soiih .1 749; Silencer A W870; Spelleer 1) .1 .543.713;
Si.eiieer \V V 567: Spreeklen A W 273: Springer E '.HI9: Sproule 1!
170. 460, 942: Sf:iev \V H 919: StafrE;5S7: St:ihl .Ir E 10: Stair A P
21: St:inlev i; W 105. 23(1. -.55. 7.5ii: Stautler A E947; Steplieson .1 C
463. .5(l(;; Slc-wavt 11209; Stewart II 27.208; Stewart .1 ('654: Stock-
well (4 A 111: Stoddard I, K 481: Stow Mamie ( i 748; Stiani,' 1) 485,
57;, .590: Strangwavs (_; 189; Streliv Clar.i 829; Striker SA844;
Stroud . I 5V 646. Stults Amanda 319; Subscriber ,503; Swift J 590;
Swinson A L 300, 614, 853, 860, 930; Switzer J W 868.

Taber5I F, 3116. 368. 369; Taggart W S, 830: Tatman M F, .571;
Tatman 51rs M F 272; T;(vlor F W 788; Tiivlor Tessa A .3-;o 416;
Tavlor 51'. Hi.' A 7S9: TavlorK C 343; Teiriny A H 7.5(1: T.-rrv T
1! 4.52.534 5^9 025 iWi 7 74 .S(12 8,S4 973: Tettemer F:!43: Tharp \V li:l68;
Thelier;ith C 11 7.50; Tlieherath c M 33; Thomas .1 W 4.56: Tliomp-
s..n II .1 2911; Thompso,, F \V I.SS; Thompson .1 W 1(14; Thompson
51aik 2:',4; Tlioms..n (T .M '.r;S: Th.nnson .Mark 344: Thornton .1 A
105; Throsikiil Isaac 37(1 418: Tinkir (1 L 32 2(13; TinkerJH370;
TiteheneU 5V U 7.S9; Todd A 790; Tripp L ,1 3-22: Tnieblood F 548;
Tinker l)r G L 012; Tucker .J M .570; Turner Charlotte R 227:
Tuttle E 0 709 894; Tweed M H 537 618.

UliI CF .506 511; Underhill DC 502; rutorkiicher A F 101;
Utter J W 268.

Valentine AW 106; Vane" J W 7-27 ; Van Doren A H .511: Van-
druflf W S 26; Vankirk L W 628; Van Wagenin Jared 513; Viallon
P L 189 155 532; Vickery A H 750; Vickery W M 370; Vincent M 780.

Wakefield Wm 791; Walden Perev T 118; Waldo L I 708; Wal
drip.IJ 3'28; Walker .Kneas 867; Walker J E .539 .568; Walter
Henrv .590; 5V;ilter Mary .lane 416; AVainble .1 S 910; 5Vanzer
Belle'MOO; Ward Xorimin A .50!: 5V;ir(lan B .1 868; Warlle Sim-
mons .589; Warner .1 L 020; 5Variier .IS 866; Watts CE 806;
5Veaver Hiram 30; 5Vehber A A 910; 5Vebster W B 8.59: 5Veck
Philiii 4-27: WeekesserC 270 '272 :iiis 4.59 573 704: Wedge H A .502;
Weihh-v .1 S543: Weltv Xoah 319: Weim.-r 51 D 783; West Rob-
ert 183: West H .1 789:' Westeott E L ISS 946; Whi])ple Visehcr
75(1; Whittaker (' L 91(1; 5Vhiti-oml. ( i 51 ,5,89: White 5V C 394;
Whiteside F:;('.',i; 5Vhilloek.l l: 42(1; 5VhitmanM>sC:istell;i ,'.S5 9:;2:
Wicih-rhol. I G 6 573 87(1; 5Vdi-..x F 171 : Wih-ox I, H .547: 5\ilkinR
17(1; Wilkins Mrs Jleliiida A 54(i5',i(i: Willard .1 S 172; 5Villhide.l
W328; Williams All.i'rl s:;(l; Willi;irns Esti'llim- il 3t;',i: 5Villiiinis
Ira273; 5Villiams GW94S: 5Villi:iins Jliss L 317: Williams R R
■636; Williamson J A 94S: Willis Engem'.5(i4: Willson Heniv 546;
Wilson W M 713; AVilson W W 713; Wilson JIrs \V W 92; Windle
.1 E 30; Wirt Fred 393; Wirth H 365; Wjseheart (4eo 444 624 7iH);
Womble .Tno S .'iWI 590; 5Vood C A 5.'f3 743; Wood E N 311; Wood .1
361 713; Wood S G 6-28; Wood T A 7.50; Wood W W 589; Wood-
bury G B 628 713; Woodward A E 318; 5VooIsey Juo 705; Wool-
ver'F D 628; Worth Frances E 149; Wrigglesworth Win 54;
Wright A P 287. 5Vright (4eo A 98 297 393 ,545; Wright Jas F 4.56;
Wright .1 W 463 .589; Wriglit O P 426; Wright W D 830; Wright
Zella H 667; Wyiick M 388.

Voder E 828; York F H 163; Young Thos and Bcn.| 427: Young
W M 301 627.

Zehr Lena 748; Zink W T 344 368.

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Alitelior Leg of Worker 6C9

Apiary Belonging to J. B. Haines '295

Apparatus, Sproule's. for Disinfecting Foul Brood 460

Arrangement for Holding lib. Sections on the Hive 155

Arrangement, Gould's, for Combining a Section-case and

Separator 8.58

Ash-sifter. Rival 01

Barn and Tool-house, T. B. Terry's 396

Bcetent. Folding. Ready for Use 9.50

Bench vise. Our 15 cent 402

Box for Raising Plants 60

Box, Ha wson's, for Stai'ting .Squashes, etc 7.38

Can for S.aving Ashes 216

C.vry. Wm. W. : 11

Celery-plants. A Box of AVhite-Plume '217, 19 J

ChalT" Hive, the C. P. Bish, Showing the Simplicity Body

Fille<l with Sections 128

Climbing Belletlower 767

Cold Frames 1.39

Colony of Bees Living and Prosperlin? Without a Hivo 608

Combi Apis-Dorsata 124

Corks, Putting into Bottles, Device for 265

Drone-Bee 116

Drone-tra p, The Alhey 161

Eje of a Bee 12

Fairgromid Exhibits 816, 929

F.aucct, Poultry 311

Feeder, D. A. .Jones's, and Feeding Ihe Good Candy 53

Feeder, Bread-pan 914

Feeder, Simplicity 914

Foul Brood, Apparat us for 160

Frame, The Simplicit.v Reversible .5.50

Frame, Ki-etchraer's Reversible 98(1

Fumigator, Webstei''s • '••'^

Greenhouses and Hot-beds, W. W. Rawson's, Arlington. _

Mass

Greenhouses, Henderson's New Method of Building 140

(ireen house. Our H-

( 4recnlii mse. Our Preference HI

Hiui-ow. Acme, with Sulkv Attachment 407

Harrow, The Thomas, as IVed for Cultivating Potatod. .. .198

Heddon , .lam.'s, Dowagiac, Micli «<>

Heir. nest. M..vallle,. 314

Hive Ciimiioseil of Xarrow. Shallow Brood-Chambei's '200

Hoe, Doul.le Wheel, th.' "I'liinet .Jr." Earthing up 497

Honi'V U'.ard. (.meen-l'^xeluding 61R

Houev Can, our Xeu :.,S-poniid 274

Honev I'.xhil.it , IC, B. Xcwcomb's 929

ll'.mv Kiiile, Ten-cent I2«

lloiuv riant. Chapman bl.i

Ho.ik'. Gimlet -Pointed '

Hnmin Eve. Section of • -J?

Introducing by Peet Proce: s, Illustrated 1001

I nt rodu'i n^'-eage, Pcefs «9

.lohnn v's I iream JlJ

Ki te, ( nil Ten -cent , for the Juveniles o™

ICohlrihi ^'"

Leg of Worker, Anterior - 80S

Lettuce, Boston-Market. When it is just ready to Cut 040

Lettuce. I'ctcr Henderson's New "New Y'ork." >"9

1006

GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUUE.

Disc.

ilarket Gardening at Arlington .C62

Market- Wagon, Our 581

Miller.Dr.C. C 931

Nervous Srstein of the Bee 122

I'aint-Brush . Ten-f 'ent 90

I'lant-Cin nku, our «1

Pota to-Knif e 266

Voultrv-Hoise, Interior Poition of 313

l'oultrV-Hous<-. Our 313, 3fl;

Poultry-House Protected by SoJs and Eartli 311

Queen-Cage, Improved Feet, as we no w make it 459, 1001

Reservoir, Underground, for the "Xew Agiieulture." 5S

Sash Lock, Buckeve 107

Scale, The " Favorite " Family S'«

S 'reen for Coal, Sand, Ashes, or Uarden Soil 02

Section-box Former. Lvon's 2.')4

Seed and Fertilizer Drill, The " Planet Jr." 196

Seed-Di-ill. No. 2, "Planet J r." 197

Separators, for use in Sections with Openings all round 689

Shelter for Hen and Chickens "U

Shipping-Case, Oliver Foster's 182

Solar Wax-Extractor 127, 257, 318, 371

Sieve. Square, for Gardeners' U.se 61

Step, Movable, to hang on the Side ot the Elevated Beds — Ml

Stright Rows, Importance of i9^

Strips of Wood to la.v on the Frames 207

SK-arming-Box, Kaler's 254

Teasel. Honey-Bearing <69

Tent, Folding 950, 951

Terry. T. B 975

Transplanting, Boxes lor Seedlings 217

Tran-i)lTntin;' Frame 136

Tran^-feninj; With Ihe Tuiil. 951

Unra)i|)ing-Kniro, Abbott's 953

Vandeuse:i l.'Iasp 276

Wax-Extractor, made out of a Shipping-Case 3il

Wax-Exi ractor, Fruit-Can 127

Wlieel bai row, .V 1 l-Jtetal ''•«

Wheelbarrow, Our Itt-l'onnd, Capableof CarrvingSW) Pouudsl8i
Windov.-S.reen, Wells- Patent 299

EXCHANGE DEPARTMEITT. ; A Complete Business Outfit.

Notices will be inserted under this head at one-half our
usual rates. All ad's intended for this department must not
exceed 5 lines, and you nmst say you want your ad. in this de-
pirtment, or we will not be responsible for ,anj' error. You
can have (he notice as many lines as you please: but all over
live lines will cost vou according to our regular rate.s. Of
course, this department is intended only for bana-fide ex-
I'hanges. __^

TIT ANTED. —To oxcliangc lor casli, or g^ood horses
VV and mules, 230 colonies of bees in Simplicity
frames; also 40 acres of land adjouiing- the city.
20tfdb Anthony Off, Helena, Phillips Co., Art.

1HAVE about 5 lbs. of spider-plant seed. I will
exchang-e the same for different kin<],s of Howcr-
seed or plants of any sort that are useful and or-
namental. J. W. Ross.
•.i3-24:-l-2d Phair, Brazoria Co., Texas.

1'»' VARIETIES raspberries: tine plants, new
O varieties, in e-vchang-e for comb or extracted
honey. For particulars, address E. T. Flanao.an,
Box 995, Belleville, III.— Eight acres in small fruits.

TITANTED.- A man to take charge of on shares, or
VV buy, an apiary of 75 hives of bees in g-ood con-
dition. Address E. G. Hedding, Paw Paw, W. Ya.
23tfdb

WANTED.— A foundation-mill, or otters, for a
first class incubator — been used three seasons.
23tfdb D. S. Hat.l. So. Cabot, Vt.

P

1 have for sale two y.\12 printing-presses— one of
them f>-ot-p<)wer: .50 fonts of type, many of them
full printer's fonts: regular cases, leads, furniture,
etc., sulflcient to do a large ,i<jb printing business.
Cost me about ■^'■idO. I offer the whole for :*I2.5, hav-
ing other business to take iiiv time.

\V. lEARIiC: <'ASS,
•24-ld Uoicelaiid, Essex Co., N.jl^

WRITE TO JOHN CALLAITCO.,

LUMBER DEALERS, KENTON, OHIO,

BEE-HIVESrSECTIONS,

And General Supplies for Bee-keepers

Ni ir Feu t '» V- Low Friers
24 -lid b

aood Work

OR SALE, or will- exchange lor bees. 160 acres of
nice land in Franklin Co.. Neb., at a bargain.
Address K. II. Ryan, Bradshaw, Neb.

TIT ANTED. — Some one with or without experience,
VV but with some ready cash, to ioin nie in raising
Befg and iJ'iiici/. and to take a hall-interest in 100,
150, 2C0, or 2.50 hives of bees. My honey crop the
past season was 19.000 lbs.
24d M. M. Baluridge, St. Charles, 111.

WANTED.— To exchange for pti re extracted hon-
ey, apiarian supplies, or offers, one Star bicy-
cle, but little used. Write for description.
Address C. H. \V.4tson, Newtown, Bucks <'o.. Pa.

WANTED —To exchange 100 acres of land, good
VV soil, water, etc. : 10 acres in clover. 2 miles from
station, P. O . store, etc., for a small place in fruit,
and in good location for an apiary, or with apiary
connected. Correspondence solicited.

N. E. Doane, Jennings Ordinary, Nott. Co., Va.

GIVEN AWAY.

We will send free by mail one of our latest im-
proved drone and queen traps to each vearlv sub-
scriber for the AMERICAy APICULTURIST.
Price 8^1.00 per annum. Sample copies free. Send
the 8^1 00 in common letter at our risk.

Address AMERICAN APICULTURIST,

24tfdb Wenhani, Mass.

FREE. A Niagara vine free to all who purchase
vines to the am't of ^2.00, up to March 1st. Cata-
logue of grapevines free.
24-1-2 3-4d' L. L. Esenhower & Co., Reading, Pa.

DABANT^"F0TODATI0NPACT027r^VHoTESALE AND
RETAIL. See advertisement in another column.

FOR SAIiE.— Seed from Echinops Spha?roceph-
alus, commonly called Chapman Honey-
Plant. Price per 'j oz.,75cts.; 1 oz., $I..50; 2
oz., f 2 .50. Warranted (ienuine. Manufacturer of
Bee-Keepers' Supplies of all kinds; sole right for
Shuck hive in Canada. Address
24-1 E. L. GOULD & CO., Brantford, Canada.

YOUTH'S
COMPANION.

A new subscriber 1 >ear, si. 25: others equally
low. Clubbing offers of newspapers or club agents
alwaj's duplicated, generally lowered. For further
particulars, see C. M. Ooouspeeu's advertisement
in another column. 24tfdb

DADANT'S FOUNDATION FACTORY, WHOLE-
SALE AND RETAIL. See advertisement in
another column. .'^htfd

1 iPill HOIIEY-PLiT.

Having expended thousands of dollars in bring-
ing before the people one of the most wonderful
hone.y-producing plants known in the L'nited States,
or even in the world, and testing it honestly and fair-
ly, I wish to say, throujih (jT-eanings, that the scetl
contains so much oil that nothing but fresh seed
wills-row for this reason; and bv the ndvice of
nuiiiv |)ii>mineiit hfc-Ueepi rs I liaxe dccideil to sell
the limited amount t f seed 1 have raiscil this sea-
son, at the following prices, I will send to those m
who have already ordered the amount of seed due %
them at this low price: i4 ounce, 50 cts.: 1 ounce,
s^l.OO; 2 ounces. §1.50: 4 ounces, §^2 011: 8 ounces.
SS.CO: 1 pound, i!f5 00. One ounce contains from ICfKi
to ISJO seeds. The seed should be sown in carl.A-
spring, and general directions for cultivation will
be gi\en on each package. Write all orders plainly,
and give your postofflce in full.

H. f HAPilIAN,
Versailles, Cattaraii^iis Co., N. \'.

1'. ."3.- See oIKcial report of the comraittoo In
next issue of Gleanings.

'■•' ^■>-'- • \

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